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History
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### Origins: 1974–1976
Before the Clash's founding, the band's future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. [Joe Strummer](/wiki/Joe_Strummer "Joe Strummer"), whose real name was John Graham Mellor, sang and played rhythm guitar in the [pub rock](/wiki/Pub_rock_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Pub rock (United Kingdom)") band [The 101ers](/wiki/The_101ers "The 101ers"), which he had formed in 1974 with Alvaro Pena\-Rojas.{{cite book \|last1\=Crampton \|first1\=Luke \|title\=The Q Book of Punk Legends \|last2\=Rees \|first2\=Dafydd \|publisher\=Guinness Publishing Ltd \|year\=1996 \|location\=Enfield, UK \|pages\=38–47}} Mellor later abandoned his original stage name "Woody" Mellor in favour of "Joe Strummer", a reference to his rudimentary strumming skills on the ukulele while he was a [busker](/wiki/Busker "Busker") in the [London Underground](/wiki/London_Underground "London Underground").
[Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash%29 "Mick Jones (The Clash)") played guitar in [protopunk](/wiki/Protopunk "Protopunk") band [London SS](/wiki/London_SS "London SS"), who rehearsed for much of 1975 but never played a live show and recorded only one demo. London SS were managed by [Bernard Rhodes](/wiki/Bernard_Rhodes "Bernard Rhodes"), an associate of impresario [Malcolm McLaren](/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren "Malcolm McLaren") and a friend of the members of the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols"), whom Mclaren managed. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols members [Glen Matlock](/wiki/Glen_Matlock "Glen Matlock") and [Steve Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28musician%29 "Steve Jones (musician)"), who helped them as they auditioned potential new members.{{sfn \|Robb \|2006 \|pp\=130–132}} Vocalist [Paul Simonon](/wiki/Paul_Simonon "Paul Simonon") and drummer [Terry Chimes](/wiki/Terry_Chimes "Terry Chimes") auditioned for London SS but were rejected,{{sfn \|Gray \|2005 \|p\=72}} and [Nicky Headon](/wiki/Topper_Headon "Topper Headon") drummed with the band for a week then quit.{{sfn \|Gray \|2005 \|p\=56}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Gilmore \|first\=Mikal \|title\=The Fury and the Power of the Clash \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|date\=3 March 2011 \|issue\=1125 \|pages\=60–79}}
After London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Jones' manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time and commented: "You knew straight away that was it, and this was what it was going to be like from now on. It was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. A bit dangerous."{{sfn \|Robb \|2006 \|p\=151}} In March of that year, at the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon and suggested he learn an instrument so he could join the new band Jones was organising.{{sfn \|Gray \|2005 \|p\=72}} Soon Jones, Simonon on bass, [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene "Keith Levene") on guitar and "whoever we could find really to play the drums" were rehearsing.{{cite journal \|last\=Rowley \|first\=Scott \|date\=October 1999 \|title\=Paul Simonon's first ever bass interview \|journal\=Bassist Magazine \|issue\=10 \|location\=London}} Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and was accepted but quit soon after.{{sfn \|Gray\|2005 \|p\=79}}
The band were still searching for a lead singer. According to Chimes, Billy Watts, who "seemed to be, like, nineteen or eighteen then, as we all were", handled the duties for a time.{{sfn \|Strongman \|2008 \|p\=103}} Rhodes was watching Strummer, with whom he made exploratory contact; both Jones and Levene had seen Strummer perform and were impressed.{{sfn \|Robb \|2006 \|pp\=192, 193}} In April, Strummer saw the Sex Pistols [open](/wiki/Opening_act "Opening act") for one of his band's gigs. Strummer later said:
> I knew something was up, so I went out in the crowd which was fairly sparse. And I saw the future—with a snotty handkerchief—right in front of me. It was immediately clear. Pub rock was, "Hello, you bunch of drunks, I'm gonna play these boogies and I hope you like them." The Pistols came out that Tuesday evening and their attitude was, "Here's our tunes, and we couldn't give a flying fuck whether you like them or not. In fact, we're gonna play them even if you fucking hate them."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\&p\=2\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\&c\=1\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\&XUZHs \|title\=Interview \|year\=2000 \|publisher\=Joe Strummer Resource \|work\=Record Collector \|access\-date\=5 December 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005220200/http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\&p\=2\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\&c\=1\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\&XUZHs \|archive\-date\=5 October 2011}}
On 30 May, Rhodes and Levene approached Strummer after a 101ers gig and invited him to meet up at the band's rehearsal location on Davis Road. After Strummer turned up, Levene played "Keys to Your Heart", one of Strummer's own tunes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mudkiss.com/keithleveneinterview.htm \|title\=keithleveneinterview – MUDKISS FANZINE \|publisher\=Mudkiss \|access\-date\=17 April 2014 \|archive\-date\=23 January 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123144317/http://www.mudkiss.com/keithleveneinterview.htm \|url\-status\=dead}} Rhodes gave Strummer 48 hours to decide whether to join the new band that would "rival the Pistols".{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} Within 24 hours, he agreed.{{efn\|According to the band (2005\), "Bernie phoned him a day ahead of schedule, and demanded an answer there and then" (p. 127\). In ''Westway to the World'', Jones confirms the 48\-hour deadline, while Strummer says it was he who made the call after just 24 (11:34–11:40\). Jones elsewhere gave a different account, according to which Strummer was originally given 24 hours to decide, and Rhodes called after just eight (\[\[\#CITEREFRobb2006\|Robb 2006]], p. 194\).}} Simonon later said: "Once we had Joe on board it all started to come together". Strummer introduced the band to his school friend Pablo LaBritain, who sat in on drums during Strummer's first few rehearsals with the band. LaBritain left the band shortly after and joined [999](/wiki/999_%28band%29 "999 (band)"). Terry Chimes, whom Jones later referred to as "one of the best drummers" in their circle, became the band's regular drummer.{{sfn \|Letts \|2001 \|loc\=17:16–17:22}}
In *[Westway to the World](/wiki/Westway_to_the_World "Westway to the World")*, Jones said: "I don't think Terry was officially hired or anything. He had just been playing with us."{{efn\|According to Gray (2005\), Rhodes asked Chimes to rejoin (pp. 133–34\)}} Chimes did not like Strummer at first, saying: "He was like twenty\-two or twenty\-three or something that seemed 'old' to me then. And he had these retro clothes and this croaky voice."{{sfn \|Strongman \|2008 \|p\=103}} Simonon thought of the band's name; they had briefly named themselves the Weak Heartdrops and the Psychotic Negatives.{{cite web \|title\=MTV Rockumentary \|author\= Presenter: Kurt Loder \|publisher\=MTV \|location\=London, England \|url\=http://www.londonsburning.org/art\_mtv\_rockumentary\_1\.html \|website\=Londonsburning.org \|access\-date\=6 December 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010303040150/http://londonsburning.org/art\_mtv\_rockumentary\_1\.html \|archive\-date\=3 March 2001 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{sfn \|Topping \|2004 \|p\=12}} According to Simonon: "It really came to my head when I started reading the newspapers and a word that kept recurring was the word 'clash', so I thought 'the Clash, what about that' to the others. And they and Bernard, they went for it."
### Early gigs and the growing scene: 1976
After rehearsing with Strummer for less than a month, the Clash made their debut performance on 4 July 1976, supporting the Sex Pistols at the [Black Swan](/wiki/Boardwalk_%28nightclub%29 "Boardwalk (nightclub)") nightclub in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield "Sheffield"). The Clash wanted to appear on stage before their rivals [The Damned](/wiki/The_Damned_%28band%29 "The Damned (band)"), another London SS spinoff, made their own scheduled debut two days later. The Clash did not play in front of another audience for five weeks.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=143}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470448/20030310/clash.jhtml \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030315000245/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470448/20030310/clash.jhtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=15 March 2003 \|title\=The Clash: Ducking Bottles, Asking Questions \|access\-date \=17 November 2007 \|last\=Loder \|first\=Kurt \|date\=13 March 2003 \|publisher\=MTV News}} Levene was becoming disaffected with his position in the group. At the Black Swan, he approached the Sex Pistols' lead singer [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon "John Lydon"), whose stage name was Johnny Rotten, and suggested they form a band together if the Pistols broke up.{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|p\=196}}
Hours after their debut, the Clash, most of the Sex Pistols and much of London's "inner circle" of punks attended a performance by New York City's leading punk rock band the [Ramones](/wiki/Ramones "Ramones") at [Dingwalls](/wiki/Dingwalls "Dingwalls"); according to Strummer: "It can't be stressed how great the first Ramones album was to the scene ... It was the first word of Punk, a fantastic record".{{Sfn\|Clash\|2008\|p\=61}} Afterwards "came the first example of the rivalry\-induced squabbling that was to dog the punk scene and undermine any attempts to promote a spirit of unity among the bands involved".{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=144}} Simonon fought with [J.J. Burnel](/wiki/J.J._Burnel "J.J. Burnel"), the bass player of [The Stranglers](/wiki/The_Stranglers "The Stranglers"), a slightly older band who were publicly identified with the punk scene but were not part of the "inner circle", which centered on the Sex Pistols.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=144}}
Rhodes insisted the Clash should not perform live again until they were much tighter so they intensely rehearsed the following month. According to Strummer, the band devoted themselves to creating a distinct identity, saying:
> The day I joined The Clash was very much back to square one, year zero. Part of Punk was that you had to shed all of what you knew before. We were almost Stalinist in the way that you had to shed all your friends, or everything that you'd known, or every way that you'd played before.{{Sfn\|Clash\|2008\|p\=61}}{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=14:57–15:08}}
Strummer and Jones shared most of the writing duties; according to Jones: "Joe would give me the words and I would make a song out of them".{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|p\=326}} The band sometimes met in the office over their [Camden Town](/wiki/Camden_Town "Camden Town") rehearsal studio.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=144}} According to Strummer: "Bernie \[Rhodes] would say, 'An issue, an issue. Don't write about love, write about what's affecting you, what's important."[Savage 1992](/wiki/%23CITEREFSavage1992 "#CITEREFSavage1992"), p. 232\. Jones's later said: "Bernie had a hand in everything. Not the lyrics—he didn't help with the lyrics. He didn't tell us not to write love songs, as the myth goes—that's kind of simplified version of it. He told us to write what we knew about" [Robb 2006](/wiki/%23CITEREFRobb2006 "#CITEREFRobb2006"), p. 197\).
Strummer performed lead vocals on the majority of songs but he and Jones sometimes shared the lead. Once the band began recording, Jones rarely had a solo lead on more than one song per album, though he was responsible for two of the group's biggest hits. On 13 August 1976, the Clash, wearing paint\-spattered "[Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock "Jackson Pollock")" outfits, played in their Camden studio before a small, invitation\-only audience,{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|pp\=195–197}} which included [*Sounds*](/wiki/Sounds_%28magazine%29 "Sounds (magazine)") magazine critic [Giovanni Dadamo](/wiki/Giovanni_Dadamo "Giovanni Dadamo"), whose review described the band as a "runaway train ... so powerful, they're the first new group to come along who can really scare the Sex Pistols shitless".{{sfn\|Strongman\|2008\|p\=133}}
On 29 August, the Clash and Manchester's [Buzzcocks](/wiki/Buzzcocks "Buzzcocks") opened for the Sex Pistols at [The Screen on the Green](/wiki/The_Screen_on_the_Green "The Screen on the Green"); it was the Clash's first public performance since 4 July. The triple\-bill show is seen as pivotal to the consolidation of the British punk scene into a movement;{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|pp\=212–215}} *[New Musical Express](/wiki/New_Musical_Express "New Musical Express")* reviewer [Charles Shaar Murray](/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray "Charles Shaar Murray") wrote: "The Clash are the sort of garage band that should be speedily returned to the garage, preferably with the motor still running".{{sfn\|Salewicz\|2006\|p\=162}} Strummer later credited Murray's comments with inspiring the Clash's song ["Garageland"](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 "Garageland (song)").{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=24:23–24:43}}
In early September, Levene was fired from the Clash. According to Strummer, Levene's dwindling interest in the band was due to his use of [speed](/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine"), a point Levene denied.{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|pp\=215–216}}{{sfn\|Savage\|1992\|p\=220}} On 21 September 1976, the Clash performed publicly for the first time without Levene at the [100 Club Punk Special](/wiki/100_Club_Punk_Special "100 Club Punk Special"), sharing the bill with the Sex Pistols, [Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees "Siouxsie and the Banshees") and [Subway Sect](/wiki/Subway_Sect "Subway Sect").{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|pp\=164–166}}{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|pp\=216–223}}{{cite web \|url\=http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/recordings/1976\_77/76\-09\-20\_100%20Club/76\-09\-20\_100%20Club.html \|title\=The Clash Sex Pistols 100 Club Festival \|access\-date\=27 November 2007 \|publisher\=blackmarketclash.com \|archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104050039/http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/recordings/1976\_77/76\-09\-20\_100%20Club/76\-09\-20\_100%20Club.html \|archive\-date \=4 November 2007}} Chimes left in late November; he was briefly replaced by [Rob Harper](/wiki/Rob_Harper "Rob Harper") as the Clash toured in support of the Sex Pistols during December's Anarchy Tour.{{cite web
\|url\=http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/Clash%20gigography/1976%20DATES.html \|title\=1976 – The Clash Live \|access\-date\=31 December 2007 \|publisher\=blackmarketclash.com \|archive\-date\=26 October 2007
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026052834/http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/Clash%20gigography/1976%20DATES.html \|url\-status\=dead}}
The Clash promoted a left\-wing message in their songs and interviews, and sang about social problems, such as career opportunities, unemployment, and the need for a backlash against racism and oppression. Joe Strummer said in 1976: "We're anti\-fascist, we're anti\-violence, we're anti\-racist and we're pro\-creative".{{Cite journal\|last\=Miles\|date\=11 December 1976\|title\=Eighteen Flight Rock And The Sound Of The Westway \|journal\=New Musical Express}} Strummer also said: "I don't believe in all that anarchy bollocks!"{{Cite journal \|last\=Steve Walsh \& Mark Perry \|date\=October 1976 \|title\=The Very Angry Clash \|journal\=Sniffin' Glue}}{{sfn\|Salewicz\|2006\|p\=176}} According to the Clash guitarist [Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash_guitarist%29 "Mick Jones (The Clash guitarist)"): "The important thing is to encourage people to do things for themselves, think for themselves and stand up for what their rights are".{{sfn\|Salewicz\|2006\|p\=176}}
A confrontation between Black youth and police at the 1976 [Notting Hill Carnival](/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival "Notting Hill Carnival") was important in the development of the Clash's political stance and inspired Joe Strummer to write "[White Riot](/wiki/White_Riot "White Riot")". Images of the riots were used as The Clash's stage backdrop and as the back cover of their first album, and was reprinted on badges and Clash t\-shirts.{{Sfn\|Needs\|2005\|p\=45}}
### Punk breakthrough and UK fame: 1977–1979
By January 1977, punk had become a major media phenomenon in the UK; according to *[New Musical Express](/wiki/New_Musical_Express "New Musical Express")* (NME): "1977 is the year of The Clash".{{Cite journal\|last\=Parsons\|first\=Tony\|date\=2 April 1977\|title\=Sten Guns In Knightsbridge?\|journal\=New Musical Express}} On 25 January, the band signed to [CBS Records](/wiki/CBS_Records_International "CBS Records International") for £100,000, a remarkable amount for a band who had played about thirty gigs and very few headlining shows.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=216}} Clash historian [Marcus Gray](/wiki/Marcus_Gray "Marcus Gray") said: "the band members found themselves having to justify \[the deal] to both the music press and to fans who picked up on the critics' muttered asides about the Clash having 'sold out' to the establishment".{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=217}} [Mark Perry](/wiki/Mark_Perry_%28musician%29 "Mark Perry (musician)"), founder of the leading London punk periodical *[Sniffin' Glue](/wiki/Sniffin%27_Glue "Sniffin' Glue")* wrote: "Punk died the day the Clash signed to CBS",{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=218}} but recanted when he first heard the single "[White Riot](/wiki/White_Riot "White Riot")", saying: "They're the most important group in the world at the moment. I believe in them completely. All I said about them is crap."Mark Perry, Sniffin' Glue, March 1977 edition, quoted in Needs 2005, p.69 According to one of the band's associates{{who\|for\=Who is this associate?\|date\=January 2024}} the deal "was later used as a classic example of the kind of contract that no group should ever sign—the group had to pay for their own tours, recordings, remixes, artwork, expenses ..."Roadent, quoted in [Strongman 2008](/wiki/%23CITEREFStrongman2008 "#CITEREFStrongman2008"), p. 199\. According to Strummer in March 1977:
{{blockquote\|Signing that contract did bother me a lot. I've been turning it over in my mind, but now I've come to terms with it. I've realised that all it boils down to is perhaps two\-year's security ... Before, all I could think about was my stomach ... Now I feel free to think—and free to write down what I'm thinking about ... And look—I've been fucked about for so long I'm not going to suddenly turn into Rod Stewart just because I get £25\.00 a week. I'm much too far gone for that, I tell you.{{sfn\|Coon\|1977}}}}
Mickey Foote, who worked as a technician at the band's concerts, was hired to produce their debut album, and Terry Chimes was drafted back for the recording. The band's first single "White Riot" was released in March and peaked at number 34 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"). The album *[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash_%28album%29 "The Clash (album)")* was released the following month and peaked at number 12 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"); with lyrics criticising the ruling establishment, bosses and the police and addressing themes such as alienation and boredom.{{Sfn\|Needs\|2005\|p\=\|pp\=69\-71}}{{Sfn\|Gilbert\|2005\|p\=148}}
*The Clash* presaged the band's future works with their cover of the reggae song "[Police and Thieves](/wiki/Police_and_Thieves "Police and Thieves")". The band had been influenced by the subject matter, slogans and lyrics of reggae, which they often played in rehearsals but recording "Police and Thieves" was an important step that was only taken after a lot of discussion within the group.{{Sfn\|Gilbert\|2005\|p\=\|pp\=132\-136}}{{Sfn\|Needs\|2005\|p\=\|pp\=71\-72}}
According to music journalist and former punk musician [John Robb](/wiki/John_Robb_%28musician%29 "John Robb (musician)"): "Amidst the Sex Pistols' inertia in the first half of 1977, the Clash found themselves as the flag\-wavers of the punk rock consciousness".{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|p\=325}} Though *The Clash* quickly rose to number 12 in the UK, CBS refused to give it a US release, believing that its raw, barely produced sound would make it unmarketable there.{{sfn\|Gimarc\|2005\|p\=61}} A North American version of the album with a modified track listing released in the US in 1979, after the UK release, became the US's best\-selling import album of the year.{{cite magazine\| last \= Henke\| first \= James\| date \= 3 April 1980\| title \= There'll Be Dancing In The Streets: The Clash\|magazine\=Rolling Stone \| pages \= 38–41}}
Chimes, whose career aspirations owed little to the punk ethos, left the band again soon after the recording sessions. He later said: "The point was I wanted one kind of life and they wanted another and, like, why are we working together, if we want completely different things?"{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=18:09–18:16}} As a result, only Simonon, Jones and Strummer are featured on the album's cover, and Chimes was credited as "Tory Crimes". Strummer later said: "We must have tried every drummer that then had a kit. I mean every drummer in London. I think we counted 205\. And that's why we were lost until we found Topper Headon."{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=30:30–30:41}} Simonon nicknamed Headon, who had briefly played with Jones's band London SS, "Topper" because he felt Headon resembled [Mickey the Monkey](/wiki/Mickey_the_Monkey "Mickey the Monkey"), a character in the comic [*Topper*](/wiki/Topper_%28comic_book%29 "Topper (comic book)").[Gray 2005](/wiki/%23CITEREFGray2005 "#CITEREFGray2005"), p. 244\. Gray misspells the character's name as Micky. Headon could also play piano, bass and guitar. The day after he signed to the band, Headon said: "I really wanted to join the Clash. I want to give them even more energy than they've got—if that's possible";{{sfn\|Coon\|1977}} in an interview over twenty years later, he said his original plan was to stay briefly, gain a name for himself, and then move on to a better gig.{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=38:07–38:11, 38:33–38:35}} Strummer later said: "Finding someone who not only had the chops, but the strength and the stamina to do it was just the breakthrough for us".{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=38:35–38:44}}
In May, The Clash set out on the White Riot Tour, headlining a punk package that included Buzzcocks, [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam "The Jam"), Subway Sect, [The Slits](/wiki/The_Slits "The Slits") and [The Prefects](/wiki/The_Prefects "The Prefects").{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|pp\=329–339}} The day after a Newcastle gig, Strummer and Headon were arrested for stealing pillowcases from their hotel room.{{sfn\|Robb\|2006\|p\=338}} The highlight of the tour was the [Rainbow Theatre](/wiki/Rainbow_Theatre "Rainbow Theatre") in London on 9 May; it was the first time The Clash had played a major music venue. The audience began ripping up seats and the gig turned into a riot. [*The Sun*](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)") reported the violence with the front\-page headline "Punk Wreck".{{Sfn\|Needs\|2005\|p\=80\-83}}*New Musical Express,* while expressing serious concerns over the violence, said: "The Clash are probably the best band in the country right now".{{Cite journal \|last\=Spencer \|first\=Neil\|date\=21 May 1977 \|title\=Is This What We Ordered? \|journal\=New Musical Express \|pages\=7}} Strummer commented: "That was the night punk broke ... we were in the right place doing the right thing at the right time".{{Sfn\|Salewicz\|2006\|p\=199}}
That same month, CBS released "[Remote Control](/wiki/Remote_Control_%28The_Clash_song%29 "Remote Control (The Clash song)")" as *The Clash*{{'s}} second single, defying the wishes of the band, who saw it as one of the album's weakest tracks.{{sfn\|Strongman\|2008\|pp\=201–202}} Headon's first recording with the band was the single "[Complete Control](/wiki/Complete_Control "Complete Control")", which addresses the band's anger at their record label's behaviour. It was co\-produced by reggae artist [Lee "Scratch" Perry](/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry "Lee "), though Foote was summoned to "ground things". The single was released in September 1977 and *[NME](/wiki/NME "NME")* commented that CBS had allowed the group to "bait their masters". The single peaked at number 28 on the UK chart and has been cited as one of punk's greatest singles.{{sfn\|Strongman\|2008\|pp\=203–204}}{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-lists/500\-greatest\-songs\-of\-all\-time\-151127/the\-clash\-complete\-control\-71974/ \|title\=The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2004\)\|date\=9 December 2004 \|magazine\=RollingStone }}
In October 1977, the Clash set out on the "Out of Control" UK tour. The tour was due to open at the [Ulster Hall](/wiki/Ulster_Hall "Ulster Hall"), Belfast but the insurance was pulled and the gig was cancelled at the last moment. This led to punks blocking the road outside the venue and a confrontation between the punks and the police, which became known as the "Battle of Bedford Street".{{Cite journal\|last\=McCelland\|first\=Colin\|date\=29 October 1977\|title\=Clash visit Belfast for picture session\|journal\=New Musical Express\|pages\=9}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Birch\|first\=Ian\|date\=29 October 1977\|title\=Clash Lose Control\|journal\=Melody Maker\|pages\=30}}{{Cite book\|last\=Bailie\|first\=Stuart\|title\=Trouble Songs\|publisher\=Bloomfield\|year\=2018\|isbn\=978\-1\-5272\-2047\-8\|location\=Belfast\|pages\=95–106}}
In February 1978, the Clash released the single "[Clash City Rockers](/wiki/Clash_City_Rockers "Clash City Rockers")"; and played the song live, along with "[Tommy Gun](/wiki/Tommy_Gun_%28song%29 "Tommy Gun (song)")", on BBC television's youth show *[Something Else](/wiki/Something_Else_%28TV_series%29 "Something Else (TV series)")*.{{Cite web\|last\=Whatley\|first\=Jack\|date\=19 May 2019\|title\=A look back at 'Something Else' the only place to be punk on the BBC\|url\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/something\-else\-bbc\-classic\-performance\-the\-clash\-joy\-division\-the\-jam\-the\-specials/\|website\=Far Out Magazine}}{{Cite web\|date\=1 August 2011\|title\=SELDOM SEEN: THE CLASH PERFORM 'CLASH CITY ROCKERS' ON TV FROM 1978\|url\=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/seldom\_seen\_the\_clash\_clash\_city\_rockers\|website\=Dangerous Minds}} On 30 April, the Clash played at [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism "Rock Against Racism") in [Victoria Park, London](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_London "Victoria Park, London"). Late 1970s England had seen an increase in racist attacks and a growth in support for the far\-right political party [The National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29 "National Front (UK)"). Also on the bill were [X\-Ray Spex](/wiki/X-Ray_Spex "X-Ray Spex"), [Steel Pulse](/wiki/Steel_Pulse "Steel Pulse"), [Misty in Roots](/wiki/Misty_in_Roots "Misty in Roots"), and headliners [Tom Robinson Band](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band "Tom Robinson Band"); they played to 100,000 people, who marched through London and attended the RAR Carnival.{{Citation\|title\=White Riot\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/white\_riot\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-18}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Salewicz\|first\=Chris\|date\=6 May 1978\|title\=Black And White Unite\|journal\=New Musical Express\|pages\=}}{{Sfn\|Gilbert\|2005\|pp\=187\-189}}
In June, the band released "[(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais](/wiki/%28White_Man%29_In_Hammersmith_Palais "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais")" as a single, which peaked at number 32 in the UK Singles chart; it quickly became a favourite with Clash fans and was voted single of the year in the 1978 *NME* Readers' Poll.{{Cite journal\|date\=20 January 1979\|title\=1978 NME Readers' Poll\|journal\=New Musical Express}}{{Cite web\|title\=1978\|url\=https://www.nme.com/nme\-awards/awards\-history/1978\-606197\|website\=NME\|date\=28 February 1978}}
Before the Clash began recording their second album, CBS requested they adopt a cleaner sound than its predecessor to reach American audiences. [Sandy Pearlman](/wiki/Sandy_Pearlman "Sandy Pearlman"), who is known for his work with [Blue Öyster Cult](/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult "Blue Öyster Cult"), was hired to produce the record. Simonon later said: "\[R]ecording that album was just the most boring situation ever. It was just so nitpicking, such a contrast to the first album ... it ruined any spontaneity."{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=42:43–42:56}} Strummer said: "it wasn't our easiest session".{{sfn\|Ferraz\|2001}} The band dismissed their manager Bernie Rhodes and hired journalist [Caroline Coon](/wiki/Caroline_Coon "Caroline Coon") to replace him.
The album *[Give 'Em Enough Rope](/wiki/Give_%27Em_Enough_Rope "Give 'Em Enough Rope")* was released in early November 1978,{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=291–292}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Marcus \|first\=Greil \|author\-link\=Greil Marcus \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theclash/albums/album/248769/review/5940574/give\_em\_enough\_rope \|title\=The Clash: Give 'Em Enough Rope \|access\-date\=29 March 2008 \|date\=25 January 1979 \| magazine\=Rolling Stone\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080318055407/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theclash/albums/album/248769/review/5940574/give\_em\_enough\_rope \|archive\-date \= 18 March 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} and received mixed reviews in the UK music press, where some reviewers complained about its relatively mainstream production style.{{Cite journal \|last\=Savage \|first\=Jon \|date\=11 November 1978 \|title\=War 'N' Pizza \|journal\=Melody Maker}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Kent \|first\=Nick \|date\=11 November 1978 \|title\=White Punks On Rope \|journal\=New Musical Express}}{{Cite journal \|last\=McCullough \|first\=Dave \|date\=11 November 1978 \|title\=The last gang in town \|journal\=Sounds}} The album reached number 2 in the UK album chart.{{Cite web \|title\=Official Chart History \- The Clash \|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16161/clash/ \|website\=Official Charts UK}} *NME* readers voted *Give 'Em Enough Rope* the second\-best album of 1978 and the Clash were voted the best group in the same end\-of\-year poll. In the US, the album peaked at number 128 on the [*Billboard* chart](/wiki/Billboard_charts "Billboard charts").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}}
"Tommy Gun", the album's first UK single, peaked at number 19, the highest chart position for a Clash single to date. To accompany the single, the band produced their first official music video, in which Joe Strummer wears an [H Block](/wiki/H-Blocks "H-Blocks") T\-shirt in support of the campaign for political status for [Irish Republican](/wiki/Irish_republicanism "Irish republicanism") prisoners.*Tommy Gun* video, The Clash \- The Essential Clash DVD. The band embarked on a North American tour, culminating in a performance at the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28New_York_City%29 "Palladium (New York City)") in New York City.
"[English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War_%28song%29 "English Civil War (song)")", which warned against the rise of the far\-right in the UK, was released as the album's second single in February 1979, reaching number 25 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"). The B\-side is a cover of the [Toots and the Maytals](/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals "Toots and the Maytals")' song "[Pressure Drop](/wiki/Pressure_Drop_%28song%29 "Pressure Drop (song)")", once again illustrating the group's reggae influences.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}}
In support of the album, the Clash toured the UK supported by the Slits and [the Innocents](/wiki/The_Innocents_%28UK_punk_band%29 "The Innocents (UK punk band)"). The tour, which consisted of more than thirty shows, was promoted as the Sort It Out Tour. The band later undertook their first, largely successful tour of North America in February 1979\.Kozak, Roman (3 March 1979\). "Surprisingly Few Clashes Noted As the Clash Tours the Nation". *Billboard*: 103\.
In June 1979, the band released the [Extended Play](/wiki/Extended_Play "Extended Play") (EP) *[The Cost of Living](/wiki/The_Cost_of_Living_%28EP%29 "The Cost of Living (EP)")*, which includes a cover of [Bobby Fuller](/wiki/Bobby_Fuller "Bobby Fuller")'s song "[I Fought the Law](/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law "I Fought the Law")", two original songs and a re\-recording of "[Capital Radio](/wiki/Capital_Radio_%28song%29 "Capital Radio (song)")".{{Sfn\|Needs\|2005\|p\=138}} The EP reached 22 in the UK charts and the band dismissed Coon as their manager. They then embarked on a second tour of the US, adding [Mick Gallagher](/wiki/Mick_Gallagher "Mick Gallagher") on keyboards.
### Changing style and US breakthrough: 1979–1982
[thumb\|The cover of *London Calling*, from a photo by [Pennie Smith](/wiki/Pennie_Smith "Pennie Smith").{{cite web \|author\=Kerley, Paul \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/20100617\_clash.shtml \|title \=London Calling cover honoured \|date\=17 June 2010 \|access\-date\=17 June 2010 \|publisher\=BBC/6 Music}}](/wiki/File:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg "TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg")
In August and September 1979, The Clash recorded the double album *[London Calling](/wiki/London_Calling "London Calling")*, which [Guy Stevens](/wiki/Guy_Stevens "Guy Stevens"), a former [A\&R](/wiki/A%26R "A&R") executive who had worked with [Mott the Hoople](/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople "Mott the Hoople") and [Traffic](/wiki/Traffic_%28band%29 "Traffic (band)"), produced. The double album was a mix of punk rock, reggae, ska, rockabilly and traditional rock and roll.{{cite web \|url \=http://www.musicbox\-online.com/cl\-lc.html \|title \=The Clash London Calling 25th Anniversary Legacy Edition \|access\-date \=19 November 2007 \|last \=Metzger \|first \=John \|date\=November 2004 \|publisher\=The Music Box
}} It is regarded as one of the greatest rock albums ever recorded.{{cite web
\|url \={{AllMusic \|class\=album \|id\=r4095 \|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=London Calling Review \|access\-date \=19 November 2007 \|last\=Erlewine \|first\=Stephen Thomas \|publisher\=allmusic.com}}{{Cite web \|last\=Theatre \|first\=The Capitol \|title\=10 Times the Clash's "London Calling" Was Recognized as One of the Greatest Albums of All Time {{!}} The Capitol Theatre \|url\=https://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/blog/detail/10\-times\-the\-clashs\-london\-calling\-was\-recognized\-as\-one\-of\-the\-greatest\-albums\-of\-all\-time \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-20 \|website\=www.thecapitoltheatre.com \|language\=en}} In the US, the single "[Train in Vain](/wiki/Train_in_Vain "Train in Vain")" became their first top\-40 hit, peaking at number 23 on the *Billboard* chart. In the UK, the [title track](/wiki/London_Calling_%28song%29 "London Calling (song)") was released as a single and peaked at number 11—the highest position any Clash single reached in the UK before the band's break\-up.
*London Calling* was released in December 1979; it peaked at number 9 on the British album chart and at number 27 in the United States, where it was issued in January 1980\. The album's cover photograph by [Pennie Smith](/wiki/Pennie_Smith "Pennie Smith") became one of the most\-recognisable images and [*Q* magazine](/wiki/Q_%28magazine%29 "Q (magazine)") later cited it as the "best rock 'n roll photograph of all time".{{cite news \|author\=Battersby, Matilda \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/art/features/london\-calling\-top\-uk\-artists\-pay\-tribute\-to\-the\-clashs\-war\-artist\-2000876\.html \|title\=London Calling: Tracey Emin and friends pay tribute to the Clash's 'official war artist' \|date\=16 June 2010 \|access\-date\=17 June 2010 \|work\=The Independent \|location\=UK \|archive\-date\=19 June 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233517/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/art/features/london\-calling\-top\-uk\-artists\-pay\-tribute\-to\-the\-clashs\-war\-artist\-2000876\.html \|url\-status\=dead}}{{sfn \|Gray \|2005 \|p\=503}} During this period, The Clash began to be regularly billed as "The Only Band That Matters". Musician [Gary Lucas](/wiki/Gary_Lucas "Gary Lucas"), who was employed by CBS Records' creative services department, has said he coined the tagline.Diehl, Matt (2007\). *My So\-Called Punk* (Macmillan), p. 187\. Fans and journalists soon widely adopted the epithet.{{cite journal \|last\=Norris \|first\=Chris \|date\=21 July 1997 \|title\=Cult Cash Clan \|journal\=New York}}
[thumb \|Paul Simonon of the Clash performs at the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28New_York_City%29 "Palladium (New York City)"), 20 September 1979\. (Photo: S. Sherman)](/wiki/File:Paul_Simonon_The_Clash_September_20_1979_Palladium_NYC.jpg "Paul Simonon The Clash September 20 1979 Palladium NYC.jpg")
At the end of 1979, the band members attended a private screening of a new film called *[Rude Boy](/wiki/Rude_Boy_%28film%29 "Rude Boy (film)")*, which is part fiction and tells the story of a Clash fan who leaves his job in a [Soho](/wiki/Soho "Soho") sex shop to become a roadie for the group. The movie, which was named after the [rude boy](/wiki/Rude_boy "Rude boy") subculture, includes footage of the band on tour, at a London [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism "Rock Against Racism") concert, and in the studio recording *Give 'Em Enough Rope*. The band were disenchanted with the film so they had [Better Badges](/wiki/Better_Badges "Better Badges") make badges that said: "I don't want RUDE BOY Clash Film".[Gray 2005](/wiki/%23CITEREFGray2005 "#CITEREFGray2005"), p.334\. For image of badge, see {{cite web \|url\=http://pinstand.com/pins/clash.html\#0067 \|title\=The Clash Pins \|access\-date\=10 August 2011 \|publisher\=WWWhatsup Online Pinstand}} On 27 February 1980, the film premiered at the [30th Berlin International Film Festival](/wiki/30th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival "30th Berlin International Film Festival"),{{sfn \|Gray \|2005 \|p\=334}} where it won an honourable mention.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1980/03\_preistr\_ger\_1980/03\_Preistraeger\_1980\.html \|title\=Prizes \& Honours (1980\) \|access\-date\=11 August 2011 \|publisher\=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlinprint \|archive\-date\=15 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015120841/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1980/03\_preistr\_ger\_1980/03\_Preistraeger\_1980\.html \|url\-status\=dead}}
The Clash had planned to record and release a single every month in 1980\. CBS dismissed this idea and the band released only one single—an original reggae song called "[Bankrobber](/wiki/Bankrobber "Bankrobber")", in August. It featured [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread "Mikey Dread") and reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. In October, the band's US record company released a B\-side compilation EP called *[Black Market Clash](/wiki/Black_Market_Clash "Black Market Clash")*, which was later re\-released in expanded form as a full\-length album.
In December 1980, The Clash released the 36\-song triple album *[Sandinista!](/wiki/Sandinista%21 "Sandinista!")*, which again reflected a broad range of musical styles. It was produced by the band members with further participation of [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread "Mikey Dread"). *Sandinista!* proved to be controversial, both politically and musically.Jaffee, Larry (1987\). *The Politics of Rock* (Popular Music and Society), pp. 19–30\. Critical opinions were divided; *[Trouser Press](/wiki/Trouser_Press "Trouser Press")* writer Ira Robbins described half of the album as "great" and the other half as "nonsense" and worse,{{cite web \|url \=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a\=clash \|title \=Clash \|access\-date \=4 September 2008 \|publisher\=Trouser Press}} while *[New Rolling Stone Record Guide](/wiki/New_Rolling_Stone_Record_Guide "New Rolling Stone Record Guide")* critic [Dave Marsh](/wiki/Dave_Marsh "Dave Marsh") said: "*Sandinista!* is nonsensically cluttered. Or rather *seems* nonsensically cluttered. One of the Clash's principal concerns ... is to avoid being stereotyped."Marsh, Dave. "The Clash". In Dave Marsh and John Swenson, eds. (1983\), *The New Rolling Stone Record Guide* (Random House/Rolling Stone Press), pp. 99–100\. The album sold reasonably well in the US, where it charted at number 24\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the\-clash \|title\=The Clash \|access\-date\=19 November 2007 \|date \=10 March 2003 \|work\=Induction \|publisher\=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430132108/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the\-clash \|archive\-date \=30 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}} In the UK, the album peaked at number 19 and the single "The Call Up" charted at number 40\. In January 1980, Rhodes was reinstated as the band's manager and the single "Hitsville UK" reached number 54 in the UK Singles Chart while "The Magnificent Seven" charted at number 34, and the band spent most of the year touring.
In December 1981, the Clash released "[This Is Radio Clash](/wiki/This_Is_Radio_Clash "This Is Radio Clash")" as a single; it charted at number 47 in the UK Singles Chart. In September 1981, the band began work on their fifth album *[Combat Rock](/wiki/Combat_Rock "Combat Rock")*, which [Glyn Johns](/wiki/Glyn_Johns "Glyn Johns") produced and was released in May 1982\. In the UK, the first single "Know Your Rights" reached number 43\. The lead single in the US was "[Should I Stay or Should I Go](/wiki/Should_I_Stay_or_Should_I_Go "Should I Stay or Should I Go")", which was released in June 1982 and received significant airplay on [Album\-oriented rock](/wiki/Album-oriented_rock "Album-oriented rock") (AOR) stations. The follow\-up single "[Rock the Casbah](/wiki/Rock_the_Casbah "Rock the Casbah")" was composed by Headon, who performed the percussion, piano and bass on the track.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=380}} It became the band's biggest US hit, charting at number eight while the album reached number two in the UK and number seven in the US.
### Disintegration and break up: 1982–1986
After the release of *Combat Rock*, the Clash began to disintegrate. In May 1982, Headon was asked to leave the band because his addiction caused reliability problems.{{sfn\|Letts\|2001\|loc\=1:07:11–1:08:09, 1:08:59–1:09:54\.}}{{cite journal\|last\=Cromelin \|first\=Richard \|date\=31 January 1988 \|title\=Strummer on Man, God, Law and the Clash \|journal\=Los Angeles Times \|url\=http://www.strummernews.com/latimes88\.html \|access\-date\=19 November 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020203022/http://strummernews.com/latimes88\.html \|archive\-date\=20 October 2007 }} Chimes was brought back to drum for the next few months. The band opened for [The Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who") on a leg of their final US tour that included a show at New York's [Shea Stadium](/wiki/Shea_Stadium "Shea Stadium").
Chimes left the band after the Combat Rock Tour and was replaced with [Pete Howard](/wiki/Pete_Howard "Pete Howard") in May 1983\. The Clash co\-headlined the [US Festival](/wiki/US_Festival "US Festival") in [San Bernardino, California](/wiki/San_Bernardino%2C_California "San Bernardino, California"), on 28 May in front of a crowd of 140,000\. After the show, members of the band brawled with security staff.{{sfn\|Gray\|2005\|p\=398}} The festival was Jones' last appearance with the band; Strummer and Simonon dismissed him in September that year. [Nick Sheppard](/wiki/Nick_Sheppard "Nick Sheppard"), formerly of the [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol")\-based band [The Cortinas](/wiki/The_Cortinas_%28punk_band%29 "The Cortinas (punk band)"), and [Vince White](/wiki/Vince_White "Vince White") were recruited as the Clash's new guitarists. The band's new lineup played their first shows in January 1984 with a batch of new material and embarked on the self\-financed Out of Control Tour, travelling widely over the winter and into early summer. The band also headlined a benefit show for striking miners.
In November 1985, they released the album *[Cut the Crap](/wiki/Cut_the_Crap "Cut the Crap")*; it includes the single "[This Is England](/wiki/This_Is_England_%28song%29 "This Is England (song)")", which charted at number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. Strummer later noted: "CBS had paid an advance for it so they had to put it out".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\&p\=2\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\&c\=1\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\&XUZHs \|title\=Interview \|work\=Record Collector \|year\=2000 \|access\-date\=5 December 2008 \|publisher\=Joe Strummer Resource \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005220200/http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\&p\=2\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\&c\=1\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\&XUZHs \|archive\-date\=5 October 2011 }} Dave Marsh later listed "This Is England" as one of the top 1001 rock singles of all time.Marsh, Dave (1989\). *The Heart of Rock \& Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made* (Penguin), pp. 77–80\. {{ISBN\|0\-14\-012108\-0}}. The album peaked at number 16 in the UK Albums Chart and at number 88 in the US. Strummer largely disowned the album but later said: "I really like 'This Is England' and \[album track] 'North and South' is a vibe".
In January 1986, it was announced that the Clash had disbanded. Strummer later said: "When the Clash collapsed, we were tired. There had been a lot of intense activity in five years. Secondly, I felt we'd run out of idea gasoline. And thirdly, I wanted to shut up and let someone else have a go at it."{{sfn\|Johnstone\|2006\|p\=104}}
### Collaborations, reunions and Strummer's death: 1986–present
After his dismissal, Jones formed [Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/Big_Audio_Dynamite "Big Audio Dynamite") (B.A.D.), who released their debut album *[This Is Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/This_Is_Big_Audio_Dynamite "This Is Big Audio Dynamite")* late in 1985\. Jones and Strummer worked together on their respective 1986 projects; Jones helped with the two songs Strummer wrote and performed for the soundtrack to the film *[Sid and Nancy](/wiki/Sid_and_Nancy "Sid and Nancy")* (1986\), and Strummer co\-wrote a number of the tracks for the second B.A.D. album *[No. 10, Upping St.](/wiki/No.%C2%A010%2C_Upping_St. "No. 10, Upping St.")*, which he also co\-produced. With Jones committed to B.A.D., Strummer moved on to solo projects and screen acting. Simonon formed a band called [Havana 3am](/wiki/Havana_3am "Havana 3am"). Headon recorded a solo album *[Waking Up](/wiki/Waking_Up_%28Topper_Headon_album%29 "Waking Up (Topper Headon album)")* but was imprisoned in 1987 for drug\-related offences.
In 1988, the compilation album *[The Story of the Clash, Volume 1](/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Clash%2C_Volume_1 "The Story of the Clash, Volume 1")* was released and the single "I Fought The Law" was reissued and reached number 29 in the UK Singles Chart. On 2 March 1991, a reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gave the Clash their first and only number\-one UK single. The same year, "Rock the Casbah" featured on a broadcast of [Armed Forces Radio](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Radio "Armed Forces Radio") during the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/strummer.html \|title\=Revolution Rock: Documentary Pays Tribute to Clash Frontman Joe Strummer \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=1 February 2008 \|access\-date\=13 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313094918/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/strummer.html \|archive\-date\=13 March 2008}}
In 1999, Strummer, Jones and Simonon cooperated in compiling the live album *[From Here to Eternity](/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity:Live "Live")* and the video documentary *[Westway to the World](/wiki/Westway_to_the_World "Westway to the World")*. On 7 November 2002, the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame") announced the Clash would be inducted the following March.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458560/20021107/acdc.jhtml \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119091236/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458560/20021107/acdc.jhtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 November 2002 \|title\=AC/DC, Clash, Police To Be Inducted Into Rock Hall Of Fame \|access\-date\=2 September 2008 \|date\=7 November 2002 \|author\=Vineyard, Jennifer \|publisher\=MTV}} On 15 November, Jones and Strummer shared the stage, performing three Clash songs during a London benefit show by [Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros](/wiki/Joe_Strummer_and_the_Mescaleros "Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros"). Strummer, Jones and Headon wanted to play a reunion show to coincide with their induction into the Hall of Fame; Simonon did not want to participate because he believed playing at the high\-priced event would not have been in the spirit of the Clash. On 22 December 2002, Strummer died from a congenital heart defect, ending any possibility of a full reunion. In March 2003, Strummer, Jones, Simonon, Chimes and Headon were inducted into the Hall of Fame.
In early 2008, [Carbon/Silicon](/wiki/Carbon/Silicon "Carbon/Silicon"), a new band founded by Mick Jones and his former London SS bandmate [Tony James](/wiki/Tony_James_%28musician%29 "Tony James (musician)"), entered into a six\-week residency at London's Inn on the Green. On opening night, 11 January, Headon joined the band for the Clash's song "Train in Vain". An encore followed with Headon playing drums on "Should I Stay or Should I Go". This was the first time since 1982 that Headon and Jones had performed together on stage.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/clash/33615 \|title\=The Clash's Mick Jones and Topper Headon reunite after 25 years \|access\-date\=15 January 2005 \|date\=14 January 2005 \|work\=NME \|location\=UK \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121084038/http://www.nme.com/news/clash/33615 \|archive\-date\=21 January 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[thumb\|Graffiti in Rijeka, Croatia, commemorating Joe Strummer](/wiki/File:Grafiti_rijeka_2108.jpg "Grafiti rijeka 2108.jpg")
In September 2009, Jones and Headon reunited to re\-record the 1970s Clash B\-side "Jail Guitar Doors" with [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg "Billy Bragg"), who founded an eponymous charity that gives musical instruments and lessons to prison inmates.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.denverthread.com/archives/488 \|title\=Billy Bragg teams up with "Clash"\-ers Mick Jones \& Topper Headon for "Jail Guitar Doors" \|access\-date\=25 May 2010 \|date\=21 September 2009 \|publisher\=Denver Thread \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709013257/http://www.denverthread.com/archives/488 \|archive\-date\=9 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all}} Simonon and Jones are featured on the title track of the [Gorillaz](/wiki/Gorillaz "Gorillaz") album *[Plastic Beach](/wiki/Plastic_Beach "Plastic Beach")* (2010\), marking the first time they had worked together in over twenty years. They later joined Gorillaz on their [Escape to Plastic Beach Tour](/wiki/Escape_to_Plastic_Beach_Tour "Escape to Plastic Beach Tour") for the remainder of 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a205006/gorillaz\-thrilled\-to\-work\-with\-the\-clash.html \|title\=Gorillaz 'thrilled' to work with The Clash \|access\-date\=8 March 2010 \|date\=24 February 2010 \|website\=Digital Spy}}
In July 2012, Strummer's daughters Jazz and Lola gave a rare interview to discuss the tenth anniversary of Strummer's death, his legacy and the possibility of a Clash reunion had their father lived. Jazz said:
> There was talk about the Clash reforming before he died. But there had been talk for years and years about them reforming. They had been offered stupid amounts of money to do it, but they were very good at keeping the moral high ground and saying no. But I think if Dad hadn't died, it would have happened. It felt like it was in the air.{{cite news \|author\=Lena Corner \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jul/28/joe\-strummer\-daughters\-jazz\-lola \|title\=Our dad, Joe Strummer, remembered {{pipe}} Life and style \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=1 September 2013 \|location\=London \|date\=28 July 2012}}{{Relevance inline \|reason\=What is the enduring encyclopedic significance of this opinion? \|date\=July 2022}}
In the UK on 9 September 2013, and a day later in the US, the Clash released a 12\-disc box set called *[Sound System](/wiki/Sound_System_%28album%29 "Sound System (album)")*, which includes their re\-mastered studio albums on eight discs and three discs featuring demos, non\-album singles, rarities and B\-sides; a [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD") with previously unseen footage by [Don Letts](/wiki/Don_Letts "Don Letts") and Julien Temple and other film footage; and merchandising ephemera, including an exclusive the Clash poster. Mick Jones and Paul Simonon oversaw the project, including the re\-masters. The box set was accompanied by *[5 Album Studio Set](/wiki/5_Album_Studio_Set "5 Album Studio Set")*, which contains the first five studio albums (excluding *[Cut the Crap](/wiki/Cut_the_Crap "Cut the Crap")*), and *[The Clash Hits Back](/wiki/The_Clash_Hits_Back "The Clash Hits Back")*, a 33\-track, two\-CD best\-of collection.{{cite news \|author\=Michael Hann \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/may/21/the\-clash\-box\-set\-remastered\-albums\-rarities \|title\=The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities {{pipe}} Music \|work\=theguardian.com \|access\-date\=1 September 2013 \|location\=London \|date\=21 May 2013}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Sound\-System\-The\-Clash/dp/B008U3NU38/ref\=sr\_1\_1?ie\=UTF8\&qid\=1369126674\&sr\=8\-1\&keywords\=the\+clash\+sound\+system \|title\=Sound System: Music \|website\=Amazon \|date\=25 May 2013 \|access\-date\=1 September 2013}}
In a 3 September 2013 interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, Mick Jones discussed the band reuniting, saying it likely would not have occurred. Jones said:
> There were a few moments at the time I was up for it (Hall of Fame reunion in 2003\), Joe was up for it. Paul wasn't. And neither, probably, was Topper, who didn't wind up even coming in the end. It didn't look like a performance was going to happen anyway. I mean, you usually play at that ceremony when you get in. Joe had passed by that point, so we didn't. We were never in agreement. It was never at a point where all of us wanted to do it at the same time. Most importantly for us, we became friends again after the group broke up, and continued that way for the rest of the time. That was more important to us than the band.{{cite magazine \|author\=Andy Greene \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the\-clashs\-mick\-jones\-this\-is\-it\-for\-me\-20130830 \|title\=Mick Jones on Clash Box Set {{pipe}} Music News \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|date\=30 August 2013 \|access\-date\=17 April 2014 \|archive\-date\=1 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301203327/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the\-clashs\-mick\-jones\-this\-is\-it\-for\-me\-20130830 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Jones also stated the *Sound System* box set was the last time he would be involved in the band's releases: "I'm not even thinking about any more Clash releases. This is it for me, and I say that with an exclamation mark".
On 6 September 2013, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Topper Headon reunited for an exclusive [BBC Radio 6 Music](/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music "BBC Radio 6 Music") show to promote their legacy and the release of *Sound System*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.radiomusik.it/10713/i\-clash\-si\-riuniscono\-per\-una\-notte\-alla\-bbc\-radio/ \|title\=I Clash si riuniscono per una notte alla BBC Radio {{pipe}} Radiomusik musica e programmi radio live \|publisher\=Radiomusik.it \|access\-date\=1 September 2013 \|date\=19 August 2013 }}
In an October 2013 interview with BBC 6 Music, Jones said Strummer did have intentions of a Clash reunion and that new music was being written for a possible album. In the months before Strummer's death, Jones and Strummer began working on new music for what he thought would be the next Mescaleros album. Jones said:
> We wrote a batch – we didn't used to write one, we used to write a batch at a time – like gumbo. The idea was he was going to go into the studio with the Mescaleros during the day and then send them all home. I'd come in all night and we'd all work all night.
According to Jones, months after their work together, he ran into Strummer at an event; Strummer informed him the songs were going to be used for the next Clash album.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/mick\-jones\-secret\-strummer\-tunes\-could\-have\-sparked\-the\-clash\-s\-comeback\_3892188 \|title\=The Clash – Mick Jones: 'Secret Joe Strummer Tunes Could Have Sparked The Clash's Comeback' \|publisher\=Contact Music \|access\-date\=4 October 2013 \|date\=4 October 2013}} On 6 April 2022, the Clash announced the re\-release of *[Combat Rock](/wiki/Combat_Rock "Combat Rock")*, including demos with [Ranking Roger](/wiki/Ranking_Roger "Ranking Roger")'s vocals, titled 'Combat Rock / The People's Hall'. "Rock the Casbah (Ranking Roger)" and "Red Angel Dragnet (Ranking Roger)" were released as supporting singles. The re\-release occurred on 20 May 2022 to mixed reviews.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-04\-06 \|title\=The Clash announce special edition of 'Combat Rock' with 'The People's Hall' \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the\-clash\-announce\-special\-edition\-of\-combat\-rock\-with\-the\-peoples\-hal\-ranking\-rogerl\-3199454 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-03 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}}
On 11 November 2022, a month before the 20th anniversary of Strummer's death, founding member [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene "Keith Levene") died in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk "Norfolk"), England.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-11\-12 \|title\=Keith Levene, founding member of the Clash, dies at 65 \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/12/keith\-levene\-founding\-member\-of\-the\-clash\-dies\-at\-65\-public\-image\-ltd \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-17 \|website\=the Guardian \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins: 1974–1976",
"Before the Clash's founding, the band's future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. [Joe Strummer](/wiki/Joe_Strummer \"Joe Strummer\"), whose real name was John Graham Mellor, sang and played rhythm guitar in the [pub rock](/wiki/Pub_rock_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Pub rock (United Kingdom)\") band [The 101ers](/wiki/The_101ers \"The 101ers\"), which he had formed in 1974 with Alvaro Pena\\-Rojas.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Crampton \\|first1\\=Luke \\|title\\=The Q Book of Punk Legends \\|last2\\=Rees \\|first2\\=Dafydd \\|publisher\\=Guinness Publishing Ltd \\|year\\=1996 \\|location\\=Enfield, UK \\|pages\\=38–47}} Mellor later abandoned his original stage name \"Woody\" Mellor in favour of \"Joe Strummer\", a reference to his rudimentary strumming skills on the ukulele while he was a [busker](/wiki/Busker \"Busker\") in the [London Underground](/wiki/London_Underground \"London Underground\").",
"[Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash%29 \"Mick Jones (The Clash)\") played guitar in [protopunk](/wiki/Protopunk \"Protopunk\") band [London SS](/wiki/London_SS \"London SS\"), who rehearsed for much of 1975 but never played a live show and recorded only one demo. London SS were managed by [Bernard Rhodes](/wiki/Bernard_Rhodes \"Bernard Rhodes\"), an associate of impresario [Malcolm McLaren](/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren \"Malcolm McLaren\") and a friend of the members of the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"), whom Mclaren managed. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols members [Glen Matlock](/wiki/Glen_Matlock \"Glen Matlock\") and [Steve Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28musician%29 \"Steve Jones (musician)\"), who helped them as they auditioned potential new members.{{sfn \\|Robb \\|2006 \\|pp\\=130–132}} Vocalist [Paul Simonon](/wiki/Paul_Simonon \"Paul Simonon\") and drummer [Terry Chimes](/wiki/Terry_Chimes \"Terry Chimes\") auditioned for London SS but were rejected,{{sfn \\|Gray \\|2005 \\|p\\=72}} and [Nicky Headon](/wiki/Topper_Headon \"Topper Headon\") drummed with the band for a week then quit.{{sfn \\|Gray \\|2005 \\|p\\=56}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Gilmore \\|first\\=Mikal \\|title\\=The Fury and the Power of the Clash \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|date\\=3 March 2011 \\|issue\\=1125 \\|pages\\=60–79}}",
"After London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Jones' manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time and commented: \"You knew straight away that was it, and this was what it was going to be like from now on. It was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. A bit dangerous.\"{{sfn \\|Robb \\|2006 \\|p\\=151}} In March of that year, at the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon and suggested he learn an instrument so he could join the new band Jones was organising.{{sfn \\|Gray \\|2005 \\|p\\=72}} Soon Jones, Simonon on bass, [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene \"Keith Levene\") on guitar and \"whoever we could find really to play the drums\" were rehearsing.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Rowley \\|first\\=Scott \\|date\\=October 1999 \\|title\\=Paul Simonon's first ever bass interview \\|journal\\=Bassist Magazine \\|issue\\=10 \\|location\\=London}} Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and was accepted but quit soon after.{{sfn \\|Gray\\|2005 \\|p\\=79}}",
"The band were still searching for a lead singer. According to Chimes, Billy Watts, who \"seemed to be, like, nineteen or eighteen then, as we all were\", handled the duties for a time.{{sfn \\|Strongman \\|2008 \\|p\\=103}} Rhodes was watching Strummer, with whom he made exploratory contact; both Jones and Levene had seen Strummer perform and were impressed.{{sfn \\|Robb \\|2006 \\|pp\\=192, 193}} In April, Strummer saw the Sex Pistols [open](/wiki/Opening_act \"Opening act\") for one of his band's gigs. Strummer later said:",
"> I knew something was up, so I went out in the crowd which was fairly sparse. And I saw the future—with a snotty handkerchief—right in front of me. It was immediately clear. Pub rock was, \"Hello, you bunch of drunks, I'm gonna play these boogies and I hope you like them.\" The Pistols came out that Tuesday evening and their attitude was, \"Here's our tunes, and we couldn't give a flying fuck whether you like them or not. In fact, we're gonna play them even if you fucking hate them.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\\&p\\=2\\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\\&c\\=1\\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\\&XUZHs \\|title\\=Interview \\|year\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=Joe Strummer Resource \\|work\\=Record Collector \\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005220200/http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\\&p\\=2\\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\\&c\\=1\\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\\&XUZHs \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2011}}",
"",
"On 30 May, Rhodes and Levene approached Strummer after a 101ers gig and invited him to meet up at the band's rehearsal location on Davis Road. After Strummer turned up, Levene played \"Keys to Your Heart\", one of Strummer's own tunes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mudkiss.com/keithleveneinterview.htm \\|title\\=keithleveneinterview – MUDKISS FANZINE \\|publisher\\=Mudkiss \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123144317/http://www.mudkiss.com/keithleveneinterview.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Rhodes gave Strummer 48 hours to decide whether to join the new band that would \"rival the Pistols\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}} Within 24 hours, he agreed.{{efn\\|According to the band (2005\\), \"Bernie phoned him a day ahead of schedule, and demanded an answer there and then\" (p. 127\\). In ''Westway to the World'', Jones confirms the 48\\-hour deadline, while Strummer says it was he who made the call after just 24 (11:34–11:40\\). Jones elsewhere gave a different account, according to which Strummer was originally given 24 hours to decide, and Rhodes called after just eight (\\[\\[\\#CITEREFRobb2006\\|Robb 2006]], p. 194\\).}} Simonon later said: \"Once we had Joe on board it all started to come together\". Strummer introduced the band to his school friend Pablo LaBritain, who sat in on drums during Strummer's first few rehearsals with the band. LaBritain left the band shortly after and joined [999](/wiki/999_%28band%29 \"999 (band)\"). Terry Chimes, whom Jones later referred to as \"one of the best drummers\" in their circle, became the band's regular drummer.{{sfn \\|Letts \\|2001 \\|loc\\=17:16–17:22}}",
"In *[Westway to the World](/wiki/Westway_to_the_World \"Westway to the World\")*, Jones said: \"I don't think Terry was officially hired or anything. He had just been playing with us.\"{{efn\\|According to Gray (2005\\), Rhodes asked Chimes to rejoin (pp. 133–34\\)}} Chimes did not like Strummer at first, saying: \"He was like twenty\\-two or twenty\\-three or something that seemed 'old' to me then. And he had these retro clothes and this croaky voice.\"{{sfn \\|Strongman \\|2008 \\|p\\=103}} Simonon thought of the band's name; they had briefly named themselves the Weak Heartdrops and the Psychotic Negatives.{{cite web \\|title\\=MTV Rockumentary \\|author\\= Presenter: Kurt Loder \\|publisher\\=MTV \\|location\\=London, England \\|url\\=http://www.londonsburning.org/art\\_mtv\\_rockumentary\\_1\\.html \\|website\\=Londonsburning.org \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010303040150/http://londonsburning.org/art\\_mtv\\_rockumentary\\_1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2001 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{sfn \\|Topping \\|2004 \\|p\\=12}} According to Simonon: \"It really came to my head when I started reading the newspapers and a word that kept recurring was the word 'clash', so I thought 'the Clash, what about that' to the others. And they and Bernard, they went for it.\"",
"### Early gigs and the growing scene: 1976",
"After rehearsing with Strummer for less than a month, the Clash made their debut performance on 4 July 1976, supporting the Sex Pistols at the [Black Swan](/wiki/Boardwalk_%28nightclub%29 \"Boardwalk (nightclub)\") nightclub in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield \"Sheffield\"). The Clash wanted to appear on stage before their rivals [The Damned](/wiki/The_Damned_%28band%29 \"The Damned (band)\"), another London SS spinoff, made their own scheduled debut two days later. The Clash did not play in front of another audience for five weeks.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=143}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470448/20030310/clash.jhtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030315000245/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470448/20030310/clash.jhtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2003 \\|title\\=The Clash: Ducking Bottles, Asking Questions \\|access\\-date \\=17 November 2007 \\|last\\=Loder \\|first\\=Kurt \\|date\\=13 March 2003 \\|publisher\\=MTV News}} Levene was becoming disaffected with his position in the group. At the Black Swan, he approached the Sex Pistols' lead singer [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon \"John Lydon\"), whose stage name was Johnny Rotten, and suggested they form a band together if the Pistols broke up.{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|p\\=196}}",
"Hours after their debut, the Clash, most of the Sex Pistols and much of London's \"inner circle\" of punks attended a performance by New York City's leading punk rock band the [Ramones](/wiki/Ramones \"Ramones\") at [Dingwalls](/wiki/Dingwalls \"Dingwalls\"); according to Strummer: \"It can't be stressed how great the first Ramones album was to the scene ... It was the first word of Punk, a fantastic record\".{{Sfn\\|Clash\\|2008\\|p\\=61}} Afterwards \"came the first example of the rivalry\\-induced squabbling that was to dog the punk scene and undermine any attempts to promote a spirit of unity among the bands involved\".{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=144}} Simonon fought with [J.J. Burnel](/wiki/J.J._Burnel \"J.J. Burnel\"), the bass player of [The Stranglers](/wiki/The_Stranglers \"The Stranglers\"), a slightly older band who were publicly identified with the punk scene but were not part of the \"inner circle\", which centered on the Sex Pistols.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=144}}",
"Rhodes insisted the Clash should not perform live again until they were much tighter so they intensely rehearsed the following month. According to Strummer, the band devoted themselves to creating a distinct identity, saying:\n> The day I joined The Clash was very much back to square one, year zero. Part of Punk was that you had to shed all of what you knew before. We were almost Stalinist in the way that you had to shed all your friends, or everything that you'd known, or every way that you'd played before.{{Sfn\\|Clash\\|2008\\|p\\=61}}{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=14:57–15:08}}",
"",
"Strummer and Jones shared most of the writing duties; according to Jones: \"Joe would give me the words and I would make a song out of them\".{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|p\\=326}} The band sometimes met in the office over their [Camden Town](/wiki/Camden_Town \"Camden Town\") rehearsal studio.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=144}} According to Strummer: \"Bernie \\[Rhodes] would say, 'An issue, an issue. Don't write about love, write about what's affecting you, what's important.\"[Savage 1992](/wiki/%23CITEREFSavage1992 \"#CITEREFSavage1992\"), p. 232\\. Jones's later said: \"Bernie had a hand in everything. Not the lyrics—he didn't help with the lyrics. He didn't tell us not to write love songs, as the myth goes—that's kind of simplified version of it. He told us to write what we knew about\" [Robb 2006](/wiki/%23CITEREFRobb2006 \"#CITEREFRobb2006\"), p. 197\\).",
"Strummer performed lead vocals on the majority of songs but he and Jones sometimes shared the lead. Once the band began recording, Jones rarely had a solo lead on more than one song per album, though he was responsible for two of the group's biggest hits. On 13 August 1976, the Clash, wearing paint\\-spattered \"[Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock \"Jackson Pollock\")\" outfits, played in their Camden studio before a small, invitation\\-only audience,{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|pp\\=195–197}} which included [*Sounds*](/wiki/Sounds_%28magazine%29 \"Sounds (magazine)\") magazine critic [Giovanni Dadamo](/wiki/Giovanni_Dadamo \"Giovanni Dadamo\"), whose review described the band as a \"runaway train ... so powerful, they're the first new group to come along who can really scare the Sex Pistols shitless\".{{sfn\\|Strongman\\|2008\\|p\\=133}}",
"On 29 August, the Clash and Manchester's [Buzzcocks](/wiki/Buzzcocks \"Buzzcocks\") opened for the Sex Pistols at [The Screen on the Green](/wiki/The_Screen_on_the_Green \"The Screen on the Green\"); it was the Clash's first public performance since 4 July. The triple\\-bill show is seen as pivotal to the consolidation of the British punk scene into a movement;{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|pp\\=212–215}} *[New Musical Express](/wiki/New_Musical_Express \"New Musical Express\")* reviewer [Charles Shaar Murray](/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray \"Charles Shaar Murray\") wrote: \"The Clash are the sort of garage band that should be speedily returned to the garage, preferably with the motor still running\".{{sfn\\|Salewicz\\|2006\\|p\\=162}} Strummer later credited Murray's comments with inspiring the Clash's song [\"Garageland\"](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 \"Garageland (song)\").{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=24:23–24:43}}",
"In early September, Levene was fired from the Clash. According to Strummer, Levene's dwindling interest in the band was due to his use of [speed](/wiki/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\"), a point Levene denied.{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|pp\\=215–216}}{{sfn\\|Savage\\|1992\\|p\\=220}} On 21 September 1976, the Clash performed publicly for the first time without Levene at the [100 Club Punk Special](/wiki/100_Club_Punk_Special \"100 Club Punk Special\"), sharing the bill with the Sex Pistols, [Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees \"Siouxsie and the Banshees\") and [Subway Sect](/wiki/Subway_Sect \"Subway Sect\").{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|pp\\=164–166}}{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|pp\\=216–223}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/recordings/1976\\_77/76\\-09\\-20\\_100%20Club/76\\-09\\-20\\_100%20Club.html \\|title\\=The Clash Sex Pistols 100 Club Festival \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2007 \\|publisher\\=blackmarketclash.com \\|archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104050039/http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/recordings/1976\\_77/76\\-09\\-20\\_100%20Club/76\\-09\\-20\\_100%20Club.html \\|archive\\-date \\=4 November 2007}} Chimes left in late November; he was briefly replaced by [Rob Harper](/wiki/Rob_Harper \"Rob Harper\") as the Clash toured in support of the Sex Pistols during December's Anarchy Tour.{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/Clash%20gigography/1976%20DATES.html \\|title\\=1976 – The Clash Live \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2007 \\|publisher\\=blackmarketclash.com \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2007\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026052834/http://homepage.mac.com/blackmarketclash/Bands/Clash/Clash%20gigography/1976%20DATES.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The Clash promoted a left\\-wing message in their songs and interviews, and sang about social problems, such as career opportunities, unemployment, and the need for a backlash against racism and oppression. Joe Strummer said in 1976: \"We're anti\\-fascist, we're anti\\-violence, we're anti\\-racist and we're pro\\-creative\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Miles\\|date\\=11 December 1976\\|title\\=Eighteen Flight Rock And The Sound Of The Westway \\|journal\\=New Musical Express}} Strummer also said: \"I don't believe in all that anarchy bollocks!\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Steve Walsh \\& Mark Perry \\|date\\=October 1976 \\|title\\=The Very Angry Clash \\|journal\\=Sniffin' Glue}}{{sfn\\|Salewicz\\|2006\\|p\\=176}} According to the Clash guitarist [Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash_guitarist%29 \"Mick Jones (The Clash guitarist)\"): \"The important thing is to encourage people to do things for themselves, think for themselves and stand up for what their rights are\".{{sfn\\|Salewicz\\|2006\\|p\\=176}}",
"A confrontation between Black youth and police at the 1976 [Notting Hill Carnival](/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival \"Notting Hill Carnival\") was important in the development of the Clash's political stance and inspired Joe Strummer to write \"[White Riot](/wiki/White_Riot \"White Riot\")\". Images of the riots were used as The Clash's stage backdrop and as the back cover of their first album, and was reprinted on badges and Clash t\\-shirts.{{Sfn\\|Needs\\|2005\\|p\\=45}}",
"### Punk breakthrough and UK fame: 1977–1979",
"By January 1977, punk had become a major media phenomenon in the UK; according to *[New Musical Express](/wiki/New_Musical_Express \"New Musical Express\")* (NME): \"1977 is the year of The Clash\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Parsons\\|first\\=Tony\\|date\\=2 April 1977\\|title\\=Sten Guns In Knightsbridge?\\|journal\\=New Musical Express}} On 25 January, the band signed to [CBS Records](/wiki/CBS_Records_International \"CBS Records International\") for £100,000, a remarkable amount for a band who had played about thirty gigs and very few headlining shows.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=216}} Clash historian [Marcus Gray](/wiki/Marcus_Gray \"Marcus Gray\") said: \"the band members found themselves having to justify \\[the deal] to both the music press and to fans who picked up on the critics' muttered asides about the Clash having 'sold out' to the establishment\".{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=217}} [Mark Perry](/wiki/Mark_Perry_%28musician%29 \"Mark Perry (musician)\"), founder of the leading London punk periodical *[Sniffin' Glue](/wiki/Sniffin%27_Glue \"Sniffin' Glue\")* wrote: \"Punk died the day the Clash signed to CBS\",{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=218}} but recanted when he first heard the single \"[White Riot](/wiki/White_Riot \"White Riot\")\", saying: \"They're the most important group in the world at the moment. I believe in them completely. All I said about them is crap.\"Mark Perry, Sniffin' Glue, March 1977 edition, quoted in Needs 2005, p.69 According to one of the band's associates{{who\\|for\\=Who is this associate?\\|date\\=January 2024}} the deal \"was later used as a classic example of the kind of contract that no group should ever sign—the group had to pay for their own tours, recordings, remixes, artwork, expenses ...\"Roadent, quoted in [Strongman 2008](/wiki/%23CITEREFStrongman2008 \"#CITEREFStrongman2008\"), p. 199\\. According to Strummer in March 1977:",
"{{blockquote\\|Signing that contract did bother me a lot. I've been turning it over in my mind, but now I've come to terms with it. I've realised that all it boils down to is perhaps two\\-year's security ... Before, all I could think about was my stomach ... Now I feel free to think—and free to write down what I'm thinking about ... And look—I've been fucked about for so long I'm not going to suddenly turn into Rod Stewart just because I get £25\\.00 a week. I'm much too far gone for that, I tell you.{{sfn\\|Coon\\|1977}}}}",
"Mickey Foote, who worked as a technician at the band's concerts, was hired to produce their debut album, and Terry Chimes was drafted back for the recording. The band's first single \"White Riot\" was released in March and peaked at number 34 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"). The album *[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash_%28album%29 \"The Clash (album)\")* was released the following month and peaked at number 12 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"); with lyrics criticising the ruling establishment, bosses and the police and addressing themes such as alienation and boredom.{{Sfn\\|Needs\\|2005\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=69\\-71}}{{Sfn\\|Gilbert\\|2005\\|p\\=148}}",
"*The Clash* presaged the band's future works with their cover of the reggae song \"[Police and Thieves](/wiki/Police_and_Thieves \"Police and Thieves\")\". The band had been influenced by the subject matter, slogans and lyrics of reggae, which they often played in rehearsals but recording \"Police and Thieves\" was an important step that was only taken after a lot of discussion within the group.{{Sfn\\|Gilbert\\|2005\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=132\\-136}}{{Sfn\\|Needs\\|2005\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=71\\-72}}",
"According to music journalist and former punk musician [John Robb](/wiki/John_Robb_%28musician%29 \"John Robb (musician)\"): \"Amidst the Sex Pistols' inertia in the first half of 1977, the Clash found themselves as the flag\\-wavers of the punk rock consciousness\".{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|p\\=325}} Though *The Clash* quickly rose to number 12 in the UK, CBS refused to give it a US release, believing that its raw, barely produced sound would make it unmarketable there.{{sfn\\|Gimarc\\|2005\\|p\\=61}} A North American version of the album with a modified track listing released in the US in 1979, after the UK release, became the US's best\\-selling import album of the year.{{cite magazine\\| last \\= Henke\\| first \\= James\\| date \\= 3 April 1980\\| title \\= There'll Be Dancing In The Streets: The Clash\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| pages \\= 38–41}}",
"Chimes, whose career aspirations owed little to the punk ethos, left the band again soon after the recording sessions. He later said: \"The point was I wanted one kind of life and they wanted another and, like, why are we working together, if we want completely different things?\"{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=18:09–18:16}} As a result, only Simonon, Jones and Strummer are featured on the album's cover, and Chimes was credited as \"Tory Crimes\". Strummer later said: \"We must have tried every drummer that then had a kit. I mean every drummer in London. I think we counted 205\\. And that's why we were lost until we found Topper Headon.\"{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=30:30–30:41}} Simonon nicknamed Headon, who had briefly played with Jones's band London SS, \"Topper\" because he felt Headon resembled [Mickey the Monkey](/wiki/Mickey_the_Monkey \"Mickey the Monkey\"), a character in the comic [*Topper*](/wiki/Topper_%28comic_book%29 \"Topper (comic book)\").[Gray 2005](/wiki/%23CITEREFGray2005 \"#CITEREFGray2005\"), p. 244\\. Gray misspells the character's name as Micky. Headon could also play piano, bass and guitar. The day after he signed to the band, Headon said: \"I really wanted to join the Clash. I want to give them even more energy than they've got—if that's possible\";{{sfn\\|Coon\\|1977}} in an interview over twenty years later, he said his original plan was to stay briefly, gain a name for himself, and then move on to a better gig.{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=38:07–38:11, 38:33–38:35}} Strummer later said: \"Finding someone who not only had the chops, but the strength and the stamina to do it was just the breakthrough for us\".{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=38:35–38:44}}",
"In May, The Clash set out on the White Riot Tour, headlining a punk package that included Buzzcocks, [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam \"The Jam\"), Subway Sect, [The Slits](/wiki/The_Slits \"The Slits\") and [The Prefects](/wiki/The_Prefects \"The Prefects\").{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|pp\\=329–339}} The day after a Newcastle gig, Strummer and Headon were arrested for stealing pillowcases from their hotel room.{{sfn\\|Robb\\|2006\\|p\\=338}} The highlight of the tour was the [Rainbow Theatre](/wiki/Rainbow_Theatre \"Rainbow Theatre\") in London on 9 May; it was the first time The Clash had played a major music venue. The audience began ripping up seats and the gig turned into a riot. [*The Sun*](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\") reported the violence with the front\\-page headline \"Punk Wreck\".{{Sfn\\|Needs\\|2005\\|p\\=80\\-83}}*New Musical Express,* while expressing serious concerns over the violence, said: \"The Clash are probably the best band in the country right now\".{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Spencer \\|first\\=Neil\\|date\\=21 May 1977 \\|title\\=Is This What We Ordered? \\|journal\\=New Musical Express \\|pages\\=7}} Strummer commented: \"That was the night punk broke ... we were in the right place doing the right thing at the right time\".{{Sfn\\|Salewicz\\|2006\\|p\\=199}}",
"That same month, CBS released \"[Remote Control](/wiki/Remote_Control_%28The_Clash_song%29 \"Remote Control (The Clash song)\")\" as *The Clash*{{'s}} second single, defying the wishes of the band, who saw it as one of the album's weakest tracks.{{sfn\\|Strongman\\|2008\\|pp\\=201–202}} Headon's first recording with the band was the single \"[Complete Control](/wiki/Complete_Control \"Complete Control\")\", which addresses the band's anger at their record label's behaviour. It was co\\-produced by reggae artist [Lee \"Scratch\" Perry](/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry \"Lee \"), though Foote was summoned to \"ground things\". The single was released in September 1977 and *[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\")* commented that CBS had allowed the group to \"bait their masters\". The single peaked at number 28 on the UK chart and has been cited as one of punk's greatest singles.{{sfn\\|Strongman\\|2008\\|pp\\=203–204}}{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-lists/500\\-greatest\\-songs\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-151127/the\\-clash\\-complete\\-control\\-71974/ \\|title\\=The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2004\\)\\|date\\=9 December 2004 \\|magazine\\=RollingStone }}",
"In October 1977, the Clash set out on the \"Out of Control\" UK tour. The tour was due to open at the [Ulster Hall](/wiki/Ulster_Hall \"Ulster Hall\"), Belfast but the insurance was pulled and the gig was cancelled at the last moment. This led to punks blocking the road outside the venue and a confrontation between the punks and the police, which became known as the \"Battle of Bedford Street\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=McCelland\\|first\\=Colin\\|date\\=29 October 1977\\|title\\=Clash visit Belfast for picture session\\|journal\\=New Musical Express\\|pages\\=9}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Birch\\|first\\=Ian\\|date\\=29 October 1977\\|title\\=Clash Lose Control\\|journal\\=Melody Maker\\|pages\\=30}}{{Cite book\\|last\\=Bailie\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Trouble Songs\\|publisher\\=Bloomfield\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5272\\-2047\\-8\\|location\\=Belfast\\|pages\\=95–106}}",
"In February 1978, the Clash released the single \"[Clash City Rockers](/wiki/Clash_City_Rockers \"Clash City Rockers\")\"; and played the song live, along with \"[Tommy Gun](/wiki/Tommy_Gun_%28song%29 \"Tommy Gun (song)\")\", on BBC television's youth show *[Something Else](/wiki/Something_Else_%28TV_series%29 \"Something Else (TV series)\")*.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Whatley\\|first\\=Jack\\|date\\=19 May 2019\\|title\\=A look back at 'Something Else' the only place to be punk on the BBC\\|url\\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/something\\-else\\-bbc\\-classic\\-performance\\-the\\-clash\\-joy\\-division\\-the\\-jam\\-the\\-specials/\\|website\\=Far Out Magazine}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=1 August 2011\\|title\\=SELDOM SEEN: THE CLASH PERFORM 'CLASH CITY ROCKERS' ON TV FROM 1978\\|url\\=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/seldom\\_seen\\_the\\_clash\\_clash\\_city\\_rockers\\|website\\=Dangerous Minds}} On 30 April, the Clash played at [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism \"Rock Against Racism\") in [Victoria Park, London](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_London \"Victoria Park, London\"). Late 1970s England had seen an increase in racist attacks and a growth in support for the far\\-right political party [The National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29 \"National Front (UK)\"). Also on the bill were [X\\-Ray Spex](/wiki/X-Ray_Spex \"X-Ray Spex\"), [Steel Pulse](/wiki/Steel_Pulse \"Steel Pulse\"), [Misty in Roots](/wiki/Misty_in_Roots \"Misty in Roots\"), and headliners [Tom Robinson Band](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band \"Tom Robinson Band\"); they played to 100,000 people, who marched through London and attended the RAR Carnival.{{Citation\\|title\\=White Riot\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/white\\_riot\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-18}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Salewicz\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=6 May 1978\\|title\\=Black And White Unite\\|journal\\=New Musical Express\\|pages\\=}}{{Sfn\\|Gilbert\\|2005\\|pp\\=187\\-189}}",
"In June, the band released \"[(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais](/wiki/%28White_Man%29_In_Hammersmith_Palais \"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\")\" as a single, which peaked at number 32 in the UK Singles chart; it quickly became a favourite with Clash fans and was voted single of the year in the 1978 *NME* Readers' Poll.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=20 January 1979\\|title\\=1978 NME Readers' Poll\\|journal\\=New Musical Express}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=1978\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/nme\\-awards/awards\\-history/1978\\-606197\\|website\\=NME\\|date\\=28 February 1978}}",
"Before the Clash began recording their second album, CBS requested they adopt a cleaner sound than its predecessor to reach American audiences. [Sandy Pearlman](/wiki/Sandy_Pearlman \"Sandy Pearlman\"), who is known for his work with [Blue Öyster Cult](/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult \"Blue Öyster Cult\"), was hired to produce the record. Simonon later said: \"\\[R]ecording that album was just the most boring situation ever. It was just so nitpicking, such a contrast to the first album ... it ruined any spontaneity.\"{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=42:43–42:56}} Strummer said: \"it wasn't our easiest session\".{{sfn\\|Ferraz\\|2001}} The band dismissed their manager Bernie Rhodes and hired journalist [Caroline Coon](/wiki/Caroline_Coon \"Caroline Coon\") to replace him.",
"The album *[Give 'Em Enough Rope](/wiki/Give_%27Em_Enough_Rope \"Give 'Em Enough Rope\")* was released in early November 1978,{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=291–292}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Marcus \\|first\\=Greil \\|author\\-link\\=Greil Marcus \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theclash/albums/album/248769/review/5940574/give\\_em\\_enough\\_rope \\|title\\=The Clash: Give 'Em Enough Rope \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|date\\=25 January 1979 \\| magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080318055407/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theclash/albums/album/248769/review/5940574/give\\_em\\_enough\\_rope \\|archive\\-date \\= 18 March 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and received mixed reviews in the UK music press, where some reviewers complained about its relatively mainstream production style.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Savage \\|first\\=Jon \\|date\\=11 November 1978 \\|title\\=War 'N' Pizza \\|journal\\=Melody Maker}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Kent \\|first\\=Nick \\|date\\=11 November 1978 \\|title\\=White Punks On Rope \\|journal\\=New Musical Express}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=McCullough \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=11 November 1978 \\|title\\=The last gang in town \\|journal\\=Sounds}} The album reached number 2 in the UK album chart.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Official Chart History \\- The Clash \\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16161/clash/ \\|website\\=Official Charts UK}} *NME* readers voted *Give 'Em Enough Rope* the second\\-best album of 1978 and the Clash were voted the best group in the same end\\-of\\-year poll. In the US, the album peaked at number 128 on the [*Billboard* chart](/wiki/Billboard_charts \"Billboard charts\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}",
"\"Tommy Gun\", the album's first UK single, peaked at number 19, the highest chart position for a Clash single to date. To accompany the single, the band produced their first official music video, in which Joe Strummer wears an [H Block](/wiki/H-Blocks \"H-Blocks\") T\\-shirt in support of the campaign for political status for [Irish Republican](/wiki/Irish_republicanism \"Irish republicanism\") prisoners.*Tommy Gun* video, The Clash \\- The Essential Clash DVD. The band embarked on a North American tour, culminating in a performance at the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28New_York_City%29 \"Palladium (New York City)\") in New York City.",
"\"[English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War_%28song%29 \"English Civil War (song)\")\", which warned against the rise of the far\\-right in the UK, was released as the album's second single in February 1979, reaching number 25 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"). The B\\-side is a cover of the [Toots and the Maytals](/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals \"Toots and the Maytals\")' song \"[Pressure Drop](/wiki/Pressure_Drop_%28song%29 \"Pressure Drop (song)\")\", once again illustrating the group's reggae influences.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}",
"In support of the album, the Clash toured the UK supported by the Slits and [the Innocents](/wiki/The_Innocents_%28UK_punk_band%29 \"The Innocents (UK punk band)\"). The tour, which consisted of more than thirty shows, was promoted as the Sort It Out Tour. The band later undertook their first, largely successful tour of North America in February 1979\\.Kozak, Roman (3 March 1979\\). \"Surprisingly Few Clashes Noted As the Clash Tours the Nation\". *Billboard*: 103\\.",
"In June 1979, the band released the [Extended Play](/wiki/Extended_Play \"Extended Play\") (EP) *[The Cost of Living](/wiki/The_Cost_of_Living_%28EP%29 \"The Cost of Living (EP)\")*, which includes a cover of [Bobby Fuller](/wiki/Bobby_Fuller \"Bobby Fuller\")'s song \"[I Fought the Law](/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law \"I Fought the Law\")\", two original songs and a re\\-recording of \"[Capital Radio](/wiki/Capital_Radio_%28song%29 \"Capital Radio (song)\")\".{{Sfn\\|Needs\\|2005\\|p\\=138}} The EP reached 22 in the UK charts and the band dismissed Coon as their manager. They then embarked on a second tour of the US, adding [Mick Gallagher](/wiki/Mick_Gallagher \"Mick Gallagher\") on keyboards.",
"### Changing style and US breakthrough: 1979–1982",
"[thumb\\|The cover of *London Calling*, from a photo by [Pennie Smith](/wiki/Pennie_Smith \"Pennie Smith\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Kerley, Paul \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/20100617\\_clash.shtml \\|title \\=London Calling cover honoured \\|date\\=17 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2010 \\|publisher\\=BBC/6 Music}}](/wiki/File:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg \"TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg\")",
"In August and September 1979, The Clash recorded the double album *[London Calling](/wiki/London_Calling \"London Calling\")*, which [Guy Stevens](/wiki/Guy_Stevens \"Guy Stevens\"), a former [A\\&R](/wiki/A%26R \"A&R\") executive who had worked with [Mott the Hoople](/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople \"Mott the Hoople\") and [Traffic](/wiki/Traffic_%28band%29 \"Traffic (band)\"), produced. The double album was a mix of punk rock, reggae, ska, rockabilly and traditional rock and roll.{{cite web \\|url \\=http://www.musicbox\\-online.com/cl\\-lc.html \\|title \\=The Clash London Calling 25th Anniversary Legacy Edition \\|access\\-date \\=19 November 2007 \\|last \\=Metzger \\|first \\=John \\|date\\=November 2004 \\|publisher\\=The Music Box\n}} It is regarded as one of the greatest rock albums ever recorded.{{cite web\n \\|url \\={{AllMusic \\|class\\=album \\|id\\=r4095 \\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=London Calling Review \\|access\\-date \\=19 November 2007 \\|last\\=Erlewine \\|first\\=Stephen Thomas \\|publisher\\=allmusic.com}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Theatre \\|first\\=The Capitol \\|title\\=10 Times the Clash's \"London Calling\" Was Recognized as One of the Greatest Albums of All Time {{!}} The Capitol Theatre \\|url\\=https://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/blog/detail/10\\-times\\-the\\-clashs\\-london\\-calling\\-was\\-recognized\\-as\\-one\\-of\\-the\\-greatest\\-albums\\-of\\-all\\-time \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-20 \\|website\\=www.thecapitoltheatre.com \\|language\\=en}} In the US, the single \"[Train in Vain](/wiki/Train_in_Vain \"Train in Vain\")\" became their first top\\-40 hit, peaking at number 23 on the *Billboard* chart. In the UK, the [title track](/wiki/London_Calling_%28song%29 \"London Calling (song)\") was released as a single and peaked at number 11—the highest position any Clash single reached in the UK before the band's break\\-up.",
"*London Calling* was released in December 1979; it peaked at number 9 on the British album chart and at number 27 in the United States, where it was issued in January 1980\\. The album's cover photograph by [Pennie Smith](/wiki/Pennie_Smith \"Pennie Smith\") became one of the most\\-recognisable images and [*Q* magazine](/wiki/Q_%28magazine%29 \"Q (magazine)\") later cited it as the \"best rock 'n roll photograph of all time\".{{cite news \\|author\\=Battersby, Matilda \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/art/features/london\\-calling\\-top\\-uk\\-artists\\-pay\\-tribute\\-to\\-the\\-clashs\\-war\\-artist\\-2000876\\.html \\|title\\=London Calling: Tracey Emin and friends pay tribute to the Clash's 'official war artist' \\|date\\=16 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2010 \\|work\\=The Independent \\|location\\=UK \\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233517/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/art/features/london\\-calling\\-top\\-uk\\-artists\\-pay\\-tribute\\-to\\-the\\-clashs\\-war\\-artist\\-2000876\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{sfn \\|Gray \\|2005 \\|p\\=503}} During this period, The Clash began to be regularly billed as \"The Only Band That Matters\". Musician [Gary Lucas](/wiki/Gary_Lucas \"Gary Lucas\"), who was employed by CBS Records' creative services department, has said he coined the tagline.Diehl, Matt (2007\\). *My So\\-Called Punk* (Macmillan), p. 187\\. Fans and journalists soon widely adopted the epithet.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Norris \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=21 July 1997 \\|title\\=Cult Cash Clan \\|journal\\=New York}}",
"[thumb \\|Paul Simonon of the Clash performs at the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28New_York_City%29 \"Palladium (New York City)\"), 20 September 1979\\. (Photo: S. Sherman)](/wiki/File:Paul_Simonon_The_Clash_September_20_1979_Palladium_NYC.jpg \"Paul Simonon The Clash September 20 1979 Palladium NYC.jpg\")",
"At the end of 1979, the band members attended a private screening of a new film called *[Rude Boy](/wiki/Rude_Boy_%28film%29 \"Rude Boy (film)\")*, which is part fiction and tells the story of a Clash fan who leaves his job in a [Soho](/wiki/Soho \"Soho\") sex shop to become a roadie for the group. The movie, which was named after the [rude boy](/wiki/Rude_boy \"Rude boy\") subculture, includes footage of the band on tour, at a London [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism \"Rock Against Racism\") concert, and in the studio recording *Give 'Em Enough Rope*. The band were disenchanted with the film so they had [Better Badges](/wiki/Better_Badges \"Better Badges\") make badges that said: \"I don't want RUDE BOY Clash Film\".[Gray 2005](/wiki/%23CITEREFGray2005 \"#CITEREFGray2005\"), p.334\\. For image of badge, see {{cite web \\|url\\=http://pinstand.com/pins/clash.html\\#0067 \\|title\\=The Clash Pins \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2011 \\|publisher\\=WWWhatsup Online Pinstand}} On 27 February 1980, the film premiered at the [30th Berlin International Film Festival](/wiki/30th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"30th Berlin International Film Festival\"),{{sfn \\|Gray \\|2005 \\|p\\=334}} where it won an honourable mention.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1980/03\\_preistr\\_ger\\_1980/03\\_Preistraeger\\_1980\\.html \\|title\\=Prizes \\& Honours (1980\\) \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2011 \\|publisher\\=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlinprint \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015120841/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1980/03\\_preistr\\_ger\\_1980/03\\_Preistraeger\\_1980\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The Clash had planned to record and release a single every month in 1980\\. CBS dismissed this idea and the band released only one single—an original reggae song called \"[Bankrobber](/wiki/Bankrobber \"Bankrobber\")\", in August. It featured [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread \"Mikey Dread\") and reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. In October, the band's US record company released a B\\-side compilation EP called *[Black Market Clash](/wiki/Black_Market_Clash \"Black Market Clash\")*, which was later re\\-released in expanded form as a full\\-length album.",
"In December 1980, The Clash released the 36\\-song triple album *[Sandinista!](/wiki/Sandinista%21 \"Sandinista!\")*, which again reflected a broad range of musical styles. It was produced by the band members with further participation of [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread \"Mikey Dread\"). *Sandinista!* proved to be controversial, both politically and musically.Jaffee, Larry (1987\\). *The Politics of Rock* (Popular Music and Society), pp. 19–30\\. Critical opinions were divided; *[Trouser Press](/wiki/Trouser_Press \"Trouser Press\")* writer Ira Robbins described half of the album as \"great\" and the other half as \"nonsense\" and worse,{{cite web \\|url \\=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a\\=clash \\|title \\=Clash \\|access\\-date \\=4 September 2008 \\|publisher\\=Trouser Press}} while *[New Rolling Stone Record Guide](/wiki/New_Rolling_Stone_Record_Guide \"New Rolling Stone Record Guide\")* critic [Dave Marsh](/wiki/Dave_Marsh \"Dave Marsh\") said: \"*Sandinista!* is nonsensically cluttered. Or rather *seems* nonsensically cluttered. One of the Clash's principal concerns ... is to avoid being stereotyped.\"Marsh, Dave. \"The Clash\". In Dave Marsh and John Swenson, eds. (1983\\), *The New Rolling Stone Record Guide* (Random House/Rolling Stone Press), pp. 99–100\\. The album sold reasonably well in the US, where it charted at number 24\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/the\\-clash \\|title\\=The Clash \\|access\\-date\\=19 November 2007 \\|date \\=10 March 2003 \\|work\\=Induction \\|publisher\\=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430132108/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the\\-clash \\|archive\\-date \\=30 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the UK, the album peaked at number 19 and the single \"The Call Up\" charted at number 40\\. In January 1980, Rhodes was reinstated as the band's manager and the single \"Hitsville UK\" reached number 54 in the UK Singles Chart while \"The Magnificent Seven\" charted at number 34, and the band spent most of the year touring.",
"In December 1981, the Clash released \"[This Is Radio Clash](/wiki/This_Is_Radio_Clash \"This Is Radio Clash\")\" as a single; it charted at number 47 in the UK Singles Chart. In September 1981, the band began work on their fifth album *[Combat Rock](/wiki/Combat_Rock \"Combat Rock\")*, which [Glyn Johns](/wiki/Glyn_Johns \"Glyn Johns\") produced and was released in May 1982\\. In the UK, the first single \"Know Your Rights\" reached number 43\\. The lead single in the US was \"[Should I Stay or Should I Go](/wiki/Should_I_Stay_or_Should_I_Go \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\")\", which was released in June 1982 and received significant airplay on [Album\\-oriented rock](/wiki/Album-oriented_rock \"Album-oriented rock\") (AOR) stations. The follow\\-up single \"[Rock the Casbah](/wiki/Rock_the_Casbah \"Rock the Casbah\")\" was composed by Headon, who performed the percussion, piano and bass on the track.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=380}} It became the band's biggest US hit, charting at number eight while the album reached number two in the UK and number seven in the US.",
"### Disintegration and break up: 1982–1986",
"After the release of *Combat Rock*, the Clash began to disintegrate. In May 1982, Headon was asked to leave the band because his addiction caused reliability problems.{{sfn\\|Letts\\|2001\\|loc\\=1:07:11–1:08:09, 1:08:59–1:09:54\\.}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Cromelin \\|first\\=Richard \\|date\\=31 January 1988 \\|title\\=Strummer on Man, God, Law and the Clash \\|journal\\=Los Angeles Times \\|url\\=http://www.strummernews.com/latimes88\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=19 November 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020203022/http://strummernews.com/latimes88\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2007 }} Chimes was brought back to drum for the next few months. The band opened for [The Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\") on a leg of their final US tour that included a show at New York's [Shea Stadium](/wiki/Shea_Stadium \"Shea Stadium\").",
"Chimes left the band after the Combat Rock Tour and was replaced with [Pete Howard](/wiki/Pete_Howard \"Pete Howard\") in May 1983\\. The Clash co\\-headlined the [US Festival](/wiki/US_Festival \"US Festival\") in [San Bernardino, California](/wiki/San_Bernardino%2C_California \"San Bernardino, California\"), on 28 May in front of a crowd of 140,000\\. After the show, members of the band brawled with security staff.{{sfn\\|Gray\\|2005\\|p\\=398}} The festival was Jones' last appearance with the band; Strummer and Simonon dismissed him in September that year. [Nick Sheppard](/wiki/Nick_Sheppard \"Nick Sheppard\"), formerly of the [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\")\\-based band [The Cortinas](/wiki/The_Cortinas_%28punk_band%29 \"The Cortinas (punk band)\"), and [Vince White](/wiki/Vince_White \"Vince White\") were recruited as the Clash's new guitarists. The band's new lineup played their first shows in January 1984 with a batch of new material and embarked on the self\\-financed Out of Control Tour, travelling widely over the winter and into early summer. The band also headlined a benefit show for striking miners.",
"In November 1985, they released the album *[Cut the Crap](/wiki/Cut_the_Crap \"Cut the Crap\")*; it includes the single \"[This Is England](/wiki/This_Is_England_%28song%29 \"This Is England (song)\")\", which charted at number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. Strummer later noted: \"CBS had paid an advance for it so they had to put it out\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\\&p\\=2\\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\\&c\\=1\\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\\&XUZHs \\|title\\=Interview \\|work\\=Record Collector \\|year\\=2000 \\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=Joe Strummer Resource \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005220200/http://www.joestrummer.us/?n9P81fmSnwwFUbhFAMuAAxe6bb31IUP\\&p\\=2\\&aOHDhtT57WPxn9Z7bWGQa3BBQbFVu17LfZSa\\&c\\=1\\&CxeQAdg5hVrrDtzOUCasLrnVGV7\\&XUZHs \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2011 }} Dave Marsh later listed \"This Is England\" as one of the top 1001 rock singles of all time.Marsh, Dave (1989\\). *The Heart of Rock \\& Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made* (Penguin), pp. 77–80\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-14\\-012108\\-0}}. The album peaked at number 16 in the UK Albums Chart and at number 88 in the US. Strummer largely disowned the album but later said: \"I really like 'This Is England' and \\[album track] 'North and South' is a vibe\".",
"In January 1986, it was announced that the Clash had disbanded. Strummer later said: \"When the Clash collapsed, we were tired. There had been a lot of intense activity in five years. Secondly, I felt we'd run out of idea gasoline. And thirdly, I wanted to shut up and let someone else have a go at it.\"{{sfn\\|Johnstone\\|2006\\|p\\=104}}",
"### Collaborations, reunions and Strummer's death: 1986–present",
"After his dismissal, Jones formed [Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/Big_Audio_Dynamite \"Big Audio Dynamite\") (B.A.D.), who released their debut album *[This Is Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/This_Is_Big_Audio_Dynamite \"This Is Big Audio Dynamite\")* late in 1985\\. Jones and Strummer worked together on their respective 1986 projects; Jones helped with the two songs Strummer wrote and performed for the soundtrack to the film *[Sid and Nancy](/wiki/Sid_and_Nancy \"Sid and Nancy\")* (1986\\), and Strummer co\\-wrote a number of the tracks for the second B.A.D. album *[No. 10, Upping St.](/wiki/No.%C2%A010%2C_Upping_St. \"No. 10, Upping St.\")*, which he also co\\-produced. With Jones committed to B.A.D., Strummer moved on to solo projects and screen acting. Simonon formed a band called [Havana 3am](/wiki/Havana_3am \"Havana 3am\"). Headon recorded a solo album *[Waking Up](/wiki/Waking_Up_%28Topper_Headon_album%29 \"Waking Up (Topper Headon album)\")* but was imprisoned in 1987 for drug\\-related offences.",
"In 1988, the compilation album *[The Story of the Clash, Volume 1](/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Clash%2C_Volume_1 \"The Story of the Clash, Volume 1\")* was released and the single \"I Fought The Law\" was reissued and reached number 29 in the UK Singles Chart. On 2 March 1991, a reissue of \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" gave the Clash their first and only number\\-one UK single. The same year, \"Rock the Casbah\" featured on a broadcast of [Armed Forces Radio](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Radio \"Armed Forces Radio\") during the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/strummer.html \\|title\\=Revolution Rock: Documentary Pays Tribute to Clash Frontman Joe Strummer \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=1 February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313094918/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/strummer.html \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2008}}",
"In 1999, Strummer, Jones and Simonon cooperated in compiling the live album *[From Here to Eternity](/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity:Live \"Live\")* and the video documentary *[Westway to the World](/wiki/Westway_to_the_World \"Westway to the World\")*. On 7 November 2002, the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\") announced the Clash would be inducted the following March.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458560/20021107/acdc.jhtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119091236/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458560/20021107/acdc.jhtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2002 \\|title\\=AC/DC, Clash, Police To Be Inducted Into Rock Hall Of Fame \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2008 \\|date\\=7 November 2002 \\|author\\=Vineyard, Jennifer \\|publisher\\=MTV}} On 15 November, Jones and Strummer shared the stage, performing three Clash songs during a London benefit show by [Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros](/wiki/Joe_Strummer_and_the_Mescaleros \"Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros\"). Strummer, Jones and Headon wanted to play a reunion show to coincide with their induction into the Hall of Fame; Simonon did not want to participate because he believed playing at the high\\-priced event would not have been in the spirit of the Clash. On 22 December 2002, Strummer died from a congenital heart defect, ending any possibility of a full reunion. In March 2003, Strummer, Jones, Simonon, Chimes and Headon were inducted into the Hall of Fame.",
"In early 2008, [Carbon/Silicon](/wiki/Carbon/Silicon \"Carbon/Silicon\"), a new band founded by Mick Jones and his former London SS bandmate [Tony James](/wiki/Tony_James_%28musician%29 \"Tony James (musician)\"), entered into a six\\-week residency at London's Inn on the Green. On opening night, 11 January, Headon joined the band for the Clash's song \"Train in Vain\". An encore followed with Headon playing drums on \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\". This was the first time since 1982 that Headon and Jones had performed together on stage.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/clash/33615 \\|title\\=The Clash's Mick Jones and Topper Headon reunite after 25 years \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2005 \\|date\\=14 January 2005 \\|work\\=NME \\|location\\=UK \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121084038/http://www.nme.com/news/clash/33615 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"[thumb\\|Graffiti in Rijeka, Croatia, commemorating Joe Strummer](/wiki/File:Grafiti_rijeka_2108.jpg \"Grafiti rijeka 2108.jpg\")",
"In September 2009, Jones and Headon reunited to re\\-record the 1970s Clash B\\-side \"Jail Guitar Doors\" with [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg \"Billy Bragg\"), who founded an eponymous charity that gives musical instruments and lessons to prison inmates.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.denverthread.com/archives/488 \\|title\\=Billy Bragg teams up with \"Clash\"\\-ers Mick Jones \\& Topper Headon for \"Jail Guitar Doors\" \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2010 \\|date\\=21 September 2009 \\|publisher\\=Denver Thread \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709013257/http://www.denverthread.com/archives/488 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Simonon and Jones are featured on the title track of the [Gorillaz](/wiki/Gorillaz \"Gorillaz\") album *[Plastic Beach](/wiki/Plastic_Beach \"Plastic Beach\")* (2010\\), marking the first time they had worked together in over twenty years. They later joined Gorillaz on their [Escape to Plastic Beach Tour](/wiki/Escape_to_Plastic_Beach_Tour \"Escape to Plastic Beach Tour\") for the remainder of 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a205006/gorillaz\\-thrilled\\-to\\-work\\-with\\-the\\-clash.html \\|title\\=Gorillaz 'thrilled' to work with The Clash \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2010 \\|date\\=24 February 2010 \\|website\\=Digital Spy}}",
"In July 2012, Strummer's daughters Jazz and Lola gave a rare interview to discuss the tenth anniversary of Strummer's death, his legacy and the possibility of a Clash reunion had their father lived. Jazz said: \n> There was talk about the Clash reforming before he died. But there had been talk for years and years about them reforming. They had been offered stupid amounts of money to do it, but they were very good at keeping the moral high ground and saying no. But I think if Dad hadn't died, it would have happened. It felt like it was in the air.{{cite news \\|author\\=Lena Corner \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jul/28/joe\\-strummer\\-daughters\\-jazz\\-lola \\|title\\=Our dad, Joe Strummer, remembered {{pipe}} Life and style \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013 \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=28 July 2012}}{{Relevance inline \\|reason\\=What is the enduring encyclopedic significance of this opinion? \\|date\\=July 2022}}",
"",
"In the UK on 9 September 2013, and a day later in the US, the Clash released a 12\\-disc box set called *[Sound System](/wiki/Sound_System_%28album%29 \"Sound System (album)\")*, which includes their re\\-mastered studio albums on eight discs and three discs featuring demos, non\\-album singles, rarities and B\\-sides; a [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\") with previously unseen footage by [Don Letts](/wiki/Don_Letts \"Don Letts\") and Julien Temple and other film footage; and merchandising ephemera, including an exclusive the Clash poster. Mick Jones and Paul Simonon oversaw the project, including the re\\-masters. The box set was accompanied by *[5 Album Studio Set](/wiki/5_Album_Studio_Set \"5 Album Studio Set\")*, which contains the first five studio albums (excluding *[Cut the Crap](/wiki/Cut_the_Crap \"Cut the Crap\")*), and *[The Clash Hits Back](/wiki/The_Clash_Hits_Back \"The Clash Hits Back\")*, a 33\\-track, two\\-CD best\\-of collection.{{cite news \\|author\\=Michael Hann \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/may/21/the\\-clash\\-box\\-set\\-remastered\\-albums\\-rarities \\|title\\=The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities {{pipe}} Music \\|work\\=theguardian.com \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013 \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=21 May 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Sound\\-System\\-The\\-Clash/dp/B008U3NU38/ref\\=sr\\_1\\_1?ie\\=UTF8\\&qid\\=1369126674\\&sr\\=8\\-1\\&keywords\\=the\\+clash\\+sound\\+system \\|title\\=Sound System: Music \\|website\\=Amazon \\|date\\=25 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013}}",
"In a 3 September 2013 interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*, Mick Jones discussed the band reuniting, saying it likely would not have occurred. Jones said: \n> There were a few moments at the time I was up for it (Hall of Fame reunion in 2003\\), Joe was up for it. Paul wasn't. And neither, probably, was Topper, who didn't wind up even coming in the end. It didn't look like a performance was going to happen anyway. I mean, you usually play at that ceremony when you get in. Joe had passed by that point, so we didn't. We were never in agreement. It was never at a point where all of us wanted to do it at the same time. Most importantly for us, we became friends again after the group broke up, and continued that way for the rest of the time. That was more important to us than the band.{{cite magazine \\|author\\=Andy Greene \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the\\-clashs\\-mick\\-jones\\-this\\-is\\-it\\-for\\-me\\-20130830 \\|title\\=Mick Jones on Clash Box Set {{pipe}} Music News \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|date\\=30 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301203327/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the\\-clashs\\-mick\\-jones\\-this\\-is\\-it\\-for\\-me\\-20130830 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"",
"Jones also stated the *Sound System* box set was the last time he would be involved in the band's releases: \"I'm not even thinking about any more Clash releases. This is it for me, and I say that with an exclamation mark\".",
"On 6 September 2013, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Topper Headon reunited for an exclusive [BBC Radio 6 Music](/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music \"BBC Radio 6 Music\") show to promote their legacy and the release of *Sound System*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.radiomusik.it/10713/i\\-clash\\-si\\-riuniscono\\-per\\-una\\-notte\\-alla\\-bbc\\-radio/ \\|title\\=I Clash si riuniscono per una notte alla BBC Radio {{pipe}} Radiomusik musica e programmi radio live \\|publisher\\=Radiomusik.it \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013 \\|date\\=19 August 2013 }}",
"In an October 2013 interview with BBC 6 Music, Jones said Strummer did have intentions of a Clash reunion and that new music was being written for a possible album. In the months before Strummer's death, Jones and Strummer began working on new music for what he thought would be the next Mescaleros album. Jones said:\n> We wrote a batch – we didn't used to write one, we used to write a batch at a time – like gumbo. The idea was he was going to go into the studio with the Mescaleros during the day and then send them all home. I'd come in all night and we'd all work all night.",
"",
"According to Jones, months after their work together, he ran into Strummer at an event; Strummer informed him the songs were going to be used for the next Clash album.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/mick\\-jones\\-secret\\-strummer\\-tunes\\-could\\-have\\-sparked\\-the\\-clash\\-s\\-comeback\\_3892188 \\|title\\=The Clash – Mick Jones: 'Secret Joe Strummer Tunes Could Have Sparked The Clash's Comeback' \\|publisher\\=Contact Music \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2013 \\|date\\=4 October 2013}} On 6 April 2022, the Clash announced the re\\-release of *[Combat Rock](/wiki/Combat_Rock \"Combat Rock\")*, including demos with [Ranking Roger](/wiki/Ranking_Roger \"Ranking Roger\")'s vocals, titled 'Combat Rock / The People's Hall'. \"Rock the Casbah (Ranking Roger)\" and \"Red Angel Dragnet (Ranking Roger)\" were released as supporting singles. The re\\-release occurred on 20 May 2022 to mixed reviews.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=The Clash announce special edition of 'Combat Rock' with 'The People's Hall' \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the\\-clash\\-announce\\-special\\-edition\\-of\\-combat\\-rock\\-with\\-the\\-peoples\\-hal\\-ranking\\-rogerl\\-3199454 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-03 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"On 11 November 2022, a month before the 20th anniversary of Strummer's death, founding member [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene \"Keith Levene\") died in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk \"Norfolk\"), England.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-12 \\|title\\=Keith Levene, founding member of the Clash, dies at 65 \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/12/keith\\-levene\\-founding\\-member\\-of\\-the\\-clash\\-dies\\-at\\-65\\-public\\-image\\-ltd \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-17 \\|website\\=the Guardian \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Laux was born in [Guthrie, Oklahoma](/wiki/Guthrie%2C_Oklahoma "Guthrie, Oklahoma"), the son of a local judge, J. Francis Laux Sr., and his wife. The nickname "France" came from schoolmates. Heavily involved in sports, Laux won 16 letters in baseball, basketball, and football in Oklahoma City and Bristow schools before entering [Oklahoma City College](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University "Oklahoma City University").
He served in the [Army Air Service](/wiki/Army_Air_Service "Army Air Service") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"); after the war, his jobs included managing a semi\-pro baseball team in [Guthrie, Oklahoma](/wiki/Guthrie%2C_Oklahoma "Guthrie, Oklahoma"). He also worked as an insurance and real estate broker in [Bristow](/wiki/Bristow%2C_Oklahoma "Bristow, Oklahoma") (a suburb of [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa "Tulsa")), refereeing [college football](/wiki/College_football "College football") games part\-time.
On the eve of the [1927 World Series](/wiki/1927_World_Series "1927 World Series"), [KVOO](/wiki/KTSB_%28AM%29 "KTSB (AM)") station manager Fred Yates did not have anyone to recreate the games. Someone mentioned Laux' name. Yates found him and took him to the studio. Later in the year, he began broadcasting [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners "Oklahoma Sooners") and [Oklahoma A\&M](/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys "Oklahoma State Cowboys") football games as well. He was the first to introduce [Gene Autry](/wiki/Gene_Autry "Gene Autry") on the radio.
### Career in St. Louis
Laux' work soon came to the attention of the management at [KMOX](/wiki/KMOX "KMOX") in St. Louis, who invited him there for a 30\-day trial as the voice of both the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") and [Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns "St. Louis Browns") in 1929\. This arrangement was possible because the Cardinals and Browns shared [Sportsman's Park](/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park "Sportsman's Park"), and almost never played on the same day. As it turned out, 30 days became 24 years.
Laux became very popular, in large part because, at the time, the Cardinals were the southernmost and westernmost team in [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball"). As such, their radio network blanketed large chunks of the Midwest and Southwest. Also, KMOX was a 50,000\-watt [clear channel](/wiki/Clear-channel_stations "Clear-channel stations") powerhouse, with virtual coast\-to\-coast coverage at night.
A 1936 newspaper article about Laux noted that his work at KMOX included "broadcasting all baseball, football, hockey, boxing, wrestling, basketball and horse races besides carrying on his regular duties as chief announcer."{{cite news\|last1\=Millard\|first1\=Howard V.\|title\=Laux, Favorite St. Louis Sports Announcer, Rates Near Top in Profession\|newspaper\=Herald and Review \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2722147/the\_decatur\_herald/\|agency\=The Decatur Herald\|date\=June 14, 1936\|page\=16\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}} In addition to broadcasting live sporting events, Laux had his own daily 15\-minute program on KMOX in the late 1930s.{{cite news\|title\=CBS\-(KMOX 1090 Kc.)\|newspaper\=The Edwardsville Intelligencer \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2716851/the\_edwardsville\_intelligencer/\|agency\=The Edwardsville Intelligencer\|date\=August 19, 1937\|page\=9\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}} In the 1940s he wrote the *Hyde Park Sports Letter*, a four\-page publication that highlighted national and St. Louis sports.
Laux was the voice of both the Cardinals and Browns until 1942\. He broadcast solely for the Cardinals in 1943\. After only one season, he stepped down, but returned in 1948 as the voice of the Browns. He went into semi\-retirement after that season, but called weekend games until the end of the 1953 season, the Browns' last in St. Louis. In the late 1950s he and [Jack Buck](/wiki/Jack_Buck "Jack Buck") hosted a program called *Batting Practice*, which served as a pre\-game show for telecasts of Cardinals road games on [KTVI](/wiki/KTVI "KTVI")\-TV.{{cite news\|title\=France Laux Is Speaker At Bowling Dinner Here\|newspaper\=Mt. Vernon Register\-News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2722041/mt\_vernon\_registernews/\|agency\=Mt. Vernon Register\-News\|date\=May 14, 1957\|page\=8\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}}
#### Career at CBS and Mutual
His popularity soon gained Laux notice with [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"), which had bought KMOX shortly after the start of the 1929 season. He called the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") for CBS from 1933 to 1938, and the first eight [All\-Star Games](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") from 1933 to 1941, the last three of those for [Mutual](/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System "Mutual Broadcasting System"). He turned down offers to broadcast for the [Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") and [Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), preferring to stay in St. Louis, where he had a huge following. He won the first *[Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News "The Sporting News")* Announcer of the Year Award in 1937\.
### Later life
After 1953, Laux turned his attention to a bowling house he bought in St. Louis after the war. He also served as secretary of the [American Bowling Congress](/wiki/American_Bowling_Congress "American Bowling Congress") for many years.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Laux was born in [Guthrie, Oklahoma](/wiki/Guthrie%2C_Oklahoma \"Guthrie, Oklahoma\"), the son of a local judge, J. Francis Laux Sr., and his wife. The nickname \"France\" came from schoolmates. Heavily involved in sports, Laux won 16 letters in baseball, basketball, and football in Oklahoma City and Bristow schools before entering [Oklahoma City College](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University \"Oklahoma City University\").",
"He served in the [Army Air Service](/wiki/Army_Air_Service \"Army Air Service\") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"); after the war, his jobs included managing a semi\\-pro baseball team in [Guthrie, Oklahoma](/wiki/Guthrie%2C_Oklahoma \"Guthrie, Oklahoma\"). He also worked as an insurance and real estate broker in [Bristow](/wiki/Bristow%2C_Oklahoma \"Bristow, Oklahoma\") (a suburb of [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa \"Tulsa\")), refereeing [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") games part\\-time.",
"On the eve of the [1927 World Series](/wiki/1927_World_Series \"1927 World Series\"), [KVOO](/wiki/KTSB_%28AM%29 \"KTSB (AM)\") station manager Fred Yates did not have anyone to recreate the games. Someone mentioned Laux' name. Yates found him and took him to the studio. Later in the year, he began broadcasting [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners \"Oklahoma Sooners\") and [Oklahoma A\\&M](/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys \"Oklahoma State Cowboys\") football games as well. He was the first to introduce [Gene Autry](/wiki/Gene_Autry \"Gene Autry\") on the radio.",
"### Career in St. Louis",
"Laux' work soon came to the attention of the management at [KMOX](/wiki/KMOX \"KMOX\") in St. Louis, who invited him there for a 30\\-day trial as the voice of both the [Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") and [Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns \"St. Louis Browns\") in 1929\\. This arrangement was possible because the Cardinals and Browns shared [Sportsman's Park](/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park \"Sportsman's Park\"), and almost never played on the same day. As it turned out, 30 days became 24 years.",
"Laux became very popular, in large part because, at the time, the Cardinals were the southernmost and westernmost team in [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\"). As such, their radio network blanketed large chunks of the Midwest and Southwest. Also, KMOX was a 50,000\\-watt [clear channel](/wiki/Clear-channel_stations \"Clear-channel stations\") powerhouse, with virtual coast\\-to\\-coast coverage at night.",
"A 1936 newspaper article about Laux noted that his work at KMOX included \"broadcasting all baseball, football, hockey, boxing, wrestling, basketball and horse races besides carrying on his regular duties as chief announcer.\"{{cite news\\|last1\\=Millard\\|first1\\=Howard V.\\|title\\=Laux, Favorite St. Louis Sports Announcer, Rates Near Top in Profession\\|newspaper\\=Herald and Review \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2722147/the\\_decatur\\_herald/\\|agency\\=The Decatur Herald\\|date\\=June 14, 1936\\|page\\=16\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}} In addition to broadcasting live sporting events, Laux had his own daily 15\\-minute program on KMOX in the late 1930s.{{cite news\\|title\\=CBS\\-(KMOX 1090 Kc.)\\|newspaper\\=The Edwardsville Intelligencer \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2716851/the\\_edwardsville\\_intelligencer/\\|agency\\=The Edwardsville Intelligencer\\|date\\=August 19, 1937\\|page\\=9\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}} In the 1940s he wrote the *Hyde Park Sports Letter*, a four\\-page publication that highlighted national and St. Louis sports.",
"Laux was the voice of both the Cardinals and Browns until 1942\\. He broadcast solely for the Cardinals in 1943\\. After only one season, he stepped down, but returned in 1948 as the voice of the Browns. He went into semi\\-retirement after that season, but called weekend games until the end of the 1953 season, the Browns' last in St. Louis. In the late 1950s he and [Jack Buck](/wiki/Jack_Buck \"Jack Buck\") hosted a program called *Batting Practice*, which served as a pre\\-game show for telecasts of Cardinals road games on [KTVI](/wiki/KTVI \"KTVI\")\\-TV.{{cite news\\|title\\=France Laux Is Speaker At Bowling Dinner Here\\|newspaper\\=Mt. Vernon Register\\-News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2722041/mt\\_vernon\\_registernews/\\|agency\\=Mt. Vernon Register\\-News\\|date\\=May 14, 1957\\|page\\=8\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= June 29, 2015}} {{Open access}}",
"#### Career at CBS and Mutual",
"His popularity soon gained Laux notice with [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"), which had bought KMOX shortly after the start of the 1929 season. He called the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") for CBS from 1933 to 1938, and the first eight [All\\-Star Games](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") from 1933 to 1941, the last three of those for [Mutual](/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System \"Mutual Broadcasting System\"). He turned down offers to broadcast for the [Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") and [Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), preferring to stay in St. Louis, where he had a huge following. He won the first *[Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News \"The Sporting News\")* Announcer of the Year Award in 1937\\.",
"### Later life",
"After 1953, Laux turned his attention to a bowling house he bought in St. Louis after the war. He also served as secretary of the [American Bowling Congress](/wiki/American_Bowling_Congress \"American Bowling Congress\") for many years.",
""
] |
History
-------
William de Urchard is said to have defended the Moote of Cromarty in the time of [William Wallace](/wiki/William_Wallace "William Wallace") against supporters of the English Crown. From the reign of [David II of Scotland](/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland "David II of Scotland"), the Urquhart chiefs were hereditary sheriffs of [Cromarty](/wiki/Cromarty "Cromarty").
### 16th–century and Anglo Scottish wars
Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty is said to have [sired](/wiki/Sire "Sire") 25 sons in the early sixteenth–century. However seven of these sons were killed at the [Battle of Pinkie Cleugh](/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh "Battle of Pinkie Cleugh") in 1547\. Another Thomas Urquhart was born on the day of the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh and was knighted by [James VI of Scotland](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland "James VI of Scotland").
[thumb\|[Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Urquhart_of_Cromarty "Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty"), 12th chief of Clan Urquhart, by [George Glover](/wiki/George_Glover_%28artist%29 "George Glover (artist)"), 1641](/wiki/File:Thomas_Urquhart_by_George_Glover1641.jpg "Thomas Urquhart by George Glover1641.jpg")
[thumb\|Romanticised depiction of a clan member, from *The Clans of the Scottish Highlands*, by R. R. McIan, 1845](/wiki/File:Urquhart_%28R._R._McIan%29.jpg "Urquhart (R. R. McIan).jpg")
[thumb\|Wallflower, the clan plant badge](/wiki/File:30_Cheiranthus_cheiri_L.jpg "30 Cheiranthus cheiri L.jpg")
[thumb\|Rendition of the official tartan of Clan Urquhart](/wiki/File:Urquhart_official.png "Urquhart official.png")
### 17th–century and Civil War
Thomas Urquhart's son, [Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Urquhart_of_Cromarty "Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty") became the 12th Chief of Clan Urquhart. He was a student at [King's College, Aberdeen](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Aberdeen "King's College, Aberdeen") at the age of eleven. He was knighted by [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") in 1641\. After the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") he traveled to Europe and studied work by the French poet [François Rabelais](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais "François Rabelais"). Urquhart's translation of Rabelais's work is considered a masterpiece. He rejoined the royalist army and fought at the [Battle of Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester "Battle of Worcester") in 1651, where he was taken prisoner and imprisoned in the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London "Tower of London"). While in prison he wrote and published his family tree which shows the origins of the Urquhart family back to [Adam and Eve](/wiki/Adam_and_Eve "Adam and Eve"). When he was released, he returned to Europe where he is said to have died from laughter while celebrating the [Stuart Restoration](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration "Stuart Restoration") in 1660\.
### 18th–century and Jacobite risings
Captain John Urquhart of Craigston (b.1696\) was a man of great wealth but the origins of his fortune are shrouded in mystery. He was called *the pirate* by his family. He was recruited by the [Spanish Navy](/wiki/Spanish_Navy "Spanish Navy") and this is probably where he amassed his fortune, from the prize money that was paid for captured enemy vessels. He was nearly killed during the [Jacobite rising of 1715](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715 "Jacobite rising of 1715") at the [Battle of Sheriffmuir](/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir "Battle of Sheriffmuir"), fighting on the side of the Jacobites. The Urquhart of Craigston family became of such social eminence that they were able to get the great [Henry Raeburn](/wiki/Henry_Raeburn "Henry Raeburn") to paint their family portraits. Craigston Castle is still in the family's hands.
Colonel James Urquhart supported the Jacobite cause and was severely wounded at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. Until he died in 1741, he was the principal Jacobite agent in Scotland. The chiefship of the clan then passed to his cousin, William Urquhart of Meldrum, who was a cautious Jacobite and avoided the disaster at the [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden "Battle of Culloden"). His cousin, Adam Urquhart was a member of [Charles Edward Stuart](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart "Charles Edward Stuart")'s court–in–exile in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").
### Modern history
The last of the chiefly line was Major Beauchamp Urquhart who was killed in 1898 at the [Battle of Atbara](/wiki/Battle_of_Atbara "Battle of Atbara") in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan"). In 1959 Wilkins Fisk Urquhart of that Ilk, a descendant of a branch of the clan known as the Urquharts of Braelangswell who had immigrated to the United States in the 18th century, established his right to be chief of the Clan Urquhart. In 1974, he was succeeded by his son, the historian Kenneth Trist Urquhart of Urquhart who was the 27th chief of the clan.{{Cite news\| last \= Casely\| first \= Gordon\| title \= Obituary: Kenneth Urquhart of Urquhart, clan chief and academic who brought 21st\-century expertise to an ancient tradition\| work \= The Scotsman\| date \= 2012\-11\-03\| url \= https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary\-kenneth\-urquhart\-of\-urquhart\-clan\-chief\-and\-academic\-who\-brought\-21st\-century\-expertise\-to\-an\-ancient\-tradition\-1\-2612345}}{{Cite web \|title\=History of the Chiefship {{!}} Clan Urquhart \|url\=http://clanurquhart.org/history\-of\-the\-chiefship/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-22 \|website\=clanurquhart.org}} Upon the death of Kenneth Urquhart in October 2012, his eldest son, Col. Wilins Fisk Urquhart of Urquhart became the 28th chief of the clan. The chief's title is Urquhart of Urquhart.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"William de Urchard is said to have defended the Moote of Cromarty in the time of [William Wallace](/wiki/William_Wallace \"William Wallace\") against supporters of the English Crown. From the reign of [David II of Scotland](/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland \"David II of Scotland\"), the Urquhart chiefs were hereditary sheriffs of [Cromarty](/wiki/Cromarty \"Cromarty\").",
"### 16th–century and Anglo Scottish wars",
"Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty is said to have [sired](/wiki/Sire \"Sire\") 25 sons in the early sixteenth–century. However seven of these sons were killed at the [Battle of Pinkie Cleugh](/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh \"Battle of Pinkie Cleugh\") in 1547\\. Another Thomas Urquhart was born on the day of the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh and was knighted by [James VI of Scotland](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland \"James VI of Scotland\").",
"[thumb\\|[Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Urquhart_of_Cromarty \"Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty\"), 12th chief of Clan Urquhart, by [George Glover](/wiki/George_Glover_%28artist%29 \"George Glover (artist)\"), 1641](/wiki/File:Thomas_Urquhart_by_George_Glover1641.jpg \"Thomas Urquhart by George Glover1641.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Romanticised depiction of a clan member, from *The Clans of the Scottish Highlands*, by R. R. McIan, 1845](/wiki/File:Urquhart_%28R._R._McIan%29.jpg \"Urquhart (R. R. McIan).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Wallflower, the clan plant badge](/wiki/File:30_Cheiranthus_cheiri_L.jpg \"30 Cheiranthus cheiri L.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rendition of the official tartan of Clan Urquhart](/wiki/File:Urquhart_official.png \"Urquhart official.png\")",
"### 17th–century and Civil War",
"Thomas Urquhart's son, [Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Urquhart_of_Cromarty \"Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty\") became the 12th Chief of Clan Urquhart. He was a student at [King's College, Aberdeen](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Aberdeen \"King's College, Aberdeen\") at the age of eleven. He was knighted by [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") in 1641\\. After the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\") he traveled to Europe and studied work by the French poet [François Rabelais](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais \"François Rabelais\"). Urquhart's translation of Rabelais's work is considered a masterpiece. He rejoined the royalist army and fought at the [Battle of Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester \"Battle of Worcester\") in 1651, where he was taken prisoner and imprisoned in the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London \"Tower of London\"). While in prison he wrote and published his family tree which shows the origins of the Urquhart family back to [Adam and Eve](/wiki/Adam_and_Eve \"Adam and Eve\"). When he was released, he returned to Europe where he is said to have died from laughter while celebrating the [Stuart Restoration](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration \"Stuart Restoration\") in 1660\\.",
"### 18th–century and Jacobite risings",
"Captain John Urquhart of Craigston (b.1696\\) was a man of great wealth but the origins of his fortune are shrouded in mystery. He was called *the pirate* by his family. He was recruited by the [Spanish Navy](/wiki/Spanish_Navy \"Spanish Navy\") and this is probably where he amassed his fortune, from the prize money that was paid for captured enemy vessels. He was nearly killed during the [Jacobite rising of 1715](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715 \"Jacobite rising of 1715\") at the [Battle of Sheriffmuir](/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir \"Battle of Sheriffmuir\"), fighting on the side of the Jacobites. The Urquhart of Craigston family became of such social eminence that they were able to get the great [Henry Raeburn](/wiki/Henry_Raeburn \"Henry Raeburn\") to paint their family portraits. Craigston Castle is still in the family's hands.",
"Colonel James Urquhart supported the Jacobite cause and was severely wounded at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. Until he died in 1741, he was the principal Jacobite agent in Scotland. The chiefship of the clan then passed to his cousin, William Urquhart of Meldrum, who was a cautious Jacobite and avoided the disaster at the [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden \"Battle of Culloden\"). His cousin, Adam Urquhart was a member of [Charles Edward Stuart](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart \"Charles Edward Stuart\")'s court–in–exile in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").",
"### Modern history",
"The last of the chiefly line was Major Beauchamp Urquhart who was killed in 1898 at the [Battle of Atbara](/wiki/Battle_of_Atbara \"Battle of Atbara\") in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\"). In 1959 Wilkins Fisk Urquhart of that Ilk, a descendant of a branch of the clan known as the Urquharts of Braelangswell who had immigrated to the United States in the 18th century, established his right to be chief of the Clan Urquhart. In 1974, he was succeeded by his son, the historian Kenneth Trist Urquhart of Urquhart who was the 27th chief of the clan.{{Cite news\\| last \\= Casely\\| first \\= Gordon\\| title \\= Obituary: Kenneth Urquhart of Urquhart, clan chief and academic who brought 21st\\-century expertise to an ancient tradition\\| work \\= The Scotsman\\| date \\= 2012\\-11\\-03\\| url \\= https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary\\-kenneth\\-urquhart\\-of\\-urquhart\\-clan\\-chief\\-and\\-academic\\-who\\-brought\\-21st\\-century\\-expertise\\-to\\-an\\-ancient\\-tradition\\-1\\-2612345}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of the Chiefship {{!}} Clan Urquhart \\|url\\=http://clanurquhart.org/history\\-of\\-the\\-chiefship/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=clanurquhart.org}} Upon the death of Kenneth Urquhart in October 2012, his eldest son, Col. Wilins Fisk Urquhart of Urquhart became the 28th chief of the clan. The chief's title is Urquhart of Urquhart.",
""
] |
Clan profile
------------
### Etymology of the name
Urquhart is a name derived from the place name, Airchart. Airchart is first recorded in the early life of [Saint Columba](/wiki/Columba "Columba"), the great [Celtic](/wiki/Celts "Celts") saint. The meaning of the word Urquhart itself has been given various [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic") translations including *woodside*, *by a rowan wood*, or *fort on a knoll*.
### Clan chief
The current [Clan chief](/wiki/Clan_chief "Clan chief") is Colonel Wilkins Urquhart of Urquhart, 28th Chief of Clan Urquhart.{{cite book \|title\=Urquhart of Urquhart, Chief of Urquhart \|url\=http://www.burkes\-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID\=0\&FN\=URQUHARTOFURQUHART \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-12 \|website\=Burkes Peerage \| year\=2003 \|publisher\=Burke's Peerage \|publication\-date\=2003 \|isbn\=978\-0971196629 \|edition\=107}}
### Coat of arms
The Urquhart chief's coat of arms features three erased red boar heads on a yellow shield.{{Cite web \|title\=Urquhart Crest \& Coats of Arms \|url\=https://tartanshop.com/blogs/clans\-tu/urquhart\-crest\-coats\-of\-arms \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Tartan Shop \|language\=en}} The shield is supported by two leased greyhounds, standing upright on their hind legs on top of a lawn of wallflowers. Above is the shield, is the crest–coronet or knight's helmet, surrounded by red and yellow wallflower blossoms and topped by a crown. A naked woman from the waist up emerges from a crest–coronet. She holds an azure sword in her right hand and a palm sapling in her left hand. She is surrounded by the clan motto on a curved scroll: Meane weil, speak weil, and doe weil.
One legend associated with Urquhart Castle involves Conachar of the royal house of [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster "Ulster"), who is said to have come to [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") to fight for [Malcolm III of Scotland](/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland "Malcolm III of Scotland"). Conachar was rewarded with the castle. There is no evidence for this, and the castle had yet to be built. The legend also says that Conachar was on the point of being mauled to death by a [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar "Wild boar") when his dog attacked the beast; although the dog died, it saved his master. This is one explanation for the boar's head and hounds on the Urquhart chief's coat of arms.
### Crest Badge
The clan's crest badge is used to identify clan members and recognizes their loyalty to the chief.{{Cite web \|title\=Clanfolk and The Urquhart Crest Badge \|url\=http://www.clanurquhart.org/?page\_id\=299 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-21 \|website\=Clan Urquhart \|language\=en\-US}} The Urquhart crest badge features a naked woman from the waist up issuing from a crest\-coronet. Sometimes, the woman is referred to as a mermaid. She holds an azure sword in her right hand and a palm sapling in her left hand. She is encircled by a strap and buckle bearing the clan's motto "Meane Weil, Speak Weil and Doe Weil."{{cite web \|title\=Clan History \|url\=http://www.scotclans.com/scottish\_clans/clans/urquhart/history.html \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-12 \|website\=Scottish Clans \|archive\-date\=4 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404034649/http://www.scotclans.com/scottish\_clans/clans/urquhart/history.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The crest is taken from the chief's coat of arms.
### Plant Badge
The clan's plant badge is [cheiranthus](/wiki/Cheiranthus "Cheiranthus") (Latin name *[Erysimum cheiri](/wiki/Erysimum_cheiri "Erysimum cheiri")*), a wildflower that is native to Scotland.{{Cite web \|title\=Clan Urquhart \|url\=https://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/stoz/urquhar2\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Electric Scotland}}{{Cite web \|title\=Wallflower \|url\=https://www.highlandtitles.com/flower/wallflower/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Highland Titles \|language\=en}} It is commonly called the wallflower.
### Tartan
The earliest recorded Urquhart tartan is from the {{Circa\|1815}} Cockburn Collection. That original cloth sample is stored at the [Mitchell Library](/wiki/Mitchell_Library "Mitchell Library") in Glasgow, Scotland. This Official Urquhart Red Line Tartan is still the Official Tartan of Clan Urquhart, as registered by the current Chief at Lyon Court. The clan recognizes two variants forms: Urquhart Broad Red Tartan and the Urquhart Ancient (White Line) Tartan.{{Cite web \|title\=Urquhart Tartans \|url\=http://www.clanurquhart.org/?page\_id\=149 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-21 \|website\=Clan Urquhart \|language\=en\-US}} The latter is based on is based upon the Urquhart tartan design in the *[Vestiarium Scoticum](/wiki/Vestiarium_Scoticum "Vestiarium Scoticum")* by John Sobieski Stuart which was published in 1842\. The chief registered the former in 1991\.
Although formerly associated with the clan, the Urquhart "Logan" and the Urquhart "Brydone" tartans are now considered unofficial variants.
### Castles
* [Castlecraig](/wiki/Castlecraig "Castlecraig") or Castle Craig, although in ruins, is still the current seat of the chief of Clan Urquhart. It was a 15th–century fortress of the Urquharts of Cromarty of the [Black Isle](/wiki/Black_Isle "Black Isle").{{Cite web \|title\=Urquhart Clan \|url\=https://www.scotsconnection.com/clan\_crests/urquhart.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-21 \|website\=Scots Connection}}
* [Craigston Castle](/wiki/Craigston_Castle "Craigston Castle") in [Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Aberdeenshire "Aberdeenshire") has been a seat of the Urquhart family since it was built in 1604\.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-05\-30 \|title\=How a pirate helped the Urquharts reclaim Craigston Castle \|url\=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/homes\-and\-gardens/how\-pirate\-helped\-urquharts\-reclaim\-craigston\-castle\-1475491 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=The Scotsman \|language\=en}}
* [Cromarty Castle](/wiki/Cromarty_Castle "Cromarty Castle"), which is no longer standing except for a well, is a 15th–century tower house that sat on the hill above the Black Isle town of [Cromarty](/wiki/Cromarty "Cromarty").{{Cite web \|title\=Cromarty Castle {{!}} Canmore \|url\=https://canmore.org.uk/site/14439/cromarty\-castle \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=canmore.org.uk \|language\=en}} Present\-day [Cromarty House](/wiki/Cromarty_House "Cromarty House") is located on the site today and was built from the stone and timbers of the former Urquhart stronghold.{{Cite web \|title\=Cromarty House \|url\=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00120 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Historic Environment Scotland}}
* [Urquhart Castle](/wiki/Urquhart_Castle "Urquhart Castle"), one of the most famous castles in the Highlands, sits beside [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness "Loch Ness") at the convergence of [Glen Urquhart](/wiki/Glen_Urquhart "Glen Urquhart") and [Urquhart Bay](/wiki/Urquhart_Bay "Urquhart Bay").{{Cite web \|title\=Urquhart Castle \|url\=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/drumnadrochit/urquhart/index.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Undiscovered Scotland}} The clan and the castle are named after the area, which is the ancient home of the Urquharts according to oral tradition.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2022}} There is no evidence that Clan Urquhart was ever involved with Urquhart Castle.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} The early 13th–century castle is associated with several other Highland families and regimes, including the Durwards, the English crown, the Scottish crown, the MacDonalds, the Grants, the Jacobites, and the [Covenanters](/wiki/Covenanters "Covenanters") until it was reduced to ruins by the government in 1690\.{{citation \|url\=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit\-a\-place/places/urquhart\-castle/history/\|title\=Urquhart Castle\|website\=historicenvironment.scot\|access\-date\=13 October 2016}}{{Cite web \|title\=Urquhart Castle \|url\=https://www.scottish\-at\-heart.com/urquhart\-castle.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=Scottish at Heart}}
### Notable Urquharts
{{Main\|Urquhart (surname)}}
|
[
"Clan profile\n------------",
"### Etymology of the name",
"Urquhart is a name derived from the place name, Airchart. Airchart is first recorded in the early life of [Saint Columba](/wiki/Columba \"Columba\"), the great [Celtic](/wiki/Celts \"Celts\") saint. The meaning of the word Urquhart itself has been given various [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\") translations including *woodside*, *by a rowan wood*, or *fort on a knoll*.",
"### Clan chief",
"The current [Clan chief](/wiki/Clan_chief \"Clan chief\") is Colonel Wilkins Urquhart of Urquhart, 28th Chief of Clan Urquhart.{{cite book \\|title\\=Urquhart of Urquhart, Chief of Urquhart \\|url\\=http://www.burkes\\-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID\\=0\\&FN\\=URQUHARTOFURQUHART \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-12 \\|website\\=Burkes Peerage \\| year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Burke's Peerage \\|publication\\-date\\=2003 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0971196629 \\|edition\\=107}}",
"### Coat of arms",
"The Urquhart chief's coat of arms features three erased red boar heads on a yellow shield.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Urquhart Crest \\& Coats of Arms \\|url\\=https://tartanshop.com/blogs/clans\\-tu/urquhart\\-crest\\-coats\\-of\\-arms \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Tartan Shop \\|language\\=en}} The shield is supported by two leased greyhounds, standing upright on their hind legs on top of a lawn of wallflowers. Above is the shield, is the crest–coronet or knight's helmet, surrounded by red and yellow wallflower blossoms and topped by a crown. A naked woman from the waist up emerges from a crest–coronet. She holds an azure sword in her right hand and a palm sapling in her left hand. She is surrounded by the clan motto on a curved scroll: Meane weil, speak weil, and doe weil.",
"One legend associated with Urquhart Castle involves Conachar of the royal house of [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster \"Ulster\"), who is said to have come to [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") to fight for [Malcolm III of Scotland](/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland \"Malcolm III of Scotland\"). Conachar was rewarded with the castle. There is no evidence for this, and the castle had yet to be built. The legend also says that Conachar was on the point of being mauled to death by a [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar \"Wild boar\") when his dog attacked the beast; although the dog died, it saved his master. This is one explanation for the boar's head and hounds on the Urquhart chief's coat of arms.",
"### Crest Badge",
"The clan's crest badge is used to identify clan members and recognizes their loyalty to the chief.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Clanfolk and The Urquhart Crest Badge \\|url\\=http://www.clanurquhart.org/?page\\_id\\=299 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-21 \\|website\\=Clan Urquhart \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The Urquhart crest badge features a naked woman from the waist up issuing from a crest\\-coronet. Sometimes, the woman is referred to as a mermaid. She holds an azure sword in her right hand and a palm sapling in her left hand. She is encircled by a strap and buckle bearing the clan's motto \"Meane Weil, Speak Weil and Doe Weil.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Clan History \\|url\\=http://www.scotclans.com/scottish\\_clans/clans/urquhart/history.html \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-12 \\|website\\=Scottish Clans \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404034649/http://www.scotclans.com/scottish\\_clans/clans/urquhart/history.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The crest is taken from the chief's coat of arms.",
"### Plant Badge",
"The clan's plant badge is [cheiranthus](/wiki/Cheiranthus \"Cheiranthus\") (Latin name *[Erysimum cheiri](/wiki/Erysimum_cheiri \"Erysimum cheiri\")*), a wildflower that is native to Scotland.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Clan Urquhart \\|url\\=https://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/stoz/urquhar2\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Electric Scotland}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Wallflower \\|url\\=https://www.highlandtitles.com/flower/wallflower/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Highland Titles \\|language\\=en}} It is commonly called the wallflower.",
"### Tartan",
"The earliest recorded Urquhart tartan is from the {{Circa\\|1815}} Cockburn Collection. That original cloth sample is stored at the [Mitchell Library](/wiki/Mitchell_Library \"Mitchell Library\") in Glasgow, Scotland. This Official Urquhart Red Line Tartan is still the Official Tartan of Clan Urquhart, as registered by the current Chief at Lyon Court. The clan recognizes two variants forms: Urquhart Broad Red Tartan and the Urquhart Ancient (White Line) Tartan.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Urquhart Tartans \\|url\\=http://www.clanurquhart.org/?page\\_id\\=149 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-21 \\|website\\=Clan Urquhart \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The latter is based on is based upon the Urquhart tartan design in the *[Vestiarium Scoticum](/wiki/Vestiarium_Scoticum \"Vestiarium Scoticum\")* by John Sobieski Stuart which was published in 1842\\. The chief registered the former in 1991\\.",
"Although formerly associated with the clan, the Urquhart \"Logan\" and the Urquhart \"Brydone\" tartans are now considered unofficial variants.",
"### Castles",
"* [Castlecraig](/wiki/Castlecraig \"Castlecraig\") or Castle Craig, although in ruins, is still the current seat of the chief of Clan Urquhart. It was a 15th–century fortress of the Urquharts of Cromarty of the [Black Isle](/wiki/Black_Isle \"Black Isle\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Urquhart Clan \\|url\\=https://www.scotsconnection.com/clan\\_crests/urquhart.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-21 \\|website\\=Scots Connection}}\n* [Craigston Castle](/wiki/Craigston_Castle \"Craigston Castle\") in [Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Aberdeenshire \"Aberdeenshire\") has been a seat of the Urquhart family since it was built in 1604\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-30 \\|title\\=How a pirate helped the Urquharts reclaim Craigston Castle \\|url\\=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/homes\\-and\\-gardens/how\\-pirate\\-helped\\-urquharts\\-reclaim\\-craigston\\-castle\\-1475491 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=The Scotsman \\|language\\=en}}\n* [Cromarty Castle](/wiki/Cromarty_Castle \"Cromarty Castle\"), which is no longer standing except for a well, is a 15th–century tower house that sat on the hill above the Black Isle town of [Cromarty](/wiki/Cromarty \"Cromarty\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cromarty Castle {{!}} Canmore \\|url\\=https://canmore.org.uk/site/14439/cromarty\\-castle \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=canmore.org.uk \\|language\\=en}} Present\\-day [Cromarty House](/wiki/Cromarty_House \"Cromarty House\") is located on the site today and was built from the stone and timbers of the former Urquhart stronghold.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cromarty House \\|url\\=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00120 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Historic Environment Scotland}}\n* [Urquhart Castle](/wiki/Urquhart_Castle \"Urquhart Castle\"), one of the most famous castles in the Highlands, sits beside [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness \"Loch Ness\") at the convergence of [Glen Urquhart](/wiki/Glen_Urquhart \"Glen Urquhart\") and [Urquhart Bay](/wiki/Urquhart_Bay \"Urquhart Bay\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Urquhart Castle \\|url\\=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/drumnadrochit/urquhart/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Undiscovered Scotland}} The clan and the castle are named after the area, which is the ancient home of the Urquharts according to oral tradition.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}} There is no evidence that Clan Urquhart was ever involved with Urquhart Castle.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}} The early 13th–century castle is associated with several other Highland families and regimes, including the Durwards, the English crown, the Scottish crown, the MacDonalds, the Grants, the Jacobites, and the [Covenanters](/wiki/Covenanters \"Covenanters\") until it was reduced to ruins by the government in 1690\\.{{citation \\|url\\=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit\\-a\\-place/places/urquhart\\-castle/history/\\|title\\=Urquhart Castle\\|website\\=historicenvironment.scot\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2016}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Urquhart Castle \\|url\\=https://www.scottish\\-at\\-heart.com/urquhart\\-castle.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=Scottish at Heart}}",
"### Notable Urquharts",
"{{Main\\|Urquhart (surname)}}",
""
] |
Country
-------
### Australia
In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), conjugal visits are permitted in the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009\-06\-08/conjugal\-visits\-support\-inmates\-relationships/1707438\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618133250/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009\-06\-08/conjugal\-visits\-support\-inmates\-relationships/1707438\|archive\-date\=18 June 2014\|date\=8 June 2009\|title\=Conjugal visits support inmates' relationships: Hargreaves}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=2\&objectid\=10577199 \|title\=ACT prisons allow conjugal visits \|date\=8 June 2009 \|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \|access\-date\=25 September 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\-news\-national/act\-to\-allow\-prison\-conjugal\-visits\-20090608\-c0gu.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004145208/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\-news\-national/act\-to\-allow\-prison\-conjugal\-visits\-20090608\-c0gu.html\|archive\-date\=4 October 2009\|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\|publisher\=Fairfax Media\|title\=ACT to allow prison conjugal visits\|date\=8 June 2009}} Other jurisdictions, including Western Australia{{citation\|url\=http://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/prisons/visiting\-prisons/visit\-faq.aspx\#Are\-conjugal\-visits\-allowed\|date\=18 October 2013\|title\=Visiting – Frequently asked questions (FAQs)\|publisher\=Government of Western Australia Department of Corrective Services\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315195548/https://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/prisons/visiting\-prisons/visit\-faq.aspx\|archive\-date\=15 March 2014}} and Queensland,{{cite news\|newspaper\=\[\[The Courier\-Mail]]\|title\=Children conceived in Queensland jails \|first\=David\|last\=Murray\|date\=15 January 2012\|publisher\=News Ltd}} do not permit conjugal visits.
### Brazil
In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), male prisoners are eligible to be granted conjugal visits for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, while women's conjugal visits are tightly regulated, if granted at all.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/812165\.stm\|title\=Sex on sentence\|work\=BBC News}}{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2018\|reason\=Current citation 18 years old, and possibly outdated.}}
### Canada
In [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), all inmates in federal correctional facilities, with the exception of those on disciplinary restrictions or at risk for family violence, are permitted "private family visits" of up to 72 hours' duration once every two months. Eligible visitors, who may not themselves be prison inmates, are: spouse, or common\-law partner of at least six months; children; parents; [foster parents](/wiki/Foster_parent "Foster parent"); siblings; grandparents; and "persons with whom, in the opinion of the institutional head, the inmate has a close familial bond". Food is provided by the institution but paid for by the inmates and visitors, who are also responsible for cleaning the unit after the visit. Prison staff have regular contact with the inmate and visitors during a visit.{{cite web\|title\=Private Family Visiting\|url\=http://www.csc\-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/visit/index\-eng.shtml\|publisher\=Correctional Service of Canada\|access\-date\=29 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003207/http://www.csc\-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/visit/index\-eng.shtml\|archive\-date\=1 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Czech Republic
In the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), a prison warden has the authority to allow an inmate "a visit without visual and auditory supervision of the employees of the [Prison Service](/wiki/Prison_Service_of_the_Czech_Republic "Prison Service of the Czech Republic")".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1999\-169\#cast1\-hlava2\|title\=Zákon č. 169/1999 Sb., Zákon o výkonu trestu odnětí svobody a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů\|language\=cs}} Inmate's medical check and mental health check is required before such visit is permitted.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vscr.cz/o\-nas/vykon\-vezenstvi/pravidla\-prijimani\-navstev/
\|title\=Pravidla přijímání návštěv\|language\=cs}}
### Denmark
In [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), conjugal visits are permissible. [The State Prison of East Jutland](/wiki/The_State_Prison_of_East_Jutland "The State Prison of East Jutland") has apartments for couples, where inmates who have been sentenced to more than eight years in prison can have visitation for 47 hours per visit.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}}
### Estonia
Conjugal visits of up to 72 hours with (including *de facto*) spouses or registered partners or relatives are permitted at least once every half year. This is permitted assuming no safety issues with the inmate or lack of confidence in the reputability of the visitor. The visits last 24 hours by default, but may be extended to 72 hours rewarding inmates' good behaviour. Visits take place in designated rooms on prison grounds without supervision.Vangistusseadus, RT I 21\.06\.2024, 31\.Vangla sisekorraeeskiri, RT I, 18\.06\.2024, 4\.
### France
In [France](/wiki/France "France"), inmates are permitted conjugal visits. Visits last up to 72 hours and take place in mini\-apartments consisting of two small rooms, a kitchen and a dining area.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2019\|reason\=Current citation 18 years old, and possibly outdated.}}
### Germany
[Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") allows prisoners and their spouses or partners to apply for conjugal visits. Those who are approved are allowed unsupervised visits so that prisoners can preserve intimate bonds with their partners. Prisoners are to be searched before being allowed a visit. In 2010, an inmate murdered his girlfriend and attempted suicide during a visit, leading to additional criticism of the lax security in German prisons.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/outrage\-over\-lax\-security\-prisoner\-murders\-girlfriend\-during\-conjugal\-visit\-a\-688736\.html\|title\=Outrage over Lax Security: Prisoner Murders Girlfriend During Conjugal Visit\|work\=\[\[Der Spiegel (website)\|Der Spiegel]]\|date\=13 April 2010 }}
### Hong Kong
[Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") does not permit conjugal visits.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap234A\|title\=HK Prison Rules (See 48\.)}}
### India
In 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the right of married convicts and jail inmates to have conjugal visits or artificial insemination for pregnancy was a fundamental right.{{cite news\|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/High\-Court\-allows\-jail\-inmates\-to\-have\-sex\-with\-their\-partners/articleshow/45785525\.cms\|title\=High Court allows jail inmates to have sex with their partners\|work\=\[\[The Times of India]]}}{{cite news \|author\=Staff Reporter \|title\=Conjugal visits for jail inmates not practical, say authorities \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/conjugal\-visits\-for\-jail\-inmates\-not\-practical\-say\-authorities/article30070055\.ece \|access\-date\=25 November 2019 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|date\=24 November 2019 \|language\=en\-IN}} In January 2018, [Madras High court](/wiki/Madras_High_court "Madras High court") allowed a two week conjugal visit to an inmate serving life term in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu") prison for the "purpose of procreation".{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-01\-25 \|title\=What is the status of conjugal rights for prisoners in India? \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/what\-is/what\-is\-the\-state\-of\-conjugal\-rights\-for\-indian\-inmates\-5038969/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-29 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}}
In October 2022, Punjab became the first state in India to allow [conjugal visits](/wiki/Conjugal_visits "Conjugal visits") to prisoners. According to a senior official, this decision was taken to keep the stress levels of inmates under control and ensure their re\-entry into society, and this also fulfil a basic biological need. Under this scheme, prisoners who exhibited good conduct would be allowed to spend two hours in private with their spouses after every two months. Some categories of prisoners are kept out of this program, which includes high–risk prisoners, terrorists, gangsters and those imprisoned for domestic violence, child abuse and sexual crimes. Moreover, both spouses must be free from infectious diseases like HIV, [STDs](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection "Sexually transmitted infection") and [Tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"), to avail this program.{{Cite news \|last\=Pandey \|first\=Geeta \|date\=2022\-10\-20 \|title\=Punjab: Hundreds enjoy new conjugal visit rooms in India jails \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-india\-63327632 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-29 \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite news \|last\=Verma \|first\=Sanjeev \|date\=2022\-09\-20 \|title\=Punjab to allow prison conjugal visits from today \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab\-to\-allow\-prison\-conjugal\-visits\-from\-today/articleshow/94315629\.cms \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-29 \|work\=The Times of India \|issn\=0971\-8257}}
### Ireland
[Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") does not allow conjugal visits. [Marie and Noel Murray](/wiki/Marie_and_Noel_Murray "Marie and Noel Murray"), an [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland "Anarchism in Ireland") married couple imprisoned for a 1976 murder, lost a 1991 appeal for conjugal rights.
{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rte.ie/tv/gardaarlar/prog2\.html \|title\=Programme 2: Garda Michael Reynolds \|work\=\[\[Garda ar Lár]] \|publisher\=RTÉ \|access\-date\=17 November 2009}}
The [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland "Supreme Court of Ireland") ruled that the [Constitutional](/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland "Constitution of Ireland") right to beget children within marriage was suspended while a spouse was lawfully imprisoned.
{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1991/0527/Pg021\.html\#Ar02100 \|title\=Constitutional right to beget children within marriage is suspended while one spouse is lawfully imprisoned \|date\=27 May 1991 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|page\=21 \|access\-date\=18 November 2009\|url\-access\=subscription }}
### Israel
The [Israel Prison Service](/wiki/Israel_Prison_Service "Israel Prison Service") (IPS) allows standard conjugal visits to inmates who are married or are in a common\-law relationship or if their partner has been visiting them frequently for at least two years, and have a record of good behavior. Inmates who receive prison furloughs are not eligible for conjugal visits. Conjugal visits can be withheld on security grounds or as a means of punishment for misbehavior. IPS guidelines were clarified in July 2013 to allow conjugal visits of same\-sex partners.
Israel only extends this right to citizens of the state, while non\-citizens imprisoned in Israeli jails are denied conjugal visits.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.addameer.org/advocacy/briefings\_papers/israeli\-high\-court\-upholds\-prohibition\-family\-visits\-gazans\-held\-israeli\|title\=ISRAELI HIGH COURT UPHOLDS PROHIBITION ON FAMILY VISITS FOR GAZANS HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS: ADDAMEER CONTENDS PRACTICE VIOLATES INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW\|date\=9 March 2023 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://forward.com/articles/179785/gay\-israeli\-prisoners\-win\-right\-to\-conjugal\-visits/\|title\=Gay Israeli Prisoners Win Right to Conjugal Visits\|date\=3 July 2013 }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4291171,00\.html\|title\=Conjugal visits for gay prisoners? Not in Israel\|work\=\[\[Ynet]]\|date\=11 October 2012 \|last1\=Ben\-Zur \|first1\=Raanan }}
### Japan
In [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), conjugal visits are not allowed.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/06/26/reference/prison\-reforms\-seen\-as\-too\-little\-and\-way\-too\-late/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605052434/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/06/26/reference/prison\-reforms\-seen\-as\-too\-little\-and\-way\-too\-late/\#.XqM\_\-sZv\-yU\|archive\-date\=5 June 2020\|date\=26 June 2007\|title\=Prison reforms seen as too little, and way too late\|work\=\[\[The Japan Times]]\|access\-date\=24 April 2020\|url\-status\=bot: unknown}}
### Mexico
Conjugal visits are a universal practice in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), independent of a prisoner's marital status; in some correctional facilities entire families are allowed to live in prisons with their imprisoned relative for extended periods.{{cite book\|editor1\=Nigel South\|editor2\=Robert P. Weiss\|first\=J. Michael\|last\=Olivero\|chapter\=The crisis in Mexican prisons: The impact of the United States\|isbn\=9781134388943\|page\=104\|title\=Comparing Prison Systems\|publisher\=Taylor and Francis\|year\=1998}} Specifically in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City"), in July 2007, the prison system in that city has begun to allow gay prisoners to have conjugal visits from their partners, on the basis of a 2003 law which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation.{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6922140\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Mexico allows gay conjugal visits \| date\=30 July 2007 \| access\-date\=30 April 2010}}
### Netherlands
The [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") allows for one unsupervised visit (*Bezoek zonder Toezicht*) per month, provided the imprisonment period is at least six months and there is a close and durable relation between the partners. This does not apply to maximum security penitentiaries.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.commissievantoezicht.nl/dossiers/contact\_buitenwereld/contact\_buitenwereld\_gedetineerden/bezoek\|title\=Bezoek gedetineerden}}
### New Zealand
[New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") does not permit conjugal visits.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corrections.govt.nz/working\_with\_offenders/prison\_sentences/staying\_connected\_with\_friends\_and\_family/visits.html\|title\=Corrections Department NZ \- Visits\|date\=6 May 2022 }}
### Pakistan
In [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), conjugal visits prior to 2009 were permitted only under special circumstances.{{cite book\|last1\=Blood\|first1\=Peter R.\|title\=Pakistan: A country Study\|publisher\=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress\|page\=311\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DRMTO7mn7hIC\&q\=conjugal\+visit\+law\+pakistan\&pg\=PA311\|access\-date\=7 November 2017\|isbn\=9780788136313\|date\=December 1996}} In August 2009, [Federal Shariat Court](/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court "Federal Shariat Court") ruled that married prisoners should be allowed conjugal visits at the designated facilities within the jail complex and alternatively, they should be granted a short parole to visit their spouses.{{cite news\|title\=Prisoner Rights: FSC rules Conjugal Visits a right of married prisoners\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1002603\|access\-date\=7 November 2017\|work\=\[\[Dawn (newspaper)\|Dawn]]\|date\=30 August 2009}} Following the ruling, the Province of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") was the first to adopt legislation providing conjugal visits for married prisoners within Jail premises.{{cite news\|last1\=Masroor\|first1\=Aroosa\|title\=Prisoners granted conjugal rights\|url\=https://tribune.com.pk/story/11618/prisoners\-granted\-conjugal\-rights/\|access\-date\=7 November 2017\|work\=\[\[The Express Tribune]]\|date\=8 May 2010}} Human Rights Book 2010 reports that Conjugal visits are now available for Prisoners in all Provinces and Federal territories if they are male and married.{{cite book\|last1\=Parekh\|first1\=Pravin H.\|title\=Human Rights Book 2010\|date\=2010\|publisher\=Universal Law Publishing Co\|location\=India\|page\=138\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LrV1HKw8gcYC\&q\=conjugal\+visit\+law\+pakistan\&pg\=PA138\|access\-date\=7 November 2017\|isbn\=9789350350140}} Since homosexuality is considered a criminal offense in Pakistan and same\-sex marriage is not recognized by law, this privilege applies only to heterosexual couples.
### Russia
In the [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") penal system, since a campaign of prison reform that began in 2001, well\-behaved prisoners are granted an eighteen\-day holiday furlough from incarceration to see loved ones. Prisoners also get extended on\-site family visits, approximately once per month.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\_and\_style/article670530\.ece?token\=null\&offset\=0 \| work\=\[\[The Times]] \| location\=London \| title\=After the Gulag conjugal visits computers and a hint of violence \| first\=Giles \| last\=Whittell \| date\=2 June 2006 \| access\-date\=30 April 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
### Spain
In [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), prisoners are allowed conjugal visits every four to eight weeks. They are held in private rooms and can last up to three hours. Couples are provided with condoms, shower facilities, and clean towels.
### Turkey
Since April 2013, the Turkish General Directorate of Prisons and Detention offers conjugal visits as a reward to well\-behaved prisoners.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/example\-conjugal\-visit\-rooms\-introduced\-in\-eastern\-province.aspx?pageID\=238\&nID\=44059\&NewsCatID\=339\|title\=RIGHTS \- Example 'conjugal visit' rooms introduced in eastern province\|date\=April 2013 \|access\-date\=22 May 2016}}
### United Kingdom
The [English](/wiki/England "England"), [Welsh](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") and [Northern Irish](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") prison systems do not allow conjugal visits. However, home visits, with a greater emphasis on building other links with the outside world to which the prisoner will be returned, are allowed. These home visits are usually only granted to prisoners who have a few weeks to a few months remaining of a long sentence. Furthermore, home visits are more likely to be granted if the prisoner is deemed to have a low risk of absconding (i.e. prisoners being held in [open prisons](/wiki/Open_prison "Open prison") have a better chance of being granted home visits than prisoners being held in closed conditions).
### United States
The first state to implement conjugal visits was Mississippi in the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary") (Parchman). It was enacted to convince black male prisoners to work harder in their manual labor.{{cite web\|last1\=Mayyasi\|first1\=Alex\|title\=The Dark Origins of Conjugal Visits\|url\=http://priceonomics.com/the\-dark\-origins\-of\-conjugal\-visits/\|website\=Priceonomics\|date\=21 September 2015 \|access\-date\=22 June 2020}} This was done unofficially at first, but had become official policy at Parchman Penitentiary by the 1950s.
In *Lyons v. Gilligan* (1974\), the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio held that prisoners have no federal constitutional right to conjugal visits with their spouses during sentences.{{cite court\|litigants\=Lyons v. Gilligan\|vol\=382\|reporter\=F. Supp.\|opinion\=198\|court\=\[\[N.D. Ohio]]\|date\=1974\|url\=https://casetext.com/case/lyons\-v\-gilligan}}
As of 2008, conjugal visitation programs are now known as the extended\-family visits or family\-reunion visits because mothers, fathers, and other family members may attend these visits. The focus is on family ties and rehabilitation.
#### Federal prisons
The [United States Federal Bureau of Prisons](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons "United States Federal Bureau of Prisons") does not allow conjugal visits for prisoners in federal custody.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bop.gov/inmate\_locator/conjugal.jsp\|title\=Conjugal Visits: General Information\|website\=\[\[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]\|access\-date\=30 December 2009\|archive\-date\=10 October 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113114/http://www.bop.gov/inmate\_locator/conjugal.jsp\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### State prisons
For prisoners in state custody, the availability of conjugal visits is governed by the law of the particular state. The four states that currently allow conjugal visits are California, Connecticut, New York, and Washington.{{cite web \|last1\=Johnson\-Roehr \|first1\=S. N. \|title\=Controversy and Conjugal Visits \|url\=https://daily.jstor.org/controversy\-and\-conjugal\-visits \|website\=JSTOR Daily \|access\-date\=25 April 2023 \|date\=13 February 2023}}
Where conjugal visits are allowed, inmates must meet certain requirements to qualify for this privilege: The visitor may be required to undergo a background check, and the inmate must also be free of any [sexually transmitted diseases](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease "Sexually transmitted disease"). As a matter of procedure, both visitor and inmate are searched before and after the visit, to ensure that the visitor has not attempted to smuggle any items into or out of the facility.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2023}}
[Jorja Leap](/wiki/Jorja_Leap "Jorja Leap"), a professor of social welfare at the [Luskin School of Public Affairs](/wiki/Luskin_School_of_Public_Affairs "Luskin School of Public Affairs") at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") stated that criminologists believe allowing conjugal visits would build family ties and reduce recidivism.{{cite magazine\|last\=Sanburn\|first\=Josh\|url\=http://nation.time.com/2014/01/13/mississippi\-ending\-conjugal\-visits\-for\-prisoners/\|title\=Mississippi Ending Conjugal Visits for Prisoners\|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|date\=13 January 2014\|access\-date\=19 April 2014}} Over the last 40 years, most new prisons included special buildings specifically designed for conjugal visits.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.legalzoom.com/marriage\-divorce\-family\-law/marriage\-domestic\-partnership/conjugal\-visits\-preserving\-family\-bonds\|title\=Conjugal Visits: Preserving family bonds behind bars\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Rodgers\|publisher\=\[\[LegalZoom]]\|date\=September 2009\|access\-date\=31 August 2011\|archive\-date\=20 April 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420000115/https://www.legalzoom.com/marriage\-divorce\-family\-law/marriage\-domestic\-partnership/conjugal\-visits\-preserving\-family\-bonds\|url\-status\=dead}}
By the early 1990s, 17 states had conjugal programs. According to Leap, conjugal visits declined after an increase in attitudes that prison should be a place for punishment and that conjugal visits were not appropriate for people being punished, and also because academic literature in the 1980s and 1990s argued that it was not possible to rehabilitate some criminals. Many states that once allowed conjugal visits have since eliminated the programs. In April 2011, New York adopted legislation to allow family visits for married partners.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\_local/2011/04/23/2011\-04\-23\_paint\_the\_clinks\_pink\_conjugal\_visits\_allowed\_for\_gay\_inmates\_and\_partners.html \| location\=New York \| work\=\[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] \| title\=Conjugal visits allowed for inmates and partners in same\-sex marriages, civil unions}} In January 2014, the head of the [Mississippi Department of Corrections](/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Corrections "Mississippi Department of Corrections"), Chris Epps, terminated the state conjugal program. New Mexico announced it was also ending its program in May 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dopplr.com/social\-atlas/\|title\=Conjugal Visits: Rules and History\|website\=\[\[Dopplr]]\|date\=15 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091505/http://www.dopplr.com/social\-atlas/\|archive\-date\=24 April 2016}}
In June 2007, the [California Department of Corrections](/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections "California Department of Corrections") announced it would allow same\-sex conjugal visits. The policy was enacted to comply with a 2005 state law requiring state agencies to give the same rights to domestic partners that heterosexual couples receive. The new rules allow for visits only by registered married same sex couples or domestic partners who are not themselves incarcerated. Further, the same\-sex marriage or domestic partnership must have been established before the prisoner was incarcerated.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18994457\|title\=Calif. gay inmates get conjugal visits\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|publisher\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=2 June 2007\|access\-date\=30 December 2009}}
|
[
"Country\n-------",
"### Australia",
"In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), conjugal visits are permitted in the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009\\-06\\-08/conjugal\\-visits\\-support\\-inmates\\-relationships/1707438\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618133250/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009\\-06\\-08/conjugal\\-visits\\-support\\-inmates\\-relationships/1707438\\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2014\\|date\\=8 June 2009\\|title\\=Conjugal visits support inmates' relationships: Hargreaves}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=2\\&objectid\\=10577199 \\|title\\=ACT prisons allow conjugal visits \\|date\\=8 June 2009 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\\-news\\-national/act\\-to\\-allow\\-prison\\-conjugal\\-visits\\-20090608\\-c0gu.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004145208/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\\-news\\-national/act\\-to\\-allow\\-prison\\-conjugal\\-visits\\-20090608\\-c0gu.html\\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2009\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\\|publisher\\=Fairfax Media\\|title\\=ACT to allow prison conjugal visits\\|date\\=8 June 2009}} Other jurisdictions, including Western Australia{{citation\\|url\\=http://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/prisons/visiting\\-prisons/visit\\-faq.aspx\\#Are\\-conjugal\\-visits\\-allowed\\|date\\=18 October 2013\\|title\\=Visiting – Frequently asked questions (FAQs)\\|publisher\\=Government of Western Australia Department of Corrective Services\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315195548/https://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/prisons/visiting\\-prisons/visit\\-faq.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2014}} and Queensland,{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Courier\\-Mail]]\\|title\\=Children conceived in Queensland jails \\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Murray\\|date\\=15 January 2012\\|publisher\\=News Ltd}} do not permit conjugal visits.",
"### Brazil",
"In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), male prisoners are eligible to be granted conjugal visits for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, while women's conjugal visits are tightly regulated, if granted at all.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/812165\\.stm\\|title\\=Sex on sentence\\|work\\=BBC News}}{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018\\|reason\\=Current citation 18 years old, and possibly outdated.}}",
"### Canada",
"In [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), all inmates in federal correctional facilities, with the exception of those on disciplinary restrictions or at risk for family violence, are permitted \"private family visits\" of up to 72 hours' duration once every two months. Eligible visitors, who may not themselves be prison inmates, are: spouse, or common\\-law partner of at least six months; children; parents; [foster parents](/wiki/Foster_parent \"Foster parent\"); siblings; grandparents; and \"persons with whom, in the opinion of the institutional head, the inmate has a close familial bond\". Food is provided by the institution but paid for by the inmates and visitors, who are also responsible for cleaning the unit after the visit. Prison staff have regular contact with the inmate and visitors during a visit.{{cite web\\|title\\=Private Family Visiting\\|url\\=http://www.csc\\-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/visit/index\\-eng.shtml\\|publisher\\=Correctional Service of Canada\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003207/http://www.csc\\-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/visit/index\\-eng.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Czech Republic",
"In the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"), a prison warden has the authority to allow an inmate \"a visit without visual and auditory supervision of the employees of the [Prison Service](/wiki/Prison_Service_of_the_Czech_Republic \"Prison Service of the Czech Republic\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1999\\-169\\#cast1\\-hlava2\\|title\\=Zákon č. 169/1999 Sb., Zákon o výkonu trestu odnětí svobody a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů\\|language\\=cs}} Inmate's medical check and mental health check is required before such visit is permitted.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vscr.cz/o\\-nas/vykon\\-vezenstvi/pravidla\\-prijimani\\-navstev/\n\\|title\\=Pravidla přijímání návštěv\\|language\\=cs}}",
"### Denmark",
"In [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), conjugal visits are permissible. [The State Prison of East Jutland](/wiki/The_State_Prison_of_East_Jutland \"The State Prison of East Jutland\") has apartments for couples, where inmates who have been sentenced to more than eight years in prison can have visitation for 47 hours per visit.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"### Estonia",
"Conjugal visits of up to 72 hours with (including *de facto*) spouses or registered partners or relatives are permitted at least once every half year. This is permitted assuming no safety issues with the inmate or lack of confidence in the reputability of the visitor. The visits last 24 hours by default, but may be extended to 72 hours rewarding inmates' good behaviour. Visits take place in designated rooms on prison grounds without supervision.Vangistusseadus, RT I 21\\.06\\.2024, 31\\.Vangla sisekorraeeskiri, RT I, 18\\.06\\.2024, 4\\.",
"### France",
"In [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), inmates are permitted conjugal visits. Visits last up to 72 hours and take place in mini\\-apartments consisting of two small rooms, a kitchen and a dining area.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2019\\|reason\\=Current citation 18 years old, and possibly outdated.}}",
"### Germany",
"[Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") allows prisoners and their spouses or partners to apply for conjugal visits. Those who are approved are allowed unsupervised visits so that prisoners can preserve intimate bonds with their partners. Prisoners are to be searched before being allowed a visit. In 2010, an inmate murdered his girlfriend and attempted suicide during a visit, leading to additional criticism of the lax security in German prisons.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/outrage\\-over\\-lax\\-security\\-prisoner\\-murders\\-girlfriend\\-during\\-conjugal\\-visit\\-a\\-688736\\.html\\|title\\=Outrage over Lax Security: Prisoner Murders Girlfriend During Conjugal Visit\\|work\\=\\[\\[Der Spiegel (website)\\|Der Spiegel]]\\|date\\=13 April 2010 }}",
"### Hong Kong",
"[Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") does not permit conjugal visits.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap234A\\|title\\=HK Prison Rules (See 48\\.)}}",
"### India",
"In 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the right of married convicts and jail inmates to have conjugal visits or artificial insemination for pregnancy was a fundamental right.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/High\\-Court\\-allows\\-jail\\-inmates\\-to\\-have\\-sex\\-with\\-their\\-partners/articleshow/45785525\\.cms\\|title\\=High Court allows jail inmates to have sex with their partners\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]}}{{cite news \\|author\\=Staff Reporter \\|title\\=Conjugal visits for jail inmates not practical, say authorities \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/conjugal\\-visits\\-for\\-jail\\-inmates\\-not\\-practical\\-say\\-authorities/article30070055\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|date\\=24 November 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-IN}} In January 2018, [Madras High court](/wiki/Madras_High_court \"Madras High court\") allowed a two week conjugal visit to an inmate serving life term in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\") prison for the \"purpose of procreation\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-25 \\|title\\=What is the status of conjugal rights for prisoners in India? \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/what\\-is/what\\-is\\-the\\-state\\-of\\-conjugal\\-rights\\-for\\-indian\\-inmates\\-5038969/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-29 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}",
"In October 2022, Punjab became the first state in India to allow [conjugal visits](/wiki/Conjugal_visits \"Conjugal visits\") to prisoners. According to a senior official, this decision was taken to keep the stress levels of inmates under control and ensure their re\\-entry into society, and this also fulfil a basic biological need. Under this scheme, prisoners who exhibited good conduct would be allowed to spend two hours in private with their spouses after every two months. Some categories of prisoners are kept out of this program, which includes high–risk prisoners, terrorists, gangsters and those imprisoned for domestic violence, child abuse and sexual crimes. Moreover, both spouses must be free from infectious diseases like HIV, [STDs](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection \"Sexually transmitted infection\") and [Tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"), to avail this program.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pandey \\|first\\=Geeta \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-20 \\|title\\=Punjab: Hundreds enjoy new conjugal visit rooms in India jails \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-india\\-63327632 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-29 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Verma \\|first\\=Sanjeev \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=Punjab to allow prison conjugal visits from today \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab\\-to\\-allow\\-prison\\-conjugal\\-visits\\-from\\-today/articleshow/94315629\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-29 \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}}",
"### Ireland",
"[Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") does not allow conjugal visits. [Marie and Noel Murray](/wiki/Marie_and_Noel_Murray \"Marie and Noel Murray\"), an [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland \"Anarchism in Ireland\") married couple imprisoned for a 1976 murder, lost a 1991 appeal for conjugal rights.\n{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/tv/gardaarlar/prog2\\.html \\|title\\=Programme 2: Garda Michael Reynolds \\|work\\=\\[\\[Garda ar Lár]] \\|publisher\\=RTÉ \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2009}}\n The [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland \"Supreme Court of Ireland\") ruled that the [Constitutional](/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland \"Constitution of Ireland\") right to beget children within marriage was suspended while a spouse was lawfully imprisoned.\n{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1991/0527/Pg021\\.html\\#Ar02100 \\|title\\=Constitutional right to beget children within marriage is suspended while one spouse is lawfully imprisoned \\|date\\=27 May 1991 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|page\\=21 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2009\\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}",
"",
"### Israel",
"The [Israel Prison Service](/wiki/Israel_Prison_Service \"Israel Prison Service\") (IPS) allows standard conjugal visits to inmates who are married or are in a common\\-law relationship or if their partner has been visiting them frequently for at least two years, and have a record of good behavior. Inmates who receive prison furloughs are not eligible for conjugal visits. Conjugal visits can be withheld on security grounds or as a means of punishment for misbehavior. IPS guidelines were clarified in July 2013 to allow conjugal visits of same\\-sex partners.\nIsrael only extends this right to citizens of the state, while non\\-citizens imprisoned in Israeli jails are denied conjugal visits.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.addameer.org/advocacy/briefings\\_papers/israeli\\-high\\-court\\-upholds\\-prohibition\\-family\\-visits\\-gazans\\-held\\-israeli\\|title\\=ISRAELI HIGH COURT UPHOLDS PROHIBITION ON FAMILY VISITS FOR GAZANS HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS: ADDAMEER CONTENDS PRACTICE VIOLATES INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW\\|date\\=9 March 2023 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forward.com/articles/179785/gay\\-israeli\\-prisoners\\-win\\-right\\-to\\-conjugal\\-visits/\\|title\\=Gay Israeli Prisoners Win Right to Conjugal Visits\\|date\\=3 July 2013 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4291171,00\\.html\\|title\\=Conjugal visits for gay prisoners? Not in Israel\\|work\\=\\[\\[Ynet]]\\|date\\=11 October 2012 \\|last1\\=Ben\\-Zur \\|first1\\=Raanan }}",
"### Japan",
"In [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), conjugal visits are not allowed.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/06/26/reference/prison\\-reforms\\-seen\\-as\\-too\\-little\\-and\\-way\\-too\\-late/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605052434/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/06/26/reference/prison\\-reforms\\-seen\\-as\\-too\\-little\\-and\\-way\\-too\\-late/\\#.XqM\\_\\-sZv\\-yU\\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2020\\|date\\=26 June 2007\\|title\\=Prison reforms seen as too little, and way too late\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Japan Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2020\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown}}",
"### Mexico",
"Conjugal visits are a universal practice in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), independent of a prisoner's marital status; in some correctional facilities entire families are allowed to live in prisons with their imprisoned relative for extended periods.{{cite book\\|editor1\\=Nigel South\\|editor2\\=Robert P. Weiss\\|first\\=J. Michael\\|last\\=Olivero\\|chapter\\=The crisis in Mexican prisons: The impact of the United States\\|isbn\\=9781134388943\\|page\\=104\\|title\\=Comparing Prison Systems\\|publisher\\=Taylor and Francis\\|year\\=1998}} Specifically in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"), in July 2007, the prison system in that city has begun to allow gay prisoners to have conjugal visits from their partners, on the basis of a 2003 law which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6922140\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Mexico allows gay conjugal visits \\| date\\=30 July 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=30 April 2010}}",
"### Netherlands",
"The [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") allows for one unsupervised visit (*Bezoek zonder Toezicht*) per month, provided the imprisonment period is at least six months and there is a close and durable relation between the partners. This does not apply to maximum security penitentiaries.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.commissievantoezicht.nl/dossiers/contact\\_buitenwereld/contact\\_buitenwereld\\_gedetineerden/bezoek\\|title\\=Bezoek gedetineerden}}",
"### New Zealand",
"[New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") does not permit conjugal visits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corrections.govt.nz/working\\_with\\_offenders/prison\\_sentences/staying\\_connected\\_with\\_friends\\_and\\_family/visits.html\\|title\\=Corrections Department NZ \\- Visits\\|date\\=6 May 2022 }}",
"### Pakistan",
"In [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), conjugal visits prior to 2009 were permitted only under special circumstances.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Blood\\|first1\\=Peter R.\\|title\\=Pakistan: A country Study\\|publisher\\=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress\\|page\\=311\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DRMTO7mn7hIC\\&q\\=conjugal\\+visit\\+law\\+pakistan\\&pg\\=PA311\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|isbn\\=9780788136313\\|date\\=December 1996}} In August 2009, [Federal Shariat Court](/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court \"Federal Shariat Court\") ruled that married prisoners should be allowed conjugal visits at the designated facilities within the jail complex and alternatively, they should be granted a short parole to visit their spouses.{{cite news\\|title\\=Prisoner Rights: FSC rules Conjugal Visits a right of married prisoners\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1002603\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dawn (newspaper)\\|Dawn]]\\|date\\=30 August 2009}} Following the ruling, the Province of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") was the first to adopt legislation providing conjugal visits for married prisoners within Jail premises.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Masroor\\|first1\\=Aroosa\\|title\\=Prisoners granted conjugal rights\\|url\\=https://tribune.com.pk/story/11618/prisoners\\-granted\\-conjugal\\-rights/\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Express Tribune]]\\|date\\=8 May 2010}} Human Rights Book 2010 reports that Conjugal visits are now available for Prisoners in all Provinces and Federal territories if they are male and married.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Parekh\\|first1\\=Pravin H.\\|title\\=Human Rights Book 2010\\|date\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Universal Law Publishing Co\\|location\\=India\\|page\\=138\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LrV1HKw8gcYC\\&q\\=conjugal\\+visit\\+law\\+pakistan\\&pg\\=PA138\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|isbn\\=9789350350140}} Since homosexuality is considered a criminal offense in Pakistan and same\\-sex marriage is not recognized by law, this privilege applies only to heterosexual couples.",
"### Russia",
"In the [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") penal system, since a campaign of prison reform that began in 2001, well\\-behaved prisoners are granted an eighteen\\-day holiday furlough from incarceration to see loved ones. Prisoners also get extended on\\-site family visits, approximately once per month.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\\_and\\_style/article670530\\.ece?token\\=null\\&offset\\=0 \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Times]] \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=After the Gulag conjugal visits computers and a hint of violence \\| first\\=Giles \\| last\\=Whittell \\| date\\=2 June 2006 \\| access\\-date\\=30 April 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"### Spain",
"In [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), prisoners are allowed conjugal visits every four to eight weeks. They are held in private rooms and can last up to three hours. Couples are provided with condoms, shower facilities, and clean towels.",
"### Turkey",
"Since April 2013, the Turkish General Directorate of Prisons and Detention offers conjugal visits as a reward to well\\-behaved prisoners.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/example\\-conjugal\\-visit\\-rooms\\-introduced\\-in\\-eastern\\-province.aspx?pageID\\=238\\&nID\\=44059\\&NewsCatID\\=339\\|title\\=RIGHTS \\- Example 'conjugal visit' rooms introduced in eastern province\\|date\\=April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2016}}",
"### United Kingdom",
"The [English](/wiki/England \"England\"), [Welsh](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") and [Northern Irish](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") prison systems do not allow conjugal visits. However, home visits, with a greater emphasis on building other links with the outside world to which the prisoner will be returned, are allowed. These home visits are usually only granted to prisoners who have a few weeks to a few months remaining of a long sentence. Furthermore, home visits are more likely to be granted if the prisoner is deemed to have a low risk of absconding (i.e. prisoners being held in [open prisons](/wiki/Open_prison \"Open prison\") have a better chance of being granted home visits than prisoners being held in closed conditions).",
"### United States",
"The first state to implement conjugal visits was Mississippi in the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\") (Parchman). It was enacted to convince black male prisoners to work harder in their manual labor.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Mayyasi\\|first1\\=Alex\\|title\\=The Dark Origins of Conjugal Visits\\|url\\=http://priceonomics.com/the\\-dark\\-origins\\-of\\-conjugal\\-visits/\\|website\\=Priceonomics\\|date\\=21 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2020}} This was done unofficially at first, but had become official policy at Parchman Penitentiary by the 1950s.",
"In *Lyons v. Gilligan* (1974\\), the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio held that prisoners have no federal constitutional right to conjugal visits with their spouses during sentences.{{cite court\\|litigants\\=Lyons v. Gilligan\\|vol\\=382\\|reporter\\=F. Supp.\\|opinion\\=198\\|court\\=\\[\\[N.D. Ohio]]\\|date\\=1974\\|url\\=https://casetext.com/case/lyons\\-v\\-gilligan}}",
"As of 2008, conjugal visitation programs are now known as the extended\\-family visits or family\\-reunion visits because mothers, fathers, and other family members may attend these visits. The focus is on family ties and rehabilitation.",
"#### Federal prisons",
"The [United States Federal Bureau of Prisons](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons \"United States Federal Bureau of Prisons\") does not allow conjugal visits for prisoners in federal custody.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bop.gov/inmate\\_locator/conjugal.jsp\\|title\\=Conjugal Visits: General Information\\|website\\=\\[\\[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113114/http://www.bop.gov/inmate\\_locator/conjugal.jsp\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### State prisons",
"For prisoners in state custody, the availability of conjugal visits is governed by the law of the particular state. The four states that currently allow conjugal visits are California, Connecticut, New York, and Washington.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Johnson\\-Roehr \\|first1\\=S. N. \\|title\\=Controversy and Conjugal Visits \\|url\\=https://daily.jstor.org/controversy\\-and\\-conjugal\\-visits \\|website\\=JSTOR Daily \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2023 \\|date\\=13 February 2023}}",
"Where conjugal visits are allowed, inmates must meet certain requirements to qualify for this privilege: The visitor may be required to undergo a background check, and the inmate must also be free of any [sexually transmitted diseases](/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease \"Sexually transmitted disease\"). As a matter of procedure, both visitor and inmate are searched before and after the visit, to ensure that the visitor has not attempted to smuggle any items into or out of the facility.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2023}}",
"[Jorja Leap](/wiki/Jorja_Leap \"Jorja Leap\"), a professor of social welfare at the [Luskin School of Public Affairs](/wiki/Luskin_School_of_Public_Affairs \"Luskin School of Public Affairs\") at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") stated that criminologists believe allowing conjugal visits would build family ties and reduce recidivism.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Sanburn\\|first\\=Josh\\|url\\=http://nation.time.com/2014/01/13/mississippi\\-ending\\-conjugal\\-visits\\-for\\-prisoners/\\|title\\=Mississippi Ending Conjugal Visits for Prisoners\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|date\\=13 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2014}} Over the last 40 years, most new prisons included special buildings specifically designed for conjugal visits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legalzoom.com/marriage\\-divorce\\-family\\-law/marriage\\-domestic\\-partnership/conjugal\\-visits\\-preserving\\-family\\-bonds\\|title\\=Conjugal Visits: Preserving family bonds behind bars\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Rodgers\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[LegalZoom]]\\|date\\=September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420000115/https://www.legalzoom.com/marriage\\-divorce\\-family\\-law/marriage\\-domestic\\-partnership/conjugal\\-visits\\-preserving\\-family\\-bonds\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"By the early 1990s, 17 states had conjugal programs. According to Leap, conjugal visits declined after an increase in attitudes that prison should be a place for punishment and that conjugal visits were not appropriate for people being punished, and also because academic literature in the 1980s and 1990s argued that it was not possible to rehabilitate some criminals. Many states that once allowed conjugal visits have since eliminated the programs. In April 2011, New York adopted legislation to allow family visits for married partners.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\\_local/2011/04/23/2011\\-04\\-23\\_paint\\_the\\_clinks\\_pink\\_conjugal\\_visits\\_allowed\\_for\\_gay\\_inmates\\_and\\_partners.html \\| location\\=New York \\| work\\=\\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] \\| title\\=Conjugal visits allowed for inmates and partners in same\\-sex marriages, civil unions}} In January 2014, the head of the [Mississippi Department of Corrections](/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Corrections \"Mississippi Department of Corrections\"), Chris Epps, terminated the state conjugal program. New Mexico announced it was also ending its program in May 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dopplr.com/social\\-atlas/\\|title\\=Conjugal Visits: Rules and History\\|website\\=\\[\\[Dopplr]]\\|date\\=15 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091505/http://www.dopplr.com/social\\-atlas/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2016}}",
"In June 2007, the [California Department of Corrections](/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections \"California Department of Corrections\") announced it would allow same\\-sex conjugal visits. The policy was enacted to comply with a 2005 state law requiring state agencies to give the same rights to domestic partners that heterosexual couples receive. The new rules allow for visits only by registered married same sex couples or domestic partners who are not themselves incarcerated. Further, the same\\-sex marriage or domestic partnership must have been established before the prisoner was incarcerated.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18994457\\|title\\=Calif. gay inmates get conjugal visits\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=2 June 2007\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2009}}",
""
] |
Works
-----
[thumb\|*Le tableau des riches inventions* (1600\)](/wiki/Image:B%C3%A9roalde_de_Verville_Le_tableau_des_riches_inventions.jpeg "Béroalde de Verville Le tableau des riches inventions.jpeg")
[thumb\|*Le voyage des princes fortunés* (1610\)](/wiki/Image:B%C3%A9roalde_de_Verville_Le_voyage_des_Princes_Fortun%C3%A9s.jpeg "Béroalde de Verville Le voyage des Princes Fortunés.jpeg")
Béroalde had close ties to the intellectual and creative milieus of the late 16th century and early 17th century (including [Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile "Pierre de L'Estoile"), [Roland Brisset](/wiki/Roland_Brisset "Roland Brisset"), [Guy de Tours](/wiki/Guy_de_Tours "Guy de Tours")) and was under the protection of two *conseillers du roi* ([Pierre Brochard](/wiki/Pierre_Brochard "Pierre Brochard") and [René Crespin](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crespin "René Crespin")). His writings cover topics as varied as history, mathematics, [optics](/wiki/Optics "Optics"), [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy "Alchemy"), medicine, painting, sculpture, love, silk... He wrote in both verse and prose, and in all manner of tones (satirical, moral, spiritual, philosophical, political). Béroalde represents a literature of transition from the Valois court (and the generation of "[La Pléiade](/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade "La Pléiade")") to the Bourbon court of Henri IV and the baroque, and (like his contemporary [Nicolas de Montreux](/wiki/Nicolas_de_Montreux "Nicolas de Montreux")) he attempted to compete with the translation of foreign masterpieces by the creation of original works in French.
His first works were contributions to a work on mathematics and mechanics (1578\) and to a history of [blazons](/wiki/Blazon "Blazon") (1581\). His numerous historical and philosophical works include: *Les Recherches de la pierre philosophale* on the [philosopher's stone](/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone "Philosopher's stone") (1583\); *Dialogue de la vertu* (1584\); *L'idée de la republique* (1584\); a translation of [Justus Lipsius](/wiki/Justus_Lipsius "Justus Lipsius") (1592\); *De l'ame et de ses excellences* (1593\), *De la sagesse* (1593\); *La Pucelle d'Orleans* on [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc "Joan of Arc") (1599\); a history of [silk worms](/wiki/Silk_worm "Silk worm") (1600\); a history of [Herodias](/wiki/Herodias "Herodias") (1600\); and a French edition with commentaries of [Francesco Colonna](/wiki/Francesco_Colonna_%28writer%29 "Francesco Colonna (writer)")'s *[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili](/wiki/Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili")* (1600\).
His poetry includes: *Les Apprehensions spirituelles, poemes et autres oeuvres philosophiques* (1583\); love poems, *Les Soupirs amoureux* (1583\); a contribution of verses to the translation of *La Diane* by [Jorge de Montemayor](/wiki/Jorge_de_Montemayor "Jorge de Montemayor") (1592\); spiritual poems, *La Muse celeste* (1593\); and a translation of [Jeremiah](/wiki/Jeremiah "Jeremiah")'s [Book of Lamentations](/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations "Book of Lamentations"), *Les Tenebres* (1599\).
Béroalde published several long fiction works: *Les Avantures de Floride, histoire françoise* in 4 tomes (1593\-1596\), *Le Cabinet de Minerve* (1596\), an unfinished novel *Le Restablissement de Troye, avec lequel parmy les hazards des armes, se voyent les amours d’Æsionne* (1597\), *Le Voyage des princes fortunes* (1610\), and *Le Palais des curieux* (1612\). With their elaborate plots, multiple characters and adventurous situations, these adventure novels show the inspiration of the Hispano\-Portuguese chivalric adventure novel (like [Amadis of Gaul](/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula "Amadis de Gaula")) and of the ancient Greek novel (like the work of [Heliodorus of Emesa](/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Emesa "Heliodorus of Emesa") or [Achilles Tatius](/wiki/Achilles_Tatius "Achilles Tatius")), but they also straddle the line between fiction and philosophical or encyclopedic writing, and frequently veer off into discussions of moral phenomena or in symbolic [ekphrasis](/wiki/Ekphrasis "Ekphrasis") (inspired by the *Hypnerotomachia Poliphili*) of cabinets of curiosities, architecture and other elements.
His most famous work is the playful, chaotic, baroque, sometimes obscene and almost unreadable *Moyen de parvenir* (first published around 1617\) \-\- a parody of books of "table talk", of [Rabelais](/wiki/Rabelais "Rabelais") and of [Michel de Montaigne](/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne "Michel de Montaigne")'s "[The Essays](/wiki/Essays_%28Montaigne%29 "Essays (Montaigne)")"—in which a host of famous individuals debate, discuss and joke (with often coarse humor) about historical and philosophical matters.
Béroalde's corpus is vast and his works show a preoccupation with encyclopedic learning, the organization of knowledge and the difficulties of interpretation.
Largely forgotten since the 17th century, Béroalde was rediscovered in the 19th century and has gained renewed critical appreciation in recent years.
|
[
"Works\n-----",
"[thumb\\|*Le tableau des riches inventions* (1600\\)](/wiki/Image:B%C3%A9roalde_de_Verville_Le_tableau_des_riches_inventions.jpeg \"Béroalde de Verville Le tableau des riches inventions.jpeg\")\n[thumb\\|*Le voyage des princes fortunés* (1610\\)](/wiki/Image:B%C3%A9roalde_de_Verville_Le_voyage_des_Princes_Fortun%C3%A9s.jpeg \"Béroalde de Verville Le voyage des Princes Fortunés.jpeg\")\nBéroalde had close ties to the intellectual and creative milieus of the late 16th century and early 17th century (including [Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile \"Pierre de L'Estoile\"), [Roland Brisset](/wiki/Roland_Brisset \"Roland Brisset\"), [Guy de Tours](/wiki/Guy_de_Tours \"Guy de Tours\")) and was under the protection of two *conseillers du roi* ([Pierre Brochard](/wiki/Pierre_Brochard \"Pierre Brochard\") and [René Crespin](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crespin \"René Crespin\")). His writings cover topics as varied as history, mathematics, [optics](/wiki/Optics \"Optics\"), [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy \"Alchemy\"), medicine, painting, sculpture, love, silk... He wrote in both verse and prose, and in all manner of tones (satirical, moral, spiritual, philosophical, political). Béroalde represents a literature of transition from the Valois court (and the generation of \"[La Pléiade](/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade \"La Pléiade\")\") to the Bourbon court of Henri IV and the baroque, and (like his contemporary [Nicolas de Montreux](/wiki/Nicolas_de_Montreux \"Nicolas de Montreux\")) he attempted to compete with the translation of foreign masterpieces by the creation of original works in French.",
"His first works were contributions to a work on mathematics and mechanics (1578\\) and to a history of [blazons](/wiki/Blazon \"Blazon\") (1581\\). His numerous historical and philosophical works include: *Les Recherches de la pierre philosophale* on the [philosopher's stone](/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone \"Philosopher's stone\") (1583\\); *Dialogue de la vertu* (1584\\); *L'idée de la republique* (1584\\); a translation of [Justus Lipsius](/wiki/Justus_Lipsius \"Justus Lipsius\") (1592\\); *De l'ame et de ses excellences* (1593\\), *De la sagesse* (1593\\); *La Pucelle d'Orleans* on [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc \"Joan of Arc\") (1599\\); a history of [silk worms](/wiki/Silk_worm \"Silk worm\") (1600\\); a history of [Herodias](/wiki/Herodias \"Herodias\") (1600\\); and a French edition with commentaries of [Francesco Colonna](/wiki/Francesco_Colonna_%28writer%29 \"Francesco Colonna (writer)\")'s *[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili](/wiki/Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili \"Hypnerotomachia Poliphili\")* (1600\\).",
"His poetry includes: *Les Apprehensions spirituelles, poemes et autres oeuvres philosophiques* (1583\\); love poems, *Les Soupirs amoureux* (1583\\); a contribution of verses to the translation of *La Diane* by [Jorge de Montemayor](/wiki/Jorge_de_Montemayor \"Jorge de Montemayor\") (1592\\); spiritual poems, *La Muse celeste* (1593\\); and a translation of [Jeremiah](/wiki/Jeremiah \"Jeremiah\")'s [Book of Lamentations](/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations \"Book of Lamentations\"), *Les Tenebres* (1599\\).",
"Béroalde published several long fiction works: *Les Avantures de Floride, histoire françoise* in 4 tomes (1593\\-1596\\), *Le Cabinet de Minerve* (1596\\), an unfinished novel *Le Restablissement de Troye, avec lequel parmy les hazards des armes, se voyent les amours d’Æsionne* (1597\\), *Le Voyage des princes fortunes* (1610\\), and *Le Palais des curieux* (1612\\). With their elaborate plots, multiple characters and adventurous situations, these adventure novels show the inspiration of the Hispano\\-Portuguese chivalric adventure novel (like [Amadis of Gaul](/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula \"Amadis de Gaula\")) and of the ancient Greek novel (like the work of [Heliodorus of Emesa](/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Emesa \"Heliodorus of Emesa\") or [Achilles Tatius](/wiki/Achilles_Tatius \"Achilles Tatius\")), but they also straddle the line between fiction and philosophical or encyclopedic writing, and frequently veer off into discussions of moral phenomena or in symbolic [ekphrasis](/wiki/Ekphrasis \"Ekphrasis\") (inspired by the *Hypnerotomachia Poliphili*) of cabinets of curiosities, architecture and other elements.",
"His most famous work is the playful, chaotic, baroque, sometimes obscene and almost unreadable *Moyen de parvenir* (first published around 1617\\) \\-\\- a parody of books of \"table talk\", of [Rabelais](/wiki/Rabelais \"Rabelais\") and of [Michel de Montaigne](/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne \"Michel de Montaigne\")'s \"[The Essays](/wiki/Essays_%28Montaigne%29 \"Essays (Montaigne)\")\"—in which a host of famous individuals debate, discuss and joke (with often coarse humor) about historical and philosophical matters.",
"Béroalde's corpus is vast and his works show a preoccupation with encyclopedic learning, the organization of knowledge and the difficulties of interpretation.",
"Largely forgotten since the 17th century, Béroalde was rediscovered in the 19th century and has gained renewed critical appreciation in recent years.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Youth
Kostas Gavriilidis was born in 1898 in southern [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") in poor agrarian family. He studied to become a teacher, financed by one rich uncle of him, and became a teacher of the [Russian language](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language").{{Cite web \|title\=O ηγέτης της αγροτιάς Κώστας Γαβριηλίδης \|url\=http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID\=570790 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109100758/http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID\=570790 \|archive\-date\=2011\-11\-09 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-09\-27 \|title\=Κώστας Γαβριηλίδης: "Μαζί με το ΚΚΕ, χέρι χέρι μέχρι το τέλος, μέχρι τη νίκη της αγροτιάς και της εργατιάς, όλου του εργαζόμενου λαού…" \|url\=https://www.katiousa.gr/istoria/prosopa\-istoria/kostas\-gavriilidis\-mazi\-me\-to\-kke\-cheri\-cheri\-mechri\-to\-telos\-mechri\-ti\-niki\-tis\-agrotias\-kai\-tis\-ergatias\-olou\-tou\-ergazomenou\-laou/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-05 \|website\=Κατιούσα}}
During his military service for the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution "Russian Revolution") broke out.
### Migration to Greece
In 1920, his family left Russia and settled in [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"). They settled in the Kokkikia village, near Kilkis. Soon he became mayor of the village and later president of the *Union of Agrarian Cooperatives of Kilkis*.
Later, he joined the Agrarian Party, and in this context he participated in peasant struggles.
In 1932 he was elected in the parliament in the Thessaloniki regional unit and in 1936 mayor of Kilkis with *[All People's Front](/wiki/All_People_Front "All People Front")*. After the proclamation of the [Metaxas dictatorship](/wiki/Metaxas_dictatorship "Metaxas dictatorship") he was arrested and exiled to [Anafi](/wiki/Anafi "Anafi"). He escaped, but in 1938 he was arrested again and imprisoned in [Kerkyra](/wiki/Corfu "Corfu"). Later, during the [Axis occupation of Greece](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece "Axis occupation of Greece") he was transferred to the [Larissa](/wiki/Larissa "Larissa") concentration camp but managed to escape after the retreat of Italian troops from Greece. He joined the [National Liberation Front](/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_%28Greece%29 "National Liberation Front (Greece)") and in spring 1944 he was elected secretary of Agriculture in the Political Committee of National Liberation.
### After the liberation of Greece
After the signing of the [treaty of Varkiza](/wiki/Treaty_of_Varkiza "Treaty of Varkiza"), Gavriilidis was arrested during the [White terror](/wiki/White_Terror_%28Greece%29 "White Terror (Greece)") and exiled to [Icaria](/wiki/Icaria "Icaria"), [Makronisos](/wiki/Makronisos "Makronisos") and finally to [Agios Efstratios](/wiki/Agios_Efstratios "Agios Efstratios").
He was elected to the parliament in the September 1951 elections, along with 6 other political prisoners, but their being elected was cancelled by a court and they remained in exile.
In September 1952, he suffered a stroke and, after the authorities refused to transfer him to a hospital, he died.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Youth",
"Kostas Gavriilidis was born in 1898 in southern [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") in poor agrarian family. He studied to become a teacher, financed by one rich uncle of him, and became a teacher of the [Russian language](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=O ηγέτης της αγροτιάς Κώστας Γαβριηλίδης \\|url\\=http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID\\=570790 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109100758/http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID\\=570790 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Κώστας Γαβριηλίδης: \"Μαζί με το ΚΚΕ, χέρι χέρι μέχρι το τέλος, μέχρι τη νίκη της αγροτιάς και της εργατιάς, όλου του εργαζόμενου λαού…\" \\|url\\=https://www.katiousa.gr/istoria/prosopa\\-istoria/kostas\\-gavriilidis\\-mazi\\-me\\-to\\-kke\\-cheri\\-cheri\\-mechri\\-to\\-telos\\-mechri\\-ti\\-niki\\-tis\\-agrotias\\-kai\\-tis\\-ergatias\\-olou\\-tou\\-ergazomenou\\-laou/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-05 \\|website\\=Κατιούσα}}",
"During his military service for the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\") broke out.",
"### Migration to Greece",
"In 1920, his family left Russia and settled in [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"). They settled in the Kokkikia village, near Kilkis. Soon he became mayor of the village and later president of the *Union of Agrarian Cooperatives of Kilkis*.",
"Later, he joined the Agrarian Party, and in this context he participated in peasant struggles.",
"In 1932 he was elected in the parliament in the Thessaloniki regional unit and in 1936 mayor of Kilkis with *[All People's Front](/wiki/All_People_Front \"All People Front\")*. After the proclamation of the [Metaxas dictatorship](/wiki/Metaxas_dictatorship \"Metaxas dictatorship\") he was arrested and exiled to [Anafi](/wiki/Anafi \"Anafi\"). He escaped, but in 1938 he was arrested again and imprisoned in [Kerkyra](/wiki/Corfu \"Corfu\"). Later, during the [Axis occupation of Greece](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece \"Axis occupation of Greece\") he was transferred to the [Larissa](/wiki/Larissa \"Larissa\") concentration camp but managed to escape after the retreat of Italian troops from Greece. He joined the [National Liberation Front](/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_%28Greece%29 \"National Liberation Front (Greece)\") and in spring 1944 he was elected secretary of Agriculture in the Political Committee of National Liberation.",
"### After the liberation of Greece",
"After the signing of the [treaty of Varkiza](/wiki/Treaty_of_Varkiza \"Treaty of Varkiza\"), Gavriilidis was arrested during the [White terror](/wiki/White_Terror_%28Greece%29 \"White Terror (Greece)\") and exiled to [Icaria](/wiki/Icaria \"Icaria\"), [Makronisos](/wiki/Makronisos \"Makronisos\") and finally to [Agios Efstratios](/wiki/Agios_Efstratios \"Agios Efstratios\").",
"He was elected to the parliament in the September 1951 elections, along with 6 other political prisoners, but their being elected was cancelled by a court and they remained in exile.",
"In September 1952, he suffered a stroke and, after the authorities refused to transfer him to a hospital, he died.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Theatre
Hallard has been acting professionally since 1999, when he appeared in a production of *[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers](/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_%28musical%29 "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (musical)")* at the [Battersea Arts Centre](/wiki/Battersea_Arts_Centre "Battersea Arts Centre"). Since then his roles have included Sordo in *[Scenes from an Execution](/wiki/Scenes_from_an_Execution "Scenes from an Execution")* at the [Royal National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre"), [Lysander](/wiki/Lysander_%28Shakespeare%29 "Lysander (Shakespeare)") in *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream")*, Bill Taylor in the [Michael Frayn](/wiki/Michael_Frayn "Michael Frayn") farce *[Donkeys' Years](/wiki/Donkeys%27_Years "Donkeys' Years")*, Jack Worthing in *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest "The Importance of Being Earnest")* and Judah in *[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat](/wiki/Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat")*. His recent work includes the National Theatre production *[Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_%28play%29 "Great Britain (play)")* by [Richard Bean](/wiki/Richard_Bean "Richard Bean") in the ensemble multi\-character role of Jimmy the Bins/ St. John/Felix. In 2015 he played the leading role of [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing") in the UK premiere of the [Snoo Wilson](/wiki/Snoo_Wilson "Snoo Wilson") play *Lovesong of the Electric Bear* at the [Arts Theatre](/wiki/Arts_Theatre "Arts Theatre").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/london\-theatre/reviews/lovesong\-electric\-bear\-arts\_39101\.html\|title\=Lovesong of the Electric Bear (Above the Arts)\|date\=9 November 2015 }}
He played the lead role of Michael in a revival of [Mart Crowley](/wiki/Mart_Crowley "Mart Crowley")'s *[The Boys in the Band](/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_%28play%29 "The Boys in the Band (play)")* at the [Park Theatre (London)](/wiki/Park_Theatre_%28London%29 "Park Theatre (London)") and on a short UK tour in autumn 2016\. He then reprised the role when the show transferred to the [Vaudeville Theatre](/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre "Vaudeville Theatre") in February 2017\. His performance led to him being nominated as Best Actor in the [Whatsonstage.com](/wiki/Whatsonstage.com "Whatsonstage.com") theatre awards, alongside [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen "Ian McKellen"), [Jamie Parker](/wiki/Jamie_Parker "Jamie Parker"), [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh "Kenneth Branagh"), and [Ralph Fiennes](/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes "Ralph Fiennes").
In 2019, he starred in the revival of *[Closer to Heaven](/wiki/Closer_to_Heaven_%28musical%29 "Closer to Heaven (musical)")*, the musical written by [Jonathan Harvey](/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_%28playwright%29 "Jonathan Harvey (playwright)") and [Pet Shop Boys](/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys "Pet Shop Boys") at [Above the Stag Theatre](/wiki/Above_the_Stag_Theatre "Above the Stag Theatre").
In March 2021, he played the role of Richard in the first play he wrote, *Adventurous*, produced by [Jermyn Street Theatre](/wiki/Jermyn_Street_Theatre "Jermyn Street Theatre").
For the 2021/22 panto season, he was the [panto dame](/wiki/Panto_dame "Panto dame") in Beauty and the Beast at the [Towngate Theatre](/wiki/Towngate_Theatre "Towngate Theatre"), also starring [Simon Fielding](/wiki/Simon_Fielding "Simon Fielding"), Sophie Ladds and Madeleine Leslay.
For the 2022/23 panto season, he will appear as Mrs [Smee](/wiki/Smee "Smee") in [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan") at the Towngate again alongside Sophie Ladds.
### Television
Hallard has appeared in cult [BBC TV](/wiki/BBC_TV "BBC TV") shows such as *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")* as Alan\-a\-Dale in the 2014 episode "[Robot of Sherwood](/wiki/Robot_of_Sherwood "Robot of Sherwood")"; in *[Sherlock](/wiki/Sherlock_%28TV_series%29 "Sherlock (TV series)")* as Mr Crayhill in the 2011 episode "[The Reichenbach Fall](/wiki/The_Reichenbach_Fall "The Reichenbach Fall")", and on the long\-running BBC Daytime TV series *[Doctors](/wiki/Doctors_%282000_TV_series%29 "Doctors (2000 TV series)")*. He played one of the original directors of *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")*, [Richard Martin](/wiki/Richard_Martin_%28British_director%29 "Richard Martin (British director)"), in the BBC docu\-drama *[An Adventure in Space and Time](/wiki/An_Adventure_in_Space_and_Time "An Adventure in Space and Time")*. He appears in the sixth episode of the second season (“Vergangenheit”) of Netflix's series *The Crown,* as an employee of the minister of foreign affairs.
### Writing
Hallard co\-wrote *[The Big Four](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot "Agatha Christie's Poirot")* (2013\) with [Mark Gatiss](/wiki/Mark_Gatiss "Mark Gatiss") for the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)") series *[Agatha Christie: Poirot](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot "Agatha Christie's Poirot")*, starring [David Suchet](/wiki/David_Suchet "David Suchet"). He was the Script Associate on the [Poirot](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot "Agatha Christie's Poirot") episodes *[Cat Among the Pigeons](/wiki/Cat_Among_the_Pigeons "Cat Among the Pigeons")* (2008\) and *[Hallowe'en Party](/wiki/Hallowe%27en_Party "Hallowe'en Party")* (2010\).Q\&A With Ian Hallard. Investigating Poirot. [http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting\-poirot](http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting-poirot) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715094826/http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting\-poirot \|date\=15 July 2014 }}
His debut play *Adventurous* was produced by [Jermyn Street Theatre](/wiki/Jermyn_Street_Theatre "Jermyn Street Theatre"), and streamed online from 16–28 March 2021\.
Other writing for theatre includes *Horse\-Play* at [Riverside Studios](/wiki/Riverside_Studios "Riverside Studios"), a comedy starring [David Ames](/wiki/David_Ames_%28actor%29 "David Ames (actor)"), [Jake Maskall](/wiki/Jake_Maskall "Jake Maskall") and [Matt Lapinskas](/wiki/Matt_Lapinskas "Matt Lapinskas"); and *[The Way Old Friends Do](/wiki/The_Way_Old_Friends_Do_%28play%29 "The Way Old Friends Do (play)")*, which premiered at [Birmingham Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre "Birmingham Repertory Theatre") in February 2023\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Theatre",
"Hallard has been acting professionally since 1999, when he appeared in a production of *[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers](/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_%28musical%29 \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (musical)\")* at the [Battersea Arts Centre](/wiki/Battersea_Arts_Centre \"Battersea Arts Centre\"). Since then his roles have included Sordo in *[Scenes from an Execution](/wiki/Scenes_from_an_Execution \"Scenes from an Execution\")* at the [Royal National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\"), [Lysander](/wiki/Lysander_%28Shakespeare%29 \"Lysander (Shakespeare)\") in *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\")*, Bill Taylor in the [Michael Frayn](/wiki/Michael_Frayn \"Michael Frayn\") farce *[Donkeys' Years](/wiki/Donkeys%27_Years \"Donkeys' Years\")*, Jack Worthing in *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest \"The Importance of Being Earnest\")* and Judah in *[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat](/wiki/Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\")*. His recent work includes the National Theatre production *[Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_%28play%29 \"Great Britain (play)\")* by [Richard Bean](/wiki/Richard_Bean \"Richard Bean\") in the ensemble multi\\-character role of Jimmy the Bins/ St. John/Felix. In 2015 he played the leading role of [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing \"Alan Turing\") in the UK premiere of the [Snoo Wilson](/wiki/Snoo_Wilson \"Snoo Wilson\") play *Lovesong of the Electric Bear* at the [Arts Theatre](/wiki/Arts_Theatre \"Arts Theatre\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/london\\-theatre/reviews/lovesong\\-electric\\-bear\\-arts\\_39101\\.html\\|title\\=Lovesong of the Electric Bear (Above the Arts)\\|date\\=9 November 2015 }}",
"He played the lead role of Michael in a revival of [Mart Crowley](/wiki/Mart_Crowley \"Mart Crowley\")'s *[The Boys in the Band](/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_%28play%29 \"The Boys in the Band (play)\")* at the [Park Theatre (London)](/wiki/Park_Theatre_%28London%29 \"Park Theatre (London)\") and on a short UK tour in autumn 2016\\. He then reprised the role when the show transferred to the [Vaudeville Theatre](/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre \"Vaudeville Theatre\") in February 2017\\. His performance led to him being nominated as Best Actor in the [Whatsonstage.com](/wiki/Whatsonstage.com \"Whatsonstage.com\") theatre awards, alongside [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen \"Ian McKellen\"), [Jamie Parker](/wiki/Jamie_Parker \"Jamie Parker\"), [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh \"Kenneth Branagh\"), and [Ralph Fiennes](/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes \"Ralph Fiennes\").",
"In 2019, he starred in the revival of *[Closer to Heaven](/wiki/Closer_to_Heaven_%28musical%29 \"Closer to Heaven (musical)\")*, the musical written by [Jonathan Harvey](/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_%28playwright%29 \"Jonathan Harvey (playwright)\") and [Pet Shop Boys](/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys \"Pet Shop Boys\") at [Above the Stag Theatre](/wiki/Above_the_Stag_Theatre \"Above the Stag Theatre\").",
"In March 2021, he played the role of Richard in the first play he wrote, *Adventurous*, produced by [Jermyn Street Theatre](/wiki/Jermyn_Street_Theatre \"Jermyn Street Theatre\").\nFor the 2021/22 panto season, he was the [panto dame](/wiki/Panto_dame \"Panto dame\") in Beauty and the Beast at the [Towngate Theatre](/wiki/Towngate_Theatre \"Towngate Theatre\"), also starring [Simon Fielding](/wiki/Simon_Fielding \"Simon Fielding\"), Sophie Ladds and Madeleine Leslay.\nFor the 2022/23 panto season, he will appear as Mrs [Smee](/wiki/Smee \"Smee\") in [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\") at the Towngate again alongside Sophie Ladds.",
"### Television",
"Hallard has appeared in cult [BBC TV](/wiki/BBC_TV \"BBC TV\") shows such as *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")* as Alan\\-a\\-Dale in the 2014 episode \"[Robot of Sherwood](/wiki/Robot_of_Sherwood \"Robot of Sherwood\")\"; in *[Sherlock](/wiki/Sherlock_%28TV_series%29 \"Sherlock (TV series)\")* as Mr Crayhill in the 2011 episode \"[The Reichenbach Fall](/wiki/The_Reichenbach_Fall \"The Reichenbach Fall\")\", and on the long\\-running BBC Daytime TV series *[Doctors](/wiki/Doctors_%282000_TV_series%29 \"Doctors (2000 TV series)\")*. He played one of the original directors of *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")*, [Richard Martin](/wiki/Richard_Martin_%28British_director%29 \"Richard Martin (British director)\"), in the BBC docu\\-drama *[An Adventure in Space and Time](/wiki/An_Adventure_in_Space_and_Time \"An Adventure in Space and Time\")*. He appears in the sixth episode of the second season (“Vergangenheit”) of Netflix's series *The Crown,* as an employee of the minister of foreign affairs.",
"### Writing",
"Hallard co\\-wrote *[The Big Four](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\")* (2013\\) with [Mark Gatiss](/wiki/Mark_Gatiss \"Mark Gatiss\") for the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\") series *[Agatha Christie: Poirot](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\")*, starring [David Suchet](/wiki/David_Suchet \"David Suchet\"). He was the Script Associate on the [Poirot](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\") episodes *[Cat Among the Pigeons](/wiki/Cat_Among_the_Pigeons \"Cat Among the Pigeons\")* (2008\\) and *[Hallowe'en Party](/wiki/Hallowe%27en_Party \"Hallowe'en Party\")* (2010\\).Q\\&A With Ian Hallard. Investigating Poirot. [http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting\\-poirot](http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting-poirot) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715094826/http://www.agathachristie.com/news/feature/adapting\\-poirot \\|date\\=15 July 2014 }}",
"His debut play *Adventurous* was produced by [Jermyn Street Theatre](/wiki/Jermyn_Street_Theatre \"Jermyn Street Theatre\"), and streamed online from 16–28 March 2021\\.",
"Other writing for theatre includes *Horse\\-Play* at [Riverside Studios](/wiki/Riverside_Studios \"Riverside Studios\"), a comedy starring [David Ames](/wiki/David_Ames_%28actor%29 \"David Ames (actor)\"), [Jake Maskall](/wiki/Jake_Maskall \"Jake Maskall\") and [Matt Lapinskas](/wiki/Matt_Lapinskas \"Matt Lapinskas\"); and *[The Way Old Friends Do](/wiki/The_Way_Old_Friends_Do_%28play%29 \"The Way Old Friends Do (play)\")*, which premiered at [Birmingham Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre \"Birmingham Repertory Theatre\") in February 2023\\.",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
Edwin Ume\-Ezeoke was the ninth son of his father's fourteen sons and was born at Obiagu village, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke and Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (later baptized and renamed Elizabeth). His father became a warrant chief in 1914 and held that position until his death on 23 June 1952\. His mother was the daughter of Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi of the present day Ihitenansa in present\-day Imo State.
His Father being the President of the Customary Court by virtue of his position as the traditional ruler of the town, traveled a lot and always took his son Edwin with him. It was during these trips to the Customary Court combined with his occasional presence at the settlement of inter\-village disputes that his interest in the study of Law was born.
Young Edwin's education commenced at St. Eugenia's Catholic Primary School, Obiagu Village, Amichi in 1943\. Displaying early signs of leadership abilities, he was made the class monitor and was saddled with the responsibility of being the school regulator/bell ringer. He captained the school football team and participated actively in athletics, winning a number of prizes during the Empire Games held annually at Nnewi during the British Colonial rule. He passed out in 1951 with the First School Leaving Certificate.
Edwin Ume\-Ezeoke passed the entrance examination into the prestigious St. Patrick's College, Calabar in 1952 and was admitted into the college by the then principal, Rev. Fr. Keans. The college exposed him and enabled him to interact with other students of different ethnic groups. It was not long before his leadership qualities were once again detected and recognized. He became dormitory prefect and college Athletics Captain and led his team to victory in 1955 during the Calabar Provincial Winston Parnaby Athletics competition for colleges in Calabar.
He passed out from St. Patrick's College in 1956 and obtained his West African School Certificate. Because it usually took a year for the results to be made public, he applied and was employed as a teacher at St. Michael's Catholic School, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. of Anambra State.
Edwin resigned his teaching appointment and proceeded to Port Harcourt in 1958 where he secured appointment in the Department of Custom and Excise. The nature of his work was to collect revenue such as taxes and government duties on goods imported into Nigeria. While working in Customs he furthered his education through a private institution and obtained Advanced level Pass in History. He resigned his appointment with Customs and Excise Department and his quest for further knowledge took him to England in 1960 financially supported by his older brother, Geoffrey.
In London, Edwin Ume\-Ezeoke initially attended the North\-Western Polytechnic from 1960 to 1962\. He then acquired the G.C.E. Advanced Level in Economics, History and British Constitution. With his advanced Level, he was admitted in the Inns of Court Middle Temple to study law.. He proceeded to [Holburn College of Law](/wiki/Holborn_College "Holborn College"), University of London and finished successfully in 1966 with an award of LLB (Hons) and returned to Nigeria. Thereafter he was called to the Bar.
Ume\-Ezeoke died on 1st August, 2011\. {{Cite journal \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2023 \|title\=A portrait of Hon. Edwin Ume\-Ezeoke (speaker, house of representative 1979\-1983\). \|url\=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20\.500\.14186/1188 \|journal\=National Library of Nigeria \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"Edwin Ume\\-Ezeoke was the ninth son of his father's fourteen sons and was born at Obiagu village, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke and Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (later baptized and renamed Elizabeth). His father became a warrant chief in 1914 and held that position until his death on 23 June 1952\\. His mother was the daughter of Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi of the present day Ihitenansa in present\\-day Imo State.",
"His Father being the President of the Customary Court by virtue of his position as the traditional ruler of the town, traveled a lot and always took his son Edwin with him. It was during these trips to the Customary Court combined with his occasional presence at the settlement of inter\\-village disputes that his interest in the study of Law was born.",
"Young Edwin's education commenced at St. Eugenia's Catholic Primary School, Obiagu Village, Amichi in 1943\\. Displaying early signs of leadership abilities, he was made the class monitor and was saddled with the responsibility of being the school regulator/bell ringer. He captained the school football team and participated actively in athletics, winning a number of prizes during the Empire Games held annually at Nnewi during the British Colonial rule. He passed out in 1951 with the First School Leaving Certificate.",
"Edwin Ume\\-Ezeoke passed the entrance examination into the prestigious St. Patrick's College, Calabar in 1952 and was admitted into the college by the then principal, Rev. Fr. Keans. The college exposed him and enabled him to interact with other students of different ethnic groups. It was not long before his leadership qualities were once again detected and recognized. He became dormitory prefect and college Athletics Captain and led his team to victory in 1955 during the Calabar Provincial Winston Parnaby Athletics competition for colleges in Calabar.",
"He passed out from St. Patrick's College in 1956 and obtained his West African School Certificate. Because it usually took a year for the results to be made public, he applied and was employed as a teacher at St. Michael's Catholic School, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. of Anambra State.",
"Edwin resigned his teaching appointment and proceeded to Port Harcourt in 1958 where he secured appointment in the Department of Custom and Excise. The nature of his work was to collect revenue such as taxes and government duties on goods imported into Nigeria. While working in Customs he furthered his education through a private institution and obtained Advanced level Pass in History. He resigned his appointment with Customs and Excise Department and his quest for further knowledge took him to England in 1960 financially supported by his older brother, Geoffrey.",
"In London, Edwin Ume\\-Ezeoke initially attended the North\\-Western Polytechnic from 1960 to 1962\\. He then acquired the G.C.E. Advanced Level in Economics, History and British Constitution. With his advanced Level, he was admitted in the Inns of Court Middle Temple to study law.. He proceeded to [Holburn College of Law](/wiki/Holborn_College \"Holborn College\"), University of London and finished successfully in 1966 with an award of LLB (Hons) and returned to Nigeria. Thereafter he was called to the Bar.",
"",
"Ume\\-Ezeoke died on 1st August, 2011\\. {{Cite journal \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=A portrait of Hon. Edwin Ume\\-Ezeoke (speaker, house of representative 1979\\-1983\\). \\|url\\=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20\\.500\\.14186/1188 \\|journal\\=National Library of Nigeria \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
History
-------
EGHC Men's 1st Team first [EHL](/wiki/Men%27s_England_Hockey_League "Men's England Hockey League") title came in 1983, they then won the National Indoor Hockey League in 1986\. In 2006 the men's Indoor squad were the National Indoor Champions, so that the 2006/7 season saw East Grinstead competing in Europe for the first time in many years. The Club represented England at the European Indoor Champions Trophy in Brussels, winning Silver medals, and securing promotion to the A Division of the Indoor Championship next season. In 2007 the indoor squad became National Indoor League Champions for the first time in their history, and finished runners up in the National Indoor Championship.
In the 2006/07 season the 1st XI finished 4th in the English Hockey League and were finalists in the EH National Cup for the second successive season. In order to gain experience of playing in a more competitive environment the men's 2nd XI and 3rd XI both made their debut in the [London Higgins League](/wiki/London_Hockey_League "London Hockey League"), with the 2nd XI finished in top half of the Premier Division, while the 3rd XI entered the League in Division 2 and won promotion to Division 1 by finishing second. The U21 boys were Sussex Champions for the 4th year running; the Men's 2s and the Vets both won the Sussex Cup. Five of the 1st team squad and the team manager were selected to take part in the inaugural GB Super Leagues at the end of the season. EGHC won the BBC South East Club of the Year Award.
In 2008 EG successfully defended their National Indoor League title, were finalists in the English National Cup in 2006 and 2007 and obtained their highest ever placing in the English Hockey League in 2007/08 as runners\-up meaning that they qualified for [Euro Hockey League](/wiki/Euro_Hockey_League "Euro Hockey League"). In 2009 the 1st XI won the English Hockey League for the second time, they won the National Indoor Hockey League and also got to the last 8 of the European outdoor finals. They retained both their crowns and added the European Indoor Trophy after winning the competition for the first time in their history, but unfortunately got knocked out of the last 16 in the European outdoor finals.
The club was awarded England Hockey 'Club of the Year' in 2009 and is in the shortlisted for 2023\. They competed in the National Indoor Finals 2011 as reigning champions and retained their crown after only losing 1 of 10 games and winning the rest on the way to the final at Wembley Arena, they beat Beeston 8\-5 in the final. In the 2010\-11 season outdoor season, despite dominating the league, they lost in the championship play off final to Beeston 2\-1, in the Euro Hockey League they got knocked out in the Last 16 to rivals Reading HC.
The Womens 1st XI have been Sussex Premier Division champions on several occasions, and also won the EH Vase in 2009\. They won promotion from the [South](/wiki/Southern_Counties_Hockey_Association_%28field_hockey%29 "Southern Counties Hockey Association (field hockey)") Club's Women's Hockey League Division 3B to Division 2 in 2010/11, from Division 2 to Division 1 in 2011/12, to the [National League](/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League "Women's England Hockey League") East Conference in 2012/13 and to the Premier League in 2014/15 for the first time in their history.
The club mourned the death of Dennis Leman who died on 12 August 2010, he was a key figure in promoting EGHC status into what it is today. He was the EGHC president from 1972–1977 and was captain of the 1st XI side from 1952\- 1962\. EG also mourned the death of Frank Farrell who died on 3 June 2010\. He was president of the Sussex Hockey Association between 1983–1993 and also managed Lewes HC for many years but was a frequent visitor to EGHC.
During the [2020–21 Women's Hockey League season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Women%27s_Hockey_League_season "2020–21 Women's Hockey League season"), the women's team led the Premier Division before it was cancelled due to [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") but the team gained consolation by defeating [Clifton Robinsons](/wiki/Clifton_Hockey_Club "Clifton Hockey Club") 5\-3 in the final of the [Women's Championship Cup](/wiki/England_Hockey_Women%27s_Championship_Cup "England Hockey Women's Championship Cup").{{cite web\|url\=https://shared2\.sportsmanager.ie/\~englandhockey/league/157775/\|title\=WOMENS CLUB CHAMPIONSHIPS 2021\|publisher\=England Hockey\|access\-date\=17 July 2021\|archive\-date\=11 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711025522/https://shared2\.sportsmanager.ie/\~englandhockey/league/157775/\|url\-status\=dead}} The success continued during the [2022–23 Women's England Hockey League season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Women%27s_England_Hockey_League_season "2022–23 Women's England Hockey League season") when the women won their first ever title after beating [Surbiton](/wiki/Surbiton_Hockey_Club "Surbiton Hockey Club") 3–2 in the play off final.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/media/news/england\-hockey\-league\-premier\-division\-finals\-2023 \|title\=England Hockey League Premier Division Finals 2023 \|website\=England Hockey \|access\-date\=4 April 2023}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"EGHC Men's 1st Team first [EHL](/wiki/Men%27s_England_Hockey_League \"Men's England Hockey League\") title came in 1983, they then won the National Indoor Hockey League in 1986\\. In 2006 the men's Indoor squad were the National Indoor Champions, so that the 2006/7 season saw East Grinstead competing in Europe for the first time in many years. The Club represented England at the European Indoor Champions Trophy in Brussels, winning Silver medals, and securing promotion to the A Division of the Indoor Championship next season. In 2007 the indoor squad became National Indoor League Champions for the first time in their history, and finished runners up in the National Indoor Championship.",
"In the 2006/07 season the 1st XI finished 4th in the English Hockey League and were finalists in the EH National Cup for the second successive season. In order to gain experience of playing in a more competitive environment the men's 2nd XI and 3rd XI both made their debut in the [London Higgins League](/wiki/London_Hockey_League \"London Hockey League\"), with the 2nd XI finished in top half of the Premier Division, while the 3rd XI entered the League in Division 2 and won promotion to Division 1 by finishing second. The U21 boys were Sussex Champions for the 4th year running; the Men's 2s and the Vets both won the Sussex Cup. Five of the 1st team squad and the team manager were selected to take part in the inaugural GB Super Leagues at the end of the season. EGHC won the BBC South East Club of the Year Award.",
"In 2008 EG successfully defended their National Indoor League title, were finalists in the English National Cup in 2006 and 2007 and obtained their highest ever placing in the English Hockey League in 2007/08 as runners\\-up meaning that they qualified for [Euro Hockey League](/wiki/Euro_Hockey_League \"Euro Hockey League\"). In 2009 the 1st XI won the English Hockey League for the second time, they won the National Indoor Hockey League and also got to the last 8 of the European outdoor finals. They retained both their crowns and added the European Indoor Trophy after winning the competition for the first time in their history, but unfortunately got knocked out of the last 16 in the European outdoor finals.",
"The club was awarded England Hockey 'Club of the Year' in 2009 and is in the shortlisted for 2023\\. They competed in the National Indoor Finals 2011 as reigning champions and retained their crown after only losing 1 of 10 games and winning the rest on the way to the final at Wembley Arena, they beat Beeston 8\\-5 in the final. In the 2010\\-11 season outdoor season, despite dominating the league, they lost in the championship play off final to Beeston 2\\-1, in the Euro Hockey League they got knocked out in the Last 16 to rivals Reading HC.",
"The Womens 1st XI have been Sussex Premier Division champions on several occasions, and also won the EH Vase in 2009\\. They won promotion from the [South](/wiki/Southern_Counties_Hockey_Association_%28field_hockey%29 \"Southern Counties Hockey Association (field hockey)\") Club's Women's Hockey League Division 3B to Division 2 in 2010/11, from Division 2 to Division 1 in 2011/12, to the [National League](/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League \"Women's England Hockey League\") East Conference in 2012/13 and to the Premier League in 2014/15 for the first time in their history.",
"The club mourned the death of Dennis Leman who died on 12 August 2010, he was a key figure in promoting EGHC status into what it is today. He was the EGHC president from 1972–1977 and was captain of the 1st XI side from 1952\\- 1962\\. EG also mourned the death of Frank Farrell who died on 3 June 2010\\. He was president of the Sussex Hockey Association between 1983–1993 and also managed Lewes HC for many years but was a frequent visitor to EGHC.",
"During the [2020–21 Women's Hockey League season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Women%27s_Hockey_League_season \"2020–21 Women's Hockey League season\"), the women's team led the Premier Division before it was cancelled due to [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") but the team gained consolation by defeating [Clifton Robinsons](/wiki/Clifton_Hockey_Club \"Clifton Hockey Club\") 5\\-3 in the final of the [Women's Championship Cup](/wiki/England_Hockey_Women%27s_Championship_Cup \"England Hockey Women's Championship Cup\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://shared2\\.sportsmanager.ie/\\~englandhockey/league/157775/\\|title\\=WOMENS CLUB CHAMPIONSHIPS 2021\\|publisher\\=England Hockey\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711025522/https://shared2\\.sportsmanager.ie/\\~englandhockey/league/157775/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The success continued during the [2022–23 Women's England Hockey League season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Women%27s_England_Hockey_League_season \"2022–23 Women's England Hockey League season\") when the women won their first ever title after beating [Surbiton](/wiki/Surbiton_Hockey_Club \"Surbiton Hockey Club\") 3–2 in the play off final.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/media/news/england\\-hockey\\-league\\-premier\\-division\\-finals\\-2023 \\|title\\=England Hockey League Premier Division Finals 2023 \\|website\\=England Hockey \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Historic steam on the Rigi. *Rigibahn* No.16, built by SLM (Works No.2871\) in 1923\.](/wiki/File:Historic_steam_train_on_the_Rigi.jpg "Historic steam train on the Rigi.jpg")
[thumb\|This locomotive is still used in historic rides on special occasions. Built in 1873, it is the only remaining standard gauge rack fitted vertical boilered loco in the world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rigi.ch/en/navpage.cfm?category\=RigiEventWVR\&subcat\=RigiExperienceRIGI\&id\=327161 \|title\=Steam trips with engine No. 7; 2009 \|archivedate\=28 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328201802/http://www.rigi.ch/en/navpage.cfm?category\=RigiEventWVR\&subcat\=RigiExperienceRIGI\&id\=327161 }} The two cylinder steam engine provides 196 PS power under 7\.5 km/h speed. The loco was removed from service in 1937, when the railway was electrified, but has been returned in 1996 for the 125th anniversary of the railway. Normally it is on exhibition at the Swiss transport museum and has run again in 2009 and 2021\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wvrt.ch/files/?id\=14259 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529073657/http://www.wvrt.ch/files/?id\=14259 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|title\=Auskunftsblatt der Sammlung des Verkehrshauses der Schweiz Luzern \|lang\=de\-ch \|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-29 }}](/wiki/File:20210613_Rigi-35.jpg "20210613 Rigi-35.jpg")
### Building of the Vitznau–Rigi railway
{{main\|Vitznau–Rigi railway line}}
Aware of the scenic location of Mount Rigi, Swiss engineer [Niklaus Riggenbach](/wiki/Niklaus_Riggenbach "Niklaus Riggenbach") masterminded the construction of a railway from [Vitznau](/wiki/Vitznau%2C_Switzerland "Vitznau, Switzerland"), on the shores of Lake Lucerne and the southern flank of Mount Rigi, to a point close to its summit. He already had the technology as he had patented, in France in 1863, a system of toothed racks set between the [railway tracks](/wiki/Railway_tracks "Railway tracks") interlocking with [cogwheels](/wiki/Gear "Gear") fitted under the [locomotives](/wiki/Locomotive "Locomotive").
Jointly, with fellow engineers Olivier Zschokke and Adolf Naef, he submitted an application to the [canton of Lucerne](/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne "Canton of Lucerne") for permission to build a line from Vitznau to Rigi Staffelhöhe, a point somewhat below the summit of Rigi, but the nearest point to the summit within that canton. The cantonal administration already knew of the success of the Mount Washington Railway and saw the advantages in this construction, granting permission on 9 June 1869\.
The construction itself began in the following September, the limited liability company, which had offered 1250 shares was greatly over\-subscribed on the first day of issue. On 21 May 1870, Riggenbach's birthday, locomotive No.1, named *Stadt Luzern*, made its first trial run. Exactly one year later the first mountain railway using rack and pinion technology was officially opened.{{sfnp\|Cole\|2011\|p\=52}} Riggenbach, never noted for missing an opportunity, drove the first train to the upper terminus at Rigi Staffelhöhe.
The line, from Vitznau to Rigi Staffelhöhe was {{convert\|5\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} long and climbed a total of {{convert\|1115\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|abbr\=on}} to reach a height of {{convert\|1550\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|abbr\=on}} at its summit, the maximum gradient being 1 in 4 (25%).
### Trains reach the summit
As originally built, the Vitznau–Rigi railway only reached Rigi Staffelhöhe, as that was the cantonal boundary between the [canton of Lucerne](/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne "Canton of Lucerne") and the [canton of Schwyz](/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz "Canton of Schwyz"). The summit of Mount Rigi is situated in the canton of Schwyz, along with the northern slopes of the mountain and the [town of Arth](/wiki/Arth "Arth") on [Lake Zug](/wiki/Lake_Zug "Lake Zug") below.
In 1870, a committee made up of 12 citizens of Arth were granted a concession from the Schwyz Cantonal Council for a railway to operate from Arth via Oberarth to Rigi Kulm, together with a second line to connect Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm. The same engineering team who were responsible for the Vitznau–Rigi railway also undertook responsibility for the construction for these lines.
The Arth company started by building the line from Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm, and this was ready for opening in time for the summer traffic in 1873\. This line made an end\-on connection with that from Vitznau and the Vitznau company operated their trains over it, paying the Arth company a ground rent for its use. This state of affairs continued until the merger in 1992\.
The line from Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm, was just {{convert\|1\.8\|km\|mi\|1\|abbr\=on}} long but enabled trains to reach the summit at Rigi Kulm, a height of {{convert\|1752\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|abbr\=on}} above sea level, a climb of a further {{convert\|202\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|abbr\=on}} from Rigi Staffelhöhe.
### Building of the Arth–Rigi railway
[thumb\|The high\-level platform of the Arth–Rigi railway at Arth\-Goldau station, with mainline platforms underneath.](/wiki/File:Rigi_2012_004.jpg "Rigi 2012 004.jpg")
{{main\|Arth–Rigi railway line}}
By the time construction started on the main line of the Arth–Rigi railway, construction had also started on the [Gotthard railway](/wiki/Gotthard_railway "Gotthard railway"), and it was clear that this main line railway would include a station in Arth, now known as [Arth\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station "Arth-Goldau railway station"). It was clearly important that the Arth–Rigi line should connect with this station.
The concession to construct the Arth–Rigi railway was ceded, in 1873, to the International Company for Mountain Railways in Aarau, a company founded by Riggenbach and this company carried out the railway project as general contractor at a cost of CHF 4\.2 million and also supplied five of the six steam locomotives needed to operate it. Construction of the first section, that from Arth\-am\-See, a station by Lake Zug, to Oberarth commenced in 1873 and once the position of the railway station had been agreed with the main line company, in 1874, construction work on the second section began, the Arth–Rigi railway becoming operational on 4 June 1875\. The line offered only summertime services until 1884 when year\-round operation commenced.
The line from Arth to the junction at Rigi Staffelhöhe was {{convert\|6\.8\|km\|mi\|1\|abbr\=on}} long, making the total length of the Arth line {{convert\|8\.6\|km\|mi\|1\|abbr\=on}} The maximum gradient is 1 in 5 (20%)
### Building of the Rigi–Scheidegg Railway
{{main\|Rigi–Scheidegg\_railway}}
Whilst the Arth–Rigi railway was under construction, another line on the Rigi massif was also being built. This linked [Rigi Kaltbad](/wiki/Rigi_Kaltbad "Rigi Kaltbad"), on the Vitznau\-Rigi line, with [Rigi Scheidegg](/wiki/Rigi_Scheidegg "Rigi Scheidegg") to the east. Unlike the previous two lines, the [Rigi–Scheidegg Railway](/wiki/Rigi%E2%80%93Scheidegg_Railway "Rigi–Scheidegg Railway") followed the contours near the top of the mountain, rather than climbing it, and was not a rack railway. Also unlike the other two lines, it was built to {{Track gauge\|1m\|allk\=on}} rather than standard gauge, and so never made a direct connection to the other lines. The line opened, in two stages, in 1874 and 1875\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eingestellte\-bahnen.ch/22048/84301\.html \|title\=Rigi–Scheidegg Bahn RSB \|publisher\=Jürg Ehrbar \|location\=Zweisimmen, Switzerland \|language\=German \|work\=eingestellte\-bahnen.ch \|accessdate\=2016\-09\-29}}
### Electrification
The first electrification, on the short section of line from Arth to Goldau, came with the commencement of the winter timetable in 1906\. The mountain section from Goldau to Rigi Kulm, only operated in the summer until 1928, had the power switched on the following year, making this the first standard gauge rack and pinion railway in the country to convert to electric traction. Electrification continued in 1937 when the other side of the mountain, the line from Vitznau, came under the wires. The electrification programme supplied power at 1500 V [Direct Current](/wiki/Direct_Current "Direct Current") from overhead wires.
### Closures and a new line
[thumb\|The closed Rigi–Scheidegg Railway](/wiki/File:Rigi_closed_section_2.jpg "Rigi closed section 2.jpg")
In 1931 the Rigi–Scheidegg Railway, which had never been electrified, was closed. This line, which includes a {{convert\|70\|m\|ft\|0\|adj\=on}} tunnel and several bridges, now serves as a panoramic [footpath](/wiki/Rail_trail "Rail trail") and in winter is also used for cross country skiing.
It was not until 1 January 1959, when the section of the Arth–Rigi line between Arth, on Lake Zug, and [Arth\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station "Arth-Goldau railway station") was replaced by a bus service, that the second closure took place. The Arth–Rigi line then terminated in its station above the main line tracks.
A new rail connection was built at {{rws\|Rigi Staffel}}, linking the Arth–Rigi railway and the Vitznau–Rigi railway, and opened in 1990\.
### Merger and aerial tramways
In 1967 the Swiss government granted an operating licence for an [aerial cableway](/wiki/Aerial_tramway "Aerial tramway") to run from near the shores of Lake Lucerne to a point near the summit of Mount Rigi. To avoid direct competition with the Vitznau–Rigi railway, the aerial cableway was to run from Weggis, where connections were available with the lake steamers from Lucerne, to meet the railway at Rigi Kaltbad. The licence was granted to the Rigi Railway Company.
The construction period was short, a mere eleven months saw the new aerial cableway completed and the opening took place on 15 July 1968\. The cable car rises from the lakeside some {{convert\|924\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|abbr\=on}} to its summit and has a journey time of just 10 minutes. A {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=4\|adj\=on}} pathway at Rigi Kaltbad connects the mountain station of the cable car with the railway station.
The technical installations were the work of [K. Garaventa \& Sons](/wiki/K._Garaventa_%26_Sons "K. Garaventa & Sons") of [Goldau](/wiki/Goldau "Goldau"), and the large cabins were supplied by the Carrosseriewerke Company of Aarburg. On the 25th anniversary of the opening of the cable car (in 1993\), the original two red passenger cabins were replaced by modern panorama cabins.
In 1992 the two railway companies merged to become the **Rigi Railways Company** and in the same year took over the Rigi Ski Lift Company.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Historic steam on the Rigi. *Rigibahn* No.16, built by SLM (Works No.2871\\) in 1923\\.](/wiki/File:Historic_steam_train_on_the_Rigi.jpg \"Historic steam train on the Rigi.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|This locomotive is still used in historic rides on special occasions. Built in 1873, it is the only remaining standard gauge rack fitted vertical boilered loco in the world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rigi.ch/en/navpage.cfm?category\\=RigiEventWVR\\&subcat\\=RigiExperienceRIGI\\&id\\=327161 \\|title\\=Steam trips with engine No. 7; 2009 \\|archivedate\\=28 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328201802/http://www.rigi.ch/en/navpage.cfm?category\\=RigiEventWVR\\&subcat\\=RigiExperienceRIGI\\&id\\=327161 }} The two cylinder steam engine provides 196 PS power under 7\\.5 km/h speed. The loco was removed from service in 1937, when the railway was electrified, but has been returned in 1996 for the 125th anniversary of the railway. Normally it is on exhibition at the Swiss transport museum and has run again in 2009 and 2021\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wvrt.ch/files/?id\\=14259 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529073657/http://www.wvrt.ch/files/?id\\=14259 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|title\\=Auskunftsblatt der Sammlung des Verkehrshauses der Schweiz Luzern \\|lang\\=de\\-ch \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-29 }}](/wiki/File:20210613_Rigi-35.jpg \"20210613 Rigi-35.jpg\")",
"### Building of the Vitznau–Rigi railway",
"{{main\\|Vitznau–Rigi railway line}}\nAware of the scenic location of Mount Rigi, Swiss engineer [Niklaus Riggenbach](/wiki/Niklaus_Riggenbach \"Niklaus Riggenbach\") masterminded the construction of a railway from [Vitznau](/wiki/Vitznau%2C_Switzerland \"Vitznau, Switzerland\"), on the shores of Lake Lucerne and the southern flank of Mount Rigi, to a point close to its summit. He already had the technology as he had patented, in France in 1863, a system of toothed racks set between the [railway tracks](/wiki/Railway_tracks \"Railway tracks\") interlocking with [cogwheels](/wiki/Gear \"Gear\") fitted under the [locomotives](/wiki/Locomotive \"Locomotive\").",
"Jointly, with fellow engineers Olivier Zschokke and Adolf Naef, he submitted an application to the [canton of Lucerne](/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne \"Canton of Lucerne\") for permission to build a line from Vitznau to Rigi Staffelhöhe, a point somewhat below the summit of Rigi, but the nearest point to the summit within that canton. The cantonal administration already knew of the success of the Mount Washington Railway and saw the advantages in this construction, granting permission on 9 June 1869\\.",
"The construction itself began in the following September, the limited liability company, which had offered 1250 shares was greatly over\\-subscribed on the first day of issue. On 21 May 1870, Riggenbach's birthday, locomotive No.1, named *Stadt Luzern*, made its first trial run. Exactly one year later the first mountain railway using rack and pinion technology was officially opened.{{sfnp\\|Cole\\|2011\\|p\\=52}} Riggenbach, never noted for missing an opportunity, drove the first train to the upper terminus at Rigi Staffelhöhe.",
"The line, from Vitznau to Rigi Staffelhöhe was {{convert\\|5\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} long and climbed a total of {{convert\\|1115\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|abbr\\=on}} to reach a height of {{convert\\|1550\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|abbr\\=on}} at its summit, the maximum gradient being 1 in 4 (25%).",
"### Trains reach the summit",
"As originally built, the Vitznau–Rigi railway only reached Rigi Staffelhöhe, as that was the cantonal boundary between the [canton of Lucerne](/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne \"Canton of Lucerne\") and the [canton of Schwyz](/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz \"Canton of Schwyz\"). The summit of Mount Rigi is situated in the canton of Schwyz, along with the northern slopes of the mountain and the [town of Arth](/wiki/Arth \"Arth\") on [Lake Zug](/wiki/Lake_Zug \"Lake Zug\") below.",
"In 1870, a committee made up of 12 citizens of Arth were granted a concession from the Schwyz Cantonal Council for a railway to operate from Arth via Oberarth to Rigi Kulm, together with a second line to connect Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm. The same engineering team who were responsible for the Vitznau–Rigi railway also undertook responsibility for the construction for these lines.",
"The Arth company started by building the line from Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm, and this was ready for opening in time for the summer traffic in 1873\\. This line made an end\\-on connection with that from Vitznau and the Vitznau company operated their trains over it, paying the Arth company a ground rent for its use. This state of affairs continued until the merger in 1992\\.",
"The line from Rigi Staffelhöhe to Rigi Kulm, was just {{convert\\|1\\.8\\|km\\|mi\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} long but enabled trains to reach the summit at Rigi Kulm, a height of {{convert\\|1752\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|abbr\\=on}} above sea level, a climb of a further {{convert\\|202\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|abbr\\=on}} from Rigi Staffelhöhe.",
"### Building of the Arth–Rigi railway",
"[thumb\\|The high\\-level platform of the Arth–Rigi railway at Arth\\-Goldau station, with mainline platforms underneath.](/wiki/File:Rigi_2012_004.jpg \"Rigi 2012 004.jpg\")\n{{main\\|Arth–Rigi railway line}}\nBy the time construction started on the main line of the Arth–Rigi railway, construction had also started on the [Gotthard railway](/wiki/Gotthard_railway \"Gotthard railway\"), and it was clear that this main line railway would include a station in Arth, now known as [Arth\\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station \"Arth-Goldau railway station\"). It was clearly important that the Arth–Rigi line should connect with this station.",
"The concession to construct the Arth–Rigi railway was ceded, in 1873, to the International Company for Mountain Railways in Aarau, a company founded by Riggenbach and this company carried out the railway project as general contractor at a cost of CHF 4\\.2 million and also supplied five of the six steam locomotives needed to operate it. Construction of the first section, that from Arth\\-am\\-See, a station by Lake Zug, to Oberarth commenced in 1873 and once the position of the railway station had been agreed with the main line company, in 1874, construction work on the second section began, the Arth–Rigi railway becoming operational on 4 June 1875\\. The line offered only summertime services until 1884 when year\\-round operation commenced.",
"The line from Arth to the junction at Rigi Staffelhöhe was {{convert\\|6\\.8\\|km\\|mi\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} long, making the total length of the Arth line {{convert\\|8\\.6\\|km\\|mi\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} The maximum gradient is 1 in 5 (20%)",
"### Building of the Rigi–Scheidegg Railway",
"{{main\\|Rigi–Scheidegg\\_railway}}\nWhilst the Arth–Rigi railway was under construction, another line on the Rigi massif was also being built. This linked [Rigi Kaltbad](/wiki/Rigi_Kaltbad \"Rigi Kaltbad\"), on the Vitznau\\-Rigi line, with [Rigi Scheidegg](/wiki/Rigi_Scheidegg \"Rigi Scheidegg\") to the east. Unlike the previous two lines, the [Rigi–Scheidegg Railway](/wiki/Rigi%E2%80%93Scheidegg_Railway \"Rigi–Scheidegg Railway\") followed the contours near the top of the mountain, rather than climbing it, and was not a rack railway. Also unlike the other two lines, it was built to {{Track gauge\\|1m\\|allk\\=on}} rather than standard gauge, and so never made a direct connection to the other lines. The line opened, in two stages, in 1874 and 1875\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eingestellte\\-bahnen.ch/22048/84301\\.html \\|title\\=Rigi–Scheidegg Bahn RSB \\|publisher\\=Jürg Ehrbar \\|location\\=Zweisimmen, Switzerland \\|language\\=German \\|work\\=eingestellte\\-bahnen.ch \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-09\\-29}}",
"### Electrification",
"The first electrification, on the short section of line from Arth to Goldau, came with the commencement of the winter timetable in 1906\\. The mountain section from Goldau to Rigi Kulm, only operated in the summer until 1928, had the power switched on the following year, making this the first standard gauge rack and pinion railway in the country to convert to electric traction. Electrification continued in 1937 when the other side of the mountain, the line from Vitznau, came under the wires. The electrification programme supplied power at 1500 V [Direct Current](/wiki/Direct_Current \"Direct Current\") from overhead wires.",
"### Closures and a new line",
"[thumb\\|The closed Rigi–Scheidegg Railway](/wiki/File:Rigi_closed_section_2.jpg \"Rigi closed section 2.jpg\")\nIn 1931 the Rigi–Scheidegg Railway, which had never been electrified, was closed. This line, which includes a {{convert\\|70\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} tunnel and several bridges, now serves as a panoramic [footpath](/wiki/Rail_trail \"Rail trail\") and in winter is also used for cross country skiing.",
"It was not until 1 January 1959, when the section of the Arth–Rigi line between Arth, on Lake Zug, and [Arth\\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station \"Arth-Goldau railway station\") was replaced by a bus service, that the second closure took place. The Arth–Rigi line then terminated in its station above the main line tracks.",
"A new rail connection was built at {{rws\\|Rigi Staffel}}, linking the Arth–Rigi railway and the Vitznau–Rigi railway, and opened in 1990\\.",
"### Merger and aerial tramways",
"In 1967 the Swiss government granted an operating licence for an [aerial cableway](/wiki/Aerial_tramway \"Aerial tramway\") to run from near the shores of Lake Lucerne to a point near the summit of Mount Rigi. To avoid direct competition with the Vitznau–Rigi railway, the aerial cableway was to run from Weggis, where connections were available with the lake steamers from Lucerne, to meet the railway at Rigi Kaltbad. The licence was granted to the Rigi Railway Company.",
"The construction period was short, a mere eleven months saw the new aerial cableway completed and the opening took place on 15 July 1968\\. The cable car rises from the lakeside some {{convert\\|924\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|abbr\\=on}} to its summit and has a journey time of just 10 minutes. A {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=4\\|adj\\=on}} pathway at Rigi Kaltbad connects the mountain station of the cable car with the railway station.",
"The technical installations were the work of [K. Garaventa \\& Sons](/wiki/K._Garaventa_%26_Sons \"K. Garaventa & Sons\") of [Goldau](/wiki/Goldau \"Goldau\"), and the large cabins were supplied by the Carrosseriewerke Company of Aarburg. On the 25th anniversary of the opening of the cable car (in 1993\\), the original two red passenger cabins were replaced by modern panorama cabins.",
"In 1992 the two railway companies merged to become the **Rigi Railways Company** and in the same year took over the Rigi Ski Lift Company.",
""
] |
Operation
---------
### Termini
[thumb\|[Vitznau terminus](/wiki/Vitznau_railway_station "Vitznau railway station"), with selection of different aged rolling stock in the station, and on the turntable linking station and depot](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_02.jpg "Vitznau train station 02.jpg")
The Vitznau–Rigi railway commences from a terminal station in the centre of [Vitznau](/wiki/Vitznau "Vitznau"), and adjacent to the landing stage served by the [Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees](/wiki/Schifffahrtsgesellschaft_des_Vierwaldst%C3%A4ttersees "Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees"). This company operates passenger vessels, including some historic [paddle steamers](/wiki/Paddle_steamer "Paddle steamer"), on services that link Vitznau with the [city of Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") and other places on [Lake Lucerne](/wiki/Lake_Lucerne "Lake Lucerne"). The public square between the station and landing stage is largely occupied by a [turntable](/wiki/Railway_turntable "Railway turntable") used by the railway to access its lakeside depot.
Since of the closure of the section from [Arth](/wiki/Arth "Arth"), the Arth–Rigi railway now commences on platforms above, and at right\-angles to, the main line platforms of [Arth\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station "Arth-Goldau railway station"). The lines depot lies to the south of the station, where a link track connects the mountain railway with the main line.
Both railways share a common terminal station at Rigi Kulm, although the two tracks are not linked in the station, and the two lines to Rigi Staffelhöhe follow slightly different routes. Each railway has a single stub track and platform.
### Passing points
The Arth–Rigi line is single line with [passing points](/wiki/Crossing_loop "Crossing loop") in some of the stations. In order from Arth\-Goldau these are Krabel, where there is a connection with the [Rigi Scheidegg](/wiki/Rigi_Scheidegg "Rigi Scheidegg") cablecar, Fruttli, Klosterli and Staffel. On the Vitznau–Rigi line there is only one passing section, a long section of double track from Freibergen to just below the station at Rigi Kaltbad.
At Staffel there is the only track connection between the two railways. This involves a single line leaving the Vitznau–Rigi line below the station and running parallel to its own line until it joins the passing loop of the Arth–Rigi line. The connecting track is also used for stabling stock between services.
### Locomotives, railcars and rolling stock
[thumb\|left\|Locomotive nr 7 of the Vitznau\-Rigi\-Bahn, climbing Mount Rigi.](/wiki/File:VRB_H_1-2_bei_Freibergen.jpg "VRB H 1-2 bei Freibergen.jpg")
[thumb\|Railcar 6, from 1911, with coach 35, from 1899\.](/wiki/File:Swiss_Rail_ARB_old2.JPG "Swiss Rail ARB old2.JPG")
[thumb\|VRB railcar 1, dating from 1937, and the battery\-electric locomotive, on the turntable at the Vitznau terminus.](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_15.jpg "Vitznau train station 15.jpg")
[thumb\|The driver's workplace in Rigi cogwheel electric train](/wiki/File:RigiDriversPlace.jpg "RigiDriversPlace.jpg")
The line operates two [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotives "Steam locomotives"), No's 16, ([SLM](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works "Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works") No.2871, built 1923\) (See photograph above) and 17, (SLM No.3043, built 1925\). They are painted in a dark green livery, lined red. They also have three [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive "Electric locomotive"), a [Stadler](/wiki/Stadler_Rail "Stadler Rail") built battery operated class Ta 2/2 in red livery, which carries the identification VRB 1, and usually to be found shunting at Vitznau, a class He 2/3, built in 1930 by SLM / [MFO](/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon "Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon"), in orange and numbered 8, which is the Arth [snowplough](/wiki/Snowplough "Snowplough") locomotive, and a further class He 2/2, in red livery and numbered 18, built by SLM in 1938 and which is usually based at Vitznau.
The [railcars](/wiki/Railcar "Railcar"), class Bhe 2/4, are painted in a red livery for operation on the Vitznau section. Numbered 1 \- 3 (incl) they were products of SLM / [BBC](/wiki/Brown%2C_Boveri_%26_Cie "Brown, Boveri & Cie"), and introduced with the electrification of the line in 1937\. Because the three railcars weren't enough to completely replace the slower steam trains a fourth railcar of the same series as the first three was bought in 1953\. It received a bigger cargo hold and was classified as BDhe 2/4 and got the number 4\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-4\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 4 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}}
To add to the passenger carrying capabilities of the line even more a class BDhe 4/4 from the same makers arrived in 1964 and, again from SLM / BBC, in 1986 two railcars (BDhe 4/4\), numbered 21 and 22, arrived with single end [driving trailers](/wiki/Control_car_%28rail%29 "Control car (rail)") (Bt) numbered 31 and 32 which were nearly identical as the railcar 15\. Although the railcars are capable of working as single units they are normally to be found working with the trailers.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-21\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 21 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}}
On the Arth section class BDhe 2/4 railcars, built by SLM / SAAS and numbered 11 and 12 arrived in 1949, being joined by No.13 in 1954 and No.14 in 1967\. These were joined by class BDhe 4/4 No.15 in 1982\. Class Bt driving trailers followed the railcars, No.21 and 22 in 1958, No.23 in 1960 and Nos. 24 and 25 with the railcars in 1967 and 1982 respectively. These vehicles are liveried in blue/white. It is common, on light traffic days, for the railcars to operate without trailers.
The drivers [control cab](/wiki/Cab_%28locomotive%29 "Cab (locomotive)"), in some older railcars, is not separated from the passenger section.
The line also has a collection of historic coaches and those for special use. The most usual use for these vehicles is with the steam locomotive, where the train usually consists of three coaches.
Class BDhe 2/3, Railcar No.6, is the world's oldest cogwheel\-railcar which dates from 1911\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-6\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 6 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}} Working with yellow liveried coach, class B2, No.35, built in 1899, this forms the *Rigi Pullman* train. There are upholstered seats for passengers who like comfort, wooden benches for the more hardy and a standing bar for those who can remain steady on their feet. The bar is staffed by hostesses dressed in outfits dating from its construction.
The line is also home to another early example in Railcar No.7, a 1925 built BDhe 2/4 built by [SIG](/wiki/Schweizerische_Industrie_Gesellschaft "Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft") / SLM / MFO. This works from Arth, frequently with a coach, or in the wintertime, the toboggan wagon.
|
[
"Operation\n---------",
"### Termini",
"[thumb\\|[Vitznau terminus](/wiki/Vitznau_railway_station \"Vitznau railway station\"), with selection of different aged rolling stock in the station, and on the turntable linking station and depot](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_02.jpg \"Vitznau train station 02.jpg\")",
"The Vitznau–Rigi railway commences from a terminal station in the centre of [Vitznau](/wiki/Vitznau \"Vitznau\"), and adjacent to the landing stage served by the [Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees](/wiki/Schifffahrtsgesellschaft_des_Vierwaldst%C3%A4ttersees \"Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees\"). This company operates passenger vessels, including some historic [paddle steamers](/wiki/Paddle_steamer \"Paddle steamer\"), on services that link Vitznau with the [city of Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") and other places on [Lake Lucerne](/wiki/Lake_Lucerne \"Lake Lucerne\"). The public square between the station and landing stage is largely occupied by a [turntable](/wiki/Railway_turntable \"Railway turntable\") used by the railway to access its lakeside depot.",
"Since of the closure of the section from [Arth](/wiki/Arth \"Arth\"), the Arth–Rigi railway now commences on platforms above, and at right\\-angles to, the main line platforms of [Arth\\-Goldau station](/wiki/Arth-Goldau_railway_station \"Arth-Goldau railway station\"). The lines depot lies to the south of the station, where a link track connects the mountain railway with the main line.",
"Both railways share a common terminal station at Rigi Kulm, although the two tracks are not linked in the station, and the two lines to Rigi Staffelhöhe follow slightly different routes. Each railway has a single stub track and platform.",
"### Passing points",
"The Arth–Rigi line is single line with [passing points](/wiki/Crossing_loop \"Crossing loop\") in some of the stations. In order from Arth\\-Goldau these are Krabel, where there is a connection with the [Rigi Scheidegg](/wiki/Rigi_Scheidegg \"Rigi Scheidegg\") cablecar, Fruttli, Klosterli and Staffel. On the Vitznau–Rigi line there is only one passing section, a long section of double track from Freibergen to just below the station at Rigi Kaltbad.",
"At Staffel there is the only track connection between the two railways. This involves a single line leaving the Vitznau–Rigi line below the station and running parallel to its own line until it joins the passing loop of the Arth–Rigi line. The connecting track is also used for stabling stock between services.",
"### Locomotives, railcars and rolling stock",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Locomotive nr 7 of the Vitznau\\-Rigi\\-Bahn, climbing Mount Rigi.](/wiki/File:VRB_H_1-2_bei_Freibergen.jpg \"VRB H 1-2 bei Freibergen.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Railcar 6, from 1911, with coach 35, from 1899\\.](/wiki/File:Swiss_Rail_ARB_old2.JPG \"Swiss Rail ARB old2.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|VRB railcar 1, dating from 1937, and the battery\\-electric locomotive, on the turntable at the Vitznau terminus.](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_15.jpg \"Vitznau train station 15.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The driver's workplace in Rigi cogwheel electric train](/wiki/File:RigiDriversPlace.jpg \"RigiDriversPlace.jpg\")\nThe line operates two [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotives \"Steam locomotives\"), No's 16, ([SLM](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works \"Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works\") No.2871, built 1923\\) (See photograph above) and 17, (SLM No.3043, built 1925\\). They are painted in a dark green livery, lined red. They also have three [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive \"Electric locomotive\"), a [Stadler](/wiki/Stadler_Rail \"Stadler Rail\") built battery operated class Ta 2/2 in red livery, which carries the identification VRB 1, and usually to be found shunting at Vitznau, a class He 2/3, built in 1930 by SLM / [MFO](/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon \"Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon\"), in orange and numbered 8, which is the Arth [snowplough](/wiki/Snowplough \"Snowplough\") locomotive, and a further class He 2/2, in red livery and numbered 18, built by SLM in 1938 and which is usually based at Vitznau.",
"The [railcars](/wiki/Railcar \"Railcar\"), class Bhe 2/4, are painted in a red livery for operation on the Vitznau section. Numbered 1 \\- 3 (incl) they were products of SLM / [BBC](/wiki/Brown%2C_Boveri_%26_Cie \"Brown, Boveri & Cie\"), and introduced with the electrification of the line in 1937\\. Because the three railcars weren't enough to completely replace the slower steam trains a fourth railcar of the same series as the first three was bought in 1953\\. It received a bigger cargo hold and was classified as BDhe 2/4 and got the number 4\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-4\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 4 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}}",
"To add to the passenger carrying capabilities of the line even more a class BDhe 4/4 from the same makers arrived in 1964 and, again from SLM / BBC, in 1986 two railcars (BDhe 4/4\\), numbered 21 and 22, arrived with single end [driving trailers](/wiki/Control_car_%28rail%29 \"Control car (rail)\") (Bt) numbered 31 and 32 which were nearly identical as the railcar 15\\. Although the railcars are capable of working as single units they are normally to be found working with the trailers.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-21\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 21 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}}",
"On the Arth section class BDhe 2/4 railcars, built by SLM / SAAS and numbered 11 and 12 arrived in 1949, being joined by No.13 in 1954 and No.14 in 1967\\. These were joined by class BDhe 4/4 No.15 in 1982\\. Class Bt driving trailers followed the railcars, No.21 and 22 in 1958, No.23 in 1960 and Nos. 24 and 25 with the railcars in 1967 and 1982 respectively. These vehicles are liveried in blue/white. It is common, on light traffic days, for the railcars to operate without trailers.",
"The drivers [control cab](/wiki/Cab_%28locomotive%29 \"Cab (locomotive)\"), in some older railcars, is not separated from the passenger section.",
"The line also has a collection of historic coaches and those for special use. The most usual use for these vehicles is with the steam locomotive, where the train usually consists of three coaches.",
"Class BDhe 2/3, Railcar No.6, is the world's oldest cogwheel\\-railcar which dates from 1911\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-6\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 6 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}} Working with yellow liveried coach, class B2, No.35, built in 1899, this forms the *Rigi Pullman* train. There are upholstered seats for passengers who like comfort, wooden benches for the more hardy and a standing bar for those who can remain steady on their feet. The bar is staffed by hostesses dressed in outfits dating from its construction.",
"The line is also home to another early example in Railcar No.7, a 1925 built BDhe 2/4 built by [SIG](/wiki/Schweizerische_Industrie_Gesellschaft \"Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft\") / SLM / MFO. This works from Arth, frequently with a coach, or in the wintertime, the toboggan wagon.",
""
] |
### Locomotives, railcars and rolling stock
[thumb\|left\|Locomotive nr 7 of the Vitznau\-Rigi\-Bahn, climbing Mount Rigi.](/wiki/File:VRB_H_1-2_bei_Freibergen.jpg "VRB H 1-2 bei Freibergen.jpg")
[thumb\|Railcar 6, from 1911, with coach 35, from 1899\.](/wiki/File:Swiss_Rail_ARB_old2.JPG "Swiss Rail ARB old2.JPG")
[thumb\|VRB railcar 1, dating from 1937, and the battery\-electric locomotive, on the turntable at the Vitznau terminus.](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_15.jpg "Vitznau train station 15.jpg")
[thumb\|The driver's workplace in Rigi cogwheel electric train](/wiki/File:RigiDriversPlace.jpg "RigiDriversPlace.jpg")
The line operates two [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotives "Steam locomotives"), No's 16, ([SLM](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works "Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works") No.2871, built 1923\) (See photograph above) and 17, (SLM No.3043, built 1925\). They are painted in a dark green livery, lined red. They also have three [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive "Electric locomotive"), a [Stadler](/wiki/Stadler_Rail "Stadler Rail") built battery operated class Ta 2/2 in red livery, which carries the identification VRB 1, and usually to be found shunting at Vitznau, a class He 2/3, built in 1930 by SLM / [MFO](/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon "Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon"), in orange and numbered 8, which is the Arth [snowplough](/wiki/Snowplough "Snowplough") locomotive, and a further class He 2/2, in red livery and numbered 18, built by SLM in 1938 and which is usually based at Vitznau.
The [railcars](/wiki/Railcar "Railcar"), class Bhe 2/4, are painted in a red livery for operation on the Vitznau section. Numbered 1 \- 3 (incl) they were products of SLM / [BBC](/wiki/Brown%2C_Boveri_%26_Cie "Brown, Boveri & Cie"), and introduced with the electrification of the line in 1937\. Because the three railcars weren't enough to completely replace the slower steam trains a fourth railcar of the same series as the first three was bought in 1953\. It received a bigger cargo hold and was classified as BDhe 2/4 and got the number 4\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-4\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 4 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}}
To add to the passenger carrying capabilities of the line even more a class BDhe 4/4 from the same makers arrived in 1964 and, again from SLM / BBC, in 1986 two railcars (BDhe 4/4\), numbered 21 and 22, arrived with single end [driving trailers](/wiki/Control_car_%28rail%29 "Control car (rail)") (Bt) numbered 31 and 32 which were nearly identical as the railcar 15\. Although the railcars are capable of working as single units they are normally to be found working with the trailers.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-21\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 21 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}}
On the Arth section class BDhe 2/4 railcars, built by SLM / SAAS and numbered 11 and 12 arrived in 1949, being joined by No.13 in 1954 and No.14 in 1967\. These were joined by class BDhe 4/4 No.15 in 1982\. Class Bt driving trailers followed the railcars, No.21 and 22 in 1958, No.23 in 1960 and Nos. 24 and 25 with the railcars in 1967 and 1982 respectively. These vehicles are liveried in blue/white. It is common, on light traffic days, for the railcars to operate without trailers.
The drivers [control cab](/wiki/Cab_%28locomotive%29 "Cab (locomotive)"), in some older railcars, is not separated from the passenger section.
The line also has a collection of historic coaches and those for special use. The most usual use for these vehicles is with the steam locomotive, where the train usually consists of three coaches.
Class BDhe 2/3, Railcar No.6, is the world's oldest cogwheel\-railcar which dates from 1911\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\-Bahnen/Ueber\-die\-RIGI\-BAHNEN\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\-Nr.\-6\|title\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 6 {{!}} Rigi\|work\=Rigi\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-22}} Working with yellow liveried coach, class B2, No.35, built in 1899, this forms the *Rigi Pullman* train. There are upholstered seats for passengers who like comfort, wooden benches for the more hardy and a standing bar for those who can remain steady on their feet. The bar is staffed by hostesses dressed in outfits dating from its construction.
The line is also home to another early example in Railcar No.7, a 1925 built BDhe 2/4 built by [SIG](/wiki/Schweizerische_Industrie_Gesellschaft "Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft") / SLM / MFO. This works from Arth, frequently with a coach, or in the wintertime, the toboggan wagon.
|
[
"### Locomotives, railcars and rolling stock",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Locomotive nr 7 of the Vitznau\\-Rigi\\-Bahn, climbing Mount Rigi.](/wiki/File:VRB_H_1-2_bei_Freibergen.jpg \"VRB H 1-2 bei Freibergen.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Railcar 6, from 1911, with coach 35, from 1899\\.](/wiki/File:Swiss_Rail_ARB_old2.JPG \"Swiss Rail ARB old2.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|VRB railcar 1, dating from 1937, and the battery\\-electric locomotive, on the turntable at the Vitznau terminus.](/wiki/File:Vitznau_train_station_15.jpg \"Vitznau train station 15.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The driver's workplace in Rigi cogwheel electric train](/wiki/File:RigiDriversPlace.jpg \"RigiDriversPlace.jpg\")\nThe line operates two [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotives \"Steam locomotives\"), No's 16, ([SLM](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works \"Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works\") No.2871, built 1923\\) (See photograph above) and 17, (SLM No.3043, built 1925\\). They are painted in a dark green livery, lined red. They also have three [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive \"Electric locomotive\"), a [Stadler](/wiki/Stadler_Rail \"Stadler Rail\") built battery operated class Ta 2/2 in red livery, which carries the identification VRB 1, and usually to be found shunting at Vitznau, a class He 2/3, built in 1930 by SLM / [MFO](/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon \"Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon\"), in orange and numbered 8, which is the Arth [snowplough](/wiki/Snowplough \"Snowplough\") locomotive, and a further class He 2/2, in red livery and numbered 18, built by SLM in 1938 and which is usually based at Vitznau.",
"The [railcars](/wiki/Railcar \"Railcar\"), class Bhe 2/4, are painted in a red livery for operation on the Vitznau section. Numbered 1 \\- 3 (incl) they were products of SLM / [BBC](/wiki/Brown%2C_Boveri_%26_Cie \"Brown, Boveri & Cie\"), and introduced with the electrification of the line in 1937\\. Because the three railcars weren't enough to completely replace the slower steam trains a fourth railcar of the same series as the first three was bought in 1953\\. It received a bigger cargo hold and was classified as BDhe 2/4 and got the number 4\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-4\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 4 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}}",
"To add to the passenger carrying capabilities of the line even more a class BDhe 4/4 from the same makers arrived in 1964 and, again from SLM / BBC, in 1986 two railcars (BDhe 4/4\\), numbered 21 and 22, arrived with single end [driving trailers](/wiki/Control_car_%28rail%29 \"Control car (rail)\") (Bt) numbered 31 and 32 which were nearly identical as the railcar 15\\. Although the railcars are capable of working as single units they are normally to be found working with the trailers.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-21\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 21 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}}",
"On the Arth section class BDhe 2/4 railcars, built by SLM / SAAS and numbered 11 and 12 arrived in 1949, being joined by No.13 in 1954 and No.14 in 1967\\. These were joined by class BDhe 4/4 No.15 in 1982\\. Class Bt driving trailers followed the railcars, No.21 and 22 in 1958, No.23 in 1960 and Nos. 24 and 25 with the railcars in 1967 and 1982 respectively. These vehicles are liveried in blue/white. It is common, on light traffic days, for the railcars to operate without trailers.",
"The drivers [control cab](/wiki/Cab_%28locomotive%29 \"Cab (locomotive)\"), in some older railcars, is not separated from the passenger section.",
"The line also has a collection of historic coaches and those for special use. The most usual use for these vehicles is with the steam locomotive, where the train usually consists of three coaches.",
"Class BDhe 2/3, Railcar No.6, is the world's oldest cogwheel\\-railcar which dates from 1911\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rigi.ch/Information/Bergbahnen/Rigi\\-Bahnen/Ueber\\-die\\-RIGI\\-BAHNEN\\-AG/Bergbahnen/Wagenpark/Triebfahrzeug\\-Nr.\\-6\\|title\\=Triebfahrzeug Nr. 6 {{!}} Rigi\\|work\\=Rigi\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-22}} Working with yellow liveried coach, class B2, No.35, built in 1899, this forms the *Rigi Pullman* train. There are upholstered seats for passengers who like comfort, wooden benches for the more hardy and a standing bar for those who can remain steady on their feet. The bar is staffed by hostesses dressed in outfits dating from its construction.",
"The line is also home to another early example in Railcar No.7, a 1925 built BDhe 2/4 built by [SIG](/wiki/Schweizerische_Industrie_Gesellschaft \"Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft\") / SLM / MFO. This works from Arth, frequently with a coach, or in the wintertime, the toboggan wagon.",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1851, he refused to join a seminary and became a grocer in Paris. He joined the socialists, as described in his novel *Le Moulin du Frau*, and assisted with the establishment of the Second Empire. In 1855, he enlisted in the 4th regiment of the French cavalry and participated in military campaigns in Algeria and Italy. He served for 5 years, but then resigned after being demoted in rank for insubordination.
In 1860, after passing the entry exam for the civil service, he became an assistant tax collector in [Périgueux](/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux "Périgueux"). During the [Franco\-German War of 1870](/wiki/Franco-German_War_of_1870 "Franco-German War of 1870"), he joined the [francs\-tireurs](/wiki/Franc-tireur "Franc-tireur"), an irregular military force deployed by France during the early stages of war. Following the final French defeat in 1871, he rejoined the tax collection service in Montignac. He subsequently fell very ill and spent the best part of a year recovering from his illness.
In 1877, Le Roy applied for admission to the Masonic lodge *Les Amis Persévérants et l'Étoile de Vesone Réunis* in eastern [Périgueux](/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux "Périgueux"), but the Prefect of Dordogne was ordered by the Minister of the Interior, [Oscar Bardi de Fourtou](/wiki/Oscar_Bardi_de_Fourtou "Oscar Bardi de Fourtou"), to close some Masonic Lodges, including the one Le Roy had joined. Le Roy was reinstated as a tax collector during 1878 after Mac Mahon lost the elections of October 1877\.*Histoire de la Franc\-maçonnerie en Périgord*, [Fanlac](/wiki/Fanlac "Fanlac"), 1989\)
He retired to Montignac at the beginning of the 20th century. He was offered the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour "Legion of Honour") in 1904, however, he declined it {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2018}}.
### Writing
On 14 June 1877, Le Roy married his mistress Marie Peyronnet, with whom he already had a three\-year\-old son, in a civil ceremony,Marcel Secondat, *Eugène Le Roy*, Les Éditions du Périgord Noir, 1978, p. 222\. His non\-conformity and his republicanism resulted in his dismissal, along with (and for the same reason) thousands of other government officials, by the government of [Mac\-Mahon](/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon "Patrice de Mac-Mahon"). Soon after his dismissal, he began to write abundantly.
Beginning in 1878, Eugène Le Roy wrote many republican and anti\-clerical articles for local newspapers, notably *Le Réveil de la Dordogne*. As an advocate of the separation of Church and State, he wrote in the political and philosophical vein of radical Freemasonry during the latter half of the nineteenth century. His first novel *Le Moulin du Frau* was published in 1890 and was politically biased in favour of radicalism. He then published *Traditions et Révolutions en Périgord pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle*.
From 1891 to 1901, Eugène Le Roy wrote a 1086 page manuscript entitled *Études critiques sur le christianisme*. In 1899, he published the novel Jacquou le Croquant, which tells the story of a peasant revolt against the social injustices of his time, from the restoration era until the end of the nineteenth century. This was made into a television series in 1969\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1851, he refused to join a seminary and became a grocer in Paris. He joined the socialists, as described in his novel *Le Moulin du Frau*, and assisted with the establishment of the Second Empire. In 1855, he enlisted in the 4th regiment of the French cavalry and participated in military campaigns in Algeria and Italy. He served for 5 years, but then resigned after being demoted in rank for insubordination.",
"In 1860, after passing the entry exam for the civil service, he became an assistant tax collector in [Périgueux](/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux \"Périgueux\"). During the [Franco\\-German War of 1870](/wiki/Franco-German_War_of_1870 \"Franco-German War of 1870\"), he joined the [francs\\-tireurs](/wiki/Franc-tireur \"Franc-tireur\"), an irregular military force deployed by France during the early stages of war. Following the final French defeat in 1871, he rejoined the tax collection service in Montignac. He subsequently fell very ill and spent the best part of a year recovering from his illness.",
"In 1877, Le Roy applied for admission to the Masonic lodge *Les Amis Persévérants et l'Étoile de Vesone Réunis* in eastern [Périgueux](/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux \"Périgueux\"), but the Prefect of Dordogne was ordered by the Minister of the Interior, [Oscar Bardi de Fourtou](/wiki/Oscar_Bardi_de_Fourtou \"Oscar Bardi de Fourtou\"), to close some Masonic Lodges, including the one Le Roy had joined. Le Roy was reinstated as a tax collector during 1878 after Mac Mahon lost the elections of October 1877\\.*Histoire de la Franc\\-maçonnerie en Périgord*, [Fanlac](/wiki/Fanlac \"Fanlac\"), 1989\\)",
"He retired to Montignac at the beginning of the 20th century. He was offered the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour \"Legion of Honour\") in 1904, however, he declined it {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2018}}.",
"### Writing",
"On 14 June 1877, Le Roy married his mistress Marie Peyronnet, with whom he already had a three\\-year\\-old son, in a civil ceremony,Marcel Secondat, *Eugène Le Roy*, Les Éditions du Périgord Noir, 1978, p. 222\\. His non\\-conformity and his republicanism resulted in his dismissal, along with (and for the same reason) thousands of other government officials, by the government of [Mac\\-Mahon](/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon \"Patrice de Mac-Mahon\"). Soon after his dismissal, he began to write abundantly.",
"Beginning in 1878, Eugène Le Roy wrote many republican and anti\\-clerical articles for local newspapers, notably *Le Réveil de la Dordogne*. As an advocate of the separation of Church and State, he wrote in the political and philosophical vein of radical Freemasonry during the latter half of the nineteenth century. His first novel *Le Moulin du Frau* was published in 1890 and was politically biased in favour of radicalism. He then published *Traditions et Révolutions en Périgord pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle*.",
"From 1891 to 1901, Eugène Le Roy wrote a 1086 page manuscript entitled *Études critiques sur le christianisme*. In 1899, he published the novel Jacquou le Croquant, which tells the story of a peasant revolt against the social injustices of his time, from the restoration era until the end of the nineteenth century. This was made into a television series in 1969\\.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
Keerthi (Jovita Livingston Jones) and Poovarasi (Raadhika Preethi) are best friends and are shown to share everything. Keerthi and Poovarasi both fall in love with Kathir (Arun). Kathir is in love with Keerthi. When Keerthi learns that Poovarasi also loves Kadhir she sacrifices her love for her friend. Poovarasi does not know about this and marries Kathir. The day after her wedding night she learns that Keerthi and Kathir were lovers and Keerthi sacrificed her love for Poovarasi. After knowing that, Poovarasi wants to unite Kadhir with Keerthi so she tries to apply for divorce. The advocate asks them to remain united for a year. Meanwhile Keerthi forgets her past life because of an accident. Poovarasi takes care of her and wants to unite Keerthi and Kathir when she regains her memory.
Unexpectedly one day Keerthi kills herself by walking into the ocean. Then it is revealed that Keerthi faked her death and is still alive and she mentions "I will come back when Kathir and Poovarasi have a baby". After Keerthi's supposed death Poovarasi and Kathir fall in love and Poovarasi becomes pregnant, but Kathir suspects Poovarasi and claims he is not the father of the baby. Poovarasi humiliates him by removing her nuptial chain and throwing it in Kathir's face. He starts to hate Poovarasi and her family. He and his mom make plans to destroy Poovarasi's family, but one day Rathinavalli (Poovarasi's mother) overhears this, so Kathir, his mother and Maheswari (Devipriya) kill Rathinavalli ([Aamani](/wiki/Aamani "Aamani"))
Meanwhile it is revealed that Kathir Character replacement ([Mohammed Azeem](/wiki/Mohammed_Azeem_%28Tamil_actor%29 "Mohammed Azeem (Tamil actor)")) wasn’t the one who killed Rathinavali. It was revealed that his mother and Maheswari were the ones who killed her.
But, one day, the nurse who changed the DNA report bribed by Maheswari informed Kathir about the DNA report that the unborn child in Poovarasi’s tummy is Kathir’s, where he feels guilty for thinking wrong of her and is also informed that Maheswari was responsible for the DNA test report change.
Then, Kathir furiously comes to attack Maheswari in the night at a deserted place who reveals to her that she was the one responsible of changing the report. Maheswari is attacked by Kathir and reveals that his mother was the one who instructed Maheswari to change the report. Kathir then tells Maheshwari that he is going to reveal the truth of her evil doings like changing the DNA report. Maheshwari then viciously attacks Kathir and his mom and buries their unconscious bodies. They are rescued by Karthik (Srinish Aravind), another man who is in a one\-sided love relationship with Poovarasi, who is unaware that she is married.
Kathir knows that he cannot re\-enter the family normally because Meanwhile it is revealed that Poovarasi Character replacement (Varshini Arza) won't accept him, so he decides to come in the guise of an old man to be Poovarasi's bodyguard to protect her from Maheshwari. The entire family immediately begins to like the old man, but one day his disguise is revealed but despite saving her life many times, Poovarasi still rejects him and orders him to leave the house. Then Kathir met with an accident. Ranjana (Chaya Singh) takes him to her house and cares for him. Ranjana proposed to Kathir. But Kathir rejected her proposal. Ranjana and Kathir planned to unite Poovarasi with Kathir. The plan works. Kathir and Poovarasi unite.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"Keerthi (Jovita Livingston Jones) and Poovarasi (Raadhika Preethi) are best friends and are shown to share everything. Keerthi and Poovarasi both fall in love with Kathir (Arun). Kathir is in love with Keerthi. When Keerthi learns that Poovarasi also loves Kadhir she sacrifices her love for her friend. Poovarasi does not know about this and marries Kathir. The day after her wedding night she learns that Keerthi and Kathir were lovers and Keerthi sacrificed her love for Poovarasi. After knowing that, Poovarasi wants to unite Kadhir with Keerthi so she tries to apply for divorce. The advocate asks them to remain united for a year. Meanwhile Keerthi forgets her past life because of an accident. Poovarasi takes care of her and wants to unite Keerthi and Kathir when she regains her memory.",
"Unexpectedly one day Keerthi kills herself by walking into the ocean. Then it is revealed that Keerthi faked her death and is still alive and she mentions \"I will come back when Kathir and Poovarasi have a baby\". After Keerthi's supposed death Poovarasi and Kathir fall in love and Poovarasi becomes pregnant, but Kathir suspects Poovarasi and claims he is not the father of the baby. Poovarasi humiliates him by removing her nuptial chain and throwing it in Kathir's face. He starts to hate Poovarasi and her family. He and his mom make plans to destroy Poovarasi's family, but one day Rathinavalli (Poovarasi's mother) overhears this, so Kathir, his mother and Maheswari (Devipriya) kill Rathinavalli ([Aamani](/wiki/Aamani \"Aamani\"))",
"Meanwhile it is revealed that Kathir Character replacement ([Mohammed Azeem](/wiki/Mohammed_Azeem_%28Tamil_actor%29 \"Mohammed Azeem (Tamil actor)\")) wasn’t the one who killed Rathinavali. It was revealed that his mother and Maheswari were the ones who killed her.",
"But, one day, the nurse who changed the DNA report bribed by Maheswari informed Kathir about the DNA report that the unborn child in Poovarasi’s tummy is Kathir’s, where he feels guilty for thinking wrong of her and is also informed that Maheswari was responsible for the DNA test report change.",
"Then, Kathir furiously comes to attack Maheswari in the night at a deserted place who reveals to her that she was the one responsible of changing the report. Maheswari is attacked by Kathir and reveals that his mother was the one who instructed Maheswari to change the report. Kathir then tells Maheshwari that he is going to reveal the truth of her evil doings like changing the DNA report. Maheshwari then viciously attacks Kathir and his mom and buries their unconscious bodies. They are rescued by Karthik (Srinish Aravind), another man who is in a one\\-sided love relationship with Poovarasi, who is unaware that she is married.",
"Kathir knows that he cannot re\\-enter the family normally because Meanwhile it is revealed that Poovarasi Character replacement (Varshini Arza) won't accept him, so he decides to come in the guise of an old man to be Poovarasi's bodyguard to protect her from Maheshwari. The entire family immediately begins to like the old man, but one day his disguise is revealed but despite saving her life many times, Poovarasi still rejects him and orders him to leave the house. Then Kathir met with an accident. Ranjana (Chaya Singh) takes him to her house and cares for him. Ranjana proposed to Kathir. But Kathir rejected her proposal. Ranjana and Kathir planned to unite Poovarasi with Kathir. The plan works. Kathir and Poovarasi unite.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Middle Tennessee State
*The First Fifty Years: A History of Middle Tennessee State College* recounts Neely's days playing for [Middle Tennessee State Normal School](/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_football "Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football"):
> Jess Neely, a brilliant [half\-back](/wiki/Halfback_%28American_football%29 "Halfback (American football)") and a handsome man on the campus, is remembered for his popularity among members of the opposite sex and for an incident that occurred just prior to a football game with [Southern Presbyterian](/wiki/Rhodes_Lynx_football "Rhodes Lynx football") in [Clarksville](/wiki/Clarksville%2C_Tennessee "Clarksville, Tennessee"). [Miles](/wiki/Alfred_B._Miles "Alfred B. Miles") had done an exceptionally good job in mentally preparing his team for the game. He climaxed the pre\-game, locker\-room exhortation with a soaring call for courage and deathless allegiance to "dear Ol' Normal." Neely was greatly affected by the words of his coach for he leaped to his feet and, roaring like an angry bull, led the team in a rush to the doorway opening to the field. He misjudged the extremely low entrance, and his head received the full impact of the strip of wall above the doorway. He was revived shortly before the [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28gridiron_football%29 "Kickoff (gridiron football)"), but he never quite knew where he was, frequently [huddling](/wiki/Huddle "Huddle") and aligning himself with the enemy.{{Harvnb\|Pittard\|1961\|page\=73}}
That team included [Preston Vaughn Overall](/wiki/Preston_Vaughn_Overall "Preston Vaughn Overall") and [Rupert Smith](/wiki/Rupert_Smith_%28American_football%29 "Rupert Smith (American football)"), who rejoined Neely on the 1921 Vanderbilt team.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/11/obituaries/jess\-neely\-coached\-football\-for\-40\-years.html\|title\=Jess Neely, Coached Football for 40 Years\|last\=Upi\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=11 April 1983}}
### Vanderbilt
Neely played football at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") from [1920](/wiki/1920_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1920 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") to [1922](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") under head coach [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin "Dan McGugin"). He was captain and halfback of the undefeated 1922 team, and its best passer. Neely belonged to the [Delta Tau Delta](/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta "Delta Tau Delta") fraternity.
#### 1920
Although the Commodores expected a "hard game against the [university rivals](/wiki/1920_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team "1920 Tennessee Volunteers football team")",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=264\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\-1149FD63DC972338@2422607\-1149FD66111DCA48@8\-1149FD69D1048588\|newspaper\=The State\|title\=Football Games on Many Fields\|date\=October 9, 1920}} Vanderbilt shut out Tennessee 20–0\. All three Commodore touchdowns came from passes by Neely to [Gink Hendrick](/wiki/Gink_Hendrick "Gink Hendrick"). Neely's long first\-quarter pass hit Hendrick, who ran 25 yards for the touchdown. In the second quarter Hendrick ran to the 4\-yard line on a pass from Neely, and the first half ended with Vanderbilt in possession at the Tennessee one\-foot line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=266\&p\_docref\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\-127EF2EC09257AD5@2422608\-127EF2EC1D8CEB04@10\-137E8994B7C7AF0F\|newspaper\=Augusta Chronicle\|title\=Vanderbilt Wins From Tennessee\|date\=October 10, 1920}} Hendrick caught another 30\-yard touchdown pass from Neely in the fourth quarter.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=265\&p\_docref\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\-118B8B27B2E88C08@2422608\-118B8B27E22272F8@10\-118B8B292DC817C0\|newspaper\=The Lexington Herald\|title\=Vanderbilt Is Victor\|date\=October 10, 1920}} Two weeks later the Commodores lost 56–6 to one of [Auburn](/wiki/1920_Auburn_Tigers_football_team "1920 Auburn Tigers football team")'s greatest teams,{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=38}} Vanderbilt's worst defeat since its 83–0 loss to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/1917_Georgia_Tech_Golden_Tornado_football_team "1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team") in 1917\. The Commodores had only one [first down](/wiki/Down_%28gridiron_football%29 "Down (gridiron football)"), and never moved the ball beyond their 40\-yard line. Neely was one of Vanderbilt's few stars, blocking well and passing Vanderbilt's only touchdown to Hendrick in the end zone.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=15\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=15\&p\_docnum\=9\&p\_docref\=v2:1126A744DB722B38@EANX\-119AC6DE39A87B98@2422622\-119AC6DE4DBBA000@0\-119AC6DEC36DF9B8@Donahue%27s%20Greatest%20Team%20Skirts%20Vandy%20Ends%20at%20Will%20Shirling%20Shirey%20Howard%20and%20Warren%20Play%20Brilliant%20Game\|newspaper\=The Columbus Daily Enquirer\|title\=Donahue's Greatest Team Skirts Vandy Ends at Will\|author\=Zipp Newman\|date\=October 24, 1920\|author\-link\=Zipp Newman}}
In a "thriller from the start," the [Alabama Crimson Tide](/wiki/1920_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1920 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") defeated Vanderbilt for the first time on November 6, 1920, by a score of 14–7\. A forward pass from [Doc Kuhn](/wiki/Oliver_Kuhn "Oliver Kuhn") to Neely gave the Commodores their sole touchdown.{{Cite news\|url \=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030886//\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|title \= Crippled Vanderbilt Team Finished With Fine Rally\|date \= November 29, 1920\|work \= Atlanta Constitution\|access\-date \=March 20, 2015\|page\=8}} {{Open access}} The following week, "expecting one of the greatest football games of the year",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=23\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=23\&p\_docnum\=32\&p\_docref\=v2:1223BCE5B718A166@EANX\-122D0A1721BF38A0@2422640\-1229329EFB977288@14\-1250AD9AA1B3E572@Vandy%20Works%20Hard%20for%20Virginia%20U.\|newspaper\=Times\-Picayune\|title\=Vandy Works Hard For Virginia U\|date\=November 11, 1920}} Vanderbilt had a difficult practice schedule before its game with the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/1920_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team "1920 Virginia Cavaliers football team"); Virginia and Vanderbilt tied, 7–7\. Early in the game, Vanderbilt mounted a swift offense, with Neely throwing Hendrick a touchdown pass. That season, Vanderbilt opponents gained less on punt returns than they did against any other team in the South because of coverage by Percy Conyers and Neely.
#### 1921
##### Football
In the second week of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") season the Commodores shut out the [Mercer Baptists](/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football "Mercer Bears football"), 42–0\. Neely helped score one of four second\-quarter touchdowns with a 55\-yard pass to end [Tot McCullough](/wiki/Tot_McCullough "Tot McCullough"), and had a 25\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return "Punt return") in the second half.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=P71C59WRMTM3NTMwNDU4OS4xNTU4ODY6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=9\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=9\&p\_docnum\=165\&toc\=true\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\-119C00C9150C3EA0@2422972\-119C00C94B311108@5\-119C00CAC3151FA0\|title\=Vandy's Eleven Tears Loose In Second Quarter\|newspaper\=The Macon Daily Telegraph\|date\=October 9, 1921}}
In the next game, a 21–14 victory over the [Kentucky Wildcats](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football "Kentucky Wildcats football"), the Wildcats scored against the Commodores for the first time in their history. Kentucky's second possession began with Bob Lavin fumbling the return, which was recovered by Neely on the 10\-yard line.{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=39}} On third down, after little gain on first and second, Frank Godchaux ran an end\-around touchdown. Rupe Smith scored the other two touchdowns, his first on a drive begun with a 22\-yard pass from Neely to captain Pink Wade (father of later Vanderbilt quarterback [Bill Wade](/wiki/Bill_Wade "Bill Wade")). One Kentucky touchdown followed a blocked Neely punt. The Wildcats threatened to score late and tie the game, but they turned the ball over on downs at the two\-yard line; Neely ran 34 yards, to the 36\-yard line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=L6AO52QKMTM3NTMyNzIwNC42MTAzOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=10\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=10\&p\_docnum\=68\&toc\=true\&p\_docref\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\-118B8D9C52BF4930@2422979\-118B8D9C5B14F7D8@0\-118B8D9CF242FD38\|title\=Pribble, Lavin First To Cross On Commodores\|newspaper\=Lexington Herald\|author\=Joe T. Lovett\|date\=October 16, 1921}}
[thumb\|180px\|alt\=Football player in uniform, hands on knees\|Neely around 1921](/wiki/File:Neely.png "Neely.png")
In the season's sixth week, Vanderbilt defeated [Alabama](/wiki/1921_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1921 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") 14–0 at [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama") in line with predictions.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=W65P5EAXMTM3MTEzNjA2Mi4zNTI3NzM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=8\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=8\&p\_docnum\=59\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\-119C00E0A63C5480@2422995\-119C00E0F7322468@9\-119C00E252980A50@Georgia\-Auburn\+Kentucky\+Vs.\+Centre\+and\+Vandy\+Vs.\+Alabama\+Big\+Grid\+Games\+for\+This\+Week.\+Southern\+Football\+Lovers\+to\+Again\+Witness\|newspaper\=Macon Telegraph\|title\=Vanderbilt To Play Bama Eleven Saturday\|author\=C.E. Baker\|date\=November 1, 1921}} Neely played a role in both touchdowns. Early in the first quarter, Vanderbilt had the ball at midfield after an Alabama punt.{{cite news\|title\=Vandy Trims U of Alabama\|work\=Atlanta Constitution\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906323//\|page\=2\|date\=November 6, 1921\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Two [line bucks](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 "Dive (American football)") preceded Neely's connection with Tot McCullough for a 30\-yard pass play. Neely ran for about 17 yards more through [left tackle](/wiki/Left_tackle "Left tackle"), putting the ball on the nine\-yard line.{{cite web\|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\-m\-footbl\-recaps.pdf\|title\=Alabama \- 1921 Football Recap\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-29\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227104249/http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\-m\-footbl\-recaps.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} After a run by Frank Godchaux, [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar "Lynn Bomar") bucked over the line for the touchdown and Rupe Smith made the [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"). The second scoring drive began with a pass interception by Paul Stumb. In the second half, quarterback Doc Kuhn invigorated the Commodores after he sat out the first half due to injuries; Neely ran for 21 yards around the [right end](/wiki/End_%28gridiron_football%29 "End (gridiron football)"), and Kuhn passed 25 yards to Tot McCullough.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=L4FW53DKMTM3NTYxMzc2MC4zNjExOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=5\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=5\&p\_docnum\=166\&p\_docref\=v2:11B0124EA8AEC7F0@EANX\-11BF02426D17D6A8@2423000\-11BF0242999A2F18@6\-11BF0243818AAB28@Vanderbilt\+Winner\+over\+Alabama\+Team.\+Vandy\+Gets\+Away\+to\+Big\+Start\+after\+Which\+Crimson\+Outfit\+Tightens\|title\=Vanderbilt Winner Over Alabama Team\|newspaper\=Montgomery Advertiser\|date\=November 6, 1921}} Rupe Smith (or Kuhn) then ran the remaining few yards for the touchdown.
For its seventh game, Vanderbilt faced the defending [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (SIAA) champion [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/1921_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team "1921 Georgia Bulldogs football team") at home. The game, the highlight of Vanderbilt's season, was described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* as an "important clash"{{cite news\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/12/109825999\.pdf\|title\=Many Good Games On Schedule Today\|newspaper\=New York Times\|date\=November 12, 1921}} {{Open access}} and would determine the SIAA champion. Georgia scored during the first half; early in the fourth quarter{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=4\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=4\&p\_docnum\=17\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\-114A05BBA680D790@2423007\-114A05BDA8673748@9\-114A05C41AFF2DB8@Vanderbilt\+Ties\+with\+Bull\+Dogs\+Perfect\+Onside\+Kick\+Nets\+Needed\+Touchdown.\+Georgia\+Backs\+Star\+Crackers\|newspaper\=The State (Columbia, SC)\|title\=Vanderbilt Ties With Bulldogs\|date\=November 13, 1921}} Neely intercepted a pass, weaving for 25 yards to Georgia's 40\-yard line before he was tackled by Jim Reynolds.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=vsEiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4140,2499379\&dq\=rupe\-smith\+vanderbilt\&hl\=en\|newspaper\=The Palm Beach Post\|title\=Commodores Tie In Last Period\|date\=November 13, 1921}}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} {{Open access}} Two long pass attempts failed, and Thomas Ryan lined up to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 "Punt (gridiron football)"). Rupert Smith sneaked behind Ryan; he [rushed](/wiki/Rush_%28gridiron_football%29 "Rush (gridiron football)") to recover the 25\-yard [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick "Onside kick"), jumping up to get the ball off a bounce from the Bulldogs{{cite news\|url\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news/1921/rab1921\-0137\.xml\&query\=\&brand\=rab\-brand\|title\=Game With Vandy Is Tied As Novel Play Is Pulled Successful\|newspaper\=The Red And Black\|date\=November 18, 1921\|access\-date\=August 29, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023531/http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news%2F1921%2Frab1921\-0137\.xml\&query\=\&brand\=rab\-brand\|url\-status\=dead}} {{Open access}} and racing for a 15\-yard touchdown.{{cite news\|work\=Atlanta Constitution\|author\=Fuzzy Woodruff\|date\=November 13, 1921\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906427//\|page\=3\|title\=Onside Kick In Final Quarter Ties Struggle For Commodores\|access\-date\=March 2, 2015\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|author\-link\=Fuzzy Woodruff}} {{Open access}} The game ended in a tie, and the teams shared the SIAA championship. Vanderbilt finished its season against [Sewanee](/wiki/Sewanee_Tigers_football "Sewanee Tigers football") in "the muddiest game in its history"; the Commodores were reportedly knee\-deep in mud and water,{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=79\&p\_docref\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\-127EF8BBF9C6A5C7@2423019\-127EF8BC014C3F51@1\-13335E5B42A22387@Vanderbilt\+Wins\+From\+Sewanee\+In\+Final\+Quarter%2C\+9\-0\|newspaper\=Augusta Chronicle\|title\=Vanderbilt Wins From Sewanee In Final Quarter, 9\-0\|date\=November 25, 1921}} with the players unrecognizable.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=R62J4CSEMTQwNjYxNjcyOC4xNzc0MzE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=15\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=15\&p\_docnum\=16\&p\_docref\=v2:11A73E5827618330@EANX\-11ED961412D92260@2423019\-11ED961468E139A8@12\-11ED9615E8420F90@Gil%20Dobie%27s%20Eleven%20Beats%20Pennsy%2041\-0\.%20after%20Six\-Year%20Slump%20Cornell%20Comes%20to%20Life\|title\=Vanderbilt 9, Sewanee 0\.\|newspaper\=Morning Oregonian\|date\=November 25, 1921}} The game was scoreless until the fourth quarter, when Sewanee fumbled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28gridiron_football%29 "Snap (gridiron football)") on a punt; the punter was smothered by the Commodores' Neely, Godchaux and Wade for a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28gridiron_football_score%29 "Safety (gridiron football score)"). [Hek Wakefield](/wiki/Hek_Wakefield "Hek Wakefield") later scored a touchdown for a 9–0 Vanderbilt win.{{cite news\|newspaper\=Charlotte Observer\|title\=Final Period Rally Wins for Old Vandy\|date\=November 25, 1921}}
##### Baseball
Neely was a member of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball_team "1921 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team") [SIAA](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association") champion [Vanderbilt baseball](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball "Vanderbilt Commodores baseball") team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\|author\=Bill Traughber\|title\=The Historic 1921 VU Baseball Team\|access\-date\=2014\-09\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715013153/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-15\|url\-status\=dead}} According to *The Commodore*, the school yearbook, in a 1921 game against [Southwestern Presbyterian University](/wiki/Southwestern_Presbyterian_University "Southwestern Presbyterian University") the team scored a [world record](/wiki/World_record "World record") 13 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)") in one [inning](/wiki/Inning_%28baseball%29 "Inning (baseball)") with two [out](/wiki/Out_%28baseball%29 "Out (baseball)"). *[The Tennessean](/wiki/The_Tennessean "The Tennessean")* reported:
> Neely [singled](/wiki/Single_%28baseball%29 "Single (baseball)") as did Kuhn; [Neil](/wiki/Scotty_Neill "Scotty Neill") [fanned](/wiki/Strike_out "Strike out") but Thomas got his third straight hit and both tallied. Big Tot got [hit](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") by a pitched ball and Smith was safe on a [fielder's choice](/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice "Fielder's choice") with one out. Woodruf flied out to [right](/wiki/Right_field "Right field"). Tyner slammed one to [center](/wiki/Baseball_field%23outfield "Baseball field#outfield") which Jetty juggled and everybody advanced a pair of sacks. Ryan was [safe](/wiki/Safe_%28baseball%29 "Safe (baseball)") on another [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 "Error (baseball)") and two runs came over. Neely beat out his second hit of the inning and Kuhn [walked](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 "Walk (baseball)"). Neil walked. Thomas was safe on an error and Big Tot McCullough picked one over the right field fence, clearing the sacks\-\-but oh, what's the use? Why continue?
#### {{anchor\|Bachelor of Ugliness}}1922
Neely was captain of the undefeated [1922 team](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team"). In the second week of play Vanderbilt shut out [Henderson\-Brown](/wiki/Henderson_State_Reddies_football "Henderson State Reddies football") 33–0, with Neely scoring a third\-quarter touchdown.{{Closed access}} ["Vandy Defeats Arkansas Team."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=8&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=8&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX-117BC6B1C2D2CB28@2423336-117BC6B290F53790@25-117BC6B645AC0E90@Vandy+Defeats+Arkansas+Team.+Although+Playing+Slovenly+Ball%2C+Commodores+Win+by+33-0) The Macon Daily Telegraph 8 Oct. 1922: 8\. Despite an injured left arm, he started in the [scoreless tie with Michigan](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team%23Week_3:Michigan "Michigan") at the dedication at [Dudley Field](/wiki/Dudley_Field "Dudley Field"). Vanderbilt was forced to punt from its seven\-yard line early in the first quarter.e.g. see "No Change Is Made In Lineup of Team." *Ironwood Daily Globe* 20 Oct. 1922: 10\. The Wolverines completed their first pass (from [Doug Roby](/wiki/Doug_Roby "Doug Roby") to [Paul Goebel](/wiki/Paul_G._Goebel "Paul G. Goebel")), setting in motion a change in field position which placed them inside the five\-yard line. The Commodore punt was partially blocked, giving Michigan the ball at Vanderbilt's 25\-yard line. Two [end runs](/wiki/End_run "End run"), two line bucks and a forward pass brought them to first and goal after six minutes.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Oct\+15%2C\+1922\&author\=SAM\+GREENE\&pub\=Detroit\+Free\+Press\+(1858\-1922\)\&edition\=\&startpage\=21\&desc\=Michigan\+And\+Vanderbitt\+Play\+To\+Scoreless\+Tie\+In\+Commodores%27\+Stadium.\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104170555/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Oct\+15,\+1922\&author\=SAM\+GREENE\&pub\=Detroit\+Free\+Press\+(1858\-1922\)\&edition\=\&startpage\=21\&desc\=Michigan\+And\+Vanderbitt\+Play\+To\+Scoreless\+Tie\+In\+Commodores'\+Stadium.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 4, 2013\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|title\=Michigan and Vanderbilt play to Scoreless Tie In Commodores' Stadium: Southerns Spring Surprise on Rivals\|author\=Sam S. Greene\|date\=October 15, 1922\|author\-link\=Sam Greene (sportswriter)}} The Commodore defense stiffened, repelling four touchdown tries; three runs up the middle were stopped before the goal line. [Franklin Cappon](/wiki/Franklin_Cappon "Franklin Cappon") gained a yard, [Harry Kipke](/wiki/Harry_Kipke "Harry Kipke") lost one and Cappon drove to within a foot of the goal; Neely was heard shouting, "Stop 'em!"{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=40–41, 67}} On fourth down, Michigan faked a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 "Field goal (American and Canadian football)") and ran with Harry Kipke [off tackle](/wiki/Off-tackle_run "Off-tackle run") to the right. Kipke was tackled inches from the end zone.{{Closed access}} ["Powerful Wolverine Eleven Held To Scoreless Tie By Commodores."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=22&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=22&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX-127EFD1C52F3DBF5@2423343-127EFD1C578F01A2@1-13840EB342CC07C8@Powerful+Wolverine+Eleven+Held+To+Scoreless+Tie+By+Commodores) Augusta Chronicle 1922 Oct. 15{{cite news\|title\=Vanderbilt Christens Stadium By Tying Michigan, 0 to 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=October 15, 1922\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/10/15/107074493\.pdf}} A Vanderbilt player pushed himself off the goal post to generate a greater backwards push as the crowd cheered.{{Harvnb\|Traughber\|2011\|page\=79}} Vanderbilt's only noteworthy offensive play occurred soon afterwards. The Commodores punted out of the shadow of their goalpost after a [goal line stand](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23G "Glossary of American football#G"); Neely tackled Kipke (or [Irwin Uteritz](/wiki/Irwin_Uteritz "Irwin Uteritz")) hard on the punt return, causing a fumble which he recovered. He then connected on a 20–plus\-yard pass to Tot McCullough. This gave Vanderbilt the ball at Michigan's 20\-yard line, but subsequent Vanderbilt plays saw runs stopped with little gain and a pass [intercepted](/wiki/Interception "Interception") by Uteritz. The tie was reportedly preserved when Neely recovered a fumble near the Commodore goal.{{Harvnb\|Vanderbilt University\|2012\|page\=119}} He and [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar "Lynn Bomar") were acknowledged as Vanderbilt's players of the game,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\|title\=The history of Vanderbilt Athletics part 1\|author\=Bill Traughber\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-29\|archive\-date\=2015\-02\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222081143/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\|url\-status\=dead}} and Neely wept tears of joy by the game's end. Bomar spent much of his day tackling Michigan runners,{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Opens Its News Stadium with Tie."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-115833CE87C41150@2423343-115833DAF86B34F0-115833F1260EC858) Charlotte Sunday Observer 15 Oct. 1922: 2\. and Neely was a battered, bruised captain playing hard despite his injuries.{{cite news\|title\=Kipke Recalls Vandy Game\|newspaper\=Herald\-Journal (Spartanburg, South Carolina)\|date\=October 5, 1933\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1876\&dat\=19331005\&id\=1YksAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5801,424793}} Franklin Cappon said after the game, "What sort of a crazy man is this Neely? He played like a fiend and when he tackled me I thought I was broken in two. When I got up he was crying and cussed me out. I was the one who should have been crying".
[thumb\|alt\=Neely on the field, hands on hips\|Neely in 1922](/wiki/File:Neelycapt.jpg "Neelycapt.jpg")
At the [Texas State Fair](/wiki/Texas_State_Fair "Texas State Fair") game in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas") against the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football "Texas Longhorns football"), an early surge saw Texas at Vanderbilt's 18\-yard line. McGugin sent in Neely, his injured captain. It worked to some extent, with Texas losing yards and ending up at the 17\-yard line;{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Downs Texas Longhorns, Long Grid Rivals."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=38&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=38&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:0F99DDB671832188@EANX-105AAC57FA53546D@2423350-105AAC580978FB1C@0-105AAC5A8F989BAA@Vanderbilt+Downs+Texa+Longhorns%2C+Long+Grid+Rivals) Dallas Morning News 22 Oct. 1922 Franklin Stacy then kicked a field goal. After a Vanderbilt touchdown, the offenses exchanged punts before Neely ran back a 30\-yard punt return. The 60\-yard drive which followed was capped by a 46\-yard touchdown run by [Gil Reese](/wiki/Gil_Reese "Gil Reese"). In the fourth quarter, Neely hit Bomar with a 23\-yard pass and Bomar ran for 20 yards more, close to the goal."Commodores Win By Superior Play When Near Longhorns' Goal." *Wichita Daily Times* \[Wichita Falls, Texas] 22 Oct. 1922: 9\.{{cite news\|newspaper\=The Atlanta Constitution\|title\=Vandy Whips Texas Team\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030861//\|access\-date\=March 20, 2015\|page\=2\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=October 22, 1922}} {{Open access}} Reese ran it in on the next play and the field goal was good, giving the Commodores a 20–10 victory.
Vanderbilt defeated the [Tennessee Volunteers](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football "Tennessee Volunteers football") 14–6, with both touchdowns on passes from Neely. The first was in the second quarter, on a 31\-yard pass to Doc Kuhn; in the fourth quarter, a five\-yard pass to Lynn Bomar also scored a touchdown.{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Wins From Volunteers."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=60&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=60&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX-114A0D2D200D5668@2423364-114A0D2E829CABB0@10-114A0D3552B34310@Vanderbilt+Wins+from+Volunteers+Hotly+Contested+Game+at+Knoxville) The State \[Columbia, SC] 5 Nov. 1922: 11\.[The Volunteer Yearbook (1923\)](http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid=10&pg=114) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085436/http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid\=10\&pg\=114 \|date\=2014\-08\-19 }} p. 110\-111 Neely\-to\-Bomar is considered one of the best pass\-receiver combinations in Vanderbilt history.{{Harvnb\|Walsh\|2006\|page\=123}}{{Harvnb\|Baker\|1945\|page\=85}} In the game against the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football "Georgia Bulldogs football"), Neely connected with Bomar on a long pass thrown from a few yards behind the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage "Line of scrimmage") at the 45\-yard line. Bomar caught it around the seven\-yard line before being tackled by Georgia halfback Loren Chester (Teany) Randall at about the three\-yard line. The next series of downs produced a touchdown by Gil Reese on his second run at the left tackle. Although Neely was sidelined by injury in the second quarter, Vanderbilt won 12–0\.{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Defeats the University of Georgia."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=73&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=73&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-11496EE444715058@2423378-11496EE64AA908D0@37-11496EECDA12F128@Vanderbilt+Defeats+the+University+of+Georgia) Charlotte Sunday Observer 19 Nov. 1922: 2\.{{cite news\|title\=Aerial Attack By Vanderbilt Stars Won Game Saturday\|author\=Morgan Blake\|newspaper\=The Red and Black (University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia)\|date\=November 23, 1922\|url\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news/1922/rab1922\-0191\.xml}} At the end of the season, he was on [Walter Camp](/wiki/Walter_Camp "Walter Camp")'s list of players worthy of mention, and Vanderbilt compiled an 8–0–1 record. The season was among the best in school and [Southern](/wiki/American_South "American South") football history;{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|newspaper\=Boston Daily Globe\|title\=The Sportlight: Concluding Dope\|author\=Grantland Rice\|date\=November 30, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|504469872}}}}Cummisky, Thomas L. ["Picking Champ Grid Teams Is Not Easy Task Since So Many Have Just Claims."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51968&iid=News-TE-SA_AN_EV_NE.1922_12_01-0018&rc=2386,83,2499,129;617,3142,735,3167;1585,3475,1815,3521;4169,3075,4277,3100&pid=483787794&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) San Antonio Evening News 1 Dec. 1922: 18\. according to a number of publications, Vanderbilt's season was the best in the South.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|title\=The Sportlight: Football Alphabet\|newspaper\=The Boston Daily Globe\|author\=Grantland Rice\|date\=November 24, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|504491164}}}}e.g. {{cite news\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Vanderbilt Team Only Undefeated Eleven In South\|date\=December 2, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|145950809}}}}; {{cite news\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Few Titles Changed Hands During 1922\|date\=December 31, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|145942485}}}}; ["No Outstanding Football Eleven During The Year."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51761&iid=News-PE-NE_CA_NE.1922_12_27_0017&rc=3030,104,3200,150;2146,2696,2458,2788;3873,3042,3956,3079;2492,3904,2677,3941;2179,4537,2262,4574;2225,4696,2434,4733;4037,3912,4186,3949&pid=483814417&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football+Vandy&st=g) New Castle News 27 Dec. 1922: 17\.; Farrell, Henry. ["Sports Kings That Kept Crown."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=7539&iid=NEWS-NY-MI_DA_HE.1922_12_31_0006&rc=1804,1192,1991,1229;1542,2087,1710,2124;1542,2308,1904,2345&pid=483818502&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) Middletown Daily Herald 31 Dec. 1922: 6\.
One of the highest honors a student could receive at Vanderbilt was [Bachelor of Ugliness](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ugliness "Bachelor of Ugliness"), created by William H. Dodd in 1885 and given to the male undergraduate student considered most representative of ideal young manhood. In 1923, Neely received the award.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Middle Tennessee State",
"*The First Fifty Years: A History of Middle Tennessee State College* recounts Neely's days playing for [Middle Tennessee State Normal School](/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_football \"Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football\"):",
"",
"> Jess Neely, a brilliant [half\\-back](/wiki/Halfback_%28American_football%29 \"Halfback (American football)\") and a handsome man on the campus, is remembered for his popularity among members of the opposite sex and for an incident that occurred just prior to a football game with [Southern Presbyterian](/wiki/Rhodes_Lynx_football \"Rhodes Lynx football\") in [Clarksville](/wiki/Clarksville%2C_Tennessee \"Clarksville, Tennessee\"). [Miles](/wiki/Alfred_B._Miles \"Alfred B. Miles\") had done an exceptionally good job in mentally preparing his team for the game. He climaxed the pre\\-game, locker\\-room exhortation with a soaring call for courage and deathless allegiance to \"dear Ol' Normal.\" Neely was greatly affected by the words of his coach for he leaped to his feet and, roaring like an angry bull, led the team in a rush to the doorway opening to the field. He misjudged the extremely low entrance, and his head received the full impact of the strip of wall above the doorway. He was revived shortly before the [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Kickoff (gridiron football)\"), but he never quite knew where he was, frequently [huddling](/wiki/Huddle \"Huddle\") and aligning himself with the enemy.{{Harvnb\\|Pittard\\|1961\\|page\\=73}}",
"That team included [Preston Vaughn Overall](/wiki/Preston_Vaughn_Overall \"Preston Vaughn Overall\") and [Rupert Smith](/wiki/Rupert_Smith_%28American_football%29 \"Rupert Smith (American football)\"), who rejoined Neely on the 1921 Vanderbilt team.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/11/obituaries/jess\\-neely\\-coached\\-football\\-for\\-40\\-years.html\\|title\\=Jess Neely, Coached Football for 40 Years\\|last\\=Upi\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=11 April 1983}}",
"### Vanderbilt",
"Neely played football at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\") from [1920](/wiki/1920_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1920 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") to [1922](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") under head coach [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin \"Dan McGugin\"). He was captain and halfback of the undefeated 1922 team, and its best passer. Neely belonged to the [Delta Tau Delta](/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta \"Delta Tau Delta\") fraternity.",
"#### 1920",
"Although the Commodores expected a \"hard game against the [university rivals](/wiki/1920_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team \"1920 Tennessee Volunteers football team\")\",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=264\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\\-1149FD63DC972338@2422607\\-1149FD66111DCA48@8\\-1149FD69D1048588\\|newspaper\\=The State\\|title\\=Football Games on Many Fields\\|date\\=October 9, 1920}} Vanderbilt shut out Tennessee 20–0\\. All three Commodore touchdowns came from passes by Neely to [Gink Hendrick](/wiki/Gink_Hendrick \"Gink Hendrick\"). Neely's long first\\-quarter pass hit Hendrick, who ran 25 yards for the touchdown. In the second quarter Hendrick ran to the 4\\-yard line on a pass from Neely, and the first half ended with Vanderbilt in possession at the Tennessee one\\-foot line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=266\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\\-127EF2EC09257AD5@2422608\\-127EF2EC1D8CEB04@10\\-137E8994B7C7AF0F\\|newspaper\\=Augusta Chronicle\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Wins From Tennessee\\|date\\=October 10, 1920}} Hendrick caught another 30\\-yard touchdown pass from Neely in the fourth quarter.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=265\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\\-118B8B27B2E88C08@2422608\\-118B8B27E22272F8@10\\-118B8B292DC817C0\\|newspaper\\=The Lexington Herald\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Is Victor\\|date\\=October 10, 1920}} Two weeks later the Commodores lost 56–6 to one of [Auburn](/wiki/1920_Auburn_Tigers_football_team \"1920 Auburn Tigers football team\")'s greatest teams,{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=38}} Vanderbilt's worst defeat since its 83–0 loss to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/1917_Georgia_Tech_Golden_Tornado_football_team \"1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team\") in 1917\\. The Commodores had only one [first down](/wiki/Down_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Down (gridiron football)\"), and never moved the ball beyond their 40\\-yard line. Neely was one of Vanderbilt's few stars, blocking well and passing Vanderbilt's only touchdown to Hendrick in the end zone.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=15\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=15\\&p\\_docnum\\=9\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1126A744DB722B38@EANX\\-119AC6DE39A87B98@2422622\\-119AC6DE4DBBA000@0\\-119AC6DEC36DF9B8@Donahue%27s%20Greatest%20Team%20Skirts%20Vandy%20Ends%20at%20Will%20Shirling%20Shirey%20Howard%20and%20Warren%20Play%20Brilliant%20Game\\|newspaper\\=The Columbus Daily Enquirer\\|title\\=Donahue's Greatest Team Skirts Vandy Ends at Will\\|author\\=Zipp Newman\\|date\\=October 24, 1920\\|author\\-link\\=Zipp Newman}}",
"In a \"thriller from the start,\" the [Alabama Crimson Tide](/wiki/1920_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1920 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") defeated Vanderbilt for the first time on November 6, 1920, by a score of 14–7\\. A forward pass from [Doc Kuhn](/wiki/Oliver_Kuhn \"Oliver Kuhn\") to Neely gave the Commodores their sole touchdown.{{Cite news\\|url \\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030886//\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|title \\= Crippled Vanderbilt Team Finished With Fine Rally\\|date \\= November 29, 1920\\|work \\= Atlanta Constitution\\|access\\-date \\=March 20, 2015\\|page\\=8}} {{Open access}} The following week, \"expecting one of the greatest football games of the year\",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=23\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=23\\&p\\_docnum\\=32\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1223BCE5B718A166@EANX\\-122D0A1721BF38A0@2422640\\-1229329EFB977288@14\\-1250AD9AA1B3E572@Vandy%20Works%20Hard%20for%20Virginia%20U.\\|newspaper\\=Times\\-Picayune\\|title\\=Vandy Works Hard For Virginia U\\|date\\=November 11, 1920}} Vanderbilt had a difficult practice schedule before its game with the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/1920_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team \"1920 Virginia Cavaliers football team\"); Virginia and Vanderbilt tied, 7–7\\. Early in the game, Vanderbilt mounted a swift offense, with Neely throwing Hendrick a touchdown pass. That season, Vanderbilt opponents gained less on punt returns than they did against any other team in the South because of coverage by Percy Conyers and Neely.",
"#### 1921",
"##### Football",
"In the second week of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") season the Commodores shut out the [Mercer Baptists](/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football \"Mercer Bears football\"), 42–0\\. Neely helped score one of four second\\-quarter touchdowns with a 55\\-yard pass to end [Tot McCullough](/wiki/Tot_McCullough \"Tot McCullough\"), and had a 25\\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return \"Punt return\") in the second half.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=P71C59WRMTM3NTMwNDU4OS4xNTU4ODY6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=9\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=9\\&p\\_docnum\\=165\\&toc\\=true\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\\-119C00C9150C3EA0@2422972\\-119C00C94B311108@5\\-119C00CAC3151FA0\\|title\\=Vandy's Eleven Tears Loose In Second Quarter\\|newspaper\\=The Macon Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=October 9, 1921}}\nIn the next game, a 21–14 victory over the [Kentucky Wildcats](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football \"Kentucky Wildcats football\"), the Wildcats scored against the Commodores for the first time in their history. Kentucky's second possession began with Bob Lavin fumbling the return, which was recovered by Neely on the 10\\-yard line.{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=39}} On third down, after little gain on first and second, Frank Godchaux ran an end\\-around touchdown. Rupe Smith scored the other two touchdowns, his first on a drive begun with a 22\\-yard pass from Neely to captain Pink Wade (father of later Vanderbilt quarterback [Bill Wade](/wiki/Bill_Wade \"Bill Wade\")). One Kentucky touchdown followed a blocked Neely punt. The Wildcats threatened to score late and tie the game, but they turned the ball over on downs at the two\\-yard line; Neely ran 34 yards, to the 36\\-yard line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=L6AO52QKMTM3NTMyNzIwNC42MTAzOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=10\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=10\\&p\\_docnum\\=68\\&toc\\=true\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\\-118B8D9C52BF4930@2422979\\-118B8D9C5B14F7D8@0\\-118B8D9CF242FD38\\|title\\=Pribble, Lavin First To Cross On Commodores\\|newspaper\\=Lexington Herald\\|author\\=Joe T. Lovett\\|date\\=October 16, 1921}}",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|alt\\=Football player in uniform, hands on knees\\|Neely around 1921](/wiki/File:Neely.png \"Neely.png\")",
"In the season's sixth week, Vanderbilt defeated [Alabama](/wiki/1921_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1921 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") 14–0 at [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama \"Birmingham, Alabama\") in line with predictions.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=W65P5EAXMTM3MTEzNjA2Mi4zNTI3NzM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=8\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=8\\&p\\_docnum\\=59\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\\-119C00E0A63C5480@2422995\\-119C00E0F7322468@9\\-119C00E252980A50@Georgia\\-Auburn\\+Kentucky\\+Vs.\\+Centre\\+and\\+Vandy\\+Vs.\\+Alabama\\+Big\\+Grid\\+Games\\+for\\+This\\+Week.\\+Southern\\+Football\\+Lovers\\+to\\+Again\\+Witness\\|newspaper\\=Macon Telegraph\\|title\\=Vanderbilt To Play Bama Eleven Saturday\\|author\\=C.E. Baker\\|date\\=November 1, 1921}} Neely played a role in both touchdowns. Early in the first quarter, Vanderbilt had the ball at midfield after an Alabama punt.{{cite news\\|title\\=Vandy Trims U of Alabama\\|work\\=Atlanta Constitution\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906323//\\|page\\=2\\|date\\=November 6, 1921\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Two [line bucks](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 \"Dive (American football)\") preceded Neely's connection with Tot McCullough for a 30\\-yard pass play. Neely ran for about 17 yards more through [left tackle](/wiki/Left_tackle \"Left tackle\"), putting the ball on the nine\\-yard line.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\\-m\\-footbl\\-recaps.pdf\\|title\\=Alabama \\- 1921 Football Recap\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227104249/http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\\-m\\-footbl\\-recaps.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After a run by Frank Godchaux, [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar \"Lynn Bomar\") bucked over the line for the touchdown and Rupe Smith made the [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"). The second scoring drive began with a pass interception by Paul Stumb. In the second half, quarterback Doc Kuhn invigorated the Commodores after he sat out the first half due to injuries; Neely ran for 21 yards around the [right end](/wiki/End_%28gridiron_football%29 \"End (gridiron football)\"), and Kuhn passed 25 yards to Tot McCullough.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=L4FW53DKMTM3NTYxMzc2MC4zNjExOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=5\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=5\\&p\\_docnum\\=166\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11B0124EA8AEC7F0@EANX\\-11BF02426D17D6A8@2423000\\-11BF0242999A2F18@6\\-11BF0243818AAB28@Vanderbilt\\+Winner\\+over\\+Alabama\\+Team.\\+Vandy\\+Gets\\+Away\\+to\\+Big\\+Start\\+after\\+Which\\+Crimson\\+Outfit\\+Tightens\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Winner Over Alabama Team\\|newspaper\\=Montgomery Advertiser\\|date\\=November 6, 1921}} Rupe Smith (or Kuhn) then ran the remaining few yards for the touchdown.",
"For its seventh game, Vanderbilt faced the defending [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (SIAA) champion [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/1921_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team \"1921 Georgia Bulldogs football team\") at home. The game, the highlight of Vanderbilt's season, was described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* as an \"important clash\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/12/109825999\\.pdf\\|title\\=Many Good Games On Schedule Today\\|newspaper\\=New York Times\\|date\\=November 12, 1921}} {{Open access}} and would determine the SIAA champion. Georgia scored during the first half; early in the fourth quarter{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=4\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=4\\&p\\_docnum\\=17\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\\-114A05BBA680D790@2423007\\-114A05BDA8673748@9\\-114A05C41AFF2DB8@Vanderbilt\\+Ties\\+with\\+Bull\\+Dogs\\+Perfect\\+Onside\\+Kick\\+Nets\\+Needed\\+Touchdown.\\+Georgia\\+Backs\\+Star\\+Crackers\\|newspaper\\=The State (Columbia, SC)\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Ties With Bulldogs\\|date\\=November 13, 1921}} Neely intercepted a pass, weaving for 25 yards to Georgia's 40\\-yard line before he was tackled by Jim Reynolds.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=vsEiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4140,2499379\\&dq\\=rupe\\-smith\\+vanderbilt\\&hl\\=en\\|newspaper\\=The Palm Beach Post\\|title\\=Commodores Tie In Last Period\\|date\\=November 13, 1921}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} {{Open access}} Two long pass attempts failed, and Thomas Ryan lined up to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Punt (gridiron football)\"). Rupert Smith sneaked behind Ryan; he [rushed](/wiki/Rush_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Rush (gridiron football)\") to recover the 25\\-yard [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick \"Onside kick\"), jumping up to get the ball off a bounce from the Bulldogs{{cite news\\|url\\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news/1921/rab1921\\-0137\\.xml\\&query\\=\\&brand\\=rab\\-brand\\|title\\=Game With Vandy Is Tied As Novel Play Is Pulled Successful\\|newspaper\\=The Red And Black\\|date\\=November 18, 1921\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023531/http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news%2F1921%2Frab1921\\-0137\\.xml\\&query\\=\\&brand\\=rab\\-brand\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} {{Open access}} and racing for a 15\\-yard touchdown.{{cite news\\|work\\=Atlanta Constitution\\|author\\=Fuzzy Woodruff\\|date\\=November 13, 1921\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906427//\\|page\\=3\\|title\\=Onside Kick In Final Quarter Ties Struggle For Commodores\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2015\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|author\\-link\\=Fuzzy Woodruff}} {{Open access}} The game ended in a tie, and the teams shared the SIAA championship. Vanderbilt finished its season against [Sewanee](/wiki/Sewanee_Tigers_football \"Sewanee Tigers football\") in \"the muddiest game in its history\"; the Commodores were reportedly knee\\-deep in mud and water,{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=79\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\\-127EF8BBF9C6A5C7@2423019\\-127EF8BC014C3F51@1\\-13335E5B42A22387@Vanderbilt\\+Wins\\+From\\+Sewanee\\+In\\+Final\\+Quarter%2C\\+9\\-0\\|newspaper\\=Augusta Chronicle\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Wins From Sewanee In Final Quarter, 9\\-0\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}} with the players unrecognizable.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=R62J4CSEMTQwNjYxNjcyOC4xNzc0MzE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=15\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=15\\&p\\_docnum\\=16\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11A73E5827618330@EANX\\-11ED961412D92260@2423019\\-11ED961468E139A8@12\\-11ED9615E8420F90@Gil%20Dobie%27s%20Eleven%20Beats%20Pennsy%2041\\-0\\.%20after%20Six\\-Year%20Slump%20Cornell%20Comes%20to%20Life\\|title\\=Vanderbilt 9, Sewanee 0\\.\\|newspaper\\=Morning Oregonian\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}} The game was scoreless until the fourth quarter, when Sewanee fumbled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Snap (gridiron football)\") on a punt; the punter was smothered by the Commodores' Neely, Godchaux and Wade for a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28gridiron_football_score%29 \"Safety (gridiron football score)\"). [Hek Wakefield](/wiki/Hek_Wakefield \"Hek Wakefield\") later scored a touchdown for a 9–0 Vanderbilt win.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Charlotte Observer\\|title\\=Final Period Rally Wins for Old Vandy\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}}",
"##### Baseball",
"Neely was a member of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball_team \"1921 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team\") [SIAA](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") champion [Vanderbilt baseball](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball \"Vanderbilt Commodores baseball\") team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\\|author\\=Bill Traughber\\|title\\=The Historic 1921 VU Baseball Team\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715013153/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} According to *The Commodore*, the school yearbook, in a 1921 game against [Southwestern Presbyterian University](/wiki/Southwestern_Presbyterian_University \"Southwestern Presbyterian University\") the team scored a [world record](/wiki/World_record \"World record\") 13 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\") in one [inning](/wiki/Inning_%28baseball%29 \"Inning (baseball)\") with two [out](/wiki/Out_%28baseball%29 \"Out (baseball)\"). *[The Tennessean](/wiki/The_Tennessean \"The Tennessean\")* reported:",
"",
"> Neely [singled](/wiki/Single_%28baseball%29 \"Single (baseball)\") as did Kuhn; [Neil](/wiki/Scotty_Neill \"Scotty Neill\") [fanned](/wiki/Strike_out \"Strike out\") but Thomas got his third straight hit and both tallied. Big Tot got [hit](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") by a pitched ball and Smith was safe on a [fielder's choice](/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice \"Fielder's choice\") with one out. Woodruf flied out to [right](/wiki/Right_field \"Right field\"). Tyner slammed one to [center](/wiki/Baseball_field%23outfield \"Baseball field#outfield\") which Jetty juggled and everybody advanced a pair of sacks. Ryan was [safe](/wiki/Safe_%28baseball%29 \"Safe (baseball)\") on another [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\") and two runs came over. Neely beat out his second hit of the inning and Kuhn [walked](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 \"Walk (baseball)\"). Neil walked. Thomas was safe on an error and Big Tot McCullough picked one over the right field fence, clearing the sacks\\-\\-but oh, what's the use? Why continue?",
"#### {{anchor\\|Bachelor of Ugliness}}1922",
"Neely was captain of the undefeated [1922 team](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\"). In the second week of play Vanderbilt shut out [Henderson\\-Brown](/wiki/Henderson_State_Reddies_football \"Henderson State Reddies football\") 33–0, with Neely scoring a third\\-quarter touchdown.{{Closed access}} [\"Vandy Defeats Arkansas Team.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=8&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=8&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX-117BC6B1C2D2CB28@2423336-117BC6B290F53790@25-117BC6B645AC0E90@Vandy+Defeats+Arkansas+Team.+Although+Playing+Slovenly+Ball%2C+Commodores+Win+by+33-0) The Macon Daily Telegraph 8 Oct. 1922: 8\\. Despite an injured left arm, he started in the [scoreless tie with Michigan](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team%23Week_3:Michigan \"Michigan\") at the dedication at [Dudley Field](/wiki/Dudley_Field \"Dudley Field\"). Vanderbilt was forced to punt from its seven\\-yard line early in the first quarter.e.g. see \"No Change Is Made In Lineup of Team.\" *Ironwood Daily Globe* 20 Oct. 1922: 10\\. The Wolverines completed their first pass (from [Doug Roby](/wiki/Doug_Roby \"Doug Roby\") to [Paul Goebel](/wiki/Paul_G._Goebel \"Paul G. Goebel\")), setting in motion a change in field position which placed them inside the five\\-yard line. The Commodore punt was partially blocked, giving Michigan the ball at Vanderbilt's 25\\-yard line. Two [end runs](/wiki/End_run \"End run\"), two line bucks and a forward pass brought them to first and goal after six minutes.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Oct\\+15%2C\\+1922\\&author\\=SAM\\+GREENE\\&pub\\=Detroit\\+Free\\+Press\\+(1858\\-1922\\)\\&edition\\=\\&startpage\\=21\\&desc\\=Michigan\\+And\\+Vanderbitt\\+Play\\+To\\+Scoreless\\+Tie\\+In\\+Commodores%27\\+Stadium.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104170555/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Oct\\+15,\\+1922\\&author\\=SAM\\+GREENE\\&pub\\=Detroit\\+Free\\+Press\\+(1858\\-1922\\)\\&edition\\=\\&startpage\\=21\\&desc\\=Michigan\\+And\\+Vanderbitt\\+Play\\+To\\+Scoreless\\+Tie\\+In\\+Commodores'\\+Stadium.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2013\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|title\\=Michigan and Vanderbilt play to Scoreless Tie In Commodores' Stadium: Southerns Spring Surprise on Rivals\\|author\\=Sam S. Greene\\|date\\=October 15, 1922\\|author\\-link\\=Sam Greene (sportswriter)}} The Commodore defense stiffened, repelling four touchdown tries; three runs up the middle were stopped before the goal line. [Franklin Cappon](/wiki/Franklin_Cappon \"Franklin Cappon\") gained a yard, [Harry Kipke](/wiki/Harry_Kipke \"Harry Kipke\") lost one and Cappon drove to within a foot of the goal; Neely was heard shouting, \"Stop 'em!\"{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=40–41, 67}} On fourth down, Michigan faked a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 \"Field goal (American and Canadian football)\") and ran with Harry Kipke [off tackle](/wiki/Off-tackle_run \"Off-tackle run\") to the right. Kipke was tackled inches from the end zone.{{Closed access}} [\"Powerful Wolverine Eleven Held To Scoreless Tie By Commodores.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=22&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=22&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX-127EFD1C52F3DBF5@2423343-127EFD1C578F01A2@1-13840EB342CC07C8@Powerful+Wolverine+Eleven+Held+To+Scoreless+Tie+By+Commodores) Augusta Chronicle 1922 Oct. 15{{cite news\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Christens Stadium By Tying Michigan, 0 to 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=October 15, 1922\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/10/15/107074493\\.pdf}} A Vanderbilt player pushed himself off the goal post to generate a greater backwards push as the crowd cheered.{{Harvnb\\|Traughber\\|2011\\|page\\=79}} Vanderbilt's only noteworthy offensive play occurred soon afterwards. The Commodores punted out of the shadow of their goalpost after a [goal line stand](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23G \"Glossary of American football#G\"); Neely tackled Kipke (or [Irwin Uteritz](/wiki/Irwin_Uteritz \"Irwin Uteritz\")) hard on the punt return, causing a fumble which he recovered. He then connected on a 20–plus\\-yard pass to Tot McCullough. This gave Vanderbilt the ball at Michigan's 20\\-yard line, but subsequent Vanderbilt plays saw runs stopped with little gain and a pass [intercepted](/wiki/Interception \"Interception\") by Uteritz. The tie was reportedly preserved when Neely recovered a fumble near the Commodore goal.{{Harvnb\\|Vanderbilt University\\|2012\\|page\\=119}} He and [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar \"Lynn Bomar\") were acknowledged as Vanderbilt's players of the game,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\\|title\\=The history of Vanderbilt Athletics part 1\\|author\\=Bill Traughber\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222081143/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and Neely wept tears of joy by the game's end. Bomar spent much of his day tackling Michigan runners,{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Opens Its News Stadium with Tie.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-115833CE87C41150@2423343-115833DAF86B34F0-115833F1260EC858) Charlotte Sunday Observer 15 Oct. 1922: 2\\. and Neely was a battered, bruised captain playing hard despite his injuries.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kipke Recalls Vandy Game\\|newspaper\\=Herald\\-Journal (Spartanburg, South Carolina)\\|date\\=October 5, 1933\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1876\\&dat\\=19331005\\&id\\=1YksAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5801,424793}} Franklin Cappon said after the game, \"What sort of a crazy man is this Neely? He played like a fiend and when he tackled me I thought I was broken in two. When I got up he was crying and cussed me out. I was the one who should have been crying\".\n[thumb\\|alt\\=Neely on the field, hands on hips\\|Neely in 1922](/wiki/File:Neelycapt.jpg \"Neelycapt.jpg\")\nAt the [Texas State Fair](/wiki/Texas_State_Fair \"Texas State Fair\") game in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\") against the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football \"Texas Longhorns football\"), an early surge saw Texas at Vanderbilt's 18\\-yard line. McGugin sent in Neely, his injured captain. It worked to some extent, with Texas losing yards and ending up at the 17\\-yard line;{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Downs Texas Longhorns, Long Grid Rivals.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=38&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=38&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:0F99DDB671832188@EANX-105AAC57FA53546D@2423350-105AAC580978FB1C@0-105AAC5A8F989BAA@Vanderbilt+Downs+Texa+Longhorns%2C+Long+Grid+Rivals) Dallas Morning News 22 Oct. 1922 Franklin Stacy then kicked a field goal. After a Vanderbilt touchdown, the offenses exchanged punts before Neely ran back a 30\\-yard punt return. The 60\\-yard drive which followed was capped by a 46\\-yard touchdown run by [Gil Reese](/wiki/Gil_Reese \"Gil Reese\"). In the fourth quarter, Neely hit Bomar with a 23\\-yard pass and Bomar ran for 20 yards more, close to the goal.\"Commodores Win By Superior Play When Near Longhorns' Goal.\" *Wichita Daily Times* \\[Wichita Falls, Texas] 22 Oct. 1922: 9\\.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Atlanta Constitution\\|title\\=Vandy Whips Texas Team\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030861//\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2015\\|page\\=2\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=October 22, 1922}} {{Open access}} Reese ran it in on the next play and the field goal was good, giving the Commodores a 20–10 victory.",
"Vanderbilt defeated the [Tennessee Volunteers](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football \"Tennessee Volunteers football\") 14–6, with both touchdowns on passes from Neely. The first was in the second quarter, on a 31\\-yard pass to Doc Kuhn; in the fourth quarter, a five\\-yard pass to Lynn Bomar also scored a touchdown.{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Wins From Volunteers.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=60&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=60&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX-114A0D2D200D5668@2423364-114A0D2E829CABB0@10-114A0D3552B34310@Vanderbilt+Wins+from+Volunteers+Hotly+Contested+Game+at+Knoxville) The State \\[Columbia, SC] 5 Nov. 1922: 11\\.[The Volunteer Yearbook (1923\\)](http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid=10&pg=114) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085436/http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid\\=10\\&pg\\=114 \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-19 }} p. 110\\-111 Neely\\-to\\-Bomar is considered one of the best pass\\-receiver combinations in Vanderbilt history.{{Harvnb\\|Walsh\\|2006\\|page\\=123}}{{Harvnb\\|Baker\\|1945\\|page\\=85}} In the game against the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football \"Georgia Bulldogs football\"), Neely connected with Bomar on a long pass thrown from a few yards behind the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage \"Line of scrimmage\") at the 45\\-yard line. Bomar caught it around the seven\\-yard line before being tackled by Georgia halfback Loren Chester (Teany) Randall at about the three\\-yard line. The next series of downs produced a touchdown by Gil Reese on his second run at the left tackle. Although Neely was sidelined by injury in the second quarter, Vanderbilt won 12–0\\.{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Defeats the University of Georgia.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=73&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=73&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-11496EE444715058@2423378-11496EE64AA908D0@37-11496EECDA12F128@Vanderbilt+Defeats+the+University+of+Georgia) Charlotte Sunday Observer 19 Nov. 1922: 2\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Aerial Attack By Vanderbilt Stars Won Game Saturday\\|author\\=Morgan Blake\\|newspaper\\=The Red and Black (University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia)\\|date\\=November 23, 1922\\|url\\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news/1922/rab1922\\-0191\\.xml}} At the end of the season, he was on [Walter Camp](/wiki/Walter_Camp \"Walter Camp\")'s list of players worthy of mention, and Vanderbilt compiled an 8–0–1 record. The season was among the best in school and [Southern](/wiki/American_South \"American South\") football history;{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Boston Daily Globe\\|title\\=The Sportlight: Concluding Dope\\|author\\=Grantland Rice\\|date\\=November 30, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|504469872}}}}Cummisky, Thomas L. [\"Picking Champ Grid Teams Is Not Easy Task Since So Many Have Just Claims.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51968&iid=News-TE-SA_AN_EV_NE.1922_12_01-0018&rc=2386,83,2499,129;617,3142,735,3167;1585,3475,1815,3521;4169,3075,4277,3100&pid=483787794&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) San Antonio Evening News 1 Dec. 1922: 18\\. according to a number of publications, Vanderbilt's season was the best in the South.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|title\\=The Sportlight: Football Alphabet\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Daily Globe\\|author\\=Grantland Rice\\|date\\=November 24, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|504491164}}}}e.g. {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Team Only Undefeated Eleven In South\\|date\\=December 2, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|145950809}}}}; {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Few Titles Changed Hands During 1922\\|date\\=December 31, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|145942485}}}}; [\"No Outstanding Football Eleven During The Year.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51761&iid=News-PE-NE_CA_NE.1922_12_27_0017&rc=3030,104,3200,150;2146,2696,2458,2788;3873,3042,3956,3079;2492,3904,2677,3941;2179,4537,2262,4574;2225,4696,2434,4733;4037,3912,4186,3949&pid=483814417&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football+Vandy&st=g) New Castle News 27 Dec. 1922: 17\\.; Farrell, Henry. [\"Sports Kings That Kept Crown.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=7539&iid=NEWS-NY-MI_DA_HE.1922_12_31_0006&rc=1804,1192,1991,1229;1542,2087,1710,2124;1542,2308,1904,2345&pid=483818502&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) Middletown Daily Herald 31 Dec. 1922: 6\\.",
"One of the highest honors a student could receive at Vanderbilt was [Bachelor of Ugliness](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ugliness \"Bachelor of Ugliness\"), created by William H. Dodd in 1885 and given to the male undergraduate student considered most representative of ideal young manhood. In 1923, Neely received the award.",
""
] |
### Vanderbilt
Neely played football at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") from [1920](/wiki/1920_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1920 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") to [1922](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") under head coach [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin "Dan McGugin"). He was captain and halfback of the undefeated 1922 team, and its best passer. Neely belonged to the [Delta Tau Delta](/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta "Delta Tau Delta") fraternity.
#### 1920
Although the Commodores expected a "hard game against the [university rivals](/wiki/1920_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team "1920 Tennessee Volunteers football team")",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=264\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\-1149FD63DC972338@2422607\-1149FD66111DCA48@8\-1149FD69D1048588\|newspaper\=The State\|title\=Football Games on Many Fields\|date\=October 9, 1920}} Vanderbilt shut out Tennessee 20–0\. All three Commodore touchdowns came from passes by Neely to [Gink Hendrick](/wiki/Gink_Hendrick "Gink Hendrick"). Neely's long first\-quarter pass hit Hendrick, who ran 25 yards for the touchdown. In the second quarter Hendrick ran to the 4\-yard line on a pass from Neely, and the first half ended with Vanderbilt in possession at the Tennessee one\-foot line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=266\&p\_docref\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\-127EF2EC09257AD5@2422608\-127EF2EC1D8CEB04@10\-137E8994B7C7AF0F\|newspaper\=Augusta Chronicle\|title\=Vanderbilt Wins From Tennessee\|date\=October 10, 1920}} Hendrick caught another 30\-yard touchdown pass from Neely in the fourth quarter.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=265\&p\_docref\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\-118B8B27B2E88C08@2422608\-118B8B27E22272F8@10\-118B8B292DC817C0\|newspaper\=The Lexington Herald\|title\=Vanderbilt Is Victor\|date\=October 10, 1920}} Two weeks later the Commodores lost 56–6 to one of [Auburn](/wiki/1920_Auburn_Tigers_football_team "1920 Auburn Tigers football team")'s greatest teams,{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=38}} Vanderbilt's worst defeat since its 83–0 loss to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/1917_Georgia_Tech_Golden_Tornado_football_team "1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team") in 1917\. The Commodores had only one [first down](/wiki/Down_%28gridiron_football%29 "Down (gridiron football)"), and never moved the ball beyond their 40\-yard line. Neely was one of Vanderbilt's few stars, blocking well and passing Vanderbilt's only touchdown to Hendrick in the end zone.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=15\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=15\&p\_docnum\=9\&p\_docref\=v2:1126A744DB722B38@EANX\-119AC6DE39A87B98@2422622\-119AC6DE4DBBA000@0\-119AC6DEC36DF9B8@Donahue%27s%20Greatest%20Team%20Skirts%20Vandy%20Ends%20at%20Will%20Shirling%20Shirey%20Howard%20and%20Warren%20Play%20Brilliant%20Game\|newspaper\=The Columbus Daily Enquirer\|title\=Donahue's Greatest Team Skirts Vandy Ends at Will\|author\=Zipp Newman\|date\=October 24, 1920\|author\-link\=Zipp Newman}}
In a "thriller from the start," the [Alabama Crimson Tide](/wiki/1920_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1920 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") defeated Vanderbilt for the first time on November 6, 1920, by a score of 14–7\. A forward pass from [Doc Kuhn](/wiki/Oliver_Kuhn "Oliver Kuhn") to Neely gave the Commodores their sole touchdown.{{Cite news\|url \=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030886//\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|title \= Crippled Vanderbilt Team Finished With Fine Rally\|date \= November 29, 1920\|work \= Atlanta Constitution\|access\-date \=March 20, 2015\|page\=8}} {{Open access}} The following week, "expecting one of the greatest football games of the year",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=23\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=23\&p\_docnum\=32\&p\_docref\=v2:1223BCE5B718A166@EANX\-122D0A1721BF38A0@2422640\-1229329EFB977288@14\-1250AD9AA1B3E572@Vandy%20Works%20Hard%20for%20Virginia%20U.\|newspaper\=Times\-Picayune\|title\=Vandy Works Hard For Virginia U\|date\=November 11, 1920}} Vanderbilt had a difficult practice schedule before its game with the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/1920_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team "1920 Virginia Cavaliers football team"); Virginia and Vanderbilt tied, 7–7\. Early in the game, Vanderbilt mounted a swift offense, with Neely throwing Hendrick a touchdown pass. That season, Vanderbilt opponents gained less on punt returns than they did against any other team in the South because of coverage by Percy Conyers and Neely.
#### 1921
##### Football
In the second week of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team") season the Commodores shut out the [Mercer Baptists](/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football "Mercer Bears football"), 42–0\. Neely helped score one of four second\-quarter touchdowns with a 55\-yard pass to end [Tot McCullough](/wiki/Tot_McCullough "Tot McCullough"), and had a 25\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return "Punt return") in the second half.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=P71C59WRMTM3NTMwNDU4OS4xNTU4ODY6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=9\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=9\&p\_docnum\=165\&toc\=true\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\-119C00C9150C3EA0@2422972\-119C00C94B311108@5\-119C00CAC3151FA0\|title\=Vandy's Eleven Tears Loose In Second Quarter\|newspaper\=The Macon Daily Telegraph\|date\=October 9, 1921}}
In the next game, a 21–14 victory over the [Kentucky Wildcats](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football "Kentucky Wildcats football"), the Wildcats scored against the Commodores for the first time in their history. Kentucky's second possession began with Bob Lavin fumbling the return, which was recovered by Neely on the 10\-yard line.{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=39}} On third down, after little gain on first and second, Frank Godchaux ran an end\-around touchdown. Rupe Smith scored the other two touchdowns, his first on a drive begun with a 22\-yard pass from Neely to captain Pink Wade (father of later Vanderbilt quarterback [Bill Wade](/wiki/Bill_Wade "Bill Wade")). One Kentucky touchdown followed a blocked Neely punt. The Wildcats threatened to score late and tie the game, but they turned the ball over on downs at the two\-yard line; Neely ran 34 yards, to the 36\-yard line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=L6AO52QKMTM3NTMyNzIwNC42MTAzOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=10\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=10\&p\_docnum\=68\&toc\=true\&p\_docref\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\-118B8D9C52BF4930@2422979\-118B8D9C5B14F7D8@0\-118B8D9CF242FD38\|title\=Pribble, Lavin First To Cross On Commodores\|newspaper\=Lexington Herald\|author\=Joe T. Lovett\|date\=October 16, 1921}}
[thumb\|180px\|alt\=Football player in uniform, hands on knees\|Neely around 1921](/wiki/File:Neely.png "Neely.png")
In the season's sixth week, Vanderbilt defeated [Alabama](/wiki/1921_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1921 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") 14–0 at [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama") in line with predictions.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=W65P5EAXMTM3MTEzNjA2Mi4zNTI3NzM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=8\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=8\&p\_docnum\=59\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\-119C00E0A63C5480@2422995\-119C00E0F7322468@9\-119C00E252980A50@Georgia\-Auburn\+Kentucky\+Vs.\+Centre\+and\+Vandy\+Vs.\+Alabama\+Big\+Grid\+Games\+for\+This\+Week.\+Southern\+Football\+Lovers\+to\+Again\+Witness\|newspaper\=Macon Telegraph\|title\=Vanderbilt To Play Bama Eleven Saturday\|author\=C.E. Baker\|date\=November 1, 1921}} Neely played a role in both touchdowns. Early in the first quarter, Vanderbilt had the ball at midfield after an Alabama punt.{{cite news\|title\=Vandy Trims U of Alabama\|work\=Atlanta Constitution\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906323//\|page\=2\|date\=November 6, 1921\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Two [line bucks](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 "Dive (American football)") preceded Neely's connection with Tot McCullough for a 30\-yard pass play. Neely ran for about 17 yards more through [left tackle](/wiki/Left_tackle "Left tackle"), putting the ball on the nine\-yard line.{{cite web\|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\-m\-footbl\-recaps.pdf\|title\=Alabama \- 1921 Football Recap\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-29\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227104249/http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\-m\-footbl\-recaps.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} After a run by Frank Godchaux, [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar "Lynn Bomar") bucked over the line for the touchdown and Rupe Smith made the [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"). The second scoring drive began with a pass interception by Paul Stumb. In the second half, quarterback Doc Kuhn invigorated the Commodores after he sat out the first half due to injuries; Neely ran for 21 yards around the [right end](/wiki/End_%28gridiron_football%29 "End (gridiron football)"), and Kuhn passed 25 yards to Tot McCullough.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=L4FW53DKMTM3NTYxMzc2MC4zNjExOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=5\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=5\&p\_docnum\=166\&p\_docref\=v2:11B0124EA8AEC7F0@EANX\-11BF02426D17D6A8@2423000\-11BF0242999A2F18@6\-11BF0243818AAB28@Vanderbilt\+Winner\+over\+Alabama\+Team.\+Vandy\+Gets\+Away\+to\+Big\+Start\+after\+Which\+Crimson\+Outfit\+Tightens\|title\=Vanderbilt Winner Over Alabama Team\|newspaper\=Montgomery Advertiser\|date\=November 6, 1921}} Rupe Smith (or Kuhn) then ran the remaining few yards for the touchdown.
For its seventh game, Vanderbilt faced the defending [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (SIAA) champion [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/1921_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team "1921 Georgia Bulldogs football team") at home. The game, the highlight of Vanderbilt's season, was described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* as an "important clash"{{cite news\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/12/109825999\.pdf\|title\=Many Good Games On Schedule Today\|newspaper\=New York Times\|date\=November 12, 1921}} {{Open access}} and would determine the SIAA champion. Georgia scored during the first half; early in the fourth quarter{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=4\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=4\&p\_docnum\=17\&p\_docref\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\-114A05BBA680D790@2423007\-114A05BDA8673748@9\-114A05C41AFF2DB8@Vanderbilt\+Ties\+with\+Bull\+Dogs\+Perfect\+Onside\+Kick\+Nets\+Needed\+Touchdown.\+Georgia\+Backs\+Star\+Crackers\|newspaper\=The State (Columbia, SC)\|title\=Vanderbilt Ties With Bulldogs\|date\=November 13, 1921}} Neely intercepted a pass, weaving for 25 yards to Georgia's 40\-yard line before he was tackled by Jim Reynolds.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=vsEiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4140,2499379\&dq\=rupe\-smith\+vanderbilt\&hl\=en\|newspaper\=The Palm Beach Post\|title\=Commodores Tie In Last Period\|date\=November 13, 1921}}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} {{Open access}} Two long pass attempts failed, and Thomas Ryan lined up to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 "Punt (gridiron football)"). Rupert Smith sneaked behind Ryan; he [rushed](/wiki/Rush_%28gridiron_football%29 "Rush (gridiron football)") to recover the 25\-yard [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick "Onside kick"), jumping up to get the ball off a bounce from the Bulldogs{{cite news\|url\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news/1921/rab1921\-0137\.xml\&query\=\&brand\=rab\-brand\|title\=Game With Vandy Is Tied As Novel Play Is Pulled Successful\|newspaper\=The Red And Black\|date\=November 18, 1921\|access\-date\=August 29, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023531/http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news%2F1921%2Frab1921\-0137\.xml\&query\=\&brand\=rab\-brand\|url\-status\=dead}} {{Open access}} and racing for a 15\-yard touchdown.{{cite news\|work\=Atlanta Constitution\|author\=Fuzzy Woodruff\|date\=November 13, 1921\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906427//\|page\=3\|title\=Onside Kick In Final Quarter Ties Struggle For Commodores\|access\-date\=March 2, 2015\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|author\-link\=Fuzzy Woodruff}} {{Open access}} The game ended in a tie, and the teams shared the SIAA championship. Vanderbilt finished its season against [Sewanee](/wiki/Sewanee_Tigers_football "Sewanee Tigers football") in "the muddiest game in its history"; the Commodores were reportedly knee\-deep in mud and water,{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=6\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=6\&p\_docnum\=79\&p\_docref\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\-127EF8BBF9C6A5C7@2423019\-127EF8BC014C3F51@1\-13335E5B42A22387@Vanderbilt\+Wins\+From\+Sewanee\+In\+Final\+Quarter%2C\+9\-0\|newspaper\=Augusta Chronicle\|title\=Vanderbilt Wins From Sewanee In Final Quarter, 9\-0\|date\=November 25, 1921}} with the players unrecognizable.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\_product\=EANX\&p\_theme\=ahnp\&p\_nbid\=R62J4CSEMTQwNjYxNjcyOC4xNzc0MzE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\&p\_action\=doc\&s\_lastnonissuequeryname\=15\&d\_viewref\=search\&p\_queryname\=15\&p\_docnum\=16\&p\_docref\=v2:11A73E5827618330@EANX\-11ED961412D92260@2423019\-11ED961468E139A8@12\-11ED9615E8420F90@Gil%20Dobie%27s%20Eleven%20Beats%20Pennsy%2041\-0\.%20after%20Six\-Year%20Slump%20Cornell%20Comes%20to%20Life\|title\=Vanderbilt 9, Sewanee 0\.\|newspaper\=Morning Oregonian\|date\=November 25, 1921}} The game was scoreless until the fourth quarter, when Sewanee fumbled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28gridiron_football%29 "Snap (gridiron football)") on a punt; the punter was smothered by the Commodores' Neely, Godchaux and Wade for a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28gridiron_football_score%29 "Safety (gridiron football score)"). [Hek Wakefield](/wiki/Hek_Wakefield "Hek Wakefield") later scored a touchdown for a 9–0 Vanderbilt win.{{cite news\|newspaper\=Charlotte Observer\|title\=Final Period Rally Wins for Old Vandy\|date\=November 25, 1921}}
##### Baseball
Neely was a member of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball_team "1921 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team") [SIAA](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association") champion [Vanderbilt baseball](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball "Vanderbilt Commodores baseball") team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\|author\=Bill Traughber\|title\=The Historic 1921 VU Baseball Team\|access\-date\=2014\-09\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715013153/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-15\|url\-status\=dead}} According to *The Commodore*, the school yearbook, in a 1921 game against [Southwestern Presbyterian University](/wiki/Southwestern_Presbyterian_University "Southwestern Presbyterian University") the team scored a [world record](/wiki/World_record "World record") 13 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)") in one [inning](/wiki/Inning_%28baseball%29 "Inning (baseball)") with two [out](/wiki/Out_%28baseball%29 "Out (baseball)"). *[The Tennessean](/wiki/The_Tennessean "The Tennessean")* reported:
> Neely [singled](/wiki/Single_%28baseball%29 "Single (baseball)") as did Kuhn; [Neil](/wiki/Scotty_Neill "Scotty Neill") [fanned](/wiki/Strike_out "Strike out") but Thomas got his third straight hit and both tallied. Big Tot got [hit](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") by a pitched ball and Smith was safe on a [fielder's choice](/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice "Fielder's choice") with one out. Woodruf flied out to [right](/wiki/Right_field "Right field"). Tyner slammed one to [center](/wiki/Baseball_field%23outfield "Baseball field#outfield") which Jetty juggled and everybody advanced a pair of sacks. Ryan was [safe](/wiki/Safe_%28baseball%29 "Safe (baseball)") on another [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 "Error (baseball)") and two runs came over. Neely beat out his second hit of the inning and Kuhn [walked](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 "Walk (baseball)"). Neil walked. Thomas was safe on an error and Big Tot McCullough picked one over the right field fence, clearing the sacks\-\-but oh, what's the use? Why continue?
#### {{anchor\|Bachelor of Ugliness}}1922
Neely was captain of the undefeated [1922 team](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team "1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team"). In the second week of play Vanderbilt shut out [Henderson\-Brown](/wiki/Henderson_State_Reddies_football "Henderson State Reddies football") 33–0, with Neely scoring a third\-quarter touchdown.{{Closed access}} ["Vandy Defeats Arkansas Team."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=8&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=8&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX-117BC6B1C2D2CB28@2423336-117BC6B290F53790@25-117BC6B645AC0E90@Vandy+Defeats+Arkansas+Team.+Although+Playing+Slovenly+Ball%2C+Commodores+Win+by+33-0) The Macon Daily Telegraph 8 Oct. 1922: 8\. Despite an injured left arm, he started in the [scoreless tie with Michigan](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team%23Week_3:Michigan "Michigan") at the dedication at [Dudley Field](/wiki/Dudley_Field "Dudley Field"). Vanderbilt was forced to punt from its seven\-yard line early in the first quarter.e.g. see "No Change Is Made In Lineup of Team." *Ironwood Daily Globe* 20 Oct. 1922: 10\. The Wolverines completed their first pass (from [Doug Roby](/wiki/Doug_Roby "Doug Roby") to [Paul Goebel](/wiki/Paul_G._Goebel "Paul G. Goebel")), setting in motion a change in field position which placed them inside the five\-yard line. The Commodore punt was partially blocked, giving Michigan the ball at Vanderbilt's 25\-yard line. Two [end runs](/wiki/End_run "End run"), two line bucks and a forward pass brought them to first and goal after six minutes.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Oct\+15%2C\+1922\&author\=SAM\+GREENE\&pub\=Detroit\+Free\+Press\+(1858\-1922\)\&edition\=\&startpage\=21\&desc\=Michigan\+And\+Vanderbitt\+Play\+To\+Scoreless\+Tie\+In\+Commodores%27\+Stadium.\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104170555/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Oct\+15,\+1922\&author\=SAM\+GREENE\&pub\=Detroit\+Free\+Press\+(1858\-1922\)\&edition\=\&startpage\=21\&desc\=Michigan\+And\+Vanderbitt\+Play\+To\+Scoreless\+Tie\+In\+Commodores'\+Stadium.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 4, 2013\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|title\=Michigan and Vanderbilt play to Scoreless Tie In Commodores' Stadium: Southerns Spring Surprise on Rivals\|author\=Sam S. Greene\|date\=October 15, 1922\|author\-link\=Sam Greene (sportswriter)}} The Commodore defense stiffened, repelling four touchdown tries; three runs up the middle were stopped before the goal line. [Franklin Cappon](/wiki/Franklin_Cappon "Franklin Cappon") gained a yard, [Harry Kipke](/wiki/Harry_Kipke "Harry Kipke") lost one and Cappon drove to within a foot of the goal; Neely was heard shouting, "Stop 'em!"{{Harvnb\|Russell\|1938\|page\=40–41, 67}} On fourth down, Michigan faked a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 "Field goal (American and Canadian football)") and ran with Harry Kipke [off tackle](/wiki/Off-tackle_run "Off-tackle run") to the right. Kipke was tackled inches from the end zone.{{Closed access}} ["Powerful Wolverine Eleven Held To Scoreless Tie By Commodores."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=22&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=22&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX-127EFD1C52F3DBF5@2423343-127EFD1C578F01A2@1-13840EB342CC07C8@Powerful+Wolverine+Eleven+Held+To+Scoreless+Tie+By+Commodores) Augusta Chronicle 1922 Oct. 15{{cite news\|title\=Vanderbilt Christens Stadium By Tying Michigan, 0 to 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=October 15, 1922\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/10/15/107074493\.pdf}} A Vanderbilt player pushed himself off the goal post to generate a greater backwards push as the crowd cheered.{{Harvnb\|Traughber\|2011\|page\=79}} Vanderbilt's only noteworthy offensive play occurred soon afterwards. The Commodores punted out of the shadow of their goalpost after a [goal line stand](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23G "Glossary of American football#G"); Neely tackled Kipke (or [Irwin Uteritz](/wiki/Irwin_Uteritz "Irwin Uteritz")) hard on the punt return, causing a fumble which he recovered. He then connected on a 20–plus\-yard pass to Tot McCullough. This gave Vanderbilt the ball at Michigan's 20\-yard line, but subsequent Vanderbilt plays saw runs stopped with little gain and a pass [intercepted](/wiki/Interception "Interception") by Uteritz. The tie was reportedly preserved when Neely recovered a fumble near the Commodore goal.{{Harvnb\|Vanderbilt University\|2012\|page\=119}} He and [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar "Lynn Bomar") were acknowledged as Vanderbilt's players of the game,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\|title\=The history of Vanderbilt Athletics part 1\|author\=Bill Traughber\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-29\|archive\-date\=2015\-02\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222081143/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\|url\-status\=dead}} and Neely wept tears of joy by the game's end. Bomar spent much of his day tackling Michigan runners,{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Opens Its News Stadium with Tie."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-115833CE87C41150@2423343-115833DAF86B34F0-115833F1260EC858) Charlotte Sunday Observer 15 Oct. 1922: 2\. and Neely was a battered, bruised captain playing hard despite his injuries.{{cite news\|title\=Kipke Recalls Vandy Game\|newspaper\=Herald\-Journal (Spartanburg, South Carolina)\|date\=October 5, 1933\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1876\&dat\=19331005\&id\=1YksAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5801,424793}} Franklin Cappon said after the game, "What sort of a crazy man is this Neely? He played like a fiend and when he tackled me I thought I was broken in two. When I got up he was crying and cussed me out. I was the one who should have been crying".
[thumb\|alt\=Neely on the field, hands on hips\|Neely in 1922](/wiki/File:Neelycapt.jpg "Neelycapt.jpg")
At the [Texas State Fair](/wiki/Texas_State_Fair "Texas State Fair") game in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas") against the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football "Texas Longhorns football"), an early surge saw Texas at Vanderbilt's 18\-yard line. McGugin sent in Neely, his injured captain. It worked to some extent, with Texas losing yards and ending up at the 17\-yard line;{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Downs Texas Longhorns, Long Grid Rivals."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=38&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=38&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:0F99DDB671832188@EANX-105AAC57FA53546D@2423350-105AAC580978FB1C@0-105AAC5A8F989BAA@Vanderbilt+Downs+Texa+Longhorns%2C+Long+Grid+Rivals) Dallas Morning News 22 Oct. 1922 Franklin Stacy then kicked a field goal. After a Vanderbilt touchdown, the offenses exchanged punts before Neely ran back a 30\-yard punt return. The 60\-yard drive which followed was capped by a 46\-yard touchdown run by [Gil Reese](/wiki/Gil_Reese "Gil Reese"). In the fourth quarter, Neely hit Bomar with a 23\-yard pass and Bomar ran for 20 yards more, close to the goal."Commodores Win By Superior Play When Near Longhorns' Goal." *Wichita Daily Times* \[Wichita Falls, Texas] 22 Oct. 1922: 9\.{{cite news\|newspaper\=The Atlanta Constitution\|title\=Vandy Whips Texas Team\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030861//\|access\-date\=March 20, 2015\|page\=2\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=October 22, 1922}} {{Open access}} Reese ran it in on the next play and the field goal was good, giving the Commodores a 20–10 victory.
Vanderbilt defeated the [Tennessee Volunteers](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football "Tennessee Volunteers football") 14–6, with both touchdowns on passes from Neely. The first was in the second quarter, on a 31\-yard pass to Doc Kuhn; in the fourth quarter, a five\-yard pass to Lynn Bomar also scored a touchdown.{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Wins From Volunteers."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=60&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=60&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX-114A0D2D200D5668@2423364-114A0D2E829CABB0@10-114A0D3552B34310@Vanderbilt+Wins+from+Volunteers+Hotly+Contested+Game+at+Knoxville) The State \[Columbia, SC] 5 Nov. 1922: 11\.[The Volunteer Yearbook (1923\)](http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid=10&pg=114) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085436/http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid\=10\&pg\=114 \|date\=2014\-08\-19 }} p. 110\-111 Neely\-to\-Bomar is considered one of the best pass\-receiver combinations in Vanderbilt history.{{Harvnb\|Walsh\|2006\|page\=123}}{{Harvnb\|Baker\|1945\|page\=85}} In the game against the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football "Georgia Bulldogs football"), Neely connected with Bomar on a long pass thrown from a few yards behind the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage "Line of scrimmage") at the 45\-yard line. Bomar caught it around the seven\-yard line before being tackled by Georgia halfback Loren Chester (Teany) Randall at about the three\-yard line. The next series of downs produced a touchdown by Gil Reese on his second run at the left tackle. Although Neely was sidelined by injury in the second quarter, Vanderbilt won 12–0\.{{Closed access}} ["Vanderbilt Defeats the University of Georgia."](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=73&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=73&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-11496EE444715058@2423378-11496EE64AA908D0@37-11496EECDA12F128@Vanderbilt+Defeats+the+University+of+Georgia) Charlotte Sunday Observer 19 Nov. 1922: 2\.{{cite news\|title\=Aerial Attack By Vanderbilt Stars Won Game Saturday\|author\=Morgan Blake\|newspaper\=The Red and Black (University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia)\|date\=November 23, 1922\|url\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\=news/1922/rab1922\-0191\.xml}} At the end of the season, he was on [Walter Camp](/wiki/Walter_Camp "Walter Camp")'s list of players worthy of mention, and Vanderbilt compiled an 8–0–1 record. The season was among the best in school and [Southern](/wiki/American_South "American South") football history;{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|newspaper\=Boston Daily Globe\|title\=The Sportlight: Concluding Dope\|author\=Grantland Rice\|date\=November 30, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|504469872}}}}Cummisky, Thomas L. ["Picking Champ Grid Teams Is Not Easy Task Since So Many Have Just Claims."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51968&iid=News-TE-SA_AN_EV_NE.1922_12_01-0018&rc=2386,83,2499,129;617,3142,735,3167;1585,3475,1815,3521;4169,3075,4277,3100&pid=483787794&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) San Antonio Evening News 1 Dec. 1922: 18\. according to a number of publications, Vanderbilt's season was the best in the South.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\|title\=The Sportlight: Football Alphabet\|newspaper\=The Boston Daily Globe\|author\=Grantland Rice\|date\=November 24, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|504491164}}}}e.g. {{cite news\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Vanderbilt Team Only Undefeated Eleven In South\|date\=December 2, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|145950809}}}}; {{cite news\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Few Titles Changed Hands During 1922\|date\=December 31, 1922\|id \= {{ProQuest\|145942485}}}}; ["No Outstanding Football Eleven During The Year."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51761&iid=News-PE-NE_CA_NE.1922_12_27_0017&rc=3030,104,3200,150;2146,2696,2458,2788;3873,3042,3956,3079;2492,3904,2677,3941;2179,4537,2262,4574;2225,4696,2434,4733;4037,3912,4186,3949&pid=483814417&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football+Vandy&st=g) New Castle News 27 Dec. 1922: 17\.; Farrell, Henry. ["Sports Kings That Kept Crown."](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=7539&iid=NEWS-NY-MI_DA_HE.1922_12_31_0006&rc=1804,1192,1991,1229;1542,2087,1710,2124;1542,2308,1904,2345&pid=483818502&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) Middletown Daily Herald 31 Dec. 1922: 6\.
One of the highest honors a student could receive at Vanderbilt was [Bachelor of Ugliness](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ugliness "Bachelor of Ugliness"), created by William H. Dodd in 1885 and given to the male undergraduate student considered most representative of ideal young manhood. In 1923, Neely received the award.
|
[
"### Vanderbilt",
"Neely played football at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\") from [1920](/wiki/1920_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1920 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") to [1922](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") under head coach [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin \"Dan McGugin\"). He was captain and halfback of the undefeated 1922 team, and its best passer. Neely belonged to the [Delta Tau Delta](/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta \"Delta Tau Delta\") fraternity.",
"#### 1920",
"Although the Commodores expected a \"hard game against the [university rivals](/wiki/1920_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team \"1920 Tennessee Volunteers football team\")\",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=264\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\\-1149FD63DC972338@2422607\\-1149FD66111DCA48@8\\-1149FD69D1048588\\|newspaper\\=The State\\|title\\=Football Games on Many Fields\\|date\\=October 9, 1920}} Vanderbilt shut out Tennessee 20–0\\. All three Commodore touchdowns came from passes by Neely to [Gink Hendrick](/wiki/Gink_Hendrick \"Gink Hendrick\"). Neely's long first\\-quarter pass hit Hendrick, who ran 25 yards for the touchdown. In the second quarter Hendrick ran to the 4\\-yard line on a pass from Neely, and the first half ended with Vanderbilt in possession at the Tennessee one\\-foot line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=266\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\\-127EF2EC09257AD5@2422608\\-127EF2EC1D8CEB04@10\\-137E8994B7C7AF0F\\|newspaper\\=Augusta Chronicle\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Wins From Tennessee\\|date\\=October 10, 1920}} Hendrick caught another 30\\-yard touchdown pass from Neely in the fourth quarter.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G51Q4AQCMTQwNTM1NzYwNS45NDE5MDc6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=265\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\\-118B8B27B2E88C08@2422608\\-118B8B27E22272F8@10\\-118B8B292DC817C0\\|newspaper\\=The Lexington Herald\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Is Victor\\|date\\=October 10, 1920}} Two weeks later the Commodores lost 56–6 to one of [Auburn](/wiki/1920_Auburn_Tigers_football_team \"1920 Auburn Tigers football team\")'s greatest teams,{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=38}} Vanderbilt's worst defeat since its 83–0 loss to [Georgia Tech](/wiki/1917_Georgia_Tech_Golden_Tornado_football_team \"1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team\") in 1917\\. The Commodores had only one [first down](/wiki/Down_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Down (gridiron football)\"), and never moved the ball beyond their 40\\-yard line. Neely was one of Vanderbilt's few stars, blocking well and passing Vanderbilt's only touchdown to Hendrick in the end zone.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=15\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=15\\&p\\_docnum\\=9\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1126A744DB722B38@EANX\\-119AC6DE39A87B98@2422622\\-119AC6DE4DBBA000@0\\-119AC6DEC36DF9B8@Donahue%27s%20Greatest%20Team%20Skirts%20Vandy%20Ends%20at%20Will%20Shirling%20Shirey%20Howard%20and%20Warren%20Play%20Brilliant%20Game\\|newspaper\\=The Columbus Daily Enquirer\\|title\\=Donahue's Greatest Team Skirts Vandy Ends at Will\\|author\\=Zipp Newman\\|date\\=October 24, 1920\\|author\\-link\\=Zipp Newman}}",
"In a \"thriller from the start,\" the [Alabama Crimson Tide](/wiki/1920_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1920 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") defeated Vanderbilt for the first time on November 6, 1920, by a score of 14–7\\. A forward pass from [Doc Kuhn](/wiki/Oliver_Kuhn \"Oliver Kuhn\") to Neely gave the Commodores their sole touchdown.{{Cite news\\|url \\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030886//\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|title \\= Crippled Vanderbilt Team Finished With Fine Rally\\|date \\= November 29, 1920\\|work \\= Atlanta Constitution\\|access\\-date \\=March 20, 2015\\|page\\=8}} {{Open access}} The following week, \"expecting one of the greatest football games of the year\",{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=G6EI5FUXMTQwNjAwOTI0MC4yMTU0ODM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=23\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=23\\&p\\_docnum\\=32\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1223BCE5B718A166@EANX\\-122D0A1721BF38A0@2422640\\-1229329EFB977288@14\\-1250AD9AA1B3E572@Vandy%20Works%20Hard%20for%20Virginia%20U.\\|newspaper\\=Times\\-Picayune\\|title\\=Vandy Works Hard For Virginia U\\|date\\=November 11, 1920}} Vanderbilt had a difficult practice schedule before its game with the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/1920_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team \"1920 Virginia Cavaliers football team\"); Virginia and Vanderbilt tied, 7–7\\. Early in the game, Vanderbilt mounted a swift offense, with Neely throwing Hendrick a touchdown pass. That season, Vanderbilt opponents gained less on punt returns than they did against any other team in the South because of coverage by Percy Conyers and Neely.",
"#### 1921",
"##### Football",
"In the second week of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\") season the Commodores shut out the [Mercer Baptists](/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football \"Mercer Bears football\"), 42–0\\. Neely helped score one of four second\\-quarter touchdowns with a 55\\-yard pass to end [Tot McCullough](/wiki/Tot_McCullough \"Tot McCullough\"), and had a 25\\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return \"Punt return\") in the second half.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=P71C59WRMTM3NTMwNDU4OS4xNTU4ODY6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=9\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=9\\&p\\_docnum\\=165\\&toc\\=true\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\\-119C00C9150C3EA0@2422972\\-119C00C94B311108@5\\-119C00CAC3151FA0\\|title\\=Vandy's Eleven Tears Loose In Second Quarter\\|newspaper\\=The Macon Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=October 9, 1921}}\nIn the next game, a 21–14 victory over the [Kentucky Wildcats](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football \"Kentucky Wildcats football\"), the Wildcats scored against the Commodores for the first time in their history. Kentucky's second possession began with Bob Lavin fumbling the return, which was recovered by Neely on the 10\\-yard line.{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=39}} On third down, after little gain on first and second, Frank Godchaux ran an end\\-around touchdown. Rupe Smith scored the other two touchdowns, his first on a drive begun with a 22\\-yard pass from Neely to captain Pink Wade (father of later Vanderbilt quarterback [Bill Wade](/wiki/Bill_Wade \"Bill Wade\")). One Kentucky touchdown followed a blocked Neely punt. The Wildcats threatened to score late and tie the game, but they turned the ball over on downs at the two\\-yard line; Neely ran 34 yards, to the 36\\-yard line.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=L6AO52QKMTM3NTMyNzIwNC42MTAzOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=10\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=10\\&p\\_docnum\\=68\\&toc\\=true\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:114CE9E74A478FB0@EANX\\-118B8D9C52BF4930@2422979\\-118B8D9C5B14F7D8@0\\-118B8D9CF242FD38\\|title\\=Pribble, Lavin First To Cross On Commodores\\|newspaper\\=Lexington Herald\\|author\\=Joe T. Lovett\\|date\\=October 16, 1921}}",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|alt\\=Football player in uniform, hands on knees\\|Neely around 1921](/wiki/File:Neely.png \"Neely.png\")",
"In the season's sixth week, Vanderbilt defeated [Alabama](/wiki/1921_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1921 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") 14–0 at [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama \"Birmingham, Alabama\") in line with predictions.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=W65P5EAXMTM3MTEzNjA2Mi4zNTI3NzM6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=8\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=8\\&p\\_docnum\\=59\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX\\-119C00E0A63C5480@2422995\\-119C00E0F7322468@9\\-119C00E252980A50@Georgia\\-Auburn\\+Kentucky\\+Vs.\\+Centre\\+and\\+Vandy\\+Vs.\\+Alabama\\+Big\\+Grid\\+Games\\+for\\+This\\+Week.\\+Southern\\+Football\\+Lovers\\+to\\+Again\\+Witness\\|newspaper\\=Macon Telegraph\\|title\\=Vanderbilt To Play Bama Eleven Saturday\\|author\\=C.E. Baker\\|date\\=November 1, 1921}} Neely played a role in both touchdowns. Early in the first quarter, Vanderbilt had the ball at midfield after an Alabama punt.{{cite news\\|title\\=Vandy Trims U of Alabama\\|work\\=Atlanta Constitution\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906323//\\|page\\=2\\|date\\=November 6, 1921\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Two [line bucks](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 \"Dive (American football)\") preceded Neely's connection with Tot McCullough for a 30\\-yard pass play. Neely ran for about 17 yards more through [left tackle](/wiki/Left_tackle \"Left tackle\"), putting the ball on the nine\\-yard line.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\\-m\\-footbl\\-recaps.pdf\\|title\\=Alabama \\- 1921 Football Recap\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227104249/http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/21\\-m\\-footbl\\-recaps.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After a run by Frank Godchaux, [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar \"Lynn Bomar\") bucked over the line for the touchdown and Rupe Smith made the [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"). The second scoring drive began with a pass interception by Paul Stumb. In the second half, quarterback Doc Kuhn invigorated the Commodores after he sat out the first half due to injuries; Neely ran for 21 yards around the [right end](/wiki/End_%28gridiron_football%29 \"End (gridiron football)\"), and Kuhn passed 25 yards to Tot McCullough.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=L4FW53DKMTM3NTYxMzc2MC4zNjExOTE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=5\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=5\\&p\\_docnum\\=166\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11B0124EA8AEC7F0@EANX\\-11BF02426D17D6A8@2423000\\-11BF0242999A2F18@6\\-11BF0243818AAB28@Vanderbilt\\+Winner\\+over\\+Alabama\\+Team.\\+Vandy\\+Gets\\+Away\\+to\\+Big\\+Start\\+after\\+Which\\+Crimson\\+Outfit\\+Tightens\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Winner Over Alabama Team\\|newspaper\\=Montgomery Advertiser\\|date\\=November 6, 1921}} Rupe Smith (or Kuhn) then ran the remaining few yards for the touchdown.",
"For its seventh game, Vanderbilt faced the defending [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (SIAA) champion [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/1921_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team \"1921 Georgia Bulldogs football team\") at home. The game, the highlight of Vanderbilt's season, was described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* as an \"important clash\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/12/109825999\\.pdf\\|title\\=Many Good Games On Schedule Today\\|newspaper\\=New York Times\\|date\\=November 12, 1921}} {{Open access}} and would determine the SIAA champion. Georgia scored during the first half; early in the fourth quarter{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=4\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=4\\&p\\_docnum\\=17\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX\\-114A05BBA680D790@2423007\\-114A05BDA8673748@9\\-114A05C41AFF2DB8@Vanderbilt\\+Ties\\+with\\+Bull\\+Dogs\\+Perfect\\+Onside\\+Kick\\+Nets\\+Needed\\+Touchdown.\\+Georgia\\+Backs\\+Star\\+Crackers\\|newspaper\\=The State (Columbia, SC)\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Ties With Bulldogs\\|date\\=November 13, 1921}} Neely intercepted a pass, weaving for 25 yards to Georgia's 40\\-yard line before he was tackled by Jim Reynolds.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=vsEiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4140,2499379\\&dq\\=rupe\\-smith\\+vanderbilt\\&hl\\=en\\|newspaper\\=The Palm Beach Post\\|title\\=Commodores Tie In Last Period\\|date\\=November 13, 1921}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} {{Open access}} Two long pass attempts failed, and Thomas Ryan lined up to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Punt (gridiron football)\"). Rupert Smith sneaked behind Ryan; he [rushed](/wiki/Rush_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Rush (gridiron football)\") to recover the 25\\-yard [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick \"Onside kick\"), jumping up to get the ball off a bounce from the Bulldogs{{cite news\\|url\\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news/1921/rab1921\\-0137\\.xml\\&query\\=\\&brand\\=rab\\-brand\\|title\\=Game With Vandy Is Tied As Novel Play Is Pulled Successful\\|newspaper\\=The Red And Black\\|date\\=November 18, 1921\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023531/http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news%2F1921%2Frab1921\\-0137\\.xml\\&query\\=\\&brand\\=rab\\-brand\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} {{Open access}} and racing for a 15\\-yard touchdown.{{cite news\\|work\\=Atlanta Constitution\\|author\\=Fuzzy Woodruff\\|date\\=November 13, 1921\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1906427//\\|page\\=3\\|title\\=Onside Kick In Final Quarter Ties Struggle For Commodores\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2015\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|author\\-link\\=Fuzzy Woodruff}} {{Open access}} The game ended in a tie, and the teams shared the SIAA championship. Vanderbilt finished its season against [Sewanee](/wiki/Sewanee_Tigers_football \"Sewanee Tigers football\") in \"the muddiest game in its history\"; the Commodores were reportedly knee\\-deep in mud and water,{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=D51E4BIEMTM3MTA3MzE2MS42NzQ4NDA6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=6\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=6\\&p\\_docnum\\=79\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX\\-127EF8BBF9C6A5C7@2423019\\-127EF8BC014C3F51@1\\-13335E5B42A22387@Vanderbilt\\+Wins\\+From\\+Sewanee\\+In\\+Final\\+Quarter%2C\\+9\\-0\\|newspaper\\=Augusta Chronicle\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Wins From Sewanee In Final Quarter, 9\\-0\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}} with the players unrecognizable.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw\\-search/we/HistArchive/?p\\_product\\=EANX\\&p\\_theme\\=ahnp\\&p\\_nbid\\=R62J4CSEMTQwNjYxNjcyOC4xNzc0MzE6MToxMzoxMzIuMTk4LjUwLjEz\\&p\\_action\\=doc\\&s\\_lastnonissuequeryname\\=15\\&d\\_viewref\\=search\\&p\\_queryname\\=15\\&p\\_docnum\\=16\\&p\\_docref\\=v2:11A73E5827618330@EANX\\-11ED961412D92260@2423019\\-11ED961468E139A8@12\\-11ED9615E8420F90@Gil%20Dobie%27s%20Eleven%20Beats%20Pennsy%2041\\-0\\.%20after%20Six\\-Year%20Slump%20Cornell%20Comes%20to%20Life\\|title\\=Vanderbilt 9, Sewanee 0\\.\\|newspaper\\=Morning Oregonian\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}} The game was scoreless until the fourth quarter, when Sewanee fumbled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Snap (gridiron football)\") on a punt; the punter was smothered by the Commodores' Neely, Godchaux and Wade for a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28gridiron_football_score%29 \"Safety (gridiron football score)\"). [Hek Wakefield](/wiki/Hek_Wakefield \"Hek Wakefield\") later scored a touchdown for a 9–0 Vanderbilt win.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Charlotte Observer\\|title\\=Final Period Rally Wins for Old Vandy\\|date\\=November 25, 1921}}",
"##### Baseball",
"Neely was a member of the [1921](/wiki/1921_Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball_team \"1921 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team\") [SIAA](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") champion [Vanderbilt baseball](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball \"Vanderbilt Commodores baseball\") team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\\|author\\=Bill Traughber\\|title\\=The Historic 1921 VU Baseball Team\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715013153/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/050207aad.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} According to *The Commodore*, the school yearbook, in a 1921 game against [Southwestern Presbyterian University](/wiki/Southwestern_Presbyterian_University \"Southwestern Presbyterian University\") the team scored a [world record](/wiki/World_record \"World record\") 13 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\") in one [inning](/wiki/Inning_%28baseball%29 \"Inning (baseball)\") with two [out](/wiki/Out_%28baseball%29 \"Out (baseball)\"). *[The Tennessean](/wiki/The_Tennessean \"The Tennessean\")* reported:",
"",
"> Neely [singled](/wiki/Single_%28baseball%29 \"Single (baseball)\") as did Kuhn; [Neil](/wiki/Scotty_Neill \"Scotty Neill\") [fanned](/wiki/Strike_out \"Strike out\") but Thomas got his third straight hit and both tallied. Big Tot got [hit](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") by a pitched ball and Smith was safe on a [fielder's choice](/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice \"Fielder's choice\") with one out. Woodruf flied out to [right](/wiki/Right_field \"Right field\"). Tyner slammed one to [center](/wiki/Baseball_field%23outfield \"Baseball field#outfield\") which Jetty juggled and everybody advanced a pair of sacks. Ryan was [safe](/wiki/Safe_%28baseball%29 \"Safe (baseball)\") on another [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\") and two runs came over. Neely beat out his second hit of the inning and Kuhn [walked](/wiki/Walk_%28baseball%29 \"Walk (baseball)\"). Neil walked. Thomas was safe on an error and Big Tot McCullough picked one over the right field fence, clearing the sacks\\-\\-but oh, what's the use? Why continue?",
"#### {{anchor\\|Bachelor of Ugliness}}1922",
"Neely was captain of the undefeated [1922 team](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team \"1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team\"). In the second week of play Vanderbilt shut out [Henderson\\-Brown](/wiki/Henderson_State_Reddies_football \"Henderson State Reddies football\") 33–0, with Neely scoring a third\\-quarter touchdown.{{Closed access}} [\"Vandy Defeats Arkansas Team.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=8&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=8&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D409F608820@EANX-117BC6B1C2D2CB28@2423336-117BC6B290F53790@25-117BC6B645AC0E90@Vandy+Defeats+Arkansas+Team.+Although+Playing+Slovenly+Ball%2C+Commodores+Win+by+33-0) The Macon Daily Telegraph 8 Oct. 1922: 8\\. Despite an injured left arm, he started in the [scoreless tie with Michigan](/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team%23Week_3:Michigan \"Michigan\") at the dedication at [Dudley Field](/wiki/Dudley_Field \"Dudley Field\"). Vanderbilt was forced to punt from its seven\\-yard line early in the first quarter.e.g. see \"No Change Is Made In Lineup of Team.\" *Ironwood Daily Globe* 20 Oct. 1922: 10\\. The Wolverines completed their first pass (from [Doug Roby](/wiki/Doug_Roby \"Doug Roby\") to [Paul Goebel](/wiki/Paul_G._Goebel \"Paul G. Goebel\")), setting in motion a change in field position which placed them inside the five\\-yard line. The Commodore punt was partially blocked, giving Michigan the ball at Vanderbilt's 25\\-yard line. Two [end runs](/wiki/End_run \"End run\"), two line bucks and a forward pass brought them to first and goal after six minutes.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Oct\\+15%2C\\+1922\\&author\\=SAM\\+GREENE\\&pub\\=Detroit\\+Free\\+Press\\+(1858\\-1922\\)\\&edition\\=\\&startpage\\=21\\&desc\\=Michigan\\+And\\+Vanderbitt\\+Play\\+To\\+Scoreless\\+Tie\\+In\\+Commodores%27\\+Stadium.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104170555/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1873197002\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Oct\\+15,\\+1922\\&author\\=SAM\\+GREENE\\&pub\\=Detroit\\+Free\\+Press\\+(1858\\-1922\\)\\&edition\\=\\&startpage\\=21\\&desc\\=Michigan\\+And\\+Vanderbitt\\+Play\\+To\\+Scoreless\\+Tie\\+In\\+Commodores'\\+Stadium.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2013\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|title\\=Michigan and Vanderbilt play to Scoreless Tie In Commodores' Stadium: Southerns Spring Surprise on Rivals\\|author\\=Sam S. Greene\\|date\\=October 15, 1922\\|author\\-link\\=Sam Greene (sportswriter)}} The Commodore defense stiffened, repelling four touchdown tries; three runs up the middle were stopped before the goal line. [Franklin Cappon](/wiki/Franklin_Cappon \"Franklin Cappon\") gained a yard, [Harry Kipke](/wiki/Harry_Kipke \"Harry Kipke\") lost one and Cappon drove to within a foot of the goal; Neely was heard shouting, \"Stop 'em!\"{{Harvnb\\|Russell\\|1938\\|page\\=40–41, 67}} On fourth down, Michigan faked a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 \"Field goal (American and Canadian football)\") and ran with Harry Kipke [off tackle](/wiki/Off-tackle_run \"Off-tackle run\") to the right. Kipke was tackled inches from the end zone.{{Closed access}} [\"Powerful Wolverine Eleven Held To Scoreless Tie By Commodores.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=22&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=22&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:1252FEAF2D2D3A44@EANX-127EFD1C52F3DBF5@2423343-127EFD1C578F01A2@1-13840EB342CC07C8@Powerful+Wolverine+Eleven+Held+To+Scoreless+Tie+By+Commodores) Augusta Chronicle 1922 Oct. 15{{cite news\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Christens Stadium By Tying Michigan, 0 to 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=October 15, 1922\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/10/15/107074493\\.pdf}} A Vanderbilt player pushed himself off the goal post to generate a greater backwards push as the crowd cheered.{{Harvnb\\|Traughber\\|2011\\|page\\=79}} Vanderbilt's only noteworthy offensive play occurred soon afterwards. The Commodores punted out of the shadow of their goalpost after a [goal line stand](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23G \"Glossary of American football#G\"); Neely tackled Kipke (or [Irwin Uteritz](/wiki/Irwin_Uteritz \"Irwin Uteritz\")) hard on the punt return, causing a fumble which he recovered. He then connected on a 20–plus\\-yard pass to Tot McCullough. This gave Vanderbilt the ball at Michigan's 20\\-yard line, but subsequent Vanderbilt plays saw runs stopped with little gain and a pass [intercepted](/wiki/Interception \"Interception\") by Uteritz. The tie was reportedly preserved when Neely recovered a fumble near the Commodore goal.{{Harvnb\\|Vanderbilt University\\|2012\\|page\\=119}} He and [Lynn Bomar](/wiki/Lynn_Bomar \"Lynn Bomar\") were acknowledged as Vanderbilt's players of the game,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\\|title\\=The history of Vanderbilt Athletics part 1\\|author\\=Bill Traughber\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222081143/http://www.vucommodores.com/genrel/082708aaa.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and Neely wept tears of joy by the game's end. Bomar spent much of his day tackling Michigan runners,{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Opens Its News Stadium with Tie.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-115833CE87C41150@2423343-115833DAF86B34F0-115833F1260EC858) Charlotte Sunday Observer 15 Oct. 1922: 2\\. and Neely was a battered, bruised captain playing hard despite his injuries.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kipke Recalls Vandy Game\\|newspaper\\=Herald\\-Journal (Spartanburg, South Carolina)\\|date\\=October 5, 1933\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1876\\&dat\\=19331005\\&id\\=1YksAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5801,424793}} Franklin Cappon said after the game, \"What sort of a crazy man is this Neely? He played like a fiend and when he tackled me I thought I was broken in two. When I got up he was crying and cussed me out. I was the one who should have been crying\".\n[thumb\\|alt\\=Neely on the field, hands on hips\\|Neely in 1922](/wiki/File:Neelycapt.jpg \"Neelycapt.jpg\")\nAt the [Texas State Fair](/wiki/Texas_State_Fair \"Texas State Fair\") game in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\") against the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football \"Texas Longhorns football\"), an early surge saw Texas at Vanderbilt's 18\\-yard line. McGugin sent in Neely, his injured captain. It worked to some extent, with Texas losing yards and ending up at the 17\\-yard line;{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Downs Texas Longhorns, Long Grid Rivals.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=38&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=38&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:0F99DDB671832188@EANX-105AAC57FA53546D@2423350-105AAC580978FB1C@0-105AAC5A8F989BAA@Vanderbilt+Downs+Texa+Longhorns%2C+Long+Grid+Rivals) Dallas Morning News 22 Oct. 1922 Franklin Stacy then kicked a field goal. After a Vanderbilt touchdown, the offenses exchanged punts before Neely ran back a 30\\-yard punt return. The 60\\-yard drive which followed was capped by a 46\\-yard touchdown run by [Gil Reese](/wiki/Gil_Reese \"Gil Reese\"). In the fourth quarter, Neely hit Bomar with a 23\\-yard pass and Bomar ran for 20 yards more, close to the goal.\"Commodores Win By Superior Play When Near Longhorns' Goal.\" *Wichita Daily Times* \\[Wichita Falls, Texas] 22 Oct. 1922: 9\\.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Atlanta Constitution\\|title\\=Vandy Whips Texas Team\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2030861//\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2015\\|page\\=2\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=October 22, 1922}} {{Open access}} Reese ran it in on the next play and the field goal was good, giving the Commodores a 20–10 victory.",
"Vanderbilt defeated the [Tennessee Volunteers](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football \"Tennessee Volunteers football\") 14–6, with both touchdowns on passes from Neely. The first was in the second quarter, on a 31\\-yard pass to Doc Kuhn; in the fourth quarter, a five\\-yard pass to Lynn Bomar also scored a touchdown.{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Wins From Volunteers.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=60&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=60&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX-114A0D2D200D5668@2423364-114A0D2E829CABB0@10-114A0D3552B34310@Vanderbilt+Wins+from+Volunteers+Hotly+Contested+Game+at+Knoxville) The State \\[Columbia, SC] 5 Nov. 1922: 11\\.[The Volunteer Yearbook (1923\\)](http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid=10&pg=114) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085436/http://yearbook.lib.utk.edu/index.php?bid\\=10\\&pg\\=114 \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-19 }} p. 110\\-111 Neely\\-to\\-Bomar is considered one of the best pass\\-receiver combinations in Vanderbilt history.{{Harvnb\\|Walsh\\|2006\\|page\\=123}}{{Harvnb\\|Baker\\|1945\\|page\\=85}} In the game against the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football \"Georgia Bulldogs football\"), Neely connected with Bomar on a long pass thrown from a few yards behind the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage \"Line of scrimmage\") at the 45\\-yard line. Bomar caught it around the seven\\-yard line before being tackled by Georgia halfback Loren Chester (Teany) Randall at about the three\\-yard line. The next series of downs produced a touchdown by Gil Reese on his second run at the left tackle. Although Neely was sidelined by injury in the second quarter, Vanderbilt won 12–0\\.{{Closed access}} [\"Vanderbilt Defeats the University of Georgia.\"](http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX&p_theme=ahnp&p_nbid=W5EI4FONMTM1ODMzMzEzNy4zMDY4Njk6MToxNToxMzIuMTk4LjIyNC4yMDk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=73&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=73&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:11260DC9BB798E30@EANX-11496EE444715058@2423378-11496EE64AA908D0@37-11496EECDA12F128@Vanderbilt+Defeats+the+University+of+Georgia) Charlotte Sunday Observer 19 Nov. 1922: 2\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Aerial Attack By Vanderbilt Stars Won Game Saturday\\|author\\=Morgan Blake\\|newspaper\\=The Red and Black (University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia)\\|date\\=November 23, 1922\\|url\\=http://redandblack.libs.uga.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=news/1922/rab1922\\-0191\\.xml}} At the end of the season, he was on [Walter Camp](/wiki/Walter_Camp \"Walter Camp\")'s list of players worthy of mention, and Vanderbilt compiled an 8–0–1 record. The season was among the best in school and [Southern](/wiki/American_South \"American South\") football history;{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Boston Daily Globe\\|title\\=The Sportlight: Concluding Dope\\|author\\=Grantland Rice\\|date\\=November 30, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|504469872}}}}Cummisky, Thomas L. [\"Picking Champ Grid Teams Is Not Easy Task Since So Many Have Just Claims.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51968&iid=News-TE-SA_AN_EV_NE.1922_12_01-0018&rc=2386,83,2499,129;617,3142,735,3167;1585,3475,1815,3521;4169,3075,4277,3100&pid=483787794&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) San Antonio Evening News 1 Dec. 1922: 18\\. according to a number of publications, Vanderbilt's season was the best in the South.{{Closed access}} {{cite news\\|title\\=The Sportlight: Football Alphabet\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Daily Globe\\|author\\=Grantland Rice\\|date\\=November 24, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|504491164}}}}e.g. {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Vanderbilt Team Only Undefeated Eleven In South\\|date\\=December 2, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|145950809}}}}; {{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Few Titles Changed Hands During 1922\\|date\\=December 31, 1922\\|id \\= {{ProQuest\\|145942485}}}}; [\"No Outstanding Football Eleven During The Year.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=51761&iid=News-PE-NE_CA_NE.1922_12_27_0017&rc=3030,104,3200,150;2146,2696,2458,2788;3873,3042,3956,3079;2492,3904,2677,3941;2179,4537,2262,4574;2225,4696,2434,4733;4037,3912,4186,3949&pid=483814417&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football+Vandy&st=g) New Castle News 27 Dec. 1922: 17\\.; Farrell, Henry. [\"Sports Kings That Kept Crown.\"](http://search.ancestry.com/browse/view.aspx?dbid=7539&iid=NEWS-NY-MI_DA_HE.1922_12_31_0006&rc=1804,1192,1991,1229;1542,2087,1710,2124;1542,2308,1904,2345&pid=483818502&ssrc=&fn=&ln=Vanderbilt+Football&st=g) Middletown Daily Herald 31 Dec. 1922: 6\\.",
"One of the highest honors a student could receive at Vanderbilt was [Bachelor of Ugliness](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ugliness \"Bachelor of Ugliness\"), created by William H. Dodd in 1885 and given to the male undergraduate student considered most representative of ideal young manhood. In 1923, Neely received the award.",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
After Neely graduated from Vanderbilt with a law degree in 1924, he began his coaching career at [Murfreesboro High School](/wiki/Murfreesboro_High_School "Murfreesboro High School") in Tennessee and ran a farm\-loan business.{{cite news\|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/11/obituaries/jess\-neely\-coached\-football\-for\-40\-years.html\|title \= Jess Neely, Coached Football for 40 Years\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 11 April 1983}} His college\-football coaching career began at [Rhodes College](/wiki/Rhodes_College "Rhodes College") (then known as Southwestern University), a job he got thanks to former coach McGugin's recommendation,{{Harvnb\|Pope\|1955\|page\=341}} where he had a 20–17–2 record from 1924 to 1927\. Neely was assistant baseball coach at [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_baseball "Princeton Tigers baseball") in the spring of 1928 before going to [Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama "University of Alabama"). From [1928](/wiki/1928_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1928 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") to [1930](/wiki/1930_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "1930 Alabama Crimson Tide football team"), Neely was assistant football coach under former Vanderbilt assistant [Wallace Wade](/wiki/Wallace_Wade "Wallace Wade"), and compiled a 28–15–2 record as the school's head baseball coach from 1929 to 1930\.
From [1931](/wiki/1931_Clemson_Tigers_football_team "1931 Clemson Tigers football team") to [1939](/wiki/1939_Clemson_Tigers_football_team "1939 Clemson Tigers football team") he coached football at Clemson, compiling a 43–35–7 record. Neely coached at Rice from 1940 to 1966 with a 144–124–10 record, the most wins by a Rice coach.
He won the first four bowl games he coached: the [1940 Cotton Bowl](/wiki/1940_Cotton_Bowl_Classic "1940 Cotton Bowl Classic") (with Clemson), the [1946 Orange Bowl](/wiki/1947_Orange_Bowl "1947 Orange Bowl") and the [1949](/wiki/1950_Cotton_Bowl_Classic "1950 Cotton Bowl Classic") and [1953](/wiki/1954_Cotton_Bowl_Classic "1954 Cotton Bowl Classic") Cotton Bowls (with Rice). However, at Rice, he also lost the last three bowl games he coached: the [1957 Cotton Bowl](/wiki/1958_Cotton_Bowl_Classic "1958 Cotton Bowl Classic"), the [1960 Sugar Bowl](/wiki/1961_Sugar_Bowl "1961 Sugar Bowl") and 1961 [Bluebonnet Bowl](/wiki/Bluebonnet_Bowl "Bluebonnet Bowl").
### Clemson
Neely coached the Tigers during what is known as the "Seven Lean Years", and helped start the first booster club.{{cite web\|url\=http://theclemsoninsider.com/2014/06/30/clemsons\-best\-coaches\-neely\-birth\-of\-iptay/\|title\=Clemson's best coaches: Neely, birth of IPTAY\|date\=30 June 2014}} The [1939 team](/wiki/1939_Clemson_Tigers_football_team "1939 Clemson Tigers football team") lost only to [Tulane](/wiki/1939_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team "1939 Tulane Green Wave football team").<https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A23027/datastream/PDF/view> {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} In the 1940 Cotton Bowl, Neely's Tigers upset [Frank Leahy](/wiki/Frank_Leahy "Frank Leahy")'s [Boston College Eagles](/wiki/1940_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team "1940 Boston College Eagles football team"). [Banks McFadden](/wiki/Banks_McFadden "Banks McFadden") led the Tigers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=210426528\|title\=1940 Cotton Bowl, CU vs. BC\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217082840/http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=210426528\|archive\-date\=2017\-02\-17\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Rice
Neely was hired by Rice in 1940 and led the team to a six\-win turnaround.Froggy Williams (2004\). [Jess Claiborne Neely](http://ricehistoricalsociety.org/images/cornerstones/JessNeely.pdf). Rice Historical Society. Neely's [1946 team](/wiki/1946_Rice_Owls_football_team "1946 Rice Owls football team") won the [Southwest Conference](/wiki/Southwest_Conference "Southwest Conference") and the [Orange Bowl](/wiki/Orange_Bowl "Orange Bowl").{{Cite web\|url\=http://library.la84\.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv10/CFHSNv10n4e.pdf\|title \= CONTENTdm}} [Weldon Humble](/wiki/Weldon_Humble "Weldon Humble") starred for the Owls The [1949 team](/wiki/1949_Rice_Owls_football_team "1949 Rice Owls football team") won the [Southwest Conference](/wiki/Southwest_Conference "Southwest Conference") and the Cotton Bowl, and Neely was named the conference's coach of the year. Hall of Fame end [Froggy Williams](/wiki/James_Williams_%28end%29 "James Williams (end)") was "the most important cog" in Neely's "gridiron machine".{{cite web\|url\={{College Football HoF/url\|id\=1714}}\|title\=Froggy Williams\|publisher\=National Football Foundation}} The 1949 team won the Cotton Bowl.
In [1953](/wiki/1953_Rice_Owls_football_team "1953 Rice Owls football team") Neely's Rice team again won the Cotton Bowl. The game featured one of college football's most famous plays. [Dicky Moegle](/wiki/Dicky_Moegle "Dicky Moegle") had broken free on a run when he was tackled by [Tommy Lewis](/wiki/Tommy_Lewis_%28American_football%29 "Tommy Lewis (American football)"), who had come off the sidelines from Alabama's bench.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ricefootball.net/collegeinnwtstory.htm \|title\=Refs didn't Cotton to off\-bench stop \|last\=Heller \|first\=Dick \|date\=January 1, 2007 \|work\=\[\[Washington Times]] \|access\-date\=January 1, 2015 \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112005419/http://www.ricefootball.net/collegeinnwtstory.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Moegle was awarded a touchdown for the illegal play.
[Buddy Dial](/wiki/Buddy_Dial "Buddy Dial") tied Williams's records in 1958\.{{cite web\|url\={{College Football HoF/url\|id\=1810}}\|title\=Buddy Dial\|publisher\=National Football Foundation}} Rice lost the 1960 Sugar Bowl to national champion [Ole Miss](/wiki/1960_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team "1960 Ole Miss Rebels football team"). Neely's last road win was a 20–17 upset over the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/1965_Texas_Longhorns_football_team "1965 Texas Longhorns football team") in 1965\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.riceowls.com/blog/2011/09/jess\-neelys\-last\-road\-win\-was\-one\-to\-remember.html\|title\=Jess Neely's Last Road Win Was One to Remember}}
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"After Neely graduated from Vanderbilt with a law degree in 1924, he began his coaching career at [Murfreesboro High School](/wiki/Murfreesboro_High_School \"Murfreesboro High School\") in Tennessee and ran a farm\\-loan business.{{cite news\\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/11/obituaries/jess\\-neely\\-coached\\-football\\-for\\-40\\-years.html\\|title \\= Jess Neely, Coached Football for 40 Years\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 11 April 1983}} His college\\-football coaching career began at [Rhodes College](/wiki/Rhodes_College \"Rhodes College\") (then known as Southwestern University), a job he got thanks to former coach McGugin's recommendation,{{Harvnb\\|Pope\\|1955\\|page\\=341}} where he had a 20–17–2 record from 1924 to 1927\\. Neely was assistant baseball coach at [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_baseball \"Princeton Tigers baseball\") in the spring of 1928 before going to [Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama \"University of Alabama\"). From [1928](/wiki/1928_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1928 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") to [1930](/wiki/1930_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"1930 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\"), Neely was assistant football coach under former Vanderbilt assistant [Wallace Wade](/wiki/Wallace_Wade \"Wallace Wade\"), and compiled a 28–15–2 record as the school's head baseball coach from 1929 to 1930\\.",
"From [1931](/wiki/1931_Clemson_Tigers_football_team \"1931 Clemson Tigers football team\") to [1939](/wiki/1939_Clemson_Tigers_football_team \"1939 Clemson Tigers football team\") he coached football at Clemson, compiling a 43–35–7 record. Neely coached at Rice from 1940 to 1966 with a 144–124–10 record, the most wins by a Rice coach.",
"He won the first four bowl games he coached: the [1940 Cotton Bowl](/wiki/1940_Cotton_Bowl_Classic \"1940 Cotton Bowl Classic\") (with Clemson), the [1946 Orange Bowl](/wiki/1947_Orange_Bowl \"1947 Orange Bowl\") and the [1949](/wiki/1950_Cotton_Bowl_Classic \"1950 Cotton Bowl Classic\") and [1953](/wiki/1954_Cotton_Bowl_Classic \"1954 Cotton Bowl Classic\") Cotton Bowls (with Rice). However, at Rice, he also lost the last three bowl games he coached: the [1957 Cotton Bowl](/wiki/1958_Cotton_Bowl_Classic \"1958 Cotton Bowl Classic\"), the [1960 Sugar Bowl](/wiki/1961_Sugar_Bowl \"1961 Sugar Bowl\") and 1961 [Bluebonnet Bowl](/wiki/Bluebonnet_Bowl \"Bluebonnet Bowl\").",
"### Clemson",
"Neely coached the Tigers during what is known as the \"Seven Lean Years\", and helped start the first booster club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theclemsoninsider.com/2014/06/30/clemsons\\-best\\-coaches\\-neely\\-birth\\-of\\-iptay/\\|title\\=Clemson's best coaches: Neely, birth of IPTAY\\|date\\=30 June 2014}} The [1939 team](/wiki/1939_Clemson_Tigers_football_team \"1939 Clemson Tigers football team\") lost only to [Tulane](/wiki/1939_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team \"1939 Tulane Green Wave football team\").<https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A23027/datastream/PDF/view> {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} In the 1940 Cotton Bowl, Neely's Tigers upset [Frank Leahy](/wiki/Frank_Leahy \"Frank Leahy\")'s [Boston College Eagles](/wiki/1940_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team \"1940 Boston College Eagles football team\"). [Banks McFadden](/wiki/Banks_McFadden \"Banks McFadden\") led the Tigers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=210426528\\|title\\=1940 Cotton Bowl, CU vs. BC\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217082840/http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=210426528\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Rice",
"Neely was hired by Rice in 1940 and led the team to a six\\-win turnaround.Froggy Williams (2004\\). [Jess Claiborne Neely](http://ricehistoricalsociety.org/images/cornerstones/JessNeely.pdf). Rice Historical Society. Neely's [1946 team](/wiki/1946_Rice_Owls_football_team \"1946 Rice Owls football team\") won the [Southwest Conference](/wiki/Southwest_Conference \"Southwest Conference\") and the [Orange Bowl](/wiki/Orange_Bowl \"Orange Bowl\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://library.la84\\.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv10/CFHSNv10n4e.pdf\\|title \\= CONTENTdm}} [Weldon Humble](/wiki/Weldon_Humble \"Weldon Humble\") starred for the Owls The [1949 team](/wiki/1949_Rice_Owls_football_team \"1949 Rice Owls football team\") won the [Southwest Conference](/wiki/Southwest_Conference \"Southwest Conference\") and the Cotton Bowl, and Neely was named the conference's coach of the year. Hall of Fame end [Froggy Williams](/wiki/James_Williams_%28end%29 \"James Williams (end)\") was \"the most important cog\" in Neely's \"gridiron machine\".{{cite web\\|url\\={{College Football HoF/url\\|id\\=1714}}\\|title\\=Froggy Williams\\|publisher\\=National Football Foundation}} The 1949 team won the Cotton Bowl.",
"In [1953](/wiki/1953_Rice_Owls_football_team \"1953 Rice Owls football team\") Neely's Rice team again won the Cotton Bowl. The game featured one of college football's most famous plays. [Dicky Moegle](/wiki/Dicky_Moegle \"Dicky Moegle\") had broken free on a run when he was tackled by [Tommy Lewis](/wiki/Tommy_Lewis_%28American_football%29 \"Tommy Lewis (American football)\"), who had come off the sidelines from Alabama's bench.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ricefootball.net/collegeinnwtstory.htm \\|title\\=Refs didn't Cotton to off\\-bench stop \\|last\\=Heller \\|first\\=Dick \\|date\\=January 1, 2007 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Washington Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112005419/http://www.ricefootball.net/collegeinnwtstory.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Moegle was awarded a touchdown for the illegal play.",
"[Buddy Dial](/wiki/Buddy_Dial \"Buddy Dial\") tied Williams's records in 1958\\.{{cite web\\|url\\={{College Football HoF/url\\|id\\=1810}}\\|title\\=Buddy Dial\\|publisher\\=National Football Foundation}} Rice lost the 1960 Sugar Bowl to national champion [Ole Miss](/wiki/1960_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team \"1960 Ole Miss Rebels football team\"). Neely's last road win was a 20–17 upset over the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/1965_Texas_Longhorns_football_team \"1965 Texas Longhorns football team\") in 1965\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.riceowls.com/blog/2011/09/jess\\-neelys\\-last\\-road\\-win\\-was\\-one\\-to\\-remember.html\\|title\\=Jess Neely's Last Road Win Was One to Remember}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Emigrant is situated very close to the site of defunct Yellowstone City, which was established in 1863 but eventually abandoned and replaced by [Chico](/wiki/Chico%2C_Montana "Chico, Montana"), sometimes called "Old Chico" or "Chico City," which is situated a few miles south at the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.
The town of Emigrant as it stands today originated as a railroad stop for much of the mining and agricultural activities taking place in the area. It is a much newer community than nearby Chico but has overshadowed Chico due to strategic location. Although the railroad pulled out as transporting freight by truck became standard, Emigrant did not suffer the decline other rural towns in the region had due to its ability to tap into regional tourism. Much of the current structures in Emigrant are newer and well maintained with an "old western" architectural theme.
In August 1864, three emigrants, who came to Montana on the Bozeman Trail, arrived and found men already hard at work mining the creek. The new arrivals decided to try their luck farther up the rugged gulch, finding pay dirt high up the side of Emigrant Peak. The strike caused a stampede that drew several hundred miners and a few women to this remote area deep in Crow Indian country. The miners worked the gravel with moderate success for several weeks before cold weather drove them down to Yellowstone City, near the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.
This settlement was a collection of fifty rough log cabins with dirt roofs and elk hide floors. Supplies ran short during that winter; flour was scarce and tobacco cost $300 a pound, making it worth its weight in gold. The only thing plentiful was venison \- for breakfast, lunch, and dinner during the long winter months. In the spring, the shortages ended and the men went back to work on their claims.
By 1866, Yellowstone City had been abandoned due to hostility with the local Indian population and dwindling placer gold. Nothing remains of the town today. The Emigrant Gulch strike was not a fabulous one, but snug stakes rewarded many of the pioneers for their energy and hardships.
Emigrant first had a post office in 1872, which only lasted 4 years but was reestablished in 1911\.{{cite web \|title\=Emigrant \|url\=http://mtplacenames.org/ \|website\=Montana Place Names Companion \|publisher\=Montana Historical Society \|access\-date\=2 April 2021}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Emigrant is situated very close to the site of defunct Yellowstone City, which was established in 1863 but eventually abandoned and replaced by [Chico](/wiki/Chico%2C_Montana \"Chico, Montana\"), sometimes called \"Old Chico\" or \"Chico City,\" which is situated a few miles south at the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.",
"The town of Emigrant as it stands today originated as a railroad stop for much of the mining and agricultural activities taking place in the area. It is a much newer community than nearby Chico but has overshadowed Chico due to strategic location. Although the railroad pulled out as transporting freight by truck became standard, Emigrant did not suffer the decline other rural towns in the region had due to its ability to tap into regional tourism. Much of the current structures in Emigrant are newer and well maintained with an \"old western\" architectural theme.",
"In August 1864, three emigrants, who came to Montana on the Bozeman Trail, arrived and found men already hard at work mining the creek. The new arrivals decided to try their luck farther up the rugged gulch, finding pay dirt high up the side of Emigrant Peak. The strike caused a stampede that drew several hundred miners and a few women to this remote area deep in Crow Indian country. The miners worked the gravel with moderate success for several weeks before cold weather drove them down to Yellowstone City, near the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.",
"This settlement was a collection of fifty rough log cabins with dirt roofs and elk hide floors. Supplies ran short during that winter; flour was scarce and tobacco cost $300 a pound, making it worth its weight in gold. The only thing plentiful was venison \\- for breakfast, lunch, and dinner during the long winter months. In the spring, the shortages ended and the men went back to work on their claims.",
"By 1866, Yellowstone City had been abandoned due to hostility with the local Indian population and dwindling placer gold. Nothing remains of the town today. The Emigrant Gulch strike was not a fabulous one, but snug stakes rewarded many of the pioneers for their energy and hardships.",
"Emigrant first had a post office in 1872, which only lasted 4 years but was reestablished in 1911\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Emigrant \\|url\\=http://mtplacenames.org/ \\|website\\=Montana Place Names Companion \\|publisher\\=Montana Historical Society \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2021}}",
""
] |
Overview
--------
### Third Division
The pre\-season saw [John Rudge](/wiki/John_Rudge "John Rudge") bring 28\-year\-old stopper [Mark Grew](/wiki/Mark_Grew "Mark Grew") to the club from [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."). He also bought [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.")'s [Ray Walker](/wiki/Ray_Walker_%28footballer%2C_born_1963%29 "Ray Walker (footballer, born 1963)") for [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling")12,000; [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.") winger [Paul Smith](/wiki/Paul_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1964%29 "Paul Smith (footballer, born 1964)") for £10,000; and [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.")'s 'cultured' striker [Richard O'Kelly](/wiki/Richard_O%27Kelly "Richard O'Kelly") for £6,000\. Rudge was connected with the vacant management position at [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C."), but declared himself happy at Vale Park. The season would see its midweek games played on a Tuesday, rather than the traditional Monday and the [play\-offs](/wiki/English_Football_League_play-offs "English Football League play-offs") were also introduced.
The season opened with a 2–2 draw at crisis club [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C."), who were forced to play the fixture at [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool "Hartlepool"), after [finding themselves kicked out](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C._survival_from_liquidation "Middlesbrough F.C. survival from liquidation") of [Ayresome Park](/wiki/Ayresome_Park "Ayresome Park"). Vale also drew their opening home match the following week against [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. "Rotherham United F.C."), and Grew was forced off with a knee injury and [Alan Webb](/wiki/Alan_Webb_%28footballer%29 "Alan Webb (footballer)") split his shinbone. [Jim Arnold](/wiki/Jim_Arnold_%28footballer%29 "Jim Arnold (footballer)") agreed to return to the club on non\-[contract](/wiki/Association_football_contracts "Association football contracts") terms to replace the injured Grew. Playing a 'fluent, [passing](/wiki/Passing_%28association_football%29 "Passing (association football)") game', Vale defeated bogey\-team Walsall, who had maintained a 21\-game unbeaten league run against the "Valiants" since [1965](/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Port_Vale_F.C._season "1964–65 Port Vale F.C. season"). Ageing Arnold failed to maintain his fitness and Vale struggled around the foot of the table. Rudge signed 'giant' [Alex Williams](/wiki/Alex_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Alex Williams (footballer, born 1961)") on [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 "Loan (sports)") from [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."). Despite [Andy Jones](/wiki/Andy_Jones_%28footballer%2C_born_1963%29 "Andy Jones (footballer, born 1963)") leading the scoring charts, Vale still suffered. Rudge's attempts to sign [Steve Bull](/wiki/Steve_Bull "Steve Bull") from [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") failed. On 9 November, Vale Park hosted an [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") match, in which Locomotive Derby beat the Stoke Spitfires 13–8\. By the end of the month, Vale were cut four points adrift at the bottom of the league. The next month [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 "John Williams (footballer, born 1960)") was sold to [Bournemouth](/wiki/A.F.C._Bournemouth "A.F.C. Bournemouth") for £30,000, having been in poor form for Vale. Rudge then splashed out £5,000 on [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.")'s [Gary Hamson](/wiki/Gary_Hamson "Gary Hamson"). He also brought [Bob Hazell](/wiki/Bob_Hazell "Bob Hazell") in from [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C.") on a [free transfer](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28association_football%29 "Free transfer (association football)").
Hazell successfully shored up the Vale defence, as in his first three games, the Vale kept three clean sheets. O'Kelly required a knee operation in January, but good news came as Alex Williams was signed permanently for £10,000\. On 27 January, [Robbie Earle](/wiki/Robbie_Earle "Robbie Earle") made his 142nd consecutive appearance in a 1–1 draw with [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. "Rotherham United F.C.") at [Millmoor](/wiki/Millmoor "Millmoor"), picking up a [groin](/wiki/Groin "Groin") injury that put him into the treatment room. The next week, a 4–2 win over [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") was the last of a streak of six games unbeaten that took the Vale up to fourteenth in the table. Rudge attempted to sign [Don Goodman](/wiki/Don_Goodman "Don Goodman"), who was [transfer](/wiki/Transfer_%28association_football%29 "Transfer (association football)") listed at [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. "Bradford City A.F.C."), but ended his interest after being quoted £100,000\.{{cite news\|title\=Goodman too expensive for the likes of Port Vale\|work\=Staffordshire Sentinel Green 'Un\|date\=11 February 2017\|page\=30}} A bad February ended with a 6–1 capitulation at home to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. "Blackpool F.C."), Vale's biggest home defeat since March of the disastrous [1956–57 season](/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Port_Vale_F.C._season "1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season"). Vale picked up eleven of a possible eighteen points in March, with Rudge also signing [Darren Beckford](/wiki/Darren_Beckford "Darren Beckford") on loan from [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."). On 28 March, the club recorded their biggest ever away win by thumping [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") 6–0 at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage "Craven Cottage"), with Jones bagging a [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick"). On 1 April, Jones was selected for the [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_football_team "Wales national football team") squad, and scored past [Finland](/wiki/Finland_national_football_team "Finland national football team").{{cite news \|last1\=Baggaley \|first1\=Michael \|title\=Archive classic \- Port Vale fans turn out for goal hero on Wales debut \|url\=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/archive\-classic\-port\-vale\-fans\-4008193 \|access\-date\=3 April 2020 \|work\=Stoke Sentinel \|date\=1 April 2020}} Vale lost five of their seven April games, but ensured their safety by ripping apart [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. "Newport County A.F.C.") on 4 May, with Jones hitting five goals.
They finished in twelfth spot with 57 points, twelve points clear of [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C."). Andy Jones scored 37 goals in all competitions.
### Finances
On the financial side, a loss was made of £53,373\. Match receipts earned £228,422, whilst the market rents raised £100,614\. The bank overdraft stood at £216,453, whilst the club's total debts were £363,878\. The club's shirt sponsors were Browns Transport. Both [Geoff Hunter](/wiki/Geoff_Hunter_%28footballer%29 "Geoff Hunter (footballer)") and [Wayne Ebanks](/wiki/Wayne_Ebanks "Wayne Ebanks") left on free transfers, Hunter joining [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. "Wrexham A.F.C."). Chairman Jim Lloyd also resigned due to his deteriorated relationship with the board. He was replaced by garage owner [Bill Bell](/wiki/Bill_Bell_%28businessman%29 "Bill Bell (businessman)"), who was one of many men to have worked on building Vale Park in the 1940s. Bell stated that he was unafraid to cut loose any deadwood.
### Cup competitions
In the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), the First Round tie with [non\-League](/wiki/Non-League_football "Non-League football") neighbours [Stafford Rangers](/wiki/Stafford_Rangers_F.C. "Stafford Rangers F.C.") attracted a healthy crowd of 5,738 (the second\-highest attendance of the season), and Vale advanced with a 1–0 win. Travelling to [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.") for the Second Round, they were on the end of a 5–0 drubbing at the [Bescot Stadium](/wiki/Bescot_Stadium "Bescot Stadium"). Jim Lloyd called the 'tame surrender' a 'disgrace', and Rudge ordered extra training for the players.
In the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup"), Vale advanced past [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C.") 7–1 on [aggregate](/wiki/Aggregate_score "Aggregate score") following wins both at home and at [Meadow Lane](/wiki/Meadow_Lane "Meadow Lane"). They then faced [Ron Atkinson](/wiki/Ron_Atkinson "Ron Atkinson")'s [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") in the Second Round, just as they had in [1983](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Manchester_United_F.C._season "1983–84 Manchester United F.C. season"). United picked up a 3–0 victory at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") before eliminating the Vale with a 5–2 win in [Stoke\-on\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent "Stoke-on-Trent").
In the [Associate Members' Cup](/wiki/EFL_Trophy "EFL Trophy"), the opening match against [Fourth Division](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division "Football League Fourth Division") [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C.") set a [club\-record](/wiki/List_of_Port_Vale_F.C._records_and_statistics "List of Port Vale F.C. records and statistics") for the lowest\-ever attendance for a competitive first\-team game, as only 994 fans turned up at [Vale Park](/wiki/Vale_Park "Vale Park") on 22 December to witness Vale win through a Jones goal. The missing fans only missed 'a long yawn in freezing conditions'. A 2–1 defeat to [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. "Newport County A.F.C.") at [Somerton Park](/wiki/Somerton_Park "Somerton Park") failed to prevent Vale from advancing to the First Round. Vale then eliminated [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. "Exeter City F.C.") with a 1–0 win at [St James Park](/wiki/St_James_Park%2C_Exeter "St James Park, Exeter"). However, [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. "Gillingham F.C.") defeated Vale 4–3 on penalties after a 3–3 draw in [Burslem](/wiki/Burslem "Burslem").
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"### Third Division",
"The pre\\-season saw [John Rudge](/wiki/John_Rudge \"John Rudge\") bring 28\\-year\\-old stopper [Mark Grew](/wiki/Mark_Grew \"Mark Grew\") to the club from [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"). He also bought [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\")'s [Ray Walker](/wiki/Ray_Walker_%28footballer%2C_born_1963%29 \"Ray Walker (footballer, born 1963)\") for [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")12,000; [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") winger [Paul Smith](/wiki/Paul_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1964%29 \"Paul Smith (footballer, born 1964)\") for £10,000; and [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\")'s 'cultured' striker [Richard O'Kelly](/wiki/Richard_O%27Kelly \"Richard O'Kelly\") for £6,000\\. Rudge was connected with the vacant management position at [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\"), but declared himself happy at Vale Park. The season would see its midweek games played on a Tuesday, rather than the traditional Monday and the [play\\-offs](/wiki/English_Football_League_play-offs \"English Football League play-offs\") were also introduced.",
"The season opened with a 2–2 draw at crisis club [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\"), who were forced to play the fixture at [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool \"Hartlepool\"), after [finding themselves kicked out](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C._survival_from_liquidation \"Middlesbrough F.C. survival from liquidation\") of [Ayresome Park](/wiki/Ayresome_Park \"Ayresome Park\"). Vale also drew their opening home match the following week against [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. \"Rotherham United F.C.\"), and Grew was forced off with a knee injury and [Alan Webb](/wiki/Alan_Webb_%28footballer%29 \"Alan Webb (footballer)\") split his shinbone. [Jim Arnold](/wiki/Jim_Arnold_%28footballer%29 \"Jim Arnold (footballer)\") agreed to return to the club on non\\-[contract](/wiki/Association_football_contracts \"Association football contracts\") terms to replace the injured Grew. Playing a 'fluent, [passing](/wiki/Passing_%28association_football%29 \"Passing (association football)\") game', Vale defeated bogey\\-team Walsall, who had maintained a 21\\-game unbeaten league run against the \"Valiants\" since [1965](/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Port_Vale_F.C._season \"1964–65 Port Vale F.C. season\"). Ageing Arnold failed to maintain his fitness and Vale struggled around the foot of the table. Rudge signed 'giant' [Alex Williams](/wiki/Alex_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Alex Williams (footballer, born 1961)\") on [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 \"Loan (sports)\") from [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"). Despite [Andy Jones](/wiki/Andy_Jones_%28footballer%2C_born_1963%29 \"Andy Jones (footballer, born 1963)\") leading the scoring charts, Vale still suffered. Rudge's attempts to sign [Steve Bull](/wiki/Steve_Bull \"Steve Bull\") from [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") failed. On 9 November, Vale Park hosted an [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") match, in which Locomotive Derby beat the Stoke Spitfires 13–8\\. By the end of the month, Vale were cut four points adrift at the bottom of the league. The next month [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 \"John Williams (footballer, born 1960)\") was sold to [Bournemouth](/wiki/A.F.C._Bournemouth \"A.F.C. Bournemouth\") for £30,000, having been in poor form for Vale. Rudge then splashed out £5,000 on [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\")'s [Gary Hamson](/wiki/Gary_Hamson \"Gary Hamson\"). He also brought [Bob Hazell](/wiki/Bob_Hazell \"Bob Hazell\") in from [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\") on a [free transfer](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28association_football%29 \"Free transfer (association football)\").",
"Hazell successfully shored up the Vale defence, as in his first three games, the Vale kept three clean sheets. O'Kelly required a knee operation in January, but good news came as Alex Williams was signed permanently for £10,000\\. On 27 January, [Robbie Earle](/wiki/Robbie_Earle \"Robbie Earle\") made his 142nd consecutive appearance in a 1–1 draw with [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. \"Rotherham United F.C.\") at [Millmoor](/wiki/Millmoor \"Millmoor\"), picking up a [groin](/wiki/Groin \"Groin\") injury that put him into the treatment room. The next week, a 4–2 win over [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") was the last of a streak of six games unbeaten that took the Vale up to fourteenth in the table. Rudge attempted to sign [Don Goodman](/wiki/Don_Goodman \"Don Goodman\"), who was [transfer](/wiki/Transfer_%28association_football%29 \"Transfer (association football)\") listed at [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. \"Bradford City A.F.C.\"), but ended his interest after being quoted £100,000\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Goodman too expensive for the likes of Port Vale\\|work\\=Staffordshire Sentinel Green 'Un\\|date\\=11 February 2017\\|page\\=30}} A bad February ended with a 6–1 capitulation at home to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. \"Blackpool F.C.\"), Vale's biggest home defeat since March of the disastrous [1956–57 season](/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Port_Vale_F.C._season \"1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season\"). Vale picked up eleven of a possible eighteen points in March, with Rudge also signing [Darren Beckford](/wiki/Darren_Beckford \"Darren Beckford\") on loan from [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"). On 28 March, the club recorded their biggest ever away win by thumping [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") 6–0 at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage \"Craven Cottage\"), with Jones bagging a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\"). On 1 April, Jones was selected for the [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_football_team \"Wales national football team\") squad, and scored past [Finland](/wiki/Finland_national_football_team \"Finland national football team\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Baggaley \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=Archive classic \\- Port Vale fans turn out for goal hero on Wales debut \\|url\\=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/archive\\-classic\\-port\\-vale\\-fans\\-4008193 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2020 \\|work\\=Stoke Sentinel \\|date\\=1 April 2020}} Vale lost five of their seven April games, but ensured their safety by ripping apart [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. \"Newport County A.F.C.\") on 4 May, with Jones hitting five goals.",
"They finished in twelfth spot with 57 points, twelve points clear of [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\"). Andy Jones scored 37 goals in all competitions.",
"### Finances",
"On the financial side, a loss was made of £53,373\\. Match receipts earned £228,422, whilst the market rents raised £100,614\\. The bank overdraft stood at £216,453, whilst the club's total debts were £363,878\\. The club's shirt sponsors were Browns Transport. Both [Geoff Hunter](/wiki/Geoff_Hunter_%28footballer%29 \"Geoff Hunter (footballer)\") and [Wayne Ebanks](/wiki/Wayne_Ebanks \"Wayne Ebanks\") left on free transfers, Hunter joining [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. \"Wrexham A.F.C.\"). Chairman Jim Lloyd also resigned due to his deteriorated relationship with the board. He was replaced by garage owner [Bill Bell](/wiki/Bill_Bell_%28businessman%29 \"Bill Bell (businessman)\"), who was one of many men to have worked on building Vale Park in the 1940s. Bell stated that he was unafraid to cut loose any deadwood.",
"### Cup competitions",
"In the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), the First Round tie with [non\\-League](/wiki/Non-League_football \"Non-League football\") neighbours [Stafford Rangers](/wiki/Stafford_Rangers_F.C. \"Stafford Rangers F.C.\") attracted a healthy crowd of 5,738 (the second\\-highest attendance of the season), and Vale advanced with a 1–0 win. Travelling to [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") for the Second Round, they were on the end of a 5–0 drubbing at the [Bescot Stadium](/wiki/Bescot_Stadium \"Bescot Stadium\"). Jim Lloyd called the 'tame surrender' a 'disgrace', and Rudge ordered extra training for the players.",
"In the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\"), Vale advanced past [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\") 7–1 on [aggregate](/wiki/Aggregate_score \"Aggregate score\") following wins both at home and at [Meadow Lane](/wiki/Meadow_Lane \"Meadow Lane\"). They then faced [Ron Atkinson](/wiki/Ron_Atkinson \"Ron Atkinson\")'s [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") in the Second Round, just as they had in [1983](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Manchester_United_F.C._season \"1983–84 Manchester United F.C. season\"). United picked up a 3–0 victory at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") before eliminating the Vale with a 5–2 win in [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\").",
"In the [Associate Members' Cup](/wiki/EFL_Trophy \"EFL Trophy\"), the opening match against [Fourth Division](/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division \"Football League Fourth Division\") [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\") set a [club\\-record](/wiki/List_of_Port_Vale_F.C._records_and_statistics \"List of Port Vale F.C. records and statistics\") for the lowest\\-ever attendance for a competitive first\\-team game, as only 994 fans turned up at [Vale Park](/wiki/Vale_Park \"Vale Park\") on 22 December to witness Vale win through a Jones goal. The missing fans only missed 'a long yawn in freezing conditions'. A 2–1 defeat to [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. \"Newport County A.F.C.\") at [Somerton Park](/wiki/Somerton_Park \"Somerton Park\") failed to prevent Vale from advancing to the First Round. Vale then eliminated [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. \"Exeter City F.C.\") with a 1–0 win at [St James Park](/wiki/St_James_Park%2C_Exeter \"St James Park, Exeter\"). However, [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. \"Gillingham F.C.\") defeated Vale 4–3 on penalties after a 3–3 draw in [Burslem](/wiki/Burslem \"Burslem\").",
""
] |
Parliament and Commission
-------------------------
{{Further\|Barroso Commission\|Juncker Commission\|Von der Leyen Commission\|sixth European Parliament\|seventh European Parliament\|eighth European Parliament\|ninth European Parliament}}
[thumb\|upright\|President Barroso](/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_MEDEF.jpg "José Manuel Barroso MEDEF.jpg")
During 10–13 June 2004, the 25 member states participated in the largest trans\-national election in history (with the second largest democratic electorate in the world). The result of the [sixth Parliamentary election](/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election "2004 European Parliament election") was a second victory for the [European People's Party\-European Democrats](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party-European_Democrats "European People's Party-European Democrats") group. It also saw the lowest [voter turnout](/wiki/Voter_turnout "Voter turnout") of 45\.5%, the second time it had fallen below 50%.[Vote EU 2004](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/europe/2004/elections_2004/default.stm) news.bbc.co.uk
### Barroso I
The [Prodi Commission](/wiki/Prodi_Commission "Prodi Commission") was due to end its mandate at the end of October 2004, so following the [2004 elections](/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election "2004 European Parliament election") to the [Sixth European Parliament](/wiki/6th_European_Parliament "6th European Parliament"), candidates for [Commission President](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission") began to be considered. There was strong backing for [Belgian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium "Prime Minister of Belgium") [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt "Guy Verhofstadt") ([EDLR](/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party "European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party")) from Republic of Ireland, France and Germany who saw him as a "convinced European and also a fighter".{{cite web\|title\=Choosing a New EU Commission President\|date\=4 June 2004\|publisher\=\[\[Deutsche Welle]]\|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,1237192,00\.html\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26}} However the federalist was opposed by Spain the United Kingdom, Italy and [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") due to his vocal opposition to the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") and the inclusion of God in the [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution "European Constitution").{{cite web\|title\=Two more candidates for Commission President\|date\=18 June 2004\|publisher\=EPHA\|url\=http://www.epha.org/a/1298\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26}} Irish [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Bertie Ahern](/wiki/Bertie_Ahern "Bertie Ahern") ([AEN](/wiki/Alliance_for_Europe_of_the_Nations "Alliance for Europe of the Nations")) was also a popular candidate but did not wish to take up the job.{{cite web\|title\=Commission president: Key candidates\|date\=27 June 2004\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3816901\.stm\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26}}
Due to the victory of the [European People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party") in the previous election, EPP parties were keen to get one of their members into the post, including [Luxembourgian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg "Prime Minister of Luxembourg") [Jean\-Claude Juncker](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") ([EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party")), who refused, and [Austrian Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria "Chancellor of Austria") [Wolfgang Schüssel](/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel "Wolfgang Schüssel") ([EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party")), who was in a coalition with a right wing party which discredited him as a candidate to some governments. A number of Commissioners were also touted, notably [Franz Fischler](/wiki/Franz_Fischler "Franz Fischler"), [Commissioner for Agriculture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Agriculture_%26_Rural_Development "European Commissioner for Agriculture & Rural Development") ([Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), [EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party")), [António Vitorino](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vitorino "António Vitorino"), [Commissioner for JHA](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice%2C_Freedom_%26_Security "European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom & Security") ([Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), [PES](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists "Party of European Socialists")), [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten "Chris Patten"), [Commissioner for External Relations](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_External_Relations "European Commissioner for External Relations") (UK, [ED](/wiki/European_Democrats "European Democrats")), [Michel Barnier](/wiki/Michel_Barnier "Michel Barnier"), and [Commissioner for Regional Policy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Regional_Policy "European Commissioner for Regional Policy") (France, [EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party")).
Other candidates were [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative_for_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy "High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy") [Javier Solana](/wiki/Javier_Solana "Javier Solana") (Spain, [PES](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists "Party of European Socialists")) and [President of the Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament "President of the European Parliament") [Pat Cox](/wiki/Pat_Cox "Pat Cox") (Ireland, [ELDR](/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party "European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party")) however both were light candidates. However Barroso emerged as a leading candidate despite his support for the Iraq War and being seen as the [lowest common denominator](/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator "Lowest common denominator") following objections to other candidates. The Parliament approved Barroso as president on 22 July 2004 by 413 votes to 215 (44 abstentions) with most of his support coming from the [EPP\-ED](/wiki/EPP-ED "EPP-ED") group. He did however earn praise for his later choice of candidates.{{cite web\|title\=The European Commission's new president has shown bold political judgement \|date\=13 August 2004 \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|url\=http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading\_articles/article39017\.ece \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025014401/http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading\_articles/article39017\.ece \|archive\-date\=25 October 2007 }}{{cite web\|title\=MEPs confirm new Brussels chief\|date\=22 July 2004\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3915693\.stm\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26}}
During the hearings, members found fault in a number of Commissioners. Committees questioned the suitability of [Ingrida Udre](/wiki/Ingrida_Udre "Ingrida Udre") ([Taxation and Customs Union](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union "European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union")), [László Kovács](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_%28politician%29 "László Kovács (politician)") ([Energy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Energy "European Commissioner for Energy")), [Neelie Kroes](/wiki/Neelie_Kroes "Neelie Kroes") ([Competition](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition "European Commissioner for Competition")) and [Mariann Fischer\-Boel](/wiki/Mariann_Fischer-Boel "Mariann Fischer-Boel") ([Agriculture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Agriculture_%26_Rural_Development "European Commissioner for Agriculture & Rural Development")). However the most controversial was [Rocco Buttiglione](/wiki/Rocco_Buttiglione "Rocco Buttiglione") as [European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security](/wiki/List_of_European_Commission_portfolios%23Justice%2C_Freedom_and_Security "List of European Commission portfolios#Justice, Freedom and Security") due to his conservative comments (on women's position in marriage and that homosexuality was a [sin](/wiki/Sin "Sin")) which, in the eyes of some MEPs, made him unsuitable for a job securing civil rights in the EU{{cite web\|last\=Bowley\|first\=Graham\|title\=EU deputies not swayed on Buttiglione : Barroso proposals fail to quell revolt\|work\=\[\[International Herald Tribune]]\|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/22/union\_ed3\_\_10\.php\|date\=22 October 2004\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}} leading to the [civil rights committee](/wiki/Committee_on_Civil_Liberties%2C_Justice_and_Home_Affairs "Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs") to be the first committee to vote down an incoming Commissioner.{{cite web\|last\=Bowley\|first\=Graham\|title\=Buttiglione affair highlights evolving role of Parliament : Questions arise on democracy at the EU\|work\=\[\[International Herald Tribune]]\|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/18/brussels\_ed3\_.php\|date\=18 October 2004\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}}
The [Socialists](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists "Party of European Socialists") were the most vocal critics of Barroso and his proposed Commission, while the [People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party%E2%80%93European_Democrats "European People's Party–European Democrats") backed the commission with the [liberals](/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe") split. Barroso attempted to offer small concessions to Parliament but they were not accepted as the Socialists made clear they would vote down the commission as it stood, leaving the divided liberals holding the balance of whether the Barroso Commission would be the first Commission in [EU history](/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union "History of the European Union") to rejected by Parliament. The People's Party demanded that if Buttiglione were to go, then a Socialist commissioner must also be sacrificed for balance.{{cite web\|last\=Bowley\|first\=Graham\|title\=Socialists vow to oppose incoming team : Barroso optimistic on commission vote\|work\=\[\[International Herald Tribune]]\|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/26/union\_ed3\_\_11\.php\|date\=26 October 2004\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}}
Barroso eventually gave in and withdrew his proposed college of Commissioners and, following three weeks which left Prodi continuing as a caretaker, proposed a new line\-up. There were three changes to help his dented authority and win the support of Parliament: Buttiglione had been withdrawn by Italy and replaced by foreign minister [Franco Frattini](/wiki/Franco_Frattini "Franco Frattini"), László Kovács was moved from Energy to Taxation and Ingrida Udre was withdrawn and replaced by [Andris Piebalgs](/wiki/Andris_Piebalgs "Andris Piebalgs") who took over the now vacant post of Energy.{{cite web\|last\=Bowley\|first\=Graham\|title\=EU Parliament likely to accept commission : Barroso set to win with new team\|work\=\[\[International Herald Tribune]]\|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/11/17/union\_ed3\_\_6\.php\|date\=17 November 2004\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}} The commission was approved on 18 November 2004, 449 votes in favour, 149 against and 82 abstentions, after Barroso gained the support of all three major parties and they took office on 22 November, three weeks after they were due to.{{cite web\|last\=Bowley\|first\=Graham\|title\=MEPs approve revamped Commission\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4021499\.stm\|date\=19 November 2004\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}}
### 2007
[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") and [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") joined the EU on 1 January 2007 with each being granted a single Commissioner, increasing the college of Commissioners to 27 members. Both new Commissioners were approved by the Parliament on 12 December 2006\.{{cite web\|title\=Bulgarian, Romanian EU commissioners approved\|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]]\|url\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L12681451\.htm\|date\=12 December 2006\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-23\|archive\-date\=11 November 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111031652/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L12681451\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} [Meglena Kuneva](/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva "Meglena Kuneva") was proposed by Bulgaria and was assigned the [Consumer Protection portfolio](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Consumer_Protection "European Commissioner for Consumer Protection"), previously part of the joint [Health \& Consumer Protection portfolio](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Health_%26_Consumer_Protection "European Commissioner for Health & Consumer Protection"). She was welcomed by Parliament with the People's Party and Socialists being impressed by her aims and attitude.{{cite web\|title\=Kuneva to boost consumer confidence in business\|publisher\=EurActiv\|url\=http://www.euractiv.com/en/health/kuneva\-boost\-consumer\-confidence\-business/article\-160068\|date\=13 December 2006\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-23\|archive\-date\=8 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208153715/http://www.euractiv.com/en/health/kuneva\-boost\-consumer\-confidence\-business/article\-160068\|url\-status\=dead}} Kuneva had 583 votes "in favour", 21 votes "against" and 28 votes "abstentions".
Romania originally proposed [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Romania "Senate of Romania") [Varujan Vosganian](/wiki/Varujan_Vosganian "Varujan Vosganian"), however he quickly met with opposition from Socialists and the Commission itself due to his far right views and having no experience of the EU or profile outside Romania. That nomination was replaced by [Leonard Orban](/wiki/Leonard_Orban "Leonard Orban") who was given the portfolio of [Multilingualism](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Multilingualism "European Commissioner for Multilingualism"), previously part of [Education, Training \& Culture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Education%2C_Training_%26_Culture "European Commissioner for Education, Training & Culture").{{cite web\|title\=EU's Barroso backs Romania's nominee for commissioner\|publisher\=EU Business\|url\=http://www.eubusiness.com/Institutions/061030195210\.8xn2knok\|date\=30 October 2006\|access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}} This however was met a cool reception for being such a slim portfolio. Socialist leader [Martin Schulz](/wiki/Martin_Schulz "Martin Schulz") MEP suggested it should instead focus on ethnic minorities but this was rejected by Barroso.{{cite web\|title\=Socialists criticise new commissioner's portfolio\|publisher\=EurActiv\|url\=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/socialists\-criticise\-new\-commissioner\-portfolio/article\-159715\|date\=23 May 2007\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-23\|archive\-date\=16 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204722/http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/socialists\-criticise\-new\-commissioner\-portfolio/article\-159715\|url\-status\=dead}} Orban was approved by Parliament with 595 votes in favour, 16 against and 29 abstentions.
### Barroso II
The [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election "2009 European Parliament election") again saw a victory for the [European People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party "European People's Party"), despite losing the [British Conservatives](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") who formed a smaller eurosceptic grouping with other anti\-federalist right wing parties. Parliament's presidency was once again divided between the People's Party and the Socialists, with [Jerzy Buzek](/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek "Jerzy Buzek") elected as the first eastern European to become [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament "President of the European Parliament").
In 2008, Barroso had steadily won support from leaders for a second term as president, [Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy "Nicolas Sarkozy") and [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi") both declared their support for Barroso, though Barroso himself stated it is up to the political parties in Parliament.{{cite web\|title\=Berlusconi backs Barroso to head EU Commission again \|date\=9 July 2008 \|publisher\=AFP \|url\=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jKK7ruTJU5bAX35DfSc49cQud\_qA \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-16 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225842/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jKK7ruTJU5bAX35DfSc49cQud\_qA \|archive\-date\=12 February 2009 }}{{cite web\|last\=Mahony\|first\=Honor\|title\=Sarkozy backs Barroso for second go as EU commission president\|date\=10 July 2008\|publisher\=EU Observer\|url\=http://euobserver.com/9/26475\|access\-date\=2008\-07\-10}} On 19 July 2008 Barroso stated for the first time that he was seeking a second term{{cite web\|last\=Mahony\|first\=Honor\|title\=Barroso admits he wants to be EU commission president for a second time\|date\=19 July 2008\|publisher\=EU Observer\|url\=http://euobserver.com/9/26513\|access\-date\=2008\-07\-21}} and was backed by the EPP for re\-election.{{cite web\|last\=Taylor\|first\=Simon\|title\= Barroso wins backing for second term\|date\=16 October 2008\|publisher\=European Voice\|url\=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/10/barroso\-wins\-backing\-for\-second\-term/62730\.aspx\|access\-date\=2008\-10\-18}}
In the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election "2009 European Parliament election"), the EPP maintained their position as largest party, though without an absolute majority even with the support of other parties to their right. Yet the second and third largest groups, the Socialists and the Liberals, failed to put forward an alternative candidate to challenge Barroso even if they had won.Mahony, Honor (13 June 2009\) [Socialists warn EU leaders to respect parliament on Barroso issue](http://euobserver.com/883/28297), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\.Simon, Joan Marc (23 March 2009\) [Barroso: the candidate of all European parties](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520054442/http://federalists.cafebabel.com/en/post/2009/03/23/European-Federalism-Barroso-Commission-President-Candidate-European-Parties-PSE-EPP), European Federalists (Cafe Babel), Accessed 3 September 2009\. Despite this, a loose red\-green\-yellow coalition (the Socialists and Liberals with [the Greens–European Free Alliance](/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance "The Greens–European Free Alliance")) formed against him in an attempt to gain concessions from Barroso. They demanded Barroso set out clearly his policy guidelines for his next term and offer key posts in the commission to their group members.Mahony, Honor (2 September 2009\) [Barroso to publish policy programme for next commission](http://euobserver.com/9/28610), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\. They also attempted to push the vote back beyond the ratification date for the [Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") to have more power over his appointment.Phillips, Leigh (28 August 2009\) [Parliament chief wants mid\-September decision on Barroso](http://euobserver.com/18/28589), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\.
In a meeting with the political groups on 10 September 2009, Barroso argued his new policies to a packed room with an unusually lively debate as Barroso defended his record against the Greens, his most ardent opponents. Despite holding his own in the debate he did not win support from the Greens.Phillips, Liegh (10 September 2009\) [Barroso holds his own in spectacular brawl with Greens](http://euobserver.com/9/28646), EU Observer however the Socialist and Liberal leaders softened their opposition, the latter approving of the idea of a Commissioner for Human Rights.Mahony, Honor (10 September 2009\) [Next commission set for human rights post](http://euobserver.com/9/28643), EU Observer Following the plenary debate on 15 September the People's Party and anti\-federalist [Conservatives and Reformists](/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group "European Conservatives and Reformists Group") declared support, with conditional support from the Liberals. The Socialists, Greens and eurosceptic [Freedom and Democracy](/wiki/Europe_for_Freedom_and_Democracy "Europe for Freedom and Democracy") group all declared opposition, criticising the liberals for switching camps.Mahony, Honor (15 September 2009\) [Barroso fails to convince critics in parliament speech](http://euobserver.com/9/28670), EU Observer However the groups struggled to enforce a party line as MEPs vote via a secret ballot. The vote took place on 16 September 2009\.Mahony, Honor (10 September 2009\) [Commission president vote confirmed for next week](http://euobserver.com/9/28645), EU Observer On 16 September 2009, Barroso was re\-elected by Parliament by 382 to 219 (out of 718, with 117 abstentions).
Bulgaria's initial Commission candidate, [Rumiana Jeleva](/wiki/Rumiana_Jeleva "Rumiana Jeleva"), was forced to step down due to opposition from MEPs, mainly the Socialists, who questioned her suitability and financial interests despite backing from the People's Party (to which her national party belongs). Bulgaria rapidly submitted [Kristalina Georgieva](/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva "Kristalina Georgieva") but this forced the vote on the commission to be delayed weeks so Georgieva's hearings could be arranged.Mahony, Honor (19 January 2009\) [EU commission vote delayed as Bulgarian nominee steps down](http://euobserver.com/9/29296), EU Observer The only other commissioner\-designate to lack support was returning commissioner [Neelie Kroes](/wiki/Neelie_Kroes "Neelie Kroes"), who was also seen to perform poorly in her hearing. However, she was invited back and secured more support, indicating she will get approval from Parliament.Willis, Andrew (19 January 2009\) [Kroes performs better in second EP audition](http://euobserver.com/9/29300), EU Observer
Parliament approved the new line\-up on 9 February 2010 with 488 votes in favour. 137, the [greens](/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance "The Greens–European Free Alliance") and [far left](/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left "European United Left–Nordic Green Left"), voted against while 72 MEPs abstained; including the [conservative and reformists](/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group "European Conservatives and Reformists Group") who abstained on democracy grounds.Mahony, Honor (9 February 2010\) [EU votes in new commission after long delay](http://euobserver.com/9/29436), EU Observer The greens criticised the other parties for opposing Barroso's team and then voting in favour anyway, protesting that Barroso "assigned portfolios without respect to the prospective commissioners' competences. Worse still, he moved commissioners from posts where they were doing a good job. The new college risks being characterised by internal power struggles instead of teamwork due to the unclear division of responsibilities." while the conservatives desired a vote for them individually as "there were strong candidates who we would have endorsed, and weak candidates who we would have opposed."Banks, Martin (9 February 2010\) [EU commission wins seal of approval](http://www.theparliament.com/no_cache/latestnews/news-article/newsarticle/eu-commission-wins-seal-of-approval-despite-ecr-absention/){{dead link\|date\=June 2018\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}, theParliament.com
### Juncker
{{Empty section\|date\=May 2020}}
### Von der Leyen
{{Empty section\|date\=May 2020}}
|
[
"Parliament and Commission\n-------------------------",
"{{Further\\|Barroso Commission\\|Juncker Commission\\|Von der Leyen Commission\\|sixth European Parliament\\|seventh European Parliament\\|eighth European Parliament\\|ninth European Parliament}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|President Barroso](/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_MEDEF.jpg \"José Manuel Barroso MEDEF.jpg\")\nDuring 10–13 June 2004, the 25 member states participated in the largest trans\\-national election in history (with the second largest democratic electorate in the world). The result of the [sixth Parliamentary election](/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election \"2004 European Parliament election\") was a second victory for the [European People's Party\\-European Democrats](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party-European_Democrats \"European People's Party-European Democrats\") group. It also saw the lowest [voter turnout](/wiki/Voter_turnout \"Voter turnout\") of 45\\.5%, the second time it had fallen below 50%.[Vote EU 2004](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/europe/2004/elections_2004/default.stm) news.bbc.co.uk",
"### Barroso I",
"The [Prodi Commission](/wiki/Prodi_Commission \"Prodi Commission\") was due to end its mandate at the end of October 2004, so following the [2004 elections](/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election \"2004 European Parliament election\") to the [Sixth European Parliament](/wiki/6th_European_Parliament \"6th European Parliament\"), candidates for [Commission President](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\") began to be considered. There was strong backing for [Belgian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium \"Prime Minister of Belgium\") [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt \"Guy Verhofstadt\") ([EDLR](/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party \"European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party\")) from Republic of Ireland, France and Germany who saw him as a \"convinced European and also a fighter\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Choosing a New EU Commission President\\|date\\=4 June 2004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Deutsche Welle]]\\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,1237192,00\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26}} However the federalist was opposed by Spain the United Kingdom, Italy and [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") due to his vocal opposition to the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\") and the inclusion of God in the [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution \"European Constitution\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Two more candidates for Commission President\\|date\\=18 June 2004\\|publisher\\=EPHA\\|url\\=http://www.epha.org/a/1298\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26}} Irish [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\") [Bertie Ahern](/wiki/Bertie_Ahern \"Bertie Ahern\") ([AEN](/wiki/Alliance_for_Europe_of_the_Nations \"Alliance for Europe of the Nations\")) was also a popular candidate but did not wish to take up the job.{{cite web\\|title\\=Commission president: Key candidates\\|date\\=27 June 2004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3816901\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26}}",
"Due to the victory of the [European People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\") in the previous election, EPP parties were keen to get one of their members into the post, including [Luxembourgian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg \"Prime Minister of Luxembourg\") [Jean\\-Claude Juncker](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker \"Jean-Claude Juncker\") ([EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\")), who refused, and [Austrian Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria \"Chancellor of Austria\") [Wolfgang Schüssel](/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel \"Wolfgang Schüssel\") ([EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\")), who was in a coalition with a right wing party which discredited him as a candidate to some governments. A number of Commissioners were also touted, notably [Franz Fischler](/wiki/Franz_Fischler \"Franz Fischler\"), [Commissioner for Agriculture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Agriculture_%26_Rural_Development \"European Commissioner for Agriculture & Rural Development\") ([Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), [EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\")), [António Vitorino](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vitorino \"António Vitorino\"), [Commissioner for JHA](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice%2C_Freedom_%26_Security \"European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom & Security\") ([Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), [PES](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists \"Party of European Socialists\")), [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten \"Chris Patten\"), [Commissioner for External Relations](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_External_Relations \"European Commissioner for External Relations\") (UK, [ED](/wiki/European_Democrats \"European Democrats\")), [Michel Barnier](/wiki/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\"), and [Commissioner for Regional Policy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Regional_Policy \"European Commissioner for Regional Policy\") (France, [EPP](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\")).",
"Other candidates were [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative_for_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy \"High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy\") [Javier Solana](/wiki/Javier_Solana \"Javier Solana\") (Spain, [PES](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists \"Party of European Socialists\")) and [President of the Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament \"President of the European Parliament\") [Pat Cox](/wiki/Pat_Cox \"Pat Cox\") (Ireland, [ELDR](/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party \"European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party\")) however both were light candidates. However Barroso emerged as a leading candidate despite his support for the Iraq War and being seen as the [lowest common denominator](/wiki/Lowest_common_denominator \"Lowest common denominator\") following objections to other candidates. The Parliament approved Barroso as president on 22 July 2004 by 413 votes to 215 (44 abstentions) with most of his support coming from the [EPP\\-ED](/wiki/EPP-ED \"EPP-ED\") group. He did however earn praise for his later choice of candidates.{{cite web\\|title\\=The European Commission's new president has shown bold political judgement \\|date\\=13 August 2004 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|url\\=http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading\\_articles/article39017\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025014401/http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading\\_articles/article39017\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2007 }}{{cite web\\|title\\=MEPs confirm new Brussels chief\\|date\\=22 July 2004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3915693\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26}}",
"During the hearings, members found fault in a number of Commissioners. Committees questioned the suitability of [Ingrida Udre](/wiki/Ingrida_Udre \"Ingrida Udre\") ([Taxation and Customs Union](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union \"European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union\")), [László Kovács](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_%28politician%29 \"László Kovács (politician)\") ([Energy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Energy \"European Commissioner for Energy\")), [Neelie Kroes](/wiki/Neelie_Kroes \"Neelie Kroes\") ([Competition](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition \"European Commissioner for Competition\")) and [Mariann Fischer\\-Boel](/wiki/Mariann_Fischer-Boel \"Mariann Fischer-Boel\") ([Agriculture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Agriculture_%26_Rural_Development \"European Commissioner for Agriculture & Rural Development\")). However the most controversial was [Rocco Buttiglione](/wiki/Rocco_Buttiglione \"Rocco Buttiglione\") as [European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security](/wiki/List_of_European_Commission_portfolios%23Justice%2C_Freedom_and_Security \"List of European Commission portfolios#Justice, Freedom and Security\") due to his conservative comments (on women's position in marriage and that homosexuality was a [sin](/wiki/Sin \"Sin\")) which, in the eyes of some MEPs, made him unsuitable for a job securing civil rights in the EU{{cite web\\|last\\=Bowley\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=EU deputies not swayed on Buttiglione : Barroso proposals fail to quell revolt\\|work\\=\\[\\[International Herald Tribune]]\\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/22/union\\_ed3\\_\\_10\\.php\\|date\\=22 October 2004\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}} leading to the [civil rights committee](/wiki/Committee_on_Civil_Liberties%2C_Justice_and_Home_Affairs \"Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs\") to be the first committee to vote down an incoming Commissioner.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bowley\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=Buttiglione affair highlights evolving role of Parliament : Questions arise on democracy at the EU\\|work\\=\\[\\[International Herald Tribune]]\\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/18/brussels\\_ed3\\_.php\\|date\\=18 October 2004\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}}",
"The [Socialists](/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists \"Party of European Socialists\") were the most vocal critics of Barroso and his proposed Commission, while the [People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party%E2%80%93European_Democrats \"European People's Party–European Democrats\") backed the commission with the [liberals](/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe \"Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe\") split. Barroso attempted to offer small concessions to Parliament but they were not accepted as the Socialists made clear they would vote down the commission as it stood, leaving the divided liberals holding the balance of whether the Barroso Commission would be the first Commission in [EU history](/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union \"History of the European Union\") to rejected by Parliament. The People's Party demanded that if Buttiglione were to go, then a Socialist commissioner must also be sacrificed for balance.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bowley\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=Socialists vow to oppose incoming team : Barroso optimistic on commission vote\\|work\\=\\[\\[International Herald Tribune]]\\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/26/union\\_ed3\\_\\_11\\.php\\|date\\=26 October 2004\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}}",
"Barroso eventually gave in and withdrew his proposed college of Commissioners and, following three weeks which left Prodi continuing as a caretaker, proposed a new line\\-up. There were three changes to help his dented authority and win the support of Parliament: Buttiglione had been withdrawn by Italy and replaced by foreign minister [Franco Frattini](/wiki/Franco_Frattini \"Franco Frattini\"), László Kovács was moved from Energy to Taxation and Ingrida Udre was withdrawn and replaced by [Andris Piebalgs](/wiki/Andris_Piebalgs \"Andris Piebalgs\") who took over the now vacant post of Energy.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bowley\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=EU Parliament likely to accept commission : Barroso set to win with new team\\|work\\=\\[\\[International Herald Tribune]]\\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/11/17/union\\_ed3\\_\\_6\\.php\\|date\\=17 November 2004\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}} The commission was approved on 18 November 2004, 449 votes in favour, 149 against and 82 abstentions, after Barroso gained the support of all three major parties and they took office on 22 November, three weeks after they were due to.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bowley\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=MEPs approve revamped Commission\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4021499\\.stm\\|date\\=19 November 2004\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}}",
"### 2007",
"[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\") and [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") joined the EU on 1 January 2007 with each being granted a single Commissioner, increasing the college of Commissioners to 27 members. Both new Commissioners were approved by the Parliament on 12 December 2006\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bulgarian, Romanian EU commissioners approved\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|url\\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L12681451\\.htm\\|date\\=12 December 2006\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-23\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111031652/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L12681451\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Meglena Kuneva](/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva \"Meglena Kuneva\") was proposed by Bulgaria and was assigned the [Consumer Protection portfolio](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Consumer_Protection \"European Commissioner for Consumer Protection\"), previously part of the joint [Health \\& Consumer Protection portfolio](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Health_%26_Consumer_Protection \"European Commissioner for Health & Consumer Protection\"). She was welcomed by Parliament with the People's Party and Socialists being impressed by her aims and attitude.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kuneva to boost consumer confidence in business\\|publisher\\=EurActiv\\|url\\=http://www.euractiv.com/en/health/kuneva\\-boost\\-consumer\\-confidence\\-business/article\\-160068\\|date\\=13 December 2006\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-23\\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208153715/http://www.euractiv.com/en/health/kuneva\\-boost\\-consumer\\-confidence\\-business/article\\-160068\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Kuneva had 583 votes \"in favour\", 21 votes \"against\" and 28 votes \"abstentions\".",
"Romania originally proposed [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Romania \"Senate of Romania\") [Varujan Vosganian](/wiki/Varujan_Vosganian \"Varujan Vosganian\"), however he quickly met with opposition from Socialists and the Commission itself due to his far right views and having no experience of the EU or profile outside Romania. That nomination was replaced by [Leonard Orban](/wiki/Leonard_Orban \"Leonard Orban\") who was given the portfolio of [Multilingualism](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Multilingualism \"European Commissioner for Multilingualism\"), previously part of [Education, Training \\& Culture](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Education%2C_Training_%26_Culture \"European Commissioner for Education, Training & Culture\").{{cite web\\|title\\=EU's Barroso backs Romania's nominee for commissioner\\|publisher\\=EU Business\\|url\\=http://www.eubusiness.com/Institutions/061030195210\\.8xn2knok\\|date\\=30 October 2006\\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}} This however was met a cool reception for being such a slim portfolio. Socialist leader [Martin Schulz](/wiki/Martin_Schulz \"Martin Schulz\") MEP suggested it should instead focus on ethnic minorities but this was rejected by Barroso.{{cite web\\|title\\=Socialists criticise new commissioner's portfolio\\|publisher\\=EurActiv\\|url\\=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/socialists\\-criticise\\-new\\-commissioner\\-portfolio/article\\-159715\\|date\\=23 May 2007\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-23\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204722/http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/socialists\\-criticise\\-new\\-commissioner\\-portfolio/article\\-159715\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Orban was approved by Parliament with 595 votes in favour, 16 against and 29 abstentions.",
"### Barroso II",
"The [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election \"2009 European Parliament election\") again saw a victory for the [European People's Party](/wiki/European_People%27s_Party \"European People's Party\"), despite losing the [British Conservatives](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") who formed a smaller eurosceptic grouping with other anti\\-federalist right wing parties. Parliament's presidency was once again divided between the People's Party and the Socialists, with [Jerzy Buzek](/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek \"Jerzy Buzek\") elected as the first eastern European to become [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament \"President of the European Parliament\").",
"In 2008, Barroso had steadily won support from leaders for a second term as president, [Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy \"Nicolas Sarkozy\") and [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\") both declared their support for Barroso, though Barroso himself stated it is up to the political parties in Parliament.{{cite web\\|title\\=Berlusconi backs Barroso to head EU Commission again \\|date\\=9 July 2008 \\|publisher\\=AFP \\|url\\=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jKK7ruTJU5bAX35DfSc49cQud\\_qA \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225842/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jKK7ruTJU5bAX35DfSc49cQud\\_qA \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2009 }}{{cite web\\|last\\=Mahony\\|first\\=Honor\\|title\\=Sarkozy backs Barroso for second go as EU commission president\\|date\\=10 July 2008\\|publisher\\=EU Observer\\|url\\=http://euobserver.com/9/26475\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-10}} On 19 July 2008 Barroso stated for the first time that he was seeking a second term{{cite web\\|last\\=Mahony\\|first\\=Honor\\|title\\=Barroso admits he wants to be EU commission president for a second time\\|date\\=19 July 2008\\|publisher\\=EU Observer\\|url\\=http://euobserver.com/9/26513\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-21}} and was backed by the EPP for re\\-election.{{cite web\\|last\\=Taylor\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\= Barroso wins backing for second term\\|date\\=16 October 2008\\|publisher\\=European Voice\\|url\\=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/10/barroso\\-wins\\-backing\\-for\\-second\\-term/62730\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-18}}",
"In the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election \"2009 European Parliament election\"), the EPP maintained their position as largest party, though without an absolute majority even with the support of other parties to their right. Yet the second and third largest groups, the Socialists and the Liberals, failed to put forward an alternative candidate to challenge Barroso even if they had won.Mahony, Honor (13 June 2009\\) [Socialists warn EU leaders to respect parliament on Barroso issue](http://euobserver.com/883/28297), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\\.Simon, Joan Marc (23 March 2009\\) [Barroso: the candidate of all European parties](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520054442/http://federalists.cafebabel.com/en/post/2009/03/23/European-Federalism-Barroso-Commission-President-Candidate-European-Parties-PSE-EPP), European Federalists (Cafe Babel), Accessed 3 September 2009\\. Despite this, a loose red\\-green\\-yellow coalition (the Socialists and Liberals with [the Greens–European Free Alliance](/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance \"The Greens–European Free Alliance\")) formed against him in an attempt to gain concessions from Barroso. They demanded Barroso set out clearly his policy guidelines for his next term and offer key posts in the commission to their group members.Mahony, Honor (2 September 2009\\) [Barroso to publish policy programme for next commission](http://euobserver.com/9/28610), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\\. They also attempted to push the vote back beyond the ratification date for the [Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") to have more power over his appointment.Phillips, Leigh (28 August 2009\\) [Parliament chief wants mid\\-September decision on Barroso](http://euobserver.com/18/28589), EU Observer, Accessed 3 September 2009\\.",
"In a meeting with the political groups on 10 September 2009, Barroso argued his new policies to a packed room with an unusually lively debate as Barroso defended his record against the Greens, his most ardent opponents. Despite holding his own in the debate he did not win support from the Greens.Phillips, Liegh (10 September 2009\\) [Barroso holds his own in spectacular brawl with Greens](http://euobserver.com/9/28646), EU Observer however the Socialist and Liberal leaders softened their opposition, the latter approving of the idea of a Commissioner for Human Rights.Mahony, Honor (10 September 2009\\) [Next commission set for human rights post](http://euobserver.com/9/28643), EU Observer Following the plenary debate on 15 September the People's Party and anti\\-federalist [Conservatives and Reformists](/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group \"European Conservatives and Reformists Group\") declared support, with conditional support from the Liberals. The Socialists, Greens and eurosceptic [Freedom and Democracy](/wiki/Europe_for_Freedom_and_Democracy \"Europe for Freedom and Democracy\") group all declared opposition, criticising the liberals for switching camps.Mahony, Honor (15 September 2009\\) [Barroso fails to convince critics in parliament speech](http://euobserver.com/9/28670), EU Observer However the groups struggled to enforce a party line as MEPs vote via a secret ballot. The vote took place on 16 September 2009\\.Mahony, Honor (10 September 2009\\) [Commission president vote confirmed for next week](http://euobserver.com/9/28645), EU Observer On 16 September 2009, Barroso was re\\-elected by Parliament by 382 to 219 (out of 718, with 117 abstentions).",
"Bulgaria's initial Commission candidate, [Rumiana Jeleva](/wiki/Rumiana_Jeleva \"Rumiana Jeleva\"), was forced to step down due to opposition from MEPs, mainly the Socialists, who questioned her suitability and financial interests despite backing from the People's Party (to which her national party belongs). Bulgaria rapidly submitted [Kristalina Georgieva](/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva \"Kristalina Georgieva\") but this forced the vote on the commission to be delayed weeks so Georgieva's hearings could be arranged.Mahony, Honor (19 January 2009\\) [EU commission vote delayed as Bulgarian nominee steps down](http://euobserver.com/9/29296), EU Observer The only other commissioner\\-designate to lack support was returning commissioner [Neelie Kroes](/wiki/Neelie_Kroes \"Neelie Kroes\"), who was also seen to perform poorly in her hearing. However, she was invited back and secured more support, indicating she will get approval from Parliament.Willis, Andrew (19 January 2009\\) [Kroes performs better in second EP audition](http://euobserver.com/9/29300), EU Observer",
"Parliament approved the new line\\-up on 9 February 2010 with 488 votes in favour. 137, the [greens](/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance \"The Greens–European Free Alliance\") and [far left](/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left \"European United Left–Nordic Green Left\"), voted against while 72 MEPs abstained; including the [conservative and reformists](/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group \"European Conservatives and Reformists Group\") who abstained on democracy grounds.Mahony, Honor (9 February 2010\\) [EU votes in new commission after long delay](http://euobserver.com/9/29436), EU Observer The greens criticised the other parties for opposing Barroso's team and then voting in favour anyway, protesting that Barroso \"assigned portfolios without respect to the prospective commissioners' competences. Worse still, he moved commissioners from posts where they were doing a good job. The new college risks being characterised by internal power struggles instead of teamwork due to the unclear division of responsibilities.\" while the conservatives desired a vote for them individually as \"there were strong candidates who we would have endorsed, and weak candidates who we would have opposed.\"Banks, Martin (9 February 2010\\) [EU commission wins seal of approval](http://www.theparliament.com/no_cache/latestnews/news-article/newsarticle/eu-commission-wins-seal-of-approval-despite-ecr-absention/){{dead link\\|date\\=June 2018\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}, theParliament.com",
"### Juncker",
"{{Empty section\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
"### Von der Leyen",
"{{Empty section\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
""
] |
Institutional reform
--------------------
### Constitution
{{Main\|European Constitution}}
[thumb\|Ratifications in member states and candidate countries {{legend\|\#A0E200\|Yes – Accession treaty}} {{legend\|\#7BA800\|Yes – Parliament only}}
{{legend\|\#617E08\|Yes – Referendum}}
{{legend\|\#C22929\|No – Referendum}}
{{legend\|\#FEBBBB\|Referendum postponed indefinitely}}
{{legend\|\#00AAE2\|No referendum was proposed}}](/wiki/File:EU_Constitution_Ratification_Map.svg "EU Constitution Ratification Map.svg")
In 2003 the [Treaty of Nice](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") came into force, which prepared the EU for its 2004 enlargement. However some thought further reform was needed and even before Nice came into force the [European Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe "Convention on the Future of Europe"), chaired by former French president [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing"), set out to draft a [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution "European Constitution") which would consolidate all existing treaties and simplify the workings of the EU. The draft was backed by the Commission and in June 2004 the final text was settled. On 29 October 2004, the European Constitution was signed by EU leaders in Rome.
The constitution proposed a number of changes. Although its powers were not extended, more decisions would be taken by majority voting and involve the Parliament. It did this by abolishing the [pillar structure of the EU](/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union "Three pillars of the European Union"). It also sought to simplify the structure and add more coherence by creating a permanent [President of the European Council](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council "President of the European Council"), rather than have it rotate between members, and merge the [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative "High Representative") with the [European Commissioner for External Relations](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_External_Relations "European Commissioner for External Relations") to provide a single diplomatic representation. It also included articles regarding the [EU flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Europe "Flag of Europe") and [anthem](/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe "Anthem of Europe") (for detail of the changes, see *[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe\#Content](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe%23Content "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe#Content")*).
#### Rejection
The treaty was put to ratification in each member state. Every state had to approve it before it could come into force. In most, this was done by a Parliamentary vote (referendums are banned in Germany) but in others, it was put to a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum"). Spain was the first country to hold a referendum on the Constitution. [The referendum](/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum "2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum") approved the Constitution by 76% of the votes, although participation was only around 43%. On 29 May 2005 the French public [rejected the Constitution](/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum "2005 French European Constitution referendum") by margin of 55% to 45% on a turn out of 69%. And just three days later the Dutch rejected the constitution by a margin of 61% to 39% on a turnout of 62%. Notwithstanding the rejection in France and the Netherlands, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") held a [referendum](/wiki/2005_Luxembourg_European_Constitution_referendum "2005 Luxembourg European Constitution referendum") on 10 July 2005 approving the Constitution by 57% to 43%. It was the last referendum to be held on the Constitution as all of the other member states that had proposed to hold referendums cancelled them.
Following the constitution's rejection by such central states, the EU leaders declared a "period of reflection" while they decided what to do next. This period ending with the [Berlin Declaration](/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_%282007%29 "Berlin Declaration (2007)") on 25 March 2007 (which was the 50th anniversary of the [Treaties of Rome](/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome "Treaties of Rome")). The declaration was intended to give a new impetus to finding a new institutional settlement.[EU Leaders Adopt 50th Anniversary Berlin Declaration](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2418129,00.html) dw\-world.de 25 March 2007 On 4 June 2007, this group, known as the [Amato Group](/wiki/Amato_Group "Amato Group"), presented its report. They proposed to establish a new Inter\-Governmental Conference with a view to writing a new treaty which would rewrite the [Treaty on European Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union "Treaty on European Union"), amend the [Treaty establishing the European Community](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Community "Treaty establishing the European Community") and give the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union") a legally binding status. The new treaty would be based on the first and fourth parts of the Constitution, the rest of the Constitution's changes being achieved through amendments to the Treaty of Rome.{{citation \|title\=A New Treaty and Supplementary Protocols – Explanatory Memorandum \|publisher\=Action Committee for European Democracy \|place\=Brussels \|page\=2 \|date\=4 June 2007 \|url\=http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e\-texts/ACED2007\_NewTreatyMemorandum\-04\_06\.pdf \|access\-date\=27 February 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708034933/http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e\-texts/ACED2007\_NewTreatyMemorandum\-04\_06\.pdf \|archive\-date\=8 July 2007 }}.
### Lisbon
{{Main\|Treaty of Lisbon}}
[thumb\|The [Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") entered into force on 1 December.](/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg "Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg")
Agreement was reached on a 16\-page mandate for an [Intergovernmental Conference](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Conference "Intergovernmental Conference"), that proposed removing much of the constitutional terminology and many of the symbols from the old European Constitution text. In addition it was agreed to recommend to the IGC that the provisions of the old European Constitution should be amended in certain key aspects (such as voting or foreign policy). Due to pressure from the United Kingdom and Poland, it was also decided to add a protocol to the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union") (clarifying that it did not extend the rights of the courts to overturn domestic law in Britain or Poland). Among the specific changes were greater ability to opt out in certain areas of legislation and that the proposed new voting system that was part of the European Constitution would not be used before 2014 (see Provisions below).{{cite web\| url\=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms\_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932\.pdf\| publisher\=\[\[Council of the European Union]] \|title\=Presidency Conclusions Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007 \|date\=23 June 2007 \|access\-date\=26 June 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627032310/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms\_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932\.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 June 2007 \|url\-status\=live }}; {{cite web \|author\=Honor Mahony \|url\=http://euobserver.com/9/24320 \|title\=Stakes high as EU tries to put 2005 referendums behind it \|publisher\=EU Observer \|date\=21 June 2007 \|access\-date\=26 June 2007}} In the June meeting, the name 'Reform Treaty' also emerged, finally clarifying that the Constitutional approach was abandoned. Technically it was agreed that the Reform Treaty would amend both the [Treaty on European Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union "Treaty on European Union") (TEU) and the [Treaty establishing the European Community](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Community "Treaty establishing the European Community") (TEC) to include most provisions of the European Constitution, however not to combine them into one document. It was also agreed to rename the Treaty establishing the European Community, which is the main functional agreement including most of the substantive provisions of European primary law, to "[Treaty on the Functioning of the Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_Union "Treaty on the Functioning of the Union")". In addition it was agreed, that unlike the European Constitution where a Charter was part of the document, there would only be a reference to the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union") to make that text legally binding.
The signing of the *[Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon")* took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 13 December 2007\. This treaty however was designed so it would not be necessary it put it to referendums. However Republic of Ireland was required by [its constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland "Constitution of Ireland") to hold a referendum. In 2008 [the referendum was lost](/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill%2C_2008_%28Ireland%29 "Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 2008 (Ireland)"), setting back the treaty's implementation. However, after a series of guarantees was given to Ireland, the Irish reversed their decision in a [second referendum](/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland "Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland") in 2009\.
The *[Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty "Lisbon Treaty")* finally came into force on 1 December 2009\. It created the post of [President of the European Council](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council "President of the European Council") and significantly expanded the post of [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative "High Representative"). After much debate about what kind of person should be president, the European Council agreed on a low\-key personality and chose [Herman Van Rompuy](/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy "Herman Van Rompuy") while foreign policy\-novice [Catherine Ashton](/wiki/Catherine_Ashton "Catherine Ashton") became High Representative. Ashton was given the task of drawing up the plan for the new [European External Action Service](/wiki/European_External_Action_Service "European External Action Service") (EEAS) and soon received criticism on her abilities, her diplomatic decisions and her plans for the EEAS though many dismissed these criticisms as unwarranted. Finally, with the financial crisis, there developed a new impetus for reform of the [eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone") governance (see below).
Lisbon also abolished the pillar system, extending parliamentary oversight to the areas formerly under [Police and Judicial Co\-operation in Criminal Matters](/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters "Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters") and to a limited extent the [Common Foreign and Security Policy](/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy "Common Foreign and Security Policy"). Despite not having total control over that area, Parliament did have budgetary powers over the setting up of the EEAS and held it hostage until its demands on the EEAS were met. Extension of the EU's role in defence and oversight on it also led to the decision on 31 March 2010 to abolish the [Western European Union](/wiki/Western_European_Union "Western European Union").
|
[
"Institutional reform\n--------------------",
"### Constitution",
"{{Main\\|European Constitution}}\n[thumb\\|Ratifications in member states and candidate countries {{legend\\|\\#A0E200\\|Yes – Accession treaty}} {{legend\\|\\#7BA800\\|Yes – Parliament only}}\n{{legend\\|\\#617E08\\|Yes – Referendum}}\n{{legend\\|\\#C22929\\|No – Referendum}}\n{{legend\\|\\#FEBBBB\\|Referendum postponed indefinitely}}\n{{legend\\|\\#00AAE2\\|No referendum was proposed}}](/wiki/File:EU_Constitution_Ratification_Map.svg \"EU Constitution Ratification Map.svg\")\nIn 2003 the [Treaty of Nice](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice \"Treaty of Nice\") came into force, which prepared the EU for its 2004 enlargement. However some thought further reform was needed and even before Nice came into force the [European Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe \"Convention on the Future of Europe\"), chaired by former French president [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing \"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing\"), set out to draft a [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution \"European Constitution\") which would consolidate all existing treaties and simplify the workings of the EU. The draft was backed by the Commission and in June 2004 the final text was settled. On 29 October 2004, the European Constitution was signed by EU leaders in Rome.",
"The constitution proposed a number of changes. Although its powers were not extended, more decisions would be taken by majority voting and involve the Parliament. It did this by abolishing the [pillar structure of the EU](/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union \"Three pillars of the European Union\"). It also sought to simplify the structure and add more coherence by creating a permanent [President of the European Council](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council \"President of the European Council\"), rather than have it rotate between members, and merge the [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative \"High Representative\") with the [European Commissioner for External Relations](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_External_Relations \"European Commissioner for External Relations\") to provide a single diplomatic representation. It also included articles regarding the [EU flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Europe \"Flag of Europe\") and [anthem](/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe \"Anthem of Europe\") (for detail of the changes, see *[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe\\#Content](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe%23Content \"Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe#Content\")*).",
"#### Rejection",
"The treaty was put to ratification in each member state. Every state had to approve it before it could come into force. In most, this was done by a Parliamentary vote (referendums are banned in Germany) but in others, it was put to a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\"). Spain was the first country to hold a referendum on the Constitution. [The referendum](/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum \"2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum\") approved the Constitution by 76% of the votes, although participation was only around 43%. On 29 May 2005 the French public [rejected the Constitution](/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum \"2005 French European Constitution referendum\") by margin of 55% to 45% on a turn out of 69%. And just three days later the Dutch rejected the constitution by a margin of 61% to 39% on a turnout of 62%. Notwithstanding the rejection in France and the Netherlands, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg \"Luxembourg\") held a [referendum](/wiki/2005_Luxembourg_European_Constitution_referendum \"2005 Luxembourg European Constitution referendum\") on 10 July 2005 approving the Constitution by 57% to 43%. It was the last referendum to be held on the Constitution as all of the other member states that had proposed to hold referendums cancelled them.",
"Following the constitution's rejection by such central states, the EU leaders declared a \"period of reflection\" while they decided what to do next. This period ending with the [Berlin Declaration](/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_%282007%29 \"Berlin Declaration (2007)\") on 25 March 2007 (which was the 50th anniversary of the [Treaties of Rome](/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome \"Treaties of Rome\")). The declaration was intended to give a new impetus to finding a new institutional settlement.[EU Leaders Adopt 50th Anniversary Berlin Declaration](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2418129,00.html) dw\\-world.de 25 March 2007 On 4 June 2007, this group, known as the [Amato Group](/wiki/Amato_Group \"Amato Group\"), presented its report. They proposed to establish a new Inter\\-Governmental Conference with a view to writing a new treaty which would rewrite the [Treaty on European Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union \"Treaty on European Union\"), amend the [Treaty establishing the European Community](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Community \"Treaty establishing the European Community\") and give the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union \"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union\") a legally binding status. The new treaty would be based on the first and fourth parts of the Constitution, the rest of the Constitution's changes being achieved through amendments to the Treaty of Rome.{{citation \\|title\\=A New Treaty and Supplementary Protocols – Explanatory Memorandum \\|publisher\\=Action Committee for European Democracy \\|place\\=Brussels \\|page\\=2 \\|date\\=4 June 2007 \\|url\\=http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e\\-texts/ACED2007\\_NewTreatyMemorandum\\-04\\_06\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708034933/http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e\\-texts/ACED2007\\_NewTreatyMemorandum\\-04\\_06\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2007 }}.",
"### Lisbon",
"{{Main\\|Treaty of Lisbon}}\n[thumb\\|The [Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") entered into force on 1 December.](/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg \"Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg\")\nAgreement was reached on a 16\\-page mandate for an [Intergovernmental Conference](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Conference \"Intergovernmental Conference\"), that proposed removing much of the constitutional terminology and many of the symbols from the old European Constitution text. In addition it was agreed to recommend to the IGC that the provisions of the old European Constitution should be amended in certain key aspects (such as voting or foreign policy). Due to pressure from the United Kingdom and Poland, it was also decided to add a protocol to the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union \"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union\") (clarifying that it did not extend the rights of the courts to overturn domestic law in Britain or Poland). Among the specific changes were greater ability to opt out in certain areas of legislation and that the proposed new voting system that was part of the European Constitution would not be used before 2014 (see Provisions below).{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms\\_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932\\.pdf\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Council of the European Union]] \\|title\\=Presidency Conclusions Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007 \\|date\\=23 June 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627032310/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms\\_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/94932\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}; {{cite web \\|author\\=Honor Mahony \\|url\\=http://euobserver.com/9/24320 \\|title\\=Stakes high as EU tries to put 2005 referendums behind it \\|publisher\\=EU Observer \\|date\\=21 June 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2007}} In the June meeting, the name 'Reform Treaty' also emerged, finally clarifying that the Constitutional approach was abandoned. Technically it was agreed that the Reform Treaty would amend both the [Treaty on European Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union \"Treaty on European Union\") (TEU) and the [Treaty establishing the European Community](/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Community \"Treaty establishing the European Community\") (TEC) to include most provisions of the European Constitution, however not to combine them into one document. It was also agreed to rename the Treaty establishing the European Community, which is the main functional agreement including most of the substantive provisions of European primary law, to \"[Treaty on the Functioning of the Union](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_Union \"Treaty on the Functioning of the Union\")\". In addition it was agreed, that unlike the European Constitution where a Charter was part of the document, there would only be a reference to the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union](/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union \"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union\") to make that text legally binding.",
"The signing of the *[Treaty of Lisbon](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\")* took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 13 December 2007\\. This treaty however was designed so it would not be necessary it put it to referendums. However Republic of Ireland was required by [its constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland \"Constitution of Ireland\") to hold a referendum. In 2008 [the referendum was lost](/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill%2C_2008_%28Ireland%29 \"Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 2008 (Ireland)\"), setting back the treaty's implementation. However, after a series of guarantees was given to Ireland, the Irish reversed their decision in a [second referendum](/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland \"Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland\") in 2009\\.",
"The *[Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty \"Lisbon Treaty\")* finally came into force on 1 December 2009\\. It created the post of [President of the European Council](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council \"President of the European Council\") and significantly expanded the post of [High Representative](/wiki/High_Representative \"High Representative\"). After much debate about what kind of person should be president, the European Council agreed on a low\\-key personality and chose [Herman Van Rompuy](/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy \"Herman Van Rompuy\") while foreign policy\\-novice [Catherine Ashton](/wiki/Catherine_Ashton \"Catherine Ashton\") became High Representative. Ashton was given the task of drawing up the plan for the new [European External Action Service](/wiki/European_External_Action_Service \"European External Action Service\") (EEAS) and soon received criticism on her abilities, her diplomatic decisions and her plans for the EEAS though many dismissed these criticisms as unwarranted. Finally, with the financial crisis, there developed a new impetus for reform of the [eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\") governance (see below).",
"Lisbon also abolished the pillar system, extending parliamentary oversight to the areas formerly under [Police and Judicial Co\\-operation in Criminal Matters](/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters \"Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters\") and to a limited extent the [Common Foreign and Security Policy](/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy \"Common Foreign and Security Policy\"). Despite not having total control over that area, Parliament did have budgetary powers over the setting up of the EEAS and held it hostage until its demands on the EEAS were met. Extension of the EU's role in defence and oversight on it also led to the decision on 31 March 2010 to abolish the [Western European Union](/wiki/Western_European_Union \"Western European Union\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Niwa was born in [Mie Prefecture](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture "Mie Prefecture"), the eldest son of a [priest](/wiki/Priest "Priest") in the [Pure Land sect](/wiki/Pure_Land_sect "Pure Land sect") of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"). He grew up at Sōgen\-ji, a temple in [Yokkaichi](/wiki/Yokkaichi "Yokkaichi") near [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya "Nagoya"). After his graduation from [Waseda University](/wiki/Waseda_University "Waseda University"), he reluctantly entered the hereditary priesthood there but quit two years later, at the age of 29, in order to become a writer, walking out of the temple grounds on 10 April 1932 and heading back to [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). He was supported by his girlfriend until their marriage in 1935\. During this time he published *Sweetfish* (Japanese *Ayu*), serialised in *[Bungeishunjū](/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB_%28magazine%29 "Bungeishunjū (magazine)")*, and the novel *Superfluous Flesh* (Japanese *Zeiniku*).
Niwa's work was controversial and, during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), two of his novels were banned for immorality. In 1938, Niwa joined the [Pen butai](/wiki/Pen_Butai "Pen Butai") (lit. "Pen corps"), a government organisation which consisted of authors who travelled the front during the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") to write favourably of Japan's war efforts in China.{{cite web\|url\=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A\-192482 \|title\=ペン部隊 \|website\=Kotobank \|language\=ja \|access\-date\=24 July 2023}}{{cite book\|title\=Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese Literature \|editor1\-first\=Rachael \|editor1\-last\=Hutchinson \|editor2\-first\=Leith Douglas \|editor2\-last\=Morton \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=2019 \|isbn\=9780367355739}} He worked as a war correspondent in China and [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea "New Guinea"), accompanied Rear Admiral [Gunichi Mikawa](/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa "Gunichi Mikawa")'s Eighth Fleet and was on board the flagship *[Chōkai](/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai "Japanese cruiser Chōkai")* during the [Battle of Savo Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island "Battle of Savo Island") on 9 August 1942\. He was wounded at [Tulagi](/wiki/Tulagi "Tulagi"). These experiences inspired *Naval Engagement* (Japanese *Kaisen*)[Keene, Donald](/wiki/Donald_Keene "Donald Keene"), *Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era*, Columbia University Press, p.939\. {{ISBN\|0\-231\-11435\-4}} and *Lost Company* (*Kaeranu Chutai*), both censored.
After the war Niwa became an extremely prolific author of more than 80 novels, 100 volumes of short stories, and 10 volumes of essays. His most celebrated short story was *[The Hateful Age](/wiki/The_Hateful_Age "The Hateful Age")* (Japanese *Iyagarase no Nenrei*, 1947, literally "The Age of Disgust"), about a family terrorised by a senile grandmother, which enjoyed such popularity that the title became a phrase in the language, for a time.
The novel *[The Buddha Tree](/wiki/The_Buddha_Tree "The Buddha Tree")* uses his unhappy childhood at Sōgen\-ji as a backdrop. When he was eight years old his mother eloped with an actor from a [Kansai Kabuki](/wiki/Kabuki "Kabuki") company; an event that greatly traumatised him. In this novel the story is elaborated fictionally.
Later works include, from 1969, a five\-volume biography of [Shinran](/wiki/Shinran "Shinran") (1173\-1262\), the founder of the [Pure Land sect](/wiki/Pure_Land_sect "Pure Land sect"), and in 1983 an eight\-volume work on [Rennyo](/wiki/Rennyo "Rennyo"), a 15th\-century [monk](/wiki/Buddhist_monk "Buddhist monk") who died on a pilgrimage to India.
In 1965 Niwa was elected a member of the [Japan Art Academy](/wiki/Japan_Art_Academy "Japan Art Academy"), and the following year he was elected as Chairman of the Japanese Writers' Association, a position he held for many years. Niwa encouraged fellow members to play golf, organised health insurance, and bought land for a writers' cemetery. He won the 19th [Yomiuri Prize](/wiki/Yomiuri_Prize "Yomiuri Prize"){{cite web\|url\=https://info.yomiuri.co.jp/contest/clspgl/bungaku.html\|language\=japanese\|title\=読売文学賞\|trans\-title\=Yomiuri Prize for Literature\|publisher\=\[\[Yomiuri Shimbun]]\|access\-date\=September 26, 2018\|archive\-date\=4 April 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404094519/https://info.yomiuri.co.jp/contest/clspgl/bungaku.html\|url\-status\=dead}} and was awarded the [Order of Culture](/wiki/Order_of_Culture "Order of Culture") in 1977\.
He was diagnosed with [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease") in 1986\. He was married twice and had one son and one daughter, Keiko Honda, who described his decline in *Days of Care* (Japanese *Kaigo no hibi*, 1997\).Keiko Honda, "Kaigo no hibi"（介護の日々） {{ISBN\|978\-4\-12\-203500\-3}} He died of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia") in 2005\.["Pneumonia kills famed writer Niwa at age 100"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20050421a7.html), *The Japan Times*, 21 April 2005
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Niwa was born in [Mie Prefecture](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture \"Mie Prefecture\"), the eldest son of a [priest](/wiki/Priest \"Priest\") in the [Pure Land sect](/wiki/Pure_Land_sect \"Pure Land sect\") of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"). He grew up at Sōgen\\-ji, a temple in [Yokkaichi](/wiki/Yokkaichi \"Yokkaichi\") near [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya \"Nagoya\"). After his graduation from [Waseda University](/wiki/Waseda_University \"Waseda University\"), he reluctantly entered the hereditary priesthood there but quit two years later, at the age of 29, in order to become a writer, walking out of the temple grounds on 10 April 1932 and heading back to [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). He was supported by his girlfriend until their marriage in 1935\\. During this time he published *Sweetfish* (Japanese *Ayu*), serialised in *[Bungeishunjū](/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB_%28magazine%29 \"Bungeishunjū (magazine)\")*, and the novel *Superfluous Flesh* (Japanese *Zeiniku*).",
"Niwa's work was controversial and, during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), two of his novels were banned for immorality. In 1938, Niwa joined the [Pen butai](/wiki/Pen_Butai \"Pen Butai\") (lit. \"Pen corps\"), a government organisation which consisted of authors who travelled the front during the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") to write favourably of Japan's war efforts in China.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A\\-192482 \\|title\\=ペン部隊 \\|website\\=Kotobank \\|language\\=ja \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2023}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese Literature \\|editor1\\-first\\=Rachael \\|editor1\\-last\\=Hutchinson \\|editor2\\-first\\=Leith Douglas \\|editor2\\-last\\=Morton \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=2019 \\|isbn\\=9780367355739}} He worked as a war correspondent in China and [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"), accompanied Rear Admiral [Gunichi Mikawa](/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa \"Gunichi Mikawa\")'s Eighth Fleet and was on board the flagship *[Chōkai](/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai \"Japanese cruiser Chōkai\")* during the [Battle of Savo Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island \"Battle of Savo Island\") on 9 August 1942\\. He was wounded at [Tulagi](/wiki/Tulagi \"Tulagi\"). These experiences inspired *Naval Engagement* (Japanese *Kaisen*)[Keene, Donald](/wiki/Donald_Keene \"Donald Keene\"), *Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era*, Columbia University Press, p.939\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-231\\-11435\\-4}} and *Lost Company* (*Kaeranu Chutai*), both censored.",
"After the war Niwa became an extremely prolific author of more than 80 novels, 100 volumes of short stories, and 10 volumes of essays. His most celebrated short story was *[The Hateful Age](/wiki/The_Hateful_Age \"The Hateful Age\")* (Japanese *Iyagarase no Nenrei*, 1947, literally \"The Age of Disgust\"), about a family terrorised by a senile grandmother, which enjoyed such popularity that the title became a phrase in the language, for a time.",
"The novel *[The Buddha Tree](/wiki/The_Buddha_Tree \"The Buddha Tree\")* uses his unhappy childhood at Sōgen\\-ji as a backdrop. When he was eight years old his mother eloped with an actor from a [Kansai Kabuki](/wiki/Kabuki \"Kabuki\") company; an event that greatly traumatised him. In this novel the story is elaborated fictionally.",
"Later works include, from 1969, a five\\-volume biography of [Shinran](/wiki/Shinran \"Shinran\") (1173\\-1262\\), the founder of the [Pure Land sect](/wiki/Pure_Land_sect \"Pure Land sect\"), and in 1983 an eight\\-volume work on [Rennyo](/wiki/Rennyo \"Rennyo\"), a 15th\\-century [monk](/wiki/Buddhist_monk \"Buddhist monk\") who died on a pilgrimage to India.",
"In 1965 Niwa was elected a member of the [Japan Art Academy](/wiki/Japan_Art_Academy \"Japan Art Academy\"), and the following year he was elected as Chairman of the Japanese Writers' Association, a position he held for many years. Niwa encouraged fellow members to play golf, organised health insurance, and bought land for a writers' cemetery. He won the 19th [Yomiuri Prize](/wiki/Yomiuri_Prize \"Yomiuri Prize\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://info.yomiuri.co.jp/contest/clspgl/bungaku.html\\|language\\=japanese\\|title\\=読売文学賞\\|trans\\-title\\=Yomiuri Prize for Literature\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yomiuri Shimbun]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404094519/https://info.yomiuri.co.jp/contest/clspgl/bungaku.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and was awarded the [Order of Culture](/wiki/Order_of_Culture \"Order of Culture\") in 1977\\.",
"He was diagnosed with [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\") in 1986\\. He was married twice and had one son and one daughter, Keiko Honda, who described his decline in *Days of Care* (Japanese *Kaigo no hibi*, 1997\\).Keiko Honda, \"Kaigo no hibi\"（介護の日々） {{ISBN\\|978\\-4\\-12\\-203500\\-3}} He died of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\") in 2005\\.[\"Pneumonia kills famed writer Niwa at age 100\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20050421a7.html), *The Japan Times*, 21 April 2005",
""
] |
In the novel
------------
### Part One: Fantine
When Hugo introduces the Thénardiers, they have two daughters named [Éponine](/wiki/%C3%89ponine "Éponine") and [Azelma](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor "Les Misérables#Minor"), whom they spoil and pamper as children, and a son called [Gavroche](/wiki/Gavroche "Gavroche"). They run an inn in the town of {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Montfermeil]]\|italic\=no}}. The Thénardiers are both described as being very ugly; Monsieur Thénardier is "a skinny little runt, pale, angular, bony, rickety, who looked sick but was as fit as a fiddle"{{lang\|fr\|Les Misérables}}, transl. Julie Rose, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8129\-7426\-3}}, p.316 and Madame Thénardier is "tall, blond, ruddy, barrel\-like, brawny, boxy, huge, and agile".{{lang\|fr\|Les Misérables}}, transl. Julie Rose, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8129\-7426\-3}}, p.316
[Fantine](/wiki/Fantine "Fantine"), a struggling single mother, arranges for her daughter Cosette to stay with them, if she pays a regular fee. The Thénardiers treat Cosette quite poorly, dressing her in rags, selling her clothes for 60 francs in the streets of [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), forcing her to work, and beating her often. Fantine is eventually reduced to working as a prostitute in order to earn enough money to meet the Thenardiers' demands, as M. Thénardier extorts more money from Fantine by claiming that Cosette is ill. The Thénardiers spend the money Fantine sends them on their daughters.
### Part Two: Cosette
After Fantine's death, [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean "Jean Valjean") arrives in Montfermeil on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve"). He finds Cosette all alone fetching a pail of water for the Thénardiers in a dark forest and accompanies her back to the inn. After arranging lodgings at the inn for the night, he observes how the Thénardiers abuse her and how Éponine and Azelma mimic their parents' behavior and complain when Cosette plays with their doll. Valjean leaves the inn and returns a moment later with a beautiful new doll, which he offers to Cosette. At first Cosette is unsure if the doll really is for her and is reluctant to take it, but then joyfully accepts it. Mme. Thénardier is furious but M. Thénardier tells her that Valjean can do as he wishes as long as he pays them.
On [Christmas Day](/wiki/Christmas_Day "Christmas Day"), Valjean informs the Thénardiers that he wants to take Cosette away with him. Mme. Thénardier immediately agrees, but M. Thénardier feigns affection for Cosette and reluctance to give her up. Valjean pays them 1,500 francs, settling all of Fantine's debts, and he and Cosette leave the inn. M. Thénardier tries to swindle more money out of Valjean. He runs after them and tells Valjean that he has changed his mind and wants Cosette back. He claims that Cosette's mother gave her into their care and that he cannot release Cosette without a note from her mother. Valjean hands him a letter signed by Fantine authorizing him to take charge of Cosette. M. Thénardier orders Valjean to either give back Cosette or pay a thousand crowns, but Valjean ignores him and departs with Cosette. M. Thénardier expresses regret that he did not bring his gun, and turns back to the inn.
### Part Three: Marius
The inn, which is forced to close down after Cosette is taken, is called "The Sergeant at Waterloo", because of a peculiar adventure that M. Thénardier had following the famous [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo "Battle of Waterloo"). While looting the corpses shortly after the fighting had ceased, M. Thénardier accidentally saved the life of a Colonel, [The Baron Pontmercy](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor "Les Misérables#Minor"). Not wanting to be caught as a looter, Thénardier [claimed himself to be a sergeant](/wiki/Military_imposter "Military imposter") of Napoleon's army. The tale as told by Thénardier eventually transformed into one of him rescuing a General during the heat of battle under a hail of grapeshot, as it grew more elaborate with each telling. In a bizarre coincidence, the Thénardier family ends up living next to the disgraced son of the baron, Marius Pontmercy, at an apartment building named Gorbeau House nine years after the closing of the inn.
In the nine years following the inn's closing, the Thénardier family had assumed the name Jondrette. In addition, they had had two more sons, whom they essentially sold to [Magnon](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor "Les Misérables#Minor") so that she could pass them off as the children supported by Marius' grandfather [M. Gillenormand](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor "Les Misérables#Minor") for the sake of procuring child support. Magnon had accused M. Gillenormand of fathering the two children, which he denied, although he agreed to support them as long as Magnon did not bring him any more children to support. The Thénardiers' eldest son, Gavroche, was left to the streets, where he became a gamin.
The Jondrettes support themselves by sending letters begging for money to well\-known philanthropists. Éponine comes in the apartment in a rush and announces that a philanthropist and his daughter are arriving any minute to visit them. In order to look poorer, M. Jondrette puts out their fire and breaks a chair. He then orders Azelma to punch out a window pane. Although hesitant, she does so, resulting in cutting her hand. M. Jondrette is pleased, for he had hoped for that result. The philanthropist and his daughter then come into their apartment; they turn out to be Valjean and Cosette. Marius, observing the Jondrettes through a crack in the wall, recognizes Cosette as the girl he met in the [Luxembourg Garden](/wiki/Luxembourg_Garden "Luxembourg Garden"). After their visit, M. Jondrette arranges with Valjean to meet again, but after recognizing Valjean, he plots to rob him upon his arrival with the aid of the street gang [Patron\-Minette](/wiki/Patron-Minette "Patron-Minette").
[thumb\|240px\|[Javert](/wiki/Javert "Javert"), from the first French\-language edition.](/wiki/File:Javert.jpg "Javert.jpg")
Marius learns of M. Jondrette's plan to rob Valjean, and goes to the police. At the police station, an inspector named [Javert](/wiki/Javert "Javert") instructs Marius to stand lookout with two pistols, and to fire as soon as the crime is committed to signal the police to come. Marius returns to his apartment and continues to observe the Jondrettes. M. Jondrette sends Éponine and Azelma outside as look\-outs. When Valjean returns with rent money, M. Jondrette and Patron\-Minette ambush him and he reveals his real identity: M. Thénardier. Marius, hearing this, recognizes him as the man his father had mentioned in his will as a hero who was due any service that Marius could grant him. Marius, torn between his desire to aid Valjean and his sense of duty to the man who had once saved his father, does not signal the police. Valjean denies knowing M. Thénardier and states that they have never met. Valjean then tries to escape through a window, but he is restrained and tied up. M. Thénardier orders Valjean to write a letter to Cosette, telling her to return to the apartment, where they will keep her as a hostage until Valjean delivers 200,000 francs to him. After Valjean writes the letter and gives his address, M. Thénardier sends out Mme. Thénardier to get Cosette. However, Mme. Thénardier comes back alone, and announces the address Valjean has given is a false address. During her absence, Valjean manages to free himself. M. Thénardier decides with Patron\-Minette that they have no choice but to kill Valjean. Marius remembers that Éponine had come into his apartment earlier and wrote on a sheet of paper "The cognes (police) are here" to prove her literacy. Marius grabs the paper and throws it in through the wall crack. M. Thénardier reads it and thinks Éponine threw it inside as a warning. The Thénardiers and Patron\-Minette try to escape, but Javert arrives and arrests them all (except Gavroche, who is not present, and [Montparnasse](/wiki/Patron-Minette%23Montparnasse "Patron-Minette#Montparnasse"), who escapes). Valjean escapes through the window undetected.
### Part Four: St. Denis
Mme. Thénardier dies in prison and Éponine and Azelma are released. Gavroche, not involved with his family's crimes, encounters purely by chance his two younger brothers, who are unaware of their identities. He briefly takes care of them, but they soon leave him in search of their missing foster mother. It is unknown what happened to the two after that.
Éponine is sent by [Babet](/wiki/Patron-Minette%23Babet "Patron-Minette#Babet") to investigate Valjean's house, but since she knows that Cosette, who now lives with Valjean, is the beloved of her former neighbor Marius (for whom she harbors some affection), sends back a biscuit to Babet (which is code for "not worth the trouble"). She leads Marius to Valjean's house so that he may be with his beloved. M. Thénardier and Patron\-Minette, with the aid of Gavroche, manage to escape from jail and attempt to rob Valjean's house. However, Éponine wards them off by threatening to scream. The next day, Éponine tries to tear Cosette and Marius apart by sending Valjean a warning to "move out," and later telling Marius that his friends invited him to fight with them at the barricade at the Rue de la Chanvrerie, intending for both her and Marius to perish in the rebellion of 1832 so that she will not have to share him with Cosette. Both Éponine and Gavroche are killed at Rue de la Chanvrerie, despite Marius' efforts to protect the Thénardier family.
### Part Five: Jean Valjean
[thumb\|Thénardier presents himself to Marius as "M. Thénard".](/wiki/File:Thenard.jpg "Thenard.jpg")
Marius himself is wounded in the battle, and Valjean attempts to save him by taking him through the sewers into safety. In the sewers, Valjean encounters Thénardier, who is hiding from Javert. Thinking Valjean to be a simple murderer, Thénardier offers Valjean his key to the sewer grating in exchange for the contents of Marius' pockets. He then searches Valjean and Marius' pockets. Believing Marius to be a corpse, he tears off part of Marius' coat in order to blackmail Valjean with it later. Thénardier finds only 30 francs, reluctantly takes the money, and lets Valjean out.
Thénardier and his child Azelma are in the [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras "Mardi Gras") parade. When he sees Marius and Cosette's wedding party pass by, he recognizes Valjean as both the man who had ruined him and the man he had met in the sewer, and orders Azelma to follow him and find out where he lives.
Thénardier visits Marius dressed in a rented statesman's suit and identifying himself as "M. Thénard", but Marius eventually recognizes him. Thénardier attempts to blackmail Marius with what he knows about Valjean's past, but he inadvertently corrects Marius' misunderstandings about Valjean and reveals Valjean's good deeds. He then tries to expose Valjean for a murderer, producing the piece of Marius' jacket as proof. Marius realizes that it is a piece of his own jacket, and that that must mean that Valjean saved him from the battle and carried him through the sewers to safety. Marius pulls out his bloodied coat. He tells Thénardier he knows enough of his criminal past "to send you to the galleys", gives him 1500 francs, and orders him to leave and never return. Thénardier moves with Azelma to America, where he becomes a slave trader.Vol. 5, Book 9, Ch. 4
|
[
"In the novel\n------------",
"### Part One: Fantine",
"When Hugo introduces the Thénardiers, they have two daughters named [Éponine](/wiki/%C3%89ponine \"Éponine\") and [Azelma](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor \"Les Misérables#Minor\"), whom they spoil and pamper as children, and a son called [Gavroche](/wiki/Gavroche \"Gavroche\"). They run an inn in the town of {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Montfermeil]]\\|italic\\=no}}. The Thénardiers are both described as being very ugly; Monsieur Thénardier is \"a skinny little runt, pale, angular, bony, rickety, who looked sick but was as fit as a fiddle\"{{lang\\|fr\\|Les Misérables}}, transl. Julie Rose, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8129\\-7426\\-3}}, p.316 and Madame Thénardier is \"tall, blond, ruddy, barrel\\-like, brawny, boxy, huge, and agile\".{{lang\\|fr\\|Les Misérables}}, transl. Julie Rose, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8129\\-7426\\-3}}, p.316",
"[Fantine](/wiki/Fantine \"Fantine\"), a struggling single mother, arranges for her daughter Cosette to stay with them, if she pays a regular fee. The Thénardiers treat Cosette quite poorly, dressing her in rags, selling her clothes for 60 francs in the streets of [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), forcing her to work, and beating her often. Fantine is eventually reduced to working as a prostitute in order to earn enough money to meet the Thenardiers' demands, as M. Thénardier extorts more money from Fantine by claiming that Cosette is ill. The Thénardiers spend the money Fantine sends them on their daughters.",
"### Part Two: Cosette",
"After Fantine's death, [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean \"Jean Valjean\") arrives in Montfermeil on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve \"Christmas Eve\"). He finds Cosette all alone fetching a pail of water for the Thénardiers in a dark forest and accompanies her back to the inn. After arranging lodgings at the inn for the night, he observes how the Thénardiers abuse her and how Éponine and Azelma mimic their parents' behavior and complain when Cosette plays with their doll. Valjean leaves the inn and returns a moment later with a beautiful new doll, which he offers to Cosette. At first Cosette is unsure if the doll really is for her and is reluctant to take it, but then joyfully accepts it. Mme. Thénardier is furious but M. Thénardier tells her that Valjean can do as he wishes as long as he pays them.",
"On [Christmas Day](/wiki/Christmas_Day \"Christmas Day\"), Valjean informs the Thénardiers that he wants to take Cosette away with him. Mme. Thénardier immediately agrees, but M. Thénardier feigns affection for Cosette and reluctance to give her up. Valjean pays them 1,500 francs, settling all of Fantine's debts, and he and Cosette leave the inn. M. Thénardier tries to swindle more money out of Valjean. He runs after them and tells Valjean that he has changed his mind and wants Cosette back. He claims that Cosette's mother gave her into their care and that he cannot release Cosette without a note from her mother. Valjean hands him a letter signed by Fantine authorizing him to take charge of Cosette. M. Thénardier orders Valjean to either give back Cosette or pay a thousand crowns, but Valjean ignores him and departs with Cosette. M. Thénardier expresses regret that he did not bring his gun, and turns back to the inn.",
"### Part Three: Marius",
"The inn, which is forced to close down after Cosette is taken, is called \"The Sergeant at Waterloo\", because of a peculiar adventure that M. Thénardier had following the famous [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo \"Battle of Waterloo\"). While looting the corpses shortly after the fighting had ceased, M. Thénardier accidentally saved the life of a Colonel, [The Baron Pontmercy](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor \"Les Misérables#Minor\"). Not wanting to be caught as a looter, Thénardier [claimed himself to be a sergeant](/wiki/Military_imposter \"Military imposter\") of Napoleon's army. The tale as told by Thénardier eventually transformed into one of him rescuing a General during the heat of battle under a hail of grapeshot, as it grew more elaborate with each telling. In a bizarre coincidence, the Thénardier family ends up living next to the disgraced son of the baron, Marius Pontmercy, at an apartment building named Gorbeau House nine years after the closing of the inn.",
"In the nine years following the inn's closing, the Thénardier family had assumed the name Jondrette. In addition, they had had two more sons, whom they essentially sold to [Magnon](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor \"Les Misérables#Minor\") so that she could pass them off as the children supported by Marius' grandfather [M. Gillenormand](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Minor \"Les Misérables#Minor\") for the sake of procuring child support. Magnon had accused M. Gillenormand of fathering the two children, which he denied, although he agreed to support them as long as Magnon did not bring him any more children to support. The Thénardiers' eldest son, Gavroche, was left to the streets, where he became a gamin.",
"The Jondrettes support themselves by sending letters begging for money to well\\-known philanthropists. Éponine comes in the apartment in a rush and announces that a philanthropist and his daughter are arriving any minute to visit them. In order to look poorer, M. Jondrette puts out their fire and breaks a chair. He then orders Azelma to punch out a window pane. Although hesitant, she does so, resulting in cutting her hand. M. Jondrette is pleased, for he had hoped for that result. The philanthropist and his daughter then come into their apartment; they turn out to be Valjean and Cosette. Marius, observing the Jondrettes through a crack in the wall, recognizes Cosette as the girl he met in the [Luxembourg Garden](/wiki/Luxembourg_Garden \"Luxembourg Garden\"). After their visit, M. Jondrette arranges with Valjean to meet again, but after recognizing Valjean, he plots to rob him upon his arrival with the aid of the street gang [Patron\\-Minette](/wiki/Patron-Minette \"Patron-Minette\").",
"[thumb\\|240px\\|[Javert](/wiki/Javert \"Javert\"), from the first French\\-language edition.](/wiki/File:Javert.jpg \"Javert.jpg\")\nMarius learns of M. Jondrette's plan to rob Valjean, and goes to the police. At the police station, an inspector named [Javert](/wiki/Javert \"Javert\") instructs Marius to stand lookout with two pistols, and to fire as soon as the crime is committed to signal the police to come. Marius returns to his apartment and continues to observe the Jondrettes. M. Jondrette sends Éponine and Azelma outside as look\\-outs. When Valjean returns with rent money, M. Jondrette and Patron\\-Minette ambush him and he reveals his real identity: M. Thénardier. Marius, hearing this, recognizes him as the man his father had mentioned in his will as a hero who was due any service that Marius could grant him. Marius, torn between his desire to aid Valjean and his sense of duty to the man who had once saved his father, does not signal the police. Valjean denies knowing M. Thénardier and states that they have never met. Valjean then tries to escape through a window, but he is restrained and tied up. M. Thénardier orders Valjean to write a letter to Cosette, telling her to return to the apartment, where they will keep her as a hostage until Valjean delivers 200,000 francs to him. After Valjean writes the letter and gives his address, M. Thénardier sends out Mme. Thénardier to get Cosette. However, Mme. Thénardier comes back alone, and announces the address Valjean has given is a false address. During her absence, Valjean manages to free himself. M. Thénardier decides with Patron\\-Minette that they have no choice but to kill Valjean. Marius remembers that Éponine had come into his apartment earlier and wrote on a sheet of paper \"The cognes (police) are here\" to prove her literacy. Marius grabs the paper and throws it in through the wall crack. M. Thénardier reads it and thinks Éponine threw it inside as a warning. The Thénardiers and Patron\\-Minette try to escape, but Javert arrives and arrests them all (except Gavroche, who is not present, and [Montparnasse](/wiki/Patron-Minette%23Montparnasse \"Patron-Minette#Montparnasse\"), who escapes). Valjean escapes through the window undetected.",
"### Part Four: St. Denis",
"Mme. Thénardier dies in prison and Éponine and Azelma are released. Gavroche, not involved with his family's crimes, encounters purely by chance his two younger brothers, who are unaware of their identities. He briefly takes care of them, but they soon leave him in search of their missing foster mother. It is unknown what happened to the two after that.",
"Éponine is sent by [Babet](/wiki/Patron-Minette%23Babet \"Patron-Minette#Babet\") to investigate Valjean's house, but since she knows that Cosette, who now lives with Valjean, is the beloved of her former neighbor Marius (for whom she harbors some affection), sends back a biscuit to Babet (which is code for \"not worth the trouble\"). She leads Marius to Valjean's house so that he may be with his beloved. M. Thénardier and Patron\\-Minette, with the aid of Gavroche, manage to escape from jail and attempt to rob Valjean's house. However, Éponine wards them off by threatening to scream. The next day, Éponine tries to tear Cosette and Marius apart by sending Valjean a warning to \"move out,\" and later telling Marius that his friends invited him to fight with them at the barricade at the Rue de la Chanvrerie, intending for both her and Marius to perish in the rebellion of 1832 so that she will not have to share him with Cosette. Both Éponine and Gavroche are killed at Rue de la Chanvrerie, despite Marius' efforts to protect the Thénardier family.",
"### Part Five: Jean Valjean",
"[thumb\\|Thénardier presents himself to Marius as \"M. Thénard\".](/wiki/File:Thenard.jpg \"Thenard.jpg\")\nMarius himself is wounded in the battle, and Valjean attempts to save him by taking him through the sewers into safety. In the sewers, Valjean encounters Thénardier, who is hiding from Javert. Thinking Valjean to be a simple murderer, Thénardier offers Valjean his key to the sewer grating in exchange for the contents of Marius' pockets. He then searches Valjean and Marius' pockets. Believing Marius to be a corpse, he tears off part of Marius' coat in order to blackmail Valjean with it later. Thénardier finds only 30 francs, reluctantly takes the money, and lets Valjean out.",
"Thénardier and his child Azelma are in the [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras \"Mardi Gras\") parade. When he sees Marius and Cosette's wedding party pass by, he recognizes Valjean as both the man who had ruined him and the man he had met in the sewer, and orders Azelma to follow him and find out where he lives.",
"Thénardier visits Marius dressed in a rented statesman's suit and identifying himself as \"M. Thénard\", but Marius eventually recognizes him. Thénardier attempts to blackmail Marius with what he knows about Valjean's past, but he inadvertently corrects Marius' misunderstandings about Valjean and reveals Valjean's good deeds. He then tries to expose Valjean for a murderer, producing the piece of Marius' jacket as proof. Marius realizes that it is a piece of his own jacket, and that that must mean that Valjean saved him from the battle and carried him through the sewers to safety. Marius pulls out his bloodied coat. He tells Thénardier he knows enough of his criminal past \"to send you to the galleys\", gives him 1500 francs, and orders him to leave and never return. Thénardier moves with Azelma to America, where he becomes a slave trader.Vol. 5, Book 9, Ch. 4",
""
] |
In the musical
--------------
{{See also\|Songs from Les Misérables}}
The Thénardiers are featured in the [musical based on Hugo's novel](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 "Les Misérables (musical)"). They own an inn in the town of Montfermeil, where they have been entrusted with the care of Cosette, Fantine's daughter. However, the Thénardiers treat Cosette as a servant whilst pampering their own daughter Éponine. They welcome all customers to their inn, but whilst they appear to look friendly and welcoming, they secretly con their customers with watered\-down wine, sausages made with [horse](/wiki/Horse "Horse") [kidney](/wiki/Kidney "Kidney") or [cat](/wiki/Cat "Cat") [liver](/wiki/Liver "Liver"), and extra fees for ridiculous things such as lice, looking in their mirrors, and keeping their windows closed. (["Master of the House"](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Master_of_the_House "Songs from Les Misérables#Master of the House")). One night after sending Cosette out to draw water from the well, she returns to them in the company of Valjean. Valjean tells them of Fantine's death and initially requests to take Cosette with him, but the Thénardiers attempt to con Valjean, falsely claiming they love Cosette as if she was their own daughter, have had to purchase expensive medicine to treat her for frequent illness, and are worried about the treacherous people she may encounter in the outside world ("The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery"). In the end, Valjean offers 1500 francs to take Cosette, and, delighted with the money, the Thénardiers hand her over without question.
Nine years later, they are living in the slums of Paris, having lost their inn. One day, they hatch a plan to rob Valjean, who they have learned is now also living in Paris ("The Robbery"). They disguise themselves as [beggars](/wiki/Beggars "Beggars") and beg the passing Valjean and Cosette to give them money. With the help of robbers Brujon, Babet, Montparnasse, and Claquesous, they surround Valjean and rip open his shirt, revealing the brand on his chest. Éponine notices the police arriving and warns them, but they are captured by [Javert](/wiki/Javert "Javert") and his constables. Thénardier tells Javert about Valjean and the brand on his chest and that he is the one who Javert should really arrest, and Javert releases them.
The Thénardiers then try to rob Valjean again ("The Attack on Rue Plumet"). Thénardier and his gang of robbers reach the gates of Valjean's house on Rue Plumet, when Éponine intercepts them and tries to force them to leave in order to protect Marius. Thénardier refuses to listen and orders Éponine to leave. Éponine is forced to scream in order to get them to leave. Thénardier threatens her but is forced to run, and he and his gang escape via the sewers. Afterwards, whilst the students plan to build the barricades, the Thénardiers plan to wait underground, in the hope that they will pick up lots of wealth and riches from the dead students after the battle is over ("One Day More").
After the barricade falls, Thénardier is in the Parisian sewers robbing the corpses of the rebels ("Dog Eats Dog"). Here he crosses a man carrying what he believes to be an unknown corpse (actually the unconscious Marius, wounded from the barricades). When the man collapses, Thénardier steals a ring from Marius' body, and then departs upon realizing that the collapsed man is Jean Valjean. The Thénardiers appear at the wedding of Marius and Cosette, posing as the [Baron](/wiki/Baron "Baron") and [Baroness](/wiki/Baron "Baron") de Thénard. Marius sees through their disguise and orders them to leave, but they refuse to do so until they have properly extorted him. They attempt to blackmail Marius with the information that Valjean is a murderer, offering the stolen ring as evidence. Their plan backfires when Marius recognizes the ring as his own, realizing that Valjean must have rescued him after the barricades fell. He hits Thénardier and throws him the rest of his money before leading Cosette away, leaving the Thénardiers to enjoy the feast and gloat over their survival, despite their children's deaths ("Beggars At The Feast"). This was altered in the [film adaptation](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%282012_film%29 "Les Misérables (2012 film)"), where the Thénardiers are thrown out of the party after their extortion attempt fails. Along with Javert, they do not appear in the show's finale, presumably due to their villainous roles, as well as the fact that they are among the few characters to survive the entire play.
The Thénardiers are usually played by a high [baritone](/wiki/Baritone "Baritone") (Thénardier) and a [mezzo\-soprano](/wiki/Mezzo-soprano "Mezzo-soprano") (Madame Thénardier).
### Songs
In the musical, the Thénardiers appear in the following songs:
*[Castle on a Cloud](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Castle_On_A_Cloud "Songs from Les Misérables#Castle On A Cloud")* (Madame Thénardier only) A song of Cosette's dreams of heaven, which is quickly interrupted by Madame Thénardier to make her fetch a bucket of water. Known as {{lang\|fr\|Mon Prince au Chemin}} or {{lang\|fr\|Une poupée dans la vitrine}} in the successive French versions.
*[Master of the House](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Master_of_the_House "Songs from Les Misérables#Master of the House")* A song sung by both of the Thénardiers, along with his drunken customers singing how well it is to have power in the pub. Known as {{lang\|fr\|La Devise du Cabaretier}} in the original French version, then as {{lang\|fr\|Maître Thénardier}} in the 1991 version.
*[The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Bargain_/_The_Waltz_of_Treachery "Songs from Les Misérables#The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery")* Where the duo repeatedly try to swindle as much money as they can from Valjean in exchange for Cosette. Known as {{lang\|fr\|La Valse de la Fourberie}} then as {{lang\|fr\|La Transaction}} in the various French version.
*[The Robbery/Javert's Intervention](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Robbery_/_Javert%27s_Intervention "Songs from Les Misérables#The Robbery / Javert's Intervention")* Thénardier approaches Valjean, asking for donations for the fake child seen in *Look Down*. Thénardier recognizes Valjean and assaults him before Javert intervenes.
*[The Attack on Rue Plumet](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Attack_on_Rue_Plumet "Songs from Les Misérables#The Attack on Rue Plumet")* (Thénardier only) Known simply as {{lang\|fr\|Rue Plumet}} in the original French version, and later as {{lang\|fr\|Le casse de la Rue Plumet}}. Thénardier rounds up his gang as they attempt to rob Valjean's home as he blames his poverty on him. Éponine stops them from doing so and they are forced to retreat.
*[One Day More](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23One_Day_More "Songs from Les Misérables#One Day More")* Though small, the two appear every now and then telling how they'll simply hide in the shadows, wait things out, and pick the pockets of the corpses when they're the only ones left. Known as {{lang\|fr\|Demain}} in the original French version and as {{lang\|fr\|Le Grand Jour}} in the 1991 version.
*[The Sewers/Dog Eats Dog](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Sewers_/_Dog_Eats_Dog "Songs from Les Misérables#The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog")* (Thénardier only) Thénardier sings to himself in the sewers as he fingers through the bodies of the students. One of the show's darkest songs, it is known as {{lang\|fr\|Fureurs Cannibales}} in the 1991 French version.
*[Beggars at the Feast](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Beggars_at_the_Feast "Songs from Les Misérables#Beggars at the Feast")* The Thénardiers describe how they enjoy sneaking into parties and chatting with the upper crust of society. They gloat about their survival.
|
[
"In the musical\n--------------",
"{{See also\\|Songs from Les Misérables}}\nThe Thénardiers are featured in the [musical based on Hugo's novel](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 \"Les Misérables (musical)\"). They own an inn in the town of Montfermeil, where they have been entrusted with the care of Cosette, Fantine's daughter. However, the Thénardiers treat Cosette as a servant whilst pampering their own daughter Éponine. They welcome all customers to their inn, but whilst they appear to look friendly and welcoming, they secretly con their customers with watered\\-down wine, sausages made with [horse](/wiki/Horse \"Horse\") [kidney](/wiki/Kidney \"Kidney\") or [cat](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\") [liver](/wiki/Liver \"Liver\"), and extra fees for ridiculous things such as lice, looking in their mirrors, and keeping their windows closed. ([\"Master of the House\"](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Master_of_the_House \"Songs from Les Misérables#Master of the House\")). One night after sending Cosette out to draw water from the well, she returns to them in the company of Valjean. Valjean tells them of Fantine's death and initially requests to take Cosette with him, but the Thénardiers attempt to con Valjean, falsely claiming they love Cosette as if she was their own daughter, have had to purchase expensive medicine to treat her for frequent illness, and are worried about the treacherous people she may encounter in the outside world (\"The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery\"). In the end, Valjean offers 1500 francs to take Cosette, and, delighted with the money, the Thénardiers hand her over without question.",
"Nine years later, they are living in the slums of Paris, having lost their inn. One day, they hatch a plan to rob Valjean, who they have learned is now also living in Paris (\"The Robbery\"). They disguise themselves as [beggars](/wiki/Beggars \"Beggars\") and beg the passing Valjean and Cosette to give them money. With the help of robbers Brujon, Babet, Montparnasse, and Claquesous, they surround Valjean and rip open his shirt, revealing the brand on his chest. Éponine notices the police arriving and warns them, but they are captured by [Javert](/wiki/Javert \"Javert\") and his constables. Thénardier tells Javert about Valjean and the brand on his chest and that he is the one who Javert should really arrest, and Javert releases them.",
"The Thénardiers then try to rob Valjean again (\"The Attack on Rue Plumet\"). Thénardier and his gang of robbers reach the gates of Valjean's house on Rue Plumet, when Éponine intercepts them and tries to force them to leave in order to protect Marius. Thénardier refuses to listen and orders Éponine to leave. Éponine is forced to scream in order to get them to leave. Thénardier threatens her but is forced to run, and he and his gang escape via the sewers. Afterwards, whilst the students plan to build the barricades, the Thénardiers plan to wait underground, in the hope that they will pick up lots of wealth and riches from the dead students after the battle is over (\"One Day More\").",
"After the barricade falls, Thénardier is in the Parisian sewers robbing the corpses of the rebels (\"Dog Eats Dog\"). Here he crosses a man carrying what he believes to be an unknown corpse (actually the unconscious Marius, wounded from the barricades). When the man collapses, Thénardier steals a ring from Marius' body, and then departs upon realizing that the collapsed man is Jean Valjean. The Thénardiers appear at the wedding of Marius and Cosette, posing as the [Baron](/wiki/Baron \"Baron\") and [Baroness](/wiki/Baron \"Baron\") de Thénard. Marius sees through their disguise and orders them to leave, but they refuse to do so until they have properly extorted him. They attempt to blackmail Marius with the information that Valjean is a murderer, offering the stolen ring as evidence. Their plan backfires when Marius recognizes the ring as his own, realizing that Valjean must have rescued him after the barricades fell. He hits Thénardier and throws him the rest of his money before leading Cosette away, leaving the Thénardiers to enjoy the feast and gloat over their survival, despite their children's deaths (\"Beggars At The Feast\"). This was altered in the [film adaptation](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%282012_film%29 \"Les Misérables (2012 film)\"), where the Thénardiers are thrown out of the party after their extortion attempt fails. Along with Javert, they do not appear in the show's finale, presumably due to their villainous roles, as well as the fact that they are among the few characters to survive the entire play.",
"The Thénardiers are usually played by a high [baritone](/wiki/Baritone \"Baritone\") (Thénardier) and a [mezzo\\-soprano](/wiki/Mezzo-soprano \"Mezzo-soprano\") (Madame Thénardier).",
"### Songs",
"In the musical, the Thénardiers appear in the following songs:\n *[Castle on a Cloud](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Castle_On_A_Cloud \"Songs from Les Misérables#Castle On A Cloud\")* (Madame Thénardier only) A song of Cosette's dreams of heaven, which is quickly interrupted by Madame Thénardier to make her fetch a bucket of water. Known as {{lang\\|fr\\|Mon Prince au Chemin}} or {{lang\\|fr\\|Une poupée dans la vitrine}} in the successive French versions.\n *[Master of the House](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Master_of_the_House \"Songs from Les Misérables#Master of the House\")* A song sung by both of the Thénardiers, along with his drunken customers singing how well it is to have power in the pub. Known as {{lang\\|fr\\|La Devise du Cabaretier}} in the original French version, then as {{lang\\|fr\\|Maître Thénardier}} in the 1991 version.\n *[The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Bargain_/_The_Waltz_of_Treachery \"Songs from Les Misérables#The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery\")* Where the duo repeatedly try to swindle as much money as they can from Valjean in exchange for Cosette. Known as {{lang\\|fr\\|La Valse de la Fourberie}} then as {{lang\\|fr\\|La Transaction}} in the various French version.\n *[The Robbery/Javert's Intervention](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Robbery_/_Javert%27s_Intervention \"Songs from Les Misérables#The Robbery / Javert's Intervention\")* Thénardier approaches Valjean, asking for donations for the fake child seen in *Look Down*. Thénardier recognizes Valjean and assaults him before Javert intervenes.\n *[The Attack on Rue Plumet](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Attack_on_Rue_Plumet \"Songs from Les Misérables#The Attack on Rue Plumet\")* (Thénardier only) Known simply as {{lang\\|fr\\|Rue Plumet}} in the original French version, and later as {{lang\\|fr\\|Le casse de la Rue Plumet}}. Thénardier rounds up his gang as they attempt to rob Valjean's home as he blames his poverty on him. Éponine stops them from doing so and they are forced to retreat.\n *[One Day More](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23One_Day_More \"Songs from Les Misérables#One Day More\")* Though small, the two appear every now and then telling how they'll simply hide in the shadows, wait things out, and pick the pockets of the corpses when they're the only ones left. Known as {{lang\\|fr\\|Demain}} in the original French version and as {{lang\\|fr\\|Le Grand Jour}} in the 1991 version.\n *[The Sewers/Dog Eats Dog](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23The_Sewers_/_Dog_Eats_Dog \"Songs from Les Misérables#The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog\")* (Thénardier only) Thénardier sings to himself in the sewers as he fingers through the bodies of the students. One of the show's darkest songs, it is known as {{lang\\|fr\\|Fureurs Cannibales}} in the 1991 French version.\n *[Beggars at the Feast](/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables%23Beggars_at_the_Feast \"Songs from Les Misérables#Beggars at the Feast\")* The Thénardiers describe how they enjoy sneaking into parties and chatting with the upper crust of society. They gloat about their survival.",
""
] |
History
-------
In the 17th century, Swedish, Dutch and English settlers brought slaves to South Jersey to perform the manual labor needed to establish their colonies. Many of the English settlers that founded the [West Jersey](/wiki/West_Jersey "West Jersey") colony were Quaker and began to debate the morality of owning human beings. In 1738, the Quakers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania united and submitted an agreement to the Society of Friends which recommended discontinuing the use of Africans as slaves. After the [Manumission](/wiki/Manumission "Manumission") Act of 1786 and New Jersey's Gradual Abolition of Slavery Act of 1804, the free negro communities of Othello and Springtown were established by Quakers who sold small lots of lands to freed slaves to build homes and raise families.
While the Quakers were early proponents of the religious education of slaves, few African\-Americans took up Quakerism. However, many [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism "Methodism") evangelized in South Jersey to slaves and converted many of them. Several African\-American preachers, including [Richard Allen](/wiki/Richard_Allen_%28bishop%29 "Richard Allen (bishop)"), traveled throughout the West Jersey colony and had a great impact on establishing Methodism among the African\-Americans living there.{{cite web \|last1\=Edwards \|first1\=Elaine \|title\=Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery \|url\=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/33e0ccbd\-9d73\-4fe4\-99de\-1e6214e81ae1 \|website\=www.npgallery.nps.gov \|publisher\=United States Department of the Interior National Park Service \|access\-date\=January 13, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 13, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113181653/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/33e0ccbd\-9d73\-4fe4\-99de\-1e6214e81ae1 \|url\-status\=live }} Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is one of the oldest buildings standing where Richard Allen is known to have preached.{{cite book \|last1\=Martinelli \|first1\=Patricia A. \|title\=New Jersey Ghost Towns \- Uncovering the Hidden Past \|date\=2012 \|publisher\=Stackpole Books \|location\=Mechanicsburg, PA \|isbn\=978\-0\-8117\-0910\-1 \|pages\=109–111 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nJZoYlyewv8C \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023}} [Jarena Lee](/wiki/Jarena_Lee "Jarena Lee"), the first female African Methodist Episcopal preacher, is also known to have preached at Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Initially, Methodist congregations in South Jersey were strong advocates of abolition and white and black parishioners worshipped together. However, in the early 1800s, black parishioners were forced from the [Greenwich Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Greenwich_Township%2C_Cumberland_County%2C_New_Jersey "Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey") Methodist church after church leaders wavered in their anti\-slavery stance as a result of pressure from slaveholder church members.{{cite book \|last1\=Snodgrass \|first1\=Mary Ellen \|title\=The Underground Railroad \- An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-0\-7656\-8093\-8 \|page\=14 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SWusBwAAQBAJ \|access\-date\=January 15, 2023}} In 1810, black parishioners formed the African Society of Methodists and joined the African Methodist Episcopal church in 1817\. By 1824, the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal church congregation had grown to 38 people. The church in [Othello, New Jersey](/wiki/Othello%2C_New_Jersey "Othello, New Jersey"), burned down in an arson incident in the late 1830s and services were held in a nearby [Hicksite](/wiki/Elias_Hicks "Elias Hicks") Quaker meetinghouse until the current structure was built sometime between 1838 and 1841\.
The church and community were a stop on the Underground Railroad and supported fugitive slaves fleeing from the slave states of Maryland and Delaware to free states in the north, and Canada.{{cite web \|title\=Aboard the Underground Railroad \- Bethel AME Church \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/nj3\.htm \|website\=www.nps.gov \|publisher\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \|access\-date\=January 15, 2023 \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529031436/https://www.nps.gov/Nr/travel/underground/nj3\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} The church and community were part of the Underground Railroad route through South Jersey known as the Greenwich Line. The line began in [Springtown, New Jersey](/wiki/Springtown%2C_New_Jersey "Springtown, New Jersey"), ran through the [Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Mount_Zion_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_and_Mount_Zion_Cemetery "Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery") in Small Gloucester and north to [Mount Holly](/wiki/Mount_Holly%2C_New_Jersey "Mount Holly, New Jersey"), [Burlington](/wiki/Burlington%2C_New_Jersey "Burlington, New Jersey") and [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey"). [Harriet Tubman](/wiki/Harriet_Tubman "Harriet Tubman") helped operate the Greenwich Line for over 10 years{{cite web \|title\=Aboard the Underground Railroad \- Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/nj4\.htm \|website\=www.nps.gov \|publisher\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \|access\-date\=January 14, 2023 \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529015907/https://www.nps.gov/Nr/travel/underground/nj4\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} and she lived and worked in Springtown from 1849 to 1851\. The church and its members provided shelter and support to fugitive slaves{{cite book \|last1\=Hudson \|first1\=J. Blaine \|title\=Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=McFarland \& Company, Inc. \|location\=Jefferson, North Carolina \|isbn\=978\-0\-7864\-2459\-7 \|page\=253 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=AKRI\-GNca6oC \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023}} and several members of the church congregation were operators in the Underground Railroad. The community's location on a peninsula near the Cohansey River provided multiple water routes for slaves crossing the [Delaware River](/wiki/Delaware_River "Delaware River") from Eastern Maryland. The heavily wooded and swampy areas around Springtown provided hiding places for slaves when [slave catchers](/wiki/Slave_catcher "Slave catcher") came through the area.
During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), several members of the church enlisted and served in the [United States Colored Troops](/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops "United States Colored Troops") regiment.
By the 1990s, the congregation size declined to only four members. Due to the historical nature of the church, efforts were made to restore the structure. It is on the [New Jersey Register of Historic Places](/wiki/New_Jersey_Register_of_Historic_Places "New Jersey Register of Historic Places"){{cite web \|title\=New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places \-Cumberland County \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/cumberland.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]] \- Historic Preservation Office \|page\=12 \|date\=April 1, 2010 \|accessdate\=October 13, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819104848/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/cumberland.pdf \|archivedate\=August 19, 2011}} and was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") in 1999\.{{cite web \|last1\=Aldrich \|first1\=Laura A. \|title\=Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church \|url\=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/6c3ddcc5\-7b54\-485c\-934f\-75a5f2cd8643 \|website\=www.npgallery.nps.gov \|publisher\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116195221/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/6c3ddcc5\-7b54\-485c\-934f\-75a5f2cd8643 \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In the 17th century, Swedish, Dutch and English settlers brought slaves to South Jersey to perform the manual labor needed to establish their colonies. Many of the English settlers that founded the [West Jersey](/wiki/West_Jersey \"West Jersey\") colony were Quaker and began to debate the morality of owning human beings. In 1738, the Quakers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania united and submitted an agreement to the Society of Friends which recommended discontinuing the use of Africans as slaves. After the [Manumission](/wiki/Manumission \"Manumission\") Act of 1786 and New Jersey's Gradual Abolition of Slavery Act of 1804, the free negro communities of Othello and Springtown were established by Quakers who sold small lots of lands to freed slaves to build homes and raise families.",
"While the Quakers were early proponents of the religious education of slaves, few African\\-Americans took up Quakerism. However, many [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\") evangelized in South Jersey to slaves and converted many of them. Several African\\-American preachers, including [Richard Allen](/wiki/Richard_Allen_%28bishop%29 \"Richard Allen (bishop)\"), traveled throughout the West Jersey colony and had a great impact on establishing Methodism among the African\\-Americans living there.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Edwards \\|first1\\=Elaine \\|title\\=Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery \\|url\\=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/33e0ccbd\\-9d73\\-4fe4\\-99de\\-1e6214e81ae1 \\|website\\=www.npgallery.nps.gov \\|publisher\\=United States Department of the Interior National Park Service \\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 13, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113181653/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/33e0ccbd\\-9d73\\-4fe4\\-99de\\-1e6214e81ae1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is one of the oldest buildings standing where Richard Allen is known to have preached.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Martinelli \\|first1\\=Patricia A. \\|title\\=New Jersey Ghost Towns \\- Uncovering the Hidden Past \\|date\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Stackpole Books \\|location\\=Mechanicsburg, PA \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8117\\-0910\\-1 \\|pages\\=109–111 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nJZoYlyewv8C \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023}} [Jarena Lee](/wiki/Jarena_Lee \"Jarena Lee\"), the first female African Methodist Episcopal preacher, is also known to have preached at Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.",
"Initially, Methodist congregations in South Jersey were strong advocates of abolition and white and black parishioners worshipped together. However, in the early 1800s, black parishioners were forced from the [Greenwich Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Greenwich_Township%2C_Cumberland_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey\") Methodist church after church leaders wavered in their anti\\-slavery stance as a result of pressure from slaveholder church members.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Snodgrass \\|first1\\=Mary Ellen \\|title\\=The Underground Railroad \\- An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7656\\-8093\\-8 \\|page\\=14 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SWusBwAAQBAJ \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2023}} In 1810, black parishioners formed the African Society of Methodists and joined the African Methodist Episcopal church in 1817\\. By 1824, the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal church congregation had grown to 38 people. The church in [Othello, New Jersey](/wiki/Othello%2C_New_Jersey \"Othello, New Jersey\"), burned down in an arson incident in the late 1830s and services were held in a nearby [Hicksite](/wiki/Elias_Hicks \"Elias Hicks\") Quaker meetinghouse until the current structure was built sometime between 1838 and 1841\\.",
"The church and community were a stop on the Underground Railroad and supported fugitive slaves fleeing from the slave states of Maryland and Delaware to free states in the north, and Canada.{{cite web \\|title\\=Aboard the Underground Railroad \\- Bethel AME Church \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/nj3\\.htm \\|website\\=www.nps.gov \\|publisher\\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529031436/https://www.nps.gov/Nr/travel/underground/nj3\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The church and community were part of the Underground Railroad route through South Jersey known as the Greenwich Line. The line began in [Springtown, New Jersey](/wiki/Springtown%2C_New_Jersey \"Springtown, New Jersey\"), ran through the [Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Mount_Zion_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_and_Mount_Zion_Cemetery \"Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery\") in Small Gloucester and north to [Mount Holly](/wiki/Mount_Holly%2C_New_Jersey \"Mount Holly, New Jersey\"), [Burlington](/wiki/Burlington%2C_New_Jersey \"Burlington, New Jersey\") and [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\"). [Harriet Tubman](/wiki/Harriet_Tubman \"Harriet Tubman\") helped operate the Greenwich Line for over 10 years{{cite web \\|title\\=Aboard the Underground Railroad \\- Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/nj4\\.htm \\|website\\=www.nps.gov \\|publisher\\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529015907/https://www.nps.gov/Nr/travel/underground/nj4\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and she lived and worked in Springtown from 1849 to 1851\\. The church and its members provided shelter and support to fugitive slaves{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hudson \\|first1\\=J. Blaine \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=McFarland \\& Company, Inc. \\|location\\=Jefferson, North Carolina \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7864\\-2459\\-7 \\|page\\=253 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AKRI\\-GNca6oC \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023}} and several members of the church congregation were operators in the Underground Railroad. The community's location on a peninsula near the Cohansey River provided multiple water routes for slaves crossing the [Delaware River](/wiki/Delaware_River \"Delaware River\") from Eastern Maryland. The heavily wooded and swampy areas around Springtown provided hiding places for slaves when [slave catchers](/wiki/Slave_catcher \"Slave catcher\") came through the area.",
"During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), several members of the church enlisted and served in the [United States Colored Troops](/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops \"United States Colored Troops\") regiment.",
"By the 1990s, the congregation size declined to only four members. Due to the historical nature of the church, efforts were made to restore the structure. It is on the [New Jersey Register of Historic Places](/wiki/New_Jersey_Register_of_Historic_Places \"New Jersey Register of Historic Places\"){{cite web \\|title\\=New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places \\-Cumberland County \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/cumberland.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]] \\- Historic Preservation Office \\|page\\=12 \\|date\\=April 1, 2010 \\|accessdate\\=October 13, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819104848/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/cumberland.pdf \\|archivedate\\=August 19, 2011}} and was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1999\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Aldrich \\|first1\\=Laura A. \\|title\\=Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church \\|url\\=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/6c3ddcc5\\-7b54\\-485c\\-934f\\-75a5f2cd8643 \\|website\\=www.npgallery.nps.gov \\|publisher\\=National Park Service United States Department of the Interior \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116195221/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/6c3ddcc5\\-7b54\\-485c\\-934f\\-75a5f2cd8643 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
The attacking midfielder, who is known for his long range free kicks, sharp passing and toughness, joined the [Victorian Institute of Sport](/wiki/Victorian_Institute_of_Sport "Victorian Institute of Sport") whilst playing his club football at Knox City in Melbourne's east in 2003\. He was selected as captain of the Victorian under 16 squad in 2004 before representing Australia the following year at the under 17 FIFA World Cup in Peru. Recruited from the [Victorian Institute of Sport](/wiki/Victorian_Institute_of_Sport "Victorian Institute of Sport") by [Melbourne Victory FC](/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC "Melbourne Victory FC"), Broxham trained with the first\-team squad for twelve months as the Football Team Assistant before being brought in to the actual squad prior to Round 19\.Lynch, Michael: [Youngster loves a kicking](http://www.theage.com.au/news/soccer/youngster-loves-a-kicking/2007/01/18/1169095908779.html), *[The Age](/wiki/The_Age "The Age")*, 19 January 2007\.
It was announced on 21 March 2007 that Broxham had signed a new three\-year deal with the club.Bernard, Grantley: [Victory shows door to trio](http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,21425039-5000940,00.html), [Fox Sports (Australia)](/wiki/Fox_Sports_%28Australia%29 "Fox Sports (Australia)"), 22 March 2007\. Leigh was left out of the squad for the majority of the 2008/2009 championship season. However, after having an excellent pre season, including scoring a 25\-yard free kick and assisting multiple goals, he has played every game in the 2009/10 season. Broxham was the second of six nominees that will vie for the inaugural NAB Young Footballer of the Year Award at the conclusion of the Hyundai A\-League 2009/10 season.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.melbournevictory.com.au/default.aspx?s\=newsdisplay\&id\=30150\|title\=Broxham presents $3000 football pack thanks to NAB\|publisher\=\[\[Melbourne Victory FC]]\|date\=22 October 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223112537/http://melbournevictory.com.au/default.aspx?s\=newsdisplay\&id\=30150\|archive\-date\=23 February 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|left\|161px\|Broxham playing for Melbourne Victory in 2010](/wiki/File:Leigh_Broxham.jpg "Leigh Broxham.jpg")
He scored his first ever goal for Melbourne in their clash against [Sydney FC](/wiki/Sydney_FC "Sydney FC") in the opening round of the 2010–11 A\-League season. Broxham has become a firm fan favourite for his excellent technique.
In the 2012–2013 A\-League season under new boss [Ange Postecoglou](/wiki/Ange_Postecoglou "Ange Postecoglou"), Leigh Broxham initially began the season with lacklustre performances including a 5–0 defeat against Brisbane Roar. However, since the injuries of several key Melbourne Victory defenders, he was asked to fill in at centre back against Sydney FC and Newcastle Jets [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") and [Emile Heskey](/wiki/Emile_Heskey "Emile Heskey") and performed admirably inspiring new chants from the Victory supporters. His goal against Brisbane Roar later in the season with a flying header attempt summed up the success of his season which was rewarded by a further 3\-year contract.
With Melbourne Victory finishing 3rd, they subsequently qualified for a play\-off match in order to participate in the [Asian Champions League](/wiki/Asian_Champions_League "Asian Champions League"). On 15 February 2014, Melbourne Victory faced [Muangthong United](/wiki/Muangthong_United "Muangthong United") who were 2nd in their domestic league. Melbourne Victory was the first to concede with a goal scored directly from a corner. After captain [Mark Milligan](/wiki/Mark_Milligan "Mark Milligan") could not convert a penalty kick and trailing on the score board, Leigh Broxham managed to provide a pass to [Scott Galloway](/wiki/Scott_Galloway_%28soccer%29 "Scott Galloway (soccer)") who then crossed a ball into the head of [James Troisi](/wiki/James_Troisi "James Troisi") scoring the equalizer. Broxham then went on to capitalize on a loose ball from a corner with a shot outside the box into the net to score the eventual winner ending the match 2–1 to send Melbourne Victory to the Asian Champions League. Soon later on their first ACL Group stage match away against [Guangzhou Evergrande](/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande "Guangzhou Evergrande"), Broxham would score from a loose headed ball off a corner with a volley blasting into the back of the net to send Melbourne Victory 2–0 up, a match in which ended in a 2–4 defeat.
The 2014\-2015 A\-league calendar would continue to challenge Leigh Broxham to find a spot in the starting lineup with both Mark Milligan and new\-signing [Carl Valeri](/wiki/Carl_Valeri "Carl Valeri") preferred as first choice central midfielders. International duties to Milligan and injuries to either Delpierre, Leijer or Ansell would call upon his services to fill in the gaps. Noticeably, Melbourne Victory's first clean\-sheet came upon when Broxham was started at central defence and would keep a further 3 clean sheets in a row to start the season in the same position. Near the end of the season, Broxham became determined to find a place in the starting line\-up after all key players in midfield and central defence were playing fit and consistent football and thus he subsequently landed his place at right\-back. His combination play with [Kosta Barbarouses](/wiki/Kosta_Barbarouses "Kosta Barbarouses") and overlapping runs found himself in strong positions in the final third including an assist to [Besart Berisha](/wiki/Besart_Berisha "Besart Berisha") in the A\-league semi\-finals against [Melbourne City](/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC "Melbourne City FC") after left\-winger [Harry Novillo](/wiki/Harry_Novillo "Harry Novillo") failed to track back Broxham's run. It was then in the [2015 A\-League Grand Final](/wiki/2015_A-League_Grand_Final "2015 A-League Grand Final") where his high pressing forced an eventual turnover from Sydney FC which lead to teammate [Gui Finkler](/wiki/Gui_Finkler "Gui Finkler") to assist Berisha to open the scoring. Whilst there were little opportunities to find overlapping runs for the entirety of the game, it was until the 90th minute where [Fahid Ben Khalfallah](/wiki/Fahid_Ben_Khalfallah "Fahid Ben Khalfallah") found Leigh Broxham who sprinted from own half to receive the ball inside the box and finish the ball into the near post to seal the Championship 3–0\.
Broxham also filled out as vice\-captain on numerous occasions throughout the 2012–13 season, and captained Melbourne in the famous friendly match between Melbourne and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") in front of over 95,500 at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG "MCG").
After the departure of [Ola Toivonen](/wiki/Ola_Toivonen "Ola Toivonen"), Broxham served as Melbourne Victory's captain for the final five matches of the [2019–20 A\-League](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League "2019–20 A-League") season. He was permanently elevated to the captaincy for the [2020–21 A\-League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_A-League "2020–21 A-League") season. He was replaced as captain by [Joshua Brillante](/wiki/Joshua_Brillante "Joshua Brillante") for the [2021–22 A\-League](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_A-League "2021–22 A-League") season.
As of May 2021, he currently holds the record for most appearances for Melbourne Victory, playing 427 times across multiple competitions. Broxham is one of the A\-League's most decorated players having played in all of Melbourne Victory's title\-winning sides including four championships, three premierships and two FFA Cups. A natural defensive midfielder, Broxham, nicknamed "Brox", can also play as an attacking midfielder,{{cite web\|last1\=Huguenin\|first1\=Michael\|title\=Kit man to captain: Broxham's Victorious rise\|url\=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/article/kit\-man\-to\-captain\-the\-rise\-of\-melbourne\-victorys\-leigh\-broxham/2wt8m3pj5pa31efkxuljthuoq\|website\=footballaustralia.com.au\|publisher\=Football Federation Australia\|accessdate\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\|last1\=Huguenin\|first1\=Michael\|title\=Hard work the key to Leigh Broxham's success\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-au/news/4021/a\-league/2016/02/05/20016672/hard\-work\-the\-key\-to\-leigh\-broxhams\-success\|website\=Goal.com\|accessdate\=14 December 2016}} central midfielder, box\-to\-box midfielder, centre back, left back or right back.{{cite web\|last1\=Windley\|first1\=Matt\|title\=Melbourne Victory's Leigh Broxham likened to former Manchester United left back Phil Neville\|url\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/a\-league/teams/victory/melbourne\-victorys\-leigh\-broxham\-likened\-to\-former\-manchester\-united\-left\-back\-phil\-neville/news\-story/26108a16743cc0c680945d1c6372d520\|website\=Herald Sun\|publisher\=News Corporation\|accessdate\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\|title\=Broxham says Victory are out for revenge\|url\=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2016/10/03/broxham\-says\-victory\-are\-out\-revenge\|website\=The World Game\|publisher\=Special Broadcasting Service\|accessdate\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\|last1\=Windley\|first1\=Matt\|title\=Melbourne Victory midfielder Leigh Broxham hits 200 A\-League game milestone\|url\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/a\-league/teams/victory/melbourne\-victory\-midfielder\-leigh\-broxham\-hits\-200\-aleague\-game\-milestone/news\-story/e3cc66654d92ab5365e623cbfde1daa2\|website\=Herald Sun\|publisher\=News Corporation\|accessdate\=14 December 2016}} Broxham was named captain of Melbourne Victory at the commencement of the 2021 A\-League season.
Broxham would announce on 23 April 2024 his retirement from professional football at the end of the [2023\-24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Melbourne_Victory_FC_season "2023–24 Melbourne Victory FC season") season.{{Cite web \|last\=tlusk \|date\=2024\-04\-23 \|title\=Leigh Broxham retires from professional football \|url\=https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/leigh\-broxham\-retires\-from\-professional\-football/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-08 \|website\=Melbourne Victory \|language\=en\-AU}} [Melbourne Victory](/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC "Melbourne Victory FC") would use their final regular season game to celebrate his career at the club.{{Cite web \|last\=tlusk \|date\=2024\-04\-24 \|title\=Countdown To Kick\-Off {{!}} The Final Round \|url\=https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/countdown\-to\-kick\-off\-the\-final\-round/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-08 \|website\=Melbourne Victory \|language\=en\-AU}} He would join [St Albans Saints](/wiki/St_Albans_Saints_SC "St Albans Saints SC") impacting immediately creating a 1\-0 upset win in. his debut against [Heidelberg United](/wiki/Heidelberg_United_FC "Heidelberg United FC").{{Cite web \|last\=sachapisani \|date\=2024\-07\-08 \|title\=A\-Leagues icon joins NPL side \& immediately helps pull off huge upset \|url\=https://aleagues.com.au/news/a\-league\-news\-melbourne\-victory\-legend\-leigh\-broxham\-npl\-st\-albans\-saints\-celeski\-watson/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-08 \|website\=A\-Leagues \|language\=en\-AU}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"The attacking midfielder, who is known for his long range free kicks, sharp passing and toughness, joined the [Victorian Institute of Sport](/wiki/Victorian_Institute_of_Sport \"Victorian Institute of Sport\") whilst playing his club football at Knox City in Melbourne's east in 2003\\. He was selected as captain of the Victorian under 16 squad in 2004 before representing Australia the following year at the under 17 FIFA World Cup in Peru. Recruited from the [Victorian Institute of Sport](/wiki/Victorian_Institute_of_Sport \"Victorian Institute of Sport\") by [Melbourne Victory FC](/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC \"Melbourne Victory FC\"), Broxham trained with the first\\-team squad for twelve months as the Football Team Assistant before being brought in to the actual squad prior to Round 19\\.Lynch, Michael: [Youngster loves a kicking](http://www.theage.com.au/news/soccer/youngster-loves-a-kicking/2007/01/18/1169095908779.html), *[The Age](/wiki/The_Age \"The Age\")*, 19 January 2007\\.",
"It was announced on 21 March 2007 that Broxham had signed a new three\\-year deal with the club.Bernard, Grantley: [Victory shows door to trio](http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,21425039-5000940,00.html), [Fox Sports (Australia)](/wiki/Fox_Sports_%28Australia%29 \"Fox Sports (Australia)\"), 22 March 2007\\. Leigh was left out of the squad for the majority of the 2008/2009 championship season. However, after having an excellent pre season, including scoring a 25\\-yard free kick and assisting multiple goals, he has played every game in the 2009/10 season. Broxham was the second of six nominees that will vie for the inaugural NAB Young Footballer of the Year Award at the conclusion of the Hyundai A\\-League 2009/10 season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.melbournevictory.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=newsdisplay\\&id\\=30150\\|title\\=Broxham presents $3000 football pack thanks to NAB\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Melbourne Victory FC]]\\|date\\=22 October 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223112537/http://melbournevictory.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=newsdisplay\\&id\\=30150\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|161px\\|Broxham playing for Melbourne Victory in 2010](/wiki/File:Leigh_Broxham.jpg \"Leigh Broxham.jpg\")\nHe scored his first ever goal for Melbourne in their clash against [Sydney FC](/wiki/Sydney_FC \"Sydney FC\") in the opening round of the 2010–11 A\\-League season. Broxham has become a firm fan favourite for his excellent technique.",
"In the 2012–2013 A\\-League season under new boss [Ange Postecoglou](/wiki/Ange_Postecoglou \"Ange Postecoglou\"), Leigh Broxham initially began the season with lacklustre performances including a 5–0 defeat against Brisbane Roar. However, since the injuries of several key Melbourne Victory defenders, he was asked to fill in at centre back against Sydney FC and Newcastle Jets [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") and [Emile Heskey](/wiki/Emile_Heskey \"Emile Heskey\") and performed admirably inspiring new chants from the Victory supporters. His goal against Brisbane Roar later in the season with a flying header attempt summed up the success of his season which was rewarded by a further 3\\-year contract.",
"With Melbourne Victory finishing 3rd, they subsequently qualified for a play\\-off match in order to participate in the [Asian Champions League](/wiki/Asian_Champions_League \"Asian Champions League\"). On 15 February 2014, Melbourne Victory faced [Muangthong United](/wiki/Muangthong_United \"Muangthong United\") who were 2nd in their domestic league. Melbourne Victory was the first to concede with a goal scored directly from a corner. After captain [Mark Milligan](/wiki/Mark_Milligan \"Mark Milligan\") could not convert a penalty kick and trailing on the score board, Leigh Broxham managed to provide a pass to [Scott Galloway](/wiki/Scott_Galloway_%28soccer%29 \"Scott Galloway (soccer)\") who then crossed a ball into the head of [James Troisi](/wiki/James_Troisi \"James Troisi\") scoring the equalizer. Broxham then went on to capitalize on a loose ball from a corner with a shot outside the box into the net to score the eventual winner ending the match 2–1 to send Melbourne Victory to the Asian Champions League. Soon later on their first ACL Group stage match away against [Guangzhou Evergrande](/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande \"Guangzhou Evergrande\"), Broxham would score from a loose headed ball off a corner with a volley blasting into the back of the net to send Melbourne Victory 2–0 up, a match in which ended in a 2–4 defeat.",
"The 2014\\-2015 A\\-league calendar would continue to challenge Leigh Broxham to find a spot in the starting lineup with both Mark Milligan and new\\-signing [Carl Valeri](/wiki/Carl_Valeri \"Carl Valeri\") preferred as first choice central midfielders. International duties to Milligan and injuries to either Delpierre, Leijer or Ansell would call upon his services to fill in the gaps. Noticeably, Melbourne Victory's first clean\\-sheet came upon when Broxham was started at central defence and would keep a further 3 clean sheets in a row to start the season in the same position. Near the end of the season, Broxham became determined to find a place in the starting line\\-up after all key players in midfield and central defence were playing fit and consistent football and thus he subsequently landed his place at right\\-back. His combination play with [Kosta Barbarouses](/wiki/Kosta_Barbarouses \"Kosta Barbarouses\") and overlapping runs found himself in strong positions in the final third including an assist to [Besart Berisha](/wiki/Besart_Berisha \"Besart Berisha\") in the A\\-league semi\\-finals against [Melbourne City](/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC \"Melbourne City FC\") after left\\-winger [Harry Novillo](/wiki/Harry_Novillo \"Harry Novillo\") failed to track back Broxham's run. It was then in the [2015 A\\-League Grand Final](/wiki/2015_A-League_Grand_Final \"2015 A-League Grand Final\") where his high pressing forced an eventual turnover from Sydney FC which lead to teammate [Gui Finkler](/wiki/Gui_Finkler \"Gui Finkler\") to assist Berisha to open the scoring. Whilst there were little opportunities to find overlapping runs for the entirety of the game, it was until the 90th minute where [Fahid Ben Khalfallah](/wiki/Fahid_Ben_Khalfallah \"Fahid Ben Khalfallah\") found Leigh Broxham who sprinted from own half to receive the ball inside the box and finish the ball into the near post to seal the Championship 3–0\\.",
"Broxham also filled out as vice\\-captain on numerous occasions throughout the 2012–13 season, and captained Melbourne in the famous friendly match between Melbourne and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") in front of over 95,500 at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG \"MCG\").",
"After the departure of [Ola Toivonen](/wiki/Ola_Toivonen \"Ola Toivonen\"), Broxham served as Melbourne Victory's captain for the final five matches of the [2019–20 A\\-League](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League \"2019–20 A-League\") season. He was permanently elevated to the captaincy for the [2020–21 A\\-League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_A-League \"2020–21 A-League\") season. He was replaced as captain by [Joshua Brillante](/wiki/Joshua_Brillante \"Joshua Brillante\") for the [2021–22 A\\-League](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_A-League \"2021–22 A-League\") season.",
"As of May 2021, he currently holds the record for most appearances for Melbourne Victory, playing 427 times across multiple competitions. Broxham is one of the A\\-League's most decorated players having played in all of Melbourne Victory's title\\-winning sides including four championships, three premierships and two FFA Cups. A natural defensive midfielder, Broxham, nicknamed \"Brox\", can also play as an attacking midfielder,{{cite web\\|last1\\=Huguenin\\|first1\\=Michael\\|title\\=Kit man to captain: Broxham's Victorious rise\\|url\\=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/article/kit\\-man\\-to\\-captain\\-the\\-rise\\-of\\-melbourne\\-victorys\\-leigh\\-broxham/2wt8m3pj5pa31efkxuljthuoq\\|website\\=footballaustralia.com.au\\|publisher\\=Football Federation Australia\\|accessdate\\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Huguenin\\|first1\\=Michael\\|title\\=Hard work the key to Leigh Broxham's success\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-au/news/4021/a\\-league/2016/02/05/20016672/hard\\-work\\-the\\-key\\-to\\-leigh\\-broxhams\\-success\\|website\\=Goal.com\\|accessdate\\=14 December 2016}} central midfielder, box\\-to\\-box midfielder, centre back, left back or right back.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Windley\\|first1\\=Matt\\|title\\=Melbourne Victory's Leigh Broxham likened to former Manchester United left back Phil Neville\\|url\\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/a\\-league/teams/victory/melbourne\\-victorys\\-leigh\\-broxham\\-likened\\-to\\-former\\-manchester\\-united\\-left\\-back\\-phil\\-neville/news\\-story/26108a16743cc0c680945d1c6372d520\\|website\\=Herald Sun\\|publisher\\=News Corporation\\|accessdate\\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Broxham says Victory are out for revenge\\|url\\=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2016/10/03/broxham\\-says\\-victory\\-are\\-out\\-revenge\\|website\\=The World Game\\|publisher\\=Special Broadcasting Service\\|accessdate\\=14 December 2016}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Windley\\|first1\\=Matt\\|title\\=Melbourne Victory midfielder Leigh Broxham hits 200 A\\-League game milestone\\|url\\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/a\\-league/teams/victory/melbourne\\-victory\\-midfielder\\-leigh\\-broxham\\-hits\\-200\\-aleague\\-game\\-milestone/news\\-story/e3cc66654d92ab5365e623cbfde1daa2\\|website\\=Herald Sun\\|publisher\\=News Corporation\\|accessdate\\=14 December 2016}} Broxham was named captain of Melbourne Victory at the commencement of the 2021 A\\-League season.",
"Broxham would announce on 23 April 2024 his retirement from professional football at the end of the [2023\\-24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Melbourne_Victory_FC_season \"2023–24 Melbourne Victory FC season\") season.{{Cite web \\|last\\=tlusk \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-23 \\|title\\=Leigh Broxham retires from professional football \\|url\\=https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/leigh\\-broxham\\-retires\\-from\\-professional\\-football/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=Melbourne Victory \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} [Melbourne Victory](/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC \"Melbourne Victory FC\") would use their final regular season game to celebrate his career at the club.{{Cite web \\|last\\=tlusk \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-24 \\|title\\=Countdown To Kick\\-Off {{!}} The Final Round \\|url\\=https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/countdown\\-to\\-kick\\-off\\-the\\-final\\-round/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=Melbourne Victory \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} He would join [St Albans Saints](/wiki/St_Albans_Saints_SC \"St Albans Saints SC\") impacting immediately creating a 1\\-0 upset win in. his debut against [Heidelberg United](/wiki/Heidelberg_United_FC \"Heidelberg United FC\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=sachapisani \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-08 \\|title\\=A\\-Leagues icon joins NPL side \\& immediately helps pull off huge upset \\|url\\=https://aleagues.com.au/news/a\\-league\\-news\\-melbourne\\-victory\\-legend\\-leigh\\-broxham\\-npl\\-st\\-albans\\-saints\\-celeski\\-watson/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=A\\-Leagues \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
""
] |
Playing style
-------------
Broxham is a versatile midfielder who can slot in as central defence, right\-back, or a left\-back when needed. His commitment on the pitch enforcing his presence against opposition players have been admired by all managers of Melbourne Victory including Ernie Merrick, Mehmet Durakovic, Jim Magilton, Ange Postecoglou and Kevin Muscat. His style of play can often be compared to [Claude Makélélé](/wiki/Claude_Mak%C3%A9l%C3%A9l%C3%A9 "Claude Makélélé"), who, when in possession of the ball, makes seemingly overly conservative passes without posing a threat to the opposition. However, his role has revolved around recovering the ball from contests or off the opponent and being the first to start the string of passes where the team can construct an attack pattern. This potential was not seen until [Ange Postecoglou](/wiki/Ange_Postecoglou "Ange Postecoglou") took charge and changed the overall philosophy of the team and subsequently Broxham's recovery and distribution skills could be appreciated.
In the 2014/15 season, Broxham has found himself in central defence in no less than 6 matches to cover for the injuries to fellow defenders [Matthieu Delpierre](/wiki/Matthieu_Delpierre "Matthieu Delpierre") and [Nick Ansell](/wiki/Nick_Ansell "Nick Ansell") recording 4 clean sheets despite his obvious lack of height. Opposition's forward pressing were also noted to have failed as a result of Broxham's comfortable midfield ball control and awareness, who under pressure can easily advance forward and/or distribute passes reliably.{{cite web\|url\=http://leopoldmethod.com.au/melbourne\-victory\-2\-0\-wellington\|title\=Match analysis: Melbourne Victory 2\-0 Wellington Phoenix\|website\=Leopold Method\|date\=4 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117144017/http://leopoldmethod.com.au/melbourne\-victory\-2\-0\-wellington/\|archive\-date\=17 November 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Despite the previously mentioned lack of height, he has successfully scored with his head against Brisbane Roar in the 13/14 season, and Adelaide United in the 14/15 season. His aerial threat has been consistent throughout the 14/15 season including 3 attempted headers at goal against Brisbane Roar in a 1–0 win.{{Cite web\|url\=http://thecityjournal.net/sport/live\-melbourne\-victory\-v\-brisbane\-roar/\|title \= As it happened: Melbourne Victory v Brisbane Roar\|date \= 21 November 2014}}
He also scored the third goal in the 2015 Grand Final win against Sydney FC at AAMI park with a near post finish following an over\-lapping run on the right.
In the 2016/17 season, Broxham found himself occupying the left\-back role giving consistent and reliable performances. During the latter parts of the season with the departure of midfielder Oliver Bozanic, Broxham returned to central midfield once again partnering with Carl Valeri and bossing the oppositions off the park especially during the finals series against Brisbane Roar and Sydney FC.
In the 2017/18 season with the departure of [Daniel Georgievski](/wiki/Daniel_Georgievski "Daniel Georgievski"), Broxham filled in the role of left\-back for the season and in typical fashion performed reliably defensively. Broxham and the team finished the season with a championship trophy.
With the departure of Kevin Muscat, managers Marco Kurz, Carlos Salvachua and Grant Brebner mainly utilized Broxham back in the centre of midfield with the prospect of maintaining possession and distributing the ball laterally.
|
[
"Playing style\n-------------",
"Broxham is a versatile midfielder who can slot in as central defence, right\\-back, or a left\\-back when needed. His commitment on the pitch enforcing his presence against opposition players have been admired by all managers of Melbourne Victory including Ernie Merrick, Mehmet Durakovic, Jim Magilton, Ange Postecoglou and Kevin Muscat. His style of play can often be compared to [Claude Makélélé](/wiki/Claude_Mak%C3%A9l%C3%A9l%C3%A9 \"Claude Makélélé\"), who, when in possession of the ball, makes seemingly overly conservative passes without posing a threat to the opposition. However, his role has revolved around recovering the ball from contests or off the opponent and being the first to start the string of passes where the team can construct an attack pattern. This potential was not seen until [Ange Postecoglou](/wiki/Ange_Postecoglou \"Ange Postecoglou\") took charge and changed the overall philosophy of the team and subsequently Broxham's recovery and distribution skills could be appreciated.",
"In the 2014/15 season, Broxham has found himself in central defence in no less than 6 matches to cover for the injuries to fellow defenders [Matthieu Delpierre](/wiki/Matthieu_Delpierre \"Matthieu Delpierre\") and [Nick Ansell](/wiki/Nick_Ansell \"Nick Ansell\") recording 4 clean sheets despite his obvious lack of height. Opposition's forward pressing were also noted to have failed as a result of Broxham's comfortable midfield ball control and awareness, who under pressure can easily advance forward and/or distribute passes reliably.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://leopoldmethod.com.au/melbourne\\-victory\\-2\\-0\\-wellington\\|title\\=Match analysis: Melbourne Victory 2\\-0 Wellington Phoenix\\|website\\=Leopold Method\\|date\\=4 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117144017/http://leopoldmethod.com.au/melbourne\\-victory\\-2\\-0\\-wellington/\\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Despite the previously mentioned lack of height, he has successfully scored with his head against Brisbane Roar in the 13/14 season, and Adelaide United in the 14/15 season. His aerial threat has been consistent throughout the 14/15 season including 3 attempted headers at goal against Brisbane Roar in a 1–0 win.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thecityjournal.net/sport/live\\-melbourne\\-victory\\-v\\-brisbane\\-roar/\\|title \\= As it happened: Melbourne Victory v Brisbane Roar\\|date \\= 21 November 2014}}\nHe also scored the third goal in the 2015 Grand Final win against Sydney FC at AAMI park with a near post finish following an over\\-lapping run on the right.",
"In the 2016/17 season, Broxham found himself occupying the left\\-back role giving consistent and reliable performances. During the latter parts of the season with the departure of midfielder Oliver Bozanic, Broxham returned to central midfield once again partnering with Carl Valeri and bossing the oppositions off the park especially during the finals series against Brisbane Roar and Sydney FC.",
"In the 2017/18 season with the departure of [Daniel Georgievski](/wiki/Daniel_Georgievski \"Daniel Georgievski\"), Broxham filled in the role of left\\-back for the season and in typical fashion performed reliably defensively. Broxham and the team finished the season with a championship trophy.",
"With the departure of Kevin Muscat, managers Marco Kurz, Carlos Salvachua and Grant Brebner mainly utilized Broxham back in the centre of midfield with the prospect of maintaining possession and distributing the ball laterally.",
""
] |
History
-------
Perhaps the earliest use of the Lufbery was by formations of [F.E.2b](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_F.E.2 "Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2") aircraft in 1916/17 when in combat with [superior German fighters](/wiki/Albatros_D.III "Albatros D.III") but by the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") it was already considered flawed and obsolete. While generally effective against horizontal attacks by faster aircraft, it was very vulnerable to attacks from fighters diving from above, providing targets on a slow, predictable course. As the performance and armament of fighter aircraft improved during the First World War, they became capable of high\-speed hit\-and\-run attacks in the vertical. A Lufbery put the defenders at a gross disadvantage.
In [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the Lufbery was still used by many countries, generally as a last resort measure for poorly trained pilots of less advanced air forces – for instance, Japanese kamikaze pilots. Faster allied aircraft resulted in the more maneuverable [Zero](/wiki/Zero_%28aircraft%29 "Zero (aircraft)") also resorting to the tactic to lure opponents into a turning contest in which the Zero could prevail. This tactic was also used by German [Messerschmitt Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 "Messerschmitt Bf 110") fighters, which had a rearwards\-firing dorsal gun position, and British [Boulton Paul Defiant](/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant "Boulton Paul Defiant") fighters, with dorsal turrets, during the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain "Battle of Britain").
To counter German fighter attacks, the Allied pilots flew "Lufbery circles" (in which each aircraft's tail was covered by the friendly aircraft behind). The tactic was effective and dangerous as a pilot attacking this formation could find himself constantly in the sights of the opposing pilots. As a counter measure to such circles, [Hans\-Joachim Marseille](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Marseille "Hans-Joachim Marseille") often dived at high speed into the middle of these defensive formations from either above or below, executing a tight turn and firing a two\-second deflection shot to destroy an enemy aircraft. The successes Marseille had become readily apparent in early 1942\. He claimed his 37–40th victories on 8 February 1942 and 41–44th victories four days later which earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross that same month for 46 victories.
Soviet [Il\-2](/wiki/Il-2 "Il-2") ground\-attack aircraft used the Lufbery circle on the Eastern Front. {{Cite journal\|last\=Chiles\|first\=James\|date\=June 2022\|title\=The Flying Tank\|url\=https://airandspace.si.edu/air\-and\-space\-quarterly/summer\-2022/flying\-tank\|journal\=Air \& Space Quarterly\|access\-date\=8 August 2022}}
Lundstrom, in chronicling the operational history of US carrier\-based activities in the Pacific from [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") through the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway "Battle of Midway"), provides an extensive discussion of [fighter tactics](/wiki/Fighter_tactics "Fighter tactics") of the time. In the [Battle of the Coral Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea "Battle of the Coral Sea"), US Grumman [F4F Wildcats](/wiki/F4F_Wildcat "F4F Wildcat") defending the {{USS\|Lexington\|CV\-2\|6}} against Japanese dive bombers adopted a Lufbery Circle when attacked by [A6M Zeros](/wiki/A6M_Zero "A6M Zero").pp. 255\-256 and pp.353, 481, Lundstrom; discusses the Lufbery Circle in the context of the subsequently developed [Thach Weave](/wiki/Thach_Weave "Thach Weave").
Although the Lufbery would seem to expose modern aircraft to missiles and unchecked gunnery passes, US pilots in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") found North Vietnamese [MiG\-17](/wiki/MiG-17 "MiG-17") fighters using it as bait for faster [F\-4 Phantom](/wiki/F-4_Phantom "F-4 Phantom") fighters that did not have guns and could not use their missiles because of tight turns made by the MiGs.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Perhaps the earliest use of the Lufbery was by formations of [F.E.2b](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_F.E.2 \"Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2\") aircraft in 1916/17 when in combat with [superior German fighters](/wiki/Albatros_D.III \"Albatros D.III\") but by the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") it was already considered flawed and obsolete. While generally effective against horizontal attacks by faster aircraft, it was very vulnerable to attacks from fighters diving from above, providing targets on a slow, predictable course. As the performance and armament of fighter aircraft improved during the First World War, they became capable of high\\-speed hit\\-and\\-run attacks in the vertical. A Lufbery put the defenders at a gross disadvantage.",
"In [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the Lufbery was still used by many countries, generally as a last resort measure for poorly trained pilots of less advanced air forces – for instance, Japanese kamikaze pilots. Faster allied aircraft resulted in the more maneuverable [Zero](/wiki/Zero_%28aircraft%29 \"Zero (aircraft)\") also resorting to the tactic to lure opponents into a turning contest in which the Zero could prevail. This tactic was also used by German [Messerschmitt Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 \"Messerschmitt Bf 110\") fighters, which had a rearwards\\-firing dorsal gun position, and British [Boulton Paul Defiant](/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant \"Boulton Paul Defiant\") fighters, with dorsal turrets, during the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\").",
"To counter German fighter attacks, the Allied pilots flew \"Lufbery circles\" (in which each aircraft's tail was covered by the friendly aircraft behind). The tactic was effective and dangerous as a pilot attacking this formation could find himself constantly in the sights of the opposing pilots. As a counter measure to such circles, [Hans\\-Joachim Marseille](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Marseille \"Hans-Joachim Marseille\") often dived at high speed into the middle of these defensive formations from either above or below, executing a tight turn and firing a two\\-second deflection shot to destroy an enemy aircraft. The successes Marseille had become readily apparent in early 1942\\. He claimed his 37–40th victories on 8 February 1942 and 41–44th victories four days later which earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross that same month for 46 victories.",
"Soviet [Il\\-2](/wiki/Il-2 \"Il-2\") ground\\-attack aircraft used the Lufbery circle on the Eastern Front. {{Cite journal\\|last\\=Chiles\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=June 2022\\|title\\=The Flying Tank\\|url\\=https://airandspace.si.edu/air\\-and\\-space\\-quarterly/summer\\-2022/flying\\-tank\\|journal\\=Air \\& Space Quarterly\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2022}}",
"Lundstrom, in chronicling the operational history of US carrier\\-based activities in the Pacific from [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") through the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway \"Battle of Midway\"), provides an extensive discussion of [fighter tactics](/wiki/Fighter_tactics \"Fighter tactics\") of the time. In the [Battle of the Coral Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea \"Battle of the Coral Sea\"), US Grumman [F4F Wildcats](/wiki/F4F_Wildcat \"F4F Wildcat\") defending the {{USS\\|Lexington\\|CV\\-2\\|6}} against Japanese dive bombers adopted a Lufbery Circle when attacked by [A6M Zeros](/wiki/A6M_Zero \"A6M Zero\").pp. 255\\-256 and pp.353, 481, Lundstrom; discusses the Lufbery Circle in the context of the subsequently developed [Thach Weave](/wiki/Thach_Weave \"Thach Weave\").",
"Although the Lufbery would seem to expose modern aircraft to missiles and unchecked gunnery passes, US pilots in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") found North Vietnamese [MiG\\-17](/wiki/MiG-17 \"MiG-17\") fighters using it as bait for faster [F\\-4 Phantom](/wiki/F-4_Phantom \"F-4 Phantom\") fighters that did not have guns and could not use their missiles because of tight turns made by the MiGs.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1950\= 4377
\|1960\= 20818
\|1970\= 25283
\|1980\= 21295
\|1990\= 20572
\|2000\= 19201
\|2010\= 18062
\|2020\= 20127
\|footnote\=Sources:{{cite web\|title\=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population\-volume\-1/37749282v1p37\_ch02\.pdf\|date\=1960\|work\=18th Census of the United States\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=17 May 2020}}{{cite web\|title\=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\|url\=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph\-2\-37\.pdf\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=22 November 2013}} 2020{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/whitehallcityohio/PST045219\|title\=Quick Facts: Whitehall city, Ohio\|website\=census.gov\|accessdate\=2021\-11\-18}}
}}
### 2020 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} of 2020, there were 20,127 people, 8,131 households families and living arrangements (households), and 8,479 housing units in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 39\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 40\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Native American or Alaskan Native](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.05% [Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census"), 1\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 8\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 8\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 13\.6% of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data {{!}} Whitehall, Ohio \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=Whitehall%20city,%20Franklin%20County,%20Ohio \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
There were 8,131 households, of which 28\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 37\.3% had a female householder with no husband or wife present, and 24\.8% had a male householder with no wife or husband present.
The median age in the city was 36\.6 years, compared to a median age of 39\.9 for Ohio. 24\.9% of residents were under the age of 18 (compared to 21\.8% for Ohio); 5\.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 30\.5% were from 25 to 44; 24\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.79% male and 49\.75% female. 92 respondents or 0\.46% of residents who chose neither option were not displayed on the population pyramid.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2013\-01\-06}} of 2010, there were 18,062 people, 7,522 households, and 4,406 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|3433\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 8,785 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1670\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 58\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 29\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 5\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 4\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 9\.9% of the population.
There were 7,522 households, of which 32\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 19\.3% had a female householder with no husband or wife present, 7\.5% had a male householder with no wife or husband present, and 41\.4% were non\-families. Non\-binary individuals were not counted. 34\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.40 and the average family size was 3\.07\.
The median age in the city was 35 years. Residents under the age of 18 constitute 25\.8% of the city's population; 9\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28\.4% were from 25 to 44; 25\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.6% male and 51\.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 19,201 people, 8,343 households, and 4,930 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|3,681\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 8,997 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1,725\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 74\.40% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 19\.16% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.39% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.04% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.21% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.78% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.95% of the population.
There were 8,343 households, out of which 29\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\.9% were non\-families. 35\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.96\.
In the city the population was spread out, with 25\.3% under the age of 18, 9\.4% from 18 to 24, 32\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\.0% from 45 to 64, and 12\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,794, and the median income for a family was $37,296\. Males had a median income of $30,896 versus $25,007 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $16,867\. About 11\.1% of families and 14\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 20\.3% of those under age 18 and 12\.4% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1950\\= 4377\n\\|1960\\= 20818\n\\|1970\\= 25283\n\\|1980\\= 21295\n\\|1990\\= 20572\n\\|2000\\= 19201\n\\|2010\\= 18062\n\\|2020\\= 20127\n\\|footnote\\=Sources:{{cite web\\|title\\=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population\\-volume\\-1/37749282v1p37\\_ch02\\.pdf\\|date\\=1960\\|work\\=18th Census of the United States\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2020}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph\\-2\\-37\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2013}} 2020{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/whitehallcityohio/PST045219\\|title\\=Quick Facts: Whitehall city, Ohio\\|website\\=census.gov\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-11\\-18}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} of 2020, there were 20,127 people, 8,131 households families and living arrangements (households), and 8,479 housing units in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 39\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 40\\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American or Alaskan Native](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.05% [Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\"), 1\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 8\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 8\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 13\\.6% of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data {{!}} Whitehall, Ohio \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=Whitehall%20city,%20Franklin%20County,%20Ohio \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"There were 8,131 households, of which 28\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 37\\.3% had a female householder with no husband or wife present, and 24\\.8% had a male householder with no wife or husband present.",
"The median age in the city was 36\\.6 years, compared to a median age of 39\\.9 for Ohio. 24\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18 (compared to 21\\.8% for Ohio); 5\\.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 30\\.5% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.79% male and 49\\.75% female. 92 respondents or 0\\.46% of residents who chose neither option were not displayed on the population pyramid.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-06}} of 2010, there were 18,062 people, 7,522 households, and 4,406 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|3433\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 8,785 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1670\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 58\\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 29\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 5\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 4\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 9\\.9% of the population.",
"There were 7,522 households, of which 32\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 19\\.3% had a female householder with no husband or wife present, 7\\.5% had a male householder with no wife or husband present, and 41\\.4% were non\\-families. Non\\-binary individuals were not counted. 34\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.40 and the average family size was 3\\.07\\.",
"The median age in the city was 35 years. Residents under the age of 18 constitute 25\\.8% of the city's population; 9\\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.6% male and 51\\.4% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 19,201 people, 8,343 households, and 4,930 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|3,681\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 8,997 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1,725\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 74\\.40% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 19\\.16% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.39% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.04% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.21% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.78% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.95% of the population.",
"There were 8,343 households, out of which 29\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\\.9% were non\\-families. 35\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.96\\.",
"In the city the population was spread out, with 25\\.3% under the age of 18, 9\\.4% from 18 to 24, 32\\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\\.7 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $32,794, and the median income for a family was $37,296\\. Males had a median income of $30,896 versus $25,007 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $16,867\\. About 11\\.1% of families and 14\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 20\\.3% of those under age 18 and 12\\.4% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1948–1980
The history of Medical College starts with construction of Sree Avittom Thirunal hospital for women and children by Travancore Royal Family. Avittom Thirunal was the crown prince of Travancore. His death due rheumatic heart disease lead then Maharaja Sree Padmanabha dasa chithira thirunal balarama verma to construct this unique first few of its kind in India.
In 1948, the government of Travancore appointed a committee to formulate proposals for a medical college at Thiruvananthapuram. The committee submitted its report and the scheme was sanctioned in October of that year. [C. O. Karunakaran](/wiki/C._O._Karunakaran "C. O. Karunakaran") was appointed Special Officer for the implementation of the scheme, and was the college's first dean.
[thumb\|alt\=Tree\-lined road\|Campus road](/wiki/File:Trivandrum_med_colg.jpg "Trivandrum med colg.jpg")
The campus was {{convert\|139\|acre\|km2}}, with [hillocks](/wiki/Hillock "Hillock") surrounded by evergreen coconut groves and paddy fields and facing the sea, {{convert\|4\|km}} from northwestern Thiruvananthapuram city. Its layout and architectural designs were prepared by J. A. Ritchie of Bombay. The college and hospital buildings were separated by playgrounds for football and hockey, a cricket pitch, courts for tennis, basketball, badminton and volleyball, and a 400\-meter track.
[thumb\|Mother and Baby statue at Medical College Campus](/wiki/File:Motherandbabystatue.jpg "Motherandbabystatue.jpg")
The foundation stone was laid by Raja Pramukh of [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore "Travancore")–[Cochin](/wiki/Kochi "Kochi") (Sree Padmanabhadasa Vanchipala Chithira thirunal Balarama Verma) at 11:45 am on 26 January 1950, and the first group of students was admitted in August 1951\. The college was dedicated by Jawaharlal Nehru at 8:00 am on 27 November 1951 in the presence of Sree Chithira Thirunal. In January 1952, the Sri. Avittom Thirunal Hospital (SATH) was dedicated by [Rajkumari Amrit Kaur](/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur "Rajkumari Amrit Kaur"). A men's hostel opened in 1952, followed by a women's Hostel one year later. The Medical College Hospital was dedicated by Prime Minister Nehru in 1954\.
The School of Nursing was dedicated by Sethu Lakshmi Bai in 1954, and was upgraded to a college of nursing in 1963\. The cancer wing was dedicated in 1958; after two decades, the Regional Cancer Centre was founded. The dentistry course and the first post\-graduate course began in 1959\.
The library was established during the 1960s. The limb center and mental and ophthalmic hospitals were brought into the college. During the 1990s the Regional Institute of [Ophthalmology](/wiki/Ophthalmology "Ophthalmology") was founded. The Sree Chitra Thirunal Centre, the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Priya Darshini Institute of Paramedical Sciences were established, and the Silver Jubilee Auditorium was built.
### {{anchor\|1981–present}}1981 to present
A specialty block, housing the college's medical and surgical specialties, became operational on 1 July 2010\. The block was funded by the prime minister's Swasthya Suraksha Yojna scheme and by the Kerala government. The 253\-bed, {{convert\|160000\|sqft\|m2\|adj\=on}} specialty block houses the outpatient clinics and inpatient wards of six specialties, eight operating theatres, six 29\-bed intensive\-care units and dialysis and kidney\-transplant units.
It is financed and administered by the Health and Family welfare Department of the government of Kerala. Although the college was initially affiliated with the [University of Kerala](/wiki/University_of_Kerala "University of Kerala"), since 2010 it has been affiliated with the [Kerala University of Health Sciences](/wiki/Kerala_University_of_Health_Sciences "Kerala University of Health Sciences").
### {{anchor\|Establishment of departments}}Departments
The college began with departments of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and bacteriology. Dr. C. O. Karunakaran was the first principal of the college. The departments were headed by V. Mathew, C. Vareed, Narayana Rao and [C. O. Karunakaran](/wiki/C._O._Karunakaran "C. O. Karunakaran"), respectively. The department of bacteriology initially consisted of [microbiology](/wiki/Microbiology "Microbiology"), pathology and hygiene. During the Asian flu epidemic,{{which\|date\=March 2018}} the department was in the forefront of isolating the influenza virus under R. Ananthanarayanan. In 1981, an AIDS surveillance center was established in the department. The Department of Community Medicine, established in 1953, was the first of its kind in India. A primary health centre for field training was established in July 1953 in Cheruvikkal, which was moved to Pangappara in 1964\. Intern training was initially conducted at the Indo\-Norwegian MCH unit in Neendakara. The department has a regional cell for the prevention of epidemic and infectious diseases. Forensic medicine which was part of community medicine, became a separate entity in 1966 under V. Kanthasamy. Medico\-legal autopsies have been performed since 1955, and the department became a state medico\-legal institute in 1986\. The department of pharmacology later established an experimental pharmacology wing.
The clinical departments of medicine and surgery and the college hospital were established in 1952\. Students were initially trained at the general hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. A department of infectious diseases was established in 1983\. [R. Kesavan Nair](/wiki/R._Kesavan_Nair "R. Kesavan Nair"), chief surgeon at the general hospital, was appointed professor of surgery and the department of surgery was established. Recognizing the importance of the new specialty of orthopedic surgery, the government of Travancore sent K. I. George of the health services department to the UK for advanced training. George joined the college in 1956, and founded Kerala's first department of orthopedics.
The department of pediatrics, initially under general medicine, has the highest number of patients in Kerala. The obstetrics and gynecology department began in 1954 and was later added to the family\-planning clinic contraception testing unit, the WHO training center and the infertility clinic. The department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, established in 1968, pioneered disability management and the treatment of occupational diseases in India.
Specialty departments were established in 1965 with neurosurgery under M. Sambasivan, former president of the [World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Neurosurgical_Societies "World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies"). The department of cardiology was established in 1972, and nephrology in 1981\. Medical and surgical [gastroenterology](/wiki/Gastroenterology "Gastroenterology") units were established in 1972 and 1975, respectively.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1948–1980",
"The history of Medical College starts with construction of Sree Avittom Thirunal hospital for women and children by Travancore Royal Family. Avittom Thirunal was the crown prince of Travancore. His death due rheumatic heart disease lead then Maharaja Sree Padmanabha dasa chithira thirunal balarama verma to construct this unique first few of its kind in India.\nIn 1948, the government of Travancore appointed a committee to formulate proposals for a medical college at Thiruvananthapuram. The committee submitted its report and the scheme was sanctioned in October of that year. [C. O. Karunakaran](/wiki/C._O._Karunakaran \"C. O. Karunakaran\") was appointed Special Officer for the implementation of the scheme, and was the college's first dean.\n[thumb\\|alt\\=Tree\\-lined road\\|Campus road](/wiki/File:Trivandrum_med_colg.jpg \"Trivandrum med colg.jpg\")\nThe campus was {{convert\\|139\\|acre\\|km2}}, with [hillocks](/wiki/Hillock \"Hillock\") surrounded by evergreen coconut groves and paddy fields and facing the sea, {{convert\\|4\\|km}} from northwestern Thiruvananthapuram city. Its layout and architectural designs were prepared by J. A. Ritchie of Bombay. The college and hospital buildings were separated by playgrounds for football and hockey, a cricket pitch, courts for tennis, basketball, badminton and volleyball, and a 400\\-meter track.\n[thumb\\|Mother and Baby statue at Medical College Campus](/wiki/File:Motherandbabystatue.jpg \"Motherandbabystatue.jpg\")\nThe foundation stone was laid by Raja Pramukh of [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore \"Travancore\")–[Cochin](/wiki/Kochi \"Kochi\") (Sree Padmanabhadasa Vanchipala Chithira thirunal Balarama Verma) at 11:45 am on 26 January 1950, and the first group of students was admitted in August 1951\\. The college was dedicated by Jawaharlal Nehru at 8:00 am on 27 November 1951 in the presence of Sree Chithira Thirunal. In January 1952, the Sri. Avittom Thirunal Hospital (SATH) was dedicated by [Rajkumari Amrit Kaur](/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur \"Rajkumari Amrit Kaur\"). A men's hostel opened in 1952, followed by a women's Hostel one year later. The Medical College Hospital was dedicated by Prime Minister Nehru in 1954\\.",
"The School of Nursing was dedicated by Sethu Lakshmi Bai in 1954, and was upgraded to a college of nursing in 1963\\. The cancer wing was dedicated in 1958; after two decades, the Regional Cancer Centre was founded. The dentistry course and the first post\\-graduate course began in 1959\\.",
"The library was established during the 1960s. The limb center and mental and ophthalmic hospitals were brought into the college. During the 1990s the Regional Institute of [Ophthalmology](/wiki/Ophthalmology \"Ophthalmology\") was founded. The Sree Chitra Thirunal Centre, the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Priya Darshini Institute of Paramedical Sciences were established, and the Silver Jubilee Auditorium was built.",
"### {{anchor\\|1981–present}}1981 to present",
"A specialty block, housing the college's medical and surgical specialties, became operational on 1 July 2010\\. The block was funded by the prime minister's Swasthya Suraksha Yojna scheme and by the Kerala government. The 253\\-bed, {{convert\\|160000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}} specialty block houses the outpatient clinics and inpatient wards of six specialties, eight operating theatres, six 29\\-bed intensive\\-care units and dialysis and kidney\\-transplant units.",
"It is financed and administered by the Health and Family welfare Department of the government of Kerala. Although the college was initially affiliated with the [University of Kerala](/wiki/University_of_Kerala \"University of Kerala\"), since 2010 it has been affiliated with the [Kerala University of Health Sciences](/wiki/Kerala_University_of_Health_Sciences \"Kerala University of Health Sciences\").",
"### {{anchor\\|Establishment of departments}}Departments",
"The college began with departments of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and bacteriology. Dr. C. O. Karunakaran was the first principal of the college. The departments were headed by V. Mathew, C. Vareed, Narayana Rao and [C. O. Karunakaran](/wiki/C._O._Karunakaran \"C. O. Karunakaran\"), respectively. The department of bacteriology initially consisted of [microbiology](/wiki/Microbiology \"Microbiology\"), pathology and hygiene. During the Asian flu epidemic,{{which\\|date\\=March 2018}} the department was in the forefront of isolating the influenza virus under R. Ananthanarayanan. In 1981, an AIDS surveillance center was established in the department. The Department of Community Medicine, established in 1953, was the first of its kind in India. A primary health centre for field training was established in July 1953 in Cheruvikkal, which was moved to Pangappara in 1964\\. Intern training was initially conducted at the Indo\\-Norwegian MCH unit in Neendakara. The department has a regional cell for the prevention of epidemic and infectious diseases. Forensic medicine which was part of community medicine, became a separate entity in 1966 under V. Kanthasamy. Medico\\-legal autopsies have been performed since 1955, and the department became a state medico\\-legal institute in 1986\\. The department of pharmacology later established an experimental pharmacology wing.",
"The clinical departments of medicine and surgery and the college hospital were established in 1952\\. Students were initially trained at the general hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. A department of infectious diseases was established in 1983\\. [R. Kesavan Nair](/wiki/R._Kesavan_Nair \"R. Kesavan Nair\"), chief surgeon at the general hospital, was appointed professor of surgery and the department of surgery was established. Recognizing the importance of the new specialty of orthopedic surgery, the government of Travancore sent K. I. George of the health services department to the UK for advanced training. George joined the college in 1956, and founded Kerala's first department of orthopedics.",
"The department of pediatrics, initially under general medicine, has the highest number of patients in Kerala. The obstetrics and gynecology department began in 1954 and was later added to the family\\-planning clinic contraception testing unit, the WHO training center and the infertility clinic. The department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, established in 1968, pioneered disability management and the treatment of occupational diseases in India.",
"Specialty departments were established in 1965 with neurosurgery under M. Sambasivan, former president of the [World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Neurosurgical_Societies \"World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies\"). The department of cardiology was established in 1972, and nephrology in 1981\\. Medical and surgical [gastroenterology](/wiki/Gastroenterology \"Gastroenterology\") units were established in 1972 and 1975, respectively.",
""
] |
{{anchor\|Constituent Institutions}}Institutions and units
----------------------------------------------------------
### Medical college
In addition to an [MBBS](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery") programme, postgraduate degree and diploma courses in 22 specialties are offered.
### Medical College Hospital
The Medical College Hospital provides comprehensive health care. It is the largest multi\-specialty hospital in South Kerala, serving most of the Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts and adjacent districts in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). The hospital includes a main hospital block, trauma care and an outpatient department. The 1,950\-bed hospital admits 80,000 patients a year and provides over 7,500,000 outpatient consultations. The outpatient block houses outpatient wings of medical and surgical specialties, a pharmacy and resident and graduate housing. The hospital averages 55 major and 125 minor operations and 35 vaginal deliveries and 15 caesarean sections per day. Bed occupancy is 90 to 95 percent throughout the year.{{cite web\|last\=India\|first\=Medical Council\|title\=College Assessment Report\|url\=http://www.mciindia.org/Assessment\_Reports/1031\_132201215639\.pdf\|access\-date\=27 April 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413061328/http://www.mciindia.org/Assessment\_Reports/1031\_132201215639\.pdf\|archive\-date\=13 April 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} The new multi\-speciality{{Cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mch\-multi\-specialty\-block\-readying\-for\-inaugural/articleshow/65181308\.cms\|title\=MCH multi\-specialty block readying for inaugural \|work\=The Times of India\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-02}} block of medical college hospital will be inaugurated soon to provide better treatment facilities.
### Regional Institute of Ophthalmology
About {{convert\|4\|km}} from the main campus, the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology is near the general hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. It originated as a government ophthalmic hospital in 1905, and was brought into the National Programme for Control of Blindness in 1995\. The RIO is directed by Dr Sahasranamam V. Postgraduate courses in ophthalmology are offered, and a bachelor's\-degree course in optometry is available with an annual intake of 20 students. A BSc. Optometry course began in 2010\.
RIO is India's second government institute offering a bachelor's degree in optometry. It hosts an optical outlet (in collaboration with [HLL](/wiki/Hindustan_Latex_Limited "Hindustan Latex Limited") Life Care) and a dispensing facility. Specialized services including retina, paediatric ophthalmology, low vision, cornea and glaucoma clinics, an eye bank, tele\-ophthalmology, a [uvea](/wiki/Uvea "Uvea") clinic, a dispensing lab and contact\-lens and cataract clinics. Kerala's first mobile eye hospital, Sunayanam, operates from the RIO.
### School of Optometry
The School of Optometry is on the RIO campus. A Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in optometry is affiliated with Kerala University of Health Sciences. GMC Thiruvananthapuram is India's second government institute offering a four\-year professional degree course in optometry; the first is [All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi](/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Delhi "All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi").
### {{anchor\|Medical College Health Units}}Health units
The first health unit was established in [Neendakara](/wiki/Neendakara "Neendakara") as an Indo\-Norwegian collaboration. A primary health centre, founded in July 1953 in Cheruvikkal for field practice, was moved to Pangappara in 1964\. Rural health centers for student and intern field practice are in Pangappara and [Vakkom](/wiki/Vakkom "Vakkom").
### Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital
The women's and children's hospital was dedicated in 1952\. It was built by the Travancore royal family in memory of Prince Sree Avittom Thirunal, who died at age eight years of rheumatic heart disease.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2018}} The hospital houses the departments of obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics. The OB\-GYN department administers the postpartum, family\-welfare counseling, infertility, [trophoblastic](/wiki/Trophoblast "Trophoblast"), adolescent and [vesicular\-mole](/wiki/Molar_pregnancy "Molar pregnancy") clinics and [WHO](/wiki/WHO "WHO") and [Indian Council of Medical Research](/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research "Indian Council of Medical Research") collaborative study centers. The hospital also provides pediatric care in cardiology, neurology, nephrology, genetics, surgery and psychiatry, and has one of Asia's highest delivery rates.
### {{anchor\|Superspecialty block}}Specialty block
The specialty block, dedicated in 2011, houses the nephrology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery and medical and surgical gastroenterology departments and their out\- and inpatient wings, and has 40 ICU beds, 25 high\-care beds and six modular operating theaters. Cadaver organ retrieval and transplant began in 2012, making it the first government hospital to offer the service on a wide scale.
### {{anchor\|Department of Biomedical Engineering}}Biomedical engineering department
A team of [biomedical engineers](/wiki/Biomedical_engineering "Biomedical engineering") and technicians is available at the hospital to maintain its equipment.
### {{anchor\|Child Development Center}}Child\-development centre
The Child Development Centre was established by the government of Kerala for early\-child and adolescent care and education, premarital counselling, women's welfare and related fields. It has contributed to reducing childhood disabilities and developed the Thiruvananthapuram Development Chart, used to assess child development in community settings.
### Mental Health Center
The Mental Health Center in Oolampara is administered by the college. With more than 150 patients, it is India's second\-largest mental health center. In addition to treatment facilities, a rehabilitation center has been established with the aid of [Hindustan Latex Limited](/wiki/Hindustan_Latex_Limited "Hindustan Latex Limited").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2018}}
### Chest Diseases Hospital
The former government [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") [sanatorium](/wiki/Sanatorium "Sanatorium") in Pulayanarkottah is now part of the department of respiratory medicine, which is housed here (except for the outpatient department and intensive\-care unit, which are at the college). The sanatorium has been renamed the Chest Diseases Hospital.
### {{anchor\|Dental College}}Dental college
Thiruvananthapuram Dental College was founded in 1959, one of four dental colleges in India's four southern states. M. Thangavelu, dean of the medical college, was instrumental in organizing the institution. A. M. Clement, a dental surgeon at the medical college, was appointed its first director. The college admits 50 students a year for its [BDS](/wiki/Dental_degree%23India "Dental degree#India") course. Postgraduate courses began in 1966\. The college has six departments under director N. O. Varghese.{{cite web\|last\=Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram\|first\=Government\|title\=Official website\|url\=http://www.gdctvm.in\|access\-date\=5 September 2013}}
### College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Established in 1967, Kerala's first pharmaceutical college offers bachelor's and master's degrees and a diploma in pharmaceutical sciences. The college includes departments of pharmacology, pharmaceutics, [pharmacognosy](/wiki/Pharmacognosy "Pharmacognosy"), pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmaceutical microbiology. Other facilities are toxicology and animal labs, a drug\-information center, morphine\-tablet manufacturing and a medicinal
### College of Nursing
The college, founded in 1972, is affiliated with the University of Kerala medical school. It has offered postgraduate programmes in nursing since 1987\. The college has five areas of speciality training: mental\-health nursing, medical\-surgical nursing, pediatric nursing, obstetrical and gynaecological nursing and community\-health nursing. Although the number of male students permitted to enroll in the school was originally restricted to 12\.5 percent of applicants, the restriction has been removed. A specialised nursing wing opened in 2011\.
### Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) Department
The PMR department is located about 100 metres from the medical college main gate on the Medical College junction \- Kumarapuram road adjacent to medical college post office. The department offers both out patient (OP) and in patient (IP) rehabilitation. Neurological, Musculoskeletal and Rheumatological cases across pediatric to geriatric age groups form the bulk of cases attending here. The department offers comprehensive rehabilitation services including physiatry, rehab nursing, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotics, prosthetics, social rehab etc. The department conducts specific clinics for cerebral palsy, sports injury, obesity, stroke and also weekly outreach clinic at Pangappara Medical College unit. Also it provides 3 year post graduation course in PMR (MD PMR) for qualified MBBS graduates.
The rehabilitation team at the department consists of physiatrists, rehab nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, orthotists and prosthetists, social workers, rehab coordinator, engineers, office staff etc. It is headed by physiatrists who conduct the daily OP clinics and also attend to the ward patients as well as OP/IP consultations from other departments. Each patient is seen by the physiatrist who conducts a thorough clinical evaluation and focusses on the felt needs and functional status of the patient. The various ways in which the disease has affected the ability to do various activities and participate in social roles is noted. The rehab issues are identified and listed according to priority. Also, the general medical issues/co\-morbidities and complications that have occurred as a result of the disease are analysed. Relevant blood and radiological investigations are sent for. The investigative facilities available at the department includes urodynamics, instrumented gait analysis, electrodiagnostics (nerve conduction study, electromyogram), musculoskeletal ultrasonography, pulmonary function tests etc. which are performed by the physiatrists as relevant to the case. Based on the assessment the physiatrist gets an idea about the disease process and potential for further recovery. The physiatrist draws up a rehabilitation program to address the felt needs of the patient and ultimately to improve the functional status to maximum possible extent. Appropriate rehab goals are set which may be immediate, short term and long term. The physiatrist uses medications, exercises, semi invasive interventions and surgeries to improve the quality of life of the patient. Also assistive technology prescriptions are given to the patient. This may be assistive aids, ambulatory aids (canes, crutches, walker), wheelchairs, orthotics, prosthetics etc. Also for the in\-patients, the physiatrist looks after the general medical issues/co\-morbidities like diabetes, hypertension as well as the specific complications encountered in rehabilitation period like pain, pressure sore, DVT, spasticity, contractures, nutritional issues (anemia, hypoproteinemia etc). Semi invasive interventions done here include prolotherapy with dextrose, platelet rich plasma (PRP), joint infiltration, spinal injection, nerve blocks, botulinum toxin injection, phenol chemodenervation etc. Plaster of Paris procedures like serial casting, total contact casting, splint preparation are done here.
### Central Library
The library, housed in the administrative wing, contains books and academic journals relating to medicine and its allied sciences. Its Learning Resource Center (LRC), established by the college's alumni association, has internet\-enabled computers for paid use and subscribes to online medical journals
### Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory (MDRL) and Animal house
A state of the art platform for motivating medical fraternity and students in multidisciplinary research activities. The center consists of Multidisciplinary research unit (MRU\- ICMR), Viral research and diagnostic lab(VRDL\-ICMR), Physiology research lab and multichannel data acquisition system, Lecture halls and auditorium. Zebra fish research facility has the fully automated systems, the first installation in Kerala. COVID\-19 diagnostic lab is currently functioning here.
|
[
"{{anchor\\|Constituent Institutions}}Institutions and units\n----------------------------------------------------------",
"### Medical college",
"In addition to an [MBBS](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery \"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery\") programme, postgraduate degree and diploma courses in 22 specialties are offered.",
"### Medical College Hospital",
"The Medical College Hospital provides comprehensive health care. It is the largest multi\\-specialty hospital in South Kerala, serving most of the Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts and adjacent districts in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). The hospital includes a main hospital block, trauma care and an outpatient department. The 1,950\\-bed hospital admits 80,000 patients a year and provides over 7,500,000 outpatient consultations. The outpatient block houses outpatient wings of medical and surgical specialties, a pharmacy and resident and graduate housing. The hospital averages 55 major and 125 minor operations and 35 vaginal deliveries and 15 caesarean sections per day. Bed occupancy is 90 to 95 percent throughout the year.{{cite web\\|last\\=India\\|first\\=Medical Council\\|title\\=College Assessment Report\\|url\\=http://www.mciindia.org/Assessment\\_Reports/1031\\_132201215639\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413061328/http://www.mciindia.org/Assessment\\_Reports/1031\\_132201215639\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The new multi\\-speciality{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mch\\-multi\\-specialty\\-block\\-readying\\-for\\-inaugural/articleshow/65181308\\.cms\\|title\\=MCH multi\\-specialty block readying for inaugural \\|work\\=The Times of India\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-02}} block of medical college hospital will be inaugurated soon to provide better treatment facilities.",
"### Regional Institute of Ophthalmology",
"About {{convert\\|4\\|km}} from the main campus, the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology is near the general hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. It originated as a government ophthalmic hospital in 1905, and was brought into the National Programme for Control of Blindness in 1995\\. The RIO is directed by Dr Sahasranamam V. Postgraduate courses in ophthalmology are offered, and a bachelor's\\-degree course in optometry is available with an annual intake of 20 students. A BSc. Optometry course began in 2010\\.",
"RIO is India's second government institute offering a bachelor's degree in optometry. It hosts an optical outlet (in collaboration with [HLL](/wiki/Hindustan_Latex_Limited \"Hindustan Latex Limited\") Life Care) and a dispensing facility. Specialized services including retina, paediatric ophthalmology, low vision, cornea and glaucoma clinics, an eye bank, tele\\-ophthalmology, a [uvea](/wiki/Uvea \"Uvea\") clinic, a dispensing lab and contact\\-lens and cataract clinics. Kerala's first mobile eye hospital, Sunayanam, operates from the RIO.",
"### School of Optometry",
"The School of Optometry is on the RIO campus. A Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in optometry is affiliated with Kerala University of Health Sciences. GMC Thiruvananthapuram is India's second government institute offering a four\\-year professional degree course in optometry; the first is [All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi](/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences%2C_Delhi \"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi\").",
"### {{anchor\\|Medical College Health Units}}Health units",
"The first health unit was established in [Neendakara](/wiki/Neendakara \"Neendakara\") as an Indo\\-Norwegian collaboration. A primary health centre, founded in July 1953 in Cheruvikkal for field practice, was moved to Pangappara in 1964\\. Rural health centers for student and intern field practice are in Pangappara and [Vakkom](/wiki/Vakkom \"Vakkom\").",
"### Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital",
"The women's and children's hospital was dedicated in 1952\\. It was built by the Travancore royal family in memory of Prince Sree Avittom Thirunal, who died at age eight years of rheumatic heart disease.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2018}} The hospital houses the departments of obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics. The OB\\-GYN department administers the postpartum, family\\-welfare counseling, infertility, [trophoblastic](/wiki/Trophoblast \"Trophoblast\"), adolescent and [vesicular\\-mole](/wiki/Molar_pregnancy \"Molar pregnancy\") clinics and [WHO](/wiki/WHO \"WHO\") and [Indian Council of Medical Research](/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research \"Indian Council of Medical Research\") collaborative study centers. The hospital also provides pediatric care in cardiology, neurology, nephrology, genetics, surgery and psychiatry, and has one of Asia's highest delivery rates.",
"### {{anchor\\|Superspecialty block}}Specialty block",
"The specialty block, dedicated in 2011, houses the nephrology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery and medical and surgical gastroenterology departments and their out\\- and inpatient wings, and has 40 ICU beds, 25 high\\-care beds and six modular operating theaters. Cadaver organ retrieval and transplant began in 2012, making it the first government hospital to offer the service on a wide scale.",
"### {{anchor\\|Department of Biomedical Engineering}}Biomedical engineering department",
"A team of [biomedical engineers](/wiki/Biomedical_engineering \"Biomedical engineering\") and technicians is available at the hospital to maintain its equipment.",
"### {{anchor\\|Child Development Center}}Child\\-development centre",
"The Child Development Centre was established by the government of Kerala for early\\-child and adolescent care and education, premarital counselling, women's welfare and related fields. It has contributed to reducing childhood disabilities and developed the Thiruvananthapuram Development Chart, used to assess child development in community settings.",
"### Mental Health Center",
"The Mental Health Center in Oolampara is administered by the college. With more than 150 patients, it is India's second\\-largest mental health center. In addition to treatment facilities, a rehabilitation center has been established with the aid of [Hindustan Latex Limited](/wiki/Hindustan_Latex_Limited \"Hindustan Latex Limited\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2018}}",
"### Chest Diseases Hospital",
"The former government [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") [sanatorium](/wiki/Sanatorium \"Sanatorium\") in Pulayanarkottah is now part of the department of respiratory medicine, which is housed here (except for the outpatient department and intensive\\-care unit, which are at the college). The sanatorium has been renamed the Chest Diseases Hospital.",
"### {{anchor\\|Dental College}}Dental college",
"Thiruvananthapuram Dental College was founded in 1959, one of four dental colleges in India's four southern states. M. Thangavelu, dean of the medical college, was instrumental in organizing the institution. A. M. Clement, a dental surgeon at the medical college, was appointed its first director. The college admits 50 students a year for its [BDS](/wiki/Dental_degree%23India \"Dental degree#India\") course. Postgraduate courses began in 1966\\. The college has six departments under director N. O. Varghese.{{cite web\\|last\\=Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram\\|first\\=Government\\|title\\=Official website\\|url\\=http://www.gdctvm.in\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2013}}",
"### College of Pharmaceutical Sciences",
"Established in 1967, Kerala's first pharmaceutical college offers bachelor's and master's degrees and a diploma in pharmaceutical sciences. The college includes departments of pharmacology, pharmaceutics, [pharmacognosy](/wiki/Pharmacognosy \"Pharmacognosy\"), pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmaceutical microbiology. Other facilities are toxicology and animal labs, a drug\\-information center, morphine\\-tablet manufacturing and a medicinal",
"### College of Nursing",
"The college, founded in 1972, is affiliated with the University of Kerala medical school. It has offered postgraduate programmes in nursing since 1987\\. The college has five areas of speciality training: mental\\-health nursing, medical\\-surgical nursing, pediatric nursing, obstetrical and gynaecological nursing and community\\-health nursing. Although the number of male students permitted to enroll in the school was originally restricted to 12\\.5 percent of applicants, the restriction has been removed. A specialised nursing wing opened in 2011\\.",
"### Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) Department",
"The PMR department is located about 100 metres from the medical college main gate on the Medical College junction \\- Kumarapuram road adjacent to medical college post office. The department offers both out patient (OP) and in patient (IP) rehabilitation. Neurological, Musculoskeletal and Rheumatological cases across pediatric to geriatric age groups form the bulk of cases attending here. The department offers comprehensive rehabilitation services including physiatry, rehab nursing, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotics, prosthetics, social rehab etc. The department conducts specific clinics for cerebral palsy, sports injury, obesity, stroke and also weekly outreach clinic at Pangappara Medical College unit. Also it provides 3 year post graduation course in PMR (MD PMR) for qualified MBBS graduates.",
"",
"The rehabilitation team at the department consists of physiatrists, rehab nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, orthotists and prosthetists, social workers, rehab coordinator, engineers, office staff etc. It is headed by physiatrists who conduct the daily OP clinics and also attend to the ward patients as well as OP/IP consultations from other departments. Each patient is seen by the physiatrist who conducts a thorough clinical evaluation and focusses on the felt needs and functional status of the patient. The various ways in which the disease has affected the ability to do various activities and participate in social roles is noted. The rehab issues are identified and listed according to priority. Also, the general medical issues/co\\-morbidities and complications that have occurred as a result of the disease are analysed. Relevant blood and radiological investigations are sent for. The investigative facilities available at the department includes urodynamics, instrumented gait analysis, electrodiagnostics (nerve conduction study, electromyogram), musculoskeletal ultrasonography, pulmonary function tests etc. which are performed by the physiatrists as relevant to the case. Based on the assessment the physiatrist gets an idea about the disease process and potential for further recovery. The physiatrist draws up a rehabilitation program to address the felt needs of the patient and ultimately to improve the functional status to maximum possible extent. Appropriate rehab goals are set which may be immediate, short term and long term. The physiatrist uses medications, exercises, semi invasive interventions and surgeries to improve the quality of life of the patient. Also assistive technology prescriptions are given to the patient. This may be assistive aids, ambulatory aids (canes, crutches, walker), wheelchairs, orthotics, prosthetics etc. Also for the in\\-patients, the physiatrist looks after the general medical issues/co\\-morbidities like diabetes, hypertension as well as the specific complications encountered in rehabilitation period like pain, pressure sore, DVT, spasticity, contractures, nutritional issues (anemia, hypoproteinemia etc). Semi invasive interventions done here include prolotherapy with dextrose, platelet rich plasma (PRP), joint infiltration, spinal injection, nerve blocks, botulinum toxin injection, phenol chemodenervation etc. Plaster of Paris procedures like serial casting, total contact casting, splint preparation are done here. \n### Central Library",
"The library, housed in the administrative wing, contains books and academic journals relating to medicine and its allied sciences. Its Learning Resource Center (LRC), established by the college's alumni association, has internet\\-enabled computers for paid use and subscribes to online medical journals",
"### Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory (MDRL) and Animal house",
"A state of the art platform for motivating medical fraternity and students in multidisciplinary research activities. The center consists of Multidisciplinary research unit (MRU\\- ICMR), Viral research and diagnostic lab(VRDL\\-ICMR), Physiology research lab and multichannel data acquisition system, Lecture halls and auditorium. Zebra fish research facility has the fully automated systems, the first installation in Kerala. COVID\\-19 diagnostic lab is currently functioning here.",
""
] |
Route description
-----------------
{{lengths table}}
\|\-
\|{{abbr\|TN\|Tennessee}}
\|{{convert\|120\.36\|mi\|km\|disp\=table}}
\|\-
\|{{abbr\|VA\|Virginia}}
\|{{convert\|0\.58\|mi\|km\|disp\=table}}
\|\-
\|Total
\|{{convert\|120\.94\|mi\|km\|disp\=table}}
\|}
### Knoxville to Morristown
US 11E begins at an intersection with the northern terminus of mainline US 11 in Tennessee, the southern end of US 11W, and US 70 in Knoxville. US 11 and US 70 head west as Magnolia Avenue toward [Zoo Knoxville](/wiki/Zoo_Knoxville "Zoo Knoxville") and [Downtown Knoxville](/wiki/Downtown_Knoxville "Downtown Knoxville"); US 11W heads northeast along Rutledge Pike. US 11E heads east together with US 70 as Asheville Highway, a four\-lane divided highway that leaves the city of Knoxville at its [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange "Diamond interchange") with [Interstate 40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee "Interstate 40 in Tennessee") (I\-40\). US 11E and US 70 are joined by US 25W at the I\-40 interchange; the three highways use the J. Will Taylor Bridge to cross the [Holston River](/wiki/Holston_River "Holston River") and meet the eastern end of [SR 168](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_168 "Tennessee State Route 168") (Governor John Sevier Highway). At [Carter](/wiki/Carter%2C_Tennessee "Carter, Tennessee") (also known as Trentville), US 25W and US 70 continue east as Asheville Highway while US 11E splits northeast as four\-lane divided Andrew Johnson Highway. The U.S. Highway crosses the [Knox](/wiki/Knox_County%2C_Tennessee "Knox County, Tennessee")–[Jefferson](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Tennessee "Jefferson County, Tennessee") county line in [Strawberry Plains](/wiki/Strawberry_Plains%2C_Tennessee "Strawberry Plains, Tennessee"), where the highway intersects [SR 139](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_139 "Tennessee State Route 139") (Old Dandridge Pike).
US 11E passes through the town of [New Market](/wiki/New_Market%2C_Tennessee "New Market, Tennessee") on its way to Jefferson City, which contains [Carson–Newman University](/wiki/Carson%E2%80%93Newman_University "Carson–Newman University"). At the west end of the town, the U.S. Highway intersects [SR 92](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_92 "Tennessee State Route 92"), which follows a part of US 11E's old alignment, Old Andrew Johnson Highway. SR 92 runs concurrently with US 11E to south of downtown Jefferson City, where it heads south toward the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat") of [Dandridge](/wiki/Dandridge%2C_Tennessee "Dandridge, Tennessee"). US 11E crosses over [Norfolk Southern Railway](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway "Norfolk Southern Railway")'s Knoxville East District and enters [Hamblen County](/wiki/Hamblen_County%2C_Tennessee "Hamblen County, Tennessee") at [Talbott](/wiki/Talbott%2C_Tennessee "Talbott, Tennessee"), where the highway intersects [SR 341](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_341 "Tennessee State Route 341") (Talbott Kansas Road). The U.S. Highway continues through [Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Morristown%2C_Tennessee%29 "Alpha (Morristown, Tennessee)") (which has been annexed by the city of Morristown), the site of several industrial parks, the [National Weather Service](/wiki/National_Weather_Service "National Weather Service") forecast office for [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee "East Tennessee"), [Southwest Virginia](/wiki/Southwest_Virginia "Southwest Virginia") and [Western North Carolina](/wiki/Western_North_Carolina "Western North Carolina"), the [Morristown Regional Airport](/wiki/Morristown_Regional_Airport "Morristown Regional Airport"), and the highway's southern intersection with [SR 342](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_342 "Tennessee State Route 342") and the northern terminus of [SR 160](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_160 "Tennessee State Route 160") (Air Park Boulevard). The two highways run concurrently until SR 342 heads north as Panther Creek Road toward [Panther Creek State Park](/wiki/Panther_Creek_State_Park "Panther Creek State Park") just west of the city limits of Morristown.
### Morristown to Johnson City
US 11E heads through a commercial area along Andrew Johnson Highway to west of downtown Morristown, where the highway turns southeast onto Morris Boulevard, a five\-lane road with center turn lane that crosses the railroad tracks and passes through an industrial area where the highway intersects [SR 66](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_66 "Tennessee State Route 66") (Fairmont Avenue). US 11E intersects [SR 343](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_343 "Tennessee State Route 343") (Cumberland Street) and passes [College Square Mall](/wiki/College_Square_Mall_%28Tennessee%29 "College Square Mall (Tennessee)") before reaching a [partial cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange "Partial cloverleaf interchange") with [US 25E](/wiki/U.S._Route_25E "U.S. Route 25E") (Davy Crockett Parkway). US 11E heads north along the freeway for {{convert\|0\.5\|mi\|km}} before another partial cloverleaf interchange where the highway becomes concurrent with SR 66 along Andrew Johnson Highway. The two highways closely parallel the railroad line as a two\-lane road and leave the city limits of Morristown just west of [Russellville](/wiki/Russellville%2C_Tennessee "Russellville, Tennessee"), where [SR 344](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_344 "Tennessee State Route 344") splits northeast along Old Russellville Pike. US 11E and SR 66 pass through [Whitesburg](/wiki/Whitesburg%2C_Tennessee "Whitesburg, Tennessee") shortly before curving southeast and entering [Hawkins County](/wiki/Hawkins_County%2C_Tennessee "Hawkins County, Tennessee"). The U.S. and state highways diverge in the town of [Bulls Gap](/wiki/Bulls_Gap%2C_Tennessee "Bulls Gap, Tennessee") shortly before US 11E crosses a perpendicular rail line and follows the Knoxville East District through Bulls Gap, a low point in [Bays Mountain](/wiki/Bays_Mountain "Bays Mountain").
US 11E continues southeast into [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_Tennessee "Greene County, Tennessee") and [Mosheim](/wiki/Mosheim%2C_Tennessee "Mosheim, Tennessee") city limits, where the highway expands to a four\-lane divided highway after it passes [Volunteer Speedway](/wiki/Volunteer_Speedway "Volunteer Speedway") and has a diamond interchange with [I\-81](/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Tennessee "Interstate 81 in Tennessee"). The U.S. Highway crosses Lick Creek and passes through the town of Mosheim before reaching the town of [Greeneville](/wiki/Greeneville%2C_Tennessee "Greeneville, Tennessee") the home of [Andrew Johnson National Historic Site](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site "Andrew Johnson National Historic Site"). On westside of the town, US 11E has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Blue Springs Parkway, which heads east as [US 11E Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_11E_Business_%28Greeneville%2C_Tennessee%29 "U.S. Route 11E Business (Greeneville, Tennessee)") and [SR 70](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_70 "Tennessee State Route 70") (Summer Street). SR 70 joins the U.S. Highway for a short distance before heading north as Lonesome Pine Trail. US 11E has an interchange with [SR 172](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_172 "Tennessee State Route 172") (Baileyton Road) before closely spaced intersections with [US 321](/wiki/U.S._Route_321_in_Tennessee "U.S. Route 321 in Tennessee") (North Main Street), which joins US 11E in a concurrency, and the southern terminus of [SR 93](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_93 "Tennessee State Route 93") (Kingsport Highway). After crossing the Knoxville East rail line, the U.S. Highway receives the eastern end of its business route and [SR 107](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_107 "Tennessee State Route 107") (Tusculum Boulevard). SR 107 runs concurrently with the U.S. Highways east to the city of [Tusculum](/wiki/Tusculum%2C_Tennessee "Tusculum, Tennessee"), where the state highway heads southeast as Tusculum Bypass then as Erwin Highway and passes [Tusculum University](/wiki/Tusculum_University "Tusculum University").
US 11E and US 321 head northeast and cross over the rail line at [Afton](/wiki/Afton%2C_Tennessee "Afton, Tennessee"). The two highways intersect [SR 351](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_351 "Tennessee State Route 351") (Rheatown Road) north of the community of [Chuckey](/wiki/Chuckey%2C_Tennessee "Chuckey, Tennessee"). The U.S. Highways also pass to the north of [David Crockett Birthplace State Park](/wiki/David_Crockett_Birthplace_State_Park "David Crockett Birthplace State Park") before entering [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Tennessee "Washington County, Tennessee"), where the highways pass along the north edge of [Limestone](/wiki/Limestone%2C_Tennessee "Limestone, Tennessee"), meet the south end of [SR 75](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_75 "Tennessee State Route 75") (Opie Arnold Road), and cross Big Limestone Creek. US 11E and US 321 intersect [SR 81](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_81 "Tennessee State Route 81") (College Street) and [SR 354](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_354 "Tennessee State Route 354") (Boones Creek Road) on the west and east sides, respectively, of the town of [Jonesborough](/wiki/Jonesborough%2C_Tennessee "Jonesborough, Tennessee"). The U.S. Highways enter the city of Johnson City at their crossing of a north–south rail line. Just east of the downtown, where US 11E becomes Market Street, US 321 turns south onto State of Franklin Road, a western boulevard bypass of Johnson City that heads north as [SR 381](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_381 "Tennessee State Route 381"). US 11E passes to the north of [Mountain Home](/wiki/Mountain_Home%2C_Tennessee "Mountain Home, Tennessee"), the site of several hospitals, including a [VA medical center](/wiki/VA_medical_center "VA medical center"). East of University Parkway, which serves the campus of [East Tennessee State University](/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_University "East Tennessee State University"), the U.S. Highway curves north while [SR 91](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_91 "Tennessee State Route 91") continues east along the [one\-way pair](/wiki/One-way_pair "One-way pair") of Main and Market streets to serve downtown Johnson City.
[thumb\|right\|View south at the north end of US 11E at US 11/US 11W/US 19/US 421 in Bristol](/wiki/File:2017-05-16_19_35_53_View_south_along_U.S._Route_11E%2C_U.S._Route_19_and_U.S._Route_421_and_north_along_U.S._Route_11_Truck_and_U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%29_at_U.S._Route_11_and_U.S._Route_19_%28Euclid_Avenue%29_in_Bristol%2C_Virginia.jpg "2017-05-16 19 35 53 View south along U.S. Route 11E, U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 421 and north along U.S. Route 11 Truck and U.S. Route 19 Truck (Commonwealth Avenue) at U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 19 (Euclid Avenue) in Bristol, Virginia.jpg")
### Johnson City to Bristol
[thumb\|left\|Map of northern junction of US 11W, US 11E, and US 11 in Bristol, VA](/wiki/Image:Bristol.svg "Bristol.svg")
US 11E heads north past [Science Hill High School](/wiki/Science_Hill_High_School "Science Hill High School") to Roan Street, the main north–south street of downtown Johnson City that the U.S. Highway joins. The highway passes [the Mall at Johnson City](/wiki/The_Mall_at_Johnson_City "The Mall at Johnson City") and meets [I\-26](/wiki/Interstate_26_in_Tennessee "Interstate 26 in Tennessee") and [US 23](/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Tennessee "U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee") at a partial cloverleaf interchange. US 19W joins US 11E at the interchange; when Roan Street continues north as [SR 36](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_36 "Tennessee State Route 36"), the two U.S. Highways curve northeast as Bristol Highway, which meets the northern end of SR 381 (State of Franklin Road) at an interchange. The highways head northeast and cross the [Watauga River](/wiki/Watauga_River "Watauga River") arm of [Boone Lake](/wiki/Boone_Lake "Boone Lake") and enter [Sullivan County](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_Tennessee "Sullivan County, Tennessee"). In the town of [Bluff City](/wiki/Bluff_City%2C_Tennessee "Bluff City, Tennessee"), US 11E and US 19W curve north while [SR 44](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_44 "Tennessee State Route 44") (Bluff City Highway) continues north into downtown Bluff City. Just north of SR 44, the U.S. highways meet the northern end of [US 19E](/wiki/U.S._Route_19E "U.S. Route 19E"); US 11E continues north concurrent with mainline US 19 and crosses the South Fork Holston River.
US 11E and US 19 have a diamond interchange with [SR 394](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_394 "Tennessee State Route 394") just west of the state highway's junction with [SR 390](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_390 "Tennessee State Route 390") (Bluff City Highway). The U.S. Highways cross Beaver Creek adjacent to [Bristol Motor Speedway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway") and follow the stream's valley between the Whitetop Knobs to the east and the Beaver Creek Knobs to the west. US 11E and US 19 enter the city of Bristol and follow Volunteer Parkway to the Tennessee–Virginia state line. State Street, which heads west as [SR 1](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_1 "Tennessee State Route 1"), follows the boundary and serves as the main street of both cities Bristol. The two U.S. Highways and [State Route 381](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_381 "Virginia State Route 381") (SR 381\) head north into the [independent city](/wiki/Independent_city "Independent city") of Bristol along Commonwealth Avenue, a four\-lane divided highway that intersects Goode Street one block north of the state line; Goode Street carries US 421 and both [US 11 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_11_Truck_%28Bristol%2C_Virginia%29 "U.S. Route 11 Truck (Bristol, Virginia)") and [US 19 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Bristol%2C_Virginia%29 "U.S. Route 19 Truck (Bristol, Virginia)") through the [Bristol Commercial Historic District](/wiki/Bristol_Commercial_Historic_District "Bristol Commercial Historic District"). US 11E, US 19, US 421, and SR 381 meet the southern end of [SR 113](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_113 "Virginia State Route 113") at separate intersections: Cumberland Street carries northbound SR 113 east and Sycamore Street carries the westbound direction. The four highways continue north to east–west Euclid Avenue, where US 11E has its northern terminus. SR 381 continues north along Commonwealth Avenue to the southern end of [I\-381](/wiki/Interstate_381 "Interstate 381"), a spur south from I\-81\. Westbound Euclid Avenue heads west carrying northbound US 421 and southbound US 11W. At this intersection, US 11E and US 11W come together to form mainline US 11, which follows eastbound Euclid Avenue with northbound US 19\.
|
[
"Route description\n-----------------",
"{{lengths table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|{{abbr\\|TN\\|Tennessee}}\n\\|{{convert\\|120\\.36\\|mi\\|km\\|disp\\=table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|{{abbr\\|VA\\|Virginia}}\n\\|{{convert\\|0\\.58\\|mi\\|km\\|disp\\=table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|Total\n\\|{{convert\\|120\\.94\\|mi\\|km\\|disp\\=table}}\n\\|}\n### Knoxville to Morristown",
"US 11E begins at an intersection with the northern terminus of mainline US 11 in Tennessee, the southern end of US 11W, and US 70 in Knoxville. US 11 and US 70 head west as Magnolia Avenue toward [Zoo Knoxville](/wiki/Zoo_Knoxville \"Zoo Knoxville\") and [Downtown Knoxville](/wiki/Downtown_Knoxville \"Downtown Knoxville\"); US 11W heads northeast along Rutledge Pike. US 11E heads east together with US 70 as Asheville Highway, a four\\-lane divided highway that leaves the city of Knoxville at its [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange \"Diamond interchange\") with [Interstate 40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee \"Interstate 40 in Tennessee\") (I\\-40\\). US 11E and US 70 are joined by US 25W at the I\\-40 interchange; the three highways use the J. Will Taylor Bridge to cross the [Holston River](/wiki/Holston_River \"Holston River\") and meet the eastern end of [SR 168](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_168 \"Tennessee State Route 168\") (Governor John Sevier Highway). At [Carter](/wiki/Carter%2C_Tennessee \"Carter, Tennessee\") (also known as Trentville), US 25W and US 70 continue east as Asheville Highway while US 11E splits northeast as four\\-lane divided Andrew Johnson Highway. The U.S. Highway crosses the [Knox](/wiki/Knox_County%2C_Tennessee \"Knox County, Tennessee\")–[Jefferson](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Tennessee \"Jefferson County, Tennessee\") county line in [Strawberry Plains](/wiki/Strawberry_Plains%2C_Tennessee \"Strawberry Plains, Tennessee\"), where the highway intersects [SR 139](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_139 \"Tennessee State Route 139\") (Old Dandridge Pike).",
"US 11E passes through the town of [New Market](/wiki/New_Market%2C_Tennessee \"New Market, Tennessee\") on its way to Jefferson City, which contains [Carson–Newman University](/wiki/Carson%E2%80%93Newman_University \"Carson–Newman University\"). At the west end of the town, the U.S. Highway intersects [SR 92](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_92 \"Tennessee State Route 92\"), which follows a part of US 11E's old alignment, Old Andrew Johnson Highway. SR 92 runs concurrently with US 11E to south of downtown Jefferson City, where it heads south toward the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") of [Dandridge](/wiki/Dandridge%2C_Tennessee \"Dandridge, Tennessee\"). US 11E crosses over [Norfolk Southern Railway](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway \"Norfolk Southern Railway\")'s Knoxville East District and enters [Hamblen County](/wiki/Hamblen_County%2C_Tennessee \"Hamblen County, Tennessee\") at [Talbott](/wiki/Talbott%2C_Tennessee \"Talbott, Tennessee\"), where the highway intersects [SR 341](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_341 \"Tennessee State Route 341\") (Talbott Kansas Road). The U.S. Highway continues through [Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Morristown%2C_Tennessee%29 \"Alpha (Morristown, Tennessee)\") (which has been annexed by the city of Morristown), the site of several industrial parks, the [National Weather Service](/wiki/National_Weather_Service \"National Weather Service\") forecast office for [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee \"East Tennessee\"), [Southwest Virginia](/wiki/Southwest_Virginia \"Southwest Virginia\") and [Western North Carolina](/wiki/Western_North_Carolina \"Western North Carolina\"), the [Morristown Regional Airport](/wiki/Morristown_Regional_Airport \"Morristown Regional Airport\"), and the highway's southern intersection with [SR 342](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_342 \"Tennessee State Route 342\") and the northern terminus of [SR 160](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_160 \"Tennessee State Route 160\") (Air Park Boulevard). The two highways run concurrently until SR 342 heads north as Panther Creek Road toward [Panther Creek State Park](/wiki/Panther_Creek_State_Park \"Panther Creek State Park\") just west of the city limits of Morristown.",
"### Morristown to Johnson City",
"US 11E heads through a commercial area along Andrew Johnson Highway to west of downtown Morristown, where the highway turns southeast onto Morris Boulevard, a five\\-lane road with center turn lane that crosses the railroad tracks and passes through an industrial area where the highway intersects [SR 66](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_66 \"Tennessee State Route 66\") (Fairmont Avenue). US 11E intersects [SR 343](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_343 \"Tennessee State Route 343\") (Cumberland Street) and passes [College Square Mall](/wiki/College_Square_Mall_%28Tennessee%29 \"College Square Mall (Tennessee)\") before reaching a [partial cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange \"Partial cloverleaf interchange\") with [US 25E](/wiki/U.S._Route_25E \"U.S. Route 25E\") (Davy Crockett Parkway). US 11E heads north along the freeway for {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} before another partial cloverleaf interchange where the highway becomes concurrent with SR 66 along Andrew Johnson Highway. The two highways closely parallel the railroad line as a two\\-lane road and leave the city limits of Morristown just west of [Russellville](/wiki/Russellville%2C_Tennessee \"Russellville, Tennessee\"), where [SR 344](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_344 \"Tennessee State Route 344\") splits northeast along Old Russellville Pike. US 11E and SR 66 pass through [Whitesburg](/wiki/Whitesburg%2C_Tennessee \"Whitesburg, Tennessee\") shortly before curving southeast and entering [Hawkins County](/wiki/Hawkins_County%2C_Tennessee \"Hawkins County, Tennessee\"). The U.S. and state highways diverge in the town of [Bulls Gap](/wiki/Bulls_Gap%2C_Tennessee \"Bulls Gap, Tennessee\") shortly before US 11E crosses a perpendicular rail line and follows the Knoxville East District through Bulls Gap, a low point in [Bays Mountain](/wiki/Bays_Mountain \"Bays Mountain\").",
"US 11E continues southeast into [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_Tennessee \"Greene County, Tennessee\") and [Mosheim](/wiki/Mosheim%2C_Tennessee \"Mosheim, Tennessee\") city limits, where the highway expands to a four\\-lane divided highway after it passes [Volunteer Speedway](/wiki/Volunteer_Speedway \"Volunteer Speedway\") and has a diamond interchange with [I\\-81](/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Tennessee \"Interstate 81 in Tennessee\"). The U.S. Highway crosses Lick Creek and passes through the town of Mosheim before reaching the town of [Greeneville](/wiki/Greeneville%2C_Tennessee \"Greeneville, Tennessee\") the home of [Andrew Johnson National Historic Site](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site \"Andrew Johnson National Historic Site\"). On westside of the town, US 11E has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Blue Springs Parkway, which heads east as [US 11E Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_11E_Business_%28Greeneville%2C_Tennessee%29 \"U.S. Route 11E Business (Greeneville, Tennessee)\") and [SR 70](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_70 \"Tennessee State Route 70\") (Summer Street). SR 70 joins the U.S. Highway for a short distance before heading north as Lonesome Pine Trail. US 11E has an interchange with [SR 172](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_172 \"Tennessee State Route 172\") (Baileyton Road) before closely spaced intersections with [US 321](/wiki/U.S._Route_321_in_Tennessee \"U.S. Route 321 in Tennessee\") (North Main Street), which joins US 11E in a concurrency, and the southern terminus of [SR 93](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_93 \"Tennessee State Route 93\") (Kingsport Highway). After crossing the Knoxville East rail line, the U.S. Highway receives the eastern end of its business route and [SR 107](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_107 \"Tennessee State Route 107\") (Tusculum Boulevard). SR 107 runs concurrently with the U.S. Highways east to the city of [Tusculum](/wiki/Tusculum%2C_Tennessee \"Tusculum, Tennessee\"), where the state highway heads southeast as Tusculum Bypass then as Erwin Highway and passes [Tusculum University](/wiki/Tusculum_University \"Tusculum University\").",
"US 11E and US 321 head northeast and cross over the rail line at [Afton](/wiki/Afton%2C_Tennessee \"Afton, Tennessee\"). The two highways intersect [SR 351](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_351 \"Tennessee State Route 351\") (Rheatown Road) north of the community of [Chuckey](/wiki/Chuckey%2C_Tennessee \"Chuckey, Tennessee\"). The U.S. Highways also pass to the north of [David Crockett Birthplace State Park](/wiki/David_Crockett_Birthplace_State_Park \"David Crockett Birthplace State Park\") before entering [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Tennessee \"Washington County, Tennessee\"), where the highways pass along the north edge of [Limestone](/wiki/Limestone%2C_Tennessee \"Limestone, Tennessee\"), meet the south end of [SR 75](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_75 \"Tennessee State Route 75\") (Opie Arnold Road), and cross Big Limestone Creek. US 11E and US 321 intersect [SR 81](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_81 \"Tennessee State Route 81\") (College Street) and [SR 354](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_354 \"Tennessee State Route 354\") (Boones Creek Road) on the west and east sides, respectively, of the town of [Jonesborough](/wiki/Jonesborough%2C_Tennessee \"Jonesborough, Tennessee\"). The U.S. Highways enter the city of Johnson City at their crossing of a north–south rail line. Just east of the downtown, where US 11E becomes Market Street, US 321 turns south onto State of Franklin Road, a western boulevard bypass of Johnson City that heads north as [SR 381](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_381 \"Tennessee State Route 381\"). US 11E passes to the north of [Mountain Home](/wiki/Mountain_Home%2C_Tennessee \"Mountain Home, Tennessee\"), the site of several hospitals, including a [VA medical center](/wiki/VA_medical_center \"VA medical center\"). East of University Parkway, which serves the campus of [East Tennessee State University](/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_University \"East Tennessee State University\"), the U.S. Highway curves north while [SR 91](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_91 \"Tennessee State Route 91\") continues east along the [one\\-way pair](/wiki/One-way_pair \"One-way pair\") of Main and Market streets to serve downtown Johnson City.\n[thumb\\|right\\|View south at the north end of US 11E at US 11/US 11W/US 19/US 421 in Bristol](/wiki/File:2017-05-16_19_35_53_View_south_along_U.S._Route_11E%2C_U.S._Route_19_and_U.S._Route_421_and_north_along_U.S._Route_11_Truck_and_U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%29_at_U.S._Route_11_and_U.S._Route_19_%28Euclid_Avenue%29_in_Bristol%2C_Virginia.jpg \"2017-05-16 19 35 53 View south along U.S. Route 11E, U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 421 and north along U.S. Route 11 Truck and U.S. Route 19 Truck (Commonwealth Avenue) at U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 19 (Euclid Avenue) in Bristol, Virginia.jpg\")",
"### Johnson City to Bristol",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Map of northern junction of US 11W, US 11E, and US 11 in Bristol, VA](/wiki/Image:Bristol.svg \"Bristol.svg\")\nUS 11E heads north past [Science Hill High School](/wiki/Science_Hill_High_School \"Science Hill High School\") to Roan Street, the main north–south street of downtown Johnson City that the U.S. Highway joins. The highway passes [the Mall at Johnson City](/wiki/The_Mall_at_Johnson_City \"The Mall at Johnson City\") and meets [I\\-26](/wiki/Interstate_26_in_Tennessee \"Interstate 26 in Tennessee\") and [US 23](/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Tennessee \"U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee\") at a partial cloverleaf interchange. US 19W joins US 11E at the interchange; when Roan Street continues north as [SR 36](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_36 \"Tennessee State Route 36\"), the two U.S. Highways curve northeast as Bristol Highway, which meets the northern end of SR 381 (State of Franklin Road) at an interchange. The highways head northeast and cross the [Watauga River](/wiki/Watauga_River \"Watauga River\") arm of [Boone Lake](/wiki/Boone_Lake \"Boone Lake\") and enter [Sullivan County](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_Tennessee \"Sullivan County, Tennessee\"). In the town of [Bluff City](/wiki/Bluff_City%2C_Tennessee \"Bluff City, Tennessee\"), US 11E and US 19W curve north while [SR 44](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_44 \"Tennessee State Route 44\") (Bluff City Highway) continues north into downtown Bluff City. Just north of SR 44, the U.S. highways meet the northern end of [US 19E](/wiki/U.S._Route_19E \"U.S. Route 19E\"); US 11E continues north concurrent with mainline US 19 and crosses the South Fork Holston River.",
"US 11E and US 19 have a diamond interchange with [SR 394](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_394 \"Tennessee State Route 394\") just west of the state highway's junction with [SR 390](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_390 \"Tennessee State Route 390\") (Bluff City Highway). The U.S. Highways cross Beaver Creek adjacent to [Bristol Motor Speedway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway \"Bristol Motor Speedway\") and follow the stream's valley between the Whitetop Knobs to the east and the Beaver Creek Knobs to the west. US 11E and US 19 enter the city of Bristol and follow Volunteer Parkway to the Tennessee–Virginia state line. State Street, which heads west as [SR 1](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_1 \"Tennessee State Route 1\"), follows the boundary and serves as the main street of both cities Bristol. The two U.S. Highways and [State Route 381](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_381 \"Virginia State Route 381\") (SR 381\\) head north into the [independent city](/wiki/Independent_city \"Independent city\") of Bristol along Commonwealth Avenue, a four\\-lane divided highway that intersects Goode Street one block north of the state line; Goode Street carries US 421 and both [US 11 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_11_Truck_%28Bristol%2C_Virginia%29 \"U.S. Route 11 Truck (Bristol, Virginia)\") and [US 19 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Bristol%2C_Virginia%29 \"U.S. Route 19 Truck (Bristol, Virginia)\") through the [Bristol Commercial Historic District](/wiki/Bristol_Commercial_Historic_District \"Bristol Commercial Historic District\"). US 11E, US 19, US 421, and SR 381 meet the southern end of [SR 113](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_113 \"Virginia State Route 113\") at separate intersections: Cumberland Street carries northbound SR 113 east and Sycamore Street carries the westbound direction. The four highways continue north to east–west Euclid Avenue, where US 11E has its northern terminus. SR 381 continues north along Commonwealth Avenue to the southern end of [I\\-381](/wiki/Interstate_381 \"Interstate 381\"), a spur south from I\\-81\\. Westbound Euclid Avenue heads west carrying northbound US 421 and southbound US 11W. At this intersection, US 11E and US 11W come together to form mainline US 11, which follows eastbound Euclid Avenue with northbound US 19\\.",
""
] |
Facilities
----------
There is a [police station](/wiki/Police_station "Police station") at Umuwa, though it has not been permanently staffed."Police Stations like ill\-equipped sheds", Adelaide Advertiser, 7 July 2007 [http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204\-2682,00\.html](http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204-2682,00.html) {{as of\|2020}} a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umuwa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalyatjara. The service will work closely with [child protection](/wiki/Child_protection "Child protection") service agencies address [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse") and [family violence](/wiki/Family_violence "Family violence") issues.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law\-order/new\-police\-complex\-at\-umuwa\-and\-mobile\-popup\-station\-in\-428\-million\-apy\-lands\-project/news\-story/cce4715f248110301f6ece2f73c39fbe\|title\=New police complex at Umuwa and mobile pop\-up station in $4\.28 million APY Lands project\|date\=17 October 2018\|first\=Elizabeth\|last\=Henson\|work\=The Advertiser\|location\=Adelaide\|access\-date\=7 July 2019}}{{cite web\|url \=https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/scullion/2018/enhanced\-police\-service\-delivery\-apy\-lands\|title\=Enhanced police service delivery on APY Lands\|website \=Australian Government. Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet\|access\-date\=7 July 2019}} The 2019–2020 [Government of South Australia](/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia "Government of South Australia") agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of {{AUD\|4\.28 million}}.{{cite report\|url\=https://statebudget.sa.gov.au/budget\-docs/2019\-20\_agency\_statements\_volume\_4\.pdf?v\=2\|title\=State Budget 2019–20: Agency Statement: Budget Paper 4, Volume 3\|publisher\=Government of South Australia. Dept of Treasury and Finance\|date\=18 June 2019\|issn\= 1440\-8589\|access\-date\=16 January 2020}}
Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck weekly. Unlike larger APY settlements, Umuwa does not have a general store.
Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing. Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC) was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services,{{cite web \| title\=Corporate Information \| website\=RASAC – Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation \| url\=https://www.rasac.com.au/corporate/corporate\-information \| access\-date\=17 March 2020}} and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services.{{cite web \| title\=RASAC Snapshot \| website\=RASAC – Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation \| url\=https://www.rasac.com.au/about\-rasac/rasac\-snapshot \| access\-date\=17 March 2020}}
Nganampa Health, a community\-controlled health service, is based in Umuwa, and the [NPY Women's Council](/wiki/NPY_Women%27s_Council "NPY Women's Council") has an office working there.
For state elections (i.e. to elect the [Parliament of South Australia](/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia "Parliament of South Australia")), a mobile polling booth is taken to Umuwa.
A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are [freehold](/wiki/Fee_simple "Fee simple") lands owned by the [Aboriginal people](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians "Indigenous Australians").
### Media
PY Media is also based in Umuwa, providing multimedia and radio transmission services, as well as providing a network for information delivery and media education for all of the communities and agencies in the APY lands.
As with most APY settlements, [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Australian Broadcasting Corporation") and [Special Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service "Special Broadcasting Service") television are available.
### Utilities
Unlike other settlements that must rely on non\-renewable energy, in September 2003 work was completed at Umuwa for a [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power "Solar power") station which was expected to save 140,000 litres of diesel and 510 tonnes of [Greenhouse emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions "Greenhouse gas emissions") each year.[Solar Systems Case Study – Umuwa](http://www.solarsystems.com.au/Umuwa%20case%20study.pdf);[Google Earth link to satellite footage of the solar dishes](https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.keyhole.com%2Fubb%2Fdownload.php%3FNumber%3D893511&t=k&om=1&ie=UTF8&ll=-26.473512,132.01476&spn=0.002295,0.003616&z=18) In 2004 the facility was described as a field of 10 solar concentrators, each fourteen metres in diameter and each generating 20 kilowatts of electricity. Its total generating capacity was 200 kilowatts and the facility was expected to have a life of 30 years. The solar concentrators were parabolic dishes designed and constructed by [Solar Systems](/wiki/Solar_Systems_%28company%29 "Solar Systems (company)") (which was acquired by Silex Systems circa 2010\).
The farm was taken offline in 2005\.{{cite web\|title \= APY Lands: sun farm at Umuwa\|url \= http://www.papertracker.com.au/archived/apy\-lands\-sun\-farm\-at\-umuwa/\|website \= papertracker.com.au\|access\-date \= 2015\-12\-20}}
On 20 August 2008, the facility was reactivated after a substantial upgrade. The field of refurbished concentrators was now capable of generating 715 megawatt hours of electricity annually, more than double its previous capacity (335 megawatt hours).
As of 4 February 2011, the solar farm had reportedly not been working for more than a year.{{cite news \|last\=Martin \|first\=S. \|date\=4 February 2011 \|title\=APY solar generator lying idle \|newspaper\=The Advertiser \|page\=39 \|url\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\-australia/apy\-solar\-generator\-lying\-idle/story\-e6frea83\-1225999762268 \|access\-date\=4 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085009/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\-australia/apy\-solar\-generator\-lying\-idle/story\-e6frea83\-1225999762268 \|archive\-date\=6 February 2011}} On 30 June 2011, the South Australian Government confirmed that the sun farm was "currently not operational" and that it would be "mothballed".{{cite Hansard \|jurisdiction\=\[\[Parliament of South Australia]] \|speaker\=Portolesi, G \|last2\=Marshall \|first2\=S. \|date\=30 June 2011 \|house\=Estimates Committee B \|page\=198}} In August 2020, the government proposed to save a million litres of diesel by installing three megawatts of solar photovoltaic panels and one megawatt of battery storage to deliver 4\.4 gigawatt hours of electricity per year, about 40 percent of the total power required.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news/media\-releases/news/apy\-lands\-solar\-and\-batteries\-to\-save\-a\-million\-litres\-of\-diesel \|title\=APY Lands solar and batteries to save a million litres of diesel \|date\=26 August 2020 \|first\=Dan \|last\=van Holst Pellekaan \|author\-link\=Dan van Holst Pellekaan \|access\-date\=14 December 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[Steven Marshall]], \[\[Premier of South Australia]]}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\-australia/apy\-lands\-to\-get\-9m\-solar\-and\-battery\-in\-third\-bid\-for\-renewable\-energy\-plant\-at\-umuwa/news\-story/795938b045668136669b4ea73a278f4f \|title\=APY Lands to get $9m solar and battery in third bid for renewable energy plant at Umuwa \|first\=Chris \|last\=Russell \|date\=26 August 2020 \|newspaper\=The Advertiser \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} This third solar power farm was under construction as of April 2021\.{{cite web \|url\=https://moneymob.org.au/2021/04/28/eew\-training\-umuwa\-cph\-and\-solar\-farm\-tour/ \|title\=EEW Training: Umuwa CPH and Solar Farm Tour \|author\= \|date\=28 April 2021 \|website\=Money Mob \|access\-date\=9 June 2022}}
The central powerhouse at Umuwa supplies a 33 kV electricity distribution network across the APY lands. As well as Umuwa, it supplies electricity to [Amata](/wiki/Amata%2C_South_Australia "Amata, South Australia"), [Iwantja](/wiki/Iwantja%2C_South_Australia "Iwantja, South Australia"), [Kaltjiti](/wiki/Kaltjiti%2C_South_Australia "Kaltjiti, South Australia"), [Mimili](/wiki/Mimili%2C_South_Australia "Mimili, South Australia"), [Pukatja](/wiki/Pukatja%2C_South_Australia "Pukatja, South Australia"), [Yunyarinyi](/wiki/Yunyarinyi%2C_South_Australia "Yunyarinyi, South Australia"), and [Watinuma](/wiki/Watinuma%2C_South_Australia "Watinuma, South Australia") up to {{convert\|170\|km}} away.{{cite web \|url\=https://energymining.sa.gov.au/energy\_and\_technical\_regulation/energy\_supply/remote\_area\_energy\_supply/raes\_aboriginal\_communities \|title\=RAES Aboriginal Communities \|publisher\=\[\[Department for Energy and Mining]] \|access\-date\=20 December 2021}}
|
[
"Facilities\n----------",
"There is a [police station](/wiki/Police_station \"Police station\") at Umuwa, though it has not been permanently staffed.\"Police Stations like ill\\-equipped sheds\", Adelaide Advertiser, 7 July 2007 [http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204\\-2682,00\\.html](http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204-2682,00.html) {{as of\\|2020}} a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umuwa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalyatjara. The service will work closely with [child protection](/wiki/Child_protection \"Child protection\") service agencies address [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\") and [family violence](/wiki/Family_violence \"Family violence\") issues.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law\\-order/new\\-police\\-complex\\-at\\-umuwa\\-and\\-mobile\\-popup\\-station\\-in\\-428\\-million\\-apy\\-lands\\-project/news\\-story/cce4715f248110301f6ece2f73c39fbe\\|title\\=New police complex at Umuwa and mobile pop\\-up station in $4\\.28 million APY Lands project\\|date\\=17 October 2018\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|last\\=Henson\\|work\\=The Advertiser\\|location\\=Adelaide\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019}}{{cite web\\|url \\=https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/scullion/2018/enhanced\\-police\\-service\\-delivery\\-apy\\-lands\\|title\\=Enhanced police service delivery on APY Lands\\|website \\=Australian Government. Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019}} The 2019–2020 [Government of South Australia](/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia \"Government of South Australia\") agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of {{AUD\\|4\\.28 million}}.{{cite report\\|url\\=https://statebudget.sa.gov.au/budget\\-docs/2019\\-20\\_agency\\_statements\\_volume\\_4\\.pdf?v\\=2\\|title\\=State Budget 2019–20: Agency Statement: Budget Paper 4, Volume 3\\|publisher\\=Government of South Australia. Dept of Treasury and Finance\\|date\\=18 June 2019\\|issn\\= 1440\\-8589\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2020}}",
"Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck weekly. Unlike larger APY settlements, Umuwa does not have a general store.",
"Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing. Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC) was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services,{{cite web \\| title\\=Corporate Information \\| website\\=RASAC – Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation \\| url\\=https://www.rasac.com.au/corporate/corporate\\-information \\| access\\-date\\=17 March 2020}} and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services.{{cite web \\| title\\=RASAC Snapshot \\| website\\=RASAC – Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation \\| url\\=https://www.rasac.com.au/about\\-rasac/rasac\\-snapshot \\| access\\-date\\=17 March 2020}}",
"Nganampa Health, a community\\-controlled health service, is based in Umuwa, and the [NPY Women's Council](/wiki/NPY_Women%27s_Council \"NPY Women's Council\") has an office working there.",
"For state elections (i.e. to elect the [Parliament of South Australia](/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia \"Parliament of South Australia\")), a mobile polling booth is taken to Umuwa.",
"A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are [freehold](/wiki/Fee_simple \"Fee simple\") lands owned by the [Aboriginal people](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians \"Indigenous Australians\").",
"### Media",
"PY Media is also based in Umuwa, providing multimedia and radio transmission services, as well as providing a network for information delivery and media education for all of the communities and agencies in the APY lands. \nAs with most APY settlements, [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\") and [Special Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service \"Special Broadcasting Service\") television are available.",
"### Utilities",
"Unlike other settlements that must rely on non\\-renewable energy, in September 2003 work was completed at Umuwa for a [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power \"Solar power\") station which was expected to save 140,000 litres of diesel and 510 tonnes of [Greenhouse emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\") each year.[Solar Systems Case Study – Umuwa](http://www.solarsystems.com.au/Umuwa%20case%20study.pdf);[Google Earth link to satellite footage of the solar dishes](https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.keyhole.com%2Fubb%2Fdownload.php%3FNumber%3D893511&t=k&om=1&ie=UTF8&ll=-26.473512,132.01476&spn=0.002295,0.003616&z=18) In 2004 the facility was described as a field of 10 solar concentrators, each fourteen metres in diameter and each generating 20 kilowatts of electricity. Its total generating capacity was 200 kilowatts and the facility was expected to have a life of 30 years. The solar concentrators were parabolic dishes designed and constructed by [Solar Systems](/wiki/Solar_Systems_%28company%29 \"Solar Systems (company)\") (which was acquired by Silex Systems circa 2010\\).",
"The farm was taken offline in 2005\\.{{cite web\\|title \\= APY Lands: sun farm at Umuwa\\|url \\= http://www.papertracker.com.au/archived/apy\\-lands\\-sun\\-farm\\-at\\-umuwa/\\|website \\= papertracker.com.au\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-12\\-20}}",
"On 20 August 2008, the facility was reactivated after a substantial upgrade. The field of refurbished concentrators was now capable of generating 715 megawatt hours of electricity annually, more than double its previous capacity (335 megawatt hours).",
"As of 4 February 2011, the solar farm had reportedly not been working for more than a year.{{cite news \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=S. \\|date\\=4 February 2011 \\|title\\=APY solar generator lying idle \\|newspaper\\=The Advertiser \\|page\\=39 \\|url\\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\\-australia/apy\\-solar\\-generator\\-lying\\-idle/story\\-e6frea83\\-1225999762268 \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085009/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\\-australia/apy\\-solar\\-generator\\-lying\\-idle/story\\-e6frea83\\-1225999762268 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2011}} On 30 June 2011, the South Australian Government confirmed that the sun farm was \"currently not operational\" and that it would be \"mothballed\".{{cite Hansard \\|jurisdiction\\=\\[\\[Parliament of South Australia]] \\|speaker\\=Portolesi, G \\|last2\\=Marshall \\|first2\\=S. \\|date\\=30 June 2011 \\|house\\=Estimates Committee B \\|page\\=198}} In August 2020, the government proposed to save a million litres of diesel by installing three megawatts of solar photovoltaic panels and one megawatt of battery storage to deliver 4\\.4 gigawatt hours of electricity per year, about 40 percent of the total power required.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news/media\\-releases/news/apy\\-lands\\-solar\\-and\\-batteries\\-to\\-save\\-a\\-million\\-litres\\-of\\-diesel \\|title\\=APY Lands solar and batteries to save a million litres of diesel \\|date\\=26 August 2020 \\|first\\=Dan \\|last\\=van Holst Pellekaan \\|author\\-link\\=Dan van Holst Pellekaan \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Steven Marshall]], \\[\\[Premier of South Australia]]}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\\-australia/apy\\-lands\\-to\\-get\\-9m\\-solar\\-and\\-battery\\-in\\-third\\-bid\\-for\\-renewable\\-energy\\-plant\\-at\\-umuwa/news\\-story/795938b045668136669b4ea73a278f4f \\|title\\=APY Lands to get $9m solar and battery in third bid for renewable energy plant at Umuwa \\|first\\=Chris \\|last\\=Russell \\|date\\=26 August 2020 \\|newspaper\\=The Advertiser \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} This third solar power farm was under construction as of April 2021\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://moneymob.org.au/2021/04/28/eew\\-training\\-umuwa\\-cph\\-and\\-solar\\-farm\\-tour/ \\|title\\=EEW Training: Umuwa CPH and Solar Farm Tour \\|author\\= \\|date\\=28 April 2021 \\|website\\=Money Mob \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2022}}",
"The central powerhouse at Umuwa supplies a 33 kV electricity distribution network across the APY lands. As well as Umuwa, it supplies electricity to [Amata](/wiki/Amata%2C_South_Australia \"Amata, South Australia\"), [Iwantja](/wiki/Iwantja%2C_South_Australia \"Iwantja, South Australia\"), [Kaltjiti](/wiki/Kaltjiti%2C_South_Australia \"Kaltjiti, South Australia\"), [Mimili](/wiki/Mimili%2C_South_Australia \"Mimili, South Australia\"), [Pukatja](/wiki/Pukatja%2C_South_Australia \"Pukatja, South Australia\"), [Yunyarinyi](/wiki/Yunyarinyi%2C_South_Australia \"Yunyarinyi, South Australia\"), and [Watinuma](/wiki/Watinuma%2C_South_Australia \"Watinuma, South Australia\") up to {{convert\\|170\\|km}} away.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://energymining.sa.gov.au/energy\\_and\\_technical\\_regulation/energy\\_supply/remote\\_area\\_energy\\_supply/raes\\_aboriginal\\_communities \\|title\\=RAES Aboriginal Communities \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department for Energy and Mining]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2021}}",
""
] |
Economy
-------
{{PH poverty incidence}}
Dumaguete Airport, the major airport in the province, is actually in Agan\-an. There is a growing number of guest houses and beach resorts from Cangmating southward to Dumaguete and the coral reefs of Ajong are attracting more dive boats.
The municipal seat is in Poblacion, approximately midway along the coast of the town. The main port facility is located in the same barangay, where there are trips every hour to Liloan, [Santander](/wiki/Santander%2C_Cebu "Santander, Cebu") on the southern tip of [Cebu island](/wiki/Cebu "Cebu"). There is also a fishing and freight port in Looc.
Sibulan has two small Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are coral reef areas that prohibit fishing, swimming and diving. One is in Agan\-an, just north of the airport, the other in Cangmating. These were established to improve the sustainability of the local fishery.
The inland barangays are primarily agricultural and residential with minimal business and public facilities. Most commercial development is along the [national highway](/wiki/N7_highway "N7 highway"), which runs the length of the town from Dumaguete in the south to San Jose at the north. Most business and light industry is also located along the highway in Bolocboloc, Maslog, Agan\-an and Poblacion including the newly opened 100\-bed Negros Polymedic Hospital. This is largely urban sprawl from Dumaguete seeking the advantageous tax rates in Sibulan.
Sibulan also boasts a golf course resort, perched on the foothills in barangay San Antonio, just north of the town center.
|
[
"Economy\n-------",
"{{PH poverty incidence}}",
"Dumaguete Airport, the major airport in the province, is actually in Agan\\-an. There is a growing number of guest houses and beach resorts from Cangmating southward to Dumaguete and the coral reefs of Ajong are attracting more dive boats.",
"The municipal seat is in Poblacion, approximately midway along the coast of the town. The main port facility is located in the same barangay, where there are trips every hour to Liloan, [Santander](/wiki/Santander%2C_Cebu \"Santander, Cebu\") on the southern tip of [Cebu island](/wiki/Cebu \"Cebu\"). There is also a fishing and freight port in Looc.",
"Sibulan has two small Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are coral reef areas that prohibit fishing, swimming and diving. One is in Agan\\-an, just north of the airport, the other in Cangmating. These were established to improve the sustainability of the local fishery.",
"The inland barangays are primarily agricultural and residential with minimal business and public facilities. Most commercial development is along the [national highway](/wiki/N7_highway \"N7 highway\"), which runs the length of the town from Dumaguete in the south to San Jose at the north. Most business and light industry is also located along the highway in Bolocboloc, Maslog, Agan\\-an and Poblacion including the newly opened 100\\-bed Negros Polymedic Hospital. This is largely urban sprawl from Dumaguete seeking the advantageous tax rates in Sibulan.",
"Sibulan also boasts a golf course resort, perched on the foothills in barangay San Antonio, just north of the town center.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
During his beginning as a footballer, Poy was strongly questioned by Central's supporters so he was about to leave the club in 1969 when [Club Atlético Los Andes](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Los_Andes "Club Atlético Los Andes") (that played in Primera División by then) was interested in hiring him. It is said that Poy hid in the islands near to Paraná river to avoid being found and transferred to Los Andes. The legend says that Poy was hidden during a week until he returned to Rosario where he rejected the offer to play at Los Andes.
In 1971 Poy won the Primera División championship with Rosario Central.{{Cite web \|title\=Rosario Central campeón del Nacional '71 \|url\=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/3985/rosario\-central\-campeon\-del\-nacional\-71 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=El Gráfico \|language\=es}} During the semifinals against [Newell's Old Boys](/wiki/Newell%27s_Old_Boys "Newell's Old Boys"), Poy scored his famous "palomita" goal,{{Cite web \|last\=Clarín.com \|date\=2021\-12\-18 \|title\=El Big Bang del folclore del fútbol: la palomita de Poy, ese gol que se grita sin parar desde hace 50 años \|url\=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/big\-bang\-folclore\-futbol\-palomita\-poy\-gol\-grita\-parar\-hace\-50\-anos\_0\_8\-cWDJ9U\-.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-30 \|website\=Clarín \|language\=es}} heading the ball with his body in horizontal position, without touching the grass. This goal against the arch\-rival became legendary and is still remembered by all the Rosario Central fans.["La palomita de Poy cumple 40 años](http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1433899-la-palomita-de-poy-cumple-40-anos), *Cancha Llena*, 19 December 2011
Two years later Poy won his second title with Central, the 1973 [Torneo Nacional](/wiki/Nacional_championship "Nacional championship"), in a final round played with [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate "Club Atlético River Plate"), [San Lorenzo](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro "San Lorenzo de Almagro") and [Atlanta](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta "Club Atlético Atlanta").
In December 1974 Central played the qualifiers for [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores "Copa Libertadores") against Newell's. Poy disputed the ball with [Mario Zanabria](/wiki/Mario_Zanabria "Mario Zanabria"), being injured in his left knee. He went to surgery to be operated on his leg. After the recovery Poy returned to play football again, but he had to be operated again so he decided to end his professional career.
Poy totalized 292 matches in Primera División tournaments, scoring 61 goals. He also played 16 games in the Copa Libertadores with 3 goals scored, always playing with Rosario Central. Poy played 25 *Rosarino derby* against Newell's, winning 10, with 4 losses and 11 ties. Newell's was the team Poy scored the most goals (6\), followed by [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors "Boca Juniors") with 5 goals.
### The diving header
On 19 December 1971, Rosario Central played the semifinals of [Nacional championship](/wiki/Nacional_championship "Nacional championship") against arch\-rival Newell's Old Boys in the [Estadio Monumental](/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Antonio_Vespucio_Liberti "Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti"). Central won by 1–0 with the most famous goal scored by Poy, the *Palomita* (diving head). This result qualified Central to play the finals, where the team would win the first championship in its history.
This goal became legendary, being still remembered by all the Central fans who every 19 December join to commemorate that goal and then championship. In the meeting, the gameplay is recreated exactly as it was, being Poy himself who scores the goal as if he still plays for Central while the fans celebrate the goal.["El vuelo inmortal" by Osvaldo Wehbe](http://www.paginawehbe.com.ar/paginas/pagina3.php?cod=57) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230948/http://www.paginawehbe.com.ar/paginas/pagina3\.php?cod\=57 \|date\=2 February 2014 }}, 27 September 2002 Besides, a group of Central's fans tried to register the diving head goal at the [Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records") as "the most celebrated goal in the history of football",*Diario La Capital de Rosario*, 18 September 1995 although this has not happened yet.
The meeting has changed its place several times, moving to different regions of Argentina and even outside the country. In 1997 the goal was recreated in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), where Ernesto Guevara (the youngest son of [Che Guevara](/wiki/Che_Guevara "Che Guevara"), a famous fan of Rosario Central) played the role of Poy scoring the goal as in 1971\. The celebration has also been carried out to United States (in 2000 and 2013\), Chile (2002\) and Uruguay (2008\).
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"During his beginning as a footballer, Poy was strongly questioned by Central's supporters so he was about to leave the club in 1969 when [Club Atlético Los Andes](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Los_Andes \"Club Atlético Los Andes\") (that played in Primera División by then) was interested in hiring him. It is said that Poy hid in the islands near to Paraná river to avoid being found and transferred to Los Andes. The legend says that Poy was hidden during a week until he returned to Rosario where he rejected the offer to play at Los Andes.",
"In 1971 Poy won the Primera División championship with Rosario Central.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rosario Central campeón del Nacional '71 \\|url\\=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/3985/rosario\\-central\\-campeon\\-del\\-nacional\\-71 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=El Gráfico \\|language\\=es}} During the semifinals against [Newell's Old Boys](/wiki/Newell%27s_Old_Boys \"Newell's Old Boys\"), Poy scored his famous \"palomita\" goal,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Clarín.com \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-18 \\|title\\=El Big Bang del folclore del fútbol: la palomita de Poy, ese gol que se grita sin parar desde hace 50 años \\|url\\=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/big\\-bang\\-folclore\\-futbol\\-palomita\\-poy\\-gol\\-grita\\-parar\\-hace\\-50\\-anos\\_0\\_8\\-cWDJ9U\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|website\\=Clarín \\|language\\=es}} heading the ball with his body in horizontal position, without touching the grass. This goal against the arch\\-rival became legendary and is still remembered by all the Rosario Central fans.[\"La palomita de Poy cumple 40 años](http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1433899-la-palomita-de-poy-cumple-40-anos), *Cancha Llena*, 19 December 2011\nTwo years later Poy won his second title with Central, the 1973 [Torneo Nacional](/wiki/Nacional_championship \"Nacional championship\"), in a final round played with [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate \"Club Atlético River Plate\"), [San Lorenzo](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro \"San Lorenzo de Almagro\") and [Atlanta](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta \"Club Atlético Atlanta\").",
"In December 1974 Central played the qualifiers for [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores \"Copa Libertadores\") against Newell's. Poy disputed the ball with [Mario Zanabria](/wiki/Mario_Zanabria \"Mario Zanabria\"), being injured in his left knee. He went to surgery to be operated on his leg. After the recovery Poy returned to play football again, but he had to be operated again so he decided to end his professional career.",
"Poy totalized 292 matches in Primera División tournaments, scoring 61 goals. He also played 16 games in the Copa Libertadores with 3 goals scored, always playing with Rosario Central. Poy played 25 *Rosarino derby* against Newell's, winning 10, with 4 losses and 11 ties. Newell's was the team Poy scored the most goals (6\\), followed by [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors \"Boca Juniors\") with 5 goals.",
"### The diving header",
"On 19 December 1971, Rosario Central played the semifinals of [Nacional championship](/wiki/Nacional_championship \"Nacional championship\") against arch\\-rival Newell's Old Boys in the [Estadio Monumental](/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Antonio_Vespucio_Liberti \"Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti\"). Central won by 1–0 with the most famous goal scored by Poy, the *Palomita* (diving head). This result qualified Central to play the finals, where the team would win the first championship in its history.",
"This goal became legendary, being still remembered by all the Central fans who every 19 December join to commemorate that goal and then championship. In the meeting, the gameplay is recreated exactly as it was, being Poy himself who scores the goal as if he still plays for Central while the fans celebrate the goal.[\"El vuelo inmortal\" by Osvaldo Wehbe](http://www.paginawehbe.com.ar/paginas/pagina3.php?cod=57) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230948/http://www.paginawehbe.com.ar/paginas/pagina3\\.php?cod\\=57 \\|date\\=2 February 2014 }}, 27 September 2002 Besides, a group of Central's fans tried to register the diving head goal at the [Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\") as \"the most celebrated goal in the history of football\",*Diario La Capital de Rosario*, 18 September 1995 although this has not happened yet.",
"The meeting has changed its place several times, moving to different regions of Argentina and even outside the country. In 1997 the goal was recreated in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"), where Ernesto Guevara (the youngest son of [Che Guevara](/wiki/Che_Guevara \"Che Guevara\"), a famous fan of Rosario Central) played the role of Poy scoring the goal as in 1971\\. The celebration has also been carried out to United States (in 2000 and 2013\\), Chile (2002\\) and Uruguay (2008\\).",
""
] |
Life cycle
----------
### Trophonts
*Noctiluca scintillans* is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate that causes toxic [red tides](/wiki/Red_tide "Red tide"). To explain the life cycle of this species, we need to start with the trophonts. Trophonts are the non\-reproductive adult life stage of many ciliated [protozoa](/wiki/Protozoa "Protozoa"). They are eggplant\-shaped with a crust consisting of two distinct layers; an outer gelatinous layer and a [plasma membrane](/wiki/Cell_membrane "Cell membrane"). Like all [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote "Eukaryote"), the trophont is composed of a nucleus that lies close to the cytostome surrounded by [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm "Cytoplasm") forming the cytoplasmic centre.
### Gamonts
It is with the gamonts, which is the name of the cells during [gametogenesis](/wiki/Gametogenesis "Gametogenesis") that [cell division](/wiki/Cell_division "Cell division") occurs. These gamonts are produced by a small fraction of the trophonts that spontaneously initiate gametogenesis. During this transformation, the cell becomes spherical and loses some organelles including the tentacle and the nucleus moves to just below the cell surface.
This life cycle continues with two consecutive nuclear divisions to obtain 4 nuclei. This division creates bulges above the cell surface. This is followed by a continuum of synchronous nuclear divisions with each 'progenitor' connected to the others by thin filaments. As gametogenesis progresses, there is a condensation of chromosomes within the different nuclear divisions which darkens the colour of the cell. The result is four petal\-shaped clusters of progenitors.
### Zoospores
The progenitors of the previous stage have transformed into [zoospores](/wiki/Zoospore "Zoospore"). At this point they are evenly distributed in one part of the cell. At the same time as the progenitors are maturing, two flagella start to develop and are actively beating. These flagella develop outside the mother cell and the mature gametes are then released into the surrounding environment. When they have all emerged, the mother cell remains ghostly.
The two flagella formed are not of the same length and therefore do not have the same function. The longer of the two is used for direction of movement in the sea water, while the shorter one provides more of a swimming force to activate the movement.
### Zygote formation
This stage is still highly open to speculation. It seems that *Noctiluca scintillans* produces [isogametes](/wiki/Isogamy "Isogamy"), which are gametes that fuse together to form a zygote. This zygote then has 4 flagella and 2 nuclei. This means that the species is in fact diploid, differentiating it from most dinoflagellates which are [haploid](/wiki/Haploid "Haploid").
### Morphological development from zygote to trophont
At the beginning of trophont formation, the number of flagella decreases and the cells become fusiform. During further development they become rounder, and two distinct flagella are formed, one longer and one shorter, and finally only one is left. After this, the outer layer becomes discernible and the crust is formed. The result is a miniature trophont with a tentacle through which it absorbs food to eat by means of viscous materials to which the algae cling.
Thanks to its high specificity, *Noctiluca scintillans* could increase its biomass up to 100 times in one week.
|
[
"Life cycle\n----------",
"### Trophonts",
"*Noctiluca scintillans* is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate that causes toxic [red tides](/wiki/Red_tide \"Red tide\"). To explain the life cycle of this species, we need to start with the trophonts. Trophonts are the non\\-reproductive adult life stage of many ciliated [protozoa](/wiki/Protozoa \"Protozoa\"). They are eggplant\\-shaped with a crust consisting of two distinct layers; an outer gelatinous layer and a [plasma membrane](/wiki/Cell_membrane \"Cell membrane\"). Like all [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote \"Eukaryote\"), the trophont is composed of a nucleus that lies close to the cytostome surrounded by [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm \"Cytoplasm\") forming the cytoplasmic centre.",
"### Gamonts",
"It is with the gamonts, which is the name of the cells during [gametogenesis](/wiki/Gametogenesis \"Gametogenesis\") that [cell division](/wiki/Cell_division \"Cell division\") occurs. These gamonts are produced by a small fraction of the trophonts that spontaneously initiate gametogenesis. During this transformation, the cell becomes spherical and loses some organelles including the tentacle and the nucleus moves to just below the cell surface.",
"This life cycle continues with two consecutive nuclear divisions to obtain 4 nuclei. This division creates bulges above the cell surface. This is followed by a continuum of synchronous nuclear divisions with each 'progenitor' connected to the others by thin filaments. As gametogenesis progresses, there is a condensation of chromosomes within the different nuclear divisions which darkens the colour of the cell. The result is four petal\\-shaped clusters of progenitors.",
"### Zoospores",
"The progenitors of the previous stage have transformed into [zoospores](/wiki/Zoospore \"Zoospore\"). At this point they are evenly distributed in one part of the cell. At the same time as the progenitors are maturing, two flagella start to develop and are actively beating. These flagella develop outside the mother cell and the mature gametes are then released into the surrounding environment. When they have all emerged, the mother cell remains ghostly.",
"The two flagella formed are not of the same length and therefore do not have the same function. The longer of the two is used for direction of movement in the sea water, while the shorter one provides more of a swimming force to activate the movement.",
"### Zygote formation",
"This stage is still highly open to speculation. It seems that *Noctiluca scintillans* produces [isogametes](/wiki/Isogamy \"Isogamy\"), which are gametes that fuse together to form a zygote. This zygote then has 4 flagella and 2 nuclei. This means that the species is in fact diploid, differentiating it from most dinoflagellates which are [haploid](/wiki/Haploid \"Haploid\").",
"### Morphological development from zygote to trophont",
"At the beginning of trophont formation, the number of flagella decreases and the cells become fusiform. During further development they become rounder, and two distinct flagella are formed, one longer and one shorter, and finally only one is left. After this, the outer layer becomes discernible and the crust is formed. The result is a miniature trophont with a tentacle through which it absorbs food to eat by means of viscous materials to which the algae cling.",
"Thanks to its high specificity, *Noctiluca scintillans* could increase its biomass up to 100 times in one week.",
""
] |
Distribution and habitat
------------------------
### Favorable environment
The environment plays an important role in the proliferation of *Noctiluca scintillans*. The population varies according to sunlight, current, the presence of [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrient "Nutrient") (especially nitrate, ammonium and urea), water salinity, temperature and [trophic](/wiki/Trophic_level "Trophic level") stress. The amount encountered also varies according to the geography and the ocean concerned, although it is present throughout the world.
*Noctiluca scintillans* is found in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. It is found abundantly close to the coast; it is a [neritic](/wiki/Neritic_fish "Neritic fish") species. It is also found abundantly near the mouths of rivers after heavy rainfall. They are mostly found during the warm seasons, although they can be found all year round.
Extreme conditions for the species are 2 to 31 °C and 17 to 45 psu ([practical salinity unit](/wiki/Salinity "Salinity")). However, each form has its own preferences and the temperature and salinity ranges are generally more restricted.
The red form is found over a wide temperature range: between 10 and 25 °C and in salty environments. It is very abundant in [eutrophic](/wiki/Eutrophication "Eutrophication") environments where diatoms dominate as this is its favourite food source. The green form is more restricted, with a temperature range of 25\-30 °C.
### Geographical distribution
*Noctiluca scintillans* ranges from tropical oceans to northern seas. It is a [cosmopolitan](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution "Cosmopolitan distribution") species, found in all seas of the world.
The green form of N. scintillans is mainly found in the tropical waters of Southeast Asia, the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal"), the [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea"), the [Gulf of Oman](/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman "Gulf of Oman"),{{Cite journal\|last1\=Harrison\|first1\=P. J.\|last2\=Furuya\|first2\=K.\|last3\=Glibert\|first3\=P. M.\|last4\=Xu\|first4\=J.\|last5\=Liu\|first5\=H. B.\|last6\=Yin\|first6\=K.\|last7\=Lee\|first7\=J. H. W.\|last8\=Anderson\|first8\=D. M.\|last9\=Gowen\|first9\=R.\|last10\=Al\-Azri\|first10\=A. R.\|last11\=Ho\|first11\=A. Y. T.\|date\=July 2011\|title\=Geographical distribution of red and green ''Noctiluca scintillans''\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1007/s00343\-011\-0510\-z\|journal\=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology\|volume\=29\|issue\=4\|pages\=807–831\|doi\=10\.1007/s00343\-011\-0510\-z\|bibcode\=2011ChJOL..29\..807H \|s2cid\=84873891 \|issn\=0254\-4059}} and the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea"). The red form is more widespread, and is found in the seas of [Central America](/wiki/Central_America "Central America"), [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), [the Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"), [East](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia"), [South](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") and [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), and the [Tasman Sea](/wiki/Tasman_Sea "Tasman Sea"). It is also found on the coasts of [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America") and in the seas of [West Africa](/wiki/West_Africa "West Africa").
The two forms overlap in the western, eastern and northern [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea") with a seasonal difference in abundance. The green form is found in cold waters, with winter convective mixing, while the red form is found in the warmer summer season.
|
[
"Distribution and habitat\n------------------------",
"### Favorable environment",
"The environment plays an important role in the proliferation of *Noctiluca scintillans*. The population varies according to sunlight, current, the presence of [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrient \"Nutrient\") (especially nitrate, ammonium and urea), water salinity, temperature and [trophic](/wiki/Trophic_level \"Trophic level\") stress. The amount encountered also varies according to the geography and the ocean concerned, although it is present throughout the world.",
"*Noctiluca scintillans* is found in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. It is found abundantly close to the coast; it is a [neritic](/wiki/Neritic_fish \"Neritic fish\") species. It is also found abundantly near the mouths of rivers after heavy rainfall. They are mostly found during the warm seasons, although they can be found all year round.",
"Extreme conditions for the species are 2 to 31 °C and 17 to 45 psu ([practical salinity unit](/wiki/Salinity \"Salinity\")). However, each form has its own preferences and the temperature and salinity ranges are generally more restricted.",
"The red form is found over a wide temperature range: between 10 and 25 °C and in salty environments. It is very abundant in [eutrophic](/wiki/Eutrophication \"Eutrophication\") environments where diatoms dominate as this is its favourite food source. The green form is more restricted, with a temperature range of 25\\-30 °C.",
"### Geographical distribution",
"*Noctiluca scintillans* ranges from tropical oceans to northern seas. It is a [cosmopolitan](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution \"Cosmopolitan distribution\") species, found in all seas of the world.",
"The green form of N. scintillans is mainly found in the tropical waters of Southeast Asia, the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\"), the [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea \"Arabian Sea\"), the [Gulf of Oman](/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman \"Gulf of Oman\"),{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Harrison\\|first1\\=P. J.\\|last2\\=Furuya\\|first2\\=K.\\|last3\\=Glibert\\|first3\\=P. M.\\|last4\\=Xu\\|first4\\=J.\\|last5\\=Liu\\|first5\\=H. B.\\|last6\\=Yin\\|first6\\=K.\\|last7\\=Lee\\|first7\\=J. H. W.\\|last8\\=Anderson\\|first8\\=D. M.\\|last9\\=Gowen\\|first9\\=R.\\|last10\\=Al\\-Azri\\|first10\\=A. R.\\|last11\\=Ho\\|first11\\=A. Y. T.\\|date\\=July 2011\\|title\\=Geographical distribution of red and green ''Noctiluca scintillans''\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1007/s00343\\-011\\-0510\\-z\\|journal\\=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=807–831\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00343\\-011\\-0510\\-z\\|bibcode\\=2011ChJOL..29\\..807H \\|s2cid\\=84873891 \\|issn\\=0254\\-4059}} and the [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea \"Red Sea\"). The red form is more widespread, and is found in the seas of [Central America](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\"), [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), [the Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"), [East](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"), [South](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\") and [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"), and the [Tasman Sea](/wiki/Tasman_Sea \"Tasman Sea\"). It is also found on the coasts of [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") and in the seas of [West Africa](/wiki/West_Africa \"West Africa\").",
"The two forms overlap in the western, eastern and northern [Arabian Sea](/wiki/Arabian_Sea \"Arabian Sea\") with a seasonal difference in abundance. The green form is found in cold waters, with winter convective mixing, while the red form is found in the warmer summer season.",
""
] |
Risks
-----
### Red tides
The proliferation of *N. scintillans* can be toxic, and has been linked to massive mortality of fish and marine invertebrates. However, this species does not produce toxins, which are often the cause of the harmful effect of these tides when they are caused by other organisms. It is actually because of the accumulation of [ammonium](/wiki/Ammonium "Ammonium") in excessive quantities and the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the direct ecosystem during its proliferation that *N. scintillans* is harmful to other species of fish and invertebrates that experience high mortality.
When the concentration of individuals exceeds one and a half million per litre, the water turns pink or orange, hence the name of the [red tide](/wiki/Red_tide "Red tide") phenomenon. In 1970, concentrations of 2,400,000 N. scintillans per litre were found.
This phenomenon is not always red. The colour depends on the [pigment](/wiki/Pigment "Pigment") in the vacuole of the organism and can be green. (there is a picture in the morphology section).
Other species can also cause red tides, such as species of dinobionts, which are single\-celled organisms with 2 flagella. It is necessary to check under the microscope whether the red tide is indeed caused by *Noctiluca scintillans* or not.
### Eutrophication
*Noctiluca scintillans* was first discovered in the Arabian Sea in the 2000s, according to a recent study, which was also the first time that the sea water was undersaturated with oxygen. Since then, winter dissolved [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") concentrations in the upper [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic "Euphotic") zone have remained low. It has been shown that the species grows best in an environment with abundant light (for the green genus) and with a lower dissolved oxygen concentration, this increases oxygen uptake in the species and further decreases oxygen levels. This allows the species to grow faster and thus creates waves of green *Noctiluca scintillans* blooms in the Arabian Sea every winter.{{Cite journal\|last1\=do Rosário Gomes\|first1\=Helga\|last2\=Goes\|first2\=Joaquim I.\|last3\=Matondkar\|first3\=S. G. P.\|last4\=Buskey\|first4\=Edward J.\|last5\=Basu\|first5\=Subhajit\|last6\=Parab\|first6\=Sushma\|last7\=Thoppil\|first7\=Prasad\|date\=2014\-09\-09\|title\=Massive outbreaks of ''Noctiluca scintillans'' blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia\|journal\=Nature Communications\|volume\=5\|issue\=1\|page\=4862 \|doi\=10\.1038/ncomms5862 \|pmid\=25203785 \|bibcode\=2014NatCo...5\.4862D \|doi\-access\=free}}
The eutrophication of the water is therefore not directly related to *Noctiluca scintillans*, but the fact that the dissolved oxygen concentration is already slightly low during the [monsoon](/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") period shows a more consistent development of the species which worsens the situation by increasing its oxygen uptake and decreasing the amount of available dissolved oxygen. This decrease in natural dissolved oxygen is actually caused by the presence of phytoplankton brought in by the [hypoxic waters](/wiki/Hypoxic_waters "Hypoxic waters") of the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean "Southern Ocean") during the monsoon period. To date, this is the only explanation for the arrival of the low oxygen waters.
Another interesting detail is that *Noctiluca scintillans* produces large amounts of [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus "Phosphorus") and [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen") in its excretions. The bloom of the species has often been linked to mass mortalities of marine invertebrates and fish but in reality it does not produce toxins, it accumulates lethal amounts of ammonium which is then excreted into the environment. It is during toxic red tides, that the red genus excretes these lethal amounts to the animals around it.
### Impact on coral reefs
[Coral reefs](/wiki/Coral_reef "Coral reef") have been in severe decline in recent decades. According to a study conducted in 2019 in the [Gulf of Mannar](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar "Gulf of Mannar") (South India), [hypoxic](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 "Hypoxia (environmental)") conditions caused by algal blooms are causing massive mortality of coral reefs.
In this study, it is shown that *Noctiluca scintillans* causes the death of these corals significantly by overgrowth, as their reproduction causes a decrease in dissolved oxygen of 2 mg/L. This causes lethal hypoxia for corals of the genus Acropora, Montipora and Pocillopora.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Raj\|first1\=K. Diraviya\|last2\=Mathews\|first2\=G.\|last3\=Obura\|first3\=David O.\|last4\=Laju\|first4\=R. L.\|last5\=Bharath\|first5\=M. Selva\|last6\=Kumar\|first6\=P. Dinesh\|last7\=Arasamuthu\|first7\=A.\|last8\=Kumar\|first8\=T. K. Ashok\|last9\=Edward\|first9\=J. K. Patterson\|date\=December 2020\|title\=Low oxygen levels caused by ''Noctiluca scintillans'' bloom kills corals in Gulf of Mannar, India\|journal\=Scientific Reports\|language\=en\|volume\=10\|issue\=1\|pages\=22133\|doi\=10\.1038/s41598\-020\-79152\-x\|pmid\=33335160 \|pmc\=7746711 \|bibcode\=2020NatSR..1022133R \|doi\-access\=free}}
There is still a lot of work to be done to find ways to remedy this problem, especially to understand the precise mechanisms of the interaction. Corals are home to 25% of the Earth's marine life. So there is a lot at stake in understanding this.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Steinmetz\|first1\=Robert\|last2\=Srirattanaporn\|first2\=Surasak\|last3\=Mor\-Tip\|first3\=Jirati\|last4\=Seuaturien\|first4\=Naret\|date\=2014\-10\-21\|title\=Can community outreach alleviate poaching pressure and recover wildlife in South\-East Asian protected areas?\|journal\=Journal of Applied Ecology\|volume\=51\|issue\=6\|pages\=1469–1478\|doi\=10\.1111/1365\-2664\.12239\|issn\=0021\-8901\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Better source needed\|date\=October 2021\|reason\=existing source doesn't talk about coral reefs}}
|
[
"Risks\n-----",
"### Red tides",
"The proliferation of *N. scintillans* can be toxic, and has been linked to massive mortality of fish and marine invertebrates. However, this species does not produce toxins, which are often the cause of the harmful effect of these tides when they are caused by other organisms. It is actually because of the accumulation of [ammonium](/wiki/Ammonium \"Ammonium\") in excessive quantities and the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the direct ecosystem during its proliferation that *N. scintillans* is harmful to other species of fish and invertebrates that experience high mortality.",
"When the concentration of individuals exceeds one and a half million per litre, the water turns pink or orange, hence the name of the [red tide](/wiki/Red_tide \"Red tide\") phenomenon. In 1970, concentrations of 2,400,000 N. scintillans per litre were found.",
"This phenomenon is not always red. The colour depends on the [pigment](/wiki/Pigment \"Pigment\") in the vacuole of the organism and can be green. (there is a picture in the morphology section).",
"Other species can also cause red tides, such as species of dinobionts, which are single\\-celled organisms with 2 flagella. It is necessary to check under the microscope whether the red tide is indeed caused by *Noctiluca scintillans* or not.",
"### Eutrophication",
"*Noctiluca scintillans* was first discovered in the Arabian Sea in the 2000s, according to a recent study, which was also the first time that the sea water was undersaturated with oxygen. Since then, winter dissolved [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\") concentrations in the upper [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic \"Euphotic\") zone have remained low. It has been shown that the species grows best in an environment with abundant light (for the green genus) and with a lower dissolved oxygen concentration, this increases oxygen uptake in the species and further decreases oxygen levels. This allows the species to grow faster and thus creates waves of green *Noctiluca scintillans* blooms in the Arabian Sea every winter.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=do Rosário Gomes\\|first1\\=Helga\\|last2\\=Goes\\|first2\\=Joaquim I.\\|last3\\=Matondkar\\|first3\\=S. G. P.\\|last4\\=Buskey\\|first4\\=Edward J.\\|last5\\=Basu\\|first5\\=Subhajit\\|last6\\=Parab\\|first6\\=Sushma\\|last7\\=Thoppil\\|first7\\=Prasad\\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-09\\|title\\=Massive outbreaks of ''Noctiluca scintillans'' blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia\\|journal\\=Nature Communications\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=4862 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ncomms5862 \\|pmid\\=25203785 \\|bibcode\\=2014NatCo...5\\.4862D \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"The eutrophication of the water is therefore not directly related to *Noctiluca scintillans*, but the fact that the dissolved oxygen concentration is already slightly low during the [monsoon](/wiki/Monsoon \"Monsoon\") period shows a more consistent development of the species which worsens the situation by increasing its oxygen uptake and decreasing the amount of available dissolved oxygen. This decrease in natural dissolved oxygen is actually caused by the presence of phytoplankton brought in by the [hypoxic waters](/wiki/Hypoxic_waters \"Hypoxic waters\") of the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\") during the monsoon period. To date, this is the only explanation for the arrival of the low oxygen waters.",
"Another interesting detail is that *Noctiluca scintillans* produces large amounts of [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus \"Phosphorus\") and [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\") in its excretions. The bloom of the species has often been linked to mass mortalities of marine invertebrates and fish but in reality it does not produce toxins, it accumulates lethal amounts of ammonium which is then excreted into the environment. It is during toxic red tides, that the red genus excretes these lethal amounts to the animals around it.",
"### Impact on coral reefs",
"[Coral reefs](/wiki/Coral_reef \"Coral reef\") have been in severe decline in recent decades. According to a study conducted in 2019 in the [Gulf of Mannar](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar \"Gulf of Mannar\") (South India), [hypoxic](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 \"Hypoxia (environmental)\") conditions caused by algal blooms are causing massive mortality of coral reefs.",
"In this study, it is shown that *Noctiluca scintillans* causes the death of these corals significantly by overgrowth, as their reproduction causes a decrease in dissolved oxygen of 2 mg/L. This causes lethal hypoxia for corals of the genus Acropora, Montipora and Pocillopora.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Raj\\|first1\\=K. Diraviya\\|last2\\=Mathews\\|first2\\=G.\\|last3\\=Obura\\|first3\\=David O.\\|last4\\=Laju\\|first4\\=R. L.\\|last5\\=Bharath\\|first5\\=M. Selva\\|last6\\=Kumar\\|first6\\=P. Dinesh\\|last7\\=Arasamuthu\\|first7\\=A.\\|last8\\=Kumar\\|first8\\=T. K. Ashok\\|last9\\=Edward\\|first9\\=J. K. Patterson\\|date\\=December 2020\\|title\\=Low oxygen levels caused by ''Noctiluca scintillans'' bloom kills corals in Gulf of Mannar, India\\|journal\\=Scientific Reports\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=10\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=22133\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41598\\-020\\-79152\\-x\\|pmid\\=33335160 \\|pmc\\=7746711 \\|bibcode\\=2020NatSR..1022133R \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"There is still a lot of work to be done to find ways to remedy this problem, especially to understand the precise mechanisms of the interaction. Corals are home to 25% of the Earth's marine life. So there is a lot at stake in understanding this.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Steinmetz\\|first1\\=Robert\\|last2\\=Srirattanaporn\\|first2\\=Surasak\\|last3\\=Mor\\-Tip\\|first3\\=Jirati\\|last4\\=Seuaturien\\|first4\\=Naret\\|date\\=2014\\-10\\-21\\|title\\=Can community outreach alleviate poaching pressure and recover wildlife in South\\-East Asian protected areas?\\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Ecology\\|volume\\=51\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=1469–1478\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1365\\-2664\\.12239\\|issn\\=0021\\-8901\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Better source needed\\|date\\=October 2021\\|reason\\=existing source doesn't talk about coral reefs}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Pre Roman Age
A settlement of the 1st millennium BC and some buildings of ancient [Italic tribes](/wiki/Italic_tribes "Italic tribes") were the object of archaeological excavations. The most ancient historical remains were found in the outskirts of the city, precisely in the neighborhood Madonna delle grazie, where, among many, a burial place with a dagger and a halberd were found. Allegedly, the development of the old settlement was due to the commercial center founded by the [Etruscan](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization "Etruscan civilization") civilization.
According to the Roman author [Sextus Julius Frontinus](/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus "Sextus Julius Frontinus"), the ancient Perut or Pretut (meaning "Hill surrounded by waters") strongly developed in dimensions and importance until it became the capital of the [Praetutii](/wiki/Praetutii "Praetutii") tribe.
### Roman age
[thumb\|Roman Amphitheatre](/wiki/File:AnfiteatroTeramo.jpg "AnfiteatroTeramo.jpg")
[thumb\|Roman theatre](/wiki/File:Teatro_romano_di_Teramo018.jpg "Teatro romano di Teramo018.jpg")
In the [battle of Sentinum](/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum "Battle of Sentinum") (295 BC), the [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") defied the Italian confederation (Sabellians, Etrusci, Umbri and their allies the [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls "Gauls")), starting the [Samnite Wars](/wiki/Samnite_Wars "Samnite Wars"). In 290 BC, the Sabine area, along with the [Praetutii](/wiki/Praetutii "Praetutii")’s region was occupied by the legions sent by the consul [Manius Curius Dentatus](/wiki/Manius_Curius_Dentatus "Manius Curius Dentatus"). The city took the Latin name of **Interamnia Praetuttiorum** or **Interamnia Praetutia** ("City of the Praetutii between two rivers"). During the reign of [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus") Interamnia is included in the Picenum district. The area of the current province was divided from south to north into the Ager Hatrianus, Ager Praetutianus and Ager Palmense.
After the [Second Social War](/wiki/Social_War_%28220%E2%80%93217_BC%29 "Social War (220–217 BC)"), Interamnia became a municipium. The city lost the status of Municipium because of the participation of [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla "Lucius Cornelius Sulla") in the [Social war](/wiki/Social_War_%2891%E2%80%9388_BC%29 "Social War (91–88 BC)") (91–88 BC), but the city will subsequently regain it for expressed will of [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar").
During the Roman age, thanks to its nearness to the capital of the empire, the city lived a prosperous and favorable moment as proven by the numerous mosaics, theater, thermal baths and the amphitheater remains. As historians like [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy "Ptolemy"), [Livy](/wiki/Livy "Livy") and [Pliny](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder "Pliny the Elder") remember, the city reached its best period under the emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"), with the constructions of the temples dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 "Mars (mythology)") and [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo").
### Middle Ages
Little is known about Teramo in the early Middle Ages, after first destruction of the city in the year 410 by the [Visigoths](/wiki/Visigoths "Visigoths") under [Alaric I](/wiki/Alaric_I "Alaric I"). The [Ostrogoths](/wiki/Ostrogoths "Ostrogoths") ruled Interamnia 552–554 AD. Right after the [Gothic War (6th century)](/wiki/Gothic_War_%286th_century%29 "Gothic War (6th century)"), the city became a [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine "Byzantine") possession. Teramo was included in the [Marchia Firmana](/wiki/Marchia_Firmana "Marchia Firmana"), part of the [Exarchate of Ravenna](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna "Exarchate of Ravenna"). Later it was a [Lombard](/wiki/Lombards "Lombards") fief and part of the [Duchy of Spoleto](/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto "Duchy of Spoleto").
In 1129, the city was conquered by the [Normans](/wiki/Italo-Normans "Italo-Normans"), as part of the [County of Apulia](/wiki/County_of_Apulia "County of Apulia"). In 1140, it became a possession of [Roger II of Sicily](/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily "Roger II of Sicily"), the first [King of Sicily](/wiki/King_of_Sicily "King of Sicily"). During the strife following Roger's coronation, Teramo was destroyed by a Norman force under [Robert II of Loritello](/wiki/Robert_II_of_Loritello "Robert II of Loritello"). Only the tower of Piazza Sant’Anna was saved from this sack; from this moment on it will be called Torre Bruciata (burnt tower). In 1268, the domination of the [House of Hohenstaufen](/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen "House of Hohenstaufen"), who had inherited Sicily from Roger II's line, ended; they were replaced by the [House of Anjou](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou "Capetian House of Anjou").
The ecclesiastical authority of the Aprutina Diocese, led by the bishops Rainaldo Acquaviva, Niccolò degli Arcioni (1317\), Stefano da Teramo (1335\) and Pietro di Valle (1366\) boosted the city's economy, as witnessed by the construction of castles, churches, cloisters and palaces along with the great privileges granted by the sovereigns. Within the following two centuries Teramo became part of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples").
### Renaissance and modern era
The 15th century saw the struggles between the most important families of the city (De Valle and Melatino). The exemplary hanging of 13 followers of Melatino's family is still remembered in a stone shield in the very center of the city. The monument represents two heads with their tongues out under the writing “A lo parlare agi mesura” (mind what you say).
During the first years of the century, the tyrant Antonello de Valle was assassinated; his castle, located in what is now [Garibaldi](/wiki/Garibaldi "Garibaldi") Square, was demolished. The legend says that the belligerence between the families ended thanks to the women of the city who proclaimed a strike of affection. Despite the internal struggles, the city lived a very developed cultural period in the century. Artists like Jacobello del Fiore and [Nicola da Guardiagrele](/wiki/Nicola_da_Guardiagrele "Nicola da Guardiagrele") were called to work in the city, which had commercial relationship with [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice").
After the death of [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor"), [Charles II of Spain](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain "Charles II of Spain") sold Teramo to the Duke of [Atri](/wiki/Atri%2C_Italy "Atri, Italy") for 40,000 ducats. The people of Teramo rebelled, but with no result. In 1626 Teramo was struck by an earthquake, followed four years later by the plague. From 1707, after of the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession "War of the Spanish Succession"), the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") rules the whole [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") for 27 years. During the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") Teramo is an active centre of intellectual life, especially with [Melchiorre Delfico](/wiki/Melchiorre_Delfico_%28caricaturist%29 "Melchiorre Delfico (caricaturist)"), a notable poet, composer and Italian philosopher. In 1798 French troops entered Teramo, and though they were initially repulsed by the citizens, they returned a few days later, sacking the whole city.
In 1806, [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon") defeated the troops of [Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies"), and Teramo became a French possession until 1815, when it reverted to the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"). King [Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies") visited the city in 1832, 1844 and 1847\. In 1890, the Observatory of Collurania was founded.
### Contemporary age
In 1925,the first Italian Psychoanalytic Society was founded in Teramo.
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), on 25 June 1943, German troops arrived in Teramo and proceeded to Bosco Martese where they fought against the men of the [Resistance](/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II "Resistance during World War II") movement. The episode is remembered as the "Battle of Bosco Martese".
In 1972, the first edition of [Interamnia World Cup](/wiki/Interamnia_World_Cup "Interamnia World Cup") was held.
The [University of Teramo](/wiki/University_of_Teramo "University of Teramo") was founded in the city in 1993\.
[thumb\|250px\|Remains of the amphitheatre, with the cathedral in the background.](/wiki/File:Anfiteatro_di_Teramo_%2B_Duomo.jpg "Anfiteatro di Teramo + Duomo.jpg")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Pre Roman Age",
"A settlement of the 1st millennium BC and some buildings of ancient [Italic tribes](/wiki/Italic_tribes \"Italic tribes\") were the object of archaeological excavations. The most ancient historical remains were found in the outskirts of the city, precisely in the neighborhood Madonna delle grazie, where, among many, a burial place with a dagger and a halberd were found. Allegedly, the development of the old settlement was due to the commercial center founded by the [Etruscan](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization \"Etruscan civilization\") civilization.",
"According to the Roman author [Sextus Julius Frontinus](/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus \"Sextus Julius Frontinus\"), the ancient Perut or Pretut (meaning \"Hill surrounded by waters\") strongly developed in dimensions and importance until it became the capital of the [Praetutii](/wiki/Praetutii \"Praetutii\") tribe.",
"### Roman age",
"[thumb\\|Roman Amphitheatre](/wiki/File:AnfiteatroTeramo.jpg \"AnfiteatroTeramo.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Roman theatre](/wiki/File:Teatro_romano_di_Teramo018.jpg \"Teatro romano di Teramo018.jpg\")",
"In the [battle of Sentinum](/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum \"Battle of Sentinum\") (295 BC), the [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") defied the Italian confederation (Sabellians, Etrusci, Umbri and their allies the [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls \"Gauls\")), starting the [Samnite Wars](/wiki/Samnite_Wars \"Samnite Wars\"). In 290 BC, the Sabine area, along with the [Praetutii](/wiki/Praetutii \"Praetutii\")’s region was occupied by the legions sent by the consul [Manius Curius Dentatus](/wiki/Manius_Curius_Dentatus \"Manius Curius Dentatus\"). The city took the Latin name of **Interamnia Praetuttiorum** or **Interamnia Praetutia** (\"City of the Praetutii between two rivers\"). During the reign of [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\") Interamnia is included in the Picenum district. The area of the current province was divided from south to north into the Ager Hatrianus, Ager Praetutianus and Ager Palmense.",
"After the [Second Social War](/wiki/Social_War_%28220%E2%80%93217_BC%29 \"Social War (220–217 BC)\"), Interamnia became a municipium. The city lost the status of Municipium because of the participation of [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla \"Lucius Cornelius Sulla\") in the [Social war](/wiki/Social_War_%2891%E2%80%9388_BC%29 \"Social War (91–88 BC)\") (91–88 BC), but the city will subsequently regain it for expressed will of [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\").",
"During the Roman age, thanks to its nearness to the capital of the empire, the city lived a prosperous and favorable moment as proven by the numerous mosaics, theater, thermal baths and the amphitheater remains. As historians like [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy \"Ptolemy\"), [Livy](/wiki/Livy \"Livy\") and [Pliny](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder \"Pliny the Elder\") remember, the city reached its best period under the emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"), with the constructions of the temples dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 \"Mars (mythology)\") and [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\").",
"### Middle Ages",
"Little is known about Teramo in the early Middle Ages, after first destruction of the city in the year 410 by the [Visigoths](/wiki/Visigoths \"Visigoths\") under [Alaric I](/wiki/Alaric_I \"Alaric I\"). The [Ostrogoths](/wiki/Ostrogoths \"Ostrogoths\") ruled Interamnia 552–554 AD. Right after the [Gothic War (6th century)](/wiki/Gothic_War_%286th_century%29 \"Gothic War (6th century)\"), the city became a [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine \"Byzantine\") possession. Teramo was included in the [Marchia Firmana](/wiki/Marchia_Firmana \"Marchia Firmana\"), part of the [Exarchate of Ravenna](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna \"Exarchate of Ravenna\"). Later it was a [Lombard](/wiki/Lombards \"Lombards\") fief and part of the [Duchy of Spoleto](/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto \"Duchy of Spoleto\").",
"In 1129, the city was conquered by the [Normans](/wiki/Italo-Normans \"Italo-Normans\"), as part of the [County of Apulia](/wiki/County_of_Apulia \"County of Apulia\"). In 1140, it became a possession of [Roger II of Sicily](/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily \"Roger II of Sicily\"), the first [King of Sicily](/wiki/King_of_Sicily \"King of Sicily\"). During the strife following Roger's coronation, Teramo was destroyed by a Norman force under [Robert II of Loritello](/wiki/Robert_II_of_Loritello \"Robert II of Loritello\"). Only the tower of Piazza Sant’Anna was saved from this sack; from this moment on it will be called Torre Bruciata (burnt tower). In 1268, the domination of the [House of Hohenstaufen](/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen \"House of Hohenstaufen\"), who had inherited Sicily from Roger II's line, ended; they were replaced by the [House of Anjou](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou \"Capetian House of Anjou\").",
"The ecclesiastical authority of the Aprutina Diocese, led by the bishops Rainaldo Acquaviva, Niccolò degli Arcioni (1317\\), Stefano da Teramo (1335\\) and Pietro di Valle (1366\\) boosted the city's economy, as witnessed by the construction of castles, churches, cloisters and palaces along with the great privileges granted by the sovereigns. Within the following two centuries Teramo became part of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\").",
"### Renaissance and modern era",
"The 15th century saw the struggles between the most important families of the city (De Valle and Melatino). The exemplary hanging of 13 followers of Melatino's family is still remembered in a stone shield in the very center of the city. The monument represents two heads with their tongues out under the writing “A lo parlare agi mesura” (mind what you say).",
"During the first years of the century, the tyrant Antonello de Valle was assassinated; his castle, located in what is now [Garibaldi](/wiki/Garibaldi \"Garibaldi\") Square, was demolished. The legend says that the belligerence between the families ended thanks to the women of the city who proclaimed a strike of affection. Despite the internal struggles, the city lived a very developed cultural period in the century. Artists like Jacobello del Fiore and [Nicola da Guardiagrele](/wiki/Nicola_da_Guardiagrele \"Nicola da Guardiagrele\") were called to work in the city, which had commercial relationship with [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\").",
"After the death of [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor\"), [Charles II of Spain](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain \"Charles II of Spain\") sold Teramo to the Duke of [Atri](/wiki/Atri%2C_Italy \"Atri, Italy\") for 40,000 ducats. The people of Teramo rebelled, but with no result. In 1626 Teramo was struck by an earthquake, followed four years later by the plague. From 1707, after of the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession \"War of the Spanish Succession\"), the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") rules the whole [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") for 27 years. During the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") Teramo is an active centre of intellectual life, especially with [Melchiorre Delfico](/wiki/Melchiorre_Delfico_%28caricaturist%29 \"Melchiorre Delfico (caricaturist)\"), a notable poet, composer and Italian philosopher. In 1798 French troops entered Teramo, and though they were initially repulsed by the citizens, they returned a few days later, sacking the whole city.",
"In 1806, [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\") defeated the troops of [Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\"), and Teramo became a French possession until 1815, when it reverted to the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"). King [Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies\") visited the city in 1832, 1844 and 1847\\. In 1890, the Observatory of Collurania was founded.",
"### Contemporary age",
"In 1925,the first Italian Psychoanalytic Society was founded in Teramo.",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), on 25 June 1943, German troops arrived in Teramo and proceeded to Bosco Martese where they fought against the men of the [Resistance](/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II \"Resistance during World War II\") movement. The episode is remembered as the \"Battle of Bosco Martese\".",
"In 1972, the first edition of [Interamnia World Cup](/wiki/Interamnia_World_Cup \"Interamnia World Cup\") was held.",
"The [University of Teramo](/wiki/University_of_Teramo \"University of Teramo\") was founded in the city in 1993\\.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Remains of the amphitheatre, with the cathedral in the background.](/wiki/File:Anfiteatro_di_Teramo_%2B_Duomo.jpg \"Anfiteatro di Teramo + Duomo.jpg\")",
""
] |
History
-------
Westfield Carousel Shopping Centre was built in 1972 and originally contained 80 shops, a hotel, three takeaway food shops, a [KFC](/wiki/KFC "KFC") (Kentucky Fried Chicken), a [Coles](/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets "Coles Supermarkets") supermarket, a [Boans](/wiki/Boans "Boans") (later acquired by [Myer](/wiki/Myer "Myer")), Aherns (later acquired by [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_Limited "David Jones Limited")) and Walsh's department stores. In 1973, a freestanding [Target](/wiki/Target_Australia "Target Australia") store opened. In 1979, an extension included connection of the existing centre to the Target, Coles and new speciality stores.
The original centre incorporated the site of [Boans](/wiki/Boans "Boans") [Waverley](/wiki/Cannington%2C_Western_Australia%23Waverley "Cannington, Western Australia#Waverley"), the first suburban Boans branch, which opened in 1959\. It also later incorporated the Waverley Hotel, which stood on the corner of Albany Highway and Cecil Road (now Cecil Avenue). It was purchased by the [Westfield Group](/wiki/Westfield_Group "Westfield Group") in 1996\.[Premier opens $355 million Westfield Carousel](http://www.westfieldcorp.com/news_announcements/premier-opens-355-million-westfield-carousel/) Westfield Group
### 1987 to 1990
In the late 1980s, Boans was taken over by Myer, becoming the chain's third department store in Western Australia. The Aherns store was also replaced with Myer in the 1980s. With two Myer locations in the shopping centre, one was used for fashion (the former Boans near Albany Hwy) and one for homeware and furniture (the former Aherns). Reconfiguration of tenancies occurred in 1987, and Walsh's was replaced by Treasureway.
In 1990, [Hoyts](/wiki/Hoyts "Hoyts") 8 Cinema was opened as a freestanding building near Carousel Road. This was one of the first suburban cinemas in Perth.
### 1998 to 1999
In 1998, a $200 million redevelopment and expansion began to double the size of the complex, which made it Western Australia's biggest shopping centre. This development included a [Kmart](/wiki/Kmart_Australia "Kmart Australia"), [Coles Supermarket](/wiki/Coles_Supermarket "Coles Supermarket"), [Rebel Sport](/wiki/Rebel_%28company%29 "Rebel (company)"), [Lincraft](/wiki/Lincraft "Lincraft"), [Harris Scarfe](/wiki/Harris_Scarfe "Harris Scarfe"), [Red Dot Stores](/wiki/Red_Dot_Stores "Red Dot Stores"), relocated [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets "Woolworths Supermarkets"), consolidated Myer store, new Hoyts Cinema and the Al Fresco dining area with four dining retailers, a new food court and over 100 new retailers. Some mini\-major stores were added to the older parts of the complex, such as Red Dot Stores and [Best \& Less](/wiki/Best_%26_Less "Best & Less"). The complete centre underwent refurbishment throughout 1999\.
### 2000s
[thumb\|Entrance to Westfield Carousel in 2005](/wiki/File:Westfield_Carousel_entrance.jpg "Westfield Carousel entrance.jpg")
Further minor redevelopment occurred in the 2000s. Harris Scarfe closed in 2001 and was replaced with a larger Red Dot, Chain Reaction, Retravision and [Drummond Golf](/wiki/Drummond_Golf "Drummond Golf"). This portion of the centre was further reconfigured in 2008, following the departure of Lincraft, Red Dot and Chain Reaction. The minor redevelopment included a new mall with [JB Hi\-Fi](/wiki/JB_Hi-Fi "JB Hi-Fi"), [Kathmandu](/wiki/Kathmandu_%28company%29 "Kathmandu (company)"), [The Reject Shop](/wiki/The_Reject_Shop "The Reject Shop"), Good Life Health Clubs and a number of banks and restaurants.
### 2010s
[thumb\|Main atrium of Westfield Carousel, near Hoyts Cinemas and Coles](/wiki/File:Westfield_Carousel%2C_September_2018_01.jpg "Westfield Carousel, September 2018 01.jpg")
In 2015, Rebel was refurbished. Later that year, an iPlay arcade opened next to the cinema. In June 2016, Red Dot Stores opened near Best \& Less. The food court, amenities and car park were also upgraded and opened late 2016\.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}}
In early 2017, construction commenced on a $350 million redevelopment of Westfield Carousel. The introduction of [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_Limited "David Jones Limited") was planned to anchor a new fashion mall home to more than 60 new stores, a multi\-deck carpark, an open\-air lifestyle and leisure precinct, a fully refurbished 14\-screen Hoyts cinema and 12 new restaurants.{{cite news\|last1\=van Straalen\|first1\=Pia\|title\=$350m redevelopment of Westfield Carousel begins\|url\=http://www.communitynews.com.au/canning\-times/news/350m\-redevelopment\-of\-westfield\-carousel\-begins/\|access\-date\=11 June 2017\|work\=Canning Times\|date\=28 February 2017}} Upon completion, Westfield Carousel became the largest shopping centre in Western Australia. The redevelopment was officially opened on 30 August 2018\.
### 2020s
From 6 October 2023, Westfield Carousel began large scale Friday night trading, becoming the first suburban shopping centre in Perth to do so.{{Cite web \|last\=Becerra Mellet \|first\=Gabrielle \|date\=2023\-09\-27 \|title\=Busy shopping centre EXTENDS hours, opens exciting store \|url\=https://www.perthnow.com.au/local\-news/perthnow\-canning/shoppers\-set\-to\-enjoy\-extended\-trading\-hours\-and\-sephora\-opening\-at\-westfield\-carousel\-\-c\-11962174 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-28 \|website\=PerthNow \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Westfield Carousel Shopping Centre was built in 1972 and originally contained 80 shops, a hotel, three takeaway food shops, a [KFC](/wiki/KFC \"KFC\") (Kentucky Fried Chicken), a [Coles](/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets \"Coles Supermarkets\") supermarket, a [Boans](/wiki/Boans \"Boans\") (later acquired by [Myer](/wiki/Myer \"Myer\")), Aherns (later acquired by [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_Limited \"David Jones Limited\")) and Walsh's department stores. In 1973, a freestanding [Target](/wiki/Target_Australia \"Target Australia\") store opened. In 1979, an extension included connection of the existing centre to the Target, Coles and new speciality stores.",
"The original centre incorporated the site of [Boans](/wiki/Boans \"Boans\") [Waverley](/wiki/Cannington%2C_Western_Australia%23Waverley \"Cannington, Western Australia#Waverley\"), the first suburban Boans branch, which opened in 1959\\. It also later incorporated the Waverley Hotel, which stood on the corner of Albany Highway and Cecil Road (now Cecil Avenue). It was purchased by the [Westfield Group](/wiki/Westfield_Group \"Westfield Group\") in 1996\\.[Premier opens $355 million Westfield Carousel](http://www.westfieldcorp.com/news_announcements/premier-opens-355-million-westfield-carousel/) Westfield Group",
"### 1987 to 1990",
"In the late 1980s, Boans was taken over by Myer, becoming the chain's third department store in Western Australia. The Aherns store was also replaced with Myer in the 1980s. With two Myer locations in the shopping centre, one was used for fashion (the former Boans near Albany Hwy) and one for homeware and furniture (the former Aherns). Reconfiguration of tenancies occurred in 1987, and Walsh's was replaced by Treasureway.",
"In 1990, [Hoyts](/wiki/Hoyts \"Hoyts\") 8 Cinema was opened as a freestanding building near Carousel Road. This was one of the first suburban cinemas in Perth.",
"### 1998 to 1999",
"In 1998, a $200 million redevelopment and expansion began to double the size of the complex, which made it Western Australia's biggest shopping centre. This development included a [Kmart](/wiki/Kmart_Australia \"Kmart Australia\"), [Coles Supermarket](/wiki/Coles_Supermarket \"Coles Supermarket\"), [Rebel Sport](/wiki/Rebel_%28company%29 \"Rebel (company)\"), [Lincraft](/wiki/Lincraft \"Lincraft\"), [Harris Scarfe](/wiki/Harris_Scarfe \"Harris Scarfe\"), [Red Dot Stores](/wiki/Red_Dot_Stores \"Red Dot Stores\"), relocated [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets \"Woolworths Supermarkets\"), consolidated Myer store, new Hoyts Cinema and the Al Fresco dining area with four dining retailers, a new food court and over 100 new retailers. Some mini\\-major stores were added to the older parts of the complex, such as Red Dot Stores and [Best \\& Less](/wiki/Best_%26_Less \"Best & Less\"). The complete centre underwent refurbishment throughout 1999\\.",
"### 2000s",
"[thumb\\|Entrance to Westfield Carousel in 2005](/wiki/File:Westfield_Carousel_entrance.jpg \"Westfield Carousel entrance.jpg\")\nFurther minor redevelopment occurred in the 2000s. Harris Scarfe closed in 2001 and was replaced with a larger Red Dot, Chain Reaction, Retravision and [Drummond Golf](/wiki/Drummond_Golf \"Drummond Golf\"). This portion of the centre was further reconfigured in 2008, following the departure of Lincraft, Red Dot and Chain Reaction. The minor redevelopment included a new mall with [JB Hi\\-Fi](/wiki/JB_Hi-Fi \"JB Hi-Fi\"), [Kathmandu](/wiki/Kathmandu_%28company%29 \"Kathmandu (company)\"), [The Reject Shop](/wiki/The_Reject_Shop \"The Reject Shop\"), Good Life Health Clubs and a number of banks and restaurants.",
"### 2010s",
"[thumb\\|Main atrium of Westfield Carousel, near Hoyts Cinemas and Coles](/wiki/File:Westfield_Carousel%2C_September_2018_01.jpg \"Westfield Carousel, September 2018 01.jpg\")\nIn 2015, Rebel was refurbished. Later that year, an iPlay arcade opened next to the cinema. In June 2016, Red Dot Stores opened near Best \\& Less. The food court, amenities and car park were also upgraded and opened late 2016\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}}",
"In early 2017, construction commenced on a $350 million redevelopment of Westfield Carousel. The introduction of [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_Limited \"David Jones Limited\") was planned to anchor a new fashion mall home to more than 60 new stores, a multi\\-deck carpark, an open\\-air lifestyle and leisure precinct, a fully refurbished 14\\-screen Hoyts cinema and 12 new restaurants.{{cite news\\|last1\\=van Straalen\\|first1\\=Pia\\|title\\=$350m redevelopment of Westfield Carousel begins\\|url\\=http://www.communitynews.com.au/canning\\-times/news/350m\\-redevelopment\\-of\\-westfield\\-carousel\\-begins/\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2017\\|work\\=Canning Times\\|date\\=28 February 2017}} Upon completion, Westfield Carousel became the largest shopping centre in Western Australia. The redevelopment was officially opened on 30 August 2018\\.",
"### 2020s",
"From 6 October 2023, Westfield Carousel began large scale Friday night trading, becoming the first suburban shopping centre in Perth to do so.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Becerra Mellet \\|first\\=Gabrielle \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Busy shopping centre EXTENDS hours, opens exciting store \\|url\\=https://www.perthnow.com.au/local\\-news/perthnow\\-canning/shoppers\\-set\\-to\\-enjoy\\-extended\\-trading\\-hours\\-and\\-sephora\\-opening\\-at\\-westfield\\-carousel\\-\\-c\\-11962174 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-28 \\|website\\=PerthNow \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Chavez started his career in the [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"). He co\-founded Quorum Software Systems in 1989{{cite web\|title\=Management Committee: R. Martin Chavez\|url\=http://www.goldmansachs.com/who\-we\-are/leadership/management\-committee/r\-martin\-chavez.html\|website\=Goldman Sachs\|access\-date\=April 21, 2017}} and served as its [chief technology officer](/wiki/Chief_technology_officer "Chief technology officer") from 1989 to 1993\.
Chavez joined the J. Aron Currency and Commodities Division of [Goldman Sachs](/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") in 1993, where he was senior energy strat (strategist, or “strat” in Goldman lingo) until 1997\. He then joined [Credit Suisse Financial Products](/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse"), where he was the Global Head of Energy Derivatives from 1997 to 2000\. He co\-founded Kiodex in 2000, and he served as its chief executive officer and chairman until 2004\.
Chavez re\-joined Goldman Sachs in 2005 as managing director in IBD Strats. He was later promoted to Global Co\-Head of Securities Division Strats, followed by Global Co\-Chief Operating Officer of the Equities Franchise.
He served as its [chief information officer](/wiki/Chief_information_officer "Chief information officer") from 2014 to 2017, when he was succeeded by [Elisha Wiesel](/wiki/Elisha_Wiesel "Elisha Wiesel").{{cite web\|title\=Goldman Sachs Group Inc (GS:New York): R. Martin Chavez\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\=253618540\&privcapId\=398625\|website\=Bloomberg\|access\-date\=April 21, 2017}} He served as its deputy chief financial officer until May 2017, when he succeeded [Harvey Schwartz](/wiki/Harvey_Schwartz "Harvey Schwartz") as its [chief financial officer](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman\-cfo\-marty\-chavez\-leaves\-role\-2018\-9\|title\='It didn't seem like it was his forte': Goldman Sachs CFO Marty Chavez is shifting roles after an unconvincing 18\-month tenure\|website\=\[\[Business Insider]]}}{{cite news\|last1\=Norton\|first1\=Steven\|last2\=Teitelbaum\|first2\=Richard\|title\=Goldman Sachs CFO Pick Highlights Rise of Tech\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/cfo/2016/12/14/goldman\-sachs\-cfo\-pick\-highlights\-rise\-of\-tech/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2017\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|date\=December 14, 2016}} He was a member of Goldman Sachs' Hispanic/Latino Network and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Network. Chavez was among the most senior Latinos on Wall Street, as well as the most senior openly gay executive at Goldman Sachs.
In September 2019, Chavez announced his retirement from Goldman Sachs.{{Cite news\|last\=Kelly\|first\=Kate\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/business/goldman\-sachs\-martin\-chavez.html\|title\=R. Martin Chavez, Senior Goldman Sachs Executive, Will Retire\|date\=2019\-09\-03\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-16\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/03/goldmans\-marty\-chavez\-who\-helped\-transform\-the\-investment\-bank\-is\-leaving\-source.html\|title\=Goldman's Marty Chavez, who helped transform the investment bank, is leaving\|last\=Son\|first\=Hugh\|date\=2019\-09\-03\|website\=CNBC\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-16}}
In May 2021, Chavez announced joining [Sixth Street Partners](/wiki/Sixth_Street_Partners "Sixth Street Partners"), a global investment firm, as vice chairman and partner.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sixthstreet.com/sixth\-street\-welcomes\-marty\-chavez/\|title \= Welcome to Sixth Street\|date \= 3 May 2021}}
In July 2022, [Alphabet Inc.](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") appointed Chavez to its board of directors.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Chavez started his career in the [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\"). He co\\-founded Quorum Software Systems in 1989{{cite web\\|title\\=Management Committee: R. Martin Chavez\\|url\\=http://www.goldmansachs.com/who\\-we\\-are/leadership/management\\-committee/r\\-martin\\-chavez.html\\|website\\=Goldman Sachs\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2017}} and served as its [chief technology officer](/wiki/Chief_technology_officer \"Chief technology officer\") from 1989 to 1993\\.",
"Chavez joined the J. Aron Currency and Commodities Division of [Goldman Sachs](/wiki/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\") in 1993, where he was senior energy strat (strategist, or “strat” in Goldman lingo) until 1997\\. He then joined [Credit Suisse Financial Products](/wiki/Credit_Suisse \"Credit Suisse\"), where he was the Global Head of Energy Derivatives from 1997 to 2000\\. He co\\-founded Kiodex in 2000, and he served as its chief executive officer and chairman until 2004\\.",
"Chavez re\\-joined Goldman Sachs in 2005 as managing director in IBD Strats. He was later promoted to Global Co\\-Head of Securities Division Strats, followed by Global Co\\-Chief Operating Officer of the Equities Franchise.",
"He served as its [chief information officer](/wiki/Chief_information_officer \"Chief information officer\") from 2014 to 2017, when he was succeeded by [Elisha Wiesel](/wiki/Elisha_Wiesel \"Elisha Wiesel\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Goldman Sachs Group Inc (GS:New York): R. Martin Chavez\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\\=253618540\\&privcapId\\=398625\\|website\\=Bloomberg\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2017}} He served as its deputy chief financial officer until May 2017, when he succeeded [Harvey Schwartz](/wiki/Harvey_Schwartz \"Harvey Schwartz\") as its [chief financial officer](/wiki/Chief_financial_officer \"Chief financial officer\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman\\-cfo\\-marty\\-chavez\\-leaves\\-role\\-2018\\-9\\|title\\='It didn't seem like it was his forte': Goldman Sachs CFO Marty Chavez is shifting roles after an unconvincing 18\\-month tenure\\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Norton\\|first1\\=Steven\\|last2\\=Teitelbaum\\|first2\\=Richard\\|title\\=Goldman Sachs CFO Pick Highlights Rise of Tech\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/cfo/2016/12/14/goldman\\-sachs\\-cfo\\-pick\\-highlights\\-rise\\-of\\-tech/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2017\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=December 14, 2016}} He was a member of Goldman Sachs' Hispanic/Latino Network and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Network. Chavez was among the most senior Latinos on Wall Street, as well as the most senior openly gay executive at Goldman Sachs.",
"In September 2019, Chavez announced his retirement from Goldman Sachs.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Kelly\\|first\\=Kate\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/business/goldman\\-sachs\\-martin\\-chavez.html\\|title\\=R. Martin Chavez, Senior Goldman Sachs Executive, Will Retire\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-03\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-16\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/03/goldmans\\-marty\\-chavez\\-who\\-helped\\-transform\\-the\\-investment\\-bank\\-is\\-leaving\\-source.html\\|title\\=Goldman's Marty Chavez, who helped transform the investment bank, is leaving\\|last\\=Son\\|first\\=Hugh\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-03\\|website\\=CNBC\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-16}}",
"In May 2021, Chavez announced joining [Sixth Street Partners](/wiki/Sixth_Street_Partners \"Sixth Street Partners\"), a global investment firm, as vice chairman and partner.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sixthstreet.com/sixth\\-street\\-welcomes\\-marty\\-chavez/\\|title \\= Welcome to Sixth Street\\|date \\= 3 May 2021}}",
"In July 2022, [Alphabet Inc.](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") appointed Chavez to its board of directors.",
""
] |
First generation (1990–1996\)
-----------------------------
{{Infobox automobile
\|name \= First generation
\|aka \= Pontiac Trans Sport (Europe, 1994–1997\)
\|image \= 1st Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg
\|related \= \[\[Pontiac Trans Sport]]
\[\[Chevrolet Lumina APV]]
\|production \= August 1, 1989 – June 26, 1996
\|model\_years\= 1990–1996
\|body\_style \= 3\-door \[\[minivan]]
\|platform \= \[\[GM U platform\|U\-body/GMT199]]
\|engine \= 3\.1 L ''\[\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\#LG6\|LG6]]'' \[\[V6]]
3\.4 L ''\[\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\#LA1\|LA1]]'' \[\[V6]]
3\.8 L ''\[\[GM 3800 engine\#L27 Naturally Aspirated\|L27]]'' \[\[V6]]
\|wheelbase \= {{cvt\|109\.8\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|length \= 1989–93: {{cvt\|194\.2\|in\|mm\|0}}
1994–96: {{cvt\|194\.7\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|assembly \= \[\[North Tarrytown Assembly]], \[\[Sleepy Hollow, New York\|North Tarrytown, New York]], \[\[United States]]
\|width \= 1989–93: {{cvt\|73\.9\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|height \= 1989–91: {{cvt\|65\.2\|in\|mm\|0}}
1992–96: {{cvt\|65\.7\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|weight \= {{cvt\|3599\-3899\|lb\|kg}}
\|layout \= \[\[Front\-engine, front\-wheel\-drive layout\|Transverse front\-engine, front\-wheel drive]]
\|transmission\= 3\-speed \[\[Turbo\-Hydramatic 125\#Turbo\-Hydramatic 125\|3T40]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]]
4\-speed \[\[GM 4T60\-E transmission\|4T60\-E]] automatic
}}
[thumb\|left\|1991 Oldsmobile Silhouette rear](/wiki/File:1991_Oldsmobile_Silhouette_3.1_%2814670148722%29.jpg "1991 Oldsmobile Silhouette 3.1 (14670148722).jpg")
The first 1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette was manufactured on August 1, 1989\.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-24\|title\=Rare Rides: The Stunning 1992 Oldsmobile Silhouette, in Teal\|url\=https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2020/01/rare\-rides\-the\-stunning\-1992\-oldsmobile\-silhouette\-in\-teal/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=The Truth About Cars\|language\=en\-US}} Assembled in [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors")' [North Tarrytown Assembly](/wiki/North_Tarrytown_Assembly "North Tarrytown Assembly") assembly facility, these [U platform](/wiki/GM_U_platform "GM U platform") vans consisted of a [galvanized steel](/wiki/Galvanized_steel "Galvanized steel") [space frame](/wiki/Space_frame "Space frame") wrapped in composite plastic body panels that were impervious to rust and minor dents and dings, a manufacturing technique developed on the [Pontiac Fiero](/wiki/Pontiac_Fiero "Pontiac Fiero") and also used extensively on General Motors' [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn_Corporation "Saturn Corporation") line of vehicles.
The Silhouette was available with seating for seven, with the five lightweight ({{convert\|34\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on}}) rear seats being individually reconfigurable and removable. In 1994 built\-in child seats were added to the option list, which provided the ability to switch two of the rear seats between adult and child seating with the pull of a seat\-mounted tab.
Included with the level ride package, which utilized a compressor and air\-pressurized rear shock absorbers to maintain vehicle height regardless of load, was a control panel and air hose kit that allowed the vehicle to be used to inflate tires, air mattresses, sporting equipment and such.
In 1994, a remote\-controlled power sliding door feature was added, a General Motors innovation.
For the 1994 and 1995 model years, [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system "Traction control system") was available with the [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine "GM 3800 engine") engine option.
The first generation Silhouette was not available in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada").
### European Market
{{See also\|Pontiac Trans Sport}}
Europeans grew accustomed to sleek minivans thanks to the [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace "Renault Espace") and did not object to the futuristic styling. For the European market, however, the Oldsmobile Silhouette was sold as the Pontiac Trans Sport by replacing the Oldsmobile badging with Pontiac badging, along with Pontiac wheels. Sales in Europe were good for an American import, but did not represent enough volume to make a fourth, distinct model economically feasible.
Like the Oldsmobile Silhouette, the European Trans Sport did not receive any facelift, as the vans' initial styling had not been negatively received there.
The [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport "Pontiac Trans Sport") of [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") was discontinued in 1997\. Its successors were both the [Chevrolet Trans Sport](/wiki/Chevrolet_Trans_Sport "Chevrolet Trans Sport") (Second gen [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport "Pontiac Trans Sport") rebadged as a Chevrolet) (LWB), and the [Opel Sintra](/wiki/Opel_Sintra "Opel Sintra") (SWB). In the United Kingdom, it was sold as the [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") Sintra.
File:Black Pontiac Trans Sport fr.jpg\|European Pontiac Trans Sport (Front).
File:Black Pontiac Trans Sport (Eur) rr.jpg\|European Pontiac Trans Sport (Rear).
### Engines
* 1989–1995 [LG6 3\.1](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LG6 "GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LG6") ({{cvt\|191\|cuin\|L\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6")
* 1992–1995 [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine%233800 "GM 3800 engine#3800") ({{cvt\|231\|cuin\|L\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6") (optional)
* 1996 [LA1 3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 "GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1") ({{cvt\|207\|cuin\|L\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6")
### Modest sales success
The design of these minivans was controversial. At the time that the Oldsmobile Silhouette and its siblings were conceived, no one had tried to market a stylish or sporty minivan, and GM felt that this represented a potentially large market segment. They styled these minivans to be lower and sleeker than the competing brands. The extremely large, long and sloped windshield and the resultant long distance to the base of the windshield when sitting in the driver's seat made for a disconcerting driving experience until a person could adjust to the "different" proportions. Automotive magazines christened the new minivans "[dustbuster](/wiki/Black_%26_Decker_DustBuster "Black & Decker DustBuster")" after a household appliance with a similar profile.
The first engine in these vans was a meager 3\.1 L V6, that produced only {{cvt\|120\|hp\|kW\|0}}, which was not up to the task of hauling these fairly heavy vehicles.
In 1992, the Silhouette and its siblings received the {{cvt\|170\|hp\|kW\|0}} 3\.8 L [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine "GM 3800 engine") V6 as an option, which provided better torque and acceleration, making them the most powerful as well as best handling minivans then in production.
Production of first generation Silhouettes and stablemates ended in 1996, at which time the [Tarrytown, NY](/wiki/Tarrytown%2C_NY "Tarrytown, NY") plant which produced them and which had been in operation since 1900, was shuttered and scheduled for demolition. The final 1st generation U\-body Oldsmobile was assembled on June 26, 1996\.{{Cite web\|last\=Saur\|first\=Brendan\|date\=2019\-10\-09\|title\=Curbside Classics: 1990\-1996 Oldsmobile Silhouette – An O.G. Luxury Minivan, But By No Means A Cadillac\|url\=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside\-classics\-american/curbside\-classics\-1990\-1996\-oldsmobile\-silhouette\-its\-the\-cadillac\-of\-minivans/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=Curbside Classic\|language\=en\-US}}
### Year to year changes
[alt\=\|thumb\|1990–1992 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:1990_Oldsmobile_Silhouette_3.1_%2814944889467%29.jpg "1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette 3.1 (14944889467).jpg")
### 1990
* All–new model. The Silhouette in keeping with its positioning as GM's luxury minivan offering is available with optional leather seating, a feature not available on its platform mates and available only on the [Chrysler Town and Country](/wiki/Chrysler_Town_and_Country "Chrysler Town and Country") among competing manufacturer's models.
### 1991
* Customer complaints, regarding glare reflected on the interior of the windshield from the massive expanse of dashboard, led to the addition of black carpeting in lieu of the more\-reflective plastic used in the previous year.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2023}}
### 1992
* Newly available for 1992 was GM's [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine "GM 3800 engine") V6 engine coupled with a [Hydra\-Matic](/wiki/Hydra-Matic "Hydra-Matic") [4T60\-E](/wiki/Turbo-Hydramatic_125%23Turbo-Hydramatic_440-T4 "Turbo-Hydramatic 125#Turbo-Hydramatic 440-T4") 4\-speed electronically controlled [automatic transmission](/wiki/Automatic_transmission "Automatic transmission").
* The cowl\-mounted fixed radio antenna was eliminated, and an integrated roof antenna was installed, sandwiched between the roof and the [headliner](/wiki/Headliner_%28material%29 "Headliner (material)").
* Side\-view mirrors were changed to the folding type, and were enlarged to provide better rear visibility.
+ Brakes were enlarged and anti\-lock brakes ([ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system "Anti-lock braking system")) were added as standard equipment.
* A pop\-up sunroof was added to the options list.
* Steering wheel\-mounted controls for the stereo system were added as an option.
[thumb\|right\|1993–1996 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:93-96_Oldsmobile_Silhouette.jpg "93-96 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg")
### 1993
* The Silhouette's exterior is facelifted, sporting wrap\-around turn signal/parking lamps in front, along with standard foglamps.
* Tail lights' design is changed from a grid to a solid red color with black "dissolves" around the edges, a style that had been previously used exclusively on the [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport "Pontiac Trans Sport").
* A remote\-controlled power sliding side door was announced for 1993, but failed to actually make it into production.
* A redesigned center console was added this year with revamped, larger climate controls, a large storage cubby and a large storage bin at its base.
### 1994
* In an effort to lessen the perceived distance to the base of the windshield,{{citation needed\|date\=September 2023}} a ridge was added to the interior dash finishing panel.
* A remote\-controlled power sliding door became available as an option a year after the announcement.
* Built\-in child seats for the second row became available as an option.
* A traction control system became available as an option.
* Rear deep\-tinted windows now featured a darker tint than previously used.
* A driver\-side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag") became standard equipment.
* A roof rack became standard on all Silhouettes and their subsequent model years, but remained optional on the Chevrolet and Pontiac.
* A third brake light was added, as mandated on light trucks for the 1994 model year.
### 1995
* Automatic power door locks that engaged/disengaged with the transmission shifting into or out of "park" added as a standard feature of the power door lock option package.
### 1996
* Final year of production. Replaced in 1997 by an all\-new design carrying the same name.
* Both 3\.1 and 3\.8 L V6 [engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") were dropped, the 3\.4 L [3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 "GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1") [V6 engine](/wiki/V6_engine "V6 engine") became the only engine available.
* Traction control dropped as an option.
* [Air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning "Air conditioning") and movable rear seats are now standard.
|
[
"First generation (1990–1996\\)\n-----------------------------",
"{{Infobox automobile\n\\|name \\= First generation\n\\|aka \\= Pontiac Trans Sport (Europe, 1994–1997\\)\n\\|image \\= 1st Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg\n\\|related \\= \\[\\[Pontiac Trans Sport]] \n\\[\\[Chevrolet Lumina APV]]\n\\|production \\= August 1, 1989 – June 26, 1996\n\\|model\\_years\\= 1990–1996\n\\|body\\_style \\= 3\\-door \\[\\[minivan]]\n\\|platform \\= \\[\\[GM U platform\\|U\\-body/GMT199]]\n\\|engine \\= 3\\.1 L ''\\[\\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\\#LG6\\|LG6]]'' \\[\\[V6]] \n3\\.4 L ''\\[\\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\\#LA1\\|LA1]]'' \\[\\[V6]] \n3\\.8 L ''\\[\\[GM 3800 engine\\#L27 Naturally Aspirated\\|L27]]'' \\[\\[V6]]\n\\|wheelbase \\= {{cvt\\|109\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|length \\= 1989–93: {{cvt\\|194\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0}} \n1994–96: {{cvt\\|194\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|assembly \\= \\[\\[North Tarrytown Assembly]], \\[\\[Sleepy Hollow, New York\\|North Tarrytown, New York]], \\[\\[United States]]\n\\|width \\= 1989–93: {{cvt\\|73\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|height \\= 1989–91: {{cvt\\|65\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0}} \n1992–96: {{cvt\\|65\\.7\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|weight \\= {{cvt\\|3599\\-3899\\|lb\\|kg}}\n\\|layout \\= \\[\\[Front\\-engine, front\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\|Transverse front\\-engine, front\\-wheel drive]]\n\\|transmission\\= 3\\-speed \\[\\[Turbo\\-Hydramatic 125\\#Turbo\\-Hydramatic 125\\|3T40]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]] \n4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T60\\-E transmission\\|4T60\\-E]] automatic\n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|1991 Oldsmobile Silhouette rear](/wiki/File:1991_Oldsmobile_Silhouette_3.1_%2814670148722%29.jpg \"1991 Oldsmobile Silhouette 3.1 (14670148722).jpg\")",
"The first 1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette was manufactured on August 1, 1989\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-24\\|title\\=Rare Rides: The Stunning 1992 Oldsmobile Silhouette, in Teal\\|url\\=https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2020/01/rare\\-rides\\-the\\-stunning\\-1992\\-oldsmobile\\-silhouette\\-in\\-teal/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=The Truth About Cars\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Assembled in [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\")' [North Tarrytown Assembly](/wiki/North_Tarrytown_Assembly \"North Tarrytown Assembly\") assembly facility, these [U platform](/wiki/GM_U_platform \"GM U platform\") vans consisted of a [galvanized steel](/wiki/Galvanized_steel \"Galvanized steel\") [space frame](/wiki/Space_frame \"Space frame\") wrapped in composite plastic body panels that were impervious to rust and minor dents and dings, a manufacturing technique developed on the [Pontiac Fiero](/wiki/Pontiac_Fiero \"Pontiac Fiero\") and also used extensively on General Motors' [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn_Corporation \"Saturn Corporation\") line of vehicles.",
"The Silhouette was available with seating for seven, with the five lightweight ({{convert\\|34\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}}) rear seats being individually reconfigurable and removable. In 1994 built\\-in child seats were added to the option list, which provided the ability to switch two of the rear seats between adult and child seating with the pull of a seat\\-mounted tab.",
"Included with the level ride package, which utilized a compressor and air\\-pressurized rear shock absorbers to maintain vehicle height regardless of load, was a control panel and air hose kit that allowed the vehicle to be used to inflate tires, air mattresses, sporting equipment and such.",
"In 1994, a remote\\-controlled power sliding door feature was added, a General Motors innovation.",
"For the 1994 and 1995 model years, [traction control](/wiki/Traction_control_system \"Traction control system\") was available with the [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine \"GM 3800 engine\") engine option.",
"The first generation Silhouette was not available in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\").",
"### European Market",
"{{See also\\|Pontiac Trans Sport}}\nEuropeans grew accustomed to sleek minivans thanks to the [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace \"Renault Espace\") and did not object to the futuristic styling. For the European market, however, the Oldsmobile Silhouette was sold as the Pontiac Trans Sport by replacing the Oldsmobile badging with Pontiac badging, along with Pontiac wheels. Sales in Europe were good for an American import, but did not represent enough volume to make a fourth, distinct model economically feasible. \nLike the Oldsmobile Silhouette, the European Trans Sport did not receive any facelift, as the vans' initial styling had not been negatively received there.",
"The [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport \"Pontiac Trans Sport\") of [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") was discontinued in 1997\\. Its successors were both the [Chevrolet Trans Sport](/wiki/Chevrolet_Trans_Sport \"Chevrolet Trans Sport\") (Second gen [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport \"Pontiac Trans Sport\") rebadged as a Chevrolet) (LWB), and the [Opel Sintra](/wiki/Opel_Sintra \"Opel Sintra\") (SWB). In the United Kingdom, it was sold as the [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors \"Vauxhall Motors\") Sintra.",
"",
"File:Black Pontiac Trans Sport fr.jpg\\|European Pontiac Trans Sport (Front).\nFile:Black Pontiac Trans Sport (Eur) rr.jpg\\|European Pontiac Trans Sport (Rear).",
"",
"### Engines",
"* 1989–1995 [LG6 3\\.1](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LG6 \"GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LG6\") ({{cvt\\|191\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\")\n* 1992–1995 [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine%233800 \"GM 3800 engine#3800\") ({{cvt\\|231\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\") (optional)\n* 1996 [LA1 3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 \"GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1\") ({{cvt\\|207\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\")",
"### Modest sales success",
"The design of these minivans was controversial. At the time that the Oldsmobile Silhouette and its siblings were conceived, no one had tried to market a stylish or sporty minivan, and GM felt that this represented a potentially large market segment. They styled these minivans to be lower and sleeker than the competing brands. The extremely large, long and sloped windshield and the resultant long distance to the base of the windshield when sitting in the driver's seat made for a disconcerting driving experience until a person could adjust to the \"different\" proportions. Automotive magazines christened the new minivans \"[dustbuster](/wiki/Black_%26_Decker_DustBuster \"Black & Decker DustBuster\")\" after a household appliance with a similar profile.",
"The first engine in these vans was a meager 3\\.1 L V6, that produced only {{cvt\\|120\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}}, which was not up to the task of hauling these fairly heavy vehicles.",
"In 1992, the Silhouette and its siblings received the {{cvt\\|170\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} 3\\.8 L [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine \"GM 3800 engine\") V6 as an option, which provided better torque and acceleration, making them the most powerful as well as best handling minivans then in production.",
"Production of first generation Silhouettes and stablemates ended in 1996, at which time the [Tarrytown, NY](/wiki/Tarrytown%2C_NY \"Tarrytown, NY\") plant which produced them and which had been in operation since 1900, was shuttered and scheduled for demolition. The final 1st generation U\\-body Oldsmobile was assembled on June 26, 1996\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Saur\\|first\\=Brendan\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-09\\|title\\=Curbside Classics: 1990\\-1996 Oldsmobile Silhouette – An O.G. Luxury Minivan, But By No Means A Cadillac\\|url\\=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside\\-classics\\-american/curbside\\-classics\\-1990\\-1996\\-oldsmobile\\-silhouette\\-its\\-the\\-cadillac\\-of\\-minivans/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=Curbside Classic\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Year to year changes",
"[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|1990–1992 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:1990_Oldsmobile_Silhouette_3.1_%2814944889467%29.jpg \"1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette 3.1 (14944889467).jpg\")",
"### 1990",
"* All–new model. The Silhouette in keeping with its positioning as GM's luxury minivan offering is available with optional leather seating, a feature not available on its platform mates and available only on the [Chrysler Town and Country](/wiki/Chrysler_Town_and_Country \"Chrysler Town and Country\") among competing manufacturer's models.",
"### 1991",
"* Customer complaints, regarding glare reflected on the interior of the windshield from the massive expanse of dashboard, led to the addition of black carpeting in lieu of the more\\-reflective plastic used in the previous year.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}}",
"### 1992",
"* Newly available for 1992 was GM's [3800](/wiki/GM_3800_engine \"GM 3800 engine\") V6 engine coupled with a [Hydra\\-Matic](/wiki/Hydra-Matic \"Hydra-Matic\") [4T60\\-E](/wiki/Turbo-Hydramatic_125%23Turbo-Hydramatic_440-T4 \"Turbo-Hydramatic 125#Turbo-Hydramatic 440-T4\") 4\\-speed electronically controlled [automatic transmission](/wiki/Automatic_transmission \"Automatic transmission\").\n* The cowl\\-mounted fixed radio antenna was eliminated, and an integrated roof antenna was installed, sandwiched between the roof and the [headliner](/wiki/Headliner_%28material%29 \"Headliner (material)\").\n* Side\\-view mirrors were changed to the folding type, and were enlarged to provide better rear visibility.\n\t+ Brakes were enlarged and anti\\-lock brakes ([ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system \"Anti-lock braking system\")) were added as standard equipment.\n* A pop\\-up sunroof was added to the options list.\n* Steering wheel\\-mounted controls for the stereo system were added as an option.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|1993–1996 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:93-96_Oldsmobile_Silhouette.jpg \"93-96 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg\")",
"### 1993",
"* The Silhouette's exterior is facelifted, sporting wrap\\-around turn signal/parking lamps in front, along with standard foglamps.\n* Tail lights' design is changed from a grid to a solid red color with black \"dissolves\" around the edges, a style that had been previously used exclusively on the [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport \"Pontiac Trans Sport\").\n* A remote\\-controlled power sliding side door was announced for 1993, but failed to actually make it into production.\n* A redesigned center console was added this year with revamped, larger climate controls, a large storage cubby and a large storage bin at its base.",
"### 1994",
"* In an effort to lessen the perceived distance to the base of the windshield,{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}} a ridge was added to the interior dash finishing panel.\n* A remote\\-controlled power sliding door became available as an option a year after the announcement.\n* Built\\-in child seats for the second row became available as an option.\n* A traction control system became available as an option.\n* Rear deep\\-tinted windows now featured a darker tint than previously used.\n* A driver\\-side [airbag](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\") became standard equipment.\n* A roof rack became standard on all Silhouettes and their subsequent model years, but remained optional on the Chevrolet and Pontiac.\n* A third brake light was added, as mandated on light trucks for the 1994 model year.",
"### 1995",
"* Automatic power door locks that engaged/disengaged with the transmission shifting into or out of \"park\" added as a standard feature of the power door lock option package.",
"### 1996",
"* Final year of production. Replaced in 1997 by an all\\-new design carrying the same name.\n* Both 3\\.1 and 3\\.8 L V6 [engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\") were dropped, the 3\\.4 L [3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 \"GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1\") [V6 engine](/wiki/V6_engine \"V6 engine\") became the only engine available.\n* Traction control dropped as an option.\n* [Air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\") and movable rear seats are now standard."
] |
Second generation (1997–2004\)
------------------------------
{{Original research\|section\|date\=May 2011}}
{{Infobox automobile
\|name \= Second generation
\|image \= 97\-00 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg
\|production \= August 6, 1996 – March 31, 2004
\|model\_years\= 1997–2004
\|platform \= \[\[GM U platform\|U\-body/GMT200]]
\|body\_style \= 3\-door \[\[minivan]]
4\-door \[\[minivan]]
\|engine \= 3\.4 L ''\[\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\#LA1\|LA1]]'' \[\[V6]]
\|assembly \= United States: \[\[Doraville, Georgia]] (\[\[Doraville Assembly]])
\|wheelbase \= SWB: {{cvt\|112\.0\|in\|mm\|0}}
LWB: {{cvt\|120\.0\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|length \= SWB: {{cvt\|187\.4\|in\|mm\|0}}
LWB: {{cvt\|201\.4\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|width \= {{cvt\|72\.2\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|height \= SWB: {{cvt\|67\.4\|in\|mm\|0}}
LWB: {{cvt\|68\.1\|in\|mm\|0}}
\|related \= {{ubl \|\[\[Pontiac Trans Sport]] \|\[\[Chevrolet Venture]] \|\[\[Pontiac Montana]]
\|\[\[Buick GL8]] \|\[\[Opel Sintra]] \|\[\[Vauxhall Sintra]]
\|\[\[Pontiac Aztek]] \|\[\[Buick Rendezvous]] \|\[\[Buick Terraza]]
}}
\|weight \= {{cvt\|3710\-3832\|lb\|kg}}
\|layout \= \[\[Front\-engine, front\-wheel\-drive layout\|Transverse front\-engine, front\-wheel drive]] / \[\[Front\-engine, all\-wheel\-drive layout\|all\-wheel drive]]
\|transmission \= 4\-speed \[\[GM 4T60\-E transmission\#4T65\-E\|4T65\-E]] \[\[automatic transmission\|automatic]]
}}
The redesigned 1997 Silhouette was built at [Doraville Assembly](/wiki/Doraville_Assembly "Doraville Assembly"). The first 1997 Silhouettes were assembled in August, 1996\.{{Cite web\|title\=Oldsmobile Silhouette Guide \| work \= Outright Olds\|url\=https://www.outrightolds.com/olds\-model\-guide\-mobile/oldsmobile\-silhouette\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02 }} Canadian sales began as a 1998 model. Unlike the Venture and Trans Sport/Montana, the roof rack was standard on all Silhouettes. GM continued to offer the Silhouette as their premium luxurious minivan, the Trans Sport/Montana as the sporty one, and the Venture as the basic version. The base model (only offered for 1997\) was the only model to offer short\-wheelbase and a driver side sliding door being only optional, when all the other trim levels of the Silhouette were in long\-wheelbase extended version and offered a standard driver side sliding door.
Having achieved second place in sales to Chrysler, General Motors brought out an entirely new [U platform](/wiki/GM_U_platform "GM U platform") series of minivans, theoretically based on the lessons learned from its previous missteps. GM, still stinging from the criticism of the previous "[dustbuster](/wiki/Dustbuster "Dustbuster")" minivans, the new Silhouette would be completely conventional in all respects. The vehicle would be of steel [unibody](/wiki/Unibody "Unibody") construction, and styling would be as conservative as possible. The previous generation was a little too large{{Cite web\|date\=1996\-04\-15\|title\=GM minivans were product of diplomacy: Pleasing Europe, U.S. wasn't easy \| url \= https://www.autonews.com/article/19960415/ANA/604150746/gm\-minivans\-were\-product\-of\-diplomacy\-pleasing\-europe\-u\-s\-wasn\-t\-easy\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=Automotive News\|last \= Jewett \| first \= Dale \| language\=en}} for comfortably navigating [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") streets, so this new range of models would be narrower and slightly smaller than was the norm for the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in order to produce a single range of [minivans](/wiki/Minivan "Minivan") that GM hoped would fill the needs of both the [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") and [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") markets.
New for this generation were [cabin air filters](/wiki/Cabin_air_filter "Cabin air filter"), and the filters can be accessed from behind an access panel easily accessed from inside the glove compartment.
During the development of this generation of the [U\-body](/wiki/GM_U_platform "GM U platform") minivan, General Motors extensively [benchmarked](/wiki/Benchmarking "Benchmarking"){{Cite web\|last\=Florea\|first\=Ciprian\|date\=2013\-11\-02\|title\=The Minivan Craze \- How it All Began\|url\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the\-minivan\-craze\-how\-it\-all\-began\-70186\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=autoevolution\|language\=en}} the then current [Chrysler minivans](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans_%28AS%29 "Chrysler minivans (AS)"). The resultant vehicles more closely resembled the immensely successful trio of [Chrysler minivans](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans "Chrysler minivans"); However, Chrysler would launch a [completely redesigned minivan line](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans_%28NS%29 "Chrysler minivans (NS)") a year before GM.
[thumb\|left\|2001–2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:2001-2004_Oldsmobile_Silhouette.jpg "2001-2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Back end of 2001\-2004 model](/wiki/File:Oldsmobile_Silhouette_rear.jpg "Oldsmobile Silhouette rear.jpg")
Two different wheelbase lengths were offered as well as dual sliding doors. Silhouettes, in keeping with their luxury positioning, offered many features as standard that were optional on competing makes and on its platform mates. In 1998, it became one of the first vehicles on the market to offer a [VCR](/wiki/VCR "VCR") with overhead retractable [LCD](/wiki/LCD "LCD") screen for back seat viewing, which has since become a "must\-have" option for families with children. For 2001, the Silhouette received a minor facelift that included a new grille and front bumper.
### Trim levels
* Base \- 1997
* *GL* \- 1997–2004 Included: Cloth upholstery, 15" steel rims with hubcaps, air conditioning, map pockets in driver and passenger seats, power driver's seat, storage drawer under passenger front seat, an AM/FM stereo with single\-CD player and seek\-scan tuning, coaxial speakers, and clock, overhead console, fog lamps, and power front windows with automatic driver's side window. Later standard features were an AM/FM stereo with single\-CD and cassette players and speed\-compensated volume control, TheftLock, and clock, a garage door opener, rear seat audio controls, keyless entry, heated power mirrors, and automatic headlamps.
* *GLS* \- 1997–2004 Added: leather upholstery, rear parking aid, tri\-zone climate control system, rear seat audio/climate controls, compass, garage door opener, an AM/FM stereo with single\-CD and cassette players, seek\-scan tuning, coaxial speakers and clock, leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, power front seats with driver's side memory, 16" alloy rims, and power sliding passenger door.
* *GS* \- 1998–1999
* *Premiere* \- 1998–2004 Added: Entertainment system with DVD player with fold\-down overhead color monitor for rear passengers, input jacks for video games or camcorders, 4 pairs of wireless headphones and rear seat visual/audio controls, heated front seats, and power sliding driver's side door.
### Engine
3\.4 L [LA1 3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 "GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1") ({{cvt\|207\|cuin\|L\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 "V6")
### Safety criticism
[thumb\|left\|The 1997 [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport "Pontiac Trans Sport") crash\-tested by the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety")](/wiki/File:1997_Pontiac_Trans_Sport_SE_IIHS.jpg "1997 Pontiac Trans Sport SE IIHS.jpg")
A [crash test](/wiki/Crash_test "Crash test") video of the 1997 Trans Sport conducted by the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety") (IIHS) resulted in some criticism due to extreme damage to the vehicle in the {{convert\|40\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} moderate overlap crash test.{{cite web\|author\=StickyCheese2000 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=1wxDqG2ZSFA \|title\=Why do people buy a Montana? Another video about its safety \|publisher\=YouTube \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-27}} The minivan received a "Poor" rating and was ranked the "Worst Performing Vehicle" by the institute as a result. This applied to the Silhouette and other second generation U\-body minivans as well.
Some comments made by the IIHS after the first test in 1996 were:
* Major collapse of the occupant compartment left little survival space for the driver.
* Extreme steering wheel movement snapped the dummy's head backward.
* The unnatural position of the dummy's left foot indicates that an occupant's left leg would have been seriously injured in a real\-world crash of this severity.
* The forces on the left lower leg were so high that the dummy's metal foot broke off at the ankle.
* The readings in the dummy showed the crash might have been fatal.
The safety issues of the Silhouette and other second generation U\-body minivans were later addressed with the third generation redesign, which earned the highest rating of "Good" given by the institute in the moderate overlap crash test.
The [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") gave the van 4 stars for driver protection and 3 stars for passenger protection in the {{cvt\|35\|mph\|km/h}} frontal impact test. In the side impact test, it received 5 stars for front passenger protection, and 5 stars for rear passenger protection.
More information on the Oldsmobile Silhouette/Pontiac Trans Sport:{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/pontiac/trans\-sport\-montana\-minivan/1997\|title \= 1997 Pontiac Trans Sport/Montana Minivan}}
### Mixed sales success
The Silhouette and its platform mates achieved slightly better sales than their avant\-garde predecessors, but also failed to capture a significant share of the market.{{Cite web\|last\=Martin\|first\=Murilee\|date\=2018\-05\-02\|title\=Junkyard Treasure: 1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette\|url\=http://autoweek.com/car\-life/classic\-cars/a1696746/junkyard\-treasure\-1990\-oldsmobile\-silhouette/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=Autoweek\|language\=en\-US}} The Silhouette was a close competitor in many of the categories deemed of importance, but was a winner in luxury, first in the world to offer factory video screen, the minivan market had become significantly more crowded with competing products that proved to be more desirable and throughout its production it was widely considered a second\-tier competitor, certainly competent but not a stand\-out in any category.
The Silhouette remained in production until the 2004 model year with minimal changes. As Oldsmobile itself was gradually phased out due to poor sales, a limited run of 500 units, dubbed Final 500, of each of the brands 5 remaining models were built and sold. The Silhouette received the Final 500 edition as well, applied exclusively to the Premiere trim. It featured a Dark Cherry Metallic paint, like the Alero, Bravada, Aurora, and Intrigue, custom vintage Oldsmobile badging on the front fenders and rear liftgate, Final 500 embroidered seat backs for the front and middle row (unique to the Final 500 Silhouettes) and front floor mats, and Aurora\-styled chrome wheels. However, as a result of the assembly plant running out of production capacity due to fleet order obligations of its siblings, only 360 out of the 500 Silhouettes were built. Production of the Silhouette ended on March 31, 2004\.{{Cite web\|title\=Oldsmobile Silhouette Market\|url\=https://www.classic.com/m/oldsmobile/silhouette/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|website\=CLASSIC.COM\|language\=en}}
### Successors and decline
The spiritual successor to the Oldsmobile Silhouette within the General Motors lineup is the [Buick Terraza](/wiki/Buick_Terraza "Buick Terraza") (2005–2007\), which was built on an updated version of the U platform and occupied the luxury minivan slot previously occupied by the Silhouette.
However, due to poor sales of all the third\-generation GM minivans in the United States, GM decided to exit the minivan market altogether in that region.{{Cite web\|date\=2009\-05\-02\|title\=HOW GENERAL MOTORS LOST ITS FOCUS – AND ITS WAY \- Ivey Business Journal\|url\=https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/how\-general\-motors\-lost\-its\-focus\-and\-its\-way/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-02\|language\=en\-CA}} Production of the [Pontiac Montana SV6](/wiki/Pontiac_Montana_SV6 "Pontiac Montana SV6") ended after the 2006 model year in the United States, the Buick Terraza and [Saturn Relay](/wiki/Saturn_Relay "Saturn Relay") ended after the 2007 model year, and for the [Chevrolet Uplander](/wiki/Chevrolet_Uplander "Chevrolet Uplander"), production ceased in the United States after the 2008 model year and focused on the new [crossover vehicle](/wiki/Crossover_vehicle "Crossover vehicle") market. However, production of the Uplander and Montana SV6 continued in Mexico and Canada until 2009 due to better sales in those countries.
### One\-Off Variants
{{unreferenced section\|date\=June 2022}}
* Silhouette OSV (1999\) \- A modified version of the Silhouette that was created as part of "Oldsmobile Specialty Vehicles", an experiment in an aftermarket tuning brand for Oldsmobile. It debuted at the 1999 SEMA show alongside the OSV Alero and OSV Intrigue. It features: 3\.4L SFI V6 engine with tuned intake and headers that does 210 hp @ 4400rpm, 270 lb\-ft torque @ 2800rpm, 4\-speed Hydramatic 4T60\-E automatic transmission, {{cvt\|19\|x\|8\|in}} RH Evolution C6 Wheels, 13\-inch Brembo cross\-drilled 4\-wheel disc brakes, Koni struts and springs, front and rear spoilers, ground effects package, K\&N filtration, Borla exhaust. On the exterior, the OSV Silhouette features a ground effects package similar to its OSV siblings, Candy Apple Red paint with ghosted Oldsmobile Tilted Rocket logos on the rear quarter panels, an OSV badge between the wheel wells and front doors, and silver inserts that block out the minivan's twin grille. Inside, the OSV is largely the same as its OSV siblings, sporting climate\-controlled, 8\-position Recaro Style seats, trimmed in neutral and red leather, and Titanium pedals. Unique to the OSV Silhouette is the fact that all of its seats are Recaro Style seats. All the headrests of the seats have the OSV logo embroidered into the headrests, like the OSV Alero and OSV Intrigue. It was sold in 2009 at the Barrett\-Jackson Scottsdale auction, and again in 2012\. In December 2020, an article by Hagerty reported that the OSV Silhouette was found listed for sale at Empire Motors in Canada. According the article, 3 OSV Silhouettes were built. The OSV Silhouette featured in the article has since been sold.
* Silhouette OSV II (2000\) \- Another Silhouette modified for OSV, this time painted dark green. Little information exists on the Silhouette OSV II, but it appears largely the same as the Silhouette OSV I. It is part of a second batch of OSVs alongside the Alero OSV II and Intrigue OSV II. Like the other OSV II models, the whereabouts of the Silhouette OSV II are unknown.
|
[
"Second generation (1997–2004\\)\n------------------------------",
"{{Original research\\|section\\|date\\=May 2011}}\n{{Infobox automobile\n\\|name \\= Second generation\n\\|image \\= 97\\-00 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg\n\\|production \\= August 6, 1996 – March 31, 2004\n\\|model\\_years\\= 1997–2004\n\\|platform \\= \\[\\[GM U platform\\|U\\-body/GMT200]]\n\\|body\\_style \\= 3\\-door \\[\\[minivan]] \n4\\-door \\[\\[minivan]]\n\\|engine \\= 3\\.4 L ''\\[\\[General Motors 60° V6 engine\\#LA1\\|LA1]]'' \\[\\[V6]]\n\\|assembly \\= United States: \\[\\[Doraville, Georgia]] (\\[\\[Doraville Assembly]])\n\\|wheelbase \\= SWB: {{cvt\\|112\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0}} \nLWB: {{cvt\\|120\\.0\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|length \\= SWB: {{cvt\\|187\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0}} \nLWB: {{cvt\\|201\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|width \\= {{cvt\\|72\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|height \\= SWB: {{cvt\\|67\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0}} \nLWB: {{cvt\\|68\\.1\\|in\\|mm\\|0}}\n\\|related \\= {{ubl \\|\\[\\[Pontiac Trans Sport]] \\|\\[\\[Chevrolet Venture]] \\|\\[\\[Pontiac Montana]]\n \\|\\[\\[Buick GL8]] \\|\\[\\[Opel Sintra]] \\|\\[\\[Vauxhall Sintra]]\n \\|\\[\\[Pontiac Aztek]] \\|\\[\\[Buick Rendezvous]] \\|\\[\\[Buick Terraza]]\n }}\n\\|weight \\= {{cvt\\|3710\\-3832\\|lb\\|kg}}\n\\|layout \\= \\[\\[Front\\-engine, front\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\|Transverse front\\-engine, front\\-wheel drive]] / \\[\\[Front\\-engine, all\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\|all\\-wheel drive]]\n\\|transmission \\= 4\\-speed \\[\\[GM 4T60\\-E transmission\\#4T65\\-E\\|4T65\\-E]] \\[\\[automatic transmission\\|automatic]]\n}}",
"The redesigned 1997 Silhouette was built at [Doraville Assembly](/wiki/Doraville_Assembly \"Doraville Assembly\"). The first 1997 Silhouettes were assembled in August, 1996\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Oldsmobile Silhouette Guide \\| work \\= Outright Olds\\|url\\=https://www.outrightolds.com/olds\\-model\\-guide\\-mobile/oldsmobile\\-silhouette\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02 }} Canadian sales began as a 1998 model. Unlike the Venture and Trans Sport/Montana, the roof rack was standard on all Silhouettes. GM continued to offer the Silhouette as their premium luxurious minivan, the Trans Sport/Montana as the sporty one, and the Venture as the basic version. The base model (only offered for 1997\\) was the only model to offer short\\-wheelbase and a driver side sliding door being only optional, when all the other trim levels of the Silhouette were in long\\-wheelbase extended version and offered a standard driver side sliding door.",
"Having achieved second place in sales to Chrysler, General Motors brought out an entirely new [U platform](/wiki/GM_U_platform \"GM U platform\") series of minivans, theoretically based on the lessons learned from its previous missteps. GM, still stinging from the criticism of the previous \"[dustbuster](/wiki/Dustbuster \"Dustbuster\")\" minivans, the new Silhouette would be completely conventional in all respects. The vehicle would be of steel [unibody](/wiki/Unibody \"Unibody\") construction, and styling would be as conservative as possible. The previous generation was a little too large{{Cite web\\|date\\=1996\\-04\\-15\\|title\\=GM minivans were product of diplomacy: Pleasing Europe, U.S. wasn't easy \\| url \\= https://www.autonews.com/article/19960415/ANA/604150746/gm\\-minivans\\-were\\-product\\-of\\-diplomacy\\-pleasing\\-europe\\-u\\-s\\-wasn\\-t\\-easy\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=Automotive News\\|last \\= Jewett \\| first \\= Dale \\| language\\=en}} for comfortably navigating [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") streets, so this new range of models would be narrower and slightly smaller than was the norm for the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in order to produce a single range of [minivans](/wiki/Minivan \"Minivan\") that GM hoped would fill the needs of both the [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") and [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") markets.",
"New for this generation were [cabin air filters](/wiki/Cabin_air_filter \"Cabin air filter\"), and the filters can be accessed from behind an access panel easily accessed from inside the glove compartment.",
"During the development of this generation of the [U\\-body](/wiki/GM_U_platform \"GM U platform\") minivan, General Motors extensively [benchmarked](/wiki/Benchmarking \"Benchmarking\"){{Cite web\\|last\\=Florea\\|first\\=Ciprian\\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-02\\|title\\=The Minivan Craze \\- How it All Began\\|url\\=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the\\-minivan\\-craze\\-how\\-it\\-all\\-began\\-70186\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=autoevolution\\|language\\=en}} the then current [Chrysler minivans](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans_%28AS%29 \"Chrysler minivans (AS)\"). The resultant vehicles more closely resembled the immensely successful trio of [Chrysler minivans](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans \"Chrysler minivans\"); However, Chrysler would launch a [completely redesigned minivan line](/wiki/Chrysler_minivans_%28NS%29 \"Chrysler minivans (NS)\") a year before GM.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|2001–2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette](/wiki/File:2001-2004_Oldsmobile_Silhouette.jpg \"2001-2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Back end of 2001\\-2004 model](/wiki/File:Oldsmobile_Silhouette_rear.jpg \"Oldsmobile Silhouette rear.jpg\")\nTwo different wheelbase lengths were offered as well as dual sliding doors. Silhouettes, in keeping with their luxury positioning, offered many features as standard that were optional on competing makes and on its platform mates. In 1998, it became one of the first vehicles on the market to offer a [VCR](/wiki/VCR \"VCR\") with overhead retractable [LCD](/wiki/LCD \"LCD\") screen for back seat viewing, which has since become a \"must\\-have\" option for families with children. For 2001, the Silhouette received a minor facelift that included a new grille and front bumper.",
"### Trim levels",
"* Base \\- 1997\n* *GL* \\- 1997–2004 Included: Cloth upholstery, 15\" steel rims with hubcaps, air conditioning, map pockets in driver and passenger seats, power driver's seat, storage drawer under passenger front seat, an AM/FM stereo with single\\-CD player and seek\\-scan tuning, coaxial speakers, and clock, overhead console, fog lamps, and power front windows with automatic driver's side window. Later standard features were an AM/FM stereo with single\\-CD and cassette players and speed\\-compensated volume control, TheftLock, and clock, a garage door opener, rear seat audio controls, keyless entry, heated power mirrors, and automatic headlamps.\n* *GLS* \\- 1997–2004 Added: leather upholstery, rear parking aid, tri\\-zone climate control system, rear seat audio/climate controls, compass, garage door opener, an AM/FM stereo with single\\-CD and cassette players, seek\\-scan tuning, coaxial speakers and clock, leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, power front seats with driver's side memory, 16\" alloy rims, and power sliding passenger door.\n* *GS* \\- 1998–1999\n* *Premiere* \\- 1998–2004 Added: Entertainment system with DVD player with fold\\-down overhead color monitor for rear passengers, input jacks for video games or camcorders, 4 pairs of wireless headphones and rear seat visual/audio controls, heated front seats, and power sliding driver's side door.",
"### Engine",
"3\\.4 L [LA1 3400](/wiki/GM_60-Degree_V6_engine%23LA1 \"GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LA1\") ({{cvt\\|207\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}}) [V6](/wiki/V6 \"V6\")",
"### Safety criticism",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The 1997 [Pontiac Trans Sport](/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport \"Pontiac Trans Sport\") crash\\-tested by the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety \"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety\")](/wiki/File:1997_Pontiac_Trans_Sport_SE_IIHS.jpg \"1997 Pontiac Trans Sport SE IIHS.jpg\")",
"A [crash test](/wiki/Crash_test \"Crash test\") video of the 1997 Trans Sport conducted by the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety \"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety\") (IIHS) resulted in some criticism due to extreme damage to the vehicle in the {{convert\\|40\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} moderate overlap crash test.{{cite web\\|author\\=StickyCheese2000 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=1wxDqG2ZSFA \\|title\\=Why do people buy a Montana? Another video about its safety \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-27}} The minivan received a \"Poor\" rating and was ranked the \"Worst Performing Vehicle\" by the institute as a result. This applied to the Silhouette and other second generation U\\-body minivans as well.",
"Some comments made by the IIHS after the first test in 1996 were:\n* Major collapse of the occupant compartment left little survival space for the driver.\n* Extreme steering wheel movement snapped the dummy's head backward.\n* The unnatural position of the dummy's left foot indicates that an occupant's left leg would have been seriously injured in a real\\-world crash of this severity.\n* The forces on the left lower leg were so high that the dummy's metal foot broke off at the ankle.\n* The readings in the dummy showed the crash might have been fatal.",
"The safety issues of the Silhouette and other second generation U\\-body minivans were later addressed with the third generation redesign, which earned the highest rating of \"Good\" given by the institute in the moderate overlap crash test.",
"The [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") gave the van 4 stars for driver protection and 3 stars for passenger protection in the {{cvt\\|35\\|mph\\|km/h}} frontal impact test. In the side impact test, it received 5 stars for front passenger protection, and 5 stars for rear passenger protection.",
"More information on the Oldsmobile Silhouette/Pontiac Trans Sport:{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/pontiac/trans\\-sport\\-montana\\-minivan/1997\\|title \\= 1997 Pontiac Trans Sport/Montana Minivan}}",
"### Mixed sales success",
"The Silhouette and its platform mates achieved slightly better sales than their avant\\-garde predecessors, but also failed to capture a significant share of the market.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Murilee\\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-02\\|title\\=Junkyard Treasure: 1990 Oldsmobile Silhouette\\|url\\=http://autoweek.com/car\\-life/classic\\-cars/a1696746/junkyard\\-treasure\\-1990\\-oldsmobile\\-silhouette/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=Autoweek\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The Silhouette was a close competitor in many of the categories deemed of importance, but was a winner in luxury, first in the world to offer factory video screen, the minivan market had become significantly more crowded with competing products that proved to be more desirable and throughout its production it was widely considered a second\\-tier competitor, certainly competent but not a stand\\-out in any category.",
"The Silhouette remained in production until the 2004 model year with minimal changes. As Oldsmobile itself was gradually phased out due to poor sales, a limited run of 500 units, dubbed Final 500, of each of the brands 5 remaining models were built and sold. The Silhouette received the Final 500 edition as well, applied exclusively to the Premiere trim. It featured a Dark Cherry Metallic paint, like the Alero, Bravada, Aurora, and Intrigue, custom vintage Oldsmobile badging on the front fenders and rear liftgate, Final 500 embroidered seat backs for the front and middle row (unique to the Final 500 Silhouettes) and front floor mats, and Aurora\\-styled chrome wheels. However, as a result of the assembly plant running out of production capacity due to fleet order obligations of its siblings, only 360 out of the 500 Silhouettes were built. Production of the Silhouette ended on March 31, 2004\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Oldsmobile Silhouette Market\\|url\\=https://www.classic.com/m/oldsmobile/silhouette/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|website\\=CLASSIC.COM\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Successors and decline",
"The spiritual successor to the Oldsmobile Silhouette within the General Motors lineup is the [Buick Terraza](/wiki/Buick_Terraza \"Buick Terraza\") (2005–2007\\), which was built on an updated version of the U platform and occupied the luxury minivan slot previously occupied by the Silhouette.",
"However, due to poor sales of all the third\\-generation GM minivans in the United States, GM decided to exit the minivan market altogether in that region.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-02\\|title\\=HOW GENERAL MOTORS LOST ITS FOCUS – AND ITS WAY \\- Ivey Business Journal\\|url\\=https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/how\\-general\\-motors\\-lost\\-its\\-focus\\-and\\-its\\-way/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-02\\|language\\=en\\-CA}} Production of the [Pontiac Montana SV6](/wiki/Pontiac_Montana_SV6 \"Pontiac Montana SV6\") ended after the 2006 model year in the United States, the Buick Terraza and [Saturn Relay](/wiki/Saturn_Relay \"Saturn Relay\") ended after the 2007 model year, and for the [Chevrolet Uplander](/wiki/Chevrolet_Uplander \"Chevrolet Uplander\"), production ceased in the United States after the 2008 model year and focused on the new [crossover vehicle](/wiki/Crossover_vehicle \"Crossover vehicle\") market. However, production of the Uplander and Montana SV6 continued in Mexico and Canada until 2009 due to better sales in those countries.",
"### One\\-Off Variants",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\n* Silhouette OSV (1999\\) \\- A modified version of the Silhouette that was created as part of \"Oldsmobile Specialty Vehicles\", an experiment in an aftermarket tuning brand for Oldsmobile. It debuted at the 1999 SEMA show alongside the OSV Alero and OSV Intrigue. It features: 3\\.4L SFI V6 engine with tuned intake and headers that does 210 hp @ 4400rpm, 270 lb\\-ft torque @ 2800rpm, 4\\-speed Hydramatic 4T60\\-E automatic transmission, {{cvt\\|19\\|x\\|8\\|in}} RH Evolution C6 Wheels, 13\\-inch Brembo cross\\-drilled 4\\-wheel disc brakes, Koni struts and springs, front and rear spoilers, ground effects package, K\\&N filtration, Borla exhaust. On the exterior, the OSV Silhouette features a ground effects package similar to its OSV siblings, Candy Apple Red paint with ghosted Oldsmobile Tilted Rocket logos on the rear quarter panels, an OSV badge between the wheel wells and front doors, and silver inserts that block out the minivan's twin grille. Inside, the OSV is largely the same as its OSV siblings, sporting climate\\-controlled, 8\\-position Recaro Style seats, trimmed in neutral and red leather, and Titanium pedals. Unique to the OSV Silhouette is the fact that all of its seats are Recaro Style seats. All the headrests of the seats have the OSV logo embroidered into the headrests, like the OSV Alero and OSV Intrigue. It was sold in 2009 at the Barrett\\-Jackson Scottsdale auction, and again in 2012\\. In December 2020, an article by Hagerty reported that the OSV Silhouette was found listed for sale at Empire Motors in Canada. According the article, 3 OSV Silhouettes were built. The OSV Silhouette featured in the article has since been sold.\n* Silhouette OSV II (2000\\) \\- Another Silhouette modified for OSV, this time painted dark green. Little information exists on the Silhouette OSV II, but it appears largely the same as the Silhouette OSV I. It is part of a second batch of OSVs alongside the Alero OSV II and Intrigue OSV II. Like the other OSV II models, the whereabouts of the Silhouette OSV II are unknown.",
""
] |
Bacterial and archaeal diversity and adaptations
------------------------------------------------
The Red Sea brine pools were once thought to be inhospitable to life.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Bougouffa \|first1\=S. \|last2\=Yang \|first2\=J. K. \|last3\=Lee \|first3\=O. O. \|last4\=Wang \|first4\=Y. \|last5\=Batang \|first5\=Z. \|last6\=Al\-Suwailem \|first6\=A. \|last7\=Qian \|first7\=P. Y. \|date\=June 2013 \|title\=Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep\-Sea Brine Water Columns \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1128/aem.00254\-13 \|journal\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \|volume\=79 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=3425–3437 \|doi\=10\.1128/aem.00254\-13 \|pmid\=23542623 \|pmc\=3648036 \|bibcode\=2013ApEnM..79\.3425B \|issn\=0099\-2240}} However, [extremophiles](/wiki/Extremophile "Extremophile") have adapted to these environments through the development of novel enzymes and metabolic pathways.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Behzad \|first1\=Hayedeh \|last2\=Ibarra \|first2\=Martin Augusto \|last3\=Mineta \|first3\=Katsuhiko \|last4\=Gojobori \|first4\=Takashi \|date\=February 2016 \|title\=Metagenomic studies of the Red Sea \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/j.gene.2015\.10\.034 \|journal\=Gene \|volume\=576 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=717–723 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.gene.2015\.10\.034 \|pmid\=26526132 \|hdl\=10754/581498 \|issn\=0378\-1119}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Wang \|first1\=Yong \|last2\=Cao \|first2\=Huiluo \|last3\=Zhang \|first3\=Guishan \|last4\=Bougouffa \|first4\=Salim \|last5\=Lee \|first5\=On On \|last6\=Al\-Suwailem \|first6\=Abdulaziz \|last7\=Qian \|first7\=Pei\-Yuan \|date\=2013\-04\-29 \|title\=Autotrophic Microbe Metagenomes and Metabolic Pathways Differentiate Adjacent Red Sea Brine Pools \|journal\=Scientific Reports \|language\=en \|volume\=3 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=1748 \|doi\=10\.1038/srep01748 \|issn\=2045\-2322 \|pmc\=3638166 \|pmid\=23624511\|bibcode\=2013NatSR...3E1748W }}
The various brine pools contain somewhat similar diversities of microbes; however, due to the different characteristics of each brine pool, distinct microbe compositions are seen. Similarly to the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"){{Cite journal \|last\=Ian R. MacDonald \|date\=1996 \|title\=Thermal and Density Stratification in a Seafloor Brine Pool, Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1306/522b3353\-1727\-11d7\-8645000102c1865d \|journal\=AAPG Bulletin \|volume\=80 \|doi\=10\.1306/522b3353\-1727\-11d7\-8645000102c1865d \|issn\=0149\-1423}} brine pools, the Red Sea brine pool experiences [stratification](/wiki/Stratification_%28water%29 "Stratification (water)") within each distinct brine pool.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Blanc \|first1\=Gérard \|last2\=Anschutz \|first2\=Pierre \|date\=1995 \|title\=New stratification in the hydrothermal brine system of the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1130/0091\-7613(1995\)023\<0543:nsithb\>2\.3\.co;2 \|journal\=Geology \|volume\=23 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=543 \|doi\=10\.1130/0091\-7613(1995\)023\<0543:nsithb\>2\.3\.co;2 \|bibcode\=1995Geo....23\..543B \|issn\=0091\-7613}} Therefore, as a result of the stratification, varying physical and chemical properties occur with respect to depth, ensuing a transition in the microbial community with respect to depth.
Moreover, the stratification causes sharp brine\-seawater interfaces, with typically\-steep gradients in salinity, temperature, density, oxygen, and pH. These distinct interfaces between layers of well\-mixed water are characteristic of liquids that are stabilized by salt but destabilized by heating from below. Heat at the bottom of these stable salinity gradients causes double\-diffusive convection events.
### Specific bacterial composition
Deep\-sea anoxic brines (referred to as DHABs, deep hypersaline anoxic basins) are developed by a process of re\-dissolving of [evaporitic sediments](/wiki/Evaporite "Evaporite") buried at shallow depths, tectonic ejection of the interstitial brine reacted with the evaporites, or by hydrothermal phase separation.Cita, M.B. (2006\) Exhumation of Messinian evaporites in the deep\-sea and creation of deep anoxic brine\-filled collapsed basins. Sediment Geol 188–189: 357–378\.
These are examples of various types of bacteria (Table 1\) under the brine pools:Renn, D., Shepard, L., Vancea, A., Karan, R., Arold, S. T., \& Rueping, M. (2021\). Novel enzymes from the red sea brine pools: current state and potential. *Frontiers in Microbiology*, *12*, 732856\.
| Class | Family | Genus/species/strain |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadaceae | Pseudomonas sp |
| Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfovibrionaceae | Desulfovibrio sp. |
| Deferribacteres | Deferrribacteraceae | Flexistipes sinusarabici |
| Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadaceae | Marinobacter salsuginis |
| Clostridia | Halanaerobiaceae | Halanaerobium sp. |
| Firmicutes/Mollicutes | Haloplasmataceae | Haloplasma contractile |
| Halobacteria | Halobacteriaceae | Halorhabdus tiamatea |
| Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadaceae | Marinobacter salsuginis |
| | Colwelliaceae | Salinisphaera shabanensis |
| | Idiomarinaceae | Halanaerobium sp. |
| | Salinisphaeraceae | Nitrosovibrio sp. |
### Influence of stratification
Stratification within and around water layers is a characteristic of brine pools due to the highly saline environment. Specifically, in the Red Sea, as a result of this stratification in the deep sea brine pools, microbial communities are subject to differences their vertical distribution and composition.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Qian \|first1\=Pei\-Yuan \|last2\=Wang \|first2\=Yong \|last3\=Lee \|first3\=On On \|last4\=Lau \|first4\=Stanley C. K. \|last5\=Yang \|first5\=Jiangke \|last6\=Lafi \|first6\=Feras F. \|last7\=Al\-Suwailem \|first7\=Abdulaziz \|last8\=Wong \|first8\=Tim YH \|date\=March 2011 \|title\=Vertical stratification of microbial communities in the Red Sea revealed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing \|journal\=The ISME Journal \|language\=en \|volume\=5 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=507–518 \|doi\=10\.1038/ismej.2010\.112 \|pmid\=20668490 \|pmc\=3105721 \|issn\=1751\-7370}} For example, through the use of [metagenomics](/wiki/Metagenomics "Metagenomics") and [pyrosequencing](/wiki/Pyrosequencing "Pyrosequencing"), the microbial communities of two deeps ([Atlantis II](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep "Atlantis II Deep") and Discovery) were investigated with respect to vertical distribution. In terms of archaeal communities, both deeps showed similar composition having the upper layer (20–50 m) enriched in [Halobacteriales](/wiki/Halobacteriales "Halobacteriales"), and as salt concentration increased and oxygen decreased, [Desulfurococcales](/wiki/Desulfurococcales "Desulfurococcales") tended to dominate due to physiological adaptations.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Siam \|first1\=Rania \|last2\=Mustafa \|first2\=Ghada A. \|last3\=Sharaf \|first3\=Hazem \|last4\=Moustafa \|first4\=Ahmed \|last5\=Ramadan \|first5\=Adham R. \|last6\=Antunes \|first6\=Andre \|last7\=Bajic \|first7\=Vladimir B. \|last8\=Stingl \|first8\=Uli \|last9\=Marsis \|first9\=Nardine G. R. \|last10\=Coolen \|first10\=Marco J. L. \|last11\=Sogin \|first11\=Mitchell \|last12\=Ferreira \|first12\=Ari J. S. \|last13\=Dorry \|first13\=Hamza El \|date\=2012\-08\-20 \|title\=Unique Prokaryotic Consortia in Geochemically Distinct Sediments from Red Sea Atlantis II and Discovery Deep Brine Pools \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|language\=en \|volume\=7 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=e42872 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0042872 \|issn\=1932\-6203 \|pmc\=3423430 \|pmid\=22916172\|bibcode\=2012PLoSO...742872S \|doi\-access\=free }} The bacterial composition in the upper layer consisted of Cyanobacteria due to the presence of light. Deeper in the water column, [Proteobacteria](/wiki/Proteobacteria "Proteobacteria"), specifically the [gamma](/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria "Gammaproteobacteria")\-subdivision group (orders *[Thiotrichales](/wiki/Thiotrichales "Thiotrichales")*, *Salinisphaerales*, *Chromatiales*, and *[Alteromonadales](/wiki/Alteromonadales "Alteromonadales")*) were found to dominate the more extreme conditions.
The stratification within the Red Sea Brine Pools therefore allows for a complex composition of the microbial community with depth. Due to the variability between each brine pool, this would account for differences in taxa at each location and at each depth.
### Bacterial enzymes
[Extremozymes](/wiki/Extremozyme "Extremozyme") are very prominent in Red Sea brine pools as they have the ability to be able to catalyze reactions under harsh environments.{{cite journal \|last1\=Dumorné \|first1\=K \|last2\=Córdova \|first2\=DC \|last3\=Astorga\-Eló \|first3\=M \|last4\=Renganathan \|first4\=P \|title\=Extremozymes: A Potential Source for Industrial Applications. \|journal\=Journal of microbiology and biotechnology \|date\=28 April 2017 \|volume\=27 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=649\-659 \|doi\=10\.4014/jmb.1611\.11006 \|pmid\=28104900}}
In general, extremozymes can be separated into categories depending on habitats, such as those that can resist extremes of cold ([psychrophiles](/wiki/Psychrophilic "Psychrophilic")), heat ([thermophiles](/wiki/Thermophilic "Thermophilic") and [hyperthermophiles](/wiki/Hyperthermophilic "Hyperthermophilic")), acidity ([acidophiles](/wiki/Acidophilic "Acidophilic")), alkalinity ([alkaliphiles](/wiki/Alkaliphilic "Alkaliphilic")), and salinity ([halophiles](/wiki/Halophilic "Halophilic")).Sarmiento, F., Peralta, R., and Blamey, J. M. (2015\). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. *Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.* 3:148\. {{doi\|10\.3389/fbioe.2015\.00148}} Red Sea brine pools are subject to host a polyextremophilic microbiological community providing the environment with a source of extremozymes.
Moreover, most of the extremozymes are classified into three classes of enzymes: [oxidoreductases](/wiki/Oxidoreductases "Oxidoreductases"), [transferases](/wiki/Transferases "Transferases"), and [hydrolases](/wiki/Hydrolases "Hydrolases"); these are important in terms of metabolic processes for the organisms within this habitat as well as for potential applications.
### Symbiotic Relationships
Several anoxic, high\-salinity deep\-sea basins in the Red Sea generate notably sharp interfaces that produce a variety of physicochemical gradients.Antunes, A., Ngugi, D. K., \& Stingl, U. (2011\). Microbiology of the Red Sea (and other) deep‐sea anoxic brine lakes. *Environmental microbiology reports*, *3*(4\), 416\-433\. By acting as a particle trap for organic and inorganic elements from saltwater, brine pools have the ability to significantly increase the supply of nutrients and the possibility for bacterial growth.Eder, W. (2000\) Nachweis, Isolierung Und Charakterisierung Extremophiler Mikro\-Organismen Aus Hydrothermalgebieten (Ph.D Thesis). Regensburg, Germany: Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Regensburg. On the other hand, halophilic bacteria are required to evolve specific structures to survive the brine pool habitat. For example, halophilic enzymes have a higher proportion of acidic amino acid residues than non\-halophilic homologues. These bacterias accumate high concentrations of KCl in their cytoplasms, which reach saturation.Madern, D., Ebel, C., \& Zaccai, G. (2000\). Halophilic adaptation of enzymes. *Extremophiles*, *4*, 91\-98\.
### Potential applications for enzymes
Recently, twelve enzymes have been detected in the Red Sea brine pools ([Atlantis II Deep](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep "Atlantis II Deep"), Discovery Deep, and Kebrit Deep) with specific biochemical properties that are promising in their potential applications. The microbes that inhabit the hot, hypersaline, anoxic, and toxic\-metal\-contaminated Red Sea brine pools produce or accumulate microbial enzymes known as [extremozymes](/wiki/Extremozyme "Extremozyme") allowing life to survive.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Akal \|first1\=Anastassja L. \|last2\=Karan \|first2\=Ram \|last3\=Hohl \|first3\=Adrian \|last4\=Alam \|first4\=Intikhab \|last5\=Vogler \|first5\=Malvina \|last6\=Grötzinger \|first6\=Stefan W. \|last7\=Eppinger \|first7\=Jörg \|last8\=Rueping \|first8\=Magnus \|date\=February 2019 \|title\=A polyextremophilic alcohol dehydrogenase from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool \|journal\=FEBS Open Bio \|language\=en \|volume\=9 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=194–205 \|doi\=10\.1002/2211\-5463\.12557 \|issn\=2211\-5463 \|pmc\=6356862 \|pmid\=30761247}} The chemical and physical properties, in addition to the stability of the extremozymes, provides potential uses in areas including industrial, biotechnical, and pharmaceutical disciplines.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Dumorne \|first1\=Kelly \|last2\=Cordova \|first2\=David Camacho \|last3\=Astorga\-Elo \|first3\=Marcia \|last4\=Renganathan \|first4\=Prabhaharan \|date\=2017\-04\-28 \|title\=Extremozymes: A Potential Source for Industrial Applications \|url\=http://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi\=10\.4014/jmb.1611\.11006 \|journal\=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology \|language\=en \|volume\=27 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=649–659 \|doi\=10\.4014/jmb.1611\.11006 \|issn\=1017\-7825 \|pmid\=28104900}}
The different enzymes can be attributed to the different organisms that live within each brine pool due to the environments' variable conditions. The Kebrit Deep, one of the smallest Red Sea brine pools, is at 21\-23 °C not considered a hot brine. Other characteristics include a pH of 5\.2, an 84\-m\-thick brine layer, and high levels of [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide "Hydrogen sulfide").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Schmidt \|first1\=M. \|last2\=Botz \|first2\=R. \|last3\=Faber \|first3\=E. \|last4\=Schmitt \|first4\=M. \|last5\=Poggenburg \|first5\=J. \|last6\=Garbe\-Schönberg \|first6\=D. \|last7\=Stoffers \|first7\=P. \|date\=October 2003 \|title\=High\-resolution methane profiles across anoxic brine–seawater boundaries in the Atlantis\-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps (Red Sea) \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/s0009\-2541(03\)00206\-7 \|journal\=Chemical Geology \|volume\=200 \|issue\=3–4 \|pages\=359–375 \|doi\=10\.1016/s0009\-2541(03\)00206\-7 \|bibcode\=2003ChGeo.200\..359S \|issn\=0009\-2541}} The Atlantis II Deep is among the largest Red Sea brine pools and has high temperatures (\~68 °C), a pH of 5\.3, and high metal content.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Anschutz \|first1\=Pierre \|last2\=Blanc \|first2\=Gérard \|date\=July 1996 \|title\=Heat and salt fluxes in the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/0012\-821x(96\)00098\-2 \|journal\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume\=142 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=147–159 \|doi\=10\.1016/0012\-821x(96\)00098\-2 \|bibcode\=1996E\&PSL.142\..147A \|issn\=0012\-821X}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Danielsson \|first1\=Lars\-Göran \|last2\=Dyrssen \|first2\=David \|last3\=Granéli \|first3\=Anders \|date\=December 1980 \|title\=Chemical investigations of Atlantis II and discovery brines in the Red Sea \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/0016\-7037(80\)90203\-3 \|journal\=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta \|volume\=44 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=2051–2065 \|doi\=10\.1016/0016\-7037(80\)90203\-3 \|bibcode\=1980GeCoA..44\.2051D \|issn\=0016\-7037}} While Discovery Deep is similar to Atlantis II Deep, it has differences in metal content and is less extreme overall.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Abdallah \|first1\=Rehab Z. \|last2\=Adel \|first2\=Mustafa \|last3\=Ouf \|first3\=Amged \|last4\=Sayed \|first4\=Ahmed \|last5\=Ghazy \|first5\=Mohamed A. \|last6\=Alam \|first6\=Intikhab \|last7\=Essack \|first7\=Magbubah \|last8\=Lafi \|first8\=Feras F. \|last9\=Bajic \|first9\=Vladimir B. \|last10\=El\-Dorry \|first10\=Hamza \|last11\=Siam \|first11\=Rania \|date\=2014\-09\-23 \|title\=Aerobic methanotrophic communities at the Red Sea brine\-seawater interface \|journal\=Frontiers in Microbiology \|volume\=5 \|page\=487 \|doi\=10\.3389/fmicb.2014\.00487 \|issn\=1664\-302X \|pmc\=4172156 \|pmid\=25295031 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Antunes \|first1\=André \|last2\=Ngugi \|first2\=David Kamanda \|last3\=Stingl \|first3\=Ulrich \|date\=August 2011 \|title\=Microbiology of the Red Sea (and other) deep\-sea anoxic brine lakes: The deep\-sea brines of the Red Sea \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1758\-2229\.2011\.00264\.x \|journal\=Environmental Microbiology Reports \|language\=en \|volume\=3 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=416–433 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1758\-2229\.2011\.00264\.x \|pmid\=23761304}}
| \+Red Sea Brine Pool Extremozymes and Potential Applications | Brine Pool | Extremozyme | Potential Uses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Atlantis II Deep](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep "Atlantis II Deep") | ADH/A1a | Pharmaceuticals and [biodegradation](/wiki/Biodegradation "Biodegradation"){{Cite journal \|last1\=Atalah \|first1\=Joaquín \|last2\=Cáceres\-Moreno \|first2\=Paulina \|last3\=Espina \|first3\=Giannina \|last4\=Blamey \|first4\=Jenny M. \|date\=May 2019 \|title\=Thermophiles and the applications of their enzymes as new biocatalysts \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/j.biortech.2019\.02\.008 \|journal\=Bioresource Technology \|volume\=280 \|pages\=478–488 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.biortech.2019\.02\.008 \|issn\=0960\-8524 \|pmid\=30826176 \|s2cid\=73509194}} |
| | ATII\-TrxR{{Cite journal \|last1\=Badiea \|first1\=Elham A. \|last2\=Sayed \|first2\=Ahmed A. \|last3\=Maged \|first3\=Mohamad \|last4\=Fouad \|first4\=Walid M. \|last5\=Said \|first5\=Mahmoud M. \|last6\=Esmat \|first6\=Amr Y. \|date\=2019\-05\-31 \|title\=A novel thermostable and halophilic thioredoxin reductase from the Red Sea Atlantis II hot brine pool \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|volume\=14 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=e0217565 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0217565 \|issn\=1932\-6203 \|pmc\=6544261 \|pmid\=31150456 \|bibcode\=2019PLoSO..1417565B \|doi\-access\=free}} | Cancer therapy and antibiotics{{Cite journal \|last1\=Harbut \|first1\=Michael B. \|last2\=Vilchèze \|first2\=Catherine \|last3\=Luo \|first3\=Xiaozhou \|last4\=Hensler \|first4\=Mary E. \|last5\=Guo \|first5\=Hui \|last6\=Yang \|first6\=Baiyuan \|last7\=Chatterjee \|first7\=Arnab K. \|last8\=Nizet \|first8\=Victor \|last9\=Jacobs \|first9\=William R. \|last10\=Schultz \|first10\=Peter G. \|last11\=Wang \|first11\=Feng \|date\=2015\-04\-07 \|title\=Auranofin exerts broad\-spectrum bactericidal activities by targeting thiol\-redox homeostasis \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|language\=en \|volume\=112 \|issue\=14 \|pages\=4453–4458 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1504022112 \|issn\=0027\-8424 \|pmc\=4394260 \|pmid\=25831516 \|bibcode\=2015PNAS..112\.4453H \|doi\-access\=free}} |
| | ATII\-LCL MerA{{Cite journal \|last1\=Maged \|first1\=Mohamad \|last2\=El Hosseiny \|first2\=Ahmed \|last3\=Saadeldin \|first3\=Mona Kamal \|last4\=Aziz \|first4\=Ramy K. \|last5\=Ramadan \|first5\=Eman \|date\=February 2019 \|title\=Thermal Stability of a Mercuric Reductase from the Red Sea Atlantis II Hot Brine Environment as Analyzed by Site\-Directed Mutagenesis \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1128/aem.02387\-18 \|journal\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \|volume\=85 \|issue\=3 \|doi\=10\.1128/aem.02387\-18 \|issn\=0099\-2240 \|pmc\=6344611 \|pmid\=30446558\|bibcode\=2019ApEnM..85E2387M }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sayed \|first1\=Ahmed \|last2\=Ghazy \|first2\=Mohamed A. \|last3\=Ferreira \|first3\=Ari J.S. \|last4\=Setubal \|first4\=João C. \|last5\=Chambergo \|first5\=Felipe S. \|last6\=Ouf \|first6\=Amged \|last7\=Adel \|first7\=Mustafa \|last8\=Dawe \|first8\=Adam S. \|last9\=Archer \|first9\=John A.C. \|last10\=Bajic \|first10\=Vladimir B. \|last11\=Siam \|first11\=Rania \|last12\=El\-Dorry \|first12\=Hamza \|date\=January 2014 \|title\=A Novel Mercuric Reductase from the Unique Deep Brine Environment of Atlantis II in the Red Sea \|journal\=Journal of Biological Chemistry \|language\=en \|volume\=289 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=1675–1687 \|doi\=10\.1074/jbc.M113\.493429 \|pmc\=3894346 \|pmid\=24280218 \|doi\-access\=free}} | [Bioremediation](/wiki/Bioremediation "Bioremediation") and [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)") detoxification |
| | ATII\-LCL\-NH | Bioremediation |
| | BR3 polHamdan, S., and Takahashi, M. (2015\). *DNA Polymerazes from the Red Sea Brine Pool Organisms.* Patent No. WO 2015166354 A2\. Thuwal: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology | Biomedical DNA techniques{{Cite journal \|last1\=Gong \|first1\=Jin\-Song \|last2\=Lu \|first2\=Zhen\-Ming \|last3\=Li \|first3\=Heng \|last4\=Shi \|first4\=Jin\-Song \|last5\=Zhou \|first5\=Zhe\-Min \|last6\=Xu \|first6\=Zheng\-Hong \|date\=December 2012 \|title\=Nitrilases in nitrile biocatalysis: recent progress and forthcoming research \|journal\=Microbial Cell Factories \|language\=en \|volume\=11 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=142 \|doi\=10\.1186/1475\-2859\-11\-142 \|issn\=1475\-2859 \|pmc\=3537687 \|pmid\=23106943 \|doi\-access\=free }} |
| | ATII\-APH(3'){{Cite journal \|last1\=Takahashi \|first1\=Masateru \|last2\=Takahashi \|first2\=Etsuko \|last3\=Joudeh \|first3\=Luay I. \|last4\=Marini \|first4\=Monica \|last5\=Das \|first5\=Gobind \|last6\=Elshenawy \|first6\=Mohamed M. \|last7\=Akal \|first7\=Anastassja \|last8\=Sakashita \|first8\=Kosuke \|last9\=Alam \|first9\=Intikhab \|last10\=Tehseen \|first10\=Muhammad \|last11\=Sobhy \|first11\=Mohamed A. \|last12\=Stingl \|first12\=Ulrich \|last13\=Merzaban \|first13\=Jasmeen S. \|last14\=Di Fabrizio \|first14\=Enzo \|last15\=Hamdan \|first15\=Samir M. \|date\=June 2018 \|title\=Dynamic structure mediates halophilic adaptation of a DNA polymerase from the deep\-sea brines of the Red Sea \|journal\=The FASEB Journal \|language\=en \|volume\=32 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=3346–3360 \|doi\=10\.1096/fj.201700862RR \|doi\-access\=free \|issn\=0892\-6638 \|pmc\=6051491 \|pmid\=29401622}} | Biotechnology and antibiotics{{Cite journal \|last1\=Terekhov \|first1\=Stanislav S. \|last2\=Mokrushina \|first2\=Yuliana A. \|last3\=Nazarov \|first3\=Anton S. \|last4\=Zlobin \|first4\=Alexander \|last5\=Zalevsky \|first5\=Arthur \|last6\=Bourenkov \|first6\=Gleb \|last7\=Golovin \|first7\=Andrey \|last8\=Belogurov \|first8\=Alexey \|last9\=Osterman \|first9\=Ilya A. \|last10\=Kulikova \|first10\=Alexandra A. \|last11\=Mitkevich \|first11\=Vladimir A. \|last12\=Lou \|first12\=Hua Jane \|last13\=Turk \|first13\=Benjamin E. \|last14\=Wilmanns \|first14\=Matthias \|last15\=Smirnov \|first15\=Ivan V. \|date\=2020\-06\-26 \|title\=A kinase bioscavenger provides antibiotic resistance by extremely tight substrate binding \|journal\=Science Advances \|language\=en \|volume\=6 \|issue\=26 \|pages\=eaaz9861 \|doi\=10\.1126/sciadv.aaz9861 \|issn\=2375\-2548 \|pmc\=7314540 \|pmid\=32637600\|bibcode\=2020SciA....6\.9861T }} |
| | EstATII{{Cite journal \|last1\=Mohamed \|first1\=Yasmine M. \|last2\=Ghazy \|first2\=Mohamed A. \|last3\=Sayed \|first3\=Ahmed \|last4\=Ouf \|first4\=Amged \|last5\=El\-Dorry \|first5\=Hamza \|last6\=Siam \|first6\=Rania \|date\=2013\-11\-28 \|title\=Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal\-resistant, thermophilic esterase from a Red Sea Brine Pool \|journal\=Scientific Reports \|language\=en \|volume\=3 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=3358 \|doi\=10\.1038/srep03358 \|issn\=2045\-2322 \|pmc\=6506439 \|pmid\=24285146\|bibcode\=2013NatSR...3E3358M }} | Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biodegradation{{Cite journal \|last1\=Panda \|first1\=T. \|last2\=Gowrishankar \|first2\=B. S. \|date\=April 2005 \|title\=Production and applications of esterases \|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1007/s00253\-004\-1840\-y \|journal\=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology \|language\=en \|volume\=67 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=160–169 \|doi\=10\.1007/s00253\-004\-1840\-y \|issn\=0175\-7598 \|pmid\=15630579 \|s2cid\=33489838}} |
| | ATII\-ABL{{Cite journal \|last1\=Elbehery \|first1\=Ali H. A. \|last2\=Leak \|first2\=David J. \|last3\=Siam \|first3\=Rania \|date\=January 2017 \|title\=Novel thermostable antibiotic resistance enzymes from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool \|journal\=Microbial Biotechnology \|language\=en \|volume\=10 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=189–202 \|doi\=10\.1111/1751\-7915\.12468 \|pmc\=5270753 \|pmid\=28004885}} | Biotechnology and antibiotics |
| | NItraS\-ATII{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sonbol \|first1\=Sarah A. \|last2\=Ferreira \|first2\=Ari J. S. \|last3\=Siam \|first3\=Rania \|date\=December 2016 \|title\=Red Sea Atlantis II brine pool nitrilase with unique thermostability profile and heavy metal tolerance \|journal\=BMC Biotechnology \|language\=en \|volume\=16 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=14 \|doi\=10\.1186/s12896\-016\-0244\-2 \|issn\=1472\-6750 \|pmc\=4751646 \|pmid\=26868129 \|doi\-access\=free }} | Pharmaceuticals and bioremediation |
| Discovery Deep | ADH/D1{{Cite journal \|title\=Identification and Experimental Characterization of an Extremophilic Brine Pool Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Single Amplified Genomes \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1021/acschembio.7b00792\.s001 \|doi\=10\.1021/acschembio.7b00792\.s001 \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-16 \|hdl\=10754/626319}} | Pharmaceutical and biodegradation |
| | CA\_D{{Cite journal \|last1\=Vogler \|first1\=Malvina \|last2\=Karan \|first2\=Ram \|last3\=Renn \|first3\=Dominik \|last4\=Vancea \|first4\=Alexandra \|last5\=Vielberg \|first5\=Marie\-Theres \|last6\=Grötzinger \|first6\=Stefan W. \|last7\=DasSarma \|first7\=Priya \|last8\=DasSarma \|first8\=Shiladitya \|last9\=Eppinger \|first9\=Jörg \|last10\=Groll \|first10\=Michael \|last11\=Rueping \|first11\=Magnus \|date\=2020\-04\-28 \|title\=Crystal Structure and Active Site Engineering of a Halophilic γ\-Carbonic Anhydrase \|journal\=Frontiers in Microbiology \|volume\=11 \|pages\=742 \|doi\=10\.3389/fmicb.2020\.00742 \|issn\=1664\-302X \|pmc\=7199487 \|pmid\=32411108 \|doi\-access\=free}} | [Carbon sequestration](/wiki/Carbon_sequestration "Carbon sequestration"){{Cite journal \|last1\=Yoshimoto \|first1\=Makoto \|last2\=Walde \|first2\=Peter \|date\=October 2018 \|title\=Immobilized carbonic anhydrase: preparation, characteristics and biotechnological applications \|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1007/s11274\-018\-2536\-2 \|journal\=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology \|language\=en \|volume\=34 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=151 \|doi\=10\.1007/s11274\-018\-2536\-2 \|issn\=0959\-3993 \|pmid\=30259182 \|s2cid\=255141333}} |
| Kebrit Deep | K09H MerA{{Cite journal \|last1\=Ramadan \|first1\=Eman \|last2\=Maged \|first2\=Mohamad \|last3\=El Hosseiny \|first3\=Ahmed \|last4\=Chambergo \|first4\=Felipe S. \|last5\=Setubal \|first5\=João C. \|last6\=El Dorry \|first6\=Hamza \|date\=2019\-02\-15 \|editor\-last\=Master \|editor\-first\=Emma R. \|title\=Molecular Adaptations of Bacterial Mercuric Reductase to the Hypersaline Kebrit Deep in the Red Sea \|journal\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \|language\=en \|volume\=85 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=e01431–18 \|doi\=10\.1128/AEM.01431\-18 \|issn\=0099\-2240 \|pmc\=6365835 \|pmid\=30504211\|bibcode\=2019ApEnM..85E1431R }} | Bioremediation and mercury detoxification |
| | K35NH MerA | Bioremediation and mercury detoxification |
|
[
"Bacterial and archaeal diversity and adaptations\n------------------------------------------------",
"The Red Sea brine pools were once thought to be inhospitable to life.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Bougouffa \\|first1\\=S. \\|last2\\=Yang \\|first2\\=J. K. \\|last3\\=Lee \\|first3\\=O. O. \\|last4\\=Wang \\|first4\\=Y. \\|last5\\=Batang \\|first5\\=Z. \\|last6\\=Al\\-Suwailem \\|first6\\=A. \\|last7\\=Qian \\|first7\\=P. Y. \\|date\\=June 2013 \\|title\\=Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep\\-Sea Brine Water Columns \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1128/aem.00254\\-13 \\|journal\\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \\|volume\\=79 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=3425–3437 \\|doi\\=10\\.1128/aem.00254\\-13 \\|pmid\\=23542623 \\|pmc\\=3648036 \\|bibcode\\=2013ApEnM..79\\.3425B \\|issn\\=0099\\-2240}} However, [extremophiles](/wiki/Extremophile \"Extremophile\") have adapted to these environments through the development of novel enzymes and metabolic pathways.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Behzad \\|first1\\=Hayedeh \\|last2\\=Ibarra \\|first2\\=Martin Augusto \\|last3\\=Mineta \\|first3\\=Katsuhiko \\|last4\\=Gojobori \\|first4\\=Takashi \\|date\\=February 2016 \\|title\\=Metagenomic studies of the Red Sea \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/j.gene.2015\\.10\\.034 \\|journal\\=Gene \\|volume\\=576 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=717–723 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gene.2015\\.10\\.034 \\|pmid\\=26526132 \\|hdl\\=10754/581498 \\|issn\\=0378\\-1119}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Wang \\|first1\\=Yong \\|last2\\=Cao \\|first2\\=Huiluo \\|last3\\=Zhang \\|first3\\=Guishan \\|last4\\=Bougouffa \\|first4\\=Salim \\|last5\\=Lee \\|first5\\=On On \\|last6\\=Al\\-Suwailem \\|first6\\=Abdulaziz \\|last7\\=Qian \\|first7\\=Pei\\-Yuan \\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-29 \\|title\\=Autotrophic Microbe Metagenomes and Metabolic Pathways Differentiate Adjacent Red Sea Brine Pools \\|journal\\=Scientific Reports \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=1748 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/srep01748 \\|issn\\=2045\\-2322 \\|pmc\\=3638166 \\|pmid\\=23624511\\|bibcode\\=2013NatSR...3E1748W }}",
"The various brine pools contain somewhat similar diversities of microbes; however, due to the different characteristics of each brine pool, distinct microbe compositions are seen. Similarly to the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\"){{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ian R. MacDonald \\|date\\=1996 \\|title\\=Thermal and Density Stratification in a Seafloor Brine Pool, Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1306/522b3353\\-1727\\-11d7\\-8645000102c1865d \\|journal\\=AAPG Bulletin \\|volume\\=80 \\|doi\\=10\\.1306/522b3353\\-1727\\-11d7\\-8645000102c1865d \\|issn\\=0149\\-1423}} brine pools, the Red Sea brine pool experiences [stratification](/wiki/Stratification_%28water%29 \"Stratification (water)\") within each distinct brine pool.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Blanc \\|first1\\=Gérard \\|last2\\=Anschutz \\|first2\\=Pierre \\|date\\=1995 \\|title\\=New stratification in the hydrothermal brine system of the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1130/0091\\-7613(1995\\)023\\<0543:nsithb\\>2\\.3\\.co;2 \\|journal\\=Geology \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=543 \\|doi\\=10\\.1130/0091\\-7613(1995\\)023\\<0543:nsithb\\>2\\.3\\.co;2 \\|bibcode\\=1995Geo....23\\..543B \\|issn\\=0091\\-7613}} Therefore, as a result of the stratification, varying physical and chemical properties occur with respect to depth, ensuing a transition in the microbial community with respect to depth.",
"Moreover, the stratification causes sharp brine\\-seawater interfaces, with typically\\-steep gradients in salinity, temperature, density, oxygen, and pH. These distinct interfaces between layers of well\\-mixed water are characteristic of liquids that are stabilized by salt but destabilized by heating from below. Heat at the bottom of these stable salinity gradients causes double\\-diffusive convection events.",
"### Specific bacterial composition",
"Deep\\-sea anoxic brines (referred to as DHABs, deep hypersaline anoxic basins) are developed by a process of re\\-dissolving of [evaporitic sediments](/wiki/Evaporite \"Evaporite\") buried at shallow depths, tectonic ejection of the interstitial brine reacted with the evaporites, or by hydrothermal phase separation.Cita, M.B. (2006\\) Exhumation of Messinian evaporites in the deep\\-sea and creation of deep anoxic brine\\-filled collapsed basins. Sediment Geol 188–189: 357–378\\.",
"These are examples of various types of bacteria (Table 1\\) under the brine pools:Renn, D., Shepard, L., Vancea, A., Karan, R., Arold, S. T., \\& Rueping, M. (2021\\). Novel enzymes from the red sea brine pools: current state and potential. *Frontiers in Microbiology*, *12*, 732856\\.",
"",
"| Class | Family | Genus/species/strain |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadaceae | Pseudomonas sp |\n| Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfovibrionaceae | Desulfovibrio sp. |\n| Deferribacteres | Deferrribacteraceae | Flexistipes sinusarabici |\n| Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadaceae | Marinobacter salsuginis |\n| Clostridia | Halanaerobiaceae | Halanaerobium sp. |\n| Firmicutes/Mollicutes | Haloplasmataceae | Haloplasma contractile |\n| Halobacteria | Halobacteriaceae | Halorhabdus tiamatea |\n| Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadaceae | Marinobacter salsuginis |\n| | Colwelliaceae | Salinisphaera shabanensis |\n| | Idiomarinaceae | Halanaerobium sp. |\n| | Salinisphaeraceae | Nitrosovibrio sp. |",
"### Influence of stratification",
"Stratification within and around water layers is a characteristic of brine pools due to the highly saline environment. Specifically, in the Red Sea, as a result of this stratification in the deep sea brine pools, microbial communities are subject to differences their vertical distribution and composition.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Qian \\|first1\\=Pei\\-Yuan \\|last2\\=Wang \\|first2\\=Yong \\|last3\\=Lee \\|first3\\=On On \\|last4\\=Lau \\|first4\\=Stanley C. K. \\|last5\\=Yang \\|first5\\=Jiangke \\|last6\\=Lafi \\|first6\\=Feras F. \\|last7\\=Al\\-Suwailem \\|first7\\=Abdulaziz \\|last8\\=Wong \\|first8\\=Tim YH \\|date\\=March 2011 \\|title\\=Vertical stratification of microbial communities in the Red Sea revealed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing \\|journal\\=The ISME Journal \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=507–518 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ismej.2010\\.112 \\|pmid\\=20668490 \\|pmc\\=3105721 \\|issn\\=1751\\-7370}} For example, through the use of [metagenomics](/wiki/Metagenomics \"Metagenomics\") and [pyrosequencing](/wiki/Pyrosequencing \"Pyrosequencing\"), the microbial communities of two deeps ([Atlantis II](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep \"Atlantis II Deep\") and Discovery) were investigated with respect to vertical distribution. In terms of archaeal communities, both deeps showed similar composition having the upper layer (20–50 m) enriched in [Halobacteriales](/wiki/Halobacteriales \"Halobacteriales\"), and as salt concentration increased and oxygen decreased, [Desulfurococcales](/wiki/Desulfurococcales \"Desulfurococcales\") tended to dominate due to physiological adaptations.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Siam \\|first1\\=Rania \\|last2\\=Mustafa \\|first2\\=Ghada A. \\|last3\\=Sharaf \\|first3\\=Hazem \\|last4\\=Moustafa \\|first4\\=Ahmed \\|last5\\=Ramadan \\|first5\\=Adham R. \\|last6\\=Antunes \\|first6\\=Andre \\|last7\\=Bajic \\|first7\\=Vladimir B. \\|last8\\=Stingl \\|first8\\=Uli \\|last9\\=Marsis \\|first9\\=Nardine G. R. \\|last10\\=Coolen \\|first10\\=Marco J. L. \\|last11\\=Sogin \\|first11\\=Mitchell \\|last12\\=Ferreira \\|first12\\=Ari J. S. \\|last13\\=Dorry \\|first13\\=Hamza El \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-20 \\|title\\=Unique Prokaryotic Consortia in Geochemically Distinct Sediments from Red Sea Atlantis II and Discovery Deep Brine Pools \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=e42872 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0042872 \\|issn\\=1932\\-6203 \\|pmc\\=3423430 \\|pmid\\=22916172\\|bibcode\\=2012PLoSO...742872S \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The bacterial composition in the upper layer consisted of Cyanobacteria due to the presence of light. Deeper in the water column, [Proteobacteria](/wiki/Proteobacteria \"Proteobacteria\"), specifically the [gamma](/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria \"Gammaproteobacteria\")\\-subdivision group (orders *[Thiotrichales](/wiki/Thiotrichales \"Thiotrichales\")*, *Salinisphaerales*, *Chromatiales*, and *[Alteromonadales](/wiki/Alteromonadales \"Alteromonadales\")*) were found to dominate the more extreme conditions.",
"The stratification within the Red Sea Brine Pools therefore allows for a complex composition of the microbial community with depth. Due to the variability between each brine pool, this would account for differences in taxa at each location and at each depth.",
"### Bacterial enzymes",
"[Extremozymes](/wiki/Extremozyme \"Extremozyme\") are very prominent in Red Sea brine pools as they have the ability to be able to catalyze reactions under harsh environments.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Dumorné \\|first1\\=K \\|last2\\=Córdova \\|first2\\=DC \\|last3\\=Astorga\\-Eló \\|first3\\=M \\|last4\\=Renganathan \\|first4\\=P \\|title\\=Extremozymes: A Potential Source for Industrial Applications. \\|journal\\=Journal of microbiology and biotechnology \\|date\\=28 April 2017 \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=649\\-659 \\|doi\\=10\\.4014/jmb.1611\\.11006 \\|pmid\\=28104900}}",
"In general, extremozymes can be separated into categories depending on habitats, such as those that can resist extremes of cold ([psychrophiles](/wiki/Psychrophilic \"Psychrophilic\")), heat ([thermophiles](/wiki/Thermophilic \"Thermophilic\") and [hyperthermophiles](/wiki/Hyperthermophilic \"Hyperthermophilic\")), acidity ([acidophiles](/wiki/Acidophilic \"Acidophilic\")), alkalinity ([alkaliphiles](/wiki/Alkaliphilic \"Alkaliphilic\")), and salinity ([halophiles](/wiki/Halophilic \"Halophilic\")).Sarmiento, F., Peralta, R., and Blamey, J. M. (2015\\). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. *Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.* 3:148\\. {{doi\\|10\\.3389/fbioe.2015\\.00148}} Red Sea brine pools are subject to host a polyextremophilic microbiological community providing the environment with a source of extremozymes.",
"Moreover, most of the extremozymes are classified into three classes of enzymes: [oxidoreductases](/wiki/Oxidoreductases \"Oxidoreductases\"), [transferases](/wiki/Transferases \"Transferases\"), and [hydrolases](/wiki/Hydrolases \"Hydrolases\"); these are important in terms of metabolic processes for the organisms within this habitat as well as for potential applications.",
"### Symbiotic Relationships",
"Several anoxic, high\\-salinity deep\\-sea basins in the Red Sea generate notably sharp interfaces that produce a variety of physicochemical gradients.Antunes, A., Ngugi, D. K., \\& Stingl, U. (2011\\). Microbiology of the Red Sea (and other) deep‐sea anoxic brine lakes. *Environmental microbiology reports*, *3*(4\\), 416\\-433\\. By acting as a particle trap for organic and inorganic elements from saltwater, brine pools have the ability to significantly increase the supply of nutrients and the possibility for bacterial growth.Eder, W. (2000\\) Nachweis, Isolierung Und Charakterisierung Extremophiler Mikro\\-Organismen Aus Hydrothermalgebieten (Ph.D Thesis). Regensburg, Germany: Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Regensburg. On the other hand, halophilic bacteria are required to evolve specific structures to survive the brine pool habitat. For example, halophilic enzymes have a higher proportion of acidic amino acid residues than non\\-halophilic homologues. These bacterias accumate high concentrations of KCl in their cytoplasms, which reach saturation.Madern, D., Ebel, C., \\& Zaccai, G. (2000\\). Halophilic adaptation of enzymes. *Extremophiles*, *4*, 91\\-98\\.",
"### Potential applications for enzymes",
"Recently, twelve enzymes have been detected in the Red Sea brine pools ([Atlantis II Deep](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep \"Atlantis II Deep\"), Discovery Deep, and Kebrit Deep) with specific biochemical properties that are promising in their potential applications. The microbes that inhabit the hot, hypersaline, anoxic, and toxic\\-metal\\-contaminated Red Sea brine pools produce or accumulate microbial enzymes known as [extremozymes](/wiki/Extremozyme \"Extremozyme\") allowing life to survive.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Akal \\|first1\\=Anastassja L. \\|last2\\=Karan \\|first2\\=Ram \\|last3\\=Hohl \\|first3\\=Adrian \\|last4\\=Alam \\|first4\\=Intikhab \\|last5\\=Vogler \\|first5\\=Malvina \\|last6\\=Grötzinger \\|first6\\=Stefan W. \\|last7\\=Eppinger \\|first7\\=Jörg \\|last8\\=Rueping \\|first8\\=Magnus \\|date\\=February 2019 \\|title\\=A polyextremophilic alcohol dehydrogenase from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool \\|journal\\=FEBS Open Bio \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=194–205 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/2211\\-5463\\.12557 \\|issn\\=2211\\-5463 \\|pmc\\=6356862 \\|pmid\\=30761247}} The chemical and physical properties, in addition to the stability of the extremozymes, provides potential uses in areas including industrial, biotechnical, and pharmaceutical disciplines.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Dumorne \\|first1\\=Kelly \\|last2\\=Cordova \\|first2\\=David Camacho \\|last3\\=Astorga\\-Elo \\|first3\\=Marcia \\|last4\\=Renganathan \\|first4\\=Prabhaharan \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-28 \\|title\\=Extremozymes: A Potential Source for Industrial Applications \\|url\\=http://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi\\=10\\.4014/jmb.1611\\.11006 \\|journal\\=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=649–659 \\|doi\\=10\\.4014/jmb.1611\\.11006 \\|issn\\=1017\\-7825 \\|pmid\\=28104900}}",
"The different enzymes can be attributed to the different organisms that live within each brine pool due to the environments' variable conditions. The Kebrit Deep, one of the smallest Red Sea brine pools, is at 21\\-23 °C not considered a hot brine. Other characteristics include a pH of 5\\.2, an 84\\-m\\-thick brine layer, and high levels of [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide \"Hydrogen sulfide\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Schmidt \\|first1\\=M. \\|last2\\=Botz \\|first2\\=R. \\|last3\\=Faber \\|first3\\=E. \\|last4\\=Schmitt \\|first4\\=M. \\|last5\\=Poggenburg \\|first5\\=J. \\|last6\\=Garbe\\-Schönberg \\|first6\\=D. \\|last7\\=Stoffers \\|first7\\=P. \\|date\\=October 2003 \\|title\\=High\\-resolution methane profiles across anoxic brine–seawater boundaries in the Atlantis\\-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps (Red Sea) \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/s0009\\-2541(03\\)00206\\-7 \\|journal\\=Chemical Geology \\|volume\\=200 \\|issue\\=3–4 \\|pages\\=359–375 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0009\\-2541(03\\)00206\\-7 \\|bibcode\\=2003ChGeo.200\\..359S \\|issn\\=0009\\-2541}} The Atlantis II Deep is among the largest Red Sea brine pools and has high temperatures (\\~68 °C), a pH of 5\\.3, and high metal content.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Anschutz \\|first1\\=Pierre \\|last2\\=Blanc \\|first2\\=Gérard \\|date\\=July 1996 \\|title\\=Heat and salt fluxes in the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/0012\\-821x(96\\)00098\\-2 \\|journal\\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \\|volume\\=142 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=147–159 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0012\\-821x(96\\)00098\\-2 \\|bibcode\\=1996E\\&PSL.142\\..147A \\|issn\\=0012\\-821X}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Danielsson \\|first1\\=Lars\\-Göran \\|last2\\=Dyrssen \\|first2\\=David \\|last3\\=Granéli \\|first3\\=Anders \\|date\\=December 1980 \\|title\\=Chemical investigations of Atlantis II and discovery brines in the Red Sea \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/0016\\-7037(80\\)90203\\-3 \\|journal\\=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=2051–2065 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0016\\-7037(80\\)90203\\-3 \\|bibcode\\=1980GeCoA..44\\.2051D \\|issn\\=0016\\-7037}} While Discovery Deep is similar to Atlantis II Deep, it has differences in metal content and is less extreme overall.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Abdallah \\|first1\\=Rehab Z. \\|last2\\=Adel \\|first2\\=Mustafa \\|last3\\=Ouf \\|first3\\=Amged \\|last4\\=Sayed \\|first4\\=Ahmed \\|last5\\=Ghazy \\|first5\\=Mohamed A. \\|last6\\=Alam \\|first6\\=Intikhab \\|last7\\=Essack \\|first7\\=Magbubah \\|last8\\=Lafi \\|first8\\=Feras F. \\|last9\\=Bajic \\|first9\\=Vladimir B. \\|last10\\=El\\-Dorry \\|first10\\=Hamza \\|last11\\=Siam \\|first11\\=Rania \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-23 \\|title\\=Aerobic methanotrophic communities at the Red Sea brine\\-seawater interface \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Microbiology \\|volume\\=5 \\|page\\=487 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fmicb.2014\\.00487 \\|issn\\=1664\\-302X \\|pmc\\=4172156 \\|pmid\\=25295031 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Antunes \\|first1\\=André \\|last2\\=Ngugi \\|first2\\=David Kamanda \\|last3\\=Stingl \\|first3\\=Ulrich \\|date\\=August 2011 \\|title\\=Microbiology of the Red Sea (and other) deep\\-sea anoxic brine lakes: The deep\\-sea brines of the Red Sea \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1758\\-2229\\.2011\\.00264\\.x \\|journal\\=Environmental Microbiology Reports \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=416–433 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1758\\-2229\\.2011\\.00264\\.x \\|pmid\\=23761304}}",
"| \\+Red Sea Brine Pool Extremozymes and Potential Applications | Brine Pool | Extremozyme | Potential Uses |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Atlantis II Deep](/wiki/Atlantis_II_Deep \"Atlantis II Deep\") | ADH/A1a | Pharmaceuticals and [biodegradation](/wiki/Biodegradation \"Biodegradation\"){{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Atalah \\|first1\\=Joaquín \\|last2\\=Cáceres\\-Moreno \\|first2\\=Paulina \\|last3\\=Espina \\|first3\\=Giannina \\|last4\\=Blamey \\|first4\\=Jenny M. \\|date\\=May 2019 \\|title\\=Thermophiles and the applications of their enzymes as new biocatalysts \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/j.biortech.2019\\.02\\.008 \\|journal\\=Bioresource Technology \\|volume\\=280 \\|pages\\=478–488 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.biortech.2019\\.02\\.008 \\|issn\\=0960\\-8524 \\|pmid\\=30826176 \\|s2cid\\=73509194}} |\n| | ATII\\-TrxR{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Badiea \\|first1\\=Elham A. \\|last2\\=Sayed \\|first2\\=Ahmed A. \\|last3\\=Maged \\|first3\\=Mohamad \\|last4\\=Fouad \\|first4\\=Walid M. \\|last5\\=Said \\|first5\\=Mahmoud M. \\|last6\\=Esmat \\|first6\\=Amr Y. \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-31 \\|title\\=A novel thermostable and halophilic thioredoxin reductase from the Red Sea Atlantis II hot brine pool \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=e0217565 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0217565 \\|issn\\=1932\\-6203 \\|pmc\\=6544261 \\|pmid\\=31150456 \\|bibcode\\=2019PLoSO..1417565B \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} | Cancer therapy and antibiotics{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Harbut \\|first1\\=Michael B. \\|last2\\=Vilchèze \\|first2\\=Catherine \\|last3\\=Luo \\|first3\\=Xiaozhou \\|last4\\=Hensler \\|first4\\=Mary E. \\|last5\\=Guo \\|first5\\=Hui \\|last6\\=Yang \\|first6\\=Baiyuan \\|last7\\=Chatterjee \\|first7\\=Arnab K. \\|last8\\=Nizet \\|first8\\=Victor \\|last9\\=Jacobs \\|first9\\=William R. \\|last10\\=Schultz \\|first10\\=Peter G. \\|last11\\=Wang \\|first11\\=Feng \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-07 \\|title\\=Auranofin exerts broad\\-spectrum bactericidal activities by targeting thiol\\-redox homeostasis \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=112 \\|issue\\=14 \\|pages\\=4453–4458 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1504022112 \\|issn\\=0027\\-8424 \\|pmc\\=4394260 \\|pmid\\=25831516 \\|bibcode\\=2015PNAS..112\\.4453H \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} |\n| | ATII\\-LCL MerA{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Maged \\|first1\\=Mohamad \\|last2\\=El Hosseiny \\|first2\\=Ahmed \\|last3\\=Saadeldin \\|first3\\=Mona Kamal \\|last4\\=Aziz \\|first4\\=Ramy K. \\|last5\\=Ramadan \\|first5\\=Eman \\|date\\=February 2019 \\|title\\=Thermal Stability of a Mercuric Reductase from the Red Sea Atlantis II Hot Brine Environment as Analyzed by Site\\-Directed Mutagenesis \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1128/aem.02387\\-18 \\|journal\\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \\|volume\\=85 \\|issue\\=3 \\|doi\\=10\\.1128/aem.02387\\-18 \\|issn\\=0099\\-2240 \\|pmc\\=6344611 \\|pmid\\=30446558\\|bibcode\\=2019ApEnM..85E2387M }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sayed \\|first1\\=Ahmed \\|last2\\=Ghazy \\|first2\\=Mohamed A. \\|last3\\=Ferreira \\|first3\\=Ari J.S. \\|last4\\=Setubal \\|first4\\=João C. \\|last5\\=Chambergo \\|first5\\=Felipe S. \\|last6\\=Ouf \\|first6\\=Amged \\|last7\\=Adel \\|first7\\=Mustafa \\|last8\\=Dawe \\|first8\\=Adam S. \\|last9\\=Archer \\|first9\\=John A.C. \\|last10\\=Bajic \\|first10\\=Vladimir B. \\|last11\\=Siam \\|first11\\=Rania \\|last12\\=El\\-Dorry \\|first12\\=Hamza \\|date\\=January 2014 \\|title\\=A Novel Mercuric Reductase from the Unique Deep Brine Environment of Atlantis II in the Red Sea \\|journal\\=Journal of Biological Chemistry \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=289 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=1675–1687 \\|doi\\=10\\.1074/jbc.M113\\.493429 \\|pmc\\=3894346 \\|pmid\\=24280218 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} | [Bioremediation](/wiki/Bioremediation \"Bioremediation\") and [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\") detoxification |\n| | ATII\\-LCL\\-NH | Bioremediation |\n| | BR3 polHamdan, S., and Takahashi, M. (2015\\). *DNA Polymerazes from the Red Sea Brine Pool Organisms.* Patent No. WO 2015166354 A2\\. Thuwal: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology | Biomedical DNA techniques{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Gong \\|first1\\=Jin\\-Song \\|last2\\=Lu \\|first2\\=Zhen\\-Ming \\|last3\\=Li \\|first3\\=Heng \\|last4\\=Shi \\|first4\\=Jin\\-Song \\|last5\\=Zhou \\|first5\\=Zhe\\-Min \\|last6\\=Xu \\|first6\\=Zheng\\-Hong \\|date\\=December 2012 \\|title\\=Nitrilases in nitrile biocatalysis: recent progress and forthcoming research \\|journal\\=Microbial Cell Factories \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=142 \\|doi\\=10\\.1186/1475\\-2859\\-11\\-142 \\|issn\\=1475\\-2859 \\|pmc\\=3537687 \\|pmid\\=23106943 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} |\n| | ATII\\-APH(3'){{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Takahashi \\|first1\\=Masateru \\|last2\\=Takahashi \\|first2\\=Etsuko \\|last3\\=Joudeh \\|first3\\=Luay I. \\|last4\\=Marini \\|first4\\=Monica \\|last5\\=Das \\|first5\\=Gobind \\|last6\\=Elshenawy \\|first6\\=Mohamed M. \\|last7\\=Akal \\|first7\\=Anastassja \\|last8\\=Sakashita \\|first8\\=Kosuke \\|last9\\=Alam \\|first9\\=Intikhab \\|last10\\=Tehseen \\|first10\\=Muhammad \\|last11\\=Sobhy \\|first11\\=Mohamed A. \\|last12\\=Stingl \\|first12\\=Ulrich \\|last13\\=Merzaban \\|first13\\=Jasmeen S. \\|last14\\=Di Fabrizio \\|first14\\=Enzo \\|last15\\=Hamdan \\|first15\\=Samir M. \\|date\\=June 2018 \\|title\\=Dynamic structure mediates halophilic adaptation of a DNA polymerase from the deep\\-sea brines of the Red Sea \\|journal\\=The FASEB Journal \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=32 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=3346–3360 \\|doi\\=10\\.1096/fj.201700862RR \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|issn\\=0892\\-6638 \\|pmc\\=6051491 \\|pmid\\=29401622}} | Biotechnology and antibiotics{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Terekhov \\|first1\\=Stanislav S. \\|last2\\=Mokrushina \\|first2\\=Yuliana A. \\|last3\\=Nazarov \\|first3\\=Anton S. \\|last4\\=Zlobin \\|first4\\=Alexander \\|last5\\=Zalevsky \\|first5\\=Arthur \\|last6\\=Bourenkov \\|first6\\=Gleb \\|last7\\=Golovin \\|first7\\=Andrey \\|last8\\=Belogurov \\|first8\\=Alexey \\|last9\\=Osterman \\|first9\\=Ilya A. \\|last10\\=Kulikova \\|first10\\=Alexandra A. \\|last11\\=Mitkevich \\|first11\\=Vladimir A. \\|last12\\=Lou \\|first12\\=Hua Jane \\|last13\\=Turk \\|first13\\=Benjamin E. \\|last14\\=Wilmanns \\|first14\\=Matthias \\|last15\\=Smirnov \\|first15\\=Ivan V. \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-26 \\|title\\=A kinase bioscavenger provides antibiotic resistance by extremely tight substrate binding \\|journal\\=Science Advances \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=26 \\|pages\\=eaaz9861 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/sciadv.aaz9861 \\|issn\\=2375\\-2548 \\|pmc\\=7314540 \\|pmid\\=32637600\\|bibcode\\=2020SciA....6\\.9861T }} |\n| | EstATII{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Mohamed \\|first1\\=Yasmine M. \\|last2\\=Ghazy \\|first2\\=Mohamed A. \\|last3\\=Sayed \\|first3\\=Ahmed \\|last4\\=Ouf \\|first4\\=Amged \\|last5\\=El\\-Dorry \\|first5\\=Hamza \\|last6\\=Siam \\|first6\\=Rania \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-28 \\|title\\=Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal\\-resistant, thermophilic esterase from a Red Sea Brine Pool \\|journal\\=Scientific Reports \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=3358 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/srep03358 \\|issn\\=2045\\-2322 \\|pmc\\=6506439 \\|pmid\\=24285146\\|bibcode\\=2013NatSR...3E3358M }} | Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biodegradation{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Panda \\|first1\\=T. \\|last2\\=Gowrishankar \\|first2\\=B. S. \\|date\\=April 2005 \\|title\\=Production and applications of esterases \\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1007/s00253\\-004\\-1840\\-y \\|journal\\=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=160–169 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00253\\-004\\-1840\\-y \\|issn\\=0175\\-7598 \\|pmid\\=15630579 \\|s2cid\\=33489838}} |\n| | ATII\\-ABL{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Elbehery \\|first1\\=Ali H. A. \\|last2\\=Leak \\|first2\\=David J. \\|last3\\=Siam \\|first3\\=Rania \\|date\\=January 2017 \\|title\\=Novel thermostable antibiotic resistance enzymes from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool \\|journal\\=Microbial Biotechnology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=189–202 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1751\\-7915\\.12468 \\|pmc\\=5270753 \\|pmid\\=28004885}} | Biotechnology and antibiotics |\n| | NItraS\\-ATII{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sonbol \\|first1\\=Sarah A. \\|last2\\=Ferreira \\|first2\\=Ari J. S. \\|last3\\=Siam \\|first3\\=Rania \\|date\\=December 2016 \\|title\\=Red Sea Atlantis II brine pool nitrilase with unique thermostability profile and heavy metal tolerance \\|journal\\=BMC Biotechnology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=14 \\|doi\\=10\\.1186/s12896\\-016\\-0244\\-2 \\|issn\\=1472\\-6750 \\|pmc\\=4751646 \\|pmid\\=26868129 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} | Pharmaceuticals and bioremediation |\n| Discovery Deep | ADH/D1{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Identification and Experimental Characterization of an Extremophilic Brine Pool Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Single Amplified Genomes \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1021/acschembio.7b00792\\.s001 \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/acschembio.7b00792\\.s001 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-16 \\|hdl\\=10754/626319}} | Pharmaceutical and biodegradation |\n| | CA\\_D{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Vogler \\|first1\\=Malvina \\|last2\\=Karan \\|first2\\=Ram \\|last3\\=Renn \\|first3\\=Dominik \\|last4\\=Vancea \\|first4\\=Alexandra \\|last5\\=Vielberg \\|first5\\=Marie\\-Theres \\|last6\\=Grötzinger \\|first6\\=Stefan W. \\|last7\\=DasSarma \\|first7\\=Priya \\|last8\\=DasSarma \\|first8\\=Shiladitya \\|last9\\=Eppinger \\|first9\\=Jörg \\|last10\\=Groll \\|first10\\=Michael \\|last11\\=Rueping \\|first11\\=Magnus \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-28 \\|title\\=Crystal Structure and Active Site Engineering of a Halophilic γ\\-Carbonic Anhydrase \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Microbiology \\|volume\\=11 \\|pages\\=742 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fmicb.2020\\.00742 \\|issn\\=1664\\-302X \\|pmc\\=7199487 \\|pmid\\=32411108 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} | [Carbon sequestration](/wiki/Carbon_sequestration \"Carbon sequestration\"){{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Yoshimoto \\|first1\\=Makoto \\|last2\\=Walde \\|first2\\=Peter \\|date\\=October 2018 \\|title\\=Immobilized carbonic anhydrase: preparation, characteristics and biotechnological applications \\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1007/s11274\\-018\\-2536\\-2 \\|journal\\=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=151 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11274\\-018\\-2536\\-2 \\|issn\\=0959\\-3993 \\|pmid\\=30259182 \\|s2cid\\=255141333}} |\n| Kebrit Deep | K09H MerA{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Ramadan \\|first1\\=Eman \\|last2\\=Maged \\|first2\\=Mohamad \\|last3\\=El Hosseiny \\|first3\\=Ahmed \\|last4\\=Chambergo \\|first4\\=Felipe S. \\|last5\\=Setubal \\|first5\\=João C. \\|last6\\=El Dorry \\|first6\\=Hamza \\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-15 \\|editor\\-last\\=Master \\|editor\\-first\\=Emma R. \\|title\\=Molecular Adaptations of Bacterial Mercuric Reductase to the Hypersaline Kebrit Deep in the Red Sea \\|journal\\=Applied and Environmental Microbiology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=85 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=e01431–18 \\|doi\\=10\\.1128/AEM.01431\\-18 \\|issn\\=0099\\-2240 \\|pmc\\=6365835 \\|pmid\\=30504211\\|bibcode\\=2019ApEnM..85E1431R }} | Bioremediation and mercury detoxification |\n| | K35NH MerA | Bioremediation and mercury detoxification |",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The Pink Finks formed in early 1965 when 16\-year\-old [R\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues") fanatic Ross Wilson joined forces with Rick Dalton and Ross Hannaford's schoolboy outfit The Fauves, which played mainly covers of [The Shadows](/wiki/The_Shadows "The Shadows") and [The Ventures](/wiki/The_Ventures "The Ventures"). They were a part\-time band, since the members were all still at school at the time. Hannaford, who was only 14 when the band formed, was often driven to concerts by his mother, and had to be sneaked in and out of the licensed venues they played at because he was underage. Money was short and Hannaford played on a low cost acoustic guitar fitted with a Moody sound hole pick\-up (without controls) through a Burns Tri\-Sonic amplifier provided by Wilson. Inspired by the onslaught of English groups like [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones"), [The Pretty Things](/wiki/The_Pretty_Things "The Pretty Things"), and [The Yardbirds](/wiki/The_Yardbirds "The Yardbirds"), the young band's repertoire was chiefly R\&B and blues covers.
David Cameron replaced original rhythm guitarist Rick Dalton in early 1965, with Dalton later joining Running Jumping Standing Still, which included [Andy Anderson](/wiki/Andy_Anderson_%28actor%29 "Andy Anderson (actor)") and [Doug Ford](/wiki/Doug_Ford_%28musician%29 "Doug Ford (musician)"), both formerly of [The Missing Links](/wiki/The_Missing_Links_%28band%29 "The Missing Links (band)") and Ian Robinson on drums.
The Pink Finks released four singles during their brief career; their first, released on their own Mojo label, was a raunchy version of [The Kingsmen](/wiki/The_Kingsmen "The Kingsmen")'s "[Louie Louie](/wiki/Louie_Louie "Louie Louie")" and it gave them an early taste of success when it became a local hit (\#16\) in Melbourne in June 1965\. These were followed by covers of [The Shirelles](/wiki/The_Shirelles "The Shirelles")' "Untie Me", [Howlin' Wolf](/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf "Howlin' Wolf")'s "[Back Door Man](/wiki/Back_Door_Man "Back Door Man")" and [Spencer Davis Group](/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group "Spencer Davis Group")'s "It Hurts Me So".
Franklin, Cameron and Ratz left to go to university in early 1966\. It appears from the information in *Who's Who of Australian Rock* that they were replaced, by Kinman (bass), Lansdown (drums), and Niven (keyboards). Michael Edwards was added on trumpet and sax in August 1966\. Jimmy Niven was later a member of the [Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band](/wiki/Captain_Matchbox_Whoopee_Band "Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band") (1973–76\) and [The Sports](/wiki/The_Sports "The Sports") (1976–80\).
[Richard Franklin](/wiki/Richard_Franklin_%28director%29 "Richard Franklin (director)") later became a successful feature film director; his Australian credits include *[The True Story of Eskimo Nell](/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Eskimo_Nell "The True Story of Eskimo Nell")*, *Fantasm*, *[Roadgames](/wiki/Roadgames "Roadgames")* and *Patrick*. After moving to Hollywood he directed *[Psycho II](/wiki/Psycho_II_%28film%29 "Psycho II (film)")*, *[Cloak \& Dagger](/wiki/Cloak_%26_Dagger_%281984_film%29 "Cloak & Dagger (1984 film)")*, *[Link](/wiki/Link_%28film%29 "Link (film)")* and *[FX2: The Deadly Art of Illusion](/wiki/F/X2 "F/X2")*. In the 1990s, he returned to Australia where he directed *Hotel Sorrento*, *[Brilliant Lies](/wiki/Brilliant_Lies "Brilliant Lies")* and *[Visitors](/wiki/Visitors_%282003_film%29 "Visitors (2003 film)")*, before he died of cancer in 2007\.
David Cameron graduated from [NIDA](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Arts "National Institute of Dramatic Arts") and became an actor, beginning with a role in the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission "Australian Broadcasting Commission")'s *[Bellbird](/wiki/Bellbird_%28TV_series%29 "Bellbird (TV series)")*, in 1969 and since appeared in string of Australian TV series, miniseries and feature film appearances, including *[Against the Wind](/wiki/Against_the_Wind_%28TV_series%29 "Against the Wind (TV series)")*, *Dawn!*, *Water under the Bridge* (for which he received a [Logie](/wiki/Logie_Award "Logie Award") nomination), *My First Wife* and *[Mad Max](/wiki/Mad_Max "Mad Max")*. In 1995, he turned to directing television, commercials and corporate documentaries, including *[Stingers](/wiki/Stingers_%28TV_series%29 "Stingers (TV series)")*, *[SeaChange](/wiki/SeaChange "SeaChange")*, *[Good Guys Bad Guys](/wiki/Good_Guys_Bad_Guys "Good Guys Bad Guys")*, *[State Coroner](/wiki/State_Coroner_%28TV_series%29 "State Coroner (TV series)")*, *[Fergus McPhail](/wiki/Fergus_McPhail "Fergus McPhail")*, *[The Wayne Manifesto](/wiki/The_Wayne_Manifesto "The Wayne Manifesto")* (for which he won an [AFI award](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute_Awards "Australian Film Institute Awards")), *Life* and *Dogwoman*. Cameron is currently a teacher at The Australian Film \& Television Academy (TAFTA).
Wilson and Hannaford moved on to notable bands such as [The Party Machine](/wiki/The_Party_Machine "The Party Machine"), [Sons of the Vegetal Mother](/wiki/Sons_of_the_Vegetal_Mother "Sons of the Vegetal Mother"), [Daddy Cool](/wiki/Daddy_Cool_%28band%29 "Daddy Cool (band)"), and [Mighty Kong](/wiki/Mighty_Kong_%28band%29 "Mighty Kong (band)").
Chris Kinman returned to [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane%2C_Queensland "Brisbane, Queensland") in the late 1960s and turned to making guitars. In 1996 he founded his own pickup boutique, Kinman Guitar Electrix.
Leigh Lansdown and UK arriviste Duncan Fry formed local band "The Harris Tweed Band" in 1965 which is still performing mainly in Melbourne's southern suburbs.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Pink Finks formed in early 1965 when 16\\-year\\-old [R\\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\") fanatic Ross Wilson joined forces with Rick Dalton and Ross Hannaford's schoolboy outfit The Fauves, which played mainly covers of [The Shadows](/wiki/The_Shadows \"The Shadows\") and [The Ventures](/wiki/The_Ventures \"The Ventures\"). They were a part\\-time band, since the members were all still at school at the time. Hannaford, who was only 14 when the band formed, was often driven to concerts by his mother, and had to be sneaked in and out of the licensed venues they played at because he was underage. Money was short and Hannaford played on a low cost acoustic guitar fitted with a Moody sound hole pick\\-up (without controls) through a Burns Tri\\-Sonic amplifier provided by Wilson. Inspired by the onslaught of English groups like [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\"), [The Pretty Things](/wiki/The_Pretty_Things \"The Pretty Things\"), and [The Yardbirds](/wiki/The_Yardbirds \"The Yardbirds\"), the young band's repertoire was chiefly R\\&B and blues covers.",
"David Cameron replaced original rhythm guitarist Rick Dalton in early 1965, with Dalton later joining Running Jumping Standing Still, which included [Andy Anderson](/wiki/Andy_Anderson_%28actor%29 \"Andy Anderson (actor)\") and [Doug Ford](/wiki/Doug_Ford_%28musician%29 \"Doug Ford (musician)\"), both formerly of [The Missing Links](/wiki/The_Missing_Links_%28band%29 \"The Missing Links (band)\") and Ian Robinson on drums.",
"The Pink Finks released four singles during their brief career; their first, released on their own Mojo label, was a raunchy version of [The Kingsmen](/wiki/The_Kingsmen \"The Kingsmen\")'s \"[Louie Louie](/wiki/Louie_Louie \"Louie Louie\")\" and it gave them an early taste of success when it became a local hit (\\#16\\) in Melbourne in June 1965\\. These were followed by covers of [The Shirelles](/wiki/The_Shirelles \"The Shirelles\")' \"Untie Me\", [Howlin' Wolf](/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf \"Howlin' Wolf\")'s \"[Back Door Man](/wiki/Back_Door_Man \"Back Door Man\")\" and [Spencer Davis Group](/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group \"Spencer Davis Group\")'s \"It Hurts Me So\".",
"Franklin, Cameron and Ratz left to go to university in early 1966\\. It appears from the information in *Who's Who of Australian Rock* that they were replaced, by Kinman (bass), Lansdown (drums), and Niven (keyboards). Michael Edwards was added on trumpet and sax in August 1966\\. Jimmy Niven was later a member of the [Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band](/wiki/Captain_Matchbox_Whoopee_Band \"Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band\") (1973–76\\) and [The Sports](/wiki/The_Sports \"The Sports\") (1976–80\\).",
"[Richard Franklin](/wiki/Richard_Franklin_%28director%29 \"Richard Franklin (director)\") later became a successful feature film director; his Australian credits include *[The True Story of Eskimo Nell](/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Eskimo_Nell \"The True Story of Eskimo Nell\")*, *Fantasm*, *[Roadgames](/wiki/Roadgames \"Roadgames\")* and *Patrick*. After moving to Hollywood he directed *[Psycho II](/wiki/Psycho_II_%28film%29 \"Psycho II (film)\")*, *[Cloak \\& Dagger](/wiki/Cloak_%26_Dagger_%281984_film%29 \"Cloak & Dagger (1984 film)\")*, *[Link](/wiki/Link_%28film%29 \"Link (film)\")* and *[FX2: The Deadly Art of Illusion](/wiki/F/X2 \"F/X2\")*. In the 1990s, he returned to Australia where he directed *Hotel Sorrento*, *[Brilliant Lies](/wiki/Brilliant_Lies \"Brilliant Lies\")* and *[Visitors](/wiki/Visitors_%282003_film%29 \"Visitors (2003 film)\")*, before he died of cancer in 2007\\.",
"David Cameron graduated from [NIDA](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Arts \"National Institute of Dramatic Arts\") and became an actor, beginning with a role in the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission \"Australian Broadcasting Commission\")'s *[Bellbird](/wiki/Bellbird_%28TV_series%29 \"Bellbird (TV series)\")*, in 1969 and since appeared in string of Australian TV series, miniseries and feature film appearances, including *[Against the Wind](/wiki/Against_the_Wind_%28TV_series%29 \"Against the Wind (TV series)\")*, *Dawn!*, *Water under the Bridge* (for which he received a [Logie](/wiki/Logie_Award \"Logie Award\") nomination), *My First Wife* and *[Mad Max](/wiki/Mad_Max \"Mad Max\")*. In 1995, he turned to directing television, commercials and corporate documentaries, including *[Stingers](/wiki/Stingers_%28TV_series%29 \"Stingers (TV series)\")*, *[SeaChange](/wiki/SeaChange \"SeaChange\")*, *[Good Guys Bad Guys](/wiki/Good_Guys_Bad_Guys \"Good Guys Bad Guys\")*, *[State Coroner](/wiki/State_Coroner_%28TV_series%29 \"State Coroner (TV series)\")*, *[Fergus McPhail](/wiki/Fergus_McPhail \"Fergus McPhail\")*, *[The Wayne Manifesto](/wiki/The_Wayne_Manifesto \"The Wayne Manifesto\")* (for which he won an [AFI award](/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute_Awards \"Australian Film Institute Awards\")), *Life* and *Dogwoman*. Cameron is currently a teacher at The Australian Film \\& Television Academy (TAFTA).",
"Wilson and Hannaford moved on to notable bands such as [The Party Machine](/wiki/The_Party_Machine \"The Party Machine\"), [Sons of the Vegetal Mother](/wiki/Sons_of_the_Vegetal_Mother \"Sons of the Vegetal Mother\"), [Daddy Cool](/wiki/Daddy_Cool_%28band%29 \"Daddy Cool (band)\"), and [Mighty Kong](/wiki/Mighty_Kong_%28band%29 \"Mighty Kong (band)\").",
"Chris Kinman returned to [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane%2C_Queensland \"Brisbane, Queensland\") in the late 1960s and turned to making guitars. In 1996 he founded his own pickup boutique, Kinman Guitar Electrix.",
"Leigh Lansdown and UK arriviste Duncan Fry formed local band \"The Harris Tweed Band\" in 1965 which is still performing mainly in Melbourne's southern suburbs.",
""
] |
Career
------
Cottrell was born 15 August 1936, in London. He attended [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University"), and trained as an actor in Paris.[1969 Bio](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/rc.htm) on McKellen.com
### Work in Britain
From 1964 to 1966 Cottrell was General Manager of the Hampstead Theatre Club. The first play he directed there was [Georges Feydeau](/wiki/Georges_Feydeau "Georges Feydeau")'s *The Birdwatcher*, with [Michael Bates](/wiki/Michael_Bates_%28actor%29 "Michael Bates (actor)") and [Prunella Scales](/wiki/Prunella_Scales "Prunella Scales").
From 1966 to 1969, Cottrell was co\-founder and Associate Director of the [Prospect Theatre Company](/wiki/Prospect_Theatre_Company "Prospect Theatre Company") in Oxford.[Prospect Theatre Company](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/prospect.htm) His work for Prospect included works by Anouilh, Pinter, and Feydeau. His production of Farquhar's *[The Constant Couple](/wiki/The_Constant_Couple "The Constant Couple")*, with [Robert Hardy](/wiki/Robert_Hardy "Robert Hardy") and [Timothy West](/wiki/Timothy_West "Timothy West"), transferred to the [New Theatre](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre "Noël Coward Theatre") in London. Cottrell's own translation of *[The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard "The Cherry Orchard")*, starring [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova "Lila Kedrova") and [Patrick Wymark](/wiki/Patrick_Wymark "Patrick Wymark"), transferred to the [Queen's Theatre](/wiki/Sondheim_Theatre "Sondheim Theatre") in London in 1967\. Cottrell was instrumental in the career of [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen "Ian McKellen"), inviting him to star in, and directing him in, his acclaimed *[Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_%28play%29 "Richard II (play)")* in 1969\.Shewring, Margaret. [*King Richard II*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUMX4RntjgC&dq=%22Richard+Cottrell%22+McKellen&pg=PA81) Manchester University Press, 1998\. p. 81\.
Cottrell translated Georges Feydeau for the Prospect Company, and, with [Lance Sieveking](/wiki/Lance_Sieveking "Lance Sieveking"), adapted E. M. Forster's *[Howards End](/wiki/Howards_End "Howards End")* and *[A Room with a View](/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View "A Room with a View")*. With [Edward Bond](/wiki/Edward_Bond "Edward Bond"), Cottrell translated *[Three Sisters](/wiki/Three_Sisters_%28play%29 "Three Sisters (play)")* for the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre").
From 1969 to 1975, Cottrell was Director of the newly formed [Cambridge Theatre Company](/wiki/Cambridge_Theatre_Company "Cambridge Theatre Company"). There, in 1970 he directed his own translation of *[The Seagull](/wiki/The_Seagull "The Seagull")*, with [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova "Lila Kedrova") as Madame Arkadina. In 1974 he directed the young [Ian Charleson](/wiki/Ian_Charleson "Ian Charleson") as *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet "Hamlet")*.
From 1975 to 1980, Cottrell was Director of the [Bristol Old Vic Company](/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic "Bristol Old Vic"), where his notable productions included *[The National Health](/wiki/The_National_Health_%28play%29 "The National Health (play)")*, *[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler "Hedda Gabler")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")*, *[A Doll's House](/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House "A Doll's House")*, and *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream")*.
### Move to Australia
Cottrell became a resident of Australia in 1984\. From 1985 to 1987, he was Director of the [Nimrod Theatre Company](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre_Company "Nimrod Theatre Company") in Sydney. He received a Sydney Critics Award for his first season, in which a permanent company of 16 actors played a season of classical plays in repertoire. His work at Nimrod included *[The Winter's Tale](/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale "The Winter's Tale")*, *[Les Liaisons Dangereuses](/wiki/Les_liaisons_dangereuses_%28play%29 "Les liaisons dangereuses (play)")*, *[All's Well That Ends Well](/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well "All's Well That Ends Well")*, *[Wild Honey](/wiki/Wild_Honey_%28play%29 "Wild Honey (play)")*, *[The Merchant of Venice](/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice "The Merchant of Venice")*, and *[Arms and the Man](/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man "Arms and the Man")*.[Richard Cottrell](http://www.icsassoc.com.au/tdirect.php) at International Casting Associates
For the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company "Sydney Theatre Company"), Cottrell has directed *[Lettice and Lovage](/wiki/Lettice_and_Lovage "Lettice and Lovage")* and *Vita and Virginia*, both starring [Ruth Cracknell](/wiki/Ruth_Cracknell "Ruth Cracknell"). For the [National Institute of Dramatic Art](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art "National Institute of Dramatic Art"), he directed his own specially commissioned translation of [Racine](/wiki/Jean_Racine "Jean Racine")'s *[Britannicus](/wiki/Britannicus "Britannicus")* in 1992\. For the [Belvoir St Theatre](/wiki/Belvoir_St_Theatre "Belvoir St Theatre") in Sydney, he has directed *When the Wind Blows*; and for the Marian Street Theatre Company in Sydney he directed *[Benefactors](/wiki/Benefactors_%28play%29 "Benefactors (play)")*, *[Prin](/wiki/Prin "Prin")*, *[Henceforward...](/wiki/Henceforward... "Henceforward...")*, *Neville's Island*, and *[Things We Do for Love](/wiki/Things_We_Do_for_Love_%28play%29 "Things We Do for Love (play)")*.
Cottrell's work in Britain in the 1990s included *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals "The Rivals")* at the [Chichester Festival](/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre "Chichester Festival Theatre") and in the West End; *[The School for Scandal](/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal "The School for Scandal")*, *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan "Lady Windermere's Fan")*, also at Chichester; and *[Three Hours After Marriage](/wiki/Three_Hours_After_Marriage "Three Hours After Marriage")* for the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company").
Cottrell's recent productions include *Ying Tong*, *A Walk with the Goons*, and *[Travesties](/wiki/Travesties "Travesties")* for the Sydney Theatre Company. He has directed *[King Lear](/wiki/King_Lear "King Lear")* for the [National Theatre of Portugal](/wiki/National_Theatre_D._Maria_II "National Theatre D. Maria II") in Lisbon, *The Uneasy Chair* for [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons "Playwrights Horizons") in New York, and [Simone de Beauvoir](/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir "Simone de Beauvoir")'s *The Woman Destroyed* at 59E59 in New York.
Cottrell has done [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") directing as well. For the [Victorian State Opera](/wiki/Victorian_State_Opera "Victorian State Opera") he directed *[Andrea Chénier](/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier "Andrea Chénier")*, for which he won a Victorian Green Room Award for Best Opera Production of the Year, and *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")*. For the [Opera Theatre of St. Louis](/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_St._Louis "Opera Theatre of St. Louis") he has directed *[The Merry Widow](/wiki/The_Merry_Widow "The Merry Widow")*.
### Teaching
Cottrell has taught and directed at the [Royal Academy of Dramatic Art](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art "Royal Academy of Dramatic Art") in London, the Hong Kong College of the Performing Arts, [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University"), the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California"), the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School") in New York, and all of Australia's leading theatre schools.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Cottrell was born 15 August 1936, in London. He attended [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\"), and trained as an actor in Paris.[1969 Bio](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/rc.htm) on McKellen.com",
"### Work in Britain",
"From 1964 to 1966 Cottrell was General Manager of the Hampstead Theatre Club. The first play he directed there was [Georges Feydeau](/wiki/Georges_Feydeau \"Georges Feydeau\")'s *The Birdwatcher*, with [Michael Bates](/wiki/Michael_Bates_%28actor%29 \"Michael Bates (actor)\") and [Prunella Scales](/wiki/Prunella_Scales \"Prunella Scales\").",
"From 1966 to 1969, Cottrell was co\\-founder and Associate Director of the [Prospect Theatre Company](/wiki/Prospect_Theatre_Company \"Prospect Theatre Company\") in Oxford.[Prospect Theatre Company](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/prospect.htm) His work for Prospect included works by Anouilh, Pinter, and Feydeau. His production of Farquhar's *[The Constant Couple](/wiki/The_Constant_Couple \"The Constant Couple\")*, with [Robert Hardy](/wiki/Robert_Hardy \"Robert Hardy\") and [Timothy West](/wiki/Timothy_West \"Timothy West\"), transferred to the [New Theatre](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre \"Noël Coward Theatre\") in London. Cottrell's own translation of *[The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard \"The Cherry Orchard\")*, starring [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova \"Lila Kedrova\") and [Patrick Wymark](/wiki/Patrick_Wymark \"Patrick Wymark\"), transferred to the [Queen's Theatre](/wiki/Sondheim_Theatre \"Sondheim Theatre\") in London in 1967\\. Cottrell was instrumental in the career of [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen \"Ian McKellen\"), inviting him to star in, and directing him in, his acclaimed *[Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_%28play%29 \"Richard II (play)\")* in 1969\\.Shewring, Margaret. [*King Richard II*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUMX4RntjgC&dq=%22Richard+Cottrell%22+McKellen&pg=PA81) Manchester University Press, 1998\\. p. 81\\.",
"Cottrell translated Georges Feydeau for the Prospect Company, and, with [Lance Sieveking](/wiki/Lance_Sieveking \"Lance Sieveking\"), adapted E. M. Forster's *[Howards End](/wiki/Howards_End \"Howards End\")* and *[A Room with a View](/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View \"A Room with a View\")*. With [Edward Bond](/wiki/Edward_Bond \"Edward Bond\"), Cottrell translated *[Three Sisters](/wiki/Three_Sisters_%28play%29 \"Three Sisters (play)\")* for the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\").",
"From 1969 to 1975, Cottrell was Director of the newly formed [Cambridge Theatre Company](/wiki/Cambridge_Theatre_Company \"Cambridge Theatre Company\"). There, in 1970 he directed his own translation of *[The Seagull](/wiki/The_Seagull \"The Seagull\")*, with [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova \"Lila Kedrova\") as Madame Arkadina. In 1974 he directed the young [Ian Charleson](/wiki/Ian_Charleson \"Ian Charleson\") as *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet \"Hamlet\")*.",
"From 1975 to 1980, Cottrell was Director of the [Bristol Old Vic Company](/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic \"Bristol Old Vic\"), where his notable productions included *[The National Health](/wiki/The_National_Health_%28play%29 \"The National Health (play)\")*, *[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler \"Hedda Gabler\")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")*, *[A Doll's House](/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House \"A Doll's House\")*, and *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\")*.",
"### Move to Australia",
"Cottrell became a resident of Australia in 1984\\. From 1985 to 1987, he was Director of the [Nimrod Theatre Company](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre_Company \"Nimrod Theatre Company\") in Sydney. He received a Sydney Critics Award for his first season, in which a permanent company of 16 actors played a season of classical plays in repertoire. His work at Nimrod included *[The Winter's Tale](/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale \"The Winter's Tale\")*, *[Les Liaisons Dangereuses](/wiki/Les_liaisons_dangereuses_%28play%29 \"Les liaisons dangereuses (play)\")*, *[All's Well That Ends Well](/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well \"All's Well That Ends Well\")*, *[Wild Honey](/wiki/Wild_Honey_%28play%29 \"Wild Honey (play)\")*, *[The Merchant of Venice](/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice \"The Merchant of Venice\")*, and *[Arms and the Man](/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man \"Arms and the Man\")*.[Richard Cottrell](http://www.icsassoc.com.au/tdirect.php) at International Casting Associates",
"For the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company \"Sydney Theatre Company\"), Cottrell has directed *[Lettice and Lovage](/wiki/Lettice_and_Lovage \"Lettice and Lovage\")* and *Vita and Virginia*, both starring [Ruth Cracknell](/wiki/Ruth_Cracknell \"Ruth Cracknell\"). For the [National Institute of Dramatic Art](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art \"National Institute of Dramatic Art\"), he directed his own specially commissioned translation of [Racine](/wiki/Jean_Racine \"Jean Racine\")'s *[Britannicus](/wiki/Britannicus \"Britannicus\")* in 1992\\. For the [Belvoir St Theatre](/wiki/Belvoir_St_Theatre \"Belvoir St Theatre\") in Sydney, he has directed *When the Wind Blows*; and for the Marian Street Theatre Company in Sydney he directed *[Benefactors](/wiki/Benefactors_%28play%29 \"Benefactors (play)\")*, *[Prin](/wiki/Prin \"Prin\")*, *[Henceforward...](/wiki/Henceforward... \"Henceforward...\")*, *Neville's Island*, and *[Things We Do for Love](/wiki/Things_We_Do_for_Love_%28play%29 \"Things We Do for Love (play)\")*.",
"Cottrell's work in Britain in the 1990s included *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals \"The Rivals\")* at the [Chichester Festival](/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre \"Chichester Festival Theatre\") and in the West End; *[The School for Scandal](/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal \"The School for Scandal\")*, *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan \"Lady Windermere's Fan\")*, also at Chichester; and *[Three Hours After Marriage](/wiki/Three_Hours_After_Marriage \"Three Hours After Marriage\")* for the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\").",
"Cottrell's recent productions include *Ying Tong*, *A Walk with the Goons*, and *[Travesties](/wiki/Travesties \"Travesties\")* for the Sydney Theatre Company. He has directed *[King Lear](/wiki/King_Lear \"King Lear\")* for the [National Theatre of Portugal](/wiki/National_Theatre_D._Maria_II \"National Theatre D. Maria II\") in Lisbon, *The Uneasy Chair* for [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons \"Playwrights Horizons\") in New York, and [Simone de Beauvoir](/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir \"Simone de Beauvoir\")'s *The Woman Destroyed* at 59E59 in New York.",
"Cottrell has done [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") directing as well. For the [Victorian State Opera](/wiki/Victorian_State_Opera \"Victorian State Opera\") he directed *[Andrea Chénier](/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier \"Andrea Chénier\")*, for which he won a Victorian Green Room Award for Best Opera Production of the Year, and *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")*. For the [Opera Theatre of St. Louis](/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_St._Louis \"Opera Theatre of St. Louis\") he has directed *[The Merry Widow](/wiki/The_Merry_Widow \"The Merry Widow\")*.",
"### Teaching",
"Cottrell has taught and directed at the [Royal Academy of Dramatic Art](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art \"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art\") in London, the Hong Kong College of the Performing Arts, [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"), the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\"), the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\") in New York, and all of Australia's leading theatre schools.",
""
] |
### Work in Britain
From 1964 to 1966 Cottrell was General Manager of the Hampstead Theatre Club. The first play he directed there was [Georges Feydeau](/wiki/Georges_Feydeau "Georges Feydeau")'s *The Birdwatcher*, with [Michael Bates](/wiki/Michael_Bates_%28actor%29 "Michael Bates (actor)") and [Prunella Scales](/wiki/Prunella_Scales "Prunella Scales").
From 1966 to 1969, Cottrell was co\-founder and Associate Director of the [Prospect Theatre Company](/wiki/Prospect_Theatre_Company "Prospect Theatre Company") in Oxford.[Prospect Theatre Company](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/prospect.htm) His work for Prospect included works by Anouilh, Pinter, and Feydeau. His production of Farquhar's *[The Constant Couple](/wiki/The_Constant_Couple "The Constant Couple")*, with [Robert Hardy](/wiki/Robert_Hardy "Robert Hardy") and [Timothy West](/wiki/Timothy_West "Timothy West"), transferred to the [New Theatre](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre "Noël Coward Theatre") in London. Cottrell's own translation of *[The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard "The Cherry Orchard")*, starring [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova "Lila Kedrova") and [Patrick Wymark](/wiki/Patrick_Wymark "Patrick Wymark"), transferred to the [Queen's Theatre](/wiki/Sondheim_Theatre "Sondheim Theatre") in London in 1967\. Cottrell was instrumental in the career of [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen "Ian McKellen"), inviting him to star in, and directing him in, his acclaimed *[Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_%28play%29 "Richard II (play)")* in 1969\.Shewring, Margaret. [*King Richard II*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUMX4RntjgC&dq=%22Richard+Cottrell%22+McKellen&pg=PA81) Manchester University Press, 1998\. p. 81\.
Cottrell translated Georges Feydeau for the Prospect Company, and, with [Lance Sieveking](/wiki/Lance_Sieveking "Lance Sieveking"), adapted E. M. Forster's *[Howards End](/wiki/Howards_End "Howards End")* and *[A Room with a View](/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View "A Room with a View")*. With [Edward Bond](/wiki/Edward_Bond "Edward Bond"), Cottrell translated *[Three Sisters](/wiki/Three_Sisters_%28play%29 "Three Sisters (play)")* for the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre").
From 1969 to 1975, Cottrell was Director of the newly formed [Cambridge Theatre Company](/wiki/Cambridge_Theatre_Company "Cambridge Theatre Company"). There, in 1970 he directed his own translation of *[The Seagull](/wiki/The_Seagull "The Seagull")*, with [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova "Lila Kedrova") as Madame Arkadina. In 1974 he directed the young [Ian Charleson](/wiki/Ian_Charleson "Ian Charleson") as *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet "Hamlet")*.
From 1975 to 1980, Cottrell was Director of the [Bristol Old Vic Company](/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic "Bristol Old Vic"), where his notable productions included *[The National Health](/wiki/The_National_Health_%28play%29 "The National Health (play)")*, *[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler "Hedda Gabler")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")*, *[A Doll's House](/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House "A Doll's House")*, and *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream")*.
|
[
"### Work in Britain",
"From 1964 to 1966 Cottrell was General Manager of the Hampstead Theatre Club. The first play he directed there was [Georges Feydeau](/wiki/Georges_Feydeau \"Georges Feydeau\")'s *The Birdwatcher*, with [Michael Bates](/wiki/Michael_Bates_%28actor%29 \"Michael Bates (actor)\") and [Prunella Scales](/wiki/Prunella_Scales \"Prunella Scales\").",
"From 1966 to 1969, Cottrell was co\\-founder and Associate Director of the [Prospect Theatre Company](/wiki/Prospect_Theatre_Company \"Prospect Theatre Company\") in Oxford.[Prospect Theatre Company](http://www.mckellen.com/stage/r2/prospect.htm) His work for Prospect included works by Anouilh, Pinter, and Feydeau. His production of Farquhar's *[The Constant Couple](/wiki/The_Constant_Couple \"The Constant Couple\")*, with [Robert Hardy](/wiki/Robert_Hardy \"Robert Hardy\") and [Timothy West](/wiki/Timothy_West \"Timothy West\"), transferred to the [New Theatre](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre \"Noël Coward Theatre\") in London. Cottrell's own translation of *[The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard \"The Cherry Orchard\")*, starring [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova \"Lila Kedrova\") and [Patrick Wymark](/wiki/Patrick_Wymark \"Patrick Wymark\"), transferred to the [Queen's Theatre](/wiki/Sondheim_Theatre \"Sondheim Theatre\") in London in 1967\\. Cottrell was instrumental in the career of [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen \"Ian McKellen\"), inviting him to star in, and directing him in, his acclaimed *[Richard II](/wiki/Richard_II_%28play%29 \"Richard II (play)\")* in 1969\\.Shewring, Margaret. [*King Richard II*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUMX4RntjgC&dq=%22Richard+Cottrell%22+McKellen&pg=PA81) Manchester University Press, 1998\\. p. 81\\.",
"Cottrell translated Georges Feydeau for the Prospect Company, and, with [Lance Sieveking](/wiki/Lance_Sieveking \"Lance Sieveking\"), adapted E. M. Forster's *[Howards End](/wiki/Howards_End \"Howards End\")* and *[A Room with a View](/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View \"A Room with a View\")*. With [Edward Bond](/wiki/Edward_Bond \"Edward Bond\"), Cottrell translated *[Three Sisters](/wiki/Three_Sisters_%28play%29 \"Three Sisters (play)\")* for the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\").",
"From 1969 to 1975, Cottrell was Director of the newly formed [Cambridge Theatre Company](/wiki/Cambridge_Theatre_Company \"Cambridge Theatre Company\"). There, in 1970 he directed his own translation of *[The Seagull](/wiki/The_Seagull \"The Seagull\")*, with [Lila Kedrova](/wiki/Lila_Kedrova \"Lila Kedrova\") as Madame Arkadina. In 1974 he directed the young [Ian Charleson](/wiki/Ian_Charleson \"Ian Charleson\") as *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet \"Hamlet\")*.",
"From 1975 to 1980, Cottrell was Director of the [Bristol Old Vic Company](/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic \"Bristol Old Vic\"), where his notable productions included *[The National Health](/wiki/The_National_Health_%28play%29 \"The National Health (play)\")*, *[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler \"Hedda Gabler\")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")*, *[A Doll's House](/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House \"A Doll's House\")*, and *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\")*.",
""
] |
Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------
### Early years
A former [karateka](/wiki/Karateka "Karateka") and graduate of [Koji Kitao](/wiki/Koji_Kitao "Koji Kitao")'s Bukō Dōjō, Masaaki spent the early part of his career wrestling for various promotions across Japan, namely [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 "WAR (wrestling promotion)") and [BattlARTS](/wiki/BattlARTS "BattlARTS"). Most notable was his appearance in the 1995 [Super J\-Cup](/wiki/Super_J-Cup "Super J-Cup"), where he took on [Shinjiro Otani](/wiki/Shinjiro_Otani "Shinjiro Otani") of [New Japan Pro\-Wrestling](/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling "New Japan Pro-Wrestling") in the first round. Despite losing, Masaaki looked very competitive, using his sharp kicks and quick submission holds to pose a serious threat to the more experienced Otani.
### Toryumon
In late 1999, Masaaki joined [Toryumon](/wiki/Toryumon_%28%C3%9Altimo_Drag%C3%B3n%29 "Toryumon (Último Dragón)"), [Último Dragón](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Drag%C3%B3n "Último Dragón")'s upstart promotion, and quickly became recognized as one of the three "aces" of the company, alongside [Cima](/wiki/Nobuhiko_Oshima "Nobuhiko Oshima"), and [Magnum Tokyo](/wiki/Katsumasa_Kuroki "Katsumasa Kuroki"). In April 2000, he formed the [heel](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Heel (professional wrestling)") group M2K with [Susumu Mochizuki](/wiki/Susumu_Mochizuki "Susumu Mochizuki") (no relation), and Yasushi Kanda, the stable's name coming from their surnames. Darkness Dragon and Chocoball KOBE would join later in the year as well. The group wreaked havoc on Toryumon's initial El Numero Uno Tournament in 2001, forcing every group member's matches, except for Susumu's, to end in double\-countouts. However, Masaaki won a second\-chance [battle royal](/wiki/Battle_royal_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Battle royal (professional wrestling)") to get back into the tournament. After defeating Cima via knockout in the semi\-finals, he pinned Magnum Tokyo in the finals; his only pinfall victory of the whole tournament. His issue with both, namely Cima and his Crazy Max stable, would continue through the end of the year; such was M2K's chicanery that Crazy Max, the original renegade group of Toryumon, was turned [face](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Face (professional wrestling)") by default. After losing a hair vs. hair [lumberjack match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lumberjack_match "Professional wrestling match types#Lumberjack match") to Cima in December 2001, Mochizuki was humiliated into cleaning up M2K's act.
He returned in 2002, claiming to be a "good person", and made a conscious effort to rid M2K of its evil ways, something his stablemates would have none of; kicking him out of the group not long after. He got one back on them on February 24, though, when he beat Susumu for the rights to the Mochizuki surname, forcing Susumu to take on "Yokosuka" as his new surname.
He would then go on to lead the Toryumon Army with [Dragon Kid](/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Nakamura "Nobuyoshi Nakamura") and [Ryo Saito](/wiki/Ryo_Saito_%28wrestler%29 "Ryo Saito (wrestler)") throughout 2002\. On January 23, 2003, he formed the much\-maligned Shin M2K, and they lasted until December 16 when he lost to fellow member [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai "Kenichiro Arai") in a match and was forced to disband the unit. At the beginning of 2004, he turned heel again to become leader of the Aagan Iisou stable. His time with them lasted a mere three months, when personality clashes between him and the other members resulted in him being kicked out. He turned face again and repented for his heel turn, and then on July 4, he and former M2K members from both generations banded with him to form Final M2K as Toryumon became [Dragon Gate](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_%28wrestling%29 "Dragon Gate (wrestling)").
### Dragon Gate
In December, he celebrated 10 years in wrestling by defeating Cima for Dragon Gate's top prize, the [Open the Dream Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Dream_Gate_Championship "Dragon Gate Open the Dream Gate Championship"). He held the title for 11 months before losing it to [Magnitude Kishiwada](/wiki/Magnitude_Kishiwada "Magnitude Kishiwada") on November 4, 2005\. When 2006 rolled around, he began to distance himself from Final M2K a bit, giving the reins of leadership to Susumu and joining up with Magnum Tokyo in his short\-lived Renaissance project.
He also returned to the old [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 "WAR (wrestling promotion)") promotion, reviving their International Junior Heavyweight Title, which he lost to Pentagon Black on July 27\. He won it back on November 23, but vacated it immediately after winning it. He beat [Gedo](/wiki/Gedo_%28wrestler%29 "Gedo (wrestler)") in a decision match on January 26, 2007, to determine the final champion and then retired the title. He also teamed with fellow Renaissance member [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii "Don Fujii") to win the revived WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Titles on August 6, 2006, beating [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto") \& Dr. Muscle in a tournament final. They would hold the title until January 7, 2007, when they lost them to [Jado](/wiki/Jado "Jado") and Gedo.
In December 2006, he won the 2nd [King of Gate](/wiki/King_of_Gate "King of Gate") Tournament, beating last year's champion Ryo Saito in the finals. On January 14, 2007, the Final M2K stable came to an end, after he, Susumu \& K\-ness lost to Cima, [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii "Don Fujii") and [Matt Sydal](/wiki/Matt_Sydal "Matt Sydal") of the also\-ending Blood Generation. He then decided that he would not become part of another unit, instead continuing his team with Don Fujii, who also refused to join another unit.
In 2007, he hosted his first self\-produced show, Buyuden. The show became a success, and it has since become a monthly show, with talent from different promotions in Japan participating. He \- along with Don Fujii \- was made the company ambassador to promotions within Japan while Cima spearheaded the company's international expansion. He also challenged for the Dream Gate Title twice, but when he failed to win it either time, he decided to continue to focus on outside efforts with Fujii.
Towards the end of the year, they united with [K\-ness](/wiki/Makoto_Saito_%28wrestler%29 "Makoto Saito (wrestler)") to form Mushozoku, a team of wrestlers 35 years and older. On September 9, they won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles, defeating [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi "Naruki Doi"), [Masato Yoshino](/wiki/Masato_Yoshino "Masato Yoshino") \& Magnitude Kishiwada, and defended them right up until February 24, 2008, when they lost them to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi "Shingo Takagi"), [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk "BxB Hulk") \& [Cyber Kong](/wiki/Cyber_Kong "Cyber Kong"). K\-ness stepped into a background role, and soon, the newly\-face Magnitude Kishiwada took his place, forming Zetsurins. On September 28, the trio won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles from Yasushi Kanda, [Yamato](/wiki/Masato_Onodera "Masato Onodera") \& [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto"). They made a defense against [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai "Kenichiro Arai"), [Akira Tozawa](/wiki/Akira_Tozawa "Akira Tozawa") \& [Taku Iwasa](/wiki/Taku_Iwasa "Taku Iwasa") of Tozawa\-juku on November 16, and Tozawa added the stipulation that if his team lost, then Tozawa\-juku would disband. Mochizuki scored the winning pinfall, bringing Tozawa\-juku to an end.
Iwasa began a rivalry with him after swearing revenge on him for causing the end of Tozawa\-juku. They faced off in a second round match in the King of Gate Tournament in December, where Mochizuki had promised that he would show Iwasa's one "fundamental flaw." Mochizuki won, and afterwards, he told Iwasa that his "fundamental flaw" was that he had been a tag team wrestler for so long that he had forgotten how to wrestle on his own, and would have to re\-learn how. Mochizuki would get to the finals of the tournament, but lost to [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi "Naruki Doi"). On February 15, 2009, he, Fujii \& Kishiwada lost the Triangle Gate titles to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi "Shingo Takagi"), Taku Iwasa \& Dragon Kid, where he took the fall, being pinned by Iwasa.
In August, he teamed with [Katsuhiko Nakajima](/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima "Katsuhiko Nakajima") to participate in the annual [Summer Adventure Tag League](/wiki/Summer_Adventure_Tag_League "Summer Adventure Tag League") Tournament, and they made it to the finals, but they lost to Shingo Takagi \& Yamato. Two months later, he would hold the Triangle Gate titles for a third time, teaming with Don Fujii \& [Akebono](/wiki/Akebono_Tar%C5%8D "Akebono Tarō") to beat Masato Yoshino, [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk "BxB Hulk") \& [PAC](/wiki/PAC_%28wrestler%29 "PAC (wrestler)").
After teaming with [Anthony W. Mori](/wiki/Anthony_W._Mori "Anthony W. Mori") against [Takuya Sugawara](/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara "Takuya Sugawara") \& [Minoru Fujita](/wiki/Minoru_Fujita "Minoru Fujita"), Mori turned to Mochizuki and named him as the heir to the throne of Phillip J. Fukumasa. Mochi took the crown, and agreed the three would do the Royal Brothers (Anthony W. Mori, Henry III Sugawara, Phillip J. Mochizuki) on the first Buyuden after the generation war was over. On May 13, 2010, Mochizuki, Fujii and Akebono lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Cima, [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto") and [Genki Horiguchi](/wiki/Genki_Horiguchi "Genki Horiguchi"). On January 10, 2011, Mochizuki and Fujii defeated Naruki Doi and Gamma to win the [Open the Twin Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship "Dragon Gate Open the Twin Gate Championship"). They would lose the title to Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito on February 6, 2011\.
On April 14, 2011, Mochizuki defeated Masato Yoshino to win the Open the Dream Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1302775264\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=4/14 Champion Gate \- 14 Apr 2011\|date\=2011\-04\-14\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-14\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142840/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1302775264\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=20 April 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} On April 24 Mochizuki agreed to form a new alliance with former World\-1 members Masato Yoshino, BxB Hulk, PAC and Susumu Yokosuka to battle the promotion's new top heel stable, Blood Warriors.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1303633947\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=4/24 Gate of Passion \- 24 Apr 2011\|date\=2011\-04\-24\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084151/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1303633947\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=18 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} On June 8, the new group was named Junction Three (JIII) in reference to it being a union between the former members of World\-1, Kamikaze and the Veteran\-gun.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1307525978\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=6/8 Gate of Maximum Kickoff \- 08 Jun 2011\|date\=2011\-06\-08\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-08\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084219/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1307525978\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=18 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} And Mochizuki led their team to winning all four Titles on June 19 in Champion Gate. At the end of 2011, Masaaki Mochizuki shared the Fighting Spirit award with Yuji Nagata from New Japan. After a ten\-month rivalry, Blood Warriors defeated Junction Three in a fourteen\-man elimination tag team match on February 9, 2012, forcing JIII to disband.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1328780215\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=2/9 TRUTH GATE, Blood Warriors vs. Junction Three Finale \- 09 Feb 2012\|date\=2012\-02\-09\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-10\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120712062018/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1328780215\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=12 July 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} After forming the Kaettekita Veteran\-gun stable with some of Dragon Gate's veterans, Mochizuki and stablemate Don Fujii defeated Shingo Takagi and Yamato on September 23, 2012, to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1348376141\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=Dangerous Gate 2012 \- 22 Sep 2012\|date\=2012\-09\-23\|access\-date\=2012\-09\-23\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121209105630/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1348376141\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} On September 9, Masaaki Mochizuki took part in the Nagata's 20th anniversary, they defeat Kazuchika Okada, Shinsuke Nakamura and Yujiro Takahashi in the main event with Nagata and Jun Akiyama. From November 20 to December 1, Masaaki Mochizuki once again travelled to New Japan Pro\-Wrestling. He and Nagata took part in the round\-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, finishing with a record of four wins and two losses, narrowly missing advancing to the semifinals of the tournament.
In 2013, Mochizuki and teammate Don Fujii defeated the team Genki Horiguchi \& Jimmy Kanda and team Naruki Doi and Ricochet at the beginning of the year, and they created the new defense record for Twin Gate so far. In February, Mochizuki took part in the Dragon Gate UK show from February 22 to 24\. He defeated Yamato, [Noam Dar](/wiki/Noam_Dar "Noam Dar") and Naruki Doi in a raw and made his record from 0\-2 to 3\-2\. While on March 2, 2013, Mochizuki and Fujii lost the Open the Twin Gate Championship to BxB Hulk and [Uhaa Nation](/wiki/Uhaa_Nation "Uhaa Nation"). Before the losing, they have defended 6 times and created the longest defense for the Twin Gate. On May 17, 2013, Mochizuki achieved his 2500th match in Kobe Sambo Hall in Kobe by beating K\-ness, Jimmy Susumu and Jimmy Saito. After that he started the road to 3000th match by winning the Triangle Gate Champion with K\-ness, Jimmy Susumu on June 5, 2013\. In this match they appeared in M2K faction. However, they lost the title at Champion Gate on June 16, 2013\. After Kaettekita Veteran\-gun lost all the matches at Kobe World show, Mochizuki and K\-Ness decided to align the two union and form the new union named Oretachi Veteran\-gun. On August 19, 2013, Mochizuki and his teammates won the Triangle Gate Champion by beating Jimmys and it is the first title for the new union. On August 17, 2014, Mochizuki and Dragon Kid quit Oretachi Veteran\-gun to form a new stable with BxB Hulk called Dia.HEARTS. On February 4, 2016, Dia.HEARTS was forced to disband after losing a match to Monster Express and VerserK. On September 18, 2017, Mochizuki defeated YAMATO at Dangerous Gate 2017 to become the Dream Gate Champion for the third time.
|
[
"Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------",
"### Early years",
"A former [karateka](/wiki/Karateka \"Karateka\") and graduate of [Koji Kitao](/wiki/Koji_Kitao \"Koji Kitao\")'s Bukō Dōjō, Masaaki spent the early part of his career wrestling for various promotions across Japan, namely [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 \"WAR (wrestling promotion)\") and [BattlARTS](/wiki/BattlARTS \"BattlARTS\"). Most notable was his appearance in the 1995 [Super J\\-Cup](/wiki/Super_J-Cup \"Super J-Cup\"), where he took on [Shinjiro Otani](/wiki/Shinjiro_Otani \"Shinjiro Otani\") of [New Japan Pro\\-Wrestling](/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling \"New Japan Pro-Wrestling\") in the first round. Despite losing, Masaaki looked very competitive, using his sharp kicks and quick submission holds to pose a serious threat to the more experienced Otani.",
"### Toryumon",
"In late 1999, Masaaki joined [Toryumon](/wiki/Toryumon_%28%C3%9Altimo_Drag%C3%B3n%29 \"Toryumon (Último Dragón)\"), [Último Dragón](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Drag%C3%B3n \"Último Dragón\")'s upstart promotion, and quickly became recognized as one of the three \"aces\" of the company, alongside [Cima](/wiki/Nobuhiko_Oshima \"Nobuhiko Oshima\"), and [Magnum Tokyo](/wiki/Katsumasa_Kuroki \"Katsumasa Kuroki\"). In April 2000, he formed the [heel](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Heel (professional wrestling)\") group M2K with [Susumu Mochizuki](/wiki/Susumu_Mochizuki \"Susumu Mochizuki\") (no relation), and Yasushi Kanda, the stable's name coming from their surnames. Darkness Dragon and Chocoball KOBE would join later in the year as well. The group wreaked havoc on Toryumon's initial El Numero Uno Tournament in 2001, forcing every group member's matches, except for Susumu's, to end in double\\-countouts. However, Masaaki won a second\\-chance [battle royal](/wiki/Battle_royal_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Battle royal (professional wrestling)\") to get back into the tournament. After defeating Cima via knockout in the semi\\-finals, he pinned Magnum Tokyo in the finals; his only pinfall victory of the whole tournament. His issue with both, namely Cima and his Crazy Max stable, would continue through the end of the year; such was M2K's chicanery that Crazy Max, the original renegade group of Toryumon, was turned [face](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Face (professional wrestling)\") by default. After losing a hair vs. hair [lumberjack match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lumberjack_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Lumberjack match\") to Cima in December 2001, Mochizuki was humiliated into cleaning up M2K's act.",
"He returned in 2002, claiming to be a \"good person\", and made a conscious effort to rid M2K of its evil ways, something his stablemates would have none of; kicking him out of the group not long after. He got one back on them on February 24, though, when he beat Susumu for the rights to the Mochizuki surname, forcing Susumu to take on \"Yokosuka\" as his new surname.",
"He would then go on to lead the Toryumon Army with [Dragon Kid](/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Nakamura \"Nobuyoshi Nakamura\") and [Ryo Saito](/wiki/Ryo_Saito_%28wrestler%29 \"Ryo Saito (wrestler)\") throughout 2002\\. On January 23, 2003, he formed the much\\-maligned Shin M2K, and they lasted until December 16 when he lost to fellow member [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai \"Kenichiro Arai\") in a match and was forced to disband the unit. At the beginning of 2004, he turned heel again to become leader of the Aagan Iisou stable. His time with them lasted a mere three months, when personality clashes between him and the other members resulted in him being kicked out. He turned face again and repented for his heel turn, and then on July 4, he and former M2K members from both generations banded with him to form Final M2K as Toryumon became [Dragon Gate](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_%28wrestling%29 \"Dragon Gate (wrestling)\").",
"### Dragon Gate",
"In December, he celebrated 10 years in wrestling by defeating Cima for Dragon Gate's top prize, the [Open the Dream Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Dream_Gate_Championship \"Dragon Gate Open the Dream Gate Championship\"). He held the title for 11 months before losing it to [Magnitude Kishiwada](/wiki/Magnitude_Kishiwada \"Magnitude Kishiwada\") on November 4, 2005\\. When 2006 rolled around, he began to distance himself from Final M2K a bit, giving the reins of leadership to Susumu and joining up with Magnum Tokyo in his short\\-lived Renaissance project.",
"He also returned to the old [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 \"WAR (wrestling promotion)\") promotion, reviving their International Junior Heavyweight Title, which he lost to Pentagon Black on July 27\\. He won it back on November 23, but vacated it immediately after winning it. He beat [Gedo](/wiki/Gedo_%28wrestler%29 \"Gedo (wrestler)\") in a decision match on January 26, 2007, to determine the final champion and then retired the title. He also teamed with fellow Renaissance member [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii \"Don Fujii\") to win the revived WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Titles on August 6, 2006, beating [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\") \\& Dr. Muscle in a tournament final. They would hold the title until January 7, 2007, when they lost them to [Jado](/wiki/Jado \"Jado\") and Gedo.",
"In December 2006, he won the 2nd [King of Gate](/wiki/King_of_Gate \"King of Gate\") Tournament, beating last year's champion Ryo Saito in the finals. On January 14, 2007, the Final M2K stable came to an end, after he, Susumu \\& K\\-ness lost to Cima, [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii \"Don Fujii\") and [Matt Sydal](/wiki/Matt_Sydal \"Matt Sydal\") of the also\\-ending Blood Generation. He then decided that he would not become part of another unit, instead continuing his team with Don Fujii, who also refused to join another unit.",
"In 2007, he hosted his first self\\-produced show, Buyuden. The show became a success, and it has since become a monthly show, with talent from different promotions in Japan participating. He \\- along with Don Fujii \\- was made the company ambassador to promotions within Japan while Cima spearheaded the company's international expansion. He also challenged for the Dream Gate Title twice, but when he failed to win it either time, he decided to continue to focus on outside efforts with Fujii.",
"Towards the end of the year, they united with [K\\-ness](/wiki/Makoto_Saito_%28wrestler%29 \"Makoto Saito (wrestler)\") to form Mushozoku, a team of wrestlers 35 years and older. On September 9, they won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles, defeating [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi \"Naruki Doi\"), [Masato Yoshino](/wiki/Masato_Yoshino \"Masato Yoshino\") \\& Magnitude Kishiwada, and defended them right up until February 24, 2008, when they lost them to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi \"Shingo Takagi\"), [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk \"BxB Hulk\") \\& [Cyber Kong](/wiki/Cyber_Kong \"Cyber Kong\"). K\\-ness stepped into a background role, and soon, the newly\\-face Magnitude Kishiwada took his place, forming Zetsurins. On September 28, the trio won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles from Yasushi Kanda, [Yamato](/wiki/Masato_Onodera \"Masato Onodera\") \\& [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\"). They made a defense against [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai \"Kenichiro Arai\"), [Akira Tozawa](/wiki/Akira_Tozawa \"Akira Tozawa\") \\& [Taku Iwasa](/wiki/Taku_Iwasa \"Taku Iwasa\") of Tozawa\\-juku on November 16, and Tozawa added the stipulation that if his team lost, then Tozawa\\-juku would disband. Mochizuki scored the winning pinfall, bringing Tozawa\\-juku to an end.",
"Iwasa began a rivalry with him after swearing revenge on him for causing the end of Tozawa\\-juku. They faced off in a second round match in the King of Gate Tournament in December, where Mochizuki had promised that he would show Iwasa's one \"fundamental flaw.\" Mochizuki won, and afterwards, he told Iwasa that his \"fundamental flaw\" was that he had been a tag team wrestler for so long that he had forgotten how to wrestle on his own, and would have to re\\-learn how. Mochizuki would get to the finals of the tournament, but lost to [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi \"Naruki Doi\"). On February 15, 2009, he, Fujii \\& Kishiwada lost the Triangle Gate titles to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi \"Shingo Takagi\"), Taku Iwasa \\& Dragon Kid, where he took the fall, being pinned by Iwasa.",
"In August, he teamed with [Katsuhiko Nakajima](/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima \"Katsuhiko Nakajima\") to participate in the annual [Summer Adventure Tag League](/wiki/Summer_Adventure_Tag_League \"Summer Adventure Tag League\") Tournament, and they made it to the finals, but they lost to Shingo Takagi \\& Yamato. Two months later, he would hold the Triangle Gate titles for a third time, teaming with Don Fujii \\& [Akebono](/wiki/Akebono_Tar%C5%8D \"Akebono Tarō\") to beat Masato Yoshino, [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk \"BxB Hulk\") \\& [PAC](/wiki/PAC_%28wrestler%29 \"PAC (wrestler)\").",
"After teaming with [Anthony W. Mori](/wiki/Anthony_W._Mori \"Anthony W. Mori\") against [Takuya Sugawara](/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara \"Takuya Sugawara\") \\& [Minoru Fujita](/wiki/Minoru_Fujita \"Minoru Fujita\"), Mori turned to Mochizuki and named him as the heir to the throne of Phillip J. Fukumasa. Mochi took the crown, and agreed the three would do the Royal Brothers (Anthony W. Mori, Henry III Sugawara, Phillip J. Mochizuki) on the first Buyuden after the generation war was over. On May 13, 2010, Mochizuki, Fujii and Akebono lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Cima, [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\") and [Genki Horiguchi](/wiki/Genki_Horiguchi \"Genki Horiguchi\"). On January 10, 2011, Mochizuki and Fujii defeated Naruki Doi and Gamma to win the [Open the Twin Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship \"Dragon Gate Open the Twin Gate Championship\"). They would lose the title to Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito on February 6, 2011\\.",
"On April 14, 2011, Mochizuki defeated Masato Yoshino to win the Open the Dream Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1302775264\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=4/14 Champion Gate \\- 14 Apr 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-14\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142840/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1302775264\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On April 24 Mochizuki agreed to form a new alliance with former World\\-1 members Masato Yoshino, BxB Hulk, PAC and Susumu Yokosuka to battle the promotion's new top heel stable, Blood Warriors.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1303633947\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=4/24 Gate of Passion \\- 24 Apr 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084151/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1303633947\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On June 8, the new group was named Junction Three (JIII) in reference to it being a union between the former members of World\\-1, Kamikaze and the Veteran\\-gun.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1307525978\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=6/8 Gate of Maximum Kickoff \\- 08 Jun 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-08\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084219/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1307525978\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} And Mochizuki led their team to winning all four Titles on June 19 in Champion Gate. At the end of 2011, Masaaki Mochizuki shared the Fighting Spirit award with Yuji Nagata from New Japan. After a ten\\-month rivalry, Blood Warriors defeated Junction Three in a fourteen\\-man elimination tag team match on February 9, 2012, forcing JIII to disband.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1328780215\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=2/9 TRUTH GATE, Blood Warriors vs. Junction Three Finale \\- 09 Feb 2012\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-09\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-10\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120712062018/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1328780215\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After forming the Kaettekita Veteran\\-gun stable with some of Dragon Gate's veterans, Mochizuki and stablemate Don Fujii defeated Shingo Takagi and Yamato on September 23, 2012, to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1348376141\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=Dangerous Gate 2012 \\- 22 Sep 2012\\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-23\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-23\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121209105630/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1348376141\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On September 9, Masaaki Mochizuki took part in the Nagata's 20th anniversary, they defeat Kazuchika Okada, Shinsuke Nakamura and Yujiro Takahashi in the main event with Nagata and Jun Akiyama. From November 20 to December 1, Masaaki Mochizuki once again travelled to New Japan Pro\\-Wrestling. He and Nagata took part in the round\\-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, finishing with a record of four wins and two losses, narrowly missing advancing to the semifinals of the tournament.",
"In 2013, Mochizuki and teammate Don Fujii defeated the team Genki Horiguchi \\& Jimmy Kanda and team Naruki Doi and Ricochet at the beginning of the year, and they created the new defense record for Twin Gate so far. In February, Mochizuki took part in the Dragon Gate UK show from February 22 to 24\\. He defeated Yamato, [Noam Dar](/wiki/Noam_Dar \"Noam Dar\") and Naruki Doi in a raw and made his record from 0\\-2 to 3\\-2\\. While on March 2, 2013, Mochizuki and Fujii lost the Open the Twin Gate Championship to BxB Hulk and [Uhaa Nation](/wiki/Uhaa_Nation \"Uhaa Nation\"). Before the losing, they have defended 6 times and created the longest defense for the Twin Gate. On May 17, 2013, Mochizuki achieved his 2500th match in Kobe Sambo Hall in Kobe by beating K\\-ness, Jimmy Susumu and Jimmy Saito. After that he started the road to 3000th match by winning the Triangle Gate Champion with K\\-ness, Jimmy Susumu on June 5, 2013\\. In this match they appeared in M2K faction. However, they lost the title at Champion Gate on June 16, 2013\\. After Kaettekita Veteran\\-gun lost all the matches at Kobe World show, Mochizuki and K\\-Ness decided to align the two union and form the new union named Oretachi Veteran\\-gun. On August 19, 2013, Mochizuki and his teammates won the Triangle Gate Champion by beating Jimmys and it is the first title for the new union. On August 17, 2014, Mochizuki and Dragon Kid quit Oretachi Veteran\\-gun to form a new stable with BxB Hulk called Dia.HEARTS. On February 4, 2016, Dia.HEARTS was forced to disband after losing a match to Monster Express and VerserK. On September 18, 2017, Mochizuki defeated YAMATO at Dangerous Gate 2017 to become the Dream Gate Champion for the third time.",
""
] |
### Dragon Gate
In December, he celebrated 10 years in wrestling by defeating Cima for Dragon Gate's top prize, the [Open the Dream Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Dream_Gate_Championship "Dragon Gate Open the Dream Gate Championship"). He held the title for 11 months before losing it to [Magnitude Kishiwada](/wiki/Magnitude_Kishiwada "Magnitude Kishiwada") on November 4, 2005\. When 2006 rolled around, he began to distance himself from Final M2K a bit, giving the reins of leadership to Susumu and joining up with Magnum Tokyo in his short\-lived Renaissance project.
He also returned to the old [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 "WAR (wrestling promotion)") promotion, reviving their International Junior Heavyweight Title, which he lost to Pentagon Black on July 27\. He won it back on November 23, but vacated it immediately after winning it. He beat [Gedo](/wiki/Gedo_%28wrestler%29 "Gedo (wrestler)") in a decision match on January 26, 2007, to determine the final champion and then retired the title. He also teamed with fellow Renaissance member [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii "Don Fujii") to win the revived WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Titles on August 6, 2006, beating [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto") \& Dr. Muscle in a tournament final. They would hold the title until January 7, 2007, when they lost them to [Jado](/wiki/Jado "Jado") and Gedo.
In December 2006, he won the 2nd [King of Gate](/wiki/King_of_Gate "King of Gate") Tournament, beating last year's champion Ryo Saito in the finals. On January 14, 2007, the Final M2K stable came to an end, after he, Susumu \& K\-ness lost to Cima, [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii "Don Fujii") and [Matt Sydal](/wiki/Matt_Sydal "Matt Sydal") of the also\-ending Blood Generation. He then decided that he would not become part of another unit, instead continuing his team with Don Fujii, who also refused to join another unit.
In 2007, he hosted his first self\-produced show, Buyuden. The show became a success, and it has since become a monthly show, with talent from different promotions in Japan participating. He \- along with Don Fujii \- was made the company ambassador to promotions within Japan while Cima spearheaded the company's international expansion. He also challenged for the Dream Gate Title twice, but when he failed to win it either time, he decided to continue to focus on outside efforts with Fujii.
Towards the end of the year, they united with [K\-ness](/wiki/Makoto_Saito_%28wrestler%29 "Makoto Saito (wrestler)") to form Mushozoku, a team of wrestlers 35 years and older. On September 9, they won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles, defeating [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi "Naruki Doi"), [Masato Yoshino](/wiki/Masato_Yoshino "Masato Yoshino") \& Magnitude Kishiwada, and defended them right up until February 24, 2008, when they lost them to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi "Shingo Takagi"), [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk "BxB Hulk") \& [Cyber Kong](/wiki/Cyber_Kong "Cyber Kong"). K\-ness stepped into a background role, and soon, the newly\-face Magnitude Kishiwada took his place, forming Zetsurins. On September 28, the trio won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles from Yasushi Kanda, [Yamato](/wiki/Masato_Onodera "Masato Onodera") \& [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto"). They made a defense against [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai "Kenichiro Arai"), [Akira Tozawa](/wiki/Akira_Tozawa "Akira Tozawa") \& [Taku Iwasa](/wiki/Taku_Iwasa "Taku Iwasa") of Tozawa\-juku on November 16, and Tozawa added the stipulation that if his team lost, then Tozawa\-juku would disband. Mochizuki scored the winning pinfall, bringing Tozawa\-juku to an end.
Iwasa began a rivalry with him after swearing revenge on him for causing the end of Tozawa\-juku. They faced off in a second round match in the King of Gate Tournament in December, where Mochizuki had promised that he would show Iwasa's one "fundamental flaw." Mochizuki won, and afterwards, he told Iwasa that his "fundamental flaw" was that he had been a tag team wrestler for so long that he had forgotten how to wrestle on his own, and would have to re\-learn how. Mochizuki would get to the finals of the tournament, but lost to [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi "Naruki Doi"). On February 15, 2009, he, Fujii \& Kishiwada lost the Triangle Gate titles to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi "Shingo Takagi"), Taku Iwasa \& Dragon Kid, where he took the fall, being pinned by Iwasa.
In August, he teamed with [Katsuhiko Nakajima](/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima "Katsuhiko Nakajima") to participate in the annual [Summer Adventure Tag League](/wiki/Summer_Adventure_Tag_League "Summer Adventure Tag League") Tournament, and they made it to the finals, but they lost to Shingo Takagi \& Yamato. Two months later, he would hold the Triangle Gate titles for a third time, teaming with Don Fujii \& [Akebono](/wiki/Akebono_Tar%C5%8D "Akebono Tarō") to beat Masato Yoshino, [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk "BxB Hulk") \& [PAC](/wiki/PAC_%28wrestler%29 "PAC (wrestler)").
After teaming with [Anthony W. Mori](/wiki/Anthony_W._Mori "Anthony W. Mori") against [Takuya Sugawara](/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara "Takuya Sugawara") \& [Minoru Fujita](/wiki/Minoru_Fujita "Minoru Fujita"), Mori turned to Mochizuki and named him as the heir to the throne of Phillip J. Fukumasa. Mochi took the crown, and agreed the three would do the Royal Brothers (Anthony W. Mori, Henry III Sugawara, Phillip J. Mochizuki) on the first Buyuden after the generation war was over. On May 13, 2010, Mochizuki, Fujii and Akebono lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Cima, [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto "Yoshito Sugamoto") and [Genki Horiguchi](/wiki/Genki_Horiguchi "Genki Horiguchi"). On January 10, 2011, Mochizuki and Fujii defeated Naruki Doi and Gamma to win the [Open the Twin Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship "Dragon Gate Open the Twin Gate Championship"). They would lose the title to Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito on February 6, 2011\.
On April 14, 2011, Mochizuki defeated Masato Yoshino to win the Open the Dream Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1302775264\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=4/14 Champion Gate \- 14 Apr 2011\|date\=2011\-04\-14\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-14\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142840/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1302775264\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=20 April 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} On April 24 Mochizuki agreed to form a new alliance with former World\-1 members Masato Yoshino, BxB Hulk, PAC and Susumu Yokosuka to battle the promotion's new top heel stable, Blood Warriors.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1303633947\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=4/24 Gate of Passion \- 24 Apr 2011\|date\=2011\-04\-24\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084151/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1303633947\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=18 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} On June 8, the new group was named Junction Three (JIII) in reference to it being a union between the former members of World\-1, Kamikaze and the Veteran\-gun.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1307525978\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=6/8 Gate of Maximum Kickoff \- 08 Jun 2011\|date\=2011\-06\-08\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-08\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084219/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1307525978\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=18 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} And Mochizuki led their team to winning all four Titles on June 19 in Champion Gate. At the end of 2011, Masaaki Mochizuki shared the Fighting Spirit award with Yuji Nagata from New Japan. After a ten\-month rivalry, Blood Warriors defeated Junction Three in a fourteen\-man elimination tag team match on February 9, 2012, forcing JIII to disband.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1328780215\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=2/9 TRUTH GATE, Blood Warriors vs. Junction Three Finale \- 09 Feb 2012\|date\=2012\-02\-09\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-10\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120712062018/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1328780215\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=12 July 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} After forming the Kaettekita Veteran\-gun stable with some of Dragon Gate's veterans, Mochizuki and stablemate Don Fujii defeated Shingo Takagi and Yamato on September 23, 2012, to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\|url\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1348376141\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|title\=Dangerous Gate 2012 \- 22 Sep 2012\|date\=2012\-09\-23\|access\-date\=2012\-09\-23\|work\=iHeartDG\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121209105630/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1348376141\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=\&\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} On September 9, Masaaki Mochizuki took part in the Nagata's 20th anniversary, they defeat Kazuchika Okada, Shinsuke Nakamura and Yujiro Takahashi in the main event with Nagata and Jun Akiyama. From November 20 to December 1, Masaaki Mochizuki once again travelled to New Japan Pro\-Wrestling. He and Nagata took part in the round\-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, finishing with a record of four wins and two losses, narrowly missing advancing to the semifinals of the tournament.
In 2013, Mochizuki and teammate Don Fujii defeated the team Genki Horiguchi \& Jimmy Kanda and team Naruki Doi and Ricochet at the beginning of the year, and they created the new defense record for Twin Gate so far. In February, Mochizuki took part in the Dragon Gate UK show from February 22 to 24\. He defeated Yamato, [Noam Dar](/wiki/Noam_Dar "Noam Dar") and Naruki Doi in a raw and made his record from 0\-2 to 3\-2\. While on March 2, 2013, Mochizuki and Fujii lost the Open the Twin Gate Championship to BxB Hulk and [Uhaa Nation](/wiki/Uhaa_Nation "Uhaa Nation"). Before the losing, they have defended 6 times and created the longest defense for the Twin Gate. On May 17, 2013, Mochizuki achieved his 2500th match in Kobe Sambo Hall in Kobe by beating K\-ness, Jimmy Susumu and Jimmy Saito. After that he started the road to 3000th match by winning the Triangle Gate Champion with K\-ness, Jimmy Susumu on June 5, 2013\. In this match they appeared in M2K faction. However, they lost the title at Champion Gate on June 16, 2013\. After Kaettekita Veteran\-gun lost all the matches at Kobe World show, Mochizuki and K\-Ness decided to align the two union and form the new union named Oretachi Veteran\-gun. On August 19, 2013, Mochizuki and his teammates won the Triangle Gate Champion by beating Jimmys and it is the first title for the new union. On August 17, 2014, Mochizuki and Dragon Kid quit Oretachi Veteran\-gun to form a new stable with BxB Hulk called Dia.HEARTS. On February 4, 2016, Dia.HEARTS was forced to disband after losing a match to Monster Express and VerserK. On September 18, 2017, Mochizuki defeated YAMATO at Dangerous Gate 2017 to become the Dream Gate Champion for the third time.
|
[
"### Dragon Gate",
"In December, he celebrated 10 years in wrestling by defeating Cima for Dragon Gate's top prize, the [Open the Dream Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Dream_Gate_Championship \"Dragon Gate Open the Dream Gate Championship\"). He held the title for 11 months before losing it to [Magnitude Kishiwada](/wiki/Magnitude_Kishiwada \"Magnitude Kishiwada\") on November 4, 2005\\. When 2006 rolled around, he began to distance himself from Final M2K a bit, giving the reins of leadership to Susumu and joining up with Magnum Tokyo in his short\\-lived Renaissance project.",
"He also returned to the old [WAR](/wiki/WAR_%28wrestling_promotion%29 \"WAR (wrestling promotion)\") promotion, reviving their International Junior Heavyweight Title, which he lost to Pentagon Black on July 27\\. He won it back on November 23, but vacated it immediately after winning it. He beat [Gedo](/wiki/Gedo_%28wrestler%29 \"Gedo (wrestler)\") in a decision match on January 26, 2007, to determine the final champion and then retired the title. He also teamed with fellow Renaissance member [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii \"Don Fujii\") to win the revived WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Titles on August 6, 2006, beating [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\") \\& Dr. Muscle in a tournament final. They would hold the title until January 7, 2007, when they lost them to [Jado](/wiki/Jado \"Jado\") and Gedo.",
"In December 2006, he won the 2nd [King of Gate](/wiki/King_of_Gate \"King of Gate\") Tournament, beating last year's champion Ryo Saito in the finals. On January 14, 2007, the Final M2K stable came to an end, after he, Susumu \\& K\\-ness lost to Cima, [Don Fujii](/wiki/Don_Fujii \"Don Fujii\") and [Matt Sydal](/wiki/Matt_Sydal \"Matt Sydal\") of the also\\-ending Blood Generation. He then decided that he would not become part of another unit, instead continuing his team with Don Fujii, who also refused to join another unit.",
"In 2007, he hosted his first self\\-produced show, Buyuden. The show became a success, and it has since become a monthly show, with talent from different promotions in Japan participating. He \\- along with Don Fujii \\- was made the company ambassador to promotions within Japan while Cima spearheaded the company's international expansion. He also challenged for the Dream Gate Title twice, but when he failed to win it either time, he decided to continue to focus on outside efforts with Fujii.",
"Towards the end of the year, they united with [K\\-ness](/wiki/Makoto_Saito_%28wrestler%29 \"Makoto Saito (wrestler)\") to form Mushozoku, a team of wrestlers 35 years and older. On September 9, they won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles, defeating [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi \"Naruki Doi\"), [Masato Yoshino](/wiki/Masato_Yoshino \"Masato Yoshino\") \\& Magnitude Kishiwada, and defended them right up until February 24, 2008, when they lost them to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi \"Shingo Takagi\"), [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk \"BxB Hulk\") \\& [Cyber Kong](/wiki/Cyber_Kong \"Cyber Kong\"). K\\-ness stepped into a background role, and soon, the newly\\-face Magnitude Kishiwada took his place, forming Zetsurins. On September 28, the trio won the Open the Triangle Gate Titles from Yasushi Kanda, [Yamato](/wiki/Masato_Onodera \"Masato Onodera\") \\& [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\"). They made a defense against [Kenichiro Arai](/wiki/Kenichiro_Arai \"Kenichiro Arai\"), [Akira Tozawa](/wiki/Akira_Tozawa \"Akira Tozawa\") \\& [Taku Iwasa](/wiki/Taku_Iwasa \"Taku Iwasa\") of Tozawa\\-juku on November 16, and Tozawa added the stipulation that if his team lost, then Tozawa\\-juku would disband. Mochizuki scored the winning pinfall, bringing Tozawa\\-juku to an end.",
"Iwasa began a rivalry with him after swearing revenge on him for causing the end of Tozawa\\-juku. They faced off in a second round match in the King of Gate Tournament in December, where Mochizuki had promised that he would show Iwasa's one \"fundamental flaw.\" Mochizuki won, and afterwards, he told Iwasa that his \"fundamental flaw\" was that he had been a tag team wrestler for so long that he had forgotten how to wrestle on his own, and would have to re\\-learn how. Mochizuki would get to the finals of the tournament, but lost to [Naruki Doi](/wiki/Naruki_Doi \"Naruki Doi\"). On February 15, 2009, he, Fujii \\& Kishiwada lost the Triangle Gate titles to [Shingo Takagi](/wiki/Shingo_Takagi \"Shingo Takagi\"), Taku Iwasa \\& Dragon Kid, where he took the fall, being pinned by Iwasa.",
"In August, he teamed with [Katsuhiko Nakajima](/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima \"Katsuhiko Nakajima\") to participate in the annual [Summer Adventure Tag League](/wiki/Summer_Adventure_Tag_League \"Summer Adventure Tag League\") Tournament, and they made it to the finals, but they lost to Shingo Takagi \\& Yamato. Two months later, he would hold the Triangle Gate titles for a third time, teaming with Don Fujii \\& [Akebono](/wiki/Akebono_Tar%C5%8D \"Akebono Tarō\") to beat Masato Yoshino, [BxB Hulk](/wiki/BxB_Hulk \"BxB Hulk\") \\& [PAC](/wiki/PAC_%28wrestler%29 \"PAC (wrestler)\").",
"After teaming with [Anthony W. Mori](/wiki/Anthony_W._Mori \"Anthony W. Mori\") against [Takuya Sugawara](/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara \"Takuya Sugawara\") \\& [Minoru Fujita](/wiki/Minoru_Fujita \"Minoru Fujita\"), Mori turned to Mochizuki and named him as the heir to the throne of Phillip J. Fukumasa. Mochi took the crown, and agreed the three would do the Royal Brothers (Anthony W. Mori, Henry III Sugawara, Phillip J. Mochizuki) on the first Buyuden after the generation war was over. On May 13, 2010, Mochizuki, Fujii and Akebono lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to Cima, [Gamma](/wiki/Yoshito_Sugamoto \"Yoshito Sugamoto\") and [Genki Horiguchi](/wiki/Genki_Horiguchi \"Genki Horiguchi\"). On January 10, 2011, Mochizuki and Fujii defeated Naruki Doi and Gamma to win the [Open the Twin Gate Championship](/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship \"Dragon Gate Open the Twin Gate Championship\"). They would lose the title to Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito on February 6, 2011\\.",
"On April 14, 2011, Mochizuki defeated Masato Yoshino to win the Open the Dream Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1302775264\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=4/14 Champion Gate \\- 14 Apr 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-14\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142840/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1302775264\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On April 24 Mochizuki agreed to form a new alliance with former World\\-1 members Masato Yoshino, BxB Hulk, PAC and Susumu Yokosuka to battle the promotion's new top heel stable, Blood Warriors.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1303633947\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=4/24 Gate of Passion \\- 24 Apr 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084151/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1303633947\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On June 8, the new group was named Junction Three (JIII) in reference to it being a union between the former members of World\\-1, Kamikaze and the Veteran\\-gun.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1307525978\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=6/8 Gate of Maximum Kickoff \\- 08 Jun 2011\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-08\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818084219/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1307525978\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} And Mochizuki led their team to winning all four Titles on June 19 in Champion Gate. At the end of 2011, Masaaki Mochizuki shared the Fighting Spirit award with Yuji Nagata from New Japan. After a ten\\-month rivalry, Blood Warriors defeated Junction Three in a fourteen\\-man elimination tag team match on February 9, 2012, forcing JIII to disband.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1328780215\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=2/9 TRUTH GATE, Blood Warriors vs. Junction Three Finale \\- 09 Feb 2012\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-09\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-10\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120712062018/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1328780215\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After forming the Kaettekita Veteran\\-gun stable with some of Dragon Gate's veterans, Mochizuki and stablemate Don Fujii defeated Shingo Takagi and Yamato on September 23, 2012, to win the Open the Twin Gate Championship for the second time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1348376141\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|title\\=Dangerous Gate 2012 \\- 22 Sep 2012\\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-23\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-23\\|work\\=iHeartDG\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121209105630/http://iheartdg.com/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1348376141\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=\\&\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On September 9, Masaaki Mochizuki took part in the Nagata's 20th anniversary, they defeat Kazuchika Okada, Shinsuke Nakamura and Yujiro Takahashi in the main event with Nagata and Jun Akiyama. From November 20 to December 1, Masaaki Mochizuki once again travelled to New Japan Pro\\-Wrestling. He and Nagata took part in the round\\-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, finishing with a record of four wins and two losses, narrowly missing advancing to the semifinals of the tournament.",
"In 2013, Mochizuki and teammate Don Fujii defeated the team Genki Horiguchi \\& Jimmy Kanda and team Naruki Doi and Ricochet at the beginning of the year, and they created the new defense record for Twin Gate so far. In February, Mochizuki took part in the Dragon Gate UK show from February 22 to 24\\. He defeated Yamato, [Noam Dar](/wiki/Noam_Dar \"Noam Dar\") and Naruki Doi in a raw and made his record from 0\\-2 to 3\\-2\\. While on March 2, 2013, Mochizuki and Fujii lost the Open the Twin Gate Championship to BxB Hulk and [Uhaa Nation](/wiki/Uhaa_Nation \"Uhaa Nation\"). Before the losing, they have defended 6 times and created the longest defense for the Twin Gate. On May 17, 2013, Mochizuki achieved his 2500th match in Kobe Sambo Hall in Kobe by beating K\\-ness, Jimmy Susumu and Jimmy Saito. After that he started the road to 3000th match by winning the Triangle Gate Champion with K\\-ness, Jimmy Susumu on June 5, 2013\\. In this match they appeared in M2K faction. However, they lost the title at Champion Gate on June 16, 2013\\. After Kaettekita Veteran\\-gun lost all the matches at Kobe World show, Mochizuki and K\\-Ness decided to align the two union and form the new union named Oretachi Veteran\\-gun. On August 19, 2013, Mochizuki and his teammates won the Triangle Gate Champion by beating Jimmys and it is the first title for the new union. On August 17, 2014, Mochizuki and Dragon Kid quit Oretachi Veteran\\-gun to form a new stable with BxB Hulk called Dia.HEARTS. On February 4, 2016, Dia.HEARTS was forced to disband after losing a match to Monster Express and VerserK. On September 18, 2017, Mochizuki defeated YAMATO at Dangerous Gate 2017 to become the Dream Gate Champion for the third time.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Cochavi\-Rainey grew up in [Ramat Gan](/wiki/Ramat_Gan "Ramat Gan"), Israel, the second of five children. Her parents, Zehava, and Moshe Cochavi, immigrated from [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") to pre\-state Israel as small children. Her mother became the head of a paramedic team in the Israeli [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom "Magen David Adom") and her father a building contractor.
Although Cochavi\-Rainey was raised in a religiously observant home, she was educated in non\-religious schools. No longer religious from the age of about twelve, she remained observant in her parents’ home. Throughout her school years, her parents encouraged her interest in scholarship and took pride in her educational achievements.
### Linguistic activity
Cochavi\-Rainey began to take an interest in linguistics at the age of nine. She excelled in language studies and began to audit language courses at [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University "Tel Aviv University") while still in High school. During her army service years, when she was stationed in the military headquarter complex of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") , Cochavi Rainey enrolled in Tel Aviv University and worked toward her B.A.
She completed her undergraduate degree in 1978 with a major in Semitic and Hamitic Languages and her M.A, in 1983\. Her thesis, mentored by Professor Raphael Kutscher, dealt with a linguistic analysis of the [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language") dialect of Egyptian scribes’ letters which were discovered in El\-[Amarna](/wiki/Amarna "Amarna") archive. She completed her PhD in 1989\. Her dissertation, mentored by Sumerologist and Assyriologist, Prof. Raphael Kutcher and Egyptologist, Prof. [Mordechai Gilula](/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94 "מרדכי גילולה"), was titled: *The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and the 13th centuries B.C.E*.
Cochavi\-Rainey has been a member of the Hebrew language department in Beit Berl Academic College, Israel since 1986\. She has also taught in other institutions of higher learning. She taught doctoral students at [Bar\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University "Bar-Ilan University") and Hebrew language at [Gratz College](/wiki/Gratz_College "Gratz College") and the [Reconstructionist Rabbinical College](/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College "Reconstructionist Rabbinical College") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), U.S.A..
In 1994\-1995, she taught the phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew at [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") in Philadelphia U.S.A. Her scholarly books and articles deal primarily with the linguistic and stylistic\-linguistic aspects of ancient Middle Eastern written texts, cuneiform and hieroglyphics in particular, and with modern Hebrew literature.
Together with her husband, Professor [Anson Rainey](/wiki/Anson_Rainey "Anson Rainey"), Cochavi\-Rainey has dealt extensively with the El [Amarna letters](/wiki/Amarna_letters "Amarna letters"), the correspondence between the King of Egypt and peoples of the region, from the middle of the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.E. After Prof. Anson Rainey’s death, she continued and completed his monumental work on the subject.
### Relationship with Naomi Frankel
During her army service, Cochavi\-Rainey befriended Israeli author [Naomi Frankel](/wiki/Naomi_Frankel "Naomi Frankel"), a relationship that lasted until Frankel’s death in 2009\. During those years, she wrote books and articles on the linguistic and linguistic\-stylistic features in Naomi Frankel’s two Novels, *Barkai* and *Preda* (*Farewell)*. She also worked on Frankel’s biography,{{Cite web\|url\=http://mida.org.il/2013/04/19/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA\-%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8\-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA\-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94\-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94\-%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99/\|title\=Adi Ben Chur, Review of the book Malkat Hakunchia\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=Mida\|access\-date\=}} as related to her by the author and based upon well documented references.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter\_article.php?id\=26981\|title\=Between Beit Alfa and Hebron\|last\=Nadav\|first\=Shrgai\|website\=Israel Hayom\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417000536/http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter\_article.php?id\=26981\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-17\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium\-1\.2142940\|title\=The story of the author's stormy life reaches another climax after her death\|last\=Karpel\|first\=Dalia\|date\=\|website\=Haaretz\|access\-date\=}} In addition, Cochavi\-Rainey wrote two screen scripts based upon Frankel’s novels, *Barkai* and *Preda* (*Farewell*),{{Cite web\|url\=http://tsurehrlich.blogspot.co.il/2013/03/blog\-post.html\|title\=An article about the biography of Naomi Frankel\|last\=Erlich\|first\=Tsur\|date\=\|website\=\|access\-date\=}} the former adapted for the stage and performed in Salamanca ([Teatro Liceo](/wiki/Teatro_Liceo "Teatro Liceo")) and [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain "Toledo, Spain") ([Teatro de Rojas](/wiki/Teatro_Rojas "Teatro Rojas")), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain").
### Personal life
In 1982, Cochavi\-Rainey married her university professor, Anson Rainey, a former minister and convert to Judaism.{{Cite web\|url\=http://lisa.biu.ac.il/node/4476\|title\=Words in memory of Professor Anson Rainey\|last\=Levin\|first\=Yigal\|date\=\|website\=Bar Ilan University\|access\-date\=}} Prof. Rainey enjoyed worldwide recognition as a [theologian](/wiki/Theology "Theology"), [archeologist](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") and foremost scholar of ancient Middle Eastern cultures. Their son, Yohanan (Yoni), named after the archeologist [Yohanan Aharoni](/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni "Yohanan Aharoni"), is a [mathematician](/wiki/Mathematician "Mathematician") and expert on the [Arab\-Israeli conflict](/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict "Arab–Israeli conflict"). She and her husband built their home in [Sha’arei Tikva](/wiki/Sha%27arei_Tikva "Sha'arei Tikva"), Samaria, in part, in order to house their private library of over five thousand books.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Cochavi\\-Rainey grew up in [Ramat Gan](/wiki/Ramat_Gan \"Ramat Gan\"), Israel, the second of five children. Her parents, Zehava, and Moshe Cochavi, immigrated from [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\") to pre\\-state Israel as small children. Her mother became the head of a paramedic team in the Israeli [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom \"Magen David Adom\") and her father a building contractor.",
"Although Cochavi\\-Rainey was raised in a religiously observant home, she was educated in non\\-religious schools. No longer religious from the age of about twelve, she remained observant in her parents’ home. Throughout her school years, her parents encouraged her interest in scholarship and took pride in her educational achievements.",
"### Linguistic activity",
"Cochavi\\-Rainey began to take an interest in linguistics at the age of nine. She excelled in language studies and began to audit language courses at [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University \"Tel Aviv University\") while still in High school. During her army service years, when she was stationed in the military headquarter complex of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") , Cochavi Rainey enrolled in Tel Aviv University and worked toward her B.A.",
"She completed her undergraduate degree in 1978 with a major in Semitic and Hamitic Languages and her M.A, in 1983\\. Her thesis, mentored by Professor Raphael Kutscher, dealt with a linguistic analysis of the [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\") dialect of Egyptian scribes’ letters which were discovered in El\\-[Amarna](/wiki/Amarna \"Amarna\") archive. She completed her PhD in 1989\\. Her dissertation, mentored by Sumerologist and Assyriologist, Prof. Raphael Kutcher and Egyptologist, Prof. [Mordechai Gilula](/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94 \"מרדכי גילולה\"), was titled: *The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and the 13th centuries B.C.E*.",
"Cochavi\\-Rainey has been a member of the Hebrew language department in Beit Berl Academic College, Israel since 1986\\. She has also taught in other institutions of higher learning. She taught doctoral students at [Bar\\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University \"Bar-Ilan University\") and Hebrew language at [Gratz College](/wiki/Gratz_College \"Gratz College\") and the [Reconstructionist Rabbinical College](/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College \"Reconstructionist Rabbinical College\") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), U.S.A..",
"In 1994\\-1995, she taught the phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew at [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in Philadelphia U.S.A. Her scholarly books and articles deal primarily with the linguistic and stylistic\\-linguistic aspects of ancient Middle Eastern written texts, cuneiform and hieroglyphics in particular, and with modern Hebrew literature.",
"Together with her husband, Professor [Anson Rainey](/wiki/Anson_Rainey \"Anson Rainey\"), Cochavi\\-Rainey has dealt extensively with the El [Amarna letters](/wiki/Amarna_letters \"Amarna letters\"), the correspondence between the King of Egypt and peoples of the region, from the middle of the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.E. After Prof. Anson Rainey’s death, she continued and completed his monumental work on the subject.",
"### Relationship with Naomi Frankel",
"During her army service, Cochavi\\-Rainey befriended Israeli author [Naomi Frankel](/wiki/Naomi_Frankel \"Naomi Frankel\"), a relationship that lasted until Frankel’s death in 2009\\. During those years, she wrote books and articles on the linguistic and linguistic\\-stylistic features in Naomi Frankel’s two Novels, *Barkai* and *Preda* (*Farewell)*. She also worked on Frankel’s biography,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mida.org.il/2013/04/19/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA\\-%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8\\-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA\\-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94\\-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94\\-%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99/\\|title\\=Adi Ben Chur, Review of the book Malkat Hakunchia\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Mida\\|access\\-date\\=}} as related to her by the author and based upon well documented references.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter\\_article.php?id\\=26981\\|title\\=Between Beit Alfa and Hebron\\|last\\=Nadav\\|first\\=Shrgai\\|website\\=Israel Hayom\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417000536/http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter\\_article.php?id\\=26981\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium\\-1\\.2142940\\|title\\=The story of the author's stormy life reaches another climax after her death\\|last\\=Karpel\\|first\\=Dalia\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Haaretz\\|access\\-date\\=}} In addition, Cochavi\\-Rainey wrote two screen scripts based upon Frankel’s novels, *Barkai* and *Preda* (*Farewell*),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://tsurehrlich.blogspot.co.il/2013/03/blog\\-post.html\\|title\\=An article about the biography of Naomi Frankel\\|last\\=Erlich\\|first\\=Tsur\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} the former adapted for the stage and performed in Salamanca ([Teatro Liceo](/wiki/Teatro_Liceo \"Teatro Liceo\")) and [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\") ([Teatro de Rojas](/wiki/Teatro_Rojas \"Teatro Rojas\")), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\").",
"### Personal life",
"In 1982, Cochavi\\-Rainey married her university professor, Anson Rainey, a former minister and convert to Judaism.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://lisa.biu.ac.il/node/4476\\|title\\=Words in memory of Professor Anson Rainey\\|last\\=Levin\\|first\\=Yigal\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Bar Ilan University\\|access\\-date\\=}} Prof. Rainey enjoyed worldwide recognition as a [theologian](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\"), [archeologist](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") and foremost scholar of ancient Middle Eastern cultures. Their son, Yohanan (Yoni), named after the archeologist [Yohanan Aharoni](/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni \"Yohanan Aharoni\"), is a [mathematician](/wiki/Mathematician \"Mathematician\") and expert on the [Arab\\-Israeli conflict](/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict \"Arab–Israeli conflict\"). She and her husband built their home in [Sha’arei Tikva](/wiki/Sha%27arei_Tikva \"Sha'arei Tikva\"), Samaria, in part, in order to house their private library of over five thousand books.",
""
] |
### Linguistic activity
Cochavi\-Rainey began to take an interest in linguistics at the age of nine. She excelled in language studies and began to audit language courses at [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University "Tel Aviv University") while still in High school. During her army service years, when she was stationed in the military headquarter complex of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") , Cochavi Rainey enrolled in Tel Aviv University and worked toward her B.A.
She completed her undergraduate degree in 1978 with a major in Semitic and Hamitic Languages and her M.A, in 1983\. Her thesis, mentored by Professor Raphael Kutscher, dealt with a linguistic analysis of the [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language") dialect of Egyptian scribes’ letters which were discovered in El\-[Amarna](/wiki/Amarna "Amarna") archive. She completed her PhD in 1989\. Her dissertation, mentored by Sumerologist and Assyriologist, Prof. Raphael Kutcher and Egyptologist, Prof. [Mordechai Gilula](/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94 "מרדכי גילולה"), was titled: *The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and the 13th centuries B.C.E*.
Cochavi\-Rainey has been a member of the Hebrew language department in Beit Berl Academic College, Israel since 1986\. She has also taught in other institutions of higher learning. She taught doctoral students at [Bar\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University "Bar-Ilan University") and Hebrew language at [Gratz College](/wiki/Gratz_College "Gratz College") and the [Reconstructionist Rabbinical College](/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College "Reconstructionist Rabbinical College") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), U.S.A..
In 1994\-1995, she taught the phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew at [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") in Philadelphia U.S.A. Her scholarly books and articles deal primarily with the linguistic and stylistic\-linguistic aspects of ancient Middle Eastern written texts, cuneiform and hieroglyphics in particular, and with modern Hebrew literature.
Together with her husband, Professor [Anson Rainey](/wiki/Anson_Rainey "Anson Rainey"), Cochavi\-Rainey has dealt extensively with the El [Amarna letters](/wiki/Amarna_letters "Amarna letters"), the correspondence between the King of Egypt and peoples of the region, from the middle of the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.E. After Prof. Anson Rainey’s death, she continued and completed his monumental work on the subject.
|
[
"### Linguistic activity",
"Cochavi\\-Rainey began to take an interest in linguistics at the age of nine. She excelled in language studies and began to audit language courses at [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University \"Tel Aviv University\") while still in High school. During her army service years, when she was stationed in the military headquarter complex of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") , Cochavi Rainey enrolled in Tel Aviv University and worked toward her B.A.",
"She completed her undergraduate degree in 1978 with a major in Semitic and Hamitic Languages and her M.A, in 1983\\. Her thesis, mentored by Professor Raphael Kutscher, dealt with a linguistic analysis of the [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\") dialect of Egyptian scribes’ letters which were discovered in El\\-[Amarna](/wiki/Amarna \"Amarna\") archive. She completed her PhD in 1989\\. Her dissertation, mentored by Sumerologist and Assyriologist, Prof. Raphael Kutcher and Egyptologist, Prof. [Mordechai Gilula](/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94 \"מרדכי גילולה\"), was titled: *The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and the 13th centuries B.C.E*.",
"Cochavi\\-Rainey has been a member of the Hebrew language department in Beit Berl Academic College, Israel since 1986\\. She has also taught in other institutions of higher learning. She taught doctoral students at [Bar\\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University \"Bar-Ilan University\") and Hebrew language at [Gratz College](/wiki/Gratz_College \"Gratz College\") and the [Reconstructionist Rabbinical College](/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College \"Reconstructionist Rabbinical College\") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), U.S.A..",
"In 1994\\-1995, she taught the phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew at [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in Philadelphia U.S.A. Her scholarly books and articles deal primarily with the linguistic and stylistic\\-linguistic aspects of ancient Middle Eastern written texts, cuneiform and hieroglyphics in particular, and with modern Hebrew literature.",
"Together with her husband, Professor [Anson Rainey](/wiki/Anson_Rainey \"Anson Rainey\"), Cochavi\\-Rainey has dealt extensively with the El [Amarna letters](/wiki/Amarna_letters \"Amarna letters\"), the correspondence between the King of Egypt and peoples of the region, from the middle of the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.E. After Prof. Anson Rainey’s death, she continued and completed his monumental work on the subject.",
""
] |
Basic concept
-------------
[thumb\|The effective collection area of a flat\-panel solar collector varies with the [cosine](/wiki/Cosine "Cosine") of the misalignment of the panel with the Sun.](/wiki/File:SolarPanel_alignment.png "SolarPanel alignment.png")
Sunlight has two components: the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy900 W/m2 direct out of 1000 W/m2 total as per [Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1\.5](http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/) NREL. Retrieved 1 May 2011{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/2\-properties\-sunlight/air\-mass \|title\=Air Mass \|access\-date\=1 May 2011 \|author1\=Stuart Bowden \|author2\=Christiana Honsberg \|website\=PV Education}} and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder – the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day, and is a larger proportion of the total on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the Sun to be visible to the panels for as long as possible. However, on cloudier days the ratio of direct vs. diffuse light can be as low as 60:40 or even lower.
The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off with the [cosine](/wiki/Cosine "Cosine") of the angle between the incoming light and the panel. In addition, the [reflectance](/wiki/Reflectance "Reflectance") (averaged across all [polarizations](/wiki/Polarization_%28waves%29 "Polarization (waves)")) is approximately constant for angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which reflectance increases rapidly.For example Figure 6 (Si\+SiO2 SLAR) at [Bio\-mimetic nanostructured surfaces for near\-zero reflection sunrise to sunset](http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/dmb/reports/allpdf/Paper%20-%20Durham%20-%20Biomimetic%20surfaces.pdf), Stuart A. Boden, Darren M. Bagnall, University of Southampton. Retrieved 5\-June\-2011
| \+ Direct power loss (%) due to misalignment (angle *i*) where Loss \= 1 − [cos](/wiki/Cosine "Cosine")(*i*) |
| --- |
| Angle *i*
Hours{{efn\|Hours of rotation away from a time (e.g. noon) when the collector is ''accurately'' aligned.}}
Loss
| 0°
|
0% |
| 1°
|
0\.015% |
| 3°
|
0\.14% |
| 8°
|
1% |
| 15°
1 |
3\.4% |
| 23\.4°{{efn\|Maximum seasonal variation (at summer or winter \[\[solstice]]), as compared with ''accurate'' alignment at \[\[equinox]].}}
|
8\.3% |
| 30°
2 |
13\.4% |
| 45°
3 |
30% |
| 60°
4 |
\>50%{{efn\|name\=extra reflect\|Greater due to higher reflectance at high angles of incidence.}} |
| 75°
5 |
\>75%{{efn\|name\=extra reflect}} |
**Notes**
{{Notelist}}
For example, trackers that have accuracies of ± 5° can capture more than 99\.6% of the energy delivered by the direct beam plus 100% of the diffuse light. As a result, high\-accuracy tracking is not typically used in non\-concentrating PV applications.
The purpose of a tracking mechanism is to follow the Sun as it moves across the sky. In the following sections, in which each of the main factors are described in a little more detail, the [complex path of the Sun](/wiki/Sun_Path "Sun Path") is simplified by considering its daily east\-west motion separately from its yearly north\-south variation with the seasons of the year.
### Solar energy intercepted
The amount of solar energy available for collection from the direct beam is the amount of light intercepted by the panel. This is given by the area of the panel multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence of the direct beam (see illustration above). Put another way, the energy intercepted is equivalent to the area of the shadow cast by the panel onto a surface perpendicular to the direct beam.
This cosine relationship is very closely related to the observation formalized in 1760 by [Lambert's cosine law](/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law "Lambert's cosine law"). This describes that the observed brightness of an object is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light illuminating it.
### Reflective losses
[550 px\|thumb\|Variation of reflectance with angle of incidence. These graphs are for a refractive index of 1\.5 (glass) and are not applicable to bare silicon.](/wiki/File:Fresnel_reflection.svg "Fresnel reflection.svg")
Not all of the intercepted light is transmitted into the panel; some is [reflected](/wiki/Reflection_%28physics%29 "Reflection (physics)") at its surface. The amount reflected depends on both the [refractive index](/wiki/Refractive_index "Refractive index") of the surface material and the [angle of incidence](/wiki/Fresnel_equations%23Power_or_intensity_equations "Fresnel equations#Power or intensity equations") of the incoming light. The amount reflected also differs depending on the polarization of the incoming light. Incoming sunlight is a mixture of all polarizations, with equal amounts in direct sunlight. Averaged over all polarizations, the reflective losses are approximately constant at angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which they increase rapidly. See for example the accompanying graph, appropriate for glass.
Solar panels are often coated with an [anti\-reflective coating](/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating "Anti-reflective coating"), which is one or more thin layers of substances with refractive indices intermediate between those of silicon and air. This causes [destructive interference](/wiki/Destructive_interference "Destructive interference") in the reflected light, diminishing the reflected amount. Photovoltaic manufacturers have been working to decrease reflectance with improved anti\-reflective coatings and with textured glass.{{cite journal \|last1\=Rajinder Sharma \|title\=Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells \|journal\=Heliyon \|date\=Jul 2019 \|volume\=5 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=e01965 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.heliyon.2019\.e01965 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=31317080 \|pmc\=6611928 \|bibcode\=2019Heliy...501965S }}{{cite book \|last1\=Suryanarayana Vasantha Janakeeraman \|title\=Angle of Incidence And Power Degradation Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules \|date\=Apr 2013 \|url\=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79566658\.pdf}}, Master's thesis.
### Daily east\-west motion of the Sun
The Sun travels through 360° east to west per day, but from the perspective of any fixed location, the visible portion is 180° during an average half\-day period (more in summer, slightly less in spring and fall, and significantly less in winter). Local horizon effects reduce this somewhat, making the effective motion about 150°. A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and sunset extremes will see a motion of 75° to either side, and thus, according to the table above, will lose over 75% of the energy in the morning and evening. Rotating the panels to the east and west can help recapture those losses. A tracker that only attempts to compensate for the east\-west movement of the Sun is known as a single\-axis tracker.
### Seasonal north\-south motion of the Sun
Due to the [tilt of the Earth's axis](/wiki/Axial_tilt "Axial tilt"), the Sun also moves through 46° north and south during a year. The same set of panels set at the midpoint between the two local extremes will thus see the Sun move 23° on either side. Thus according to the above table, an optimally aligned single\-axis tracker (see [polar](/wiki/%23polar "#polar") aligned tracker below) will only lose 8\.3% at the summer and winter seasonal extremes, or around 5% averaged over a year. Conversely a vertically\- or horizontally\-aligned single\-axis tracker will lose considerably more as a result of these seasonal variations in the Sun's path. For example, a vertical tracker at a site at 60° latitude will lose up to 40% of the available energy in summer, while a horizontal tracker located at 25° latitude will lose up to 33% in winter.
A tracker that accounts for both the daily and seasonal motions is known as a dual\-axis tracker. Generally speaking, the losses due to seasonal angle changes are complicated by changes in the length of the day, increasing collection in the summer in northern or southern latitudes. This biases collection toward the summer, so if the panels are tilted closer to the average summer angles, the total yearly losses are reduced compared to a system tilted at the spring/fall [equinox](/wiki/Equinox "Equinox") angle (which is the same as the site's latitude).
There is considerable argument within the industry about whether the small difference in yearly collection between single\- and dual\-axis trackers makes the added complexity of a two\-axis tracker worthwhile. A recent review of actual production statistics from southern [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") suggested the difference was about 4% in total, which was far less than the added costs of the dual\-axis systems. This compares unfavorably with the 24–32% improvement between a fixed\-array and single\-axis tracker.{{cite journal \| author \= David Lubitz William \| year \= 2011 \| title \= Effect of Manual Tilt Adjustments on Incident Irradiance on Fixed and Tracking Solar Panels \| journal \= Applied Energy \| volume \= 88 \| issue \= 5\| pages \= 1710–1719 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.apenergy.2010\.11\.008\| bibcode \= 2011ApEn...88\.1710L }}David Cooke, ["Single vs. Dual Axis Solar Tracking"](http://altenergymag.com/emagazine/2011/04/single-vs-dual-axis-solar-tracking/1690), *Alternate Energy eMagazine*, April 2011
### Other factors
#### Clouds
The above models assume uniform likelihood of cloud cover at different times of day or year. In different climate zones cloud cover can vary with seasons, affecting the averaged performance figures described above. Alternatively, for example in an area where cloud cover on average builds up during the day, there can be particular benefits in collecting morning sun.
#### Atmosphere
The distance that sunlight travels through the atmosphere increases as the sun approaches the horizon, as the sunlight travels diagonally through the atmosphere. As the path length through the atmosphere increases, the solar intensity reaching the collector decreases. This increasing path length is referred to as the [air mass (AM) or air mass coefficient](/wiki/Air_mass_%28solar_energy%29 "Air mass (solar energy)"), where *AM0* is at the top of the atmosphere, *AM1* refers to the direct vertical path down to sea\-level with Sun overhead, and *AM* greater than 1 refers to diagonal paths as the Sun approaches the horizon.
Even though the sun may not feel particularly hot in the early mornings or during the winter months, the diagonal path through the atmosphere has a less than expected impact on the solar intensity. Even when the sun is only 15° above the horizon the solar intensity can be around 60% of its maximum value, around 50% at 10° and 25% at only 5° above the horizon.See table at [Air mass coefficient](/wiki/Air_mass_coefficient%23Solar_intensity "Air mass coefficient#Solar intensity") Therefore, if trackers can follow the Sun from horizon to horizon, then their solar panels can collect a significant amount of energy.
#### Solar cell efficiency
{{Main\|Solar cell efficiency}}
The underlying power conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell has a major influence on the end result, regardless of whether tracking is employed.
#### Temperature
Photovoltaic solar cell efficiency decreases with increasing temperature, at the rate of about 0\.4%/°C.{{cite journal\| doi\=10\.1016/j.egypro.2013\.05\.072 \| volume\=33 \| title\=Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and Its Effect on PV Production in the World – A Review \| year\=2013 \| journal\=Energy Procedia \| pages\=311–321 \|author1\=Dubey Swapnil \|author2\=Narotam Sarvaiya Jatin \|author3\=Seshadri Bharath\| doi\-access\=free \| bibcode\=2013EnPro..33\..311D \| hdl\=10356/106457 \| hdl\-access\=free }} For example, there is about 20% higher efficiency at 10 °C in early morning or winter than at 60 °C in the heat of the day or summer. Therefore, trackers can deliver additional benefit by collecting early morning and winter energy when the cells are operating at their highest efficiency.
### Summary
Trackers for concentrating collectors must employ high\-accuracy tracking so as to keep the collector at the focus point.
Trackers for non\-concentrating flat\-panel do not need high accuracy tracking:
* low power loss: under 10% loss even at 25° misalignment
* reflectance consistent even to around 50° misalignment
* diffuse sunlight contributes 10% independent of orientation, and a larger proportion on cloudy days.
The benefits of tracking non\-concentrating flat\-panel collectors flow from the following:
* power loss rises rapidly beyond about 30° misalignment
* significant power is available even when the Sun is very close to the horizon, e.g. around 60% of full power at 15° above the horizon, around 50% at 10°, and even 25% at only 5° above the horizon – of particular relevance at high latitudes and/or during the winter months
* photovoltaic panels are around 20% more efficient in the cool of the early mornings as compared with during the heat of the day; similarly, they are more efficient in winter than summer – and effectively capturing early morning and winter sun requires tracking.
|
[
"Basic concept\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|The effective collection area of a flat\\-panel solar collector varies with the [cosine](/wiki/Cosine \"Cosine\") of the misalignment of the panel with the Sun.](/wiki/File:SolarPanel_alignment.png \"SolarPanel alignment.png\")",
"Sunlight has two components: the \"direct beam\" that carries about 90% of the solar energy900 W/m2 direct out of 1000 W/m2 total as per [Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1\\.5](http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/) NREL. Retrieved 1 May 2011{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/2\\-properties\\-sunlight/air\\-mass \\|title\\=Air Mass \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2011 \\|author1\\=Stuart Bowden \\|author2\\=Christiana Honsberg \\|website\\=PV Education}} and the \"diffuse sunlight\" that carries the remainder – the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day, and is a larger proportion of the total on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the Sun to be visible to the panels for as long as possible. However, on cloudier days the ratio of direct vs. diffuse light can be as low as 60:40 or even lower.",
"The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off with the [cosine](/wiki/Cosine \"Cosine\") of the angle between the incoming light and the panel. In addition, the [reflectance](/wiki/Reflectance \"Reflectance\") (averaged across all [polarizations](/wiki/Polarization_%28waves%29 \"Polarization (waves)\")) is approximately constant for angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which reflectance increases rapidly.For example Figure 6 (Si\\+SiO2 SLAR) at [Bio\\-mimetic nanostructured surfaces for near\\-zero reflection sunrise to sunset](http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/dmb/reports/allpdf/Paper%20-%20Durham%20-%20Biomimetic%20surfaces.pdf), Stuart A. Boden, Darren M. Bagnall, University of Southampton. Retrieved 5\\-June\\-2011",
"",
"| \\+ Direct power loss (%) due to misalignment (angle *i*) where Loss \\= 1 − [cos](/wiki/Cosine \"Cosine\")(*i*) |\n| --- |\n| Angle *i*",
"Hours{{efn\\|Hours of rotation away from a time (e.g. noon) when the collector is ''accurately'' aligned.}}",
"Loss",
"| 0°",
"|\n 0% |\n| 1°",
"|\n 0\\.015% |\n| 3°",
"|\n 0\\.14% |\n| 8°",
"|\n 1% |\n| 15°",
"1 |\n 3\\.4% |\n| 23\\.4°{{efn\\|Maximum seasonal variation (at summer or winter \\[\\[solstice]]), as compared with ''accurate'' alignment at \\[\\[equinox]].}}",
"|\n 8\\.3% |\n| 30°",
"2 |\n 13\\.4% |\n| 45°",
"3 |\n 30% |\n| 60°",
"4 |\n \\>50%{{efn\\|name\\=extra reflect\\|Greater due to higher reflectance at high angles of incidence.}} |\n| 75°",
"5 |\n \\>75%{{efn\\|name\\=extra reflect}} |",
"",
"**Notes**\n{{Notelist}}",
"For example, trackers that have accuracies of ± 5° can capture more than 99\\.6% of the energy delivered by the direct beam plus 100% of the diffuse light. As a result, high\\-accuracy tracking is not typically used in non\\-concentrating PV applications.",
"The purpose of a tracking mechanism is to follow the Sun as it moves across the sky. In the following sections, in which each of the main factors are described in a little more detail, the [complex path of the Sun](/wiki/Sun_Path \"Sun Path\") is simplified by considering its daily east\\-west motion separately from its yearly north\\-south variation with the seasons of the year.",
"### Solar energy intercepted",
"The amount of solar energy available for collection from the direct beam is the amount of light intercepted by the panel. This is given by the area of the panel multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence of the direct beam (see illustration above). Put another way, the energy intercepted is equivalent to the area of the shadow cast by the panel onto a surface perpendicular to the direct beam.",
"This cosine relationship is very closely related to the observation formalized in 1760 by [Lambert's cosine law](/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law \"Lambert's cosine law\"). This describes that the observed brightness of an object is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light illuminating it.",
"### Reflective losses",
"[550 px\\|thumb\\|Variation of reflectance with angle of incidence. These graphs are for a refractive index of 1\\.5 (glass) and are not applicable to bare silicon.](/wiki/File:Fresnel_reflection.svg \"Fresnel reflection.svg\")\nNot all of the intercepted light is transmitted into the panel; some is [reflected](/wiki/Reflection_%28physics%29 \"Reflection (physics)\") at its surface. The amount reflected depends on both the [refractive index](/wiki/Refractive_index \"Refractive index\") of the surface material and the [angle of incidence](/wiki/Fresnel_equations%23Power_or_intensity_equations \"Fresnel equations#Power or intensity equations\") of the incoming light. The amount reflected also differs depending on the polarization of the incoming light. Incoming sunlight is a mixture of all polarizations, with equal amounts in direct sunlight. Averaged over all polarizations, the reflective losses are approximately constant at angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which they increase rapidly. See for example the accompanying graph, appropriate for glass.",
"Solar panels are often coated with an [anti\\-reflective coating](/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating \"Anti-reflective coating\"), which is one or more thin layers of substances with refractive indices intermediate between those of silicon and air. This causes [destructive interference](/wiki/Destructive_interference \"Destructive interference\") in the reflected light, diminishing the reflected amount. Photovoltaic manufacturers have been working to decrease reflectance with improved anti\\-reflective coatings and with textured glass.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Rajinder Sharma \\|title\\=Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells \\|journal\\=Heliyon \\|date\\=Jul 2019 \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=e01965 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.heliyon.2019\\.e01965 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=31317080 \\|pmc\\=6611928 \\|bibcode\\=2019Heliy...501965S }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Suryanarayana Vasantha Janakeeraman \\|title\\=Angle of Incidence And Power Degradation Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules \\|date\\=Apr 2013 \\|url\\=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79566658\\.pdf}}, Master's thesis.",
"### Daily east\\-west motion of the Sun",
"The Sun travels through 360° east to west per day, but from the perspective of any fixed location, the visible portion is 180° during an average half\\-day period (more in summer, slightly less in spring and fall, and significantly less in winter). Local horizon effects reduce this somewhat, making the effective motion about 150°. A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and sunset extremes will see a motion of 75° to either side, and thus, according to the table above, will lose over 75% of the energy in the morning and evening. Rotating the panels to the east and west can help recapture those losses. A tracker that only attempts to compensate for the east\\-west movement of the Sun is known as a single\\-axis tracker.",
"### Seasonal north\\-south motion of the Sun",
"Due to the [tilt of the Earth's axis](/wiki/Axial_tilt \"Axial tilt\"), the Sun also moves through 46° north and south during a year. The same set of panels set at the midpoint between the two local extremes will thus see the Sun move 23° on either side. Thus according to the above table, an optimally aligned single\\-axis tracker (see [polar](/wiki/%23polar \"#polar\") aligned tracker below) will only lose 8\\.3% at the summer and winter seasonal extremes, or around 5% averaged over a year. Conversely a vertically\\- or horizontally\\-aligned single\\-axis tracker will lose considerably more as a result of these seasonal variations in the Sun's path. For example, a vertical tracker at a site at 60° latitude will lose up to 40% of the available energy in summer, while a horizontal tracker located at 25° latitude will lose up to 33% in winter.",
"A tracker that accounts for both the daily and seasonal motions is known as a dual\\-axis tracker. Generally speaking, the losses due to seasonal angle changes are complicated by changes in the length of the day, increasing collection in the summer in northern or southern latitudes. This biases collection toward the summer, so if the panels are tilted closer to the average summer angles, the total yearly losses are reduced compared to a system tilted at the spring/fall [equinox](/wiki/Equinox \"Equinox\") angle (which is the same as the site's latitude).",
"There is considerable argument within the industry about whether the small difference in yearly collection between single\\- and dual\\-axis trackers makes the added complexity of a two\\-axis tracker worthwhile. A recent review of actual production statistics from southern [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") suggested the difference was about 4% in total, which was far less than the added costs of the dual\\-axis systems. This compares unfavorably with the 24–32% improvement between a fixed\\-array and single\\-axis tracker.{{cite journal \\| author \\= David Lubitz William \\| year \\= 2011 \\| title \\= Effect of Manual Tilt Adjustments on Incident Irradiance on Fixed and Tracking Solar Panels \\| journal \\= Applied Energy \\| volume \\= 88 \\| issue \\= 5\\| pages \\= 1710–1719 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.apenergy.2010\\.11\\.008\\| bibcode \\= 2011ApEn...88\\.1710L }}David Cooke, [\"Single vs. Dual Axis Solar Tracking\"](http://altenergymag.com/emagazine/2011/04/single-vs-dual-axis-solar-tracking/1690), *Alternate Energy eMagazine*, April 2011",
"### Other factors",
"#### Clouds",
"The above models assume uniform likelihood of cloud cover at different times of day or year. In different climate zones cloud cover can vary with seasons, affecting the averaged performance figures described above. Alternatively, for example in an area where cloud cover on average builds up during the day, there can be particular benefits in collecting morning sun.",
"#### Atmosphere",
"The distance that sunlight travels through the atmosphere increases as the sun approaches the horizon, as the sunlight travels diagonally through the atmosphere. As the path length through the atmosphere increases, the solar intensity reaching the collector decreases. This increasing path length is referred to as the [air mass (AM) or air mass coefficient](/wiki/Air_mass_%28solar_energy%29 \"Air mass (solar energy)\"), where *AM0* is at the top of the atmosphere, *AM1* refers to the direct vertical path down to sea\\-level with Sun overhead, and *AM* greater than 1 refers to diagonal paths as the Sun approaches the horizon.",
"Even though the sun may not feel particularly hot in the early mornings or during the winter months, the diagonal path through the atmosphere has a less than expected impact on the solar intensity. Even when the sun is only 15° above the horizon the solar intensity can be around 60% of its maximum value, around 50% at 10° and 25% at only 5° above the horizon.See table at [Air mass coefficient](/wiki/Air_mass_coefficient%23Solar_intensity \"Air mass coefficient#Solar intensity\") Therefore, if trackers can follow the Sun from horizon to horizon, then their solar panels can collect a significant amount of energy.",
"#### Solar cell efficiency",
"{{Main\\|Solar cell efficiency}}\nThe underlying power conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell has a major influence on the end result, regardless of whether tracking is employed.",
"#### Temperature",
"Photovoltaic solar cell efficiency decreases with increasing temperature, at the rate of about 0\\.4%/°C.{{cite journal\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.egypro.2013\\.05\\.072 \\| volume\\=33 \\| title\\=Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and Its Effect on PV Production in the World – A Review \\| year\\=2013 \\| journal\\=Energy Procedia \\| pages\\=311–321 \\|author1\\=Dubey Swapnil \\|author2\\=Narotam Sarvaiya Jatin \\|author3\\=Seshadri Bharath\\| doi\\-access\\=free \\| bibcode\\=2013EnPro..33\\..311D \\| hdl\\=10356/106457 \\| hdl\\-access\\=free }} For example, there is about 20% higher efficiency at 10 °C in early morning or winter than at 60 °C in the heat of the day or summer. Therefore, trackers can deliver additional benefit by collecting early morning and winter energy when the cells are operating at their highest efficiency.",
"### Summary",
"Trackers for concentrating collectors must employ high\\-accuracy tracking so as to keep the collector at the focus point.",
"Trackers for non\\-concentrating flat\\-panel do not need high accuracy tracking:\n* low power loss: under 10% loss even at 25° misalignment\n* reflectance consistent even to around 50° misalignment\n* diffuse sunlight contributes 10% independent of orientation, and a larger proportion on cloudy days.",
"The benefits of tracking non\\-concentrating flat\\-panel collectors flow from the following:\n* power loss rises rapidly beyond about 30° misalignment\n* significant power is available even when the Sun is very close to the horizon, e.g. around 60% of full power at 15° above the horizon, around 50% at 10°, and even 25% at only 5° above the horizon – of particular relevance at high latitudes and/or during the winter months\n* photovoltaic panels are around 20% more efficient in the cool of the early mornings as compared with during the heat of the day; similarly, they are more efficient in winter than summer – and effectively capturing early morning and winter sun requires tracking.",
""
] |
Types of solar collector
------------------------
Solar collectors may be non\-concentrating flat\-panels, usually photovoltaic or hot\-water, or concentrating systems, of a variety of types.
Solar collector mounting systems may be fixed (manually aligned) or tracking. Different types of solar collector and their location ([latitude](/wiki/Latitude "Latitude")) require different types of tracking mechanism. Tracking systems may be configured as a fixed collector / moving mirror – a *[Heliostat](/wiki/Heliostat "Heliostat")* – or as a moving collector
### Non\-tracking fixed mount
Residential and small\-capacity commercial or industrial rooftop solar panels and solar water heater panels are usually fixed, often flush\-mounted on an appropriately\-facing pitched roof. Advantages of fixed mounts over trackers include the following:
* **Mechanical Advantages:** Simple to manufacture, lower installation and maintenance costs.
* **Wind\-loading**: it is easier and cheaper to provision a sturdy mount; all mounts other than fixed flush\-mounted panels must be carefully designed having regard to wind loading due to greater exposure.
* **Indirect light**: approximately 10% of the incident solar radiation is diffuse light, available at any angle of misalignment with the Sun.
* **Tolerance to misalignment**: effective collection area for a flat panel is relatively insensitive to quite high levels of misalignment with the Sun – see the table and diagram at [Basic concept](/wiki/Solar_tracker%23Basic_concept "Solar tracker#Basic concept") section above – for example even a 25° misalignment reduces the direct solar energy collected by less than 10%.
Fixed mounts are usually used in conjunction with non\-concentrating systems; however, an important class of non\-tracking concentrating collectors, of particular value in the third world, are portable [solar cookers](/wiki/Solar_cookers "Solar cookers"). These use relatively low levels of concentration, typically around 2 to 8 Suns and are manually aligned.
### Trackers
Even though a fixed flat panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon\-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes too excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon, the available energy can be around half the noon\-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions).
Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons.
In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed, the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller.
#### Fixed collector / moving mirror
{{Main\|Heliostat}}
Many collectors cannot be moved, such as high\-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in\-built solar cookers, such as [Scheffler reflectors](/wiki/Solar_energy%23Cooking "Solar energy#Cooking"). In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector.
Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave.
#### Moving collector
Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single\-axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10–20%.{{cite book\|chapter\=Performance advantages of two\-axis tracking for large flat\-plate photovoltaic energy systems \|author\=Gay, CF \|author2\=Wilson, JH \|author3\=Yerkes, JW \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|title\= 16th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference\|volume\=16\|pages\=1368 \|date\=1982 \|bibcode\=1982pvsp.conf.1368G \|osti\=5379108}}{{cite book \|doi\=10\.1109/PVSC.2002\.1190861 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7803\-7471\-3 \|chapter\=Analysis of factors influencing the annual energy production of photovoltaic systems \|title\=Conference Record of the Twenty\-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002 \|pages\=1356–1361 \|year\=2002 \|last1\=King \|first1\=D.L. \|last2\=Boyson \|first2\=W.E. \|last3\=Kratochvil \|first3\=J.A. \|s2cid\=18463433 \|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1232229 }}
Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports, and foundation.
##### Floating mount
Floating islands of solar panels are being installed on reservoirs and lakes in the Netherlands, China, the UK, and Japan. The sun\-tracking system controlling the direction of the panels operates automatically according to the time of year, changing position by means of ropes attached to [buoys](/wiki/Buoy "Buoy").{{cite journal \|last1\=Boffey \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun\-seeking solar farm \|journal\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=21 April 2019 \|page\=22 \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch\-engineers\-build\-worlds\-biggest\-sun\-seeking\-solar\-farm \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
##### Floating ground mount
Solar trackers can be built using a "floating" foundation, which sits on the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These "floating" trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped [landfills](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill") or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible.
##### Motion\-Free Optical Tracking
Solar trackers can be built without the need for mechanical tracking equipment. These are called motion\-free optical tracking. Renkube pioneered a glass based design to redirect light using motion\-free optical tracking technology.
|
[
"Types of solar collector\n------------------------",
"Solar collectors may be non\\-concentrating flat\\-panels, usually photovoltaic or hot\\-water, or concentrating systems, of a variety of types.",
"Solar collector mounting systems may be fixed (manually aligned) or tracking. Different types of solar collector and their location ([latitude](/wiki/Latitude \"Latitude\")) require different types of tracking mechanism. Tracking systems may be configured as a fixed collector / moving mirror – a *[Heliostat](/wiki/Heliostat \"Heliostat\")* – or as a moving collector",
"### Non\\-tracking fixed mount",
"Residential and small\\-capacity commercial or industrial rooftop solar panels and solar water heater panels are usually fixed, often flush\\-mounted on an appropriately\\-facing pitched roof. Advantages of fixed mounts over trackers include the following:\n* **Mechanical Advantages:** Simple to manufacture, lower installation and maintenance costs.\n* **Wind\\-loading**: it is easier and cheaper to provision a sturdy mount; all mounts other than fixed flush\\-mounted panels must be carefully designed having regard to wind loading due to greater exposure.\n* **Indirect light**: approximately 10% of the incident solar radiation is diffuse light, available at any angle of misalignment with the Sun.\n* **Tolerance to misalignment**: effective collection area for a flat panel is relatively insensitive to quite high levels of misalignment with the Sun – see the table and diagram at [Basic concept](/wiki/Solar_tracker%23Basic_concept \"Solar tracker#Basic concept\") section above – for example even a 25° misalignment reduces the direct solar energy collected by less than 10%.",
"Fixed mounts are usually used in conjunction with non\\-concentrating systems; however, an important class of non\\-tracking concentrating collectors, of particular value in the third world, are portable [solar cookers](/wiki/Solar_cookers \"Solar cookers\"). These use relatively low levels of concentration, typically around 2 to 8 Suns and are manually aligned.",
"### Trackers",
"Even though a fixed flat panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon\\-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes too excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon, the available energy can be around half the noon\\-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions).",
"Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons.",
"In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed, the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller.",
"#### Fixed collector / moving mirror",
"{{Main\\|Heliostat}}\nMany collectors cannot be moved, such as high\\-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in\\-built solar cookers, such as [Scheffler reflectors](/wiki/Solar_energy%23Cooking \"Solar energy#Cooking\"). In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector.",
"Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave.",
"#### Moving collector",
"Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single\\-axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10–20%.{{cite book\\|chapter\\=Performance advantages of two\\-axis tracking for large flat\\-plate photovoltaic energy systems \\|author\\=Gay, CF \\|author2\\=Wilson, JH \\|author3\\=Yerkes, JW \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|title\\= 16th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference\\|volume\\=16\\|pages\\=1368 \\|date\\=1982 \\|bibcode\\=1982pvsp.conf.1368G \\|osti\\=5379108}}{{cite book \\|doi\\=10\\.1109/PVSC.2002\\.1190861 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7803\\-7471\\-3 \\|chapter\\=Analysis of factors influencing the annual energy production of photovoltaic systems \\|title\\=Conference Record of the Twenty\\-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002 \\|pages\\=1356–1361 \\|year\\=2002 \\|last1\\=King \\|first1\\=D.L. \\|last2\\=Boyson \\|first2\\=W.E. \\|last3\\=Kratochvil \\|first3\\=J.A. \\|s2cid\\=18463433 \\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1232229 }}",
"Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports, and foundation.",
"##### Floating mount",
"Floating islands of solar panels are being installed on reservoirs and lakes in the Netherlands, China, the UK, and Japan. The sun\\-tracking system controlling the direction of the panels operates automatically according to the time of year, changing position by means of ropes attached to [buoys](/wiki/Buoy \"Buoy\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Boffey \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun\\-seeking solar farm \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=21 April 2019 \\|page\\=22 \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch\\-engineers\\-build\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-sun\\-seeking\\-solar\\-farm \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"##### Floating ground mount",
"Solar trackers can be built using a \"floating\" foundation, which sits on the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These \"floating\" trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped [landfills](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\") or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible.",
"##### Motion\\-Free Optical Tracking",
"Solar trackers can be built without the need for mechanical tracking equipment. These are called motion\\-free optical tracking. Renkube pioneered a glass based design to redirect light using motion\\-free optical tracking technology.",
""
] |
### Trackers
Even though a fixed flat panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon\-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes too excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon, the available energy can be around half the noon\-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions).
Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons.
In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed, the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller.
#### Fixed collector / moving mirror
{{Main\|Heliostat}}
Many collectors cannot be moved, such as high\-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in\-built solar cookers, such as [Scheffler reflectors](/wiki/Solar_energy%23Cooking "Solar energy#Cooking"). In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector.
Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave.
#### Moving collector
Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single\-axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10–20%.{{cite book\|chapter\=Performance advantages of two\-axis tracking for large flat\-plate photovoltaic energy systems \|author\=Gay, CF \|author2\=Wilson, JH \|author3\=Yerkes, JW \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|title\= 16th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference\|volume\=16\|pages\=1368 \|date\=1982 \|bibcode\=1982pvsp.conf.1368G \|osti\=5379108}}{{cite book \|doi\=10\.1109/PVSC.2002\.1190861 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7803\-7471\-3 \|chapter\=Analysis of factors influencing the annual energy production of photovoltaic systems \|title\=Conference Record of the Twenty\-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002 \|pages\=1356–1361 \|year\=2002 \|last1\=King \|first1\=D.L. \|last2\=Boyson \|first2\=W.E. \|last3\=Kratochvil \|first3\=J.A. \|s2cid\=18463433 \|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1232229 }}
Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports, and foundation.
##### Floating mount
Floating islands of solar panels are being installed on reservoirs and lakes in the Netherlands, China, the UK, and Japan. The sun\-tracking system controlling the direction of the panels operates automatically according to the time of year, changing position by means of ropes attached to [buoys](/wiki/Buoy "Buoy").{{cite journal \|last1\=Boffey \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun\-seeking solar farm \|journal\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=21 April 2019 \|page\=22 \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch\-engineers\-build\-worlds\-biggest\-sun\-seeking\-solar\-farm \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
##### Floating ground mount
Solar trackers can be built using a "floating" foundation, which sits on the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These "floating" trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped [landfills](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill") or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible.
##### Motion\-Free Optical Tracking
Solar trackers can be built without the need for mechanical tracking equipment. These are called motion\-free optical tracking. Renkube pioneered a glass based design to redirect light using motion\-free optical tracking technology.
|
[
"### Trackers",
"Even though a fixed flat panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon\\-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes too excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon, the available energy can be around half the noon\\-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions).",
"Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons.",
"In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed, the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller.",
"#### Fixed collector / moving mirror",
"{{Main\\|Heliostat}}\nMany collectors cannot be moved, such as high\\-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in\\-built solar cookers, such as [Scheffler reflectors](/wiki/Solar_energy%23Cooking \"Solar energy#Cooking\"). In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector.",
"Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave.",
"#### Moving collector",
"Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single\\-axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10–20%.{{cite book\\|chapter\\=Performance advantages of two\\-axis tracking for large flat\\-plate photovoltaic energy systems \\|author\\=Gay, CF \\|author2\\=Wilson, JH \\|author3\\=Yerkes, JW \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|title\\= 16th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference\\|volume\\=16\\|pages\\=1368 \\|date\\=1982 \\|bibcode\\=1982pvsp.conf.1368G \\|osti\\=5379108}}{{cite book \\|doi\\=10\\.1109/PVSC.2002\\.1190861 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7803\\-7471\\-3 \\|chapter\\=Analysis of factors influencing the annual energy production of photovoltaic systems \\|title\\=Conference Record of the Twenty\\-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002 \\|pages\\=1356–1361 \\|year\\=2002 \\|last1\\=King \\|first1\\=D.L. \\|last2\\=Boyson \\|first2\\=W.E. \\|last3\\=Kratochvil \\|first3\\=J.A. \\|s2cid\\=18463433 \\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1232229 }}",
"Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports, and foundation.",
"##### Floating mount",
"Floating islands of solar panels are being installed on reservoirs and lakes in the Netherlands, China, the UK, and Japan. The sun\\-tracking system controlling the direction of the panels operates automatically according to the time of year, changing position by means of ropes attached to [buoys](/wiki/Buoy \"Buoy\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Boffey \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun\\-seeking solar farm \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=21 April 2019 \\|page\\=22 \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch\\-engineers\\-build\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-sun\\-seeking\\-solar\\-farm \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"##### Floating ground mount",
"Solar trackers can be built using a \"floating\" foundation, which sits on the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These \"floating\" trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped [landfills](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\") or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible.",
"##### Motion\\-Free Optical Tracking",
"Solar trackers can be built without the need for mechanical tracking equipment. These are called motion\\-free optical tracking. Renkube pioneered a glass based design to redirect light using motion\\-free optical tracking technology.",
""
] |
Dual\-axis trackers
-------------------
Dual\-axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation. These axes are typically normal to one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the ground can be considered a primary axis. The axis that is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a secondary axis. There are several common implementations of dual\-axis trackers. They are classified by the orientation of their primary axes with respect to the ground. Two common implementations are tip\-tilt dual\-axis trackers (TTDAT) and azimuth\-altitude dual\-axis trackers (AADAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance. Dual\-axis trackers typically have modules oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation. Dual\-axis trackers allow for optimum solar energy levels due to their ability to follow the Sun vertically and horizontally. No matter where the Sun is in the sky, dual\-axis trackers are able to angle themselves to point directly at the Sun.
### Tip\-tilt
[thumb\|Dual\-axis tracker mounted on a pole. Project in Siziwangqi{{cite web \|url\=http://www.suntrix.cn/home\-en/projects/suntrix\-siziwangqi\-vertical\-single\-axis\-dual\-axis\-solar\-tracker.aspx \|title\=Siziwangqi 320kW \|access\-date\=16 September 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140916035139/http://www.suntrix.cn/home\-en/projects/suntrix\-siziwangqi\-vertical\-single\-axis\-dual\-axis\-solar\-tracker.aspx \|archive\-date\=16 September 2014 }}](/wiki/File:Suntrix_Dual_Axis_Tracker.JPG "Suntrix Dual Axis Tracker.JPG")
A tip\-tilt dual\-axis tracker (TTDAT) is so named because the panel array is mounted on the top of a pole. On top of the pole is a two axis universal joint that provides both the effective horizontal rotation and vertical tilt of the panels and provides the dead load bearing capacity for the array. The tipping and tilting are managed by externally placed actuators. Movement around the horizon is driven by rolling the array around the top of the pole. This allows for great flexibility of the payload connection to the ground mounted equipment because there is no twisting of the cabling around the pole.
The simple geometry means that keeping the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another. Normally the trackers would have to be positioned at fairly low density to avoid one tracker casting a shadow on others when the Sun is low in the sky. Properly spacing trackers in an array is the only way to make sure that the morning/evening solar energy can be harvested. The morning/evening solar energy harvest is what sets the 2 axis tracker apart from fixed or 1 axis tracking. One axis trackers use "Backtracking" to account for self\-shading, but this doesn't need to be an issue for 2 axis tracking. If one is going to the expense of putting up a 2 axis tracker why cut corners by limiting the evening sun, space the trackers properly and enjoy a maximized harvest.
The early generation tracker axes of rotation of many tip\-tilt dual\-axis trackers are typically aligned either along a true north meridian or an east\-west line of latitude.
The sun following solar tracker described in this paragraph has a horizontal primary axis of rotation and a secondary axis of rotation that remains orthogonal to the primary axis at all times. There is no array rotation about the vertical axis (pole mount). The net rotation about the primary and secondary axes allows the array to "roll" about the vertical axis (top of pole). Given the unique capabilities of this tip\-tilt configuration and controller, a totally\-automatic tracking is possible for use on portable or fixed platforms. This "sun following" tracker only responds to the location of the sun or brightest area of a clouded sky (diffuse lighting). Consequently, it can follow the sun around the Horizon as it moves throughout the Arctic 24 hour summer day. There is no need for an astronomical calculation to locate the sun's position and the orientation of the tracker axes is of no particular importance and can be placed as needed.["Portable solar trackers"](http://www.konzasolar.com), Moser, LLC
[thumb\|Azimuth\-altitude dual\-axis tracker, Toledo, Spain.](/wiki/File:Seguidor2ejes.jpg "Seguidor2ejes.jpg")
### Azimuth\-altitude
An azimuth\-altitude (or **[alt\-azimuth](/wiki/Altazimuth_mount "Altazimuth mount")**) dual axis tracker (AADAT) has its primary axis (the azimuth axis) vertical to the ground. The secondary axis, often called elevation axis, is then typically normal to the primary axis. They are similar to tip\-tilt systems in operation, but they differ in the way the array is rotated for daily tracking. Instead of rotating the array around the top of the pole, AADAT systems can use a large ring mounted on the ground with the array mounted on a series of rollers. The main advantage of this arrangement is the weight of the array is distributed over a portion of the ring, as opposed to the single loading point of the pole in the TTDAT. This allows AADAT to support much larger arrays. Unlike the TTDAT, however, the AADAT system cannot be placed closer together than the diameter of the ring, which may reduce the system density, especially considering inter\-tracker shading.
|
[
"Dual\\-axis trackers\n-------------------",
"Dual\\-axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation. These axes are typically normal to one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the ground can be considered a primary axis. The axis that is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a secondary axis. There are several common implementations of dual\\-axis trackers. They are classified by the orientation of their primary axes with respect to the ground. Two common implementations are tip\\-tilt dual\\-axis trackers (TTDAT) and azimuth\\-altitude dual\\-axis trackers (AADAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance. Dual\\-axis trackers typically have modules oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation. Dual\\-axis trackers allow for optimum solar energy levels due to their ability to follow the Sun vertically and horizontally. No matter where the Sun is in the sky, dual\\-axis trackers are able to angle themselves to point directly at the Sun.",
"### Tip\\-tilt",
"[thumb\\|Dual\\-axis tracker mounted on a pole. Project in Siziwangqi{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.suntrix.cn/home\\-en/projects/suntrix\\-siziwangqi\\-vertical\\-single\\-axis\\-dual\\-axis\\-solar\\-tracker.aspx \\|title\\=Siziwangqi 320kW \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140916035139/http://www.suntrix.cn/home\\-en/projects/suntrix\\-siziwangqi\\-vertical\\-single\\-axis\\-dual\\-axis\\-solar\\-tracker.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2014 }}](/wiki/File:Suntrix_Dual_Axis_Tracker.JPG \"Suntrix Dual Axis Tracker.JPG\")",
"A tip\\-tilt dual\\-axis tracker (TTDAT) is so named because the panel array is mounted on the top of a pole. On top of the pole is a two axis universal joint that provides both the effective horizontal rotation and vertical tilt of the panels and provides the dead load bearing capacity for the array. The tipping and tilting are managed by externally placed actuators. Movement around the horizon is driven by rolling the array around the top of the pole. This allows for great flexibility of the payload connection to the ground mounted equipment because there is no twisting of the cabling around the pole.",
"The simple geometry means that keeping the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another. Normally the trackers would have to be positioned at fairly low density to avoid one tracker casting a shadow on others when the Sun is low in the sky. Properly spacing trackers in an array is the only way to make sure that the morning/evening solar energy can be harvested. The morning/evening solar energy harvest is what sets the 2 axis tracker apart from fixed or 1 axis tracking. One axis trackers use \"Backtracking\" to account for self\\-shading, but this doesn't need to be an issue for 2 axis tracking. If one is going to the expense of putting up a 2 axis tracker why cut corners by limiting the evening sun, space the trackers properly and enjoy a maximized harvest.",
"The early generation tracker axes of rotation of many tip\\-tilt dual\\-axis trackers are typically aligned either along a true north meridian or an east\\-west line of latitude.",
"The sun following solar tracker described in this paragraph has a horizontal primary axis of rotation and a secondary axis of rotation that remains orthogonal to the primary axis at all times. There is no array rotation about the vertical axis (pole mount). The net rotation about the primary and secondary axes allows the array to \"roll\" about the vertical axis (top of pole). Given the unique capabilities of this tip\\-tilt configuration and controller, a totally\\-automatic tracking is possible for use on portable or fixed platforms. This \"sun following\" tracker only responds to the location of the sun or brightest area of a clouded sky (diffuse lighting). Consequently, it can follow the sun around the Horizon as it moves throughout the Arctic 24 hour summer day. There is no need for an astronomical calculation to locate the sun's position and the orientation of the tracker axes is of no particular importance and can be placed as needed.[\"Portable solar trackers\"](http://www.konzasolar.com), Moser, LLC",
"",
"",
"[thumb\\|Azimuth\\-altitude dual\\-axis tracker, Toledo, Spain.](/wiki/File:Seguidor2ejes.jpg \"Seguidor2ejes.jpg\")",
"### Azimuth\\-altitude",
"An azimuth\\-altitude (or **[alt\\-azimuth](/wiki/Altazimuth_mount \"Altazimuth mount\")**) dual axis tracker (AADAT) has its primary axis (the azimuth axis) vertical to the ground. The secondary axis, often called elevation axis, is then typically normal to the primary axis. They are similar to tip\\-tilt systems in operation, but they differ in the way the array is rotated for daily tracking. Instead of rotating the array around the top of the pole, AADAT systems can use a large ring mounted on the ground with the array mounted on a series of rollers. The main advantage of this arrangement is the weight of the array is distributed over a portion of the ring, as opposed to the single loading point of the pole in the TTDAT. This allows AADAT to support much larger arrays. Unlike the TTDAT, however, the AADAT system cannot be placed closer together than the diameter of the ring, which may reduce the system density, especially considering inter\\-tracker shading.",
""
] |
Drive types
-----------
### Active tracker
Active trackers use motors and gear trains to perform solar tracking. They can use microprocessors and sensors, date\-and\-time\-based algorithms, or a combination of both to detect the position of the sun. To control and manage the movement of these massive structures, special [slewing drives](/wiki/Slewing_drive "Slewing drive") are designed and rigorously tested. The technologies used to direct the tracker are constantly evolving and recent developments at Google and Eternegy have included the use of wire\-ropes and winches to replace some of the more costly and more fragile components.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2012}}
[thumb\|left\|A [slewing drive](/wiki/Slewing_drive "Slewing drive") gearbox](/wiki/File:Kinematics_Slewing_Drive.jpg "Kinematics Slewing Drive.jpg")
Counter\-rotating slewing drives sandwiching a fixed\-angle support can be applied to create a "multi\-axis" tracking method which eliminates rotation relative to longitudinal alignment. This method, if placed on a column or pillar, will generate more electricity than fixed PV, and its PV array will never rotate into a parking lot drive lane. It will also allow for maximum solar generation in virtually any parking lot lane/row orientation, including circular or curvilinear.
Active two\-axis trackers are also used to orient [heliostats](/wiki/Heliostat "Heliostat") – movable mirrors that reflect sunlight toward the absorber of a [central power station](/wiki/Solar_power_tower "Solar power tower"). As each mirror in a large field will have an individual orientation, these are controlled programmatically through a central computer system, which also allows the system to be shut down when necessary.
Light\-sensing trackers typically have two or more [photosensors](/wiki/Photosensor "Photosensor"), such as [photodiodes](/wiki/Photodiode "Photodiode"), configured differentially so that they output a null when receiving the same light flux. Mechanically, they should be omnidirectional (i.e. flat) and are aimed 90 degrees apart. This will cause the steepest part of their cosine transfer functions to balance at the steepest part, which translates into maximum sensitivity. For more information about controllers, see [active daylighting](/wiki/Daylighting_%28architecture%29 "Daylighting (architecture)").
Since the motors consume energy, one wants to use them only as necessary. So instead of a continuous motion, the heliostat is moved in discrete steps. Also, if the light is below some threshold, there would not be enough power generated to warrant reorientation. This is also true when there is not enough difference in light level from one direction to another, such as when clouds are passing overhead. Consideration must be made to keep the tracker from wasting energy during cloudy periods.
### Passive tracker
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Passive tracker head in spring/summer tilt position with panels on light blue rack pivoted to morning position against stop; dark blue objects are hydraulic dampers.](/wiki/File:ZomeworksTrackerHead5816.jpg "ZomeworksTrackerHead5816.jpg")
The most common **Passive trackers** use a low\-boiling\-point compressed gas that is driven to one side or the other (by solar heat creating gas pressure) to cause the tracker to move in response to an imbalance. As this is an imprecise orientation, it is unsuitable for certain types of concentrating photovoltaic collectors but works fine for common PV panel types. These will have viscous dampers to prevent excessive motion in response to wind gusts. Shader/reflectors are used to reflect early morning sunlight to "wake up" the panel and tilt it toward the Sun, which can take some hours, depending on shading conditions. The time to do this can be greatly reduced by adding a self\-releasing tiedown that positions the panel slightly past the zenith (so that the fluid does not have to overcome gravity) and using the tiedown in the evening. (A slack\-pulling spring will prevent release in windy overnight conditions.)
A newly emerging type of passive tracker for photovoltaic solar panels uses a hologram behind stripes of photovoltaic cells so that sunlight passes through the transparent part of the module and reflects on the hologram. This allows sunlight to hit the cell from behind, thereby increasing the module's efficiency. Also, the panel does not have to move since the hologram always reflects sunlight from the correct angle towards the cells.
### Manual tracking
In some developing nations, drives have been replaced by operators who adjust the trackers. This has the benefits of robustness, having staff available for maintenance, and creating employment for the population in the vicinity of the site.
|
[
"Drive types\n-----------",
"### Active tracker",
"Active trackers use motors and gear trains to perform solar tracking. They can use microprocessors and sensors, date\\-and\\-time\\-based algorithms, or a combination of both to detect the position of the sun. To control and manage the movement of these massive structures, special [slewing drives](/wiki/Slewing_drive \"Slewing drive\") are designed and rigorously tested. The technologies used to direct the tracker are constantly evolving and recent developments at Google and Eternegy have included the use of wire\\-ropes and winches to replace some of the more costly and more fragile components.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2012}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A [slewing drive](/wiki/Slewing_drive \"Slewing drive\") gearbox](/wiki/File:Kinematics_Slewing_Drive.jpg \"Kinematics Slewing Drive.jpg\")",
"Counter\\-rotating slewing drives sandwiching a fixed\\-angle support can be applied to create a \"multi\\-axis\" tracking method which eliminates rotation relative to longitudinal alignment. This method, if placed on a column or pillar, will generate more electricity than fixed PV, and its PV array will never rotate into a parking lot drive lane. It will also allow for maximum solar generation in virtually any parking lot lane/row orientation, including circular or curvilinear.",
"Active two\\-axis trackers are also used to orient [heliostats](/wiki/Heliostat \"Heliostat\") – movable mirrors that reflect sunlight toward the absorber of a [central power station](/wiki/Solar_power_tower \"Solar power tower\"). As each mirror in a large field will have an individual orientation, these are controlled programmatically through a central computer system, which also allows the system to be shut down when necessary.",
"Light\\-sensing trackers typically have two or more [photosensors](/wiki/Photosensor \"Photosensor\"), such as [photodiodes](/wiki/Photodiode \"Photodiode\"), configured differentially so that they output a null when receiving the same light flux. Mechanically, they should be omnidirectional (i.e. flat) and are aimed 90 degrees apart. This will cause the steepest part of their cosine transfer functions to balance at the steepest part, which translates into maximum sensitivity. For more information about controllers, see [active daylighting](/wiki/Daylighting_%28architecture%29 \"Daylighting (architecture)\").",
"Since the motors consume energy, one wants to use them only as necessary. So instead of a continuous motion, the heliostat is moved in discrete steps. Also, if the light is below some threshold, there would not be enough power generated to warrant reorientation. This is also true when there is not enough difference in light level from one direction to another, such as when clouds are passing overhead. Consideration must be made to keep the tracker from wasting energy during cloudy periods.",
"### Passive tracker",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Passive tracker head in spring/summer tilt position with panels on light blue rack pivoted to morning position against stop; dark blue objects are hydraulic dampers.](/wiki/File:ZomeworksTrackerHead5816.jpg \"ZomeworksTrackerHead5816.jpg\")",
"The most common **Passive trackers** use a low\\-boiling\\-point compressed gas that is driven to one side or the other (by solar heat creating gas pressure) to cause the tracker to move in response to an imbalance. As this is an imprecise orientation, it is unsuitable for certain types of concentrating photovoltaic collectors but works fine for common PV panel types. These will have viscous dampers to prevent excessive motion in response to wind gusts. Shader/reflectors are used to reflect early morning sunlight to \"wake up\" the panel and tilt it toward the Sun, which can take some hours, depending on shading conditions. The time to do this can be greatly reduced by adding a self\\-releasing tiedown that positions the panel slightly past the zenith (so that the fluid does not have to overcome gravity) and using the tiedown in the evening. (A slack\\-pulling spring will prevent release in windy overnight conditions.)",
"A newly emerging type of passive tracker for photovoltaic solar panels uses a hologram behind stripes of photovoltaic cells so that sunlight passes through the transparent part of the module and reflects on the hologram. This allows sunlight to hit the cell from behind, thereby increasing the module's efficiency. Also, the panel does not have to move since the hologram always reflects sunlight from the correct angle towards the cells.",
"### Manual tracking",
"In some developing nations, drives have been replaced by operators who adjust the trackers. This has the benefits of robustness, having staff available for maintenance, and creating employment for the population in the vicinity of the site.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Active player era
On November 24, 1990, Muramatsu was drafted 6th round pick by the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the [1990 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 "1990年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)").{{cite web\|url\=https://sp.baseball.findfriends.jp/player/19720074/\|title\=Weekly Baseball online player data 村松有人(むらまつありひと) 外野手 左投左打\|language\=ja\-JP\|publisher\=Weekly Baseball online\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}
He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") during the 1992 season, playing in 39 games.
In the 1996 season, he led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") with 58 [steals](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base") to win the Pacific League stolen base leader and Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award "Best Nine Award").
On July 1, 2003, Muramatsu recorded a hit for the cycle. [Atsunori Inaba](/wiki/Atsunori_Inaba "Atsunori Inaba") of the [Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows "Tokyo Yakult Swallows") also recorded a hit for the cycle on the same day, the first time in NPB history.{{cite web\|url\=https://imidas.jp/hotkeyperson/detail/P\-00\-102\-03\-07\.html\|title\=imidas current affairs dictionary 稲葉篤紀／村松有人 サイクル安打を同日達成\|language\=ja\-JP\|publisher\=imidas by \[\[Shueisha]]\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} He also finished fifth all\-time in NPB records with 13 triples. And he had won the Japanese Golden Glove award in outfield from 2003 to 2004\.
Starting in the 2004 season he exercised his free agent rights and joined the [Orix Buffaloes](/wiki/Orix_Buffaloes "Orix Buffaloes"), where he played for five seasons until the 2008 season.
In the 2009 season, Muramatsu returned to the Hawks in a [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 "Trade (sports)") for [Naoyuki Ohmura](/wiki/Naoyuki_Ohmura "Naoyuki Ohmura"), played two seasons, and retired after the 2010 season.
Muramatsu played in 1673 games during his 20\-season career, [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .277 with 1380 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), 18 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), 393 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"), and 270 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base").
### After retirement
After his retirement, Muramatsu became the scout in charge of the [Tokai region](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_region "Tōkai region") for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/6600\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2010/11/08(月) プレスリリース 人事について\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=November 8, 2010\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}
He had been the third squad outfield defense and base coach since the 2014 season and the first squad outfield defense and base coach since the 2017 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/10271\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2013/10/28(月) プレスリリース 2軍監督及びコーチ人事について\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=October 28, 2013\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/13882\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2017年 コーチングスタッフについてlanguage\=ja\-JP\|website\=\[\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\|date\=December 21, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}
He was transferred to the first squad hitting coach since the 2024 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/202300450723\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2023/12/02 (土) プレスリリース 2024年 コーチングスタッフについて\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=\[\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\|date\=December 2, 2023\|access\-date\=December 5, 2023}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Active player era",
"On November 24, 1990, Muramatsu was drafted 6th round pick by the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the [1990 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 \"1990年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sp.baseball.findfriends.jp/player/19720074/\\|title\\=Weekly Baseball online player data 村松有人(むらまつありひと) 外野手 左投左打\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|publisher\\=Weekly Baseball online\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}",
"He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") during the 1992 season, playing in 39 games.",
"In the 1996 season, he led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") with 58 [steals](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\") to win the Pacific League stolen base leader and Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award \"Best Nine Award\").",
"On July 1, 2003, Muramatsu recorded a hit for the cycle. [Atsunori Inaba](/wiki/Atsunori_Inaba \"Atsunori Inaba\") of the [Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows \"Tokyo Yakult Swallows\") also recorded a hit for the cycle on the same day, the first time in NPB history.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://imidas.jp/hotkeyperson/detail/P\\-00\\-102\\-03\\-07\\.html\\|title\\=imidas current affairs dictionary 稲葉篤紀／村松有人 サイクル安打を同日達成\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|publisher\\=imidas by \\[\\[Shueisha]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}} He also finished fifth all\\-time in NPB records with 13 triples. And he had won the Japanese Golden Glove award in outfield from 2003 to 2004\\.",
"Starting in the 2004 season he exercised his free agent rights and joined the [Orix Buffaloes](/wiki/Orix_Buffaloes \"Orix Buffaloes\"), where he played for five seasons until the 2008 season.",
"In the 2009 season, Muramatsu returned to the Hawks in a [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 \"Trade (sports)\") for [Naoyuki Ohmura](/wiki/Naoyuki_Ohmura \"Naoyuki Ohmura\"), played two seasons, and retired after the 2010 season.",
"Muramatsu played in 1673 games during his 20\\-season career, [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .277 with 1380 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), 18 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), 393 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\"), and 270 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\").",
"### After retirement",
"After his retirement, Muramatsu became the scout in charge of the [Tokai region](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_region \"Tōkai region\") for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/6600\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2010/11/08(月) プレスリリース 人事について\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=November 8, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}",
"He had been the third squad outfield defense and base coach since the 2014 season and the first squad outfield defense and base coach since the 2017 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/10271\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2013/10/28(月) プレスリリース 2軍監督及びコーチ人事について\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=October 28, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/13882\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2017年 コーチングスタッフについてlanguage\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\\|date\\=December 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}",
"He was transferred to the first squad hitting coach since the 2024 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/202300450723\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2023/12/02 (土) プレスリリース 2024年 コーチングスタッフについて\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\\|date\\=December 2, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2023}}",
""
] |
### Active player era
On November 24, 1990, Muramatsu was drafted 6th round pick by the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the [1990 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 "1990年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)").{{cite web\|url\=https://sp.baseball.findfriends.jp/player/19720074/\|title\=Weekly Baseball online player data 村松有人(むらまつありひと) 外野手 左投左打\|language\=ja\-JP\|publisher\=Weekly Baseball online\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}
He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") during the 1992 season, playing in 39 games.
In the 1996 season, he led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") with 58 [steals](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base") to win the Pacific League stolen base leader and Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award "Best Nine Award").
On July 1, 2003, Muramatsu recorded a hit for the cycle. [Atsunori Inaba](/wiki/Atsunori_Inaba "Atsunori Inaba") of the [Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows "Tokyo Yakult Swallows") also recorded a hit for the cycle on the same day, the first time in NPB history.{{cite web\|url\=https://imidas.jp/hotkeyperson/detail/P\-00\-102\-03\-07\.html\|title\=imidas current affairs dictionary 稲葉篤紀／村松有人 サイクル安打を同日達成\|language\=ja\-JP\|publisher\=imidas by \[\[Shueisha]]\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} He also finished fifth all\-time in NPB records with 13 triples. And he had won the Japanese Golden Glove award in outfield from 2003 to 2004\.
Starting in the 2004 season he exercised his free agent rights and joined the [Orix Buffaloes](/wiki/Orix_Buffaloes "Orix Buffaloes"), where he played for five seasons until the 2008 season.
In the 2009 season, Muramatsu returned to the Hawks in a [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 "Trade (sports)") for [Naoyuki Ohmura](/wiki/Naoyuki_Ohmura "Naoyuki Ohmura"), played two seasons, and retired after the 2010 season.
Muramatsu played in 1673 games during his 20\-season career, [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .277 with 1380 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), 18 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), 393 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"), and 270 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base").
|
[
"### Active player era",
"On November 24, 1990, Muramatsu was drafted 6th round pick by the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the [1990 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 \"1990年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sp.baseball.findfriends.jp/player/19720074/\\|title\\=Weekly Baseball online player data 村松有人(むらまつありひと) 外野手 左投左打\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|publisher\\=Weekly Baseball online\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}",
"He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") during the 1992 season, playing in 39 games.",
"In the 1996 season, he led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") with 58 [steals](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\") to win the Pacific League stolen base leader and Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award \"Best Nine Award\").",
"On July 1, 2003, Muramatsu recorded a hit for the cycle. [Atsunori Inaba](/wiki/Atsunori_Inaba \"Atsunori Inaba\") of the [Yakult Swallows](/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows \"Tokyo Yakult Swallows\") also recorded a hit for the cycle on the same day, the first time in NPB history.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://imidas.jp/hotkeyperson/detail/P\\-00\\-102\\-03\\-07\\.html\\|title\\=imidas current affairs dictionary 稲葉篤紀／村松有人 サイクル安打を同日達成\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|publisher\\=imidas by \\[\\[Shueisha]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}} He also finished fifth all\\-time in NPB records with 13 triples. And he had won the Japanese Golden Glove award in outfield from 2003 to 2004\\.",
"Starting in the 2004 season he exercised his free agent rights and joined the [Orix Buffaloes](/wiki/Orix_Buffaloes \"Orix Buffaloes\"), where he played for five seasons until the 2008 season.",
"In the 2009 season, Muramatsu returned to the Hawks in a [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 \"Trade (sports)\") for [Naoyuki Ohmura](/wiki/Naoyuki_Ohmura \"Naoyuki Ohmura\"), played two seasons, and retired after the 2010 season.",
"Muramatsu played in 1673 games during his 20\\-season career, [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .277 with 1380 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), 18 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), 393 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\"), and 270 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\").",
""
] |
Arrangement
-----------
The Regulations are divided into three parts and a further three Schedules are attached
### Parts
Part I defines terms used and defines the scope of the regulations.
Part II specifies the requirements for water fittings; restrictions on the installation of water fittings; certification to be issued and notifications to be given.
Part III deals with enforcement, penalties, tests and disputes.
### Schedules
Schedule 1 categorizes water into five categories for *wholesomeness*, while schedule 2 provides further explanation of terms used within the body of the regulations. Schedule 3 revokes previous water byelaws.
#### Fluid category 1
Wholesome water supplied by a [water undertaker](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Part_2_Water_Undertakers "Water Industry Act 1991#Part 2 Water Undertakers") and complying with the requirements of regulations made under [section 67](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Standards_of_wholesomeness "Water Industry Act 1991#Standards of wholesomeness") of the [Water Industry Act 1991](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991 "Water Industry Act 1991").
#### Fluid category 2
Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to:
a) a change in its temperature, or
b) the presence of substances or [organisms](/wiki/Organism "Organism") causing a change in its taste, odour or appearance, including water in a [hot water distribution](/wiki/Water_heating "Water heating") system.
#### Fluid category 3
Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration of substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains:
a) [ethylene glycol](/wiki/Ethylene_glycol "Ethylene glycol"), [copper sulphate](/wiki/Copper_sulphate "Copper sulphate") solution or similar chemical additives, or
b) [sodium hypochlorite](/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite "Sodium hypochlorite") (common in [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant "Disinfectant")).
#### Fluid category 4
Fluid which represents a significant health hazard because of the concentration of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:
a) chemical, [carcinogenic](/wiki/Carcinogenic "Carcinogenic") substances or pesticides (including [insecticides](/wiki/Insecticides "Insecticides") and [herbicides](/wiki/Herbicides "Herbicides")), or
b) environmental organisms of potential health significance.
#### Fluid category 5
Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:
a) [faecal](/wiki/Feces "Feces") material or other human waste;
b) [butchery](/wiki/Butcher "Butcher") or other animal waste; or
c) [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens "Pathogens") from any other source.
|
[
"Arrangement\n-----------",
"The Regulations are divided into three parts and a further three Schedules are attached",
"### Parts",
"Part I defines terms used and defines the scope of the regulations.",
"Part II specifies the requirements for water fittings; restrictions on the installation of water fittings; certification to be issued and notifications to be given.",
"Part III deals with enforcement, penalties, tests and disputes.",
"### Schedules",
"Schedule 1 categorizes water into five categories for *wholesomeness*, while schedule 2 provides further explanation of terms used within the body of the regulations. Schedule 3 revokes previous water byelaws.",
"#### Fluid category 1",
"Wholesome water supplied by a [water undertaker](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Part_2_Water_Undertakers \"Water Industry Act 1991#Part 2 Water Undertakers\") and complying with the requirements of regulations made under [section 67](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Standards_of_wholesomeness \"Water Industry Act 1991#Standards of wholesomeness\") of the [Water Industry Act 1991](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991 \"Water Industry Act 1991\").",
"#### Fluid category 2",
"Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to:\na) a change in its temperature, or\nb) the presence of substances or [organisms](/wiki/Organism \"Organism\") causing a change in its taste, odour or appearance, including water in a [hot water distribution](/wiki/Water_heating \"Water heating\") system.",
"#### Fluid category 3",
"Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration of substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains:\na) [ethylene glycol](/wiki/Ethylene_glycol \"Ethylene glycol\"), [copper sulphate](/wiki/Copper_sulphate \"Copper sulphate\") solution or similar chemical additives, or\nb) [sodium hypochlorite](/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite \"Sodium hypochlorite\") (common in [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant \"Disinfectant\")).",
"#### Fluid category 4",
"Fluid which represents a significant health hazard because of the concentration of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:",
"a) chemical, [carcinogenic](/wiki/Carcinogenic \"Carcinogenic\") substances or pesticides (including [insecticides](/wiki/Insecticides \"Insecticides\") and [herbicides](/wiki/Herbicides \"Herbicides\")), or\nb) environmental organisms of potential health significance.\n#### Fluid category 5",
"Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:\na) [faecal](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\") material or other human waste;\nb) [butchery](/wiki/Butcher \"Butcher\") or other animal waste; or\nc) [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens \"Pathogens\") from any other source.",
""
] |
### Schedules
Schedule 1 categorizes water into five categories for *wholesomeness*, while schedule 2 provides further explanation of terms used within the body of the regulations. Schedule 3 revokes previous water byelaws.
#### Fluid category 1
Wholesome water supplied by a [water undertaker](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Part_2_Water_Undertakers "Water Industry Act 1991#Part 2 Water Undertakers") and complying with the requirements of regulations made under [section 67](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Standards_of_wholesomeness "Water Industry Act 1991#Standards of wholesomeness") of the [Water Industry Act 1991](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991 "Water Industry Act 1991").
#### Fluid category 2
Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to:
a) a change in its temperature, or
b) the presence of substances or [organisms](/wiki/Organism "Organism") causing a change in its taste, odour or appearance, including water in a [hot water distribution](/wiki/Water_heating "Water heating") system.
#### Fluid category 3
Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration of substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains:
a) [ethylene glycol](/wiki/Ethylene_glycol "Ethylene glycol"), [copper sulphate](/wiki/Copper_sulphate "Copper sulphate") solution or similar chemical additives, or
b) [sodium hypochlorite](/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite "Sodium hypochlorite") (common in [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant "Disinfectant")).
#### Fluid category 4
Fluid which represents a significant health hazard because of the concentration of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:
a) chemical, [carcinogenic](/wiki/Carcinogenic "Carcinogenic") substances or pesticides (including [insecticides](/wiki/Insecticides "Insecticides") and [herbicides](/wiki/Herbicides "Herbicides")), or
b) environmental organisms of potential health significance.
#### Fluid category 5
Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:
a) [faecal](/wiki/Feces "Feces") material or other human waste;
b) [butchery](/wiki/Butcher "Butcher") or other animal waste; or
c) [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens "Pathogens") from any other source.
|
[
"### Schedules",
"Schedule 1 categorizes water into five categories for *wholesomeness*, while schedule 2 provides further explanation of terms used within the body of the regulations. Schedule 3 revokes previous water byelaws.",
"#### Fluid category 1",
"Wholesome water supplied by a [water undertaker](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Part_2_Water_Undertakers \"Water Industry Act 1991#Part 2 Water Undertakers\") and complying with the requirements of regulations made under [section 67](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991%23Standards_of_wholesomeness \"Water Industry Act 1991#Standards of wholesomeness\") of the [Water Industry Act 1991](/wiki/Water_Industry_Act_1991 \"Water Industry Act 1991\").",
"#### Fluid category 2",
"Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to:\na) a change in its temperature, or\nb) the presence of substances or [organisms](/wiki/Organism \"Organism\") causing a change in its taste, odour or appearance, including water in a [hot water distribution](/wiki/Water_heating \"Water heating\") system.",
"#### Fluid category 3",
"Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration of substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains:\na) [ethylene glycol](/wiki/Ethylene_glycol \"Ethylene glycol\"), [copper sulphate](/wiki/Copper_sulphate \"Copper sulphate\") solution or similar chemical additives, or\nb) [sodium hypochlorite](/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite \"Sodium hypochlorite\") (common in [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant \"Disinfectant\")).",
"#### Fluid category 4",
"Fluid which represents a significant health hazard because of the concentration of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:",
"a) chemical, [carcinogenic](/wiki/Carcinogenic \"Carcinogenic\") substances or pesticides (including [insecticides](/wiki/Insecticides \"Insecticides\") and [herbicides](/wiki/Herbicides \"Herbicides\")), or\nb) environmental organisms of potential health significance.\n#### Fluid category 5",
"Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:\na) [faecal](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\") material or other human waste;\nb) [butchery](/wiki/Butcher \"Butcher\") or other animal waste; or\nc) [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens \"Pathogens\") from any other source.",
""
] |
History
-------
Kensington School was established in 1830 in union with the Corporation of [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London") for the purpose *"of providing an efficient course of education for youth, comprising religious and moral instruction in conformity with the principles of the Established Church, the Greek, Latin and Modern languages anc literature, History, Geography, Mathematics and such other branches of knowledge and such accomplishments as it may be practicable and advantageous to introduce."* It was intended to create a first\-grade institution in connection with the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"). The [Vicar of Kensington](/wiki/Vicar_of_Kensington "Vicar of Kensington") was the President the [Bishop of London](/wiki/Bishop_of_London "Bishop of London") was the Patron. The school opened on 24 January 1831 with twenty pupils. The proprietors had taken a house on a short tenure in Kensington Square, the intention being that if after a trial period of two years the school was a success they would either take a lease or go elsewhere. The school quickly established itself.
The system of education to be adopted was prepared a few days before the school opened in 1831 by the Rev. T. S. Evans, the first headmaster. Approximately one third of the boys' time was to be devoted to the study of Latin and Greek, slightly more time to religious instruction, history, mathematics and arithmetic, and slightly less to French, geography and writing. The monitorial system of teaching was employed, whereby the masters taught only the monitors who in turn passed on the instruction they had received to their schoolfellows. By the time the school was about to take possession of the new schoolroom in January 1834, this system was abandoned in favour of the boys being divided into six separate classes. These classes were all held in the one large room, until 1837, when two new classrooms were added to the existing building. In 1838 the school acquired the next\-door house at No. 26 and in 1845 another two classrooms were built on top of the original schoolroom. In 1834, dancing and drawing were introduced.
The school had immediately established an annual award of an exhibition at the Universities of the value of £50 a year for three years. Additionally it awarded an Indian cadetship, said to have formed the greatest attraction for pupils. In 1841 the school provided special courses to prepare boys for the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company")'s colleges at Haileybury and [Addiscombe](/wiki/Addiscombe_Military_Seminary "Addiscombe Military Seminary"). As a result, Hindustani, military drawing, fortification, drill and fencing were all gradually introduced. A cadetship was created in 1842 by Sir [Henry Willock](/wiki/Henry_Willock "Henry Willock"), a Director of the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company"), who was also one of the Directors of the School. The cadetship was an annual appointment to Addiscombe. This was to be "for the youth at Kensington School who may surpass his fellow students in merit and learning". The award lasted for nineteen years and not only attracted boys to the school but also directed school studies towards preparation for military life.
In 1845, when the number of pupils had reached 130, of whom 85 were boarders, the directors decided to buy No. 28 Kensington Square and use it as a boarding house, in order to relieve pressure on the headmaster's own house. However, only a part of No. 28 was used in this way, the rest being let to the second master at £70 per annum, while his former residence at No. 26 was added to the headmaster's house. In 1849, gas\-lighting was installed in the lower rooms at Nos. 26 and 27 and later the school library was in No. 26\. More classrooms were built in the back garden of No. 28 in 1853\. By 1857, Kensington School held a high position, due to the success of its scholars at the Universities and more especially to the number of boys trained for the military services. It is said that the curriculum of Kensington School supplied a want which the public schools had not yet attempted to meet in that, prior to the mid\-nineteenth century, the study of classics was supreme in the public schools, with mathematics, modern languages and science but only tolerated. Although this changed in the latter half of the century, Kensington were already satisfying the requirements of parents and giving also what the Universities and military examiners wanted.
Records suggest that by 1857, despite the school's enhanced academic reputation, the headmaster of the time had allowed general discipline in the school to relax, so deeply immersed was he in the study of oriental literature. The indiscipline was not confined to pupils. The second master was allowed to keep as boarders private pupils who did not belong to the school. The formidable Haig Brown joined the school in 1857 instilling a sense of discipline once again and he remained at Kensington till 1863\. His departure for [Charterhouse](/wiki/Charterhouse_School "Charterhouse School") was perhaps one of the causes which led eventually to the collapse of Kensington School. It is possible that, had he remained there, his powerful influence might have induced the Directors to oppose the Bill presented in Parliament by the [Metropolitan Railway](/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway "Metropolitan Railway") Company for powers to appropriate the playground, and they might thus have obtained sufficient compensation to enable them to remove the school elsewhere. The loss of the playground in 1865 was the chief cause of the final disbandment of the school. A much smaller playground was made in the back garden of No. 25, taken on lease in about 1864 and sub\-let as a boarding house to one of the assistant masters.
By 1869, there were only 45 pupils left, and the school had accumulated debts of over £2,000\. In July 1869, therefore, the proprietors voted to close it down and sold the school buildings to the Rev. Charles Tabor Ackland, one of the assistant masters. His intention to open an Endowed Grammar School did not take place until 1873\. In the meantime Ackland assumed the headmastership and carried on the school on his own responsibility as the Kensington Foundation Grammar School, formally established under this name in July 1873\. Under Ackland's headship the school flourished and within ten years of re\-opening it had 130 pupils. In 1881, Ackland resigned and soon numbers began to fall off, particularly after the opening in 1884 of [St. Paul's School](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_%28London%29 "St Paul's School (London)") in [Hammersmith](/wiki/Hammersmith "Hammersmith"), only one\-and\-a\-quarter miles from Kensington Square. In 1890 the headmaster tried to close the school but the trustees would not allow this, and it struggled on for a few more years until in 1896, When there were only ten or twelve pupils, it did finally close. The trustees, who by then had let all five houses fronting the square to private tenants, still hoped to use the back premises for educational work, and their scheme for the Kensington School of Science and Art received the approval of the Charity Commissioners in 1898 but was abandoned when the trustees found themselves unable to pay off the mortgage debt on the property.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Kensington School was established in 1830 in union with the Corporation of [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\") for the purpose *\"of providing an efficient course of education for youth, comprising religious and moral instruction in conformity with the principles of the Established Church, the Greek, Latin and Modern languages anc literature, History, Geography, Mathematics and such other branches of knowledge and such accomplishments as it may be practicable and advantageous to introduce.\"* It was intended to create a first\\-grade institution in connection with the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\"). The [Vicar of Kensington](/wiki/Vicar_of_Kensington \"Vicar of Kensington\") was the President the [Bishop of London](/wiki/Bishop_of_London \"Bishop of London\") was the Patron. The school opened on 24 January 1831 with twenty pupils. The proprietors had taken a house on a short tenure in Kensington Square, the intention being that if after a trial period of two years the school was a success they would either take a lease or go elsewhere. The school quickly established itself.",
"The system of education to be adopted was prepared a few days before the school opened in 1831 by the Rev. T. S. Evans, the first headmaster. Approximately one third of the boys' time was to be devoted to the study of Latin and Greek, slightly more time to religious instruction, history, mathematics and arithmetic, and slightly less to French, geography and writing. The monitorial system of teaching was employed, whereby the masters taught only the monitors who in turn passed on the instruction they had received to their schoolfellows. By the time the school was about to take possession of the new schoolroom in January 1834, this system was abandoned in favour of the boys being divided into six separate classes. These classes were all held in the one large room, until 1837, when two new classrooms were added to the existing building. In 1838 the school acquired the next\\-door house at No. 26 and in 1845 another two classrooms were built on top of the original schoolroom. In 1834, dancing and drawing were introduced.",
"The school had immediately established an annual award of an exhibition at the Universities of the value of £50 a year for three years. Additionally it awarded an Indian cadetship, said to have formed the greatest attraction for pupils. In 1841 the school provided special courses to prepare boys for the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\")'s colleges at Haileybury and [Addiscombe](/wiki/Addiscombe_Military_Seminary \"Addiscombe Military Seminary\"). As a result, Hindustani, military drawing, fortification, drill and fencing were all gradually introduced. A cadetship was created in 1842 by Sir [Henry Willock](/wiki/Henry_Willock \"Henry Willock\"), a Director of the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\"), who was also one of the Directors of the School. The cadetship was an annual appointment to Addiscombe. This was to be \"for the youth at Kensington School who may surpass his fellow students in merit and learning\". The award lasted for nineteen years and not only attracted boys to the school but also directed school studies towards preparation for military life.",
"In 1845, when the number of pupils had reached 130, of whom 85 were boarders, the directors decided to buy No. 28 Kensington Square and use it as a boarding house, in order to relieve pressure on the headmaster's own house. However, only a part of No. 28 was used in this way, the rest being let to the second master at £70 per annum, while his former residence at No. 26 was added to the headmaster's house. In 1849, gas\\-lighting was installed in the lower rooms at Nos. 26 and 27 and later the school library was in No. 26\\. More classrooms were built in the back garden of No. 28 in 1853\\. By 1857, Kensington School held a high position, due to the success of its scholars at the Universities and more especially to the number of boys trained for the military services. It is said that the curriculum of Kensington School supplied a want which the public schools had not yet attempted to meet in that, prior to the mid\\-nineteenth century, the study of classics was supreme in the public schools, with mathematics, modern languages and science but only tolerated. Although this changed in the latter half of the century, Kensington were already satisfying the requirements of parents and giving also what the Universities and military examiners wanted.",
"Records suggest that by 1857, despite the school's enhanced academic reputation, the headmaster of the time had allowed general discipline in the school to relax, so deeply immersed was he in the study of oriental literature. The indiscipline was not confined to pupils. The second master was allowed to keep as boarders private pupils who did not belong to the school. The formidable Haig Brown joined the school in 1857 instilling a sense of discipline once again and he remained at Kensington till 1863\\. His departure for [Charterhouse](/wiki/Charterhouse_School \"Charterhouse School\") was perhaps one of the causes which led eventually to the collapse of Kensington School. It is possible that, had he remained there, his powerful influence might have induced the Directors to oppose the Bill presented in Parliament by the [Metropolitan Railway](/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway \"Metropolitan Railway\") Company for powers to appropriate the playground, and they might thus have obtained sufficient compensation to enable them to remove the school elsewhere. The loss of the playground in 1865 was the chief cause of the final disbandment of the school. A much smaller playground was made in the back garden of No. 25, taken on lease in about 1864 and sub\\-let as a boarding house to one of the assistant masters.",
"By 1869, there were only 45 pupils left, and the school had accumulated debts of over £2,000\\. In July 1869, therefore, the proprietors voted to close it down and sold the school buildings to the Rev. Charles Tabor Ackland, one of the assistant masters. His intention to open an Endowed Grammar School did not take place until 1873\\. In the meantime Ackland assumed the headmastership and carried on the school on his own responsibility as the Kensington Foundation Grammar School, formally established under this name in July 1873\\. Under Ackland's headship the school flourished and within ten years of re\\-opening it had 130 pupils. In 1881, Ackland resigned and soon numbers began to fall off, particularly after the opening in 1884 of [St. Paul's School](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_%28London%29 \"St Paul's School (London)\") in [Hammersmith](/wiki/Hammersmith \"Hammersmith\"), only one\\-and\\-a\\-quarter miles from Kensington Square. In 1890 the headmaster tried to close the school but the trustees would not allow this, and it struggled on for a few more years until in 1896, When there were only ten or twelve pupils, it did finally close. The trustees, who by then had let all five houses fronting the square to private tenants, still hoped to use the back premises for educational work, and their scheme for the Kensington School of Science and Art received the approval of the Charity Commissioners in 1898 but was abandoned when the trustees found themselves unable to pay off the mortgage debt on the property.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 4199
\|1920\= 2934
\|1930\= 2851
\|1940\= 5026
\|1950\= 5539
\|1960\= 5965
\|1970\= 6161
\|1980\= 6593
\|1990\= 8212
\|2000\= 11668
\|2010\= 13380
\|2020\= 17590
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0614274\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715024154/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0614274\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Coalinga city\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Coalinga had a population of 13,380\. The population density was {{convert\|2,175\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Coalinga was 7,734 (57\.8%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 549 (4\.1%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 171 (1\.3%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 407 (3\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 36 (0\.3%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 3,937 (29\.4%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 546 (4\.1%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 7,161 persons (53\.5%).
[thumb\|left\|Coalinga house in 2009](/wiki/File:Coalinga_house.jpg "Coalinga house.jpg")
The Census reported that 11,752 people (87\.8% of the population) lived in households, 130 (1\.0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,498 (11\.2%) were institutionalized.
There were 3,896 households, out of which 1,809 (46\.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,913 (49\.1%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 658 (16\.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 311 (8\.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 341 (8\.8%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 16 (0\.4%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 797 households (20\.5%) were made up of individuals, and 220 (5\.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.02\. There were 2,882 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (74\.0% of all households); the average family size was 3\.49\.
The population was spread out, with 3,763 people (28\.1%) under the age of 18, 1,610 people (12\.0%) aged 18 to 24, 3,646 people (27\.2%) aged 25 to 44, 3,308 people (24\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,053 people (7\.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 123\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 132\.1 males.
There were 4,344 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|706\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 3,896 were occupied, of which 1,996 (51\.2%) were owner\-occupied, and 1,900 (48\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 8\.4%. 6,192 people (46\.3% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 5,560 people (41\.6%) lived in rental housing units.
### 2000
At the census of 2000, there were 11,668 people, 3,515 households, and 2,632 families residing in the city. These included 805 people who were living in group homes.{{Cite web \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\_event\=Search\&geo\_id\=\&\_geoContext\=\&\_street\=\&\_county\=Coalinga\+city\&\_cityTown\=Coalinga\+city\&\_state\=\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=010\&show\_2003\_tab\=\&redirect\=Y \|title\=U.S. Census figures \|access\-date\=March 1, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200212053625/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\_event\=Search\&geo\_id\=\&\_geoContext\=\&\_street\=\&\_county\=Coalinga\+city\&\_cityTown\=Coalinga\+city\&\_state\=\&\_zip\=\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=010\&show\_2003\_tab\=\&redirect\=Y \|archive\-date\=February 12, 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The racial makeup of Coalinga under those circumstances was 57\.3 percent white, 2\.4 percent African American, 1\.5 percent [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 1\.7 percent Asian, 0\.2 percent Pacific Islander, 32\.3 percent from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 4\.6 percent from two or more races. About half the population was Hispanic or Latino.
The median age in 2000 was 28\.6 years, younger than the 33\.3 figure for California and the 35\.3 figure for the United States as a whole.
The median [income](/wiki/Income "Income") for a family was $41,208, about $11,000 less than for other families in California or the country at large.
The Coalinga Chamber of Commerce Web site in 2007 estimated a population of 18,061 for the city.
| **2000 figures** | Coalinga | **California** | United States |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Median age | 28\.6 | 33\.3 | 35\.3 |
| White | 57\.3% | 59\.5% | 75\.1% |
| African\-American | 2\.4% | 6\.7% | 12\.3% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 49\.8% | 32\.4% | 12\.5% |
| Family income | $41,208 | $53,025 | $50,046 |
| Poverty families | 16\.4% | 10\.6% | 9\.2% |
| Med. home value | $86,900 | $211,500 | $119,600 |
| High school diploma | 65\.0% | 76\.8% | 80\.4% |
| College degree | 11\.8% | 28\.6% | 24\.4% |
*Notes: "Family income" is median family income in 1999 dollars. "Med. home value" is the median value of single\-family houses. "Poverty families" is the percentage of families with incomes below the poverty level. "High school diploma" is the percentage of people 25 years and over who had graduated from high school.*
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 4199\n\\|1920\\= 2934\n\\|1930\\= 2851\n\\|1940\\= 5026\n\\|1950\\= 5539\n\\|1960\\= 5965\n\\|1970\\= 6161\n\\|1980\\= 6593\n\\|1990\\= 8212\n\\|2000\\= 11668\n\\|2010\\= 13380\n\\|2020\\= 17590\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0614274\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715024154/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0614274\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Coalinga city\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Coalinga had a population of 13,380\\. The population density was {{convert\\|2,175\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Coalinga was 7,734 (57\\.8%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 549 (4\\.1%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 171 (1\\.3%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 407 (3\\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 36 (0\\.3%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 3,937 (29\\.4%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 546 (4\\.1%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 7,161 persons (53\\.5%).",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Coalinga house in 2009](/wiki/File:Coalinga_house.jpg \"Coalinga house.jpg\")\nThe Census reported that 11,752 people (87\\.8% of the population) lived in households, 130 (1\\.0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,498 (11\\.2%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 3,896 households, out of which 1,809 (46\\.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,913 (49\\.1%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 658 (16\\.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 311 (8\\.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 341 (8\\.8%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 16 (0\\.4%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 797 households (20\\.5%) were made up of individuals, and 220 (5\\.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.02\\. There were 2,882 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (74\\.0% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.49\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 3,763 people (28\\.1%) under the age of 18, 1,610 people (12\\.0%) aged 18 to 24, 3,646 people (27\\.2%) aged 25 to 44, 3,308 people (24\\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,053 people (7\\.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31\\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 123\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 132\\.1 males.",
"There were 4,344 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|706\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 3,896 were occupied, of which 1,996 (51\\.2%) were owner\\-occupied, and 1,900 (48\\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\\.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 8\\.4%. 6,192 people (46\\.3% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 5,560 people (41\\.6%) lived in rental housing units.",
"### 2000",
"At the census of 2000, there were 11,668 people, 3,515 households, and 2,632 families residing in the city. These included 805 people who were living in group homes.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\\_event\\=Search\\&geo\\_id\\=\\&\\_geoContext\\=\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=Coalinga\\+city\\&\\_cityTown\\=Coalinga\\+city\\&\\_state\\=\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=010\\&show\\_2003\\_tab\\=\\&redirect\\=Y \\|title\\=U.S. Census figures \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200212053625/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\\_event\\=Search\\&geo\\_id\\=\\&\\_geoContext\\=\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=Coalinga\\+city\\&\\_cityTown\\=Coalinga\\+city\\&\\_state\\=\\&\\_zip\\=\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=010\\&show\\_2003\\_tab\\=\\&redirect\\=Y \\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The racial makeup of Coalinga under those circumstances was 57\\.3 percent white, 2\\.4 percent African American, 1\\.5 percent [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 1\\.7 percent Asian, 0\\.2 percent Pacific Islander, 32\\.3 percent from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 4\\.6 percent from two or more races. About half the population was Hispanic or Latino.",
"The median age in 2000 was 28\\.6 years, younger than the 33\\.3 figure for California and the 35\\.3 figure for the United States as a whole.",
"The median [income](/wiki/Income \"Income\") for a family was $41,208, about $11,000 less than for other families in California or the country at large.",
"The Coalinga Chamber of Commerce Web site in 2007 estimated a population of 18,061 for the city.",
"",
"| **2000 figures** | Coalinga | **California** | United States |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Median age | 28\\.6 | 33\\.3 | 35\\.3 |\n| White | 57\\.3% | 59\\.5% | 75\\.1% |\n| African\\-American | 2\\.4% | 6\\.7% | 12\\.3% |\n| Hispanic/Latino | 49\\.8% | 32\\.4% | 12\\.5% |\n| Family income | $41,208 | $53,025 | $50,046 |\n| Poverty families | 16\\.4% | 10\\.6% | 9\\.2% |\n| Med. home value | $86,900 | $211,500 | $119,600 |\n| High school diploma | 65\\.0% | 76\\.8% | 80\\.4% |\n| College degree | 11\\.8% | 28\\.6% | 24\\.4% |",
"*Notes: \"Family income\" is median family income in 1999 dollars. \"Med. home value\" is the median value of single\\-family houses. \"Poverty families\" is the percentage of families with incomes below the poverty level. \"High school diploma\" is the percentage of people 25 years and over who had graduated from high school.*",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
{{See also\|List of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars episodes}}
{{Episode table \|background\=\#F2CECE \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=23 \|airdate\=16 \|episodes\=
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=1
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|1}}1
\|Title\=It Takes Two
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|10\|22}}
\|ShortSummary \= Twelve all\-stars enter the workroom. They are told that they will be competing in pairs for the season. To pair up the queens, each queen will hold up a sign of another queen that they want to partner with. If both queens match with each other, they will form a team.
\* Chad Michaels and Shannel matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Shad'''
\* Raven and Jujubee matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Rujubee'''
\* Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Brown Flowers'''
\* Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon matched on the second round of voting to form '''Team Latrila'''
\* Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia matched on the second round of voting to form '''Team Yarlexis'''
\* Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx were matched by consolation as the last two left and formed '''Team Mandora'''
For the first main challenge, the queens will create an "opposites attract" and a "half\-baked" photoshoot.
On the runway, category is Team Unity. Team Latrila and Team Rujubee receive positive critiques, with Team Latrila winning the challenge. Team Mandora, Team Shad and Team Yarlexis receive negative critiques, with Team Yarlexis being safe. Team Mandora and Team Shad are the bottom two teams. RuPaul then tells the queens that only one queen from each team will be lip\-syncing. She also introduced the "she\-mergency" button, which means that if the queen who is not lip\-syncing presses the button, she will fill in for her partner and finish the lip\-sync. Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst lip\-sync for their pairs and they lip\-sync to "\[\[Opposites Attract]]" by \[\[Paula Abdul]]. Chad Michaels wins the lip\-sync, with Mimi Imfurst losing the lip\-sync, meaning her and Pandora Boxx sashay away.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Rachel Hunter]] and \[\[Ross Mathews]]
\*'''Main Challenge''': Create an "Opposites Attract" photoshoot and a "half\-baked" photo
\*'''Runway Theme''': Team Unity
\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx) and Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)
\*'''Lip\-Sync Contestants''': Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst
\*'''Lip\-Sync Song''': "\[\[Opposites Attract]]" by \[\[Paula Abdul]]
\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx)
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=2
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|2}}2
\|Title\=RuPaul's Gaff\-In
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|10\|29}}
\|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens will play ''In Da Butt Ru'', a game showing how well the queens know their partners. Team Rujubee wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will perform in RuPaul's Gaff\-In Variety Show. They must do this as a celebrity impersonation.
\*Raven as \[\[Bea Arthur]]
\*Jujubee as \[\[Fran Drescher]]
\*Nina Flowers as \[\[La Lupe]]
\*Tammie Brown as \[\[Tammy Faye Messner\|Tammy Faye]]
\*Manila Luzon as \[\[Madonna]]
\*Latrice Royale as \[\[Oprah Winfrey]]
\*Alexis Mateo as \[\[Shakira]]
\*Yara Sofia as \[\[Charo]]
\*Shannel as \[\[Lucille Ball]]
\*Chad Michaels as \[\[Bette Davis]]
On the runway, category is 60's Glam. Team Shad and Team Yarlexis receive positive critiques, with Team Yarlexis winning the challenge. Team Brown Flowers, Team Latrila and Team Rujubee receive negative critiques, with Team Rujubee being safe. Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown lip\-sync for their pairs and they lip\-sync to "\[\[There's No Business Like Show Business]]" by \[\[Ethel Merman]]. Latrice Royale wins the lip\-sync, with Tammie Brown losing the lip\-sync, meaning her and Nina Flowers sashay away.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Busy Philipps]] and \[\[Vicki Lawrence]]
\*'''Mini\-Challenge''': ''In Da Butt Ru'' (Knowing each their own partners)
\*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
\*'''Main Challenge''': RuPaul Gaff\-In Variety Show Doing Celebrity Impersonations
\*'''Runway Theme''': 60's Glam
\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Brown Flowers (Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown) and Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
\*'''Lip\-Sync Contestants''': Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown
\*'''Lip\-Sync Song''': "\[\[There's No Business Like Show Business]]" by \[\[Ethel Merman]]
\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Brown Flowers (Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown)
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=3
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|3}}3
\|Title\= {{nowrap\|Queens Behaving Badly}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|11\|5}}
\|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens will take manly selfies. Team Yarlexis wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will act naughty on the streets of Hollywood, earning points by doing pranks.
On the runway, category is Bad Girls Chic. Team Shad wins the challenge. Team Latrila, Team Rujubee and Team Yarlexis receive negative critiques, with Team Yarlexis being safe. Jujubee and Manila Luzon lip\-sync for their pairs and they lip\-sync to "\[\[Nasty (Janet Jackson song)\|Nasty]]" by \[\[Janet Jackson]]. Jujubee wins the lip\-sync, with Manila Luzon losing the lip\-sync, meaning her and Latrice Royale sashay away.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Rachel Dratch]] and \[\[Janice Dickinson]]
\*'''Mini\-Challenge''': Queens With Guy Phones
\*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
\*'''Main Challenge''': The Queens had to act "naughty" on the streets of Hollywood and do pranks.
\*'''Runway Theme''': Bad Girls Chic
\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)
\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon) and Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
\*'''Lip\-Sync Contestants''': Jujubee and Manila Luzon
\*'''Lip\-Sync Song''': "\[\[Nasty (Janet Jackson song)\|Nasty]]" by \[\[Janet Jackson]]
\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=4
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|4}}4
\|Title\=All Star Girl Groups
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|11\|12}}
\|ShortSummary \= For this week's mini\-challenge, the queens will do a cheer\-reading routine. Team Yarlexis wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will form a girl group with celebrity women. Team Rujubee chose Kady Z, with them performing to RuPaul's "Jealous of My Boogie", Team Shad chose \[\[Jillian Hervey]], with them performing to RuPaul's "Glamazon". Team Yarlexis chose \[\[Kelly Osbourne]], with them performing to RuPaul's "Cover Girl (Put the Bass in Your Walk)".
On the runway, Team Shad wins the main challenge. Team Rujubee and Team Yarlexis are the bottom two teams. Raven and Alexis Mateo lip\-sync for their pairs and they lip\-sync to "\[\[Don't Cha]]" by \[\[The Pussycat Dolls]]. During the lip\-sync, Yara Sofia pushes the "she\-mergency" button and she finished the lip\-sync for Alexis Mateo. Raven wins the lip\-sync, meaning Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia sashay away.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Mary Wilson (singer)\|Mary Wilson]] and \[\[Rosie Perez]]
\*'''Mini\-Challenge''': Cheer\-reading routine
\*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
\*'''Main Challenge''': Form girl groups with a celebrity, and perform a RuPaul song in front of a live audience
\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)
\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven) and Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
\*'''Lip\-Sync Contestants''': Raven and Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia
\*'''Lip\-Sync Song''': "\[\[Don't Cha]]" by \[\[The Pussycat Dolls]]
\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=5
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|5}}5
\|Title\=Dynamic Drag Duos
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|11\|19}}
\|ShortSummary \= For the mini\-challenge, the queens will play a basketball game of "FISH". Team Rujubee wins the mini\-challenge. For the main challenge, the pairs will create a super hero and a super villain look, with one queen playing as the super hero, and the other queen playing as the super villain.
On the runway, Team Shad wins the main challenge. Team Rujubee is the bottom team, with both of them lip\-syncing to "\[\[Dancing on My Own]]" by \[\[Robyn]]. After an emotional performance, RuPaul announces that no one is going home.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Wendi McLendon\-Covey]] and \[\[Cassandra Peterson\|Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]
\*'''Mini\-Challenge''': Basketball game of "Fish"
\*'''Mini\-Challenge Winner''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
\*'''Main Challenge''': Super Heroes vs Super Villains
\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)
\*'''Bottom Two:''' Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)
\*'''Lip\-Sync Song''': "\[\[Dancing on My Own]]" by \[\[Robyn]]
\* '''Eliminated:''' None
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1
\|EpisodeNumber\=6
\|EpisodeNumber2\={{anchor\|6}}6
\|Title\=The Grand Finale
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|11\|26}}
\|ShortSummary \=
For their final challenge, the final queens have to go to different locations within minutes of each other and perform different shows, consisting of a group interview, followed by an appearance at \[\[Hamburger Mary's]] to accept an award in their honor, and finish up with a comedy routine in front of a live audience.
The queens walk the runway one last time. Jujubee and Shannel are eliminated. The final two, Chad Michaels and Raven, lip\-sync one last time to "Responsitrannity (Matt's Pop Edit)" by \[\[RuPaul]]. RuPaul then announces that Chad Michaels is the winner, leaving Raven as the runner\-up.
\*'''Guest Judges''': \[\[Beth Ditto]] and \[\[Cheri Oteri]]
\*'''Main Challenge''': Drag on a Time (group interview session, public appearances at Hamburger Mary's, and a stand\-up comedy routine)
\* '''Eliminated:''' Jujubee and Shannel
\*'''Final Two''': Chad Michaels and Raven
\*'''Lip Sync Song''': "Responsitrannity (Matt's Pop Edit)" by \[\[RuPaul]]
\*'''Lip Sync Contestants''': Chad Michaels and Raven
\* '''Runner\-up''': Raven
\* '''Winner of RuPaul's All\-Stars Drag Race Season One: Chad Michaels'''
\|LineColor \= \#F2CECE
}}
}}
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"{{See also\\|List of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars episodes}}",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\=\\#F2CECE \\|overall\\=5 \\|season\\=5 \\|title\\=23 \\|airdate\\=16 \\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|1}}1\n \\|Title\\=It Takes Two\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Twelve all\\-stars enter the workroom. They are told that they will be competing in pairs for the season. To pair up the queens, each queen will hold up a sign of another queen that they want to partner with. If both queens match with each other, they will form a team.",
"\\* Chad Michaels and Shannel matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Shad'''\n\\* Raven and Jujubee matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Rujubee'''\n\\* Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown matched on the first round of voting to form '''Team Brown Flowers'''\n\\* Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon matched on the second round of voting to form '''Team Latrila'''\n\\* Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia matched on the second round of voting to form '''Team Yarlexis'''\n\\* Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx were matched by consolation as the last two left and formed '''Team Mandora'''",
"For the first main challenge, the queens will create an \"opposites attract\" and a \"half\\-baked\" photoshoot.",
"On the runway, category is Team Unity. Team Latrila and Team Rujubee receive positive critiques, with Team Latrila winning the challenge. Team Mandora, Team Shad and Team Yarlexis receive negative critiques, with Team Yarlexis being safe. Team Mandora and Team Shad are the bottom two teams. RuPaul then tells the queens that only one queen from each team will be lip\\-syncing. She also introduced the \"she\\-mergency\" button, which means that if the queen who is not lip\\-syncing presses the button, she will fill in for her partner and finish the lip\\-sync. Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst lip\\-sync for their pairs and they lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[Opposites Attract]]\" by \\[\\[Paula Abdul]]. Chad Michaels wins the lip\\-sync, with Mimi Imfurst losing the lip\\-sync, meaning her and Pandora Boxx sashay away.",
"\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Rachel Hunter]] and \\[\\[Ross Mathews]]\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': Create an \"Opposites Attract\" photoshoot and a \"half\\-baked\" photo\n\\*'''Runway Theme''': Team Unity\n\\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)\n\\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx) and Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Contestants''': Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song''': \"\\[\\[Opposites Attract]]\" by \\[\\[Paula Abdul]]\n\\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Mandora (Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx)\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|2}}2\n \\|Title\\=RuPaul's Gaff\\-In\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens will play ''In Da Butt Ru'', a game showing how well the queens know their partners. Team Rujubee wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will perform in RuPaul's Gaff\\-In Variety Show. They must do this as a celebrity impersonation.",
"\\*Raven as \\[\\[Bea Arthur]]\n\\*Jujubee as \\[\\[Fran Drescher]]\n\\*Nina Flowers as \\[\\[La Lupe]]\n\\*Tammie Brown as \\[\\[Tammy Faye Messner\\|Tammy Faye]]\n\\*Manila Luzon as \\[\\[Madonna]]\n\\*Latrice Royale as \\[\\[Oprah Winfrey]]\n\\*Alexis Mateo as \\[\\[Shakira]]\n\\*Yara Sofia as \\[\\[Charo]]\n\\*Shannel as \\[\\[Lucille Ball]]\n\\*Chad Michaels as \\[\\[Bette Davis]]",
"On the runway, category is 60's Glam. Team Shad and Team Yarlexis receive positive critiques, with Team Yarlexis winning the challenge. Team Brown Flowers, Team Latrila and Team Rujubee receive negative critiques, with Team Rujubee being safe. Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown lip\\-sync for their pairs and they lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[There's No Business Like Show Business]]\" by \\[\\[Ethel Merman]]. Latrice Royale wins the lip\\-sync, with Tammie Brown losing the lip\\-sync, meaning her and Nina Flowers sashay away.",
"\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Busy Philipps]] and \\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge''': ''In Da Butt Ru'' (Knowing each their own partners)\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': RuPaul Gaff\\-In Variety Show Doing Celebrity Impersonations\n\\*'''Runway Theme''': 60's Glam\n\\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)\n\\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Brown Flowers (Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown) and Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Contestants''': Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song''': \"\\[\\[There's No Business Like Show Business]]\" by \\[\\[Ethel Merman]]\n\\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Brown Flowers (Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown)\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|3}}3\n \\|Title\\= {{nowrap\\|Queens Behaving Badly}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|11\\|5}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens will take manly selfies. Team Yarlexis wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will act naughty on the streets of Hollywood, earning points by doing pranks.",
"On the runway, category is Bad Girls Chic. Team Shad wins the challenge. Team Latrila, Team Rujubee and Team Yarlexis receive negative critiques, with Team Yarlexis being safe. Jujubee and Manila Luzon lip\\-sync for their pairs and they lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[Nasty (Janet Jackson song)\\|Nasty]]\" by \\[\\[Janet Jackson]]. Jujubee wins the lip\\-sync, with Manila Luzon losing the lip\\-sync, meaning her and Latrice Royale sashay away.\n\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Rachel Dratch]] and \\[\\[Janice Dickinson]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge''': Queens With Guy Phones\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': The Queens had to act \"naughty\" on the streets of Hollywood and do pranks.\n\\*'''Runway Theme''': Bad Girls Chic\n\\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)\n\\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon) and Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Contestants''': Jujubee and Manila Luzon\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song''': \"\\[\\[Nasty (Janet Jackson song)\\|Nasty]]\" by \\[\\[Janet Jackson]]\n\\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Latrila (Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon)\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|4}}4\n \\|Title\\=All Star Girl Groups\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For this week's mini\\-challenge, the queens will do a cheer\\-reading routine. Team Yarlexis wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the queens will form a girl group with celebrity women. Team Rujubee chose Kady Z, with them performing to RuPaul's \"Jealous of My Boogie\", Team Shad chose \\[\\[Jillian Hervey]], with them performing to RuPaul's \"Glamazon\". Team Yarlexis chose \\[\\[Kelly Osbourne]], with them performing to RuPaul's \"Cover Girl (Put the Bass in Your Walk)\".",
"On the runway, Team Shad wins the main challenge. Team Rujubee and Team Yarlexis are the bottom two teams. Raven and Alexis Mateo lip\\-sync for their pairs and they lip\\-sync to \"\\[\\[Don't Cha]]\" by \\[\\[The Pussycat Dolls]]. During the lip\\-sync, Yara Sofia pushes the \"she\\-mergency\" button and she finished the lip\\-sync for Alexis Mateo. Raven wins the lip\\-sync, meaning Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia sashay away.",
"\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Mary Wilson (singer)\\|Mary Wilson]] and \\[\\[Rosie Perez]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge''': Cheer\\-reading routine\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner''': Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': Form girl groups with a celebrity, and perform a RuPaul song in front of a live audience\n\\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)\n\\*'''Bottom Two Teams''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven) and Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Contestants''': Raven and Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song''': \"\\[\\[Don't Cha]]\" by \\[\\[The Pussycat Dolls]]\n\\* '''Eliminated:''' Team Yarlexis (Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia)\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|5}}5\n \\|Title\\=Dynamic Drag Duos\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\= For the mini\\-challenge, the queens will play a basketball game of \"FISH\". Team Rujubee wins the mini\\-challenge. For the main challenge, the pairs will create a super hero and a super villain look, with one queen playing as the super hero, and the other queen playing as the super villain.",
"On the runway, Team Shad wins the main challenge. Team Rujubee is the bottom team, with both of them lip\\-syncing to \"\\[\\[Dancing on My Own]]\" by \\[\\[Robyn]]. After an emotional performance, RuPaul announces that no one is going home.",
"\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Wendi McLendon\\-Covey]] and \\[\\[Cassandra Peterson\\|Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge''': Basketball game of \"Fish\"\n\\*'''Mini\\-Challenge Winner''': Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': Super Heroes vs Super Villains\n\\*'''Challenge Winner''': Team Shad (Chad Michaels and Shannel)\n\\*'''Bottom Two:''' Team Rujubee (Jujubee and Raven)\n\\*'''Lip\\-Sync Song''': \"\\[\\[Dancing on My Own]]\" by \\[\\[Robyn]] \n\\* '''Eliminated:''' None\n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\={{anchor\\|6}}6\n \\|Title\\=The Grand Finale\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|11\\|26}}\n \\|ShortSummary \\=\nFor their final challenge, the final queens have to go to different locations within minutes of each other and perform different shows, consisting of a group interview, followed by an appearance at \\[\\[Hamburger Mary's]] to accept an award in their honor, and finish up with a comedy routine in front of a live audience.",
"The queens walk the runway one last time. Jujubee and Shannel are eliminated. The final two, Chad Michaels and Raven, lip\\-sync one last time to \"Responsitrannity (Matt's Pop Edit)\" by \\[\\[RuPaul]]. RuPaul then announces that Chad Michaels is the winner, leaving Raven as the runner\\-up.",
"\\*'''Guest Judges''': \\[\\[Beth Ditto]] and \\[\\[Cheri Oteri]]\n\\*'''Main Challenge''': Drag on a Time (group interview session, public appearances at Hamburger Mary's, and a stand\\-up comedy routine)\n\\* '''Eliminated:''' Jujubee and Shannel \n\\*'''Final Two''': Chad Michaels and Raven\n\\*'''Lip Sync Song''': \"Responsitrannity (Matt's Pop Edit)\" by \\[\\[RuPaul]]\n\\*'''Lip Sync Contestants''': Chad Michaels and Raven\n\\* '''Runner\\-up''': Raven\n\\* '''Winner of RuPaul's All\\-Stars Drag Race Season One: Chad Michaels''' \n \\|LineColor \\= \\#F2CECE\n}}\n}}",
""
] |
Production
----------
Centar Film, a state\-owned production house, wanted to make Dušan Kovačević's script into a movie since 1978\.
Reportedly, [Goran Paskaljević](/wiki/Goran_Paskaljevi%C4%87 "Goran Paskaljević") was their first choice to direct the movie. He was supposed to shoot the Kovačević script as a contemporary\-themed 50\-minute TV movie whose story takes place in the late 1970s Yugoslavia on a public transport bus with the central character—an old man (played by [Mija Aleksić](/wiki/Mija_Aleksi%C4%87 "Mija Aleksić"))—headed to pay a visit to his son who's away serving his mandatory [Yugoslav People's Army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army "Yugoslav People's Army") (JNA) service. However, Paskaljević decided to leave the project and shoot the feature film *Zemaljski dani teku* instead.
The job then went to the 33\-year\-old Slobodan Šijan who had never shot a feature film up to that point.[SLOBODAN ŠIJAN – Reditelj komedija: Još sam živ i snimam, *Popboks*, April 30, 2009](http://www.popboks.com/tekst.php?ID=7341) Šijan described his experience:{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.yugopapir.com/2014/06/slobodan\-sijan\-1\-deo\-intervjua\-dopalo.html\|title\=Slobodan Šijan (1\. deo intervjua)\|last1\=Jakonić\|first1\=Petar\|last2\=Tucaković\|first2\=Dinko\|magazine\=\[\[Džuboks]]\|date\=October 1982\|language\=sr\|access\-date\=22 January 2021}}
When I did my first film I was slightly scared, was it actually going to be funny? Because comedy is straightforward, there is no fooling around with it, if people don't laugh it's a bust.
The movie was made on a budget of [US$](/wiki/US_Dollar "US Dollar")130,000 with 21 shooting days.[Име редитеља је права слика филма : Интервјуи : Спорт : ПОЛИТИКА](http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Sport/intervjui/Ime-reditelja-je-prava-slika-filma.sr.html) The filming began on 3 April 1980\. It was shot almost entirely in [Deliblatska Peščara](/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara "Deliblatska Peščara").
The {{ill\|Mercedes\-Benz O 3500\|de}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/reportaze/aktuelno.293\.html:551226\-Miskovautobus\-trunuo\-u\-Zagrebu\|title\="Miškov"autobus trunuo u Zagrebu\|date\=3 June 2015\|work\=\[\[Večernje novosti]]\|language\=sr\|access\-date\=22 January 2021}} bus was chosen by the film's production designer [Veljko Despotović](/wiki/Veljko_Despotovi%C4%87 "Veljko Despotović") based on the description provided by Šijan. It was rented from [Jadran Film](/wiki/Jadran_Film "Jadran Film") and painted red for the film. The same vehicle had appeared in earlier Yugoslav films such as *[Occupation in 26 Pictures](/wiki/Occupation_in_26_Pictures "Occupation in 26 Pictures")* (1978\) and *[See You in the Next War](/wiki/See_You_in_the_Next_War "See You in the Next War")* (1980\). For *Occupation in 26 Pictures*, the bus had been fitted with a removable roof used to provide natural lighting. It was, however, barely in driving condition, and for interior shots the bus was mostly pushed or towed so as not to strain the engine. The smoke and the presence of live pigs in the cramped interior space made the filming conditions very difficult for the cast and the crew.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/vozi\-misko\-bus\-opet\-pali\-4093854\|title\=Vozi, Miško! Bus opet pali\|date\=25 May 2010\|work\=\[\[Globus (weekly)\|Globus]]\|language\=hr\|access\-date\=22 January 2021}}
The final bombing scene was originally meant to include wild animals from the bombed Belgrade Zoo roaming through the city's downtown, which indeed happened during actual [6 April 1941 Luftwaffe air\-raids](/wiki/Operation_Retribution_%281941%29 "Operation Retribution (1941)"); in fact, an old newspaper article documenting this bizarre occurrence served as inspiration for the author Dušan Kovačević to include it in the film. However, at the time of movie's filming in 1980, [Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") died, which resulted in the extended mourning period that effectively canceled all entertainment activities in the country \- including the Italian [circus tour](/wiki/Circus "Circus") that was meant to provide the animals for the scene. Since working with untrained zoo animals was deemed too dangerous, the film\-makers reluctantly had to abandon the idea at the time. However, the idea was used in the opening scene of *[Underground](/wiki/Underground_%281995_film%29 "Underground (1995 film)")* (1995\), some 15 years later.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2009}}
In 2004 the film was turned into a ballet by the [National Theatre in Belgrade](/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade "National Theatre in Belgrade").[Народно позориште у Београду](http://www.narodnopozoriste.co.rs/index.php?id=449) The music is again by [Vojislav Kostić](/wiki/Vojislav_Kosti%C4%87 "Vojislav Kostić") and the choreography is made by [Staša Zurovac](/wiki/Sta%C5%A1a_Zurovac "Staša Zurovac").
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"Centar Film, a state\\-owned production house, wanted to make Dušan Kovačević's script into a movie since 1978\\.",
"Reportedly, [Goran Paskaljević](/wiki/Goran_Paskaljevi%C4%87 \"Goran Paskaljević\") was their first choice to direct the movie. He was supposed to shoot the Kovačević script as a contemporary\\-themed 50\\-minute TV movie whose story takes place in the late 1970s Yugoslavia on a public transport bus with the central character—an old man (played by [Mija Aleksić](/wiki/Mija_Aleksi%C4%87 \"Mija Aleksić\"))—headed to pay a visit to his son who's away serving his mandatory [Yugoslav People's Army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army \"Yugoslav People's Army\") (JNA) service. However, Paskaljević decided to leave the project and shoot the feature film *Zemaljski dani teku* instead.",
"The job then went to the 33\\-year\\-old Slobodan Šijan who had never shot a feature film up to that point.[SLOBODAN ŠIJAN – Reditelj komedija: Još sam živ i snimam, *Popboks*, April 30, 2009](http://www.popboks.com/tekst.php?ID=7341) Šijan described his experience:{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.yugopapir.com/2014/06/slobodan\\-sijan\\-1\\-deo\\-intervjua\\-dopalo.html\\|title\\=Slobodan Šijan (1\\. deo intervjua)\\|last1\\=Jakonić\\|first1\\=Petar\\|last2\\=Tucaković\\|first2\\=Dinko\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Džuboks]]\\|date\\=October 1982\\|language\\=sr\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2021}}\n When I did my first film I was slightly scared, was it actually going to be funny? Because comedy is straightforward, there is no fooling around with it, if people don't laugh it's a bust.",
"The movie was made on a budget of [US$](/wiki/US_Dollar \"US Dollar\")130,000 with 21 shooting days.[Име редитеља је права слика филма : Интервјуи : Спорт : ПОЛИТИКА](http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Sport/intervjui/Ime-reditelja-je-prava-slika-filma.sr.html) The filming began on 3 April 1980\\. It was shot almost entirely in [Deliblatska Peščara](/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara \"Deliblatska Peščara\").",
"The {{ill\\|Mercedes\\-Benz O 3500\\|de}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/reportaze/aktuelno.293\\.html:551226\\-Miskovautobus\\-trunuo\\-u\\-Zagrebu\\|title\\=\"Miškov\"autobus trunuo u Zagrebu\\|date\\=3 June 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[Večernje novosti]]\\|language\\=sr\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2021}} bus was chosen by the film's production designer [Veljko Despotović](/wiki/Veljko_Despotovi%C4%87 \"Veljko Despotović\") based on the description provided by Šijan. It was rented from [Jadran Film](/wiki/Jadran_Film \"Jadran Film\") and painted red for the film. The same vehicle had appeared in earlier Yugoslav films such as *[Occupation in 26 Pictures](/wiki/Occupation_in_26_Pictures \"Occupation in 26 Pictures\")* (1978\\) and *[See You in the Next War](/wiki/See_You_in_the_Next_War \"See You in the Next War\")* (1980\\). For *Occupation in 26 Pictures*, the bus had been fitted with a removable roof used to provide natural lighting. It was, however, barely in driving condition, and for interior shots the bus was mostly pushed or towed so as not to strain the engine. The smoke and the presence of live pigs in the cramped interior space made the filming conditions very difficult for the cast and the crew.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/vozi\\-misko\\-bus\\-opet\\-pali\\-4093854\\|title\\=Vozi, Miško! Bus opet pali\\|date\\=25 May 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Globus (weekly)\\|Globus]]\\|language\\=hr\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2021}}",
"The final bombing scene was originally meant to include wild animals from the bombed Belgrade Zoo roaming through the city's downtown, which indeed happened during actual [6 April 1941 Luftwaffe air\\-raids](/wiki/Operation_Retribution_%281941%29 \"Operation Retribution (1941)\"); in fact, an old newspaper article documenting this bizarre occurrence served as inspiration for the author Dušan Kovačević to include it in the film. However, at the time of movie's filming in 1980, [Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") died, which resulted in the extended mourning period that effectively canceled all entertainment activities in the country \\- including the Italian [circus tour](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") that was meant to provide the animals for the scene. Since working with untrained zoo animals was deemed too dangerous, the film\\-makers reluctantly had to abandon the idea at the time. However, the idea was used in the opening scene of *[Underground](/wiki/Underground_%281995_film%29 \"Underground (1995 film)\")* (1995\\), some 15 years later.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}",
"In 2004 the film was turned into a ballet by the [National Theatre in Belgrade](/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade \"National Theatre in Belgrade\").[Народно позориште у Београду](http://www.narodnopozoriste.co.rs/index.php?id=449) The music is again by [Vojislav Kostić](/wiki/Vojislav_Kosti%C4%87 \"Vojislav Kostić\") and the choreography is made by [Staša Zurovac](/wiki/Sta%C5%A1a_Zurovac \"Staša Zurovac\").",
""
] |
Deputy president
----------------
In 1953, President of the Supreme Court [Moshe Smoira](/wiki/Moshe_Smoira "Moshe Smoira") fell ill, and Justice Minister [Pinchas Rosen](/wiki/Pinchas_Rosen "Pinchas Rosen") initiated the position of a permanent Acting President of the Supreme Court who could step in should Judge Smoira's condition prevent him from discharging his duties. Indeed, in December 1953, when Smoira ceased working, [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan "Yitzhak Olshan") was appointed the first Acting President by the Selection Committee.
In 1984, at the initiative of [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar "Meir Shamgar"), who had been appointed a judge a year earlier, the Judges Law was amended and the title "Permanent Acting President of the Supreme Court" was replaced by "Deputy President of the Supreme Court." The first person to hold the new title was [Miriam Ben\-Porat](/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Porat "Miriam Ben-Porat").
The Deputy President of the Supreme Court is subject to similar restrictions to those that fall on the appointment of the President of the Supreme Court: the term ends at the mandatory retirement age of 70; and in accordance with Amendment 45 to the Courts Law in 2007, the length of term as Deputy President is seven years without possibility of reappointment.
While the position of President of the Supreme Court is vacant and until the new president begins to serve, or if the President is out of the country, or if the President is temporarily incapacitated from fulfilling his or her duty, the Deputy President carries out the functions of the President.
The President of the Supreme Court is permitted to delegate his or her responsibilities to the Deputy President.
### List of Deputy Presidents and Acting Presidents of the Supreme Court
[thumb\|449x449px\|President of Israel [Reuven Rivlin](/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin "Reuven Rivlin") swears in President of the Supreme Court Esther Hayut. Seated, left\-right: Esther Hayut, Reuven Rivlin, Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, and retired president Meir Shamgar. Standing, left\-right, past presidents Asher Gronus, Dorit Beinisch, Miriam Naor, and Aharon Barak](/wiki/File:Reuven_Rivlin_is_swearing_in_incoming_Supreme_Court_President_Esther_Hayut_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_October_2017_%285054%29.jpg "Reuven Rivlin is swearing in incoming Supreme Court President Esther Hayut at Beit HaNassi, October 2017 (5054).jpg")
| \# | Name | Start of term | End of term | Presidents served under |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan "Yitzhak Olshan") | 11 December 1953 | 1 August 1954 (Became president) | [Moshe Smoira](/wiki/Moshe_Smoira "Moshe Smoira") |
| 2 | Shneur Zalman Cheshin | 1 August 1954 | 29 December 1959 (Died in office) | [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan "Yitzhak Olshan") |
| 3 | [Shimon Agranat](/wiki/Shimon_Agranat "Shimon Agranat") | 29 February 1960 | 18 March 1965 (Became president) |
| 4 | [Moshe Zilberg](/wiki/Moshe_Zilberg "Moshe Zilberg") | 18 March 1965 | 16 September 1970 | [Shimon Agranat](/wiki/Shimon_Agranat "Shimon Agranat") |
| 5 | [Yoel Zussman](/wiki/Yoel_Zussman "Yoel Zussman") | 7 October 1970 | 8 September 1976 (Became president) |
| 6 | [Moshe Landau](/wiki/Moshe_Landau "Moshe Landau") | 14 September 1976 | 5 March 1980 (Became president) | [Yoel Zussman](/wiki/Yoel_Zussman "Yoel Zussman") |
| 7 | [Haim Cohen](/wiki/Haim_Cohn "Haim Cohn") | 5 March 1980 | 11 March 1981 | [Moshe Landau](/wiki/Moshe_Landau "Moshe Landau") |
| 8 | [Yitzhak Kahan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Kahan "Yitzhak Kahan") | 26 March 1981 | 30 April 1982 (Became president) |
| 9 | [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar "Meir Shamgar") | 30 April 1982 | 27 November 1983 (Became president) | [Yitzhak Kahan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Kahan "Yitzhak Kahan") |
| 10 | [Miriam Ben\-Porat](/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Porat "Miriam Ben-Porat") | 28 November 1983 | 25 April 1988 | [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar "Meir Shamgar") |
| 11 | [Menachem Elon](/wiki/Menachem_Elon "Menachem Elon") | 26 April 1988 | 1 November 1993 |
| 12 | [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak "Aharon Barak") | 1 November 1993 | 12 August 1995 (Became president) |
| 13 | [Shlomo Levin](/wiki/Shlomo_Levin "Shlomo Levin") | 13 August 1995 | 20 February 2003 | [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak "Aharon Barak") |
| 14 | Theodor Or | 20 February 2003 | 18 March 2004 |
| 15 | [Eliyahu Matza](/wiki/Eliyahu_Matza "Eliyahu Matza") | 23 April 2004 | 4 January 2005 |
| 16 | [Mishael Cheshin](/wiki/Mishael_Cheshin "Mishael Cheshin") | 4 January 2005 | 16 February 2006 |
| 17 | [Eliezer Rivlin](/wiki/Eliezer_Rivlin "Eliezer Rivlin") | 17 September 2006 | 28 May 2012 | [Dorit Beinisch](/wiki/Dorit_Beinisch "Dorit Beinisch"), [Asher Grunis](/wiki/Asher_Grunis "Asher Grunis") |
| 18 | [Miriam Naor](/wiki/Miriam_Naor "Miriam Naor") | 31 May 2012 | 15 January 2015 (Became president) | [Asher Grunis](/wiki/Asher_Grunis "Asher Grunis") |
| 19 | [Elyakim Rubinstein](/wiki/Elyakim_Rubinstein "Elyakim Rubinstein") | 15 January 2015 | 13 June 2017 | [Miriam Naor](/wiki/Miriam_Naor "Miriam Naor") |
| 20 | [Salim Joubran](/wiki/Salim_Joubran "Salim Joubran") | 12 June 2017 | 4 August 2017 |
| 21 | [Hanan Melcer](/wiki/Hanan_Melcer "Hanan Melcer") | 30 October 2017 | 12 April 2021 | [Esther Hayut](/wiki/Esther_Hayut "Esther Hayut") |
| 22 | [Neal Hendel](/wiki/Neal_Hendel "Neal Hendel") | 18 August 2021 | 27 April 2022 |
| 23 | [Uzi Vogelman](/wiki/Uzi_Vogelman "Uzi Vogelman") | 9 May 2022 | Incumbent |
After the retirement of Judge [Salim Joubran](/wiki/Salim_Joubran "Salim Joubran") on 4 August 2017, there was no judge serving as Deputy President until the appointment of [Hanan Melcer](/wiki/Hanan_Melcer "Hanan Melcer") on 30 October 2017\. In accordance with the seniority rule, it was expected for Esther Hayut to be appointed Deputy President on 4 August 2017 (after Judge Joubran's retirement), but she declined and on 5 September she presented her candidacy for president as did Melcer for Deputy President.
The following table presents the judges expected to serve as Deputy President of the Supreme Court:
| \# | Judge | Start of Term | End of Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24 | [Noam Sohlberg](/wiki/Noam_Sohlberg "Noam Sohlberg") | 6 October 2024 | 20 October 2028 |
| 25 | [Daphne Barak\-Erez](/wiki/Daphne_Barak-Erez "Daphne Barak-Erez") | 20 October 2028 | 22 January 2032 |
| 26 | [Ofer Grosskopf](/wiki/Ofer_Grosskopf "Ofer Grosskopf") | 22 January 2032 | 2 January 2035 |
|
[
"Deputy president\n----------------",
"In 1953, President of the Supreme Court [Moshe Smoira](/wiki/Moshe_Smoira \"Moshe Smoira\") fell ill, and Justice Minister [Pinchas Rosen](/wiki/Pinchas_Rosen \"Pinchas Rosen\") initiated the position of a permanent Acting President of the Supreme Court who could step in should Judge Smoira's condition prevent him from discharging his duties. Indeed, in December 1953, when Smoira ceased working, [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan \"Yitzhak Olshan\") was appointed the first Acting President by the Selection Committee.",
"In 1984, at the initiative of [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar \"Meir Shamgar\"), who had been appointed a judge a year earlier, the Judges Law was amended and the title \"Permanent Acting President of the Supreme Court\" was replaced by \"Deputy President of the Supreme Court.\" The first person to hold the new title was [Miriam Ben\\-Porat](/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Porat \"Miriam Ben-Porat\").",
"The Deputy President of the Supreme Court is subject to similar restrictions to those that fall on the appointment of the President of the Supreme Court: the term ends at the mandatory retirement age of 70; and in accordance with Amendment 45 to the Courts Law in 2007, the length of term as Deputy President is seven years without possibility of reappointment.",
"While the position of President of the Supreme Court is vacant and until the new president begins to serve, or if the President is out of the country, or if the President is temporarily incapacitated from fulfilling his or her duty, the Deputy President carries out the functions of the President.",
"The President of the Supreme Court is permitted to delegate his or her responsibilities to the Deputy President.",
"### List of Deputy Presidents and Acting Presidents of the Supreme Court",
"[thumb\\|449x449px\\|President of Israel [Reuven Rivlin](/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin \"Reuven Rivlin\") swears in President of the Supreme Court Esther Hayut. Seated, left\\-right: Esther Hayut, Reuven Rivlin, Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, and retired president Meir Shamgar. Standing, left\\-right, past presidents Asher Gronus, Dorit Beinisch, Miriam Naor, and Aharon Barak](/wiki/File:Reuven_Rivlin_is_swearing_in_incoming_Supreme_Court_President_Esther_Hayut_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_October_2017_%285054%29.jpg \"Reuven Rivlin is swearing in incoming Supreme Court President Esther Hayut at Beit HaNassi, October 2017 (5054).jpg\")",
"| \\# | Name | Start of term | End of term | Presidents served under |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan \"Yitzhak Olshan\") | 11 December 1953 | 1 August 1954 (Became president) | [Moshe Smoira](/wiki/Moshe_Smoira \"Moshe Smoira\") |\n| 2 | Shneur Zalman Cheshin | 1 August 1954 | 29 December 1959 (Died in office) | [Yitzhak Olshan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan \"Yitzhak Olshan\") |\n| 3 | [Shimon Agranat](/wiki/Shimon_Agranat \"Shimon Agranat\") | 29 February 1960 | 18 March 1965 (Became president) |\n| 4 | [Moshe Zilberg](/wiki/Moshe_Zilberg \"Moshe Zilberg\") | 18 March 1965 | 16 September 1970 | [Shimon Agranat](/wiki/Shimon_Agranat \"Shimon Agranat\") |\n| 5 | [Yoel Zussman](/wiki/Yoel_Zussman \"Yoel Zussman\") | 7 October 1970 | 8 September 1976 (Became president) |\n| 6 | [Moshe Landau](/wiki/Moshe_Landau \"Moshe Landau\") | 14 September 1976 | 5 March 1980 (Became president) | [Yoel Zussman](/wiki/Yoel_Zussman \"Yoel Zussman\") |\n| 7 | [Haim Cohen](/wiki/Haim_Cohn \"Haim Cohn\") | 5 March 1980 | 11 March 1981 | [Moshe Landau](/wiki/Moshe_Landau \"Moshe Landau\") |\n| 8 | [Yitzhak Kahan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Kahan \"Yitzhak Kahan\") | 26 March 1981 | 30 April 1982 (Became president) |\n| 9 | [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar \"Meir Shamgar\") | 30 April 1982 | 27 November 1983 (Became president) | [Yitzhak Kahan](/wiki/Yitzhak_Kahan \"Yitzhak Kahan\") |\n| 10 | [Miriam Ben\\-Porat](/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Porat \"Miriam Ben-Porat\") | 28 November 1983 | 25 April 1988 | [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar \"Meir Shamgar\") |\n| 11 | [Menachem Elon](/wiki/Menachem_Elon \"Menachem Elon\") | 26 April 1988 | 1 November 1993 |\n| 12 | [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak \"Aharon Barak\") | 1 November 1993 | 12 August 1995 (Became president) |\n| 13 | [Shlomo Levin](/wiki/Shlomo_Levin \"Shlomo Levin\") | 13 August 1995 | 20 February 2003 | [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak \"Aharon Barak\") |\n| 14 | Theodor Or | 20 February 2003 | 18 March 2004 |\n| 15 | [Eliyahu Matza](/wiki/Eliyahu_Matza \"Eliyahu Matza\") | 23 April 2004 | 4 January 2005 |\n| 16 | [Mishael Cheshin](/wiki/Mishael_Cheshin \"Mishael Cheshin\") | 4 January 2005 | 16 February 2006 |\n| 17 | [Eliezer Rivlin](/wiki/Eliezer_Rivlin \"Eliezer Rivlin\") | 17 September 2006 | 28 May 2012 | [Dorit Beinisch](/wiki/Dorit_Beinisch \"Dorit Beinisch\"), [Asher Grunis](/wiki/Asher_Grunis \"Asher Grunis\") |\n| 18 | [Miriam Naor](/wiki/Miriam_Naor \"Miriam Naor\") | 31 May 2012 | 15 January 2015 (Became president) | [Asher Grunis](/wiki/Asher_Grunis \"Asher Grunis\") |\n| 19 | [Elyakim Rubinstein](/wiki/Elyakim_Rubinstein \"Elyakim Rubinstein\") | 15 January 2015 | 13 June 2017 | [Miriam Naor](/wiki/Miriam_Naor \"Miriam Naor\") |\n| 20 | [Salim Joubran](/wiki/Salim_Joubran \"Salim Joubran\") | 12 June 2017 | 4 August 2017 |\n| 21 | [Hanan Melcer](/wiki/Hanan_Melcer \"Hanan Melcer\") | 30 October 2017 | 12 April 2021 | [Esther Hayut](/wiki/Esther_Hayut \"Esther Hayut\") |\n| 22 | [Neal Hendel](/wiki/Neal_Hendel \"Neal Hendel\") | 18 August 2021 | 27 April 2022 |\n| 23 | [Uzi Vogelman](/wiki/Uzi_Vogelman \"Uzi Vogelman\") | 9 May 2022 | Incumbent |",
"After the retirement of Judge [Salim Joubran](/wiki/Salim_Joubran \"Salim Joubran\") on 4 August 2017, there was no judge serving as Deputy President until the appointment of [Hanan Melcer](/wiki/Hanan_Melcer \"Hanan Melcer\") on 30 October 2017\\. In accordance with the seniority rule, it was expected for Esther Hayut to be appointed Deputy President on 4 August 2017 (after Judge Joubran's retirement), but she declined and on 5 September she presented her candidacy for president as did Melcer for Deputy President.",
"The following table presents the judges expected to serve as Deputy President of the Supreme Court:",
"| \\# | Judge | Start of Term | End of Term |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 24 | [Noam Sohlberg](/wiki/Noam_Sohlberg \"Noam Sohlberg\") | 6 October 2024 | 20 October 2028 |\n| 25 | [Daphne Barak\\-Erez](/wiki/Daphne_Barak-Erez \"Daphne Barak-Erez\") | 20 October 2028 | 22 January 2032 |\n| 26 | [Ofer Grosskopf](/wiki/Ofer_Grosskopf \"Ofer Grosskopf\") | 22 January 2032 | 2 January 2035 |",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
In the mid\-1920s, Walter Dorwin Teague, an illustrator and typographer, was one of a group of individuals interested in pioneering the design of products for manufacturers as a distinct occupation. He departed from an advertising career at New York\-based Calkins \& Holden to establish Teague as a sole\-proprietorship in 1926\.*The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts,* Gordon Campbell 2006 ed., Oxford University Press; Volume 2, p 437\. {{ISBN\|0\-19\-518948\-5}} Teague's value proposition was to improve the appearance, function and sales of clients' products, thereby strengthening businesses' brand image while translating the era's cultural context through tangible objects.Seldes, Gilbert, "Profiles: Industrial Classicist \- Profile of Walter Dorwin Teague," *New Yorker*, December 15, 1934\."Walter Dorwin Teague: Industrial Designer Remembered," *Business News \- San Diego,* December 19, 1983\.*Industrial Design: A New Profession*, Minutes from Museum of Modern Art conference, New York, NY, 1946\. MOMA archive 45\.1 S624 1946
### Early Expansion
Although product design culture was still limited to the wealthy throughout the 1930s, Teague pursued strategic relationships with businesses offering products to benefit the masses, citing a loss of concern for appearance in manufacturing when the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") replaced craftsmanship with machinery.Woodham, Jonathan M., "Twentieth\-Century Design," from *Oxford History of Art*. Oxford University Press (USA), 1997\. {{ISBN\|0192842048}}Teague, Walter Dorwin, "Design as a Construction Stimulant in Marketing," Reprinted from the *Seventh International Management Congress*, Washington DC, 1938\. In 1927, Teague was commissioned by [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak "Eastman Kodak") to design cameras, and by the following year had co\-located with Kodak in Upstate New York.Teague, Walter Dorwin, "A Quarter Century of Industrial Design in the United States," *Art \& Industry*, London, 1951\. During what would become a thirty\-year relationship, Teague designed some of Kodak's products, including the Baby Brownie, Super Six\-20, Kodak Medalist, and the Kodak Bantam Special, one of the most popular cameras ever produced."Teague80: 8 Decades of Influential Design." Published and printed by Walter Dorwin Teague Associates, copyright 2006, Seattle. The Baby Brownie had outsold any other camera ever made.
Teague expanded its portfolio in the early 1930s with: the Marmon 16, the first production automobile conceived by an industrial designer; 32 design patterns for Steuben Glass, a division of Corning Glass Works; and the design of passenger cars and diners for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroads. By 1938, Teague's office grew to 55 employees, including [architects](/wiki/Architect "Architect"), [engineers](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer"), 3D artists and industrial designers. Teague had also signed its first highly lucrative design retainer contract with Polaroid, culminating in the later development of the Land Camera, the first camera able to develop its own prints, introduced in 1948\.Abercrombie, Stanley, "Fifty Years of Interior Design," *Interiors*, New York, June 1977\.
### Environmental Design and Corporate Identity
Teague's product designs for Kodak evolved into the design of Kodak's offices, retail stores, and exhibitions at the New York World's Fair. The concept of "corporate identity" emerged from this cross\-disciplined work of commercial design and the applied arts and science of creating the human\-designed environment. Initiating the first corporate identity program of its kind, Teague created a full branding image for Texaco, including the design of full station layouts for Texaco service stations, pumps, trucks, cans and signs.[DiTullo, Michael, “Last Man Standing: 80 years of Teague Design,” Core77, August 2006\.](http://www.core77.com/reactor/08.06_teague.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133401/http://www.core77\.com/reactor/08\.06\_teague.asp\|date\=2012\-03\-15}} Considered [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_deco "Art deco") icons of their era, more than 20,000 of these Texaco stations had been built worldwide by 1960\.[thumb\|left\|Designed for the 1939 New York World's Fair, the **National Cash Register Building** functioned not only as an exhibit center, but as the world's largest active cash register. The design showcases NCR's new 100 Model through the seven\-story register atop the building.\|alt\=](/wiki/File:National_Cash_Register_Building.jpg "National Cash Register Building.jpg")
### World Fairs
In the 1930s and 1940s, Teague parlayed the new concept of corporate identity into designing corporate industrial exhibits for companies such as Con Edison, Du Pont, Kodak, US Steel, and the National Cash Register Company. In 1933, Teague designed numerous displays for the Ford Motor Company at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition, and expanded its showcase of architectural savvy through the design of the Texaco exhibition hall at the 1935 Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas, Texas, as well as the Ford pavilion for the California Pacific International Exposition in San Diego, California (now housing the San Diego Aerospace Museum).Keyes, Jacqueline Abbot, "The Fair \- Demonstration of Modern Methods of Living," *Art\& Industry*, December 1936\.
Having designed multiple exhibitions at the New York World's Fair, including the Kodak Hall of Lights and the National Cash Register Building, Walter Dorwin Teague was invited to serve on its Board of Design, as well as design the Ford Exposition Building at [New York's World Fair of 1939](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1939 New York World's Fair").Watts, Al, "Jet\-Age Group Turns 50," *Seattle Business Magazine*, June 14, 1976\.Woodham, Jonathan M. *A Dictionary of Modern Design.* Oxford University Press, 2005\. {{ISBN\|0192800973}} Teague would also later design the U.S. Science Center for the [World's Fair in Seattle](/wiki/Century_21_Exposition "Century 21 Exposition"), as well as the "House of the Future" for the Festival of Gas at the [1964 World's Fair](/wiki/1964/1965_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1964/1965 New York World's Fair").Votolato, Gregory. *American Design in the Twentieth Century.* Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998\. {{ISBN\|0\-7190\-4530\-4}}.
### Structure and Scope
By the 1940s, product design culture had only just begun to come of age through consideration of a product's functional, technological, cultural and economic factors. In 1945, a year after establishing an engineering division, Teague's corporate structure changed from a sole proprietorship to a partnership, allowing senior staff to be partners in the company. Profit\-sharing increased employee retention and pride in ownership in the company encouraged project\-successes.*Biographical Notes of Walter Dorwin Teague*; Walter Dorwin Teague Associates, New York, 1951; Print, Teague Archives, accessed 2010 and 2011
Diversifying the firm's portfolio, Teague's projects included packaging for Ac'cent, a product for the [International Minerals and Chemical Corporation](/wiki/International_Minerals_and_Chemical_Corporation "International Minerals and Chemical Corporation"), equipment design for the Navy Bureau of Ordinance of the U.S. Navy, design of the UPS delivery truck ["Walter Dorwin Teague: 2007 Personal Recognition Winner,"](http://www.idsa.org/walter-dorwin-teague) Industrial Designers Society of America, <http://idsa.org>, last accessed February 2, 2012\. and the visual styling of Steinway Pianos, the first of which is on display at the Smithsonian museum (as of 2012\). ["Building a Relationship: The Steinways and the Smithsonian," Excerpt from *The William Steinway Diary: 1861\-1896*](http://americanhistory.si.edu/steinwaydiary/annotations/?id=477) of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, William Steinway Diary Project, <http://americanhistory.si.edu> (Last accessed February 2, 2012\).
The 1940s also commenced Teague's collaborative relationship with The Boeing Company, which began in 1946"Design Firm's Boeing Link in 20th Year," *Seattle Daily Times,* May 28, 1965\. and continues to date, as of January 2012\. (See [Aviation](/wiki/%23Aviation "#Aviation").)
### Post\-War Decades: Product Packaging and Interior Design
Products of mass\-consumption and the expansion of pop culture in the 1950s strengthened the influence of industrial design in both public consciousness and big business. By the late 1950s, Teague expanded its work in product packaging design, creating a new corporate identity for Schaefer Beer. This early work would later lead to projects with [Ivory soap](/wiki/Ivory_soap "Ivory soap"), [Downy](/wiki/Downy "Downy"), [Comet cleanser](/wiki/Comet_%28cleanser%29 "Comet (cleanser)"), [Cheetos](/wiki/Cheetos "Cheetos"), [Scope mouthwash](/wiki/Scope_%28mouthwash%29 "Scope (mouthwash)"), [Head \& Shoulders](/wiki/Head_%26_Shoulders "Head & Shoulders"), and [Chiffon margarine](/wiki/Chiffon_margarine "Chiffon margarine"). With offices in New York and Seattle,"Industrial Design," *Luce* Press Clipping, New York, NY, April 1963\. and design labs in several domestic and overseas locations, Teague strengthened its application of package design through the consumer revolution of the 1960s, forming lasting relationships with both Procter \& Gamble and the General Foods Corporation.Duggan, Dennis, "Design\-\-From Tiny Tubes to Giant Jets," *Newsday \- The Long Island Newspaper,* May 11, 1970\.
The [Oil Crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis") and anger toward American imperialism waned the mass\-impact of industrial design for nearly two decades. During the early 1970s, the majority of Teague's work was in architectural and interior design. In addition to banks, showrooms, museums, corporate headquarters, supermarkets and government facilities, Teague's largest space of interior design was for Skidmore, Owings \& Merrill's Air Force Academy in Colorado, where design work covered 3\.5 million square feet of space, including dining halls, dormitory rooms, classrooms, and more than 60,000 objects."Air Force Academy Biggest Design Job," (UPI) *Chicago Tribune,* February 5, 1971\. By 1977, Walter Dorwin Teague Associates was larger than any of its competitors, employing roughly 150 designers, architects and technicians.
As the [Information Age](/wiki/Information_Age "Information Age") and its new media culture surfaced, Teague continued its collaborative work with key clients, such as [Procter \& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") and Boeing, and established new client relationships that resulted in numerous package designs now considered classics, including the Lays Potato Chips and Frito Corn Chips bags, the Pringles Potato Chips canister, Ivory soap, and the Scope Mouthwash Bottle."Styles, William, "These Potato Chips are Reconstituted," *The Cincinnati Post,* May 7, 1969\. Other notable post\-1975 design achievements include the Kenworth Sleeper truck, the first truck designed to house a sleeper cabin, developed in 1976; and the crew quarters for the NASA space station, designed in 1987\."Smith, Susan, "Having an Eye for an Air of Comfort," *Seattle Post Intelligencer*, April 21, 1989\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In the mid\\-1920s, Walter Dorwin Teague, an illustrator and typographer, was one of a group of individuals interested in pioneering the design of products for manufacturers as a distinct occupation. He departed from an advertising career at New York\\-based Calkins \\& Holden to establish Teague as a sole\\-proprietorship in 1926\\.*The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts,* Gordon Campbell 2006 ed., Oxford University Press; Volume 2, p 437\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-518948\\-5}} Teague's value proposition was to improve the appearance, function and sales of clients' products, thereby strengthening businesses' brand image while translating the era's cultural context through tangible objects.Seldes, Gilbert, \"Profiles: Industrial Classicist \\- Profile of Walter Dorwin Teague,\" *New Yorker*, December 15, 1934\\.\"Walter Dorwin Teague: Industrial Designer Remembered,\" *Business News \\- San Diego,* December 19, 1983\\.*Industrial Design: A New Profession*, Minutes from Museum of Modern Art conference, New York, NY, 1946\\. MOMA archive 45\\.1 S624 1946",
"### Early Expansion",
"Although product design culture was still limited to the wealthy throughout the 1930s, Teague pursued strategic relationships with businesses offering products to benefit the masses, citing a loss of concern for appearance in manufacturing when the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") replaced craftsmanship with machinery.Woodham, Jonathan M., \"Twentieth\\-Century Design,\" from *Oxford History of Art*. Oxford University Press (USA), 1997\\. {{ISBN\\|0192842048}}Teague, Walter Dorwin, \"Design as a Construction Stimulant in Marketing,\" Reprinted from the *Seventh International Management Congress*, Washington DC, 1938\\. In 1927, Teague was commissioned by [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak \"Eastman Kodak\") to design cameras, and by the following year had co\\-located with Kodak in Upstate New York.Teague, Walter Dorwin, \"A Quarter Century of Industrial Design in the United States,\" *Art \\& Industry*, London, 1951\\. During what would become a thirty\\-year relationship, Teague designed some of Kodak's products, including the Baby Brownie, Super Six\\-20, Kodak Medalist, and the Kodak Bantam Special, one of the most popular cameras ever produced.\"Teague80: 8 Decades of Influential Design.\" Published and printed by Walter Dorwin Teague Associates, copyright 2006, Seattle. The Baby Brownie had outsold any other camera ever made.",
"Teague expanded its portfolio in the early 1930s with: the Marmon 16, the first production automobile conceived by an industrial designer; 32 design patterns for Steuben Glass, a division of Corning Glass Works; and the design of passenger cars and diners for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroads. By 1938, Teague's office grew to 55 employees, including [architects](/wiki/Architect \"Architect\"), [engineers](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\"), 3D artists and industrial designers. Teague had also signed its first highly lucrative design retainer contract with Polaroid, culminating in the later development of the Land Camera, the first camera able to develop its own prints, introduced in 1948\\.Abercrombie, Stanley, \"Fifty Years of Interior Design,\" *Interiors*, New York, June 1977\\.",
"### Environmental Design and Corporate Identity",
"Teague's product designs for Kodak evolved into the design of Kodak's offices, retail stores, and exhibitions at the New York World's Fair. The concept of \"corporate identity\" emerged from this cross\\-disciplined work of commercial design and the applied arts and science of creating the human\\-designed environment. Initiating the first corporate identity program of its kind, Teague created a full branding image for Texaco, including the design of full station layouts for Texaco service stations, pumps, trucks, cans and signs.[DiTullo, Michael, “Last Man Standing: 80 years of Teague Design,” Core77, August 2006\\.](http://www.core77.com/reactor/08.06_teague.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133401/http://www.core77\\.com/reactor/08\\.06\\_teague.asp\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-15}} Considered [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_deco \"Art deco\") icons of their era, more than 20,000 of these Texaco stations had been built worldwide by 1960\\.[thumb\\|left\\|Designed for the 1939 New York World's Fair, the **National Cash Register Building** functioned not only as an exhibit center, but as the world's largest active cash register. The design showcases NCR's new 100 Model through the seven\\-story register atop the building.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:National_Cash_Register_Building.jpg \"National Cash Register Building.jpg\")",
"### World Fairs",
"In the 1930s and 1940s, Teague parlayed the new concept of corporate identity into designing corporate industrial exhibits for companies such as Con Edison, Du Pont, Kodak, US Steel, and the National Cash Register Company. In 1933, Teague designed numerous displays for the Ford Motor Company at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition, and expanded its showcase of architectural savvy through the design of the Texaco exhibition hall at the 1935 Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas, Texas, as well as the Ford pavilion for the California Pacific International Exposition in San Diego, California (now housing the San Diego Aerospace Museum).Keyes, Jacqueline Abbot, \"The Fair \\- Demonstration of Modern Methods of Living,\" *Art\\& Industry*, December 1936\\. \nHaving designed multiple exhibitions at the New York World's Fair, including the Kodak Hall of Lights and the National Cash Register Building, Walter Dorwin Teague was invited to serve on its Board of Design, as well as design the Ford Exposition Building at [New York's World Fair of 1939](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1939 New York World's Fair\").Watts, Al, \"Jet\\-Age Group Turns 50,\" *Seattle Business Magazine*, June 14, 1976\\.Woodham, Jonathan M. *A Dictionary of Modern Design.* Oxford University Press, 2005\\. {{ISBN\\|0192800973}} Teague would also later design the U.S. Science Center for the [World's Fair in Seattle](/wiki/Century_21_Exposition \"Century 21 Exposition\"), as well as the \"House of the Future\" for the Festival of Gas at the [1964 World's Fair](/wiki/1964/1965_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1964/1965 New York World's Fair\").Votolato, Gregory. *American Design in the Twentieth Century.* Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-7190\\-4530\\-4}}.",
"### Structure and Scope",
"By the 1940s, product design culture had only just begun to come of age through consideration of a product's functional, technological, cultural and economic factors. In 1945, a year after establishing an engineering division, Teague's corporate structure changed from a sole proprietorship to a partnership, allowing senior staff to be partners in the company. Profit\\-sharing increased employee retention and pride in ownership in the company encouraged project\\-successes.*Biographical Notes of Walter Dorwin Teague*; Walter Dorwin Teague Associates, New York, 1951; Print, Teague Archives, accessed 2010 and 2011",
"Diversifying the firm's portfolio, Teague's projects included packaging for Ac'cent, a product for the [International Minerals and Chemical Corporation](/wiki/International_Minerals_and_Chemical_Corporation \"International Minerals and Chemical Corporation\"), equipment design for the Navy Bureau of Ordinance of the U.S. Navy, design of the UPS delivery truck [\"Walter Dorwin Teague: 2007 Personal Recognition Winner,\"](http://www.idsa.org/walter-dorwin-teague) Industrial Designers Society of America, <http://idsa.org>, last accessed February 2, 2012\\. and the visual styling of Steinway Pianos, the first of which is on display at the Smithsonian museum (as of 2012\\). [\"Building a Relationship: The Steinways and the Smithsonian,\" Excerpt from *The William Steinway Diary: 1861\\-1896*](http://americanhistory.si.edu/steinwaydiary/annotations/?id=477) of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, William Steinway Diary Project, <http://americanhistory.si.edu> (Last accessed February 2, 2012\\).",
"The 1940s also commenced Teague's collaborative relationship with The Boeing Company, which began in 1946\"Design Firm's Boeing Link in 20th Year,\" *Seattle Daily Times,* May 28, 1965\\. and continues to date, as of January 2012\\. (See [Aviation](/wiki/%23Aviation \"#Aviation\").)",
"### Post\\-War Decades: Product Packaging and Interior Design",
"Products of mass\\-consumption and the expansion of pop culture in the 1950s strengthened the influence of industrial design in both public consciousness and big business. By the late 1950s, Teague expanded its work in product packaging design, creating a new corporate identity for Schaefer Beer. This early work would later lead to projects with [Ivory soap](/wiki/Ivory_soap \"Ivory soap\"), [Downy](/wiki/Downy \"Downy\"), [Comet cleanser](/wiki/Comet_%28cleanser%29 \"Comet (cleanser)\"), [Cheetos](/wiki/Cheetos \"Cheetos\"), [Scope mouthwash](/wiki/Scope_%28mouthwash%29 \"Scope (mouthwash)\"), [Head \\& Shoulders](/wiki/Head_%26_Shoulders \"Head & Shoulders\"), and [Chiffon margarine](/wiki/Chiffon_margarine \"Chiffon margarine\"). With offices in New York and Seattle,\"Industrial Design,\" *Luce* Press Clipping, New York, NY, April 1963\\. and design labs in several domestic and overseas locations, Teague strengthened its application of package design through the consumer revolution of the 1960s, forming lasting relationships with both Procter \\& Gamble and the General Foods Corporation.Duggan, Dennis, \"Design\\-\\-From Tiny Tubes to Giant Jets,\" *Newsday \\- The Long Island Newspaper,* May 11, 1970\\.",
"The [Oil Crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis \"1973 oil crisis\") and anger toward American imperialism waned the mass\\-impact of industrial design for nearly two decades. During the early 1970s, the majority of Teague's work was in architectural and interior design. In addition to banks, showrooms, museums, corporate headquarters, supermarkets and government facilities, Teague's largest space of interior design was for Skidmore, Owings \\& Merrill's Air Force Academy in Colorado, where design work covered 3\\.5 million square feet of space, including dining halls, dormitory rooms, classrooms, and more than 60,000 objects.\"Air Force Academy Biggest Design Job,\" (UPI) *Chicago Tribune,* February 5, 1971\\. By 1977, Walter Dorwin Teague Associates was larger than any of its competitors, employing roughly 150 designers, architects and technicians.",
"As the [Information Age](/wiki/Information_Age \"Information Age\") and its new media culture surfaced, Teague continued its collaborative work with key clients, such as [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") and Boeing, and established new client relationships that resulted in numerous package designs now considered classics, including the Lays Potato Chips and Frito Corn Chips bags, the Pringles Potato Chips canister, Ivory soap, and the Scope Mouthwash Bottle.\"Styles, William, \"These Potato Chips are Reconstituted,\" *The Cincinnati Post,* May 7, 1969\\. Other notable post\\-1975 design achievements include the Kenworth Sleeper truck, the first truck designed to house a sleeper cabin, developed in 1976; and the crew quarters for the NASA space station, designed in 1987\\.\"Smith, Susan, \"Having an Eye for an Air of Comfort,\" *Seattle Post Intelligencer*, April 21, 1989\\.",
""
] |
Aviation
--------
Teague's history in aviation began with Boeing in 1946 when Teague designed the aircraft interior for the Boeing [Stratocruiser](/wiki/Boeing_377 "Boeing 377"). The inverted figure\-8 double deck fuselage provided 6,600 feet of interior space designed specifically for luxury air travel. The Stratocruiser's interior later inspired the interior cabins of both the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 "Boeing 707") and [747 planes](/wiki/Boeing_747 "Boeing 747").
The 707 aircraft model marked a "new flight era" for passengers, with more windows, a passenger service unit, illuminated seat\-belt signs, and 1,300 square feet of interior space.Watkin, Richard, "Aviation High Style," *The New York Times*, May 27, 1956\. Boeing's 747, the world's first wide\-body commercial jetliner, which was two and a half times the size of the 707, was used to create the Reagan\-era [Air Force One](/wiki/Air_Force_One "Air Force One") in 1988\. The Boeing\-Teague team's Air\-Force One project received tremendous media attention throughout its development as the aircraft designed to transport the US President and White House staff, and included 100 telephones, two fully equipped kitchens, 16 televisions, seven bathrooms, 31 executive sleeper suites, and other extravagant amenities."Bartel, Bill, and Tom Webb, "White House in the Sky," *The Seattle Times,* September 25, 1988\.
In 1997, the team unveiled the [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737") interior and exterior design at the Paris Air Show. Eight years later they would also premier the 777\-200LR Worldliner model there, a model that broke distance records during its "Going the Distance" world tour.The Boeing Company official Website: "[Commercial Airplanes](http://www.boeing.com/commercial/products.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129205502/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/products.html \|date\=2011\-01\-29 }}" ("737","777" and "787"), last accessed on February 2, 2012\. In January 2012, Boeing announced that the 777 had also set a new record for orders in a single year (2011\) at 200\. [“Boeing Wraps up 2011 with Record\-breaking Announcements”](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/boeing-wraps-up-2011-with-record-breaking-order-announcements-2012-expected-to-be-year-of-the-737-max-2012-01-05), *The Wall Street Journal: Market Watch,* Press release, January 5, 2012\. The Boeing\-Teague team also developed the Boeing Skyloft Concept in 2005, a first\-of\-its\-kind architectural transformation to create a new level of commercial space in cabin real estate.
The result of a five\-year collaboration between Boeing and Teague, the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner "Boeing 787 Dreamliner") set new world records for distance and speed during an endurance flight around the world in 2011, the year of the 787's first delivery. Dubbed "The New Plane for the New World," the 787 is considered the most successful commercial airplane launch in aviation history.
Teague's design work for jetliner interiors includes projects for global airlines, such as [Singapore Airlines](/wiki/Singapore_Airlines "Singapore Airlines") and [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 "Emirates (airline)"). In 2008, Teague earned the international Red Dot Design award for Emirates Airline First\-Class Cabin and Entry\-Way, designed in collaboration with Boeing, Emirates, and Paris\-based Pierrejean Studios to create a dramatic new cabin interior for the airline's 777\-models.{{Cite web \|title\=Design \& Innovation Consulting \|url\=https://teague.com/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-02 \|website\=Teague \|language\=en}}
Leading the proliferation of in\-flight entertainment and communications, Teague has developed both hardware and software for clients like [Rockwell\-Collins](/wiki/Rockwell_Collins%2C_Inc. "Rockwell Collins, Inc.") and [Panasonic Avionics](/wiki/Panasonic_Avionics_Corporation "Panasonic Avionics Corporation"), with whom Teague's relationship began in the early 1990s. [Weber Aircraft](/wiki/Weber_Aircraft_LLC "Weber Aircraft LLC"), Panasonic and Teague collaboratively developed the first ever fully integrated in\-flight entertainment seat for commercial aircraft, the Panasonic Integrated Smart Monitor. ["Panasonic Avionics Corporation's In\-Flight Entertainment Systems Earn 'Hottest New Product Designs' Honors"](http://www.mascorp.com/pressrelease/detail.aspx?PressReleaseID=61), Press Release, Panasonic, mascorp.com, June 28, 2010\.
|
[
"Aviation\n--------",
"Teague's history in aviation began with Boeing in 1946 when Teague designed the aircraft interior for the Boeing [Stratocruiser](/wiki/Boeing_377 \"Boeing 377\"). The inverted figure\\-8 double deck fuselage provided 6,600 feet of interior space designed specifically for luxury air travel. The Stratocruiser's interior later inspired the interior cabins of both the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 \"Boeing 707\") and [747 planes](/wiki/Boeing_747 \"Boeing 747\").",
"The 707 aircraft model marked a \"new flight era\" for passengers, with more windows, a passenger service unit, illuminated seat\\-belt signs, and 1,300 square feet of interior space.Watkin, Richard, \"Aviation High Style,\" *The New York Times*, May 27, 1956\\. Boeing's 747, the world's first wide\\-body commercial jetliner, which was two and a half times the size of the 707, was used to create the Reagan\\-era [Air Force One](/wiki/Air_Force_One \"Air Force One\") in 1988\\. The Boeing\\-Teague team's Air\\-Force One project received tremendous media attention throughout its development as the aircraft designed to transport the US President and White House staff, and included 100 telephones, two fully equipped kitchens, 16 televisions, seven bathrooms, 31 executive sleeper suites, and other extravagant amenities.\"Bartel, Bill, and Tom Webb, \"White House in the Sky,\" *The Seattle Times,* September 25, 1988\\.",
"In 1997, the team unveiled the [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\") interior and exterior design at the Paris Air Show. Eight years later they would also premier the 777\\-200LR Worldliner model there, a model that broke distance records during its \"Going the Distance\" world tour.The Boeing Company official Website: \"[Commercial Airplanes](http://www.boeing.com/commercial/products.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129205502/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/products.html \\|date\\=2011\\-01\\-29 }}\" (\"737\",\"777\" and \"787\"), last accessed on February 2, 2012\\. In January 2012, Boeing announced that the 777 had also set a new record for orders in a single year (2011\\) at 200\\. [“Boeing Wraps up 2011 with Record\\-breaking Announcements”](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/boeing-wraps-up-2011-with-record-breaking-order-announcements-2012-expected-to-be-year-of-the-737-max-2012-01-05), *The Wall Street Journal: Market Watch,* Press release, January 5, 2012\\. The Boeing\\-Teague team also developed the Boeing Skyloft Concept in 2005, a first\\-of\\-its\\-kind architectural transformation to create a new level of commercial space in cabin real estate.",
"The result of a five\\-year collaboration between Boeing and Teague, the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner \"Boeing 787 Dreamliner\") set new world records for distance and speed during an endurance flight around the world in 2011, the year of the 787's first delivery. Dubbed \"The New Plane for the New World,\" the 787 is considered the most successful commercial airplane launch in aviation history.",
"Teague's design work for jetliner interiors includes projects for global airlines, such as [Singapore Airlines](/wiki/Singapore_Airlines \"Singapore Airlines\") and [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 \"Emirates (airline)\"). In 2008, Teague earned the international Red Dot Design award for Emirates Airline First\\-Class Cabin and Entry\\-Way, designed in collaboration with Boeing, Emirates, and Paris\\-based Pierrejean Studios to create a dramatic new cabin interior for the airline's 777\\-models.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Design \\& Innovation Consulting \\|url\\=https://teague.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-02 \\|website\\=Teague \\|language\\=en}}",
"Leading the proliferation of in\\-flight entertainment and communications, Teague has developed both hardware and software for clients like [Rockwell\\-Collins](/wiki/Rockwell_Collins%2C_Inc. \"Rockwell Collins, Inc.\") and [Panasonic Avionics](/wiki/Panasonic_Avionics_Corporation \"Panasonic Avionics Corporation\"), with whom Teague's relationship began in the early 1990s. [Weber Aircraft](/wiki/Weber_Aircraft_LLC \"Weber Aircraft LLC\"), Panasonic and Teague collaboratively developed the first ever fully integrated in\\-flight entertainment seat for commercial aircraft, the Panasonic Integrated Smart Monitor. [\"Panasonic Avionics Corporation's In\\-Flight Entertainment Systems Earn 'Hottest New Product Designs' Honors\"](http://www.mascorp.com/pressrelease/detail.aspx?PressReleaseID=61), Press Release, Panasonic, mascorp.com, June 28, 2010\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The plot follows newly qualified midwife Jenny Lee, as well as the work of midwives and the nuns of [Nonnatus](/wiki/Raymond_Nonnatus "Raymond Nonnatus") House, a nursing convent and part of an [Anglican religious order](/wiki/Anglican_religious_order "Anglican religious order"), coping with the medical problems in the deprived [Poplar](/wiki/Poplar%2C_London "Poplar, London") district of London's desperately poor East End in the 1950s. The Sisters and midwives carry out many nursing duties across the community. However, with between 80 and 100 babies being born each month in Poplar alone, the primary work is to help bring safe childbirth to women in the area and to look after their countless newborns.
In the **first series**, which is set in early 1957, the main themes include the "Baby Boom", issues of poverty in the East end and post\-war immigration.
The **second series**, set in 1958, shows the introduction of gas and air as a form of pain relief, [unexploded ordnance](/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance "Unexploded ordnance"), an outbreak of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"), a baby born with [spina bifida](/wiki/Spina_bifida "Spina bifida") and ends with the condemning of the Nonnatus House building.
The **third series**, set in 1959, depicts [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis "Cystic fibrosis"), [polio](/wiki/Polio "Polio"), caring for the terminally ill and midwifery in a prison context.
In the **fourth series**, set in 1960, topics covered include the [Child Migrants Programme](/wiki/Home_Children "Home Children"), the threat of [nuclear warfare](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare "Nuclear warfare") (including emergency response guidelines issued by local [Civil Defence Corps](/wiki/Civil_Defence_Corps "Civil Defence Corps")), [LGBT rights](/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom "LGBT rights in the United Kingdom") and [syphilis](/wiki/Syphilis "Syphilis") among sex workers.
The **fifth series** is set in 1961 and shows a patient with [typhoid](/wiki/Typhoid "Typhoid"), the [effects of thalidomide](/wiki/Thalidomide "Thalidomide"), the [introduction of the contraceptive pill](/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill "Combined oral contraceptive pill") and the impact of [strokes](/wiki/Strokes "Strokes").
The **sixth series** is set in 1962 and touches on domestic violence, an explosion at the local docks, interracial marriage, [female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation "Female genital mutilation"), mental health, and introduces Reggie, a recurring character who has [Down syndrome](/wiki/Down_syndrome "Down syndrome").
The **seventh series**, set in 1963, introduces the first major character of colour, Nurse Lucille Anderson, as well as [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia"), racial abuse, [huntington's disease](/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease"), [leprosy](/wiki/Leprosy "Leprosy") and [meningitis](/wiki/Meningitis "Meningitis") featuring in storylines.
The **eighth series**, set in 1964, covers the topic of abortion (which was not legalised until 1967\), [sickle cell disease](/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease "Sickle cell disease"), babies born with [cleft lip and cleft palate](/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate "Cleft lip and cleft palate") and [intersex](/wiki/Intersex "Intersex") people.
Set in 1965, the **ninth series** addresses [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria "Diphtheria"), a blind expectant mother and the continued role and relevance of Nonnatus House in the community.
The **tenth series**, set in 1966, compares the practice at Nonnatus House with the private Lady Emily Clinic in [Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair "Mayfair"), [PKU](/wiki/Phenylketonuria "Phenylketonuria"), [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes") and the controversy of abortion on the eve of legalisation.
The **eleventh series**, set in 1967, explores addiction and [neonatal withdrawal](/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal "Neonatal withdrawal"), the 1960s housing crisis, a [scabies](/wiki/Scabies "Scabies") epidemic, [gastroschisis](/wiki/Gastroschisis "Gastroschisis") and a train crash next to Nonnatus House.
The **twelfth series**, set in 1968, discusses political discourse about immigration, the development of the [ventouse](/wiki/Ventouse "Ventouse"), [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia"), [haemophilia](/wiki/Haemophilia "Haemophilia"), and [hepatitis](/wiki/Hepatitis "Hepatitis").
The **thirteenth series**, set in 1969, introduces [fertility drugs](/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology "Assisted reproductive technology") and [higher order multiple birth](/wiki/Multiple_birth "Multiple birth"), [cerebral palsy](/wiki/Cerebral_palsy "Cerebral palsy"), [porphyria](/wiki/Porphyria "Porphyria"), [tetanus](/wiki/Tetanus "Tetanus"), [hip dysplasia](/wiki/Hip_dysplasia "Hip dysplasia"), [retinoblastoma](/wiki/Retinoblastoma "Retinoblastoma"), and the [Apollo 11](/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") moon landing.
Christmas special episodes also explore the conditions in a mission in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), the [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides "Outer Hebrides") and the order orphanage.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The plot follows newly qualified midwife Jenny Lee, as well as the work of midwives and the nuns of [Nonnatus](/wiki/Raymond_Nonnatus \"Raymond Nonnatus\") House, a nursing convent and part of an [Anglican religious order](/wiki/Anglican_religious_order \"Anglican religious order\"), coping with the medical problems in the deprived [Poplar](/wiki/Poplar%2C_London \"Poplar, London\") district of London's desperately poor East End in the 1950s. The Sisters and midwives carry out many nursing duties across the community. However, with between 80 and 100 babies being born each month in Poplar alone, the primary work is to help bring safe childbirth to women in the area and to look after their countless newborns.",
"In the **first series**, which is set in early 1957, the main themes include the \"Baby Boom\", issues of poverty in the East end and post\\-war immigration.",
"The **second series**, set in 1958, shows the introduction of gas and air as a form of pain relief, [unexploded ordnance](/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance \"Unexploded ordnance\"), an outbreak of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"), a baby born with [spina bifida](/wiki/Spina_bifida \"Spina bifida\") and ends with the condemning of the Nonnatus House building.",
"The **third series**, set in 1959, depicts [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis \"Cystic fibrosis\"), [polio](/wiki/Polio \"Polio\"), caring for the terminally ill and midwifery in a prison context.",
"In the **fourth series**, set in 1960, topics covered include the [Child Migrants Programme](/wiki/Home_Children \"Home Children\"), the threat of [nuclear warfare](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare \"Nuclear warfare\") (including emergency response guidelines issued by local [Civil Defence Corps](/wiki/Civil_Defence_Corps \"Civil Defence Corps\")), [LGBT rights](/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom \"LGBT rights in the United Kingdom\") and [syphilis](/wiki/Syphilis \"Syphilis\") among sex workers.",
"The **fifth series** is set in 1961 and shows a patient with [typhoid](/wiki/Typhoid \"Typhoid\"), the [effects of thalidomide](/wiki/Thalidomide \"Thalidomide\"), the [introduction of the contraceptive pill](/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill \"Combined oral contraceptive pill\") and the impact of [strokes](/wiki/Strokes \"Strokes\").",
"The **sixth series** is set in 1962 and touches on domestic violence, an explosion at the local docks, interracial marriage, [female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation \"Female genital mutilation\"), mental health, and introduces Reggie, a recurring character who has [Down syndrome](/wiki/Down_syndrome \"Down syndrome\").",
"The **seventh series**, set in 1963, introduces the first major character of colour, Nurse Lucille Anderson, as well as [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"), racial abuse, [huntington's disease](/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease \"Huntington's disease\"), [leprosy](/wiki/Leprosy \"Leprosy\") and [meningitis](/wiki/Meningitis \"Meningitis\") featuring in storylines.",
"The **eighth series**, set in 1964, covers the topic of abortion (which was not legalised until 1967\\), [sickle cell disease](/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease \"Sickle cell disease\"), babies born with [cleft lip and cleft palate](/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate \"Cleft lip and cleft palate\") and [intersex](/wiki/Intersex \"Intersex\") people.",
"Set in 1965, the **ninth series** addresses [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria \"Diphtheria\"), a blind expectant mother and the continued role and relevance of Nonnatus House in the community.",
"The **tenth series**, set in 1966, compares the practice at Nonnatus House with the private Lady Emily Clinic in [Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair \"Mayfair\"), [PKU](/wiki/Phenylketonuria \"Phenylketonuria\"), [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes \"Diabetes\") and the controversy of abortion on the eve of legalisation.",
"The **eleventh series**, set in 1967, explores addiction and [neonatal withdrawal](/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal \"Neonatal withdrawal\"), the 1960s housing crisis, a [scabies](/wiki/Scabies \"Scabies\") epidemic, [gastroschisis](/wiki/Gastroschisis \"Gastroschisis\") and a train crash next to Nonnatus House.",
"The **twelfth series**, set in 1968, discusses political discourse about immigration, the development of the [ventouse](/wiki/Ventouse \"Ventouse\"), [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\"), [haemophilia](/wiki/Haemophilia \"Haemophilia\"), and [hepatitis](/wiki/Hepatitis \"Hepatitis\").",
"The **thirteenth series**, set in 1969, introduces [fertility drugs](/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology \"Assisted reproductive technology\") and [higher order multiple birth](/wiki/Multiple_birth \"Multiple birth\"), [cerebral palsy](/wiki/Cerebral_palsy \"Cerebral palsy\"), [porphyria](/wiki/Porphyria \"Porphyria\"), [tetanus](/wiki/Tetanus \"Tetanus\"), [hip dysplasia](/wiki/Hip_dysplasia \"Hip dysplasia\"), [retinoblastoma](/wiki/Retinoblastoma \"Retinoblastoma\"), and the [Apollo 11](/wiki/Apollo_11 \"Apollo 11\") moon landing.",
"Christmas special episodes also explore the conditions in a mission in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), the [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides \"Outer Hebrides\") and the order orphanage.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Foundation and rise
Hanoi FC was formed in 2006 as T\&T Hanoi Football Club ({{lang\-vi\|Câu lạc bộ bóng đá T\&T Hà Nội}}) by T\&T Group. The team initially played in the lowest division of Vietnamese football, [V.League 4](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Third_League "Vietnamese National Football Third League"). In its first three years, under the leadership of coach Trieu Quang Ha (a former player for the Vietnamese national team and [The Cong](/wiki/Viettel_FC "Viettel FC")), the team achieved consecutive promotions. They finished in 1st place in [V.League 4](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Third_League "Vietnamese National Football Third League") in 2006, 2nd place in [V.League 3](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Second_League "Vietnamese National Football Second League") in 2007, and 2nd place in [V.League 2](/wiki/V.League_2 "V.League 2") in 2008, earning the right to compete in [V\-League 2009](/wiki/V-League_2009 "V-League 2009").{{Cite web\|url\=https://bongdaplus.vn/bong\-da\-viet\-nam/ha\-noi\-t\-t\-ky\-niem\-10\-nam\-thanh\-lap\-tu\-hien\-tuong\-thanh\-bieu\-tuong\-1745171612\.html\|title\=Hà Nội T\&T kỷ niệm 10 năm thành lập: Từ hiện tượng, thành biểu tượng\|website\=Bongdaplus\-Báo Bóng đá\|access\-date\=21 October 2020\|archive\-date\=23 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023043419/https://bongdaplus.vn/bong\-da\-viet\-nam/ha\-noi\-t\-t\-ky\-niem\-10\-nam\-thanh\-lap\-tu\-hien\-tuong\-thanh\-bieu\-tuong\-1745171612\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### First V.League title and establishment of a new powerhouse
Once the club established its foothold, Hanoi T\&T began to rapidly emerge as a strong contender and experienced success in its debut season in the top league. Although the club missed out on winning the 2009 season, they found joy the following year by clinching their first\-ever title in the 2010 season.
Thanks to good management and their domestic trophy win in 2010, Hanoi T\&T was able to participate in their first international tournament, the [2011 AFC Cup](/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup "2011 AFC Cup"). However, the club performed poorly in their debut AFC Cup campaign, finishing third in Group G.
In the [2012](/wiki/2012_V-League "2012 V-League") season, Hanoi T\&T finished in second place. There were many rumors suggesting that Hanoi T\&T played defensively throughout the final match against [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC "Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC") to help [SHB Da Nang](/wiki/SHB_Da_Nang "SHB Da Nang") win the title—another club owned by the same person who owned Hanoi T\&T—despite still having a chance to win the league. After this match, the owner of [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC "Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC") announced the dissolution of the team.
In the [2013](/wiki/2013_V-League "2013 V-League") season, Hanoi T\&T was crowned champion with one round to spare after a 2–1 victory over [Dong Tam Long An](/wiki/Long_An_FC "Long An FC"). This season also saw strikers Gonzalo and Samson excel, scoring a combined total of 28 goals and sharing the title of top scorer.
The [2014](/wiki/2014_V.League_1 "2014 V.League 1") and [2015](/wiki/2015_V.League_1 "2015 V.League 1") seasons marked the rise of [Becamex Bình Dương](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong"), and it was also a transitional period for Hanoi T\&T as a new generation of players, including Duy Manh, Van Thanh, and Minh Long, were promoted to the first team. With the departure of key players like goalkeeper Le Van Nghia and midfielder Sy Cuong, the team faced challenges. In the [2014 AFC Cup](/wiki/2014_AFC_Cup "2014 AFC Cup"), Hanoi T\&T finished first in Group F, defeated [Nay Pyi Taw](/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw_F.C. "Nay Pyi Taw F.C.") 5–0 in the Round of 16, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil_SC "Erbil SC") of Iraq, losing 3–0 on aggregate.
The [2016](/wiki/2016_V.League_1 "2016 V.League 1") season, which marked the 10th anniversary of the capital club, saw significant changes for Hanoi T\&T, including two coaching changes. The first occurred just a week before the season when coach Phan Thanh Hung resigned. He was replaced by Pham Minh Duc, the coach of the Hanoi U21 T\&T team at the time. However, Pham Minh Duc's tenure began poorly, with the team earning only 1 point from the first 4 matches and sitting at the bottom of the table. On March 17, 2016, the team decided to replace Pham Minh Duc with assistant [Chu Dinh Nghiem](/wiki/Chu_Dinh_Nghiem "Chu Dinh Nghiem"). This change led to a remarkable improvement in gameplay and results, allowing the team to rise steadily up the table with only 2 rounds remaining.
In the penultimate round, needing a win to keep their championship hopes alive, Hanoi T\&T secured all 3 points with a 1–0 victory over [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC"), thanks to a goal from [Nguyen Van Quyet](/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Quyet "Nguyen Van Quyet"). This result gave them control over their own destiny in the final match. A 2–0 victory over [FLC Thanh Hoa](/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_FC "Thanh Hoa FC"), featuring a double from Gonzalo, allowed Hanoi T\&T to win the V\-League championship for the third time, finishing just above Hai Phong on goal difference. However, in the [2016 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2016_Vietnamese_Cup "2016 Vietnamese Cup"), the team finished as runners\-up after a narrow 1–2 loss to [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC") at [Hang Day Stadium](/wiki/Hang_Day_Stadium "Hang Day Stadium").
### Name change
In 2016, shortly after winning the V\-League title, T\&T Group decided to dedicate the club to the people of Hanoi, withdrawing its stake and officially renaming the club **Hanoi Football Club**. The City Council also decided to grant [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium "Hàng Đẫy Stadium") to the club as a tribute, allowing the team to use and improve the facilities.
The [2017](/wiki/2017_V.League_1 "2017 V.League 1") season ended disappointingly for the purple team. They finished in 3rd place despite holding a significant advantage in the final round. After winning 1–0 against [QNK Quang Nam](/wiki/Quang_Nam_FC "Quang Nam FC") (the eventual champions) in the penultimate round, they drew 4–4 with [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC") in the final round. In the [2017 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2017_Vietnamese_Cup "2017 Vietnamese Cup"), Hanoi also had a disappointing performance, being eliminated in the Round of 16 by [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An "Song Lam Nghe An"). Additionally, they failed to advance to the knockout stage of the [2017 AFC Cup](/wiki/2017_AFC_Cup "2017 AFC Cup") after a disheartening 2–6 defeat to [Ceres\-Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC "United City FC") in their final group stage game.
In the [2018](/wiki/2018_V.League_1 "2018 V.League 1") season, the success of the [Vietnam U23](/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team "Vietnam national under-23 football team") team in the [2018 AFC U\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship "2018 AFC U-23 Championship"), where Hanoi players played a crucial role, significantly boosted interest in the club. The team began with a hard\-fought 1–0 victory over [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC "Haiphong FC") at Hang Day Stadium and then won 5–0 against [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC") in a match that reached the stadium's audience limit of 25,000\. Hanoi FC secured the championship with 64 points and 72 goals scored, clinching the title with 5 rounds to spare. However, the season ended on a disappointing note when the team missed the opportunity to reach the [2018 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2018_Vietnamese_Cup "2018 Vietnamese Cup") final after a goalless draw against [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong") at [Gò Đậu Stadium](/wiki/G%C3%B2_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_Stadium "Gò Đậu Stadium"). With an aggregate score of 3–3, Hanoi was eliminated due to the away goals rule.
In 2019, Hanoi started the season with a victory in the [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2019_AFC_Champions_League "2019 AFC Champions League") round 1 play\-off, winning 1–0 against Thai club [Bangkok United](/wiki/Bangkok_United_F.C. "Bangkok United F.C."). However, in the second play\-off match, Hanoi suffered a 2–4 defeat to Chinese team [Shandong Luneng](/wiki/Shandong_Luneng "Shandong Luneng") despite taking the lead in the first half and putting in a strong performance. This defeat saw the team enter the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup "2019 AFC Cup") group stage. Domestically, the season began with a 2–0 victory over [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong") in the Super Cup, followed by a remarkable 5–0 win against [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC").
The team faced a tougher title race than in the previous season, competing in three different competitions—[V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 "V.League 1"), the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Cup "Vietnamese Cup"), and the [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup "AFC Cup")—and contending with the rising side [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC"). Hanoi FC dropped points in stoppage time against underdogs like [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC"), [Sanna Khanh Hoa BVN](/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_FC "Khanh Hoa FC"), and direct competitors [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC"). Nevertheless, the team's strong performances in subsequent rounds allowed them to secure the V.League 1 title two rounds early after a victory against [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An "Song Lam Nghe An").
In the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup "2019 AFC Cup"), Hanoi topped Group F and progressed through the knockout stage, overcoming [Ceres Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC "United City FC"), [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong"), and [Altyn Asyr](/wiki/Altyn_Asyr_FK "Altyn Asyr FK") to reach the inter\-zone final. They were narrowly eliminated by North Korean team [4\.25 SC](/wiki/April_25_SC "April 25 SC") due to the away goals rule.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thethao247\.vn/293\-truc\-tiep\-april\-25\-vs\-ha\-noi\-fc\-chien\-thang\-la\-dieu\-bat\-buoc\-d189427\.html\|title\=Kết quả Hà Nội vs April 25: Hà Nội bị loại cay đắng\|first\=Thể\|last\=thao 247\|website\=Thể thao 247\|date\=2 October 2019 \|access\-date\=21 October 2020\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026080741/https://thethao247\.vn/293\-truc\-tiep\-april\-25\-vs\-ha\-noi\-fc\-chien\-thang\-la\-dieu\-bat\-buoc\-d189427\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
With five [V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 "V.League 1") titles, Hanoi became the club with the most V.League 1 championships since the league's professionalization in the [2000\-2001 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_V-League "2000–01 V-League"). In the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup "2019 Vietnamese Cup"), Hanoi defeated [Hong Linh Ha Tinh](/wiki/Hong_Linh_Ha_Tinh_FC "Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC") and [Duoc Nam Ha Nam Dinh](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_FC "Thep Xanh Nam Dinh FC") before securing a convincing 3–0 win against [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC") in the semi\-final. Despite playing away and in adverse weather conditions due to a storm, Hanoi won the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup "2019 Vietnamese Cup"), adding the only major trophy previously missing from their collection.
In 2022, under the management of [Chun Jae\-ho](/wiki/Chun_Jae-ho "Chun Jae-ho"), Hanoi FC won the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 "2022 V.League 1"), marking their sixth title and tying them with [The Cong\-Viettel](/wiki/The_Cong-Viettel_FC "The Cong-Viettel FC") for the most V.League titles since the league began in 1980\. They also won the [2022 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2022_Vietnamese_Cup "2022 Vietnamese Cup"), which qualified them for the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League "2023–24 AFC Champions League") group stage.
In the 2023 season, under Montenegro head coach [Bozidar Bandovic](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic "Bozidar Bandovic"), Hanoi started by winning the [2023 Vietnamese Super Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Super_Cup "Vietnamese Super Cup") after defeating [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC "Haiphong FC") in the final. However, this was their only title of the season as they finished as runners\-up in the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 "2023 V.League 1"), behind [Hanoi Police](/wiki/Hanoi_Police_FC "Hanoi Police FC"). They were also eliminated in the Round of 16 of the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2023_Vietnamese_Cup "2023 Vietnamese Cup") after losing to [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC "Viettel FC").
#### AFC Champions League group stage debut
As a result of winning the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 "2022 V.League 1") title, Hanoi FC made their [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League "2023–24 AFC Champions League") group stage debut, being drawn in Group J with [Pohang Steelers](/wiki/Pohang_Steelers "Pohang Steelers"), [Wuhan Three Towns](/wiki/Wuhan_Three_Towns_F.C. "Wuhan Three Towns F.C."), and [Urawa Red Diamonds](/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds "Urawa Red Diamonds"). To prepare for their first appearance in the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage "2023–24 AFC Champions League group stage"), Hanoi FC reached an agreement with the National Sports Complex to use [Mỹ Đình National Stadium](/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium "Mỹ Đình National Stadium") as their home ground.
On September 20, 2023, the club played their first match, suffering a 2–4 home defeat against South Korean side Pohang Steelers. In their second match, Hanoi lost 0–6 to the defending champions, Urawa Red Diamonds. Due to these poor performances, coach [Božidar Bandović](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic "Bozidar Bandovic") was sacked and replaced by his assistant, Lê Đức Tuấn.
In his debut away match against Chinese club Wuhan Three Towns, a 9\-man Hanoi FC lost 1–2\. However, in their fourth group match, Hanoi FC bounced back with a 2–1 victory over Wuhan Three Towns at home, with both goals scored by [Phạm Tuấn Hải](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%E1%BA%A5n_H%E1%BA%A3i "Phạm Tuấn Hải"). In the fifth group match, Hanoi FC lost again, this time 0–2 to Pohang Steelers. In their final match, the club achieved a 2–1 victory over Urawa Red Diamonds, eliminating the champions from defending their title and handing them their first loss against an ASEAN side in 16 years.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Foundation and rise",
"Hanoi FC was formed in 2006 as T\\&T Hanoi Football Club ({{lang\\-vi\\|Câu lạc bộ bóng đá T\\&T Hà Nội}}) by T\\&T Group. The team initially played in the lowest division of Vietnamese football, [V.League 4](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Third_League \"Vietnamese National Football Third League\"). In its first three years, under the leadership of coach Trieu Quang Ha (a former player for the Vietnamese national team and [The Cong](/wiki/Viettel_FC \"Viettel FC\")), the team achieved consecutive promotions. They finished in 1st place in [V.League 4](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Third_League \"Vietnamese National Football Third League\") in 2006, 2nd place in [V.League 3](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Football_Second_League \"Vietnamese National Football Second League\") in 2007, and 2nd place in [V.League 2](/wiki/V.League_2 \"V.League 2\") in 2008, earning the right to compete in [V\\-League 2009](/wiki/V-League_2009 \"V-League 2009\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://bongdaplus.vn/bong\\-da\\-viet\\-nam/ha\\-noi\\-t\\-t\\-ky\\-niem\\-10\\-nam\\-thanh\\-lap\\-tu\\-hien\\-tuong\\-thanh\\-bieu\\-tuong\\-1745171612\\.html\\|title\\=Hà Nội T\\&T kỷ niệm 10 năm thành lập: Từ hiện tượng, thành biểu tượng\\|website\\=Bongdaplus\\-Báo Bóng đá\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=23 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023043419/https://bongdaplus.vn/bong\\-da\\-viet\\-nam/ha\\-noi\\-t\\-t\\-ky\\-niem\\-10\\-nam\\-thanh\\-lap\\-tu\\-hien\\-tuong\\-thanh\\-bieu\\-tuong\\-1745171612\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### First V.League title and establishment of a new powerhouse",
"Once the club established its foothold, Hanoi T\\&T began to rapidly emerge as a strong contender and experienced success in its debut season in the top league. Although the club missed out on winning the 2009 season, they found joy the following year by clinching their first\\-ever title in the 2010 season.",
"Thanks to good management and their domestic trophy win in 2010, Hanoi T\\&T was able to participate in their first international tournament, the [2011 AFC Cup](/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup \"2011 AFC Cup\"). However, the club performed poorly in their debut AFC Cup campaign, finishing third in Group G.",
"In the [2012](/wiki/2012_V-League \"2012 V-League\") season, Hanoi T\\&T finished in second place. There were many rumors suggesting that Hanoi T\\&T played defensively throughout the final match against [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC \"Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC\") to help [SHB Da Nang](/wiki/SHB_Da_Nang \"SHB Da Nang\") win the title—another club owned by the same person who owned Hanoi T\\&T—despite still having a chance to win the league. After this match, the owner of [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC \"Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC\") announced the dissolution of the team.",
"In the [2013](/wiki/2013_V-League \"2013 V-League\") season, Hanoi T\\&T was crowned champion with one round to spare after a 2–1 victory over [Dong Tam Long An](/wiki/Long_An_FC \"Long An FC\"). This season also saw strikers Gonzalo and Samson excel, scoring a combined total of 28 goals and sharing the title of top scorer.",
"The [2014](/wiki/2014_V.League_1 \"2014 V.League 1\") and [2015](/wiki/2015_V.League_1 \"2015 V.League 1\") seasons marked the rise of [Becamex Bình Dương](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\"), and it was also a transitional period for Hanoi T\\&T as a new generation of players, including Duy Manh, Van Thanh, and Minh Long, were promoted to the first team. With the departure of key players like goalkeeper Le Van Nghia and midfielder Sy Cuong, the team faced challenges. In the [2014 AFC Cup](/wiki/2014_AFC_Cup \"2014 AFC Cup\"), Hanoi T\\&T finished first in Group F, defeated [Nay Pyi Taw](/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw_F.C. \"Nay Pyi Taw F.C.\") 5–0 in the Round of 16, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil_SC \"Erbil SC\") of Iraq, losing 3–0 on aggregate.",
"The [2016](/wiki/2016_V.League_1 \"2016 V.League 1\") season, which marked the 10th anniversary of the capital club, saw significant changes for Hanoi T\\&T, including two coaching changes. The first occurred just a week before the season when coach Phan Thanh Hung resigned. He was replaced by Pham Minh Duc, the coach of the Hanoi U21 T\\&T team at the time. However, Pham Minh Duc's tenure began poorly, with the team earning only 1 point from the first 4 matches and sitting at the bottom of the table. On March 17, 2016, the team decided to replace Pham Minh Duc with assistant [Chu Dinh Nghiem](/wiki/Chu_Dinh_Nghiem \"Chu Dinh Nghiem\"). This change led to a remarkable improvement in gameplay and results, allowing the team to rise steadily up the table with only 2 rounds remaining.",
"In the penultimate round, needing a win to keep their championship hopes alive, Hanoi T\\&T secured all 3 points with a 1–0 victory over [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\"), thanks to a goal from [Nguyen Van Quyet](/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Quyet \"Nguyen Van Quyet\"). This result gave them control over their own destiny in the final match. A 2–0 victory over [FLC Thanh Hoa](/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_FC \"Thanh Hoa FC\"), featuring a double from Gonzalo, allowed Hanoi T\\&T to win the V\\-League championship for the third time, finishing just above Hai Phong on goal difference. However, in the [2016 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2016_Vietnamese_Cup \"2016 Vietnamese Cup\"), the team finished as runners\\-up after a narrow 1–2 loss to [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\") at [Hang Day Stadium](/wiki/Hang_Day_Stadium \"Hang Day Stadium\").",
"### Name change",
"In 2016, shortly after winning the V\\-League title, T\\&T Group decided to dedicate the club to the people of Hanoi, withdrawing its stake and officially renaming the club **Hanoi Football Club**. The City Council also decided to grant [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium \"Hàng Đẫy Stadium\") to the club as a tribute, allowing the team to use and improve the facilities.",
"The [2017](/wiki/2017_V.League_1 \"2017 V.League 1\") season ended disappointingly for the purple team. They finished in 3rd place despite holding a significant advantage in the final round. After winning 1–0 against [QNK Quang Nam](/wiki/Quang_Nam_FC \"Quang Nam FC\") (the eventual champions) in the penultimate round, they drew 4–4 with [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\") in the final round. In the [2017 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2017_Vietnamese_Cup \"2017 Vietnamese Cup\"), Hanoi also had a disappointing performance, being eliminated in the Round of 16 by [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An \"Song Lam Nghe An\"). Additionally, they failed to advance to the knockout stage of the [2017 AFC Cup](/wiki/2017_AFC_Cup \"2017 AFC Cup\") after a disheartening 2–6 defeat to [Ceres\\-Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC \"United City FC\") in their final group stage game.",
"In the [2018](/wiki/2018_V.League_1 \"2018 V.League 1\") season, the success of the [Vietnam U23](/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team \"Vietnam national under-23 football team\") team in the [2018 AFC U\\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship \"2018 AFC U-23 Championship\"), where Hanoi players played a crucial role, significantly boosted interest in the club. The team began with a hard\\-fought 1–0 victory over [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC \"Haiphong FC\") at Hang Day Stadium and then won 5–0 against [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\") in a match that reached the stadium's audience limit of 25,000\\. Hanoi FC secured the championship with 64 points and 72 goals scored, clinching the title with 5 rounds to spare. However, the season ended on a disappointing note when the team missed the opportunity to reach the [2018 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2018_Vietnamese_Cup \"2018 Vietnamese Cup\") final after a goalless draw against [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\") at [Gò Đậu Stadium](/wiki/G%C3%B2_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_Stadium \"Gò Đậu Stadium\"). With an aggregate score of 3–3, Hanoi was eliminated due to the away goals rule.",
"In 2019, Hanoi started the season with a victory in the [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2019_AFC_Champions_League \"2019 AFC Champions League\") round 1 play\\-off, winning 1–0 against Thai club [Bangkok United](/wiki/Bangkok_United_F.C. \"Bangkok United F.C.\"). However, in the second play\\-off match, Hanoi suffered a 2–4 defeat to Chinese team [Shandong Luneng](/wiki/Shandong_Luneng \"Shandong Luneng\") despite taking the lead in the first half and putting in a strong performance. This defeat saw the team enter the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup \"2019 AFC Cup\") group stage. Domestically, the season began with a 2–0 victory over [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\") in the Super Cup, followed by a remarkable 5–0 win against [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\").",
"The team faced a tougher title race than in the previous season, competing in three different competitions—[V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 \"V.League 1\"), the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Cup \"Vietnamese Cup\"), and the [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup \"AFC Cup\")—and contending with the rising side [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\"). Hanoi FC dropped points in stoppage time against underdogs like [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\"), [Sanna Khanh Hoa BVN](/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_FC \"Khanh Hoa FC\"), and direct competitors [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\"). Nevertheless, the team's strong performances in subsequent rounds allowed them to secure the V.League 1 title two rounds early after a victory against [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An \"Song Lam Nghe An\").",
"In the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup \"2019 AFC Cup\"), Hanoi topped Group F and progressed through the knockout stage, overcoming [Ceres Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC \"United City FC\"), [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\"), and [Altyn Asyr](/wiki/Altyn_Asyr_FK \"Altyn Asyr FK\") to reach the inter\\-zone final. They were narrowly eliminated by North Korean team [4\\.25 SC](/wiki/April_25_SC \"April 25 SC\") due to the away goals rule.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thethao247\\.vn/293\\-truc\\-tiep\\-april\\-25\\-vs\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-chien\\-thang\\-la\\-dieu\\-bat\\-buoc\\-d189427\\.html\\|title\\=Kết quả Hà Nội vs April 25: Hà Nội bị loại cay đắng\\|first\\=Thể\\|last\\=thao 247\\|website\\=Thể thao 247\\|date\\=2 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026080741/https://thethao247\\.vn/293\\-truc\\-tiep\\-april\\-25\\-vs\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-chien\\-thang\\-la\\-dieu\\-bat\\-buoc\\-d189427\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"With five [V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 \"V.League 1\") titles, Hanoi became the club with the most V.League 1 championships since the league's professionalization in the [2000\\-2001 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_V-League \"2000–01 V-League\"). In the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup \"2019 Vietnamese Cup\"), Hanoi defeated [Hong Linh Ha Tinh](/wiki/Hong_Linh_Ha_Tinh_FC \"Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC\") and [Duoc Nam Ha Nam Dinh](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_FC \"Thep Xanh Nam Dinh FC\") before securing a convincing 3–0 win against [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\") in the semi\\-final. Despite playing away and in adverse weather conditions due to a storm, Hanoi won the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup \"2019 Vietnamese Cup\"), adding the only major trophy previously missing from their collection.",
"In 2022, under the management of [Chun Jae\\-ho](/wiki/Chun_Jae-ho \"Chun Jae-ho\"), Hanoi FC won the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 \"2022 V.League 1\"), marking their sixth title and tying them with [The Cong\\-Viettel](/wiki/The_Cong-Viettel_FC \"The Cong-Viettel FC\") for the most V.League titles since the league began in 1980\\. They also won the [2022 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2022_Vietnamese_Cup \"2022 Vietnamese Cup\"), which qualified them for the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League \"2023–24 AFC Champions League\") group stage.",
"In the 2023 season, under Montenegro head coach [Bozidar Bandovic](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic \"Bozidar Bandovic\"), Hanoi started by winning the [2023 Vietnamese Super Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Super_Cup \"Vietnamese Super Cup\") after defeating [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC \"Haiphong FC\") in the final. However, this was their only title of the season as they finished as runners\\-up in the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 \"2023 V.League 1\"), behind [Hanoi Police](/wiki/Hanoi_Police_FC \"Hanoi Police FC\"). They were also eliminated in the Round of 16 of the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2023_Vietnamese_Cup \"2023 Vietnamese Cup\") after losing to [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC \"Viettel FC\").",
"#### AFC Champions League group stage debut",
"As a result of winning the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 \"2022 V.League 1\") title, Hanoi FC made their [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League \"2023–24 AFC Champions League\") group stage debut, being drawn in Group J with [Pohang Steelers](/wiki/Pohang_Steelers \"Pohang Steelers\"), [Wuhan Three Towns](/wiki/Wuhan_Three_Towns_F.C. \"Wuhan Three Towns F.C.\"), and [Urawa Red Diamonds](/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds \"Urawa Red Diamonds\"). To prepare for their first appearance in the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage \"2023–24 AFC Champions League group stage\"), Hanoi FC reached an agreement with the National Sports Complex to use [Mỹ Đình National Stadium](/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium \"Mỹ Đình National Stadium\") as their home ground.",
"On September 20, 2023, the club played their first match, suffering a 2–4 home defeat against South Korean side Pohang Steelers. In their second match, Hanoi lost 0–6 to the defending champions, Urawa Red Diamonds. Due to these poor performances, coach [Božidar Bandović](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic \"Bozidar Bandovic\") was sacked and replaced by his assistant, Lê Đức Tuấn.",
"In his debut away match against Chinese club Wuhan Three Towns, a 9\\-man Hanoi FC lost 1–2\\. However, in their fourth group match, Hanoi FC bounced back with a 2–1 victory over Wuhan Three Towns at home, with both goals scored by [Phạm Tuấn Hải](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%E1%BA%A5n_H%E1%BA%A3i \"Phạm Tuấn Hải\"). In the fifth group match, Hanoi FC lost again, this time 0–2 to Pohang Steelers. In their final match, the club achieved a 2–1 victory over Urawa Red Diamonds, eliminating the champions from defending their title and handing them their first loss against an ASEAN side in 16 years.",
""
] |
### First V.League title and establishment of a new powerhouse
Once the club established its foothold, Hanoi T\&T began to rapidly emerge as a strong contender and experienced success in its debut season in the top league. Although the club missed out on winning the 2009 season, they found joy the following year by clinching their first\-ever title in the 2010 season.
Thanks to good management and their domestic trophy win in 2010, Hanoi T\&T was able to participate in their first international tournament, the [2011 AFC Cup](/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup "2011 AFC Cup"). However, the club performed poorly in their debut AFC Cup campaign, finishing third in Group G.
In the [2012](/wiki/2012_V-League "2012 V-League") season, Hanoi T\&T finished in second place. There were many rumors suggesting that Hanoi T\&T played defensively throughout the final match against [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC "Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC") to help [SHB Da Nang](/wiki/SHB_Da_Nang "SHB Da Nang") win the title—another club owned by the same person who owned Hanoi T\&T—despite still having a chance to win the league. After this match, the owner of [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC "Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC") announced the dissolution of the team.
In the [2013](/wiki/2013_V-League "2013 V-League") season, Hanoi T\&T was crowned champion with one round to spare after a 2–1 victory over [Dong Tam Long An](/wiki/Long_An_FC "Long An FC"). This season also saw strikers Gonzalo and Samson excel, scoring a combined total of 28 goals and sharing the title of top scorer.
The [2014](/wiki/2014_V.League_1 "2014 V.League 1") and [2015](/wiki/2015_V.League_1 "2015 V.League 1") seasons marked the rise of [Becamex Bình Dương](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong"), and it was also a transitional period for Hanoi T\&T as a new generation of players, including Duy Manh, Van Thanh, and Minh Long, were promoted to the first team. With the departure of key players like goalkeeper Le Van Nghia and midfielder Sy Cuong, the team faced challenges. In the [2014 AFC Cup](/wiki/2014_AFC_Cup "2014 AFC Cup"), Hanoi T\&T finished first in Group F, defeated [Nay Pyi Taw](/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw_F.C. "Nay Pyi Taw F.C.") 5–0 in the Round of 16, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil_SC "Erbil SC") of Iraq, losing 3–0 on aggregate.
The [2016](/wiki/2016_V.League_1 "2016 V.League 1") season, which marked the 10th anniversary of the capital club, saw significant changes for Hanoi T\&T, including two coaching changes. The first occurred just a week before the season when coach Phan Thanh Hung resigned. He was replaced by Pham Minh Duc, the coach of the Hanoi U21 T\&T team at the time. However, Pham Minh Duc's tenure began poorly, with the team earning only 1 point from the first 4 matches and sitting at the bottom of the table. On March 17, 2016, the team decided to replace Pham Minh Duc with assistant [Chu Dinh Nghiem](/wiki/Chu_Dinh_Nghiem "Chu Dinh Nghiem"). This change led to a remarkable improvement in gameplay and results, allowing the team to rise steadily up the table with only 2 rounds remaining.
In the penultimate round, needing a win to keep their championship hopes alive, Hanoi T\&T secured all 3 points with a 1–0 victory over [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC"), thanks to a goal from [Nguyen Van Quyet](/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Quyet "Nguyen Van Quyet"). This result gave them control over their own destiny in the final match. A 2–0 victory over [FLC Thanh Hoa](/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_FC "Thanh Hoa FC"), featuring a double from Gonzalo, allowed Hanoi T\&T to win the V\-League championship for the third time, finishing just above Hai Phong on goal difference. However, in the [2016 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2016_Vietnamese_Cup "2016 Vietnamese Cup"), the team finished as runners\-up after a narrow 1–2 loss to [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC") at [Hang Day Stadium](/wiki/Hang_Day_Stadium "Hang Day Stadium").
|
[
"### First V.League title and establishment of a new powerhouse",
"Once the club established its foothold, Hanoi T\\&T began to rapidly emerge as a strong contender and experienced success in its debut season in the top league. Although the club missed out on winning the 2009 season, they found joy the following year by clinching their first\\-ever title in the 2010 season.",
"Thanks to good management and their domestic trophy win in 2010, Hanoi T\\&T was able to participate in their first international tournament, the [2011 AFC Cup](/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup \"2011 AFC Cup\"). However, the club performed poorly in their debut AFC Cup campaign, finishing third in Group G.",
"In the [2012](/wiki/2012_V-League \"2012 V-League\") season, Hanoi T\\&T finished in second place. There were many rumors suggesting that Hanoi T\\&T played defensively throughout the final match against [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC \"Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC\") to help [SHB Da Nang](/wiki/SHB_Da_Nang \"SHB Da Nang\") win the title—another club owned by the same person who owned Hanoi T\\&T—despite still having a chance to win the league. After this match, the owner of [Xuan Thanh Saigon](/wiki/Xuan_Thanh_Saigon_Cement_FC \"Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC\") announced the dissolution of the team.",
"In the [2013](/wiki/2013_V-League \"2013 V-League\") season, Hanoi T\\&T was crowned champion with one round to spare after a 2–1 victory over [Dong Tam Long An](/wiki/Long_An_FC \"Long An FC\"). This season also saw strikers Gonzalo and Samson excel, scoring a combined total of 28 goals and sharing the title of top scorer.",
"The [2014](/wiki/2014_V.League_1 \"2014 V.League 1\") and [2015](/wiki/2015_V.League_1 \"2015 V.League 1\") seasons marked the rise of [Becamex Bình Dương](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\"), and it was also a transitional period for Hanoi T\\&T as a new generation of players, including Duy Manh, Van Thanh, and Minh Long, were promoted to the first team. With the departure of key players like goalkeeper Le Van Nghia and midfielder Sy Cuong, the team faced challenges. In the [2014 AFC Cup](/wiki/2014_AFC_Cup \"2014 AFC Cup\"), Hanoi T\\&T finished first in Group F, defeated [Nay Pyi Taw](/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw_F.C. \"Nay Pyi Taw F.C.\") 5–0 in the Round of 16, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil_SC \"Erbil SC\") of Iraq, losing 3–0 on aggregate.",
"The [2016](/wiki/2016_V.League_1 \"2016 V.League 1\") season, which marked the 10th anniversary of the capital club, saw significant changes for Hanoi T\\&T, including two coaching changes. The first occurred just a week before the season when coach Phan Thanh Hung resigned. He was replaced by Pham Minh Duc, the coach of the Hanoi U21 T\\&T team at the time. However, Pham Minh Duc's tenure began poorly, with the team earning only 1 point from the first 4 matches and sitting at the bottom of the table. On March 17, 2016, the team decided to replace Pham Minh Duc with assistant [Chu Dinh Nghiem](/wiki/Chu_Dinh_Nghiem \"Chu Dinh Nghiem\"). This change led to a remarkable improvement in gameplay and results, allowing the team to rise steadily up the table with only 2 rounds remaining.",
"In the penultimate round, needing a win to keep their championship hopes alive, Hanoi T\\&T secured all 3 points with a 1–0 victory over [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\"), thanks to a goal from [Nguyen Van Quyet](/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Quyet \"Nguyen Van Quyet\"). This result gave them control over their own destiny in the final match. A 2–0 victory over [FLC Thanh Hoa](/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_FC \"Thanh Hoa FC\"), featuring a double from Gonzalo, allowed Hanoi T\\&T to win the V\\-League championship for the third time, finishing just above Hai Phong on goal difference. However, in the [2016 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2016_Vietnamese_Cup \"2016 Vietnamese Cup\"), the team finished as runners\\-up after a narrow 1–2 loss to [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\") at [Hang Day Stadium](/wiki/Hang_Day_Stadium \"Hang Day Stadium\").",
""
] |
### Name change
In 2016, shortly after winning the V\-League title, T\&T Group decided to dedicate the club to the people of Hanoi, withdrawing its stake and officially renaming the club **Hanoi Football Club**. The City Council also decided to grant [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium "Hàng Đẫy Stadium") to the club as a tribute, allowing the team to use and improve the facilities.
The [2017](/wiki/2017_V.League_1 "2017 V.League 1") season ended disappointingly for the purple team. They finished in 3rd place despite holding a significant advantage in the final round. After winning 1–0 against [QNK Quang Nam](/wiki/Quang_Nam_FC "Quang Nam FC") (the eventual champions) in the penultimate round, they drew 4–4 with [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC") in the final round. In the [2017 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2017_Vietnamese_Cup "2017 Vietnamese Cup"), Hanoi also had a disappointing performance, being eliminated in the Round of 16 by [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An "Song Lam Nghe An"). Additionally, they failed to advance to the knockout stage of the [2017 AFC Cup](/wiki/2017_AFC_Cup "2017 AFC Cup") after a disheartening 2–6 defeat to [Ceres\-Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC "United City FC") in their final group stage game.
In the [2018](/wiki/2018_V.League_1 "2018 V.League 1") season, the success of the [Vietnam U23](/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team "Vietnam national under-23 football team") team in the [2018 AFC U\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship "2018 AFC U-23 Championship"), where Hanoi players played a crucial role, significantly boosted interest in the club. The team began with a hard\-fought 1–0 victory over [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC "Haiphong FC") at Hang Day Stadium and then won 5–0 against [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC") in a match that reached the stadium's audience limit of 25,000\. Hanoi FC secured the championship with 64 points and 72 goals scored, clinching the title with 5 rounds to spare. However, the season ended on a disappointing note when the team missed the opportunity to reach the [2018 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2018_Vietnamese_Cup "2018 Vietnamese Cup") final after a goalless draw against [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong") at [Gò Đậu Stadium](/wiki/G%C3%B2_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_Stadium "Gò Đậu Stadium"). With an aggregate score of 3–3, Hanoi was eliminated due to the away goals rule.
In 2019, Hanoi started the season with a victory in the [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2019_AFC_Champions_League "2019 AFC Champions League") round 1 play\-off, winning 1–0 against Thai club [Bangkok United](/wiki/Bangkok_United_F.C. "Bangkok United F.C."). However, in the second play\-off match, Hanoi suffered a 2–4 defeat to Chinese team [Shandong Luneng](/wiki/Shandong_Luneng "Shandong Luneng") despite taking the lead in the first half and putting in a strong performance. This defeat saw the team enter the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup "2019 AFC Cup") group stage. Domestically, the season began with a 2–0 victory over [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong") in the Super Cup, followed by a remarkable 5–0 win against [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC "Than Quang Ninh FC").
The team faced a tougher title race than in the previous season, competing in three different competitions—[V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 "V.League 1"), the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Cup "Vietnamese Cup"), and the [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup "AFC Cup")—and contending with the rising side [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC"). Hanoi FC dropped points in stoppage time against underdogs like [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC"), [Sanna Khanh Hoa BVN](/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_FC "Khanh Hoa FC"), and direct competitors [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC"). Nevertheless, the team's strong performances in subsequent rounds allowed them to secure the V.League 1 title two rounds early after a victory against [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An "Song Lam Nghe An").
In the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup "2019 AFC Cup"), Hanoi topped Group F and progressed through the knockout stage, overcoming [Ceres Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC "United City FC"), [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong"), and [Altyn Asyr](/wiki/Altyn_Asyr_FK "Altyn Asyr FK") to reach the inter\-zone final. They were narrowly eliminated by North Korean team [4\.25 SC](/wiki/April_25_SC "April 25 SC") due to the away goals rule.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thethao247\.vn/293\-truc\-tiep\-april\-25\-vs\-ha\-noi\-fc\-chien\-thang\-la\-dieu\-bat\-buoc\-d189427\.html\|title\=Kết quả Hà Nội vs April 25: Hà Nội bị loại cay đắng\|first\=Thể\|last\=thao 247\|website\=Thể thao 247\|date\=2 October 2019 \|access\-date\=21 October 2020\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026080741/https://thethao247\.vn/293\-truc\-tiep\-april\-25\-vs\-ha\-noi\-fc\-chien\-thang\-la\-dieu\-bat\-buoc\-d189427\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
With five [V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 "V.League 1") titles, Hanoi became the club with the most V.League 1 championships since the league's professionalization in the [2000\-2001 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_V-League "2000–01 V-League"). In the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup "2019 Vietnamese Cup"), Hanoi defeated [Hong Linh Ha Tinh](/wiki/Hong_Linh_Ha_Tinh_FC "Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC") and [Duoc Nam Ha Nam Dinh](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_FC "Thep Xanh Nam Dinh FC") before securing a convincing 3–0 win against [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC "Ho Chi Minh City FC") in the semi\-final. Despite playing away and in adverse weather conditions due to a storm, Hanoi won the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup "2019 Vietnamese Cup"), adding the only major trophy previously missing from their collection.
In 2022, under the management of [Chun Jae\-ho](/wiki/Chun_Jae-ho "Chun Jae-ho"), Hanoi FC won the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 "2022 V.League 1"), marking their sixth title and tying them with [The Cong\-Viettel](/wiki/The_Cong-Viettel_FC "The Cong-Viettel FC") for the most V.League titles since the league began in 1980\. They also won the [2022 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2022_Vietnamese_Cup "2022 Vietnamese Cup"), which qualified them for the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League "2023–24 AFC Champions League") group stage.
In the 2023 season, under Montenegro head coach [Bozidar Bandovic](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic "Bozidar Bandovic"), Hanoi started by winning the [2023 Vietnamese Super Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Super_Cup "Vietnamese Super Cup") after defeating [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC "Haiphong FC") in the final. However, this was their only title of the season as they finished as runners\-up in the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 "2023 V.League 1"), behind [Hanoi Police](/wiki/Hanoi_Police_FC "Hanoi Police FC"). They were also eliminated in the Round of 16 of the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2023_Vietnamese_Cup "2023 Vietnamese Cup") after losing to [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC "Viettel FC").
#### AFC Champions League group stage debut
As a result of winning the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 "2022 V.League 1") title, Hanoi FC made their [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League "2023–24 AFC Champions League") group stage debut, being drawn in Group J with [Pohang Steelers](/wiki/Pohang_Steelers "Pohang Steelers"), [Wuhan Three Towns](/wiki/Wuhan_Three_Towns_F.C. "Wuhan Three Towns F.C."), and [Urawa Red Diamonds](/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds "Urawa Red Diamonds"). To prepare for their first appearance in the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage "2023–24 AFC Champions League group stage"), Hanoi FC reached an agreement with the National Sports Complex to use [Mỹ Đình National Stadium](/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium "Mỹ Đình National Stadium") as their home ground.
On September 20, 2023, the club played their first match, suffering a 2–4 home defeat against South Korean side Pohang Steelers. In their second match, Hanoi lost 0–6 to the defending champions, Urawa Red Diamonds. Due to these poor performances, coach [Božidar Bandović](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic "Bozidar Bandovic") was sacked and replaced by his assistant, Lê Đức Tuấn.
In his debut away match against Chinese club Wuhan Three Towns, a 9\-man Hanoi FC lost 1–2\. However, in their fourth group match, Hanoi FC bounced back with a 2–1 victory over Wuhan Three Towns at home, with both goals scored by [Phạm Tuấn Hải](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%E1%BA%A5n_H%E1%BA%A3i "Phạm Tuấn Hải"). In the fifth group match, Hanoi FC lost again, this time 0–2 to Pohang Steelers. In their final match, the club achieved a 2–1 victory over Urawa Red Diamonds, eliminating the champions from defending their title and handing them their first loss against an ASEAN side in 16 years.
|
[
"### Name change",
"In 2016, shortly after winning the V\\-League title, T\\&T Group decided to dedicate the club to the people of Hanoi, withdrawing its stake and officially renaming the club **Hanoi Football Club**. The City Council also decided to grant [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium \"Hàng Đẫy Stadium\") to the club as a tribute, allowing the team to use and improve the facilities.",
"The [2017](/wiki/2017_V.League_1 \"2017 V.League 1\") season ended disappointingly for the purple team. They finished in 3rd place despite holding a significant advantage in the final round. After winning 1–0 against [QNK Quang Nam](/wiki/Quang_Nam_FC \"Quang Nam FC\") (the eventual champions) in the penultimate round, they drew 4–4 with [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\") in the final round. In the [2017 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2017_Vietnamese_Cup \"2017 Vietnamese Cup\"), Hanoi also had a disappointing performance, being eliminated in the Round of 16 by [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An \"Song Lam Nghe An\"). Additionally, they failed to advance to the knockout stage of the [2017 AFC Cup](/wiki/2017_AFC_Cup \"2017 AFC Cup\") after a disheartening 2–6 defeat to [Ceres\\-Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC \"United City FC\") in their final group stage game.",
"In the [2018](/wiki/2018_V.League_1 \"2018 V.League 1\") season, the success of the [Vietnam U23](/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team \"Vietnam national under-23 football team\") team in the [2018 AFC U\\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship \"2018 AFC U-23 Championship\"), where Hanoi players played a crucial role, significantly boosted interest in the club. The team began with a hard\\-fought 1–0 victory over [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC \"Haiphong FC\") at Hang Day Stadium and then won 5–0 against [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\") in a match that reached the stadium's audience limit of 25,000\\. Hanoi FC secured the championship with 64 points and 72 goals scored, clinching the title with 5 rounds to spare. However, the season ended on a disappointing note when the team missed the opportunity to reach the [2018 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2018_Vietnamese_Cup \"2018 Vietnamese Cup\") final after a goalless draw against [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\") at [Gò Đậu Stadium](/wiki/G%C3%B2_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_Stadium \"Gò Đậu Stadium\"). With an aggregate score of 3–3, Hanoi was eliminated due to the away goals rule.",
"In 2019, Hanoi started the season with a victory in the [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2019_AFC_Champions_League \"2019 AFC Champions League\") round 1 play\\-off, winning 1–0 against Thai club [Bangkok United](/wiki/Bangkok_United_F.C. \"Bangkok United F.C.\"). However, in the second play\\-off match, Hanoi suffered a 2–4 defeat to Chinese team [Shandong Luneng](/wiki/Shandong_Luneng \"Shandong Luneng\") despite taking the lead in the first half and putting in a strong performance. This defeat saw the team enter the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup \"2019 AFC Cup\") group stage. Domestically, the season began with a 2–0 victory over [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\") in the Super Cup, followed by a remarkable 5–0 win against [Than Quang Ninh](/wiki/Than_Quang_Ninh_FC \"Than Quang Ninh FC\").",
"The team faced a tougher title race than in the previous season, competing in three different competitions—[V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 \"V.League 1\"), the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Cup \"Vietnamese Cup\"), and the [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup \"AFC Cup\")—and contending with the rising side [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\"). Hanoi FC dropped points in stoppage time against underdogs like [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\"), [Sanna Khanh Hoa BVN](/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_FC \"Khanh Hoa FC\"), and direct competitors [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\"). Nevertheless, the team's strong performances in subsequent rounds allowed them to secure the V.League 1 title two rounds early after a victory against [Song Lam Nghe An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An \"Song Lam Nghe An\").",
"In the [2019 AFC Cup](/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup \"2019 AFC Cup\"), Hanoi topped Group F and progressed through the knockout stage, overcoming [Ceres Negros](/wiki/United_City_FC \"United City FC\"), [Becamex Binh Duong](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\"), and [Altyn Asyr](/wiki/Altyn_Asyr_FK \"Altyn Asyr FK\") to reach the inter\\-zone final. They were narrowly eliminated by North Korean team [4\\.25 SC](/wiki/April_25_SC \"April 25 SC\") due to the away goals rule.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thethao247\\.vn/293\\-truc\\-tiep\\-april\\-25\\-vs\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-chien\\-thang\\-la\\-dieu\\-bat\\-buoc\\-d189427\\.html\\|title\\=Kết quả Hà Nội vs April 25: Hà Nội bị loại cay đắng\\|first\\=Thể\\|last\\=thao 247\\|website\\=Thể thao 247\\|date\\=2 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026080741/https://thethao247\\.vn/293\\-truc\\-tiep\\-april\\-25\\-vs\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-chien\\-thang\\-la\\-dieu\\-bat\\-buoc\\-d189427\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"With five [V.League 1](/wiki/V.League_1 \"V.League 1\") titles, Hanoi became the club with the most V.League 1 championships since the league's professionalization in the [2000\\-2001 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_V-League \"2000–01 V-League\"). In the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup \"2019 Vietnamese Cup\"), Hanoi defeated [Hong Linh Ha Tinh](/wiki/Hong_Linh_Ha_Tinh_FC \"Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC\") and [Duoc Nam Ha Nam Dinh](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_FC \"Thep Xanh Nam Dinh FC\") before securing a convincing 3–0 win against [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_FC \"Ho Chi Minh City FC\") in the semi\\-final. Despite playing away and in adverse weather conditions due to a storm, Hanoi won the [2019 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_Cup \"2019 Vietnamese Cup\"), adding the only major trophy previously missing from their collection.",
"In 2022, under the management of [Chun Jae\\-ho](/wiki/Chun_Jae-ho \"Chun Jae-ho\"), Hanoi FC won the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 \"2022 V.League 1\"), marking their sixth title and tying them with [The Cong\\-Viettel](/wiki/The_Cong-Viettel_FC \"The Cong-Viettel FC\") for the most V.League titles since the league began in 1980\\. They also won the [2022 Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2022_Vietnamese_Cup \"2022 Vietnamese Cup\"), which qualified them for the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League \"2023–24 AFC Champions League\") group stage.",
"In the 2023 season, under Montenegro head coach [Bozidar Bandovic](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic \"Bozidar Bandovic\"), Hanoi started by winning the [2023 Vietnamese Super Cup](/wiki/Vietnamese_Super_Cup \"Vietnamese Super Cup\") after defeating [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong_FC \"Haiphong FC\") in the final. However, this was their only title of the season as they finished as runners\\-up in the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 \"2023 V.League 1\"), behind [Hanoi Police](/wiki/Hanoi_Police_FC \"Hanoi Police FC\"). They were also eliminated in the Round of 16 of the [Vietnamese Cup](/wiki/2023_Vietnamese_Cup \"2023 Vietnamese Cup\") after losing to [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC \"Viettel FC\").",
"#### AFC Champions League group stage debut",
"As a result of winning the [2022 V.League 1](/wiki/2022_V.League_1 \"2022 V.League 1\") title, Hanoi FC made their [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League \"2023–24 AFC Champions League\") group stage debut, being drawn in Group J with [Pohang Steelers](/wiki/Pohang_Steelers \"Pohang Steelers\"), [Wuhan Three Towns](/wiki/Wuhan_Three_Towns_F.C. \"Wuhan Three Towns F.C.\"), and [Urawa Red Diamonds](/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds \"Urawa Red Diamonds\"). To prepare for their first appearance in the [2023–24 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage \"2023–24 AFC Champions League group stage\"), Hanoi FC reached an agreement with the National Sports Complex to use [Mỹ Đình National Stadium](/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium \"Mỹ Đình National Stadium\") as their home ground.",
"On September 20, 2023, the club played their first match, suffering a 2–4 home defeat against South Korean side Pohang Steelers. In their second match, Hanoi lost 0–6 to the defending champions, Urawa Red Diamonds. Due to these poor performances, coach [Božidar Bandović](/wiki/Bozidar_Bandovic \"Bozidar Bandovic\") was sacked and replaced by his assistant, Lê Đức Tuấn.",
"In his debut away match against Chinese club Wuhan Three Towns, a 9\\-man Hanoi FC lost 1–2\\. However, in their fourth group match, Hanoi FC bounced back with a 2–1 victory over Wuhan Three Towns at home, with both goals scored by [Phạm Tuấn Hải](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%E1%BA%A5n_H%E1%BA%A3i \"Phạm Tuấn Hải\"). In the fifth group match, Hanoi FC lost again, this time 0–2 to Pohang Steelers. In their final match, the club achieved a 2–1 victory over Urawa Red Diamonds, eliminating the champions from defending their title and handing them their first loss against an ASEAN side in 16 years.",
""
] |
Rivalries
---------
### [Hải Phòng](/wiki/Haiphong_FC "Haiphong FC")
In terms of geographical factors, [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi") and [Hải Phòng](/wiki/Haiphong "Haiphong") are the two largest cities in northern Vietnam, and their rivalry extends beyond football. Both clubs are among the most successful in the North, making their confrontations known as the "Northern Derby."{{Cite web\|url\=https://vietnam9\.net/vi\-sao\-v\-league\-lai\-khong\-co\-tran\-derby/\|title\=Vì sao V.League lại không có trận derby\|date\=20 September 2019\|website\=Việt Nam 9\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=16 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065522/https://vietnam9\.net/vi\-sao\-v\-league\-lai\-khong\-co\-tran\-derby/\|url\-status\=live}}
Portland is another team that consistently poses challenges for Hanoi FC, often playing in an unpleasant manner. The matches between the two teams are always intense on the field, reflecting the fierce rivalry among their fans. The peak of this rivalry was in the 2016 V.League season, when Hanoi won the championship, edging out Hải Phòng, which was a highly competitive team at that time.
Matches between the teams are often marked by flares, a specialty of Hải Phòng's supporters.{{cite web\|url\=https://laodong.vn/bong\-da/vi\-sao\-cdv\-hai\-phong\-thich\-dot\-phao\-sang\-o\-san\-hang\-day\-730030\.ldo\|title\=Vì sao CĐV Hải Phòng thích đốt pháo sáng ở sân Hàng Đẫy?\|website\=laodong.vn\|date\=26 April 2019\|accessdate\=6 June 2021\|archive\-date\=6 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506132929/https://laodong.vn/bong\-da/vi\-sao\-cdv\-hai\-phong\-thich\-dot\-phao\-sang\-o\-san\-hang\-day\-730030\.ldo\|url\-status\=live}} In the 2017 season, Hải Phòng was disciplined for causing disturbances in their match against Hanoi during the 6th round of the V.League, resulting in a ban on fans attending away games. In the second leg of that season, a "rain" of flares and water bottles were thrown at My Dinh Stadium (due to Hang Day Stadium's renovation). The VFF Disciplinary Committee subsequently banned Hai Phong fans from away games at the end of the first leg.
In the 2018 season, Hải Phòng was fined a record amount of over 300 million VND by the VFF Disciplinary Committee for setting off flares. However, by the 6th round of the 2019 V.League, a significant number of flares were again burned. Mr. Tran Anh Tu, Chairman of the Board and General Director of VPF, remarked that the match between Hanoi and Hải Phòng had "the most firecrackers ever" he had witnessed. Mr. Vu Xuan Thanh, Head of the VFF Disciplinary Committee, noted that Hải Phòng fans had brought boxes of flares into the stadium.
Over more than a decade of confrontations in the V.League, Hải Phòng and Hanoi FC have each scored 63 goals against each other. Striker [Hoang Vu Samson](/wiki/Hoang_Vu_Samson "Hoang Vu Samson") of Hanoi FC is the highest scorer in this rivalry with 12 goals. The intense nature of each match has turned the "Northern Derby" into a crucial and exciting fixture of the V.League, representing a rare true derby in the national championship.
### [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC "Cong An Ha Noi FC")
After being promoted to the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 "2023 V.League 1"), Công An Nhân Dân changed its name to the current [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC "Cong An Ha Noi FC"), following its relocation to [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi"). [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC "Cong An Ha Noi FC") also shares [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium "Hàng Đẫy Stadium") with Hanoi FC. Shortly after its rebranding, the team made several major signings, including [Đoàn Văn Hậu](/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BA%ADu "Đoàn Văn Hậu") from Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\|url\=https://vov.vn/the\-thao/doan\-van\-hau\-gia\-nhap\-clb\-cong\-an\-ha\-noi\-post991265\.vov\|title\=Đoàn Văn Hậu gia nhập CLB Công an Hà Nội\|date\=18 December 2022\|website\=Voices of Vietnam\|access\-date\=2 November 2023\|archive\-date\=2 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152202/https://vov.vn/the\-thao/doan\-van\-hau\-gia\-nhap\-clb\-cong\-an\-ha\-noi\-post991265\.vov\|url\-status\=live}} Công An Hà Nội's rapid rise challenged Hanoi FC's dominant status in the league, leading to a new rivalry between the two teams.{{Cite web\|url\=https://baotintuc.vn/bong\-da/cong\-an\-ha\-noi\-va\-ha\-noi\-fc\-dai\-chien\-derby\-thu\-do\-20230806135118889\.htm\|title\=Công an Hà Nội và Hà Nội FC: 'Đại chiến' derby Thủ đô\|date\=6 August 2023\|website\=Báo Tin Tức\|access\-date\=2 November 2023\|archive\-date\=2 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152202/https://baotintuc.vn/bong\-da/cong\-an\-ha\-noi\-va\-ha\-noi\-fc\-dai\-chien\-derby\-thu\-do\-20230806135118889\.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
### [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC")
In the 21st century, [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC "Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC") and Hanoi FC are widely regarded as the most supported clubs in Vietnam, and their confrontations are dubbed the "Vietnamese Super Derby." From 2009 to the end of 2023, the two teams have met 34 times in all competitions, with Hanoi FC leading with 17 wins, 7 draws, and 10 losses. However, the intense rivalry gained significant attention starting in 2018, when U23 Vietnam, featuring many players from both clubs, finished as runners\-up in the [AFC U\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship "2018 AFC U-23 Championship").
Since then, matches between Hoang Anh Gia Lai and Hanoi FC have attracted substantial media coverage, as the competition extends beyond the field to include differing football philosophies and management approaches,{{Cite web\|url\=https://laodong.vn/the\-thao/noi\-nong\-o\-san\-pleiku\-hlv\-chu\-dinh\-nghiem\-xin\-loi\-nguoi\-ham\-mo\-606753\.ldo\|title\=Nổi nóng ở sân Pleiku, HLV Chu Đình Nghiêm xin lỗi người hâm mộ\|website\=laodong.vn\|date\=13 May 2018\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=8 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113653/https://laodong.vn/the\-thao/noi\-nong\-o\-san\-pleiku\-hlv\-chu\-dinh\-nghiem\-xin\-loi\-nguoi\-ham\-mo\-606753\.ldo\|url\-status\=live}} particularly between their owners Đỗ Quang Hiển and Đoàn Nguyên Đức.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thanhnien.vn/the\-thao/content/OTA5MDA\=.html\|title\=Bầu Đức đã muốn thắng bầu Hiển sau 12 năm\|date\=15 April 2021\|website\=Báo Thanh Niên}} Flares and bottle\-throwing incidents have occurred during these matches,{{Cite web\|url\=https://bongda24h.vn/vleague/cdv\-ha\-noi\-dot\-phao\-sang\-cdv\-hagl\-nem\-chai\-lo\-xuong\-san\-291\-183612\.html\|title\=CĐV Hà Nội đốt pháo sáng, fan HAGL ném chai lọ xuống sân\|date\=6 April 2018\|website\=Tin bóng đá 24h\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=8 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113654/https://bongda24h.vn/vleague/cdv\-ha\-noi\-dot\-phao\-sang\-cdv\-hagl\-nem\-chai\-lo\-xuong\-san\-291\-183612\.html\|url\-status\=live}} and tensions have occasionally escalated among players, fans, and even coaching staff. The intense nature of these encounters has often led to controversial referee decisions that impact the game's dynamics and outcomes.{{Cite web\|url\=https://saostar.vn/the\-thao/hlv\-hagl\-noi\-gi\-ve\-chuyen\-trong\-tai\-bi\-khan\-gia\-phan\-ung\-20201015201727951\.html\|title\=HLV HAGL nói gì về chuyện trọng tài bị khán giả phản ứng?\|date\=15 October 2020\|website\=Tạp chí điện tử Saostar.vn\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=8 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113650/https://saostar.vn/the\-thao/hlv\-hagl\-noi\-gi\-ve\-chuyen\-trong\-tai\-bi\-khan\-gia\-phan\-ung\-20201015201727951\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC "Viettel FC")
Like [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC "Cong An Ha Noi FC"), [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_Football_Club "Viettel Football Club") and Hanoi FC are local football clubs based in Hanoi. The two teams first met officially during the 2009 season. With the resurgence and rise of Viettel, the Hanoi Derby in 2020 was particularly tense, featuring two red cards, one for each team.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thanhnien.vn/the\-thao/tuong\-thuat/ha\-noi\-fc\-viettel\-469370\.html\|title\=Kết quả bóng đá Hà Nội FC 0\-1 Viettel: 2 thẻ đỏ và 1 cú ra chân chính xác của Trọng Hoàng!\|date\=7 April 2021\|website\=Thanh Niên\|access\-date\=7 July 2021\|archive\-date\=9 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184914/https://thanhnien.vn/the\-thao/tuong\-thuat/ha\-noi\-fc\-viettel\-469370\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/thua\-viettel\-hlv\-ha\-noi\-fc\-van\-tu\-tin\-con\-co\-hoi\-dua\-vo\-dich\-vleague/704703\.vnp\|title\=Thua Viettel, HLV Hà Nội FC vẫn tự tin còn cơ hội đua vô địch V\-League \| Bóng đá \| Vietnam\+ (VietnamPlus)\|date\=7 April 2021\|website\=VietnamPlus\|access\-date\=7 July 2021\|archive\-date\=9 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183617/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/thua\-viettel\-hlv\-ha\-noi\-fc\-van\-tu\-tin\-con\-co\-hoi\-dua\-vo\-dich\-vleague/704703\.vnp\|url\-status\=live}} They have faced each other 16 times in their history, with Hanoi FC dominating [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC "Viettel FC") with 10 wins, 4 draws and 2 losses.
### [Nam Định](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_F.C. "Thep Xanh Nam Dinh F.C.")
Nam Định fans began to follow in Hải Phòng's footsteps by setting off flares at Hàng Đẫy Stadium as an act of revenge against Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\|url\=https://xemdabanhhd.com/cdv\-nam\-dinh\-dot\-phao\-sang\-de\-tra\-thu\-ha\-noi\-fc\|title\=CĐV Nam Định đốt pháo sáng để trả thù Hà Nội FC?\|first\=Từ\|last\=Hoảng\|date\=16 September 2019\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=16 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516104212/https://xemdabanhhd.com/cdv\-nam\-dinh\-dot\-phao\-sang\-de\-tra\-thu\-ha\-noi\-fc\|url\-status\=live}} The situation escalated in Round 22 of the 2019 V\-League. During the second half of the match between Hanoi and Nam Định, a flare launched from Stand B, where Nam Định fans were seated, shot toward Stand A, striking a female fan named Huyền Anh in the thigh. She suffered severe sulfur burns that affected her bone, requiring surgery.{{Cite web\|url\=https://trandau.net/cdv\-nam\-dinh\-dot\-phao\-sang\-lam\-mot\-nguoi\-bi\-thuong\-nang/\|title\=CĐV Nam Định đốt pháo sáng làm một người bị thương nặng\|date\=12 September 2019\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=16 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516105725/https://trandau.net/cdv\-nam\-dinh\-dot\-phao\-sang\-lam\-mot\-nguoi\-bi\-thuong\-nang/\|url\-status\=live}}
This incident sparked outrage in the Vietnamese online community, with many condemning the extreme actions of some Nam Định fans. The police in Đống Đa district prosecuted the case and summoned 14 Nam Định fans for questioning. Nguyễn Đức Chung, Chairman of the Hanoi People's Committee, directed the City Police to focus on investigating, clarifying, and strictly handling those responsible for the incident.{{Cite web\|url\=https://nld.com.vn/news\-20190914090007063\.htm\|title\=Khởi tố vụ án, triệu tập nhiều CĐV Nam Định điều tra vụ đốt pháo, làm loạn sân Hàng Đẫy\|date\=14 September 2019\|website\=nld.com.vn\|access\-date\=12 August 2021\|archive\-date\=12 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124712/https://nld.com.vn/news\-20190914090007063\.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
The match organizers (BTC) imposed heavy penalties on those involved. Hanoi FC was fined 85 million VND for failing to ensure match security. Nam Định was also fined 85 million VND, with 70 million VND for allowing fans to light flares and 15 million VND for throwing objects onto the field. Despite the incident, Hanoi FC won the match 6–1\.
### Others
[Sông Lam Nghệ An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An_FC "Song Lam Nghe An FC") has always been a challenging opponent for both the former Hanoi T\&T and the current Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\|title\=Hà Nội FC 0\-1 SLNA: Dứt mạch bất bại 32 trận trên sân nhà\|url\=https://bongdaplus.vn/v\-league/ha\-noi\-fc\-0\-1\-slna\-dut\-mach\-bat\-bai\-32\-tran\-tren\-san\-nha\-3014012006\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-12\|website\=Bongdaplus\-Báo Bóng đá\|language\=vi\|archive\-date\=7 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507103745/https://bongdaplus.vn/v\-league/ha\-noi\-fc\-0\-1\-slna\-dut\-mach\-bat\-bai\-32\-tran\-tren\-san\-nha\-3014012006\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The matches between these teams are always tense, sometimes even violent, with mixed results. Similar to their encounters with Hải Phòng FC, these games are intense both on the field and in the stands. Notably, it was Sông Lam Nghệ An who ended Hanoi FC's 32\-match unbeaten streak at home, coinciding with the club's anniversary.{{Cite web\|url\=https://vtc.vn/slna\-thang\-ha\-noi\-fc\-o\-hang\-day\-sau\-8\-nam\-pha\-hang\-loat\-ky\-luc\-ar552727\.html\|title\=Hà Nội FC thua đau SLNA trong ngày sinh nhật, mất kỷ lục bất bại trên sân nhà\|first\=V. T. C.\|last\=News\|date\=18 June 2020\|website\=Báo điện tử VTC News\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=14 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514000148/https://vtc.vn/slna\-thang\-ha\-noi\-fc\-o\-hang\-day\-sau\-8\-nam\-pha\-hang\-loat\-ky\-luc\-ar552727\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
The rivalry with [Becamex Bình Dương FC](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong "Becamex Binh Duong") has always been intense throughout the seasons, with matches often being highly dramatic. Both teams have frequently won on each other's home grounds. At its peak, Becamex Bình Dương was the only team capable of surpassing Hanoi FC to win the championship for two consecutive years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thethao247\.vn/365\-ket\-qua\-clb\-ha\-noi\-binh\-duong\-them\-mot\-lan\-dau\-d223745\.html\|title\=Hà Nội thua ngược Bình Dương, xuống đáy BXH V.League\|first\=Thể\|last\=thao 247\|date\=23 January 2021\|website\=Thể thao 247\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=7 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507152355/https://thethao247\.vn/365\-ket\-qua\-clb\-ha\-noi\-binh\-duong\-them\-mot\-lan\-dau\-d223745\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://webthethao.vn/bong\-da\-viet\-nam/clb\-ha\-noi\-va\-su\-cong\-bang\-cua\-vleague\-y6oXd0tGR.htm\|title\=CLB Hà Nội và sự công bằng của V.League\|website\=webthethao.vn\|access\-date\=6 July 2021\|archive\-date\=2 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202092822/https://webthethao.vn/bong\-da\-viet\-nam/clb\-ha\-noi\-va\-su\-cong\-bang\-cua\-vleague\-y6oXd0tGR.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Rivalries\n---------",
"### [Hải Phòng](/wiki/Haiphong_FC \"Haiphong FC\")",
"In terms of geographical factors, [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\") and [Hải Phòng](/wiki/Haiphong \"Haiphong\") are the two largest cities in northern Vietnam, and their rivalry extends beyond football. Both clubs are among the most successful in the North, making their confrontations known as the \"Northern Derby.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://vietnam9\\.net/vi\\-sao\\-v\\-league\\-lai\\-khong\\-co\\-tran\\-derby/\\|title\\=Vì sao V.League lại không có trận derby\\|date\\=20 September 2019\\|website\\=Việt Nam 9\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065522/https://vietnam9\\.net/vi\\-sao\\-v\\-league\\-lai\\-khong\\-co\\-tran\\-derby/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Portland is another team that consistently poses challenges for Hanoi FC, often playing in an unpleasant manner. The matches between the two teams are always intense on the field, reflecting the fierce rivalry among their fans. The peak of this rivalry was in the 2016 V.League season, when Hanoi won the championship, edging out Hải Phòng, which was a highly competitive team at that time.",
"Matches between the teams are often marked by flares, a specialty of Hải Phòng's supporters.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://laodong.vn/bong\\-da/vi\\-sao\\-cdv\\-hai\\-phong\\-thich\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-o\\-san\\-hang\\-day\\-730030\\.ldo\\|title\\=Vì sao CĐV Hải Phòng thích đốt pháo sáng ở sân Hàng Đẫy?\\|website\\=laodong.vn\\|date\\=26 April 2019\\|accessdate\\=6 June 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506132929/https://laodong.vn/bong\\-da/vi\\-sao\\-cdv\\-hai\\-phong\\-thich\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-o\\-san\\-hang\\-day\\-730030\\.ldo\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the 2017 season, Hải Phòng was disciplined for causing disturbances in their match against Hanoi during the 6th round of the V.League, resulting in a ban on fans attending away games. In the second leg of that season, a \"rain\" of flares and water bottles were thrown at My Dinh Stadium (due to Hang Day Stadium's renovation). The VFF Disciplinary Committee subsequently banned Hai Phong fans from away games at the end of the first leg.",
"In the 2018 season, Hải Phòng was fined a record amount of over 300 million VND by the VFF Disciplinary Committee for setting off flares. However, by the 6th round of the 2019 V.League, a significant number of flares were again burned. Mr. Tran Anh Tu, Chairman of the Board and General Director of VPF, remarked that the match between Hanoi and Hải Phòng had \"the most firecrackers ever\" he had witnessed. Mr. Vu Xuan Thanh, Head of the VFF Disciplinary Committee, noted that Hải Phòng fans had brought boxes of flares into the stadium.",
"Over more than a decade of confrontations in the V.League, Hải Phòng and Hanoi FC have each scored 63 goals against each other. Striker [Hoang Vu Samson](/wiki/Hoang_Vu_Samson \"Hoang Vu Samson\") of Hanoi FC is the highest scorer in this rivalry with 12 goals. The intense nature of each match has turned the \"Northern Derby\" into a crucial and exciting fixture of the V.League, representing a rare true derby in the national championship.",
"### [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC \"Cong An Ha Noi FC\")",
"After being promoted to the [2023 V.League 1](/wiki/2023_V.League_1 \"2023 V.League 1\"), Công An Nhân Dân changed its name to the current [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC \"Cong An Ha Noi FC\"), following its relocation to [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\"). [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC \"Cong An Ha Noi FC\") also shares [Hàng Đẫy Stadium](/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium \"Hàng Đẫy Stadium\") with Hanoi FC. Shortly after its rebranding, the team made several major signings, including [Đoàn Văn Hậu](/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BA%ADu \"Đoàn Văn Hậu\") from Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://vov.vn/the\\-thao/doan\\-van\\-hau\\-gia\\-nhap\\-clb\\-cong\\-an\\-ha\\-noi\\-post991265\\.vov\\|title\\=Đoàn Văn Hậu gia nhập CLB Công an Hà Nội\\|date\\=18 December 2022\\|website\\=Voices of Vietnam\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152202/https://vov.vn/the\\-thao/doan\\-van\\-hau\\-gia\\-nhap\\-clb\\-cong\\-an\\-ha\\-noi\\-post991265\\.vov\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Công An Hà Nội's rapid rise challenged Hanoi FC's dominant status in the league, leading to a new rivalry between the two teams.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://baotintuc.vn/bong\\-da/cong\\-an\\-ha\\-noi\\-va\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-dai\\-chien\\-derby\\-thu\\-do\\-20230806135118889\\.htm\\|title\\=Công an Hà Nội và Hà Nội FC: 'Đại chiến' derby Thủ đô\\|date\\=6 August 2023\\|website\\=Báo Tin Tức\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152202/https://baotintuc.vn/bong\\-da/cong\\-an\\-ha\\-noi\\-va\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-dai\\-chien\\-derby\\-thu\\-do\\-20230806135118889\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\")",
"In the 21st century, [Hoang Anh Gia Lai](/wiki/Hoang_Anh_Gia_Lai_FC \"Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC\") and Hanoi FC are widely regarded as the most supported clubs in Vietnam, and their confrontations are dubbed the \"Vietnamese Super Derby.\" From 2009 to the end of 2023, the two teams have met 34 times in all competitions, with Hanoi FC leading with 17 wins, 7 draws, and 10 losses. However, the intense rivalry gained significant attention starting in 2018, when U23 Vietnam, featuring many players from both clubs, finished as runners\\-up in the [AFC U\\-23 Championship](/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship \"2018 AFC U-23 Championship\").",
"Since then, matches between Hoang Anh Gia Lai and Hanoi FC have attracted substantial media coverage, as the competition extends beyond the field to include differing football philosophies and management approaches,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://laodong.vn/the\\-thao/noi\\-nong\\-o\\-san\\-pleiku\\-hlv\\-chu\\-dinh\\-nghiem\\-xin\\-loi\\-nguoi\\-ham\\-mo\\-606753\\.ldo\\|title\\=Nổi nóng ở sân Pleiku, HLV Chu Đình Nghiêm xin lỗi người hâm mộ\\|website\\=laodong.vn\\|date\\=13 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113653/https://laodong.vn/the\\-thao/noi\\-nong\\-o\\-san\\-pleiku\\-hlv\\-chu\\-dinh\\-nghiem\\-xin\\-loi\\-nguoi\\-ham\\-mo\\-606753\\.ldo\\|url\\-status\\=live}} particularly between their owners Đỗ Quang Hiển and Đoàn Nguyên Đức.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thanhnien.vn/the\\-thao/content/OTA5MDA\\=.html\\|title\\=Bầu Đức đã muốn thắng bầu Hiển sau 12 năm\\|date\\=15 April 2021\\|website\\=Báo Thanh Niên}} Flares and bottle\\-throwing incidents have occurred during these matches,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://bongda24h.vn/vleague/cdv\\-ha\\-noi\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-cdv\\-hagl\\-nem\\-chai\\-lo\\-xuong\\-san\\-291\\-183612\\.html\\|title\\=CĐV Hà Nội đốt pháo sáng, fan HAGL ném chai lọ xuống sân\\|date\\=6 April 2018\\|website\\=Tin bóng đá 24h\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113654/https://bongda24h.vn/vleague/cdv\\-ha\\-noi\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-cdv\\-hagl\\-nem\\-chai\\-lo\\-xuong\\-san\\-291\\-183612\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and tensions have occasionally escalated among players, fans, and even coaching staff. The intense nature of these encounters has often led to controversial referee decisions that impact the game's dynamics and outcomes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://saostar.vn/the\\-thao/hlv\\-hagl\\-noi\\-gi\\-ve\\-chuyen\\-trong\\-tai\\-bi\\-khan\\-gia\\-phan\\-ung\\-20201015201727951\\.html\\|title\\=HLV HAGL nói gì về chuyện trọng tài bị khán giả phản ứng?\\|date\\=15 October 2020\\|website\\=Tạp chí điện tử Saostar.vn\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113650/https://saostar.vn/the\\-thao/hlv\\-hagl\\-noi\\-gi\\-ve\\-chuyen\\-trong\\-tai\\-bi\\-khan\\-gia\\-phan\\-ung\\-20201015201727951\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC \"Viettel FC\")",
"Like [Công An Hà Nội](/wiki/Cong_An_Ha_Noi_FC \"Cong An Ha Noi FC\"), [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_Football_Club \"Viettel Football Club\") and Hanoi FC are local football clubs based in Hanoi. The two teams first met officially during the 2009 season. With the resurgence and rise of Viettel, the Hanoi Derby in 2020 was particularly tense, featuring two red cards, one for each team.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thanhnien.vn/the\\-thao/tuong\\-thuat/ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-viettel\\-469370\\.html\\|title\\=Kết quả bóng đá Hà Nội FC 0\\-1 Viettel: 2 thẻ đỏ và 1 cú ra chân chính xác của Trọng Hoàng!\\|date\\=7 April 2021\\|website\\=Thanh Niên\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184914/https://thanhnien.vn/the\\-thao/tuong\\-thuat/ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-viettel\\-469370\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/thua\\-viettel\\-hlv\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-van\\-tu\\-tin\\-con\\-co\\-hoi\\-dua\\-vo\\-dich\\-vleague/704703\\.vnp\\|title\\=Thua Viettel, HLV Hà Nội FC vẫn tự tin còn cơ hội đua vô địch V\\-League \\| Bóng đá \\| Vietnam\\+ (VietnamPlus)\\|date\\=7 April 2021\\|website\\=VietnamPlus\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183617/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/thua\\-viettel\\-hlv\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-van\\-tu\\-tin\\-con\\-co\\-hoi\\-dua\\-vo\\-dich\\-vleague/704703\\.vnp\\|url\\-status\\=live}} They have faced each other 16 times in their history, with Hanoi FC dominating [Viettel](/wiki/Viettel_FC \"Viettel FC\") with 10 wins, 4 draws and 2 losses.",
"### [Nam Định](/wiki/Thep_Xanh_Nam_Dinh_F.C. \"Thep Xanh Nam Dinh F.C.\")",
"Nam Định fans began to follow in Hải Phòng's footsteps by setting off flares at Hàng Đẫy Stadium as an act of revenge against Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://xemdabanhhd.com/cdv\\-nam\\-dinh\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-de\\-tra\\-thu\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\|title\\=CĐV Nam Định đốt pháo sáng để trả thù Hà Nội FC?\\|first\\=Từ\\|last\\=Hoảng\\|date\\=16 September 2019\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516104212/https://xemdabanhhd.com/cdv\\-nam\\-dinh\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-de\\-tra\\-thu\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The situation escalated in Round 22 of the 2019 V\\-League. During the second half of the match between Hanoi and Nam Định, a flare launched from Stand B, where Nam Định fans were seated, shot toward Stand A, striking a female fan named Huyền Anh in the thigh. She suffered severe sulfur burns that affected her bone, requiring surgery.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://trandau.net/cdv\\-nam\\-dinh\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-lam\\-mot\\-nguoi\\-bi\\-thuong\\-nang/\\|title\\=CĐV Nam Định đốt pháo sáng làm một người bị thương nặng\\|date\\=12 September 2019\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516105725/https://trandau.net/cdv\\-nam\\-dinh\\-dot\\-phao\\-sang\\-lam\\-mot\\-nguoi\\-bi\\-thuong\\-nang/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"This incident sparked outrage in the Vietnamese online community, with many condemning the extreme actions of some Nam Định fans. The police in Đống Đa district prosecuted the case and summoned 14 Nam Định fans for questioning. Nguyễn Đức Chung, Chairman of the Hanoi People's Committee, directed the City Police to focus on investigating, clarifying, and strictly handling those responsible for the incident.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://nld.com.vn/news\\-20190914090007063\\.htm\\|title\\=Khởi tố vụ án, triệu tập nhiều CĐV Nam Định điều tra vụ đốt pháo, làm loạn sân Hàng Đẫy\\|date\\=14 September 2019\\|website\\=nld.com.vn\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124712/https://nld.com.vn/news\\-20190914090007063\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The match organizers (BTC) imposed heavy penalties on those involved. Hanoi FC was fined 85 million VND for failing to ensure match security. Nam Định was also fined 85 million VND, with 70 million VND for allowing fans to light flares and 15 million VND for throwing objects onto the field. Despite the incident, Hanoi FC won the match 6–1\\.",
"### Others",
"[Sông Lam Nghệ An](/wiki/Song_Lam_Nghe_An_FC \"Song Lam Nghe An FC\") has always been a challenging opponent for both the former Hanoi T\\&T and the current Hanoi FC.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Hà Nội FC 0\\-1 SLNA: Dứt mạch bất bại 32 trận trên sân nhà\\|url\\=https://bongdaplus.vn/v\\-league/ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-0\\-1\\-slna\\-dut\\-mach\\-bat\\-bai\\-32\\-tran\\-tren\\-san\\-nha\\-3014012006\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-12\\|website\\=Bongdaplus\\-Báo Bóng đá\\|language\\=vi\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507103745/https://bongdaplus.vn/v\\-league/ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-0\\-1\\-slna\\-dut\\-mach\\-bat\\-bai\\-32\\-tran\\-tren\\-san\\-nha\\-3014012006\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The matches between these teams are always tense, sometimes even violent, with mixed results. Similar to their encounters with Hải Phòng FC, these games are intense both on the field and in the stands. Notably, it was Sông Lam Nghệ An who ended Hanoi FC's 32\\-match unbeaten streak at home, coinciding with the club's anniversary.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://vtc.vn/slna\\-thang\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-o\\-hang\\-day\\-sau\\-8\\-nam\\-pha\\-hang\\-loat\\-ky\\-luc\\-ar552727\\.html\\|title\\=Hà Nội FC thua đau SLNA trong ngày sinh nhật, mất kỷ lục bất bại trên sân nhà\\|first\\=V. T. C.\\|last\\=News\\|date\\=18 June 2020\\|website\\=Báo điện tử VTC News\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514000148/https://vtc.vn/slna\\-thang\\-ha\\-noi\\-fc\\-o\\-hang\\-day\\-sau\\-8\\-nam\\-pha\\-hang\\-loat\\-ky\\-luc\\-ar552727\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The rivalry with [Becamex Bình Dương FC](/wiki/Becamex_Binh_Duong \"Becamex Binh Duong\") has always been intense throughout the seasons, with matches often being highly dramatic. Both teams have frequently won on each other's home grounds. At its peak, Becamex Bình Dương was the only team capable of surpassing Hanoi FC to win the championship for two consecutive years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thethao247\\.vn/365\\-ket\\-qua\\-clb\\-ha\\-noi\\-binh\\-duong\\-them\\-mot\\-lan\\-dau\\-d223745\\.html\\|title\\=Hà Nội thua ngược Bình Dương, xuống đáy BXH V.League\\|first\\=Thể\\|last\\=thao 247\\|date\\=23 January 2021\\|website\\=Thể thao 247\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507152355/https://thethao247\\.vn/365\\-ket\\-qua\\-clb\\-ha\\-noi\\-binh\\-duong\\-them\\-mot\\-lan\\-dau\\-d223745\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://webthethao.vn/bong\\-da\\-viet\\-nam/clb\\-ha\\-noi\\-va\\-su\\-cong\\-bang\\-cua\\-vleague\\-y6oXd0tGR.htm\\|title\\=CLB Hà Nội và sự công bằng của V.League\\|website\\=webthethao.vn\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202092822/https://webthethao.vn/bong\\-da\\-viet\\-nam/clb\\-ha\\-noi\\-va\\-su\\-cong\\-bang\\-cua\\-vleague\\-y6oXd0tGR.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Theories
--------
In the part that follows, three theories that explain the regular, positive response priming effects will be described. A review of theories of the negative compatibility effect can be found in Sumner (2007\).
### Direct parameter specification
[350px\|thumb\|Fig. 4: Central tenets of direct parameter specification theory and the action trigger account. When the response to a target stimulus is sufficiently practiced, the response can be prepared to a degree where only a single critical stimulus feature is needed to specify and elicit the response. Response elicitation by the prime occurs quickly and directly without the need for a conscious representation of the stimulus. In parallel to these visuomotor processes, a conscious representation of primes and targets emerges which can be subject to visual masking but plays no role in the actual motor processing in the current trial. More recent variants of the theory stress the role of so\-called trigger conditions which determine how stimuli and responses are linked in a given task.](/wiki/File:Fig4-english.jpg "Fig4-english.jpg")
The theory of direct parameter specification (Fig. 4\) was proposed by Odmar Neumann at the University of Bielefeld, Germany, to explain the Fehrer\-Raab effect as well as the results of early response priming studies.Neumann, O.: *Direct parameter specification and the concept of perception.* In: *Psychological Research*, Nr. 52, 1990, p. 207\-215\. The theory assumes that at the outset of a response priming experiment, participants acquire rules of stimulus\-response assignment, which quickly become automatized. Following this practice phase, the motor response can be prepared so far that only a single critical stimulus feature (e.g., diamond vs. square) is still needed to specify the response. This incoming stimulus feature then defines the last missing action parameter (e.g., left vs. right keypress). Responses are elicited quickly and directly, without the need for a conscious representation of the eliciting stimulus. Response priming is explained by assuming that the prime's features elicit exactly the same parameter specification processes that are supposed to be elicited by the target stimulus. In parallel to the response elicitation process, a conscious representation of primes and targets emerges, which can be subject to visual masking processes. However, the conscious representation of the stimuli doesn't play any role for the motor processes in the current experimental trial.
### Action trigger account
The action trigger account was developed by [Wilfried Kunde](/wiki/Wilfried_Kunde "Wilfried Kunde"), Andrea Kiesel, and Joachim Hoffmann at the University of Würzburg, Germany.Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., \& Hoffmann, J.: *Mechanisms of subliminal response priming.* In: *Advances in Cognitive Psychology*, Nr. 1\-2, 2007, p. 307\-315\. This account assumes that responses to unconscious primes are neither elicited by [semantic](/wiki/Semantic "Semantic") analysis of the primes nor by pre\-established stimulus\-response mappings. Instead, it is assumed that the prime fits a pre\-existing action release condition, eliciting the assigned response like a key opening a lock. This happens in two consecutive steps. In the first step, action triggers are held active in working memory that fit the respective task and are able to elicit a specific motor response. Action triggers are established in the instruction and practice phase of the experiment. In the second step, called online stimulus processing, an upcoming stimulus is compared to the action release conditions. If the stimulus fits the trigger conditions, the action triggers automatically execute the response. As an example, the participant's task might be to indicate whether a visually presented number is smaller or larger than five, such that the left\-hand key is pressed for numbers "1" to "4" and the right\-hand key is pressed for numbers "6" to "9". Based on the instruction, action triggers are set up that automatically elicit the response assigned to the prime or target number. One important prediction of this theory is that responses can be elicited by primes that meet the trigger conditions but never actually occur as targets. A later version of the action trigger account asserts that the semantic representations of primes can serve as action release conditions. Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., Pohl, C., \& Hoffmann, J. (2006\). Priming from novel masked stimuli depends on target set size. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(1\), 37–45\.Pohl, C., Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., \& Hoffmann, J. (2010\). Early and late selection in unconscious information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2\), 268–285\.
Again, the conscious representation of the stimulus plays no role for motor activation; however, it can lead to a strategic adjustment of response criteria in later trials (e.g., by choosing to respond more slowly to avoid errors). In sum, this theory can be viewed as expanding on the concept of direct parameter specification by focusing on the exact conditions that lead to response priming.
### Rapid\-chase theory
[350px\|thumb\|Fig. 4: A schematic depiction of rapid\-chase theory. Primes and targets are engaged in a chase through the visuomotor system (from visual to motor areas). Because the prime signal has a head\-start over the target signal, it is able to start a motor response assigned to it and to control this response for as long as the prime\-target SOA allows. When the actual target signal then arrives in the motor system, it can follow through with the response already activated by the prime (in consistent trials) or has to reverse the response (in inconsistent trials). Rapid\-chase theory assumes that primes and targets elicit feedforward cascades of neuronal activation traversing the visuomotor system in strict sequence, without mixture or overlap of prime and target signals. Therefore, the initial motor response to the prime must be independent of all stimulus aspects of the actual target.](/wiki/File:Fig5-english.jpg "Fig5-english.jpg")
The rapid\-chase theory of response priming was proposed in 2006 by Thomas Schmidt, Silja Niehaus, and Annabel Nagel. It ties the direct parameter specification model to findings that newly occurring visual stimuli elicit a wave of neuronal activation in the visuomotor system, which spreads rapidly from [visual](/wiki/Visual_cortex "Visual cortex") to [motor areas](/wiki/Motor_cortex "Motor cortex") of the cortex.Bullier, J.: *Integrated model of visual processing.* In: *Brain Research Reviews*, Nr. 36, 2001, p. 96\-107\.Lamme, V. A. F., \& Roelfsema, P. R.: *The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing.* In: *Trends in Neurosciences*, Nr. 23, 2000, p. 571\-579\.Thorpe, S. J., Fize, D., \& Marlot, C.: *Speed of processing in the human visual system.* In: *Nature*, Nr. 381, 1996, p. 520\-522\.VanRullen, R. \& Thorpe, S. J.: *Surfing a spike wave down the ventral stream.* In: *Vision Research*, Nr. 42, p. 2593\-2615\. Because the wavefront of activity spreads very fast, [Victor Lamme](/wiki/Victor_Lamme "Victor Lamme") and Pieter Roelfsema from the University of Amsterdam have proposed that this wave starts as a pure feedforward process ([feedforward sweep](/wiki/Feedforward_sweep "Feedforward sweep")): A cell first reached by the wavefront has to pass on its activity before being able to integrate feedback from other cells. Lamme and Roelfsema assume that this kind of feedforward processing is not sufficient to generate visual awareness of the stimulus: For this, neuronal [feedback](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") and recurrent processing loops are required that link widespread neuronal networks.
According to rapid\-chase theory, both primes and targets elicit feedforward sweeps that traverse the visuomotor system in rapid succession until they reach motor areas of the brain. There, motor processes are elicited automatically and without the need for a conscious representation. Because the prime signal has a head\-start over the target signal, primes and targets are engaged in a "rapid chase" through the visuomotor system. Because the prime signal reaches the motor cortex first, it is able to activate the motor response assigned to it. The shorter the prime\-target SOA, the quicker the target can start the pursuit. When the target signal finally arrives at the motor cortex, it can continue the response process elicited by the prime (if prime and target are consistent) or redirect the response process (if prime and target are inconsistent). This explains why response priming effects increase with prime\-target SOA: the longer the SOA, the more time for the prime signal to control the response on its own, and the further the response activation process can proceed in the direction of the prime. Under some circumstances, the prime can also provoke a response error (leading to the characteristic priming effects in error rates). Such a time\-course of sequential motor control by primes and targets was described in 2003 by Dirk Vorberg and coworkers in a mathematical model and fits the time\-course of primed motor potentials in the EEG.
Klotz, W., Heumann, M., Ansorge, U., \& Neumann, O. : Electrophysiological activation by masked primes: Independence of prime\-related and target\-related activities. In: Advances in Cognitive Psychology. Nr. 3, 2007, p. 449–465\.
According to rapid\-chase theory, response priming effects are independent of visual awareness because they are carried by rapid feedforward processes whereas the emergence of a conscious representation of the stimuli is dependent on slower, recurrent processes.
The most important prediction of rapid\-chase theory is that the feedforward sweeps of prime and target signals should occur in strict sequence. This strict succession should be observable in the time\-course of the motor response, and there should be an early phase where the response is controlled exclusively by the prime and is independent of all properties of the actual target stimulus. One way to check these predictions is to examine the time\-course of primed pointing responses. It has been shown that these pointing responses start at a fixed time after presentation of the prime (not the actual target) and start to proceed in the direction specified by the prime. If prime and target are inconsistent, the target is often able to reverse the pointing direction "on the fly", directing the response into the correct direction. However, the longer the SOA, the longer the time where the finger is moving in the direction of the misleading prime. Schmidt, Niehaus, and Nagel (2006\) could show that the earliest phase of primed pointing movements exclusively depends on properties of the prime (e.g., the color contrast of red vs. green primes), but is independent of all properties of the target (its time of occurrence, its color contrast, and its ability to mask the prime). These findings could be confirmed with different methods and different types of stimuli.
Because rapid\-chase theory views response priming as a feedforward process, it maintains that priming effects occur before recurrent and feedback activity take part in stimulus processing. The theory therefore leads to the controversial thesis that response priming effects are a measure of preconscious processing of visual stimuli, which may be qualitatively different from the way those stimuli are finally represented in visual awareness.
|
[
"Theories\n--------",
"In the part that follows, three theories that explain the regular, positive response priming effects will be described. A review of theories of the negative compatibility effect can be found in Sumner (2007\\).",
"### Direct parameter specification",
"[350px\\|thumb\\|Fig. 4: Central tenets of direct parameter specification theory and the action trigger account. When the response to a target stimulus is sufficiently practiced, the response can be prepared to a degree where only a single critical stimulus feature is needed to specify and elicit the response. Response elicitation by the prime occurs quickly and directly without the need for a conscious representation of the stimulus. In parallel to these visuomotor processes, a conscious representation of primes and targets emerges which can be subject to visual masking but plays no role in the actual motor processing in the current trial. More recent variants of the theory stress the role of so\\-called trigger conditions which determine how stimuli and responses are linked in a given task.](/wiki/File:Fig4-english.jpg \"Fig4-english.jpg\")\nThe theory of direct parameter specification (Fig. 4\\) was proposed by Odmar Neumann at the University of Bielefeld, Germany, to explain the Fehrer\\-Raab effect as well as the results of early response priming studies.Neumann, O.: *Direct parameter specification and the concept of perception.* In: *Psychological Research*, Nr. 52, 1990, p. 207\\-215\\. The theory assumes that at the outset of a response priming experiment, participants acquire rules of stimulus\\-response assignment, which quickly become automatized. Following this practice phase, the motor response can be prepared so far that only a single critical stimulus feature (e.g., diamond vs. square) is still needed to specify the response. This incoming stimulus feature then defines the last missing action parameter (e.g., left vs. right keypress). Responses are elicited quickly and directly, without the need for a conscious representation of the eliciting stimulus. Response priming is explained by assuming that the prime's features elicit exactly the same parameter specification processes that are supposed to be elicited by the target stimulus. In parallel to the response elicitation process, a conscious representation of primes and targets emerges, which can be subject to visual masking processes. However, the conscious representation of the stimuli doesn't play any role for the motor processes in the current experimental trial.",
"### Action trigger account",
"The action trigger account was developed by [Wilfried Kunde](/wiki/Wilfried_Kunde \"Wilfried Kunde\"), Andrea Kiesel, and Joachim Hoffmann at the University of Würzburg, Germany.Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., \\& Hoffmann, J.: *Mechanisms of subliminal response priming.* In: *Advances in Cognitive Psychology*, Nr. 1\\-2, 2007, p. 307\\-315\\. This account assumes that responses to unconscious primes are neither elicited by [semantic](/wiki/Semantic \"Semantic\") analysis of the primes nor by pre\\-established stimulus\\-response mappings. Instead, it is assumed that the prime fits a pre\\-existing action release condition, eliciting the assigned response like a key opening a lock. This happens in two consecutive steps. In the first step, action triggers are held active in working memory that fit the respective task and are able to elicit a specific motor response. Action triggers are established in the instruction and practice phase of the experiment. In the second step, called online stimulus processing, an upcoming stimulus is compared to the action release conditions. If the stimulus fits the trigger conditions, the action triggers automatically execute the response. As an example, the participant's task might be to indicate whether a visually presented number is smaller or larger than five, such that the left\\-hand key is pressed for numbers \"1\" to \"4\" and the right\\-hand key is pressed for numbers \"6\" to \"9\". Based on the instruction, action triggers are set up that automatically elicit the response assigned to the prime or target number. One important prediction of this theory is that responses can be elicited by primes that meet the trigger conditions but never actually occur as targets. A later version of the action trigger account asserts that the semantic representations of primes can serve as action release conditions. Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., Pohl, C., \\& Hoffmann, J. (2006\\). Priming from novel masked stimuli depends on target set size. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(1\\), 37–45\\.Pohl, C., Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., \\& Hoffmann, J. (2010\\). Early and late selection in unconscious information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2\\), 268–285\\.",
"Again, the conscious representation of the stimulus plays no role for motor activation; however, it can lead to a strategic adjustment of response criteria in later trials (e.g., by choosing to respond more slowly to avoid errors). In sum, this theory can be viewed as expanding on the concept of direct parameter specification by focusing on the exact conditions that lead to response priming.",
"### Rapid\\-chase theory",
"[350px\\|thumb\\|Fig. 4: A schematic depiction of rapid\\-chase theory. Primes and targets are engaged in a chase through the visuomotor system (from visual to motor areas). Because the prime signal has a head\\-start over the target signal, it is able to start a motor response assigned to it and to control this response for as long as the prime\\-target SOA allows. When the actual target signal then arrives in the motor system, it can follow through with the response already activated by the prime (in consistent trials) or has to reverse the response (in inconsistent trials). Rapid\\-chase theory assumes that primes and targets elicit feedforward cascades of neuronal activation traversing the visuomotor system in strict sequence, without mixture or overlap of prime and target signals. Therefore, the initial motor response to the prime must be independent of all stimulus aspects of the actual target.](/wiki/File:Fig5-english.jpg \"Fig5-english.jpg\")",
"The rapid\\-chase theory of response priming was proposed in 2006 by Thomas Schmidt, Silja Niehaus, and Annabel Nagel. It ties the direct parameter specification model to findings that newly occurring visual stimuli elicit a wave of neuronal activation in the visuomotor system, which spreads rapidly from [visual](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") to [motor areas](/wiki/Motor_cortex \"Motor cortex\") of the cortex.Bullier, J.: *Integrated model of visual processing.* In: *Brain Research Reviews*, Nr. 36, 2001, p. 96\\-107\\.Lamme, V. A. F., \\& Roelfsema, P. R.: *The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing.* In: *Trends in Neurosciences*, Nr. 23, 2000, p. 571\\-579\\.Thorpe, S. J., Fize, D., \\& Marlot, C.: *Speed of processing in the human visual system.* In: *Nature*, Nr. 381, 1996, p. 520\\-522\\.VanRullen, R. \\& Thorpe, S. J.: *Surfing a spike wave down the ventral stream.* In: *Vision Research*, Nr. 42, p. 2593\\-2615\\. Because the wavefront of activity spreads very fast, [Victor Lamme](/wiki/Victor_Lamme \"Victor Lamme\") and Pieter Roelfsema from the University of Amsterdam have proposed that this wave starts as a pure feedforward process ([feedforward sweep](/wiki/Feedforward_sweep \"Feedforward sweep\")): A cell first reached by the wavefront has to pass on its activity before being able to integrate feedback from other cells. Lamme and Roelfsema assume that this kind of feedforward processing is not sufficient to generate visual awareness of the stimulus: For this, neuronal [feedback](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") and recurrent processing loops are required that link widespread neuronal networks.",
"According to rapid\\-chase theory, both primes and targets elicit feedforward sweeps that traverse the visuomotor system in rapid succession until they reach motor areas of the brain. There, motor processes are elicited automatically and without the need for a conscious representation. Because the prime signal has a head\\-start over the target signal, primes and targets are engaged in a \"rapid chase\" through the visuomotor system. Because the prime signal reaches the motor cortex first, it is able to activate the motor response assigned to it. The shorter the prime\\-target SOA, the quicker the target can start the pursuit. When the target signal finally arrives at the motor cortex, it can continue the response process elicited by the prime (if prime and target are consistent) or redirect the response process (if prime and target are inconsistent). This explains why response priming effects increase with prime\\-target SOA: the longer the SOA, the more time for the prime signal to control the response on its own, and the further the response activation process can proceed in the direction of the prime. Under some circumstances, the prime can also provoke a response error (leading to the characteristic priming effects in error rates). Such a time\\-course of sequential motor control by primes and targets was described in 2003 by Dirk Vorberg and coworkers in a mathematical model and fits the time\\-course of primed motor potentials in the EEG.\nKlotz, W., Heumann, M., Ansorge, U., \\& Neumann, O. : Electrophysiological activation by masked primes: Independence of prime\\-related and target\\-related activities. In: Advances in Cognitive Psychology. Nr. 3, 2007, p. 449–465\\.",
"According to rapid\\-chase theory, response priming effects are independent of visual awareness because they are carried by rapid feedforward processes whereas the emergence of a conscious representation of the stimuli is dependent on slower, recurrent processes.\nThe most important prediction of rapid\\-chase theory is that the feedforward sweeps of prime and target signals should occur in strict sequence. This strict succession should be observable in the time\\-course of the motor response, and there should be an early phase where the response is controlled exclusively by the prime and is independent of all properties of the actual target stimulus. One way to check these predictions is to examine the time\\-course of primed pointing responses. It has been shown that these pointing responses start at a fixed time after presentation of the prime (not the actual target) and start to proceed in the direction specified by the prime. If prime and target are inconsistent, the target is often able to reverse the pointing direction \"on the fly\", directing the response into the correct direction. However, the longer the SOA, the longer the time where the finger is moving in the direction of the misleading prime. Schmidt, Niehaus, and Nagel (2006\\) could show that the earliest phase of primed pointing movements exclusively depends on properties of the prime (e.g., the color contrast of red vs. green primes), but is independent of all properties of the target (its time of occurrence, its color contrast, and its ability to mask the prime). These findings could be confirmed with different methods and different types of stimuli.",
"Because rapid\\-chase theory views response priming as a feedforward process, it maintains that priming effects occur before recurrent and feedback activity take part in stimulus processing. The theory therefore leads to the controversial thesis that response priming effects are a measure of preconscious processing of visual stimuli, which may be qualitatively different from the way those stimuli are finally represented in visual awareness.",
""
] |
Chronology
----------
The D6 was introduced in 1930 as a replacement for the [Delage DM](/wiki/Delage_Type_DM "Delage Type DM"), but in view of the range of six\-cylinder engines with which it was offered it could also be seen as a replacement for the smaller engined [Delage DR](/wiki/Delage_Type_DR "Delage Type DR").
In 1930 the D6 was one in a range of three Delage models on offer. The other two were the slightly lighter (but still six\-cylinder powered) [DS](/wiki/Delage_DS "Delage DS") and, at the top of the range, the very large [D8](/wiki/Delage_D8 "Delage D8") launched the previous year. All three faced strong economic headwinds in the wake of the [1929 stockmarket crashes](/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929 "Wall Street Crash of 1929").
### Delage D6 (1930 \- 1933\)
The original Delage D6 came with a choice of two chassis lengths, these being {{convert\|3149\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} or {{convert\|3289\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}}. The 6\-cylinder engine had a displacement of 3045 cc. Listed maximum power was {{convert\|75\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, produced at 3,600 rpm.
By the time production of the original Delage D6 ended, in 1933, 1160 had been produced.
### Delage D6\-11 (1932 – 1934\)
[thumb\|Delage D6\-11](/wiki/File:1933-1934_Delage_D6-11%2C_6_cylinders%2C_2000_cm3_pic3.JPG "1933-1934 Delage D6-11, 6 cylinders, 2000 cm3 pic3.JPG")
A complementary model, the D6\-11, was presented at the [26th Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show "Paris Motor Show") in October 1932, although production only got under way the following Spring.{{cite book \|section\=Automobilia \|title\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1934 (Salon \[Oct] 1933\)\|volume\=22\|page\=31\|year \= 2002\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris }} The D6\-11 was a more economical version of the original DE6\. The “\-11” suffix referred to the [fiscal horsepower](/wiki/Tax_horsepower "Tax horsepower") which was a function of the cylinder diameters and determined the level of annual car tax to be paid by owners in France. The 2001 cc 6\-cylinder engine came with a listed maximum power output of {{convert\|55\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 4,000 rpm. There was also a special “S” version ( "S" standing for Surbaisse\-French for "lowered") of the D6\-11 known as the D6\-11S which was built on a specially lowered, shorter wheelbase chassis for which {{convert\|60\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 4,500 rpm was claimed. Only a small number of the D6\-11S were built.
The manufacturers' price list at the motor show in October 1933 listed ten different "standard" body types offered for the car. What they had in common was that the prices were high for a car in the 11CV [car tax band/class](/wiki/Tax_horsepower "Tax horsepower"). In bare chassis form the 6\-11 was priced at 31,600 francs for a "normal" standard length chassis and 32,600 francs for a long version. There was also a price of 33,600 francs for a "normal" length sports chassis. The wheelbase lengths in question were {{convert\|3060\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} (normal) and {{convert\|3260\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} (long).
The last D6\-11 was produced in 1934\. Its direct replacement, the D60\-12, entered production only in 1936
### Delage D6\-65 (1934 – 1935\)
In 1934 the new Delage D6\-65, appeared, now with a {{convert\|3378\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} chassis. The 6\-cylinder engine had a displacement of 2678 cc. Listed maximum power, as identified in the suffix on the name, was {{convert\|65\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, produced at 4,000 rpm.
[right\|thumb\|Delage D6 Berline](/wiki/File:Delage_Berline_D6-II_pic2.JPG "Delage Berline D6-II pic2.JPG")
### Delage D6\-60 (1935 – 1937\)
As the company succumbed to its financial difficulties, in April 1935 the plant at [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie "Courbevoie"), which Delage had occupied since 1910, produced its last car, and the process began which would leave Delage as a simple affiliate of [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye "Delahaye") by 1938\.{{cite book \|section\=Automobilia \|title\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1940 \- 46 (Les années sans salon)\|volume\=26\|page\=32\|year \= 2003\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris }} In 1935 Delage retained a separate management, but production was transferred to the [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye "Delahaye") factory, in the [13th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris "13th arrondissement of Paris"). The Delage range was rearranged in order to facilitate the sharing of production facilities.
As part of this process, the Delage D6\-65 was replaced by the Delage D6\-60\. It was available only with a {{convert\|3150\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase, shared with the four\-cylinder Delayahe Models such as the 134N. Delages retained their own engine designs and the D6\-60 came with a straight 6 of 2335 cc which was increased to 2528 cc at the Motor Dhow in October 1936 in time for the 1937 model year. Maximum power now rose from {{convert\|56\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|67\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 3,500 rpm.{{cite book \|section\=Automobilia \|title\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1937 (Salon \[Oct] 1936\)\|volume\=3\| pages \=28–31\|year \= 1997\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris }} At the end of 1937 the D6\-60 was taken out of production.
### Delage D6\-80 (1935 – 1937\)
Also introduced in time for 1936 was the Delage D6\-80\. Initially this was powered by a 3227 cc in line 6\-cylinder engine for which maximum power of {{convert\|72\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} is listed. The D6\-80 was a long vehicle. Like other Delages at this time the D6\-80 shared its wheelbase \- in this case of {{convert\|3350\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} – with a Delahaye. In the case of cars and the accompanying information presented at the 1936 motor show for 1937 cars, the Delage D6\-80 also shared its 3557 cc six\-cylinder {{convert\|90\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} engine with a Delahaye, although the switch to a Delahaye engine was not immediately implemented in respect of the cars provided for sale.
By 1938 the D6\-80 had disappeared from the Delage range.
[right\|thumb\|Delage D6\-70 with "Coach" body by Letourneur et Marchand](/wiki/File:1947_Delage_D6-70_by_Letourneur_et_Marchand_-_Left_side_level_view_1.jpg "1947 Delage D6-70 by Letourneur et Marchand - Left side level view 1.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Delage D66\-70 Control Panel](/wiki/File:Delage_D6slash70_1937_the_view_out.JPG "Delage D6slash70 1937 the view out.JPG")
### Delage D6\-70 (1937 – 1938\)
For 1937 Delage presented the D6\-70\. The car was effectively a rebadged D6\-60S, which in turn was a derivation of the D6\-60\. The D6\-70 sat on the same {{convert\|3150\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase as the D6\-60 which was withdrawn from sale a few months after its launch. The car’s straight\-six engine was of 2729 cc displacement and was not shared with any Delage. Maximum output is listed as {{convert\|78\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} though as before, sources differ. The D6\-70 seems to have been the star of the Delage 6\-cylinder range at this time, with some particularly elegant bodies provided such as the “Coach Panoramique” 2\-door sports saloon from [Letourneur \& Marchand](/wiki/Letourneur_et_Marchand "Letourneur et Marchand"), a [Chapron](/wiki/Henri_Chapron "Henri Chapron") cabriolet bodied car depicted in the 1937 Delage catalogue and a particularly well balanced “Berline” (saloon/sedan) from [Autobineau](/wiki/Letourneur_et_Marchand "Letourneur et Marchand").
### Delage D6\-75 (1939 – 1940\)
The D6\-75 appeared for 1939, effectively replacing the D6\-70 which had by now been withdrawn. Its 2798 cc 6\-cylinder engine was considered particularly refined. Power output was quoted at {{convert\|95\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}. In 1940 production was ended by the rapid [invasion of northern France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France"), following the declaration of war at the end of the previous summer.
### Delage D6 3\-litre (1946 – 1954\)
By the end of the war Delage was firmly in the hands of Delahaye, Delage's British born chief, Walter Watney, having found himself obliged to leave France in 1942\. [Louis Delâge](/wiki/Louis_Del%C3%A2ge "Louis Delâge") himself had not been welcome at the company that bore his name since 1935, and would die at the end of 1947\.
1946 found Delage production resuming with a single model, the D6 3\-litre, slotting in below the larger and (even) more powerful models for which Delahaye used their own name.{{cite journal\| journal \=Automobilia\| title \= Toutes les voitures françaises 1948 (Salon 1947\)\| volume \= 7\| pages \=23–25\|year \= 1998\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris \| language \= fr \| first \= René \| last \= Bellu }} Many things had changed in the intervening years, but post\-war Delages, like the Delahayes, still had their steering wheels on the right, something which would have been mainstream in France thirty years earlier, but which now very firmly set the high\-luxury end cars apart from the Peugeots, Renaults, Citroëns, Panhards, and Simcas that many French citizens would have seen daily on the roads, and which the more fortunate among them might have aspired to drive or purchase.
The D6 3\-litre now came with a 2984 cc straight\-6 engine. Quoted power of {{cvt\|90\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 3,800 rpm was slightly down on the figure quoted for the pre\-war D6\-70, possibly reflecting a lower compression ratio enforced by the lower octanes of the fuel available to car buyers at this time. Performance would have varied according to the weight and shape of the body fitted, but a top speed of approximately 135 km/h (84 mph) was quoted by the manufacturer.{{cite journal\| journal \=Automobilia\| title \= Toutes les voitures françaises 1952 (Salon 1951\)\| volume \= 20\|page\=22\|year \= 2001\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris \| language \= fr \| first \= René \| last \= Bellu }}
The bespoke body builders had less work now than in the 1930s, but their craft based methods enabled them to respond more immediately to new styling trends than the volume automakers, and many of the Delages from the late 1940s and early 1950s look strangely modern when compared to the early post war products from Renault, Peugeot and Citroën. The coach builders were willing and able more immediately to copy and build on the developments in car design that during the early 1940s had been more apparent in North America than in Europe. Nevertheless, the Delage D6\-3\-litre of 1948 – 1954 came with exactly the same {{convert\|3150\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} that had been standard on successive D6s since 1935\. A longer {{convert\|3330\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} was also available for longer bodies such as those for Limousine style cars.
The Delage D6 3\-litre was listed as part of the Delahaye\-Delage range till 1954: it is thought that the last of the cars, in bare chassis form, were constructed during the closing months of 1953, but the final batch were still available for purchase during 1954, most of them bodied by [Chapron](/wiki/Henri_Chapron "Henri Chapron").{{cite journal\| journal \=Automobilia\| title \= Toutes les voitures françaises 1954 (Salon 1953\)\| volume \= 24 \|page\=23\|year \= 2002\|publisher\=Histoire \& collections\|location\=Paris \| language \= fr \| first \= René \| last \= Bellu }} 1954 marked the exit from auto\-production of both brands. The [political context](/wiki/Plan_Pons "Plan Pons") and the state of the post\-war French economy were hostile to large cars in France. In 1954 even [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford "Henry Ford") gave up on French auto\-production, selling [his business](/wiki/Ford_SAF "Ford SAF") to [Simca](/wiki/Simca "Simca"). By 1955 [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye "Delahaye") had been taken over by [Hotchkiss](/wiki/Automobiles_Hotchkiss "Automobiles Hotchkiss") whose own business now survived, at least for the time being, not from producing luxury cars but on the basis of rebuilding and, by now increasingly building from scratch, [Jeep based vehicles](/wiki/Hotchkiss_M201 "Hotchkiss M201").
### Delage D6 Olympic (1946 – 1949\)
The D6 3\-litre came in its standard form with only one carburettor; in 1946 a performance version, the Delage D6 Olympic, was presented. The Olympic used the same engine block, but was fitted with a triple carburettor fuel feed system. This gave rise to an output of {{convert\|100\|hp\-metric\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, now with the engine spinning up to 4,500 rpm, and corresponding with a top speed of approximately 140 km/h (87 mph). This may have been in connection with the 3\-litre Delage racing cars which were much in evidence during the 1948 racing season. However, in 1949 this performance version of the D6 was withdrawn.
|
[
"Chronology\n----------",
"The D6 was introduced in 1930 as a replacement for the [Delage DM](/wiki/Delage_Type_DM \"Delage Type DM\"), but in view of the range of six\\-cylinder engines with which it was offered it could also be seen as a replacement for the smaller engined [Delage DR](/wiki/Delage_Type_DR \"Delage Type DR\").",
"In 1930 the D6 was one in a range of three Delage models on offer. The other two were the slightly lighter (but still six\\-cylinder powered) [DS](/wiki/Delage_DS \"Delage DS\") and, at the top of the range, the very large [D8](/wiki/Delage_D8 \"Delage D8\") launched the previous year. All three faced strong economic headwinds in the wake of the [1929 stockmarket crashes](/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929 \"Wall Street Crash of 1929\").",
"### Delage D6 (1930 \\- 1933\\)",
"The original Delage D6 came with a choice of two chassis lengths, these being {{convert\\|3149\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} or {{convert\\|3289\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}}. The 6\\-cylinder engine had a displacement of 3045 cc. Listed maximum power was {{convert\\|75\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, produced at 3,600 rpm.",
"By the time production of the original Delage D6 ended, in 1933, 1160 had been produced.",
"### Delage D6\\-11 (1932 – 1934\\)",
"[thumb\\|Delage D6\\-11](/wiki/File:1933-1934_Delage_D6-11%2C_6_cylinders%2C_2000_cm3_pic3.JPG \"1933-1934 Delage D6-11, 6 cylinders, 2000 cm3 pic3.JPG\")\nA complementary model, the D6\\-11, was presented at the [26th Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show \"Paris Motor Show\") in October 1932, although production only got under way the following Spring.{{cite book \\|section\\=Automobilia \\|title\\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1934 (Salon \\[Oct] 1933\\)\\|volume\\=22\\|page\\=31\\|year \\= 2002\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris }} The D6\\-11 was a more economical version of the original DE6\\. The “\\-11” suffix referred to the [fiscal horsepower](/wiki/Tax_horsepower \"Tax horsepower\") which was a function of the cylinder diameters and determined the level of annual car tax to be paid by owners in France. The 2001 cc 6\\-cylinder engine came with a listed maximum power output of {{convert\\|55\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 4,000 rpm. There was also a special “S” version ( \"S\" standing for Surbaisse\\-French for \"lowered\") of the D6\\-11 known as the D6\\-11S which was built on a specially lowered, shorter wheelbase chassis for which {{convert\\|60\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 4,500 rpm was claimed. Only a small number of the D6\\-11S were built.",
"",
"The manufacturers' price list at the motor show in October 1933 listed ten different \"standard\" body types offered for the car. What they had in common was that the prices were high for a car in the 11CV [car tax band/class](/wiki/Tax_horsepower \"Tax horsepower\"). In bare chassis form the 6\\-11 was priced at 31,600 francs for a \"normal\" standard length chassis and 32,600 francs for a long version. There was also a price of 33,600 francs for a \"normal\" length sports chassis. The wheelbase lengths in question were {{convert\\|3060\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} (normal) and {{convert\\|3260\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} (long).",
"The last D6\\-11 was produced in 1934\\. Its direct replacement, the D60\\-12, entered production only in 1936",
"### Delage D6\\-65 (1934 – 1935\\)",
"In 1934 the new Delage D6\\-65, appeared, now with a {{convert\\|3378\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} chassis. The 6\\-cylinder engine had a displacement of 2678 cc. Listed maximum power, as identified in the suffix on the name, was {{convert\\|65\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, produced at 4,000 rpm.\n[right\\|thumb\\|Delage D6 Berline](/wiki/File:Delage_Berline_D6-II_pic2.JPG \"Delage Berline D6-II pic2.JPG\")",
"### Delage D6\\-60 (1935 – 1937\\)",
"As the company succumbed to its financial difficulties, in April 1935 the plant at [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie \"Courbevoie\"), which Delage had occupied since 1910, produced its last car, and the process began which would leave Delage as a simple affiliate of [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye \"Delahaye\") by 1938\\.{{cite book \\|section\\=Automobilia \\|title\\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1940 \\- 46 (Les années sans salon)\\|volume\\=26\\|page\\=32\\|year \\= 2003\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris }} In 1935 Delage retained a separate management, but production was transferred to the [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye \"Delahaye\") factory, in the [13th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"13th arrondissement of Paris\"). The Delage range was rearranged in order to facilitate the sharing of production facilities.",
"As part of this process, the Delage D6\\-65 was replaced by the Delage D6\\-60\\. It was available only with a {{convert\\|3150\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase, shared with the four\\-cylinder Delayahe Models such as the 134N. Delages retained their own engine designs and the D6\\-60 came with a straight 6 of 2335 cc which was increased to 2528 cc at the Motor Dhow in October 1936 in time for the 1937 model year. Maximum power now rose from {{convert\\|56\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|67\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 3,500 rpm.{{cite book \\|section\\=Automobilia \\|title\\=Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1937 (Salon \\[Oct] 1936\\)\\|volume\\=3\\| pages \\=28–31\\|year \\= 1997\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris }} At the end of 1937 the D6\\-60 was taken out of production.",
"### Delage D6\\-80 (1935 – 1937\\)",
"Also introduced in time for 1936 was the Delage D6\\-80\\. Initially this was powered by a 3227 cc in line 6\\-cylinder engine for which maximum power of {{convert\\|72\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} is listed. The D6\\-80 was a long vehicle. Like other Delages at this time the D6\\-80 shared its wheelbase \\- in this case of {{convert\\|3350\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} – with a Delahaye. In the case of cars and the accompanying information presented at the 1936 motor show for 1937 cars, the Delage D6\\-80 also shared its 3557 cc six\\-cylinder {{convert\\|90\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} engine with a Delahaye, although the switch to a Delahaye engine was not immediately implemented in respect of the cars provided for sale.",
"By 1938 the D6\\-80 had disappeared from the Delage range.\n[right\\|thumb\\|Delage D6\\-70 with \"Coach\" body by Letourneur et Marchand](/wiki/File:1947_Delage_D6-70_by_Letourneur_et_Marchand_-_Left_side_level_view_1.jpg \"1947 Delage D6-70 by Letourneur et Marchand - Left side level view 1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Delage D66\\-70 Control Panel](/wiki/File:Delage_D6slash70_1937_the_view_out.JPG \"Delage D6slash70 1937 the view out.JPG\")",
"### Delage D6\\-70 (1937 – 1938\\)",
"For 1937 Delage presented the D6\\-70\\. The car was effectively a rebadged D6\\-60S, which in turn was a derivation of the D6\\-60\\. The D6\\-70 sat on the same {{convert\\|3150\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase as the D6\\-60 which was withdrawn from sale a few months after its launch. The car’s straight\\-six engine was of 2729 cc displacement and was not shared with any Delage. Maximum output is listed as {{convert\\|78\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} though as before, sources differ. The D6\\-70 seems to have been the star of the Delage 6\\-cylinder range at this time, with some particularly elegant bodies provided such as the “Coach Panoramique” 2\\-door sports saloon from [Letourneur \\& Marchand](/wiki/Letourneur_et_Marchand \"Letourneur et Marchand\"), a [Chapron](/wiki/Henri_Chapron \"Henri Chapron\") cabriolet bodied car depicted in the 1937 Delage catalogue and a particularly well balanced “Berline” (saloon/sedan) from [Autobineau](/wiki/Letourneur_et_Marchand \"Letourneur et Marchand\").",
"### Delage D6\\-75 (1939 – 1940\\)",
"The D6\\-75 appeared for 1939, effectively replacing the D6\\-70 which had by now been withdrawn. Its 2798 cc 6\\-cylinder engine was considered particularly refined. Power output was quoted at {{convert\\|95\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. In 1940 production was ended by the rapid [invasion of northern France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"), following the declaration of war at the end of the previous summer.",
"### Delage D6 3\\-litre (1946 – 1954\\)",
"By the end of the war Delage was firmly in the hands of Delahaye, Delage's British born chief, Walter Watney, having found himself obliged to leave France in 1942\\. [Louis Delâge](/wiki/Louis_Del%C3%A2ge \"Louis Delâge\") himself had not been welcome at the company that bore his name since 1935, and would die at the end of 1947\\.",
"1946 found Delage production resuming with a single model, the D6 3\\-litre, slotting in below the larger and (even) more powerful models for which Delahaye used their own name.{{cite journal\\| journal \\=Automobilia\\| title \\= Toutes les voitures françaises 1948 (Salon 1947\\)\\| volume \\= 7\\| pages \\=23–25\\|year \\= 1998\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris \\| language \\= fr \\| first \\= René \\| last \\= Bellu }} Many things had changed in the intervening years, but post\\-war Delages, like the Delahayes, still had their steering wheels on the right, something which would have been mainstream in France thirty years earlier, but which now very firmly set the high\\-luxury end cars apart from the Peugeots, Renaults, Citroëns, Panhards, and Simcas that many French citizens would have seen daily on the roads, and which the more fortunate among them might have aspired to drive or purchase.",
"The D6 3\\-litre now came with a 2984 cc straight\\-6 engine. Quoted power of {{cvt\\|90\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 3,800 rpm was slightly down on the figure quoted for the pre\\-war D6\\-70, possibly reflecting a lower compression ratio enforced by the lower octanes of the fuel available to car buyers at this time. Performance would have varied according to the weight and shape of the body fitted, but a top speed of approximately 135 km/h (84 mph) was quoted by the manufacturer.{{cite journal\\| journal \\=Automobilia\\| title \\= Toutes les voitures françaises 1952 (Salon 1951\\)\\| volume \\= 20\\|page\\=22\\|year \\= 2001\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris \\| language \\= fr \\| first \\= René \\| last \\= Bellu }}",
"The bespoke body builders had less work now than in the 1930s, but their craft based methods enabled them to respond more immediately to new styling trends than the volume automakers, and many of the Delages from the late 1940s and early 1950s look strangely modern when compared to the early post war products from Renault, Peugeot and Citroën. The coach builders were willing and able more immediately to copy and build on the developments in car design that during the early 1940s had been more apparent in North America than in Europe. Nevertheless, the Delage D6\\-3\\-litre of 1948 – 1954 came with exactly the same {{convert\\|3150\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} that had been standard on successive D6s since 1935\\. A longer {{convert\\|3330\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} was also available for longer bodies such as those for Limousine style cars.",
"The Delage D6 3\\-litre was listed as part of the Delahaye\\-Delage range till 1954: it is thought that the last of the cars, in bare chassis form, were constructed during the closing months of 1953, but the final batch were still available for purchase during 1954, most of them bodied by [Chapron](/wiki/Henri_Chapron \"Henri Chapron\").{{cite journal\\| journal \\=Automobilia\\| title \\= Toutes les voitures françaises 1954 (Salon 1953\\)\\| volume \\= 24 \\|page\\=23\\|year \\= 2002\\|publisher\\=Histoire \\& collections\\|location\\=Paris \\| language \\= fr \\| first \\= René \\| last \\= Bellu }} 1954 marked the exit from auto\\-production of both brands. The [political context](/wiki/Plan_Pons \"Plan Pons\") and the state of the post\\-war French economy were hostile to large cars in France. In 1954 even [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford \"Henry Ford\") gave up on French auto\\-production, selling [his business](/wiki/Ford_SAF \"Ford SAF\") to [Simca](/wiki/Simca \"Simca\"). By 1955 [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye \"Delahaye\") had been taken over by [Hotchkiss](/wiki/Automobiles_Hotchkiss \"Automobiles Hotchkiss\") whose own business now survived, at least for the time being, not from producing luxury cars but on the basis of rebuilding and, by now increasingly building from scratch, [Jeep based vehicles](/wiki/Hotchkiss_M201 \"Hotchkiss M201\").",
"### Delage D6 Olympic (1946 – 1949\\)",
"The D6 3\\-litre came in its standard form with only one carburettor; in 1946 a performance version, the Delage D6 Olympic, was presented. The Olympic used the same engine block, but was fitted with a triple carburettor fuel feed system. This gave rise to an output of {{convert\\|100\\|hp\\-metric\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, now with the engine spinning up to 4,500 rpm, and corresponding with a top speed of approximately 140 km/h (87 mph). This may have been in connection with the 3\\-litre Delage racing cars which were much in evidence during the 1948 racing season. However, in 1949 this performance version of the D6 was withdrawn.",
""
] |
Main characters
---------------
| Character | Portrayed by | Seasons | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [1](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_1%29 "Bates Motel (season 1)") | [2](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_2%29 "Bates Motel (season 2)") | [3](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_3%29 "Bates Motel (season 3)") | [4](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_4%29 "Bates Motel (season 4)") | [5](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_5%29 "Bates Motel (season 5)") |
| [Norma Louise Bates](/wiki/Norma_Bates_%28Psycho%29 "Norma Bates (Psycho)") | [Vera Farmiga](/wiki/Vera_Farmiga "Vera Farmiga") | colspan\="5" {{CMain}} |
| [Norman Bates](/wiki/Norman_Bates "Norman Bates") | [Freddie Highmore](/wiki/Freddie_Highmore "Freddie Highmore") | colspan\="5" {{CMain\|Main}} |
| Dylan Massett | [Max Thieriot](/wiki/Max_Thieriot "Max Thieriot") | colspan\="5" {{CMain\|Main}} |
| Emma Decody | [Olivia Cooke](/wiki/Olivia_Cooke "Olivia Cooke") | colspan\="5" {{CMain\|Main}} |
| Bradley Martin | [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz "Nicola Peltz") | colspan\="2" {{CMain\|Main}} | {{CGuest}} | colspan\="2" {{CNone}} |
| Alex Romero | [Nestor Carbonell](/wiki/Nestor_Carbonell "Nestor Carbonell") | {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | colspan\="4" {{CMain\|Main}} |
| Caleb Calhoun | [Kenny Johnson](/wiki/Kenny_Johnson "Kenny Johnson") | {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | {{CMain\|Main}} | {{CGuest}} | {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} |
### Norma Louise Bates
{{further\|Norma Bates (Psycho)}}
Norma Louise Bates (portrayed by [Vera Farmiga](/wiki/Vera_Farmiga "Vera Farmiga")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/vera\-farmiga\-bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-a\-e\-364885 \|title\=Vera Farmiga to Star in A\&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' \|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|first\=Lesley \|last\=Goldberg \|date\=August 27, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911034132/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/vera\-farmiga\-bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-a\-e\-364885 \|archive\-date\=September 11, 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} is the series' female protagonist. Norma is depicted as a loving but extremely possessive mother who wants to keep Norman all to herself. As a child, she was abused by her parents and raped by her brother Caleb, and she was also abused by her second husband, Sam (Norman's father). She sees Norman as the only person in the world who loves her, and pulls him closer every time she is in distress.
### Norman Bates
{{further\|Norman Bates}}
Norman Bates (portrayed by [Freddie Highmore](/wiki/Freddie_Highmore "Freddie Highmore")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/ae\-psycho\-prequel\-bates\-motel\-norman\-bates\-freddie\-highmore\-vera\-farmiga\-370516 \|title\=A\&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' Finds its Young Norman \|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|last\=Goldberg \|first\=Lesley \|date\=September 14, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006211708/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/ae\-psycho\-prequel\-bates\-motel\-norman\-bates\-freddie\-highmore\-vera\-farmiga\-370516 \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} is the series' male protagonist. Norman is depicted as a kind\-hearted but deeply troubled boy who has an often unhealthy attachment to Norma. His mother has smothered and sheltered him his whole life, to the point that he is awkward and socially inept, especially around people his own age. As the series progresses, it becomes clear that Norman is mentally ill: he experiences [blackouts](/wiki/Blackout_%28drug-related_amnesia%29 "Blackout (drug-related amnesia)"), during which he [hallucinates visions of Norma](/wiki/Dissociative_disorder "Dissociative disorder") and behaves violently, before coming to with no recollection of his actions. In seasons three and four, it is becoming clear that he has a split personality, and that his other self – "Mother" – is gaining control.
### Dylan Massett
Dylan Massett (portrayed by [Max Thieriot](/wiki/Max_Thieriot "Max Thieriot")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/ae\-bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-max\-thieriot\-freddie\-highmore\-vera\-farmiga\-370533 \|title\=A\&E's 'Bates Motel' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman's Brother \|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|last\=Goldberg \|first\=Lesley \|date\=September 14, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127121857/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/ae\-bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-max\-thieriot\-freddie\-highmore\-vera\-farmiga\-370533 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} is Norma's estranged son and Norman's half\-brother. Having grown up largely on his own, he is resourceful, strong\-willed and independent. He genuinely cares about Norman, but has a difficult relationship with Norma. He believes that Norma seeks out conflict and drama, and that her treatment of Norman will damage him. When he arrives to White Pine Bay, after recently being [laid off](/wiki/Layoff "Layoff"), Dylan bonds with Norman and encourages him to have a life outside of Norma. He gets involved in the town's illicit [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 "Cannabis (drug)") business, and quickly rises up the ranks as he wins favor with his superiors. His world comes crashing down, however, when he learns from Norma that he is the product of an [incestuous](/wiki/Incest "Incest") [rape](/wiki/Rape "Rape") – his true father having been Norma's brother, Caleb – and distances himself from the family, moving out of the Bates' house. He eventually reconnects with his mother and brother in the second season finale. In season three, he becomes increasingly concerned with Norman's behavior, and tries to convince Norma to seek help for him. He also facilitates a reconciliation between Norma and Caleb after reconnecting with his father and starting a legal medicinal marijuana farm of his own, following a DEA raid which wipes out the town's cannabis trade. Throughout the season, he starts to grow close to Emma as she assists in looking after Norman, and attempts to raise the funds for her lung transplant, and the two subsequently form a romantic attachment. Dylan leaves for Seattle with Emma and the two subsequently get married and have a daughter. He finds out online that his mother committed suicide and is furious that Norman did not tell him. He returns to White Pine Bay after fearing for Norman's mental health. Norman later confesses to murder; Dylan visits Norman's hearing but is unable to listen to the charges against his brother. After Norman is freed, he goes to the motel and finds Norman in the kitchen with Norma's corpse. Norman attempts to stab Dylan but is fatally shot by his brother, whom he thanks as he passes away. Dylan then returns to Seattle to be with Emma and their daughter.
### Emma Decody
Emma Decody (portrayed by [Olivia Cooke](/wiki/Olivia_Cooke "Olivia Cooke")){{cite web \|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a407099/psycho\-tv\-prequel\-bates\-motel\-adds\-blackout\-star\-olivia\-cooke.html \|title\='Psycho' TV prequel 'Bates Motel' adds 'Blackout' star Olivia Cooke \|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]] \|last\=Jeffery \|first\=Morgan \|date\=September 20, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201340/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a407099/psycho\-tv\-prequel\-bates\-motel\-adds\-blackout\-star\-olivia\-cooke.html \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} is Norman's best friend. A sufferer of [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis "Cystic fibrosis"), Emma is often seen carrying an oxygen tank. Although Emma is British, having been born in Manchester (as was Cooke, in real life), she was brought up in the United States and speaks with the local dialect. Identifying with his unusual personality, troubled history and friendly nature, Emma is immediately infatuated with Norman and develops a friendship with him. Norman in turn finds himself warming to her, and, at the request of her father, respects her feelings for him. Seeing this, Norma becomes fond of her and employs Emma at the motel to keep her close to Norman, as well as to provide her with some much\-needed maternal support and advice. Her friendship with Norman becomes strained, however, when he allows his feelings for Bradley Martin to get in the way. In addition, she becomes upset when Norma begins to blatantly keep secrets from her or tell her false stories to explain some of Norman's strange actions, and contemplates resigning from the motel. Norman ultimately reaffirms his loyalty to her when he angrily berates his girlfriend, Cody, for egging Emma to do a cliff jump into a lake, clogging her airway and nearly killing her. He later convinces her to stay at the motel by telling her the truth about Dylan's birth, explaining why Norma would not answer her questions. In season three, Emma has a short\-lived relationship with Norman, but they later decide to remain friends. She soon grows close to Dylan, who becomes concerned when he learns that Emma's health has deteriorated severely, and takes it upon himself to raise the money she needs for a lung transplant. This, in turn, leads to the two starting a romantic relationship.
### Bradley Martin
Bradley Martin (portrayed by [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz "Nicola Peltz")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-cast\-ae\-nicola\-peltz\-371440 \|title\='Bates Motel' Adds 'Last Airbender' Actress as Love Interest for Norman (Exclusive) \|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|last\=Goldberg \|first\=Lesley \|date\=September 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127122128/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/bates\-motel\-psycho\-prequel\-cast\-ae\-nicola\-peltz\-371440 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} is a kind, attractive and popular classmate of Norman. Bradley immediately takes a shine to Norman, inviting him to his first party and introducing him to her boyfriend. Her world takes a turn for the worse, however, when her father is burned to death, and in her time of grief, she ends up having sex with Norman. Regretting it, she attempts to make amends with him, but accidentally alienates him further. She also wins the ire of Norma and Emma, who become jealous of the attention Norman gives her. With Dylan's help, she finds out who her father's murderer was, and ends up shooting him dead. With blood on her hands, Bradley turns to Norman once more, and, with his help, flees White Pine Bay to go into hiding in Boston. She later returns in season three and, lonely, seeks comfort in Norman. She asks him to speak to her mother, who thinks she's dead, but changes her mind upon learning that her mother has quickly adjusted to being without her husband and daughter. Afterwards, she feels the only person she has left in the world is Norman. She decides that it is best for her to leave town once again and pleads for Norman to come with her. He accepts, but Norman (in his "Mother" persona) kills Bradley by repeatedly bashing her head against a rock.
### Alex Romero
Alex Romero (portrayed by [Nestor Carbonell](/wiki/Nestor_Carbonell "Nestor Carbonell")){{cite web \|url\=https://deadline.com/2012/10/mike\-vogel\-nestor\-carbonell\-join\-aes\-bates\-motel\-trio\-to\-recur\-on\-shameless\-346722/ \|title\=Mike Vogel \& Nestor Carbonell Join A\&E's 'Bates Motel', Trio To Recur On 'Shameless' \|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]] \|last\=Andreeva \|first\=Nellie \|date\=October 2, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611155440/http://deadline.com/2012/10/mike\-vogel\-nestor\-carbonell\-join\-aes\-bates\-motel\-trio\-to\-recur\-on\-shameless\-346722/ \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }} is White Pine Bay's sheriff in a very awkward position. He tolerates the town's open marijuana cultivation, but only because he knows that the town's economy depends on it, and comes down hard on any gang\-related murders. He maintains a stoic, hardened demeanor, both on and off the job. His interaction with the Bates family does not go smoothly, when he suspects Norma's complicity in the disappearance (and death) of Keith Summers, his friend and the former motel owner. Over time, he comes to warm to Norma, but often finds himself having to clean up her messes, including murdering a man threatening her, or pinning the blame for one of Norman's murders on somebody else. When a call girl staying at the motel gets shot and, upon dying, gives Norma a USB drive that contains a financial ledger splitting up an investment return of at least $15 million (illegal revenue from the drug trade), Romero must protect Norma, while investigating those listed on it, including his imprisoned father who used to be sheriff. When it is revealed that Norma lied to him about her husband's death, their friendship suffers and is nearly at an end. Romero must also fight those seeking the ledger in order to keep his job and save his own life. In season four, after Norman is committed for psychiatric observation, Romero's relationship with Norma changes suddenly into a romantic one. He is eventually arrested on perjury charges and is sent to prison. He escapes in season 5 and kidnaps Norman and forces him to take him to where he hid Norma's body. After telling Norma that he will always love her, he is shot by Norman in his "mother" persona. Before he dies, Romero tells Norman that he killed his own mother and Norman can't hide from that.
### Caleb Calhoun
Caleb Calhoun (portrayed by [Kenny Johnson](/wiki/Kenny_Johnson "Kenny Johnson")){{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/07/25/bates\-motel\-kenny\-johnson\-nicola\-peltz \|title\=Kenny Johnson returns to 'Bates Motel' as series regular \|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|first\=Dan \|last\=Snierson \|date\=July 25, 2014 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108081553/http://www.ew.com/article/2014/07/25/bates\-motel\-kenny\-johnson\-nicola\-peltz \|archive\-date\=November 8, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }} is Norma's estranged older brother, Norman's uncle and Dylan's biological father. In season two, Caleb arrives at the Bates Motel but Norma immediately throws him out. However, Caleb bonds with Dylan, saying he helped protect Norma from their abusive father when they were children. Dylan defends Caleb to Norma, but he also repeatedly raped her for years during their childhood. This then escalates into a fight between Norman and Dylan until Norma intervenes by revealing that Caleb is Dylan's father. After Norman (in Norma's persona) attacks him for the rape, Caleb leaves town. He returns to help Dylan with a "pot farm" by building a barn. Dylan grows closer to Caleb and ponders telling Norma about his return, which is hastened by Norman and Emma spotting Caleb at the remote cabin. Norma and Caleb have an emotional reunion in which he apologizes to her, but she does not completely forgive him. After a curious neighbor to the farm seeks a gun runner to Canada, Caleb offers to take the job; however, Dylan also needs the money to help Emma so he accompanies him. The dropoff is supposed to have been the neighbor's demise, and Caleb manages to save Dylan. He then returns to beat the neighbor until he promises to leave Dylan alone and give them the promised money. Caleb leaves again, but not before telling Norma about Norman attacking him in the "Mother" persona.
|
[
"Main characters\n---------------",
"",
"| Character | Portrayed by | Seasons | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_1%29 \"Bates Motel (season 1)\") | [2](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_2%29 \"Bates Motel (season 2)\") | [3](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_3%29 \"Bates Motel (season 3)\") | [4](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_4%29 \"Bates Motel (season 4)\") | [5](/wiki/Bates_Motel_%28season_5%29 \"Bates Motel (season 5)\") |\n| [Norma Louise Bates](/wiki/Norma_Bates_%28Psycho%29 \"Norma Bates (Psycho)\") | [Vera Farmiga](/wiki/Vera_Farmiga \"Vera Farmiga\") | colspan\\=\"5\" {{CMain}} |\n| [Norman Bates](/wiki/Norman_Bates \"Norman Bates\") | [Freddie Highmore](/wiki/Freddie_Highmore \"Freddie Highmore\") | colspan\\=\"5\" {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| Dylan Massett | [Max Thieriot](/wiki/Max_Thieriot \"Max Thieriot\") | colspan\\=\"5\" {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| Emma Decody | [Olivia Cooke](/wiki/Olivia_Cooke \"Olivia Cooke\") | colspan\\=\"5\" {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| Bradley Martin | [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz \"Nicola Peltz\") | colspan\\=\"2\" {{CMain\\|Main}} | {{CGuest}} | colspan\\=\"2\" {{CNone}} |\n| Alex Romero | [Nestor Carbonell](/wiki/Nestor_Carbonell \"Nestor Carbonell\") | {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | colspan\\=\"4\" {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| Caleb Calhoun | [Kenny Johnson](/wiki/Kenny_Johnson \"Kenny Johnson\") | {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | {{CMain\\|Main}} | {{CGuest}} | {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} |",
"### Norma Louise Bates",
"{{further\\|Norma Bates (Psycho)}}\nNorma Louise Bates (portrayed by [Vera Farmiga](/wiki/Vera_Farmiga \"Vera Farmiga\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/vera\\-farmiga\\-bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-a\\-e\\-364885 \\|title\\=Vera Farmiga to Star in A\\&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|first\\=Lesley \\|last\\=Goldberg \\|date\\=August 27, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911034132/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/vera\\-farmiga\\-bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-a\\-e\\-364885 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is the series' female protagonist. Norma is depicted as a loving but extremely possessive mother who wants to keep Norman all to herself. As a child, she was abused by her parents and raped by her brother Caleb, and she was also abused by her second husband, Sam (Norman's father). She sees Norman as the only person in the world who loves her, and pulls him closer every time she is in distress.",
"### Norman Bates",
"{{further\\|Norman Bates}}\nNorman Bates (portrayed by [Freddie Highmore](/wiki/Freddie_Highmore \"Freddie Highmore\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/ae\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-bates\\-motel\\-norman\\-bates\\-freddie\\-highmore\\-vera\\-farmiga\\-370516 \\|title\\=A\\&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' Finds its Young Norman \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|last\\=Goldberg \\|first\\=Lesley \\|date\\=September 14, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006211708/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/ae\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-bates\\-motel\\-norman\\-bates\\-freddie\\-highmore\\-vera\\-farmiga\\-370516 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is the series' male protagonist. Norman is depicted as a kind\\-hearted but deeply troubled boy who has an often unhealthy attachment to Norma. His mother has smothered and sheltered him his whole life, to the point that he is awkward and socially inept, especially around people his own age. As the series progresses, it becomes clear that Norman is mentally ill: he experiences [blackouts](/wiki/Blackout_%28drug-related_amnesia%29 \"Blackout (drug-related amnesia)\"), during which he [hallucinates visions of Norma](/wiki/Dissociative_disorder \"Dissociative disorder\") and behaves violently, before coming to with no recollection of his actions. In seasons three and four, it is becoming clear that he has a split personality, and that his other self – \"Mother\" – is gaining control.",
"### Dylan Massett",
"Dylan Massett (portrayed by [Max Thieriot](/wiki/Max_Thieriot \"Max Thieriot\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/ae\\-bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-max\\-thieriot\\-freddie\\-highmore\\-vera\\-farmiga\\-370533 \\|title\\=A\\&E's 'Bates Motel' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman's Brother \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|last\\=Goldberg \\|first\\=Lesley \\|date\\=September 14, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127121857/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/ae\\-bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-max\\-thieriot\\-freddie\\-highmore\\-vera\\-farmiga\\-370533 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is Norma's estranged son and Norman's half\\-brother. Having grown up largely on his own, he is resourceful, strong\\-willed and independent. He genuinely cares about Norman, but has a difficult relationship with Norma. He believes that Norma seeks out conflict and drama, and that her treatment of Norman will damage him. When he arrives to White Pine Bay, after recently being [laid off](/wiki/Layoff \"Layoff\"), Dylan bonds with Norman and encourages him to have a life outside of Norma. He gets involved in the town's illicit [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\") business, and quickly rises up the ranks as he wins favor with his superiors. His world comes crashing down, however, when he learns from Norma that he is the product of an [incestuous](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\") [rape](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") – his true father having been Norma's brother, Caleb – and distances himself from the family, moving out of the Bates' house. He eventually reconnects with his mother and brother in the second season finale. In season three, he becomes increasingly concerned with Norman's behavior, and tries to convince Norma to seek help for him. He also facilitates a reconciliation between Norma and Caleb after reconnecting with his father and starting a legal medicinal marijuana farm of his own, following a DEA raid which wipes out the town's cannabis trade. Throughout the season, he starts to grow close to Emma as she assists in looking after Norman, and attempts to raise the funds for her lung transplant, and the two subsequently form a romantic attachment. Dylan leaves for Seattle with Emma and the two subsequently get married and have a daughter. He finds out online that his mother committed suicide and is furious that Norman did not tell him. He returns to White Pine Bay after fearing for Norman's mental health. Norman later confesses to murder; Dylan visits Norman's hearing but is unable to listen to the charges against his brother. After Norman is freed, he goes to the motel and finds Norman in the kitchen with Norma's corpse. Norman attempts to stab Dylan but is fatally shot by his brother, whom he thanks as he passes away. Dylan then returns to Seattle to be with Emma and their daughter.",
"### Emma Decody",
"Emma Decody (portrayed by [Olivia Cooke](/wiki/Olivia_Cooke \"Olivia Cooke\")){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a407099/psycho\\-tv\\-prequel\\-bates\\-motel\\-adds\\-blackout\\-star\\-olivia\\-cooke.html \\|title\\='Psycho' TV prequel 'Bates Motel' adds 'Blackout' star Olivia Cooke \\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]] \\|last\\=Jeffery \\|first\\=Morgan \\|date\\=September 20, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201340/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a407099/psycho\\-tv\\-prequel\\-bates\\-motel\\-adds\\-blackout\\-star\\-olivia\\-cooke.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is Norman's best friend. A sufferer of [cystic fibrosis](/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis \"Cystic fibrosis\"), Emma is often seen carrying an oxygen tank. Although Emma is British, having been born in Manchester (as was Cooke, in real life), she was brought up in the United States and speaks with the local dialect. Identifying with his unusual personality, troubled history and friendly nature, Emma is immediately infatuated with Norman and develops a friendship with him. Norman in turn finds himself warming to her, and, at the request of her father, respects her feelings for him. Seeing this, Norma becomes fond of her and employs Emma at the motel to keep her close to Norman, as well as to provide her with some much\\-needed maternal support and advice. Her friendship with Norman becomes strained, however, when he allows his feelings for Bradley Martin to get in the way. In addition, she becomes upset when Norma begins to blatantly keep secrets from her or tell her false stories to explain some of Norman's strange actions, and contemplates resigning from the motel. Norman ultimately reaffirms his loyalty to her when he angrily berates his girlfriend, Cody, for egging Emma to do a cliff jump into a lake, clogging her airway and nearly killing her. He later convinces her to stay at the motel by telling her the truth about Dylan's birth, explaining why Norma would not answer her questions. In season three, Emma has a short\\-lived relationship with Norman, but they later decide to remain friends. She soon grows close to Dylan, who becomes concerned when he learns that Emma's health has deteriorated severely, and takes it upon himself to raise the money she needs for a lung transplant. This, in turn, leads to the two starting a romantic relationship.",
"### Bradley Martin",
"Bradley Martin (portrayed by [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz \"Nicola Peltz\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-cast\\-ae\\-nicola\\-peltz\\-371440 \\|title\\='Bates Motel' Adds 'Last Airbender' Actress as Love Interest for Norman (Exclusive) \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|last\\=Goldberg \\|first\\=Lesley \\|date\\=September 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127122128/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/bates\\-motel\\-psycho\\-prequel\\-cast\\-ae\\-nicola\\-peltz\\-371440 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is a kind, attractive and popular classmate of Norman. Bradley immediately takes a shine to Norman, inviting him to his first party and introducing him to her boyfriend. Her world takes a turn for the worse, however, when her father is burned to death, and in her time of grief, she ends up having sex with Norman. Regretting it, she attempts to make amends with him, but accidentally alienates him further. She also wins the ire of Norma and Emma, who become jealous of the attention Norman gives her. With Dylan's help, she finds out who her father's murderer was, and ends up shooting him dead. With blood on her hands, Bradley turns to Norman once more, and, with his help, flees White Pine Bay to go into hiding in Boston. She later returns in season three and, lonely, seeks comfort in Norman. She asks him to speak to her mother, who thinks she's dead, but changes her mind upon learning that her mother has quickly adjusted to being without her husband and daughter. Afterwards, she feels the only person she has left in the world is Norman. She decides that it is best for her to leave town once again and pleads for Norman to come with her. He accepts, but Norman (in his \"Mother\" persona) kills Bradley by repeatedly bashing her head against a rock.",
"### Alex Romero",
"Alex Romero (portrayed by [Nestor Carbonell](/wiki/Nestor_Carbonell \"Nestor Carbonell\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2012/10/mike\\-vogel\\-nestor\\-carbonell\\-join\\-aes\\-bates\\-motel\\-trio\\-to\\-recur\\-on\\-shameless\\-346722/ \\|title\\=Mike Vogel \\& Nestor Carbonell Join A\\&E's 'Bates Motel', Trio To Recur On 'Shameless' \\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]] \\|last\\=Andreeva \\|first\\=Nellie \\|date\\=October 2, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611155440/http://deadline.com/2012/10/mike\\-vogel\\-nestor\\-carbonell\\-join\\-aes\\-bates\\-motel\\-trio\\-to\\-recur\\-on\\-shameless\\-346722/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is White Pine Bay's sheriff in a very awkward position. He tolerates the town's open marijuana cultivation, but only because he knows that the town's economy depends on it, and comes down hard on any gang\\-related murders. He maintains a stoic, hardened demeanor, both on and off the job. His interaction with the Bates family does not go smoothly, when he suspects Norma's complicity in the disappearance (and death) of Keith Summers, his friend and the former motel owner. Over time, he comes to warm to Norma, but often finds himself having to clean up her messes, including murdering a man threatening her, or pinning the blame for one of Norman's murders on somebody else. When a call girl staying at the motel gets shot and, upon dying, gives Norma a USB drive that contains a financial ledger splitting up an investment return of at least $15 million (illegal revenue from the drug trade), Romero must protect Norma, while investigating those listed on it, including his imprisoned father who used to be sheriff. When it is revealed that Norma lied to him about her husband's death, their friendship suffers and is nearly at an end. Romero must also fight those seeking the ledger in order to keep his job and save his own life. In season four, after Norman is committed for psychiatric observation, Romero's relationship with Norma changes suddenly into a romantic one. He is eventually arrested on perjury charges and is sent to prison. He escapes in season 5 and kidnaps Norman and forces him to take him to where he hid Norma's body. After telling Norma that he will always love her, he is shot by Norman in his \"mother\" persona. Before he dies, Romero tells Norman that he killed his own mother and Norman can't hide from that.",
"### Caleb Calhoun",
"Caleb Calhoun (portrayed by [Kenny Johnson](/wiki/Kenny_Johnson \"Kenny Johnson\")){{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/07/25/bates\\-motel\\-kenny\\-johnson\\-nicola\\-peltz \\|title\\=Kenny Johnson returns to 'Bates Motel' as series regular \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|first\\=Dan \\|last\\=Snierson \\|date\\=July 25, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108081553/http://www.ew.com/article/2014/07/25/bates\\-motel\\-kenny\\-johnson\\-nicola\\-peltz \\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is Norma's estranged older brother, Norman's uncle and Dylan's biological father. In season two, Caleb arrives at the Bates Motel but Norma immediately throws him out. However, Caleb bonds with Dylan, saying he helped protect Norma from their abusive father when they were children. Dylan defends Caleb to Norma, but he also repeatedly raped her for years during their childhood. This then escalates into a fight between Norman and Dylan until Norma intervenes by revealing that Caleb is Dylan's father. After Norman (in Norma's persona) attacks him for the rape, Caleb leaves town. He returns to help Dylan with a \"pot farm\" by building a barn. Dylan grows closer to Caleb and ponders telling Norma about his return, which is hastened by Norman and Emma spotting Caleb at the remote cabin. Norma and Caleb have an emotional reunion in which he apologizes to her, but she does not completely forgive him. After a curious neighbor to the farm seeks a gun runner to Canada, Caleb offers to take the job; however, Dylan also needs the money to help Emma so he accompanies him. The dropoff is supposed to have been the neighbor's demise, and Caleb manages to save Dylan. He then returns to beat the neighbor until he promises to leave Dylan alone and give them the promised money. Caleb leaves again, but not before telling Norma about Norman attacking him in the \"Mother\" persona.",
""
] |
Gymnastics career
-----------------
### 2011\-14: Junior international elite
Key was born in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia "Augusta, Georgia") and trained at [Texas Dreams Gymnastics](/wiki/Texas_Dreams_Gymnastics "Texas Dreams Gymnastics") under former gymnast and Olympic bronze medalist [Kim Zmeskal](/wiki/Kim_Zmeskal "Kim Zmeskal") and her husband, Chris Burdette. Her teammates included [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst "Peyton Ernst"), [Kennedy Baker](/wiki/Kennedy_Baker "Kennedy Baker") and [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults "Veronica Hults").
In July 2011, Key competed at the 2011 U.S. CoverGirl Classic in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). She placed seventh in the overall standings. Later that year, she competed in the Visa National Championships. She came in ninth overall with a two\-day combined score of 109\.550\.
Key competed at the 2012 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won a gold medal with the team. She scored 14\.250 on the [floor exercise](/wiki/Floor_%28gymnastics%29 "Floor (gymnastics)"), which was enough to give her a bronze medal, and she was third in the all\-around. At the [U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic "U.S. Classic"), she scored a 56\.600, placing fifth. A few weeks later, at the Visa Championships, Key finished fourth in the all\-around but got a bronze medal on the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam "Balance beam") and floor exercise.
In March 2013, Key went to the 2013 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won the all\-around gold medal with 58\.100 and another two golds and one bronze in the event finals. In July, she competed at the Secret U.S. Classic, where she won the all\-around title with a score of 58\.250\. She scored a 14\.000 on floor, 14\.250 on [uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars "Uneven bars") to finish in fifth, 15\.000 on [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28gymnastics%29 "Vault (gymnastics)") to place third, and 15\.000 on beam to place second. In August, Key competed at the P\&G National Championships, which took place over two days, with the combined scores determining final placings. Key won gold in the all\-around, beam and floor and placed fourth on bars and vault. Her scores for Day 1 were 15\.350 on beam, 13\.950 on bars, 14\.800 on floor and 15\.100 on vault. Her Day 2 scores were 15\.550 on beam, 14\.100 on bars, 14\.950 on floor and 14\.750 on vault. Her total all\-around score was 118\.550\.
Following her all\-around win at the P\&G Championships, Key was selected along with [Laurie Hernandez](/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez "Laurie Hernandez"), who placed second at the P\&G Championships, to represent the United States at the Junior Japan International in [Yokohama, Japan](/wiki/Yokohama%2C_Japan "Yokohama, Japan"). Key won the all\-around with a score of 58\.400\. She also won the vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise titles.
In November, Key was selected, along with fellow junior gymnasts Hernandez, [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults "Veronica Hults") and Emily Gaskins and senior gymnasts [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)") and [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst "Peyton Ernst") to represent the United States at the 2013 Mexican Open in [Acapulco, Mexico](/wiki/Acapulco%2C_Mexico "Acapulco, Mexico"). Key helped the American juniors take the team title in the International Junior Cup and also won the all\-around title ahead of Hernandez, Gaskins and Hults, who finished second, third and fourth, respectively; however, only Key and Hernandez were awarded the gold and silver medals because of a two\-per\-country rule.
In 2014, Key competed at the [City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/City_of_Jesolo_Trophy "City of Jesolo Trophy") in [Jesolo](/wiki/Jesolo "Jesolo"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). The United States won the team competition, and she won the all\-around and three events (vault, bars and floor) and placed second on beam. She was named to the American team for the [Pacific Rim Championships](/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships "Pacific Rim Championships") in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia "Richmond, British Columbia"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), in April 2014\. There, she won the all\-around, vault and floor medals for the junior division and placed second on uneven bars and balance beam.{{cite web\|url\=http://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=13781\&prog\=h\|title\=USA Gymnastics names women's team for Pacific Rim Championships\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}}
Key withdrew from the [2014 Secret U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic "U.S. Classic") because of a minor arm injury.{{cite web\|url\=https://beamdreams.com/2014/07/31/the\-latest\-on\-bailie\-key/\|title\=The Latest on Bailie Key\|date\=1 August 2014\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}}
Later in the season, she withdrew from the 2014 P\&G National Championships with the same nagging arm injury and was consequently unable to defend her national title.
On September 14, 2014, Key verbally committed to the [Florida Gators women's gymnastics](/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_gymnastics "Florida Gators women's gymnastics") team. She announced the news through social media.{{Cite tweet \|user\=Bailie\_Key \|number\=510982306832855040 \|title\=Bailie Key on Twitter: "I am so excited to say that I have verbally committed to the University of Florida! Go gators! 🔸🔷🐊🔷🔸"\|access\-date\=2014\-09\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922094546/https://twitter.com/Bailie\_Key/status/510982306832855040\# \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-22 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 2015\-2016: Senior career
Key turned senior in 2015, consequently becoming age\-eligible for a place on the [USA Gymnastics](/wiki/USA_Gymnastics "USA Gymnastics") team for the 2015 World Championships in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), and for the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").
**City of Jesolo Trophy**
In March 2015, Key competed at the [2015 City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/2015_City_of_Jesolo_Trophy "2015 City of Jesolo Trophy") as part of the United States' senior team. She came in second place, behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), in the all\-around with a score of 59\.500, surpassing both [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas "Gabby Douglas") and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman"). She scored 15\.000 on floor, 14\.900 on bars, 15\.200 on vault and 14\.400 on beam. She also placed 2nd in the uneven bars final, earning the silver medal and also earned a gold medal with the U.S team.
**Secret U.S. Classic**
On July 25, Key competed at the Secret U.S. Classic. She placed 4th in the all\-around with a score of 59\.450, behind 2\-time World All\-Around Champion [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), 2012 Olympic All\-Around Champion [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas "Gabby Douglas"), and [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)") and ahead of [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman"). She placed 3rd on bars (15\.300\) behind [Madison Kocian](/wiki/Madison_Kocian "Madison Kocian") and Douglas, tied for 5th on beam with Nichols (14\.450\) behind Biles, Raisman, Douglas, and [Kyla Ross](/wiki/Kyla_Ross "Kyla Ross"), and tied for 3rd with Nichols on floor (14\.800\) behind Biles and Douglas.
**P\&G Championships**
At the P\&G Championships held in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana") on August 13 \& 15, Key finished 4th in the all\-around with a 2\-night score of 118\.350, placing behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)"), and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman").
On night one, Key scored a 15\.200 on bars, a 13\.700 on beam (after grabbing the beam and being overtime), a 14\.450 on floor, and a 15\.250 on vault for an all around score of 58\.600, .050 behind Raisman. This placed her fourth after night one.
On the second day of competition, Key scored a 14\.550 on beam, a 14\.700 on floor, a 15\.200 on vault, and a 15\.300 on bars. Overall, she finished 10th on beam (28\.250\), 3rd on floor (29\.150, tied with MyKayla Skinner), and 3rd on bars (30\.500\). She also placed 4th in the all around with a two\-night total of 118\.350, .200 behind Aly Raisman, who finished third.
Key was named to the Senior National Team for the first time and received an invitation to the 2015 Worlds Selection Camp in September.["2015 P\&G Championships \- Women Day 2 Meet Results"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_sraa.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003542/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\_15champs\_sraa.pdf \|date\=2015\-09\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\.["2015 P\&G Championships \- Women Day 2 Event Results"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_srevents.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003341/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\_15champs\_srevents.pdf \|date\=2015\-09\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\. She was named as a non\-traveling alternate to the 2015 World Championship team.
### 2016
Key was scheduled to compete at the Secret U.S. Classic, but she later withdrew. Two weeks later, Key had decided to end her 2016 season due to an ongoing back injury, therefore ending her potential bid for the 2016 U.S. Women's Olympic Gymnastics team and her elite gymnastics career.{{Cite web\|last\=VAVEL.com\|date\=2016\-06\-21\|title\=Bailie Key, Jazmyn Foberg end their 2016 season\|url\=https://www.vavel.com/en\-us/more\-sports/2016/06/22/661454\-bailie\-key\-jazmyn\-froberg\-end\-their\-2016\-season.html\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-26\|website\=VAVEL\|language\=en\-us}}
On September 30, 2016, Key announced that she had committed to the [University of Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama "University of Alabama") and the [Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_gymnastics "Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics") team,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.collegegymfans.com/recruiting\-news/item/6711\-key\-to\-bama.html\|title\=2017\-18 Key to Bama \- CollegeGymFans.com\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}} having previously been verbally committed to the University of Florida. She signed the [National Letter of Intent](/wiki/National_Letter_of_Intent "National Letter of Intent") to the University of Alabama and the Crimson Tide gymnastics team on November 10, 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BMm9mOagmF7/\|title\=Instagram post by Bailie Key • Nov 10, 2016 at 12:02am UTC\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}}
### 2017\-2019
Key joined the University of Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics team for the 2018 season. She competed in the season opener at Michigan, where she fell off the balance beam, receiving a score of 8\.475\.{{Cite web\|title\=Teams\|url\=https://roadtonationals.com/results/teams/gymnast/2018/2/25062\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-26\|website\=roadtonationals.com}} This would ultimately be the only competitive routine of her college career.
In January 2019, it was announced that Key would miss the 2019 season due to an unspecified medical procedure.{{Cite web\|title\=Alabama Gymnast Bailie Key Out for the Season Following Medical Procedure\|url\=https://rolltide.com/news/2019/1/4/gymnastics\-alabama\-gymnast\-bailie\-key\-out\-for\-the\-season\-following\-medical\-procedure.aspx\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-26\|website\=University of Alabama Athletics\|date\=4 January 2019 \|language\=en}}
In June 2019, Key announced her retirement from gymnastics.{{Cite web\|title\=Bailie Key Retires from Gymnastics\|url\=https://rolltide.com/news/2019/6/7/bailie\-key\-retires\-from\-gymnastics.aspx\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-26\|website\=University of Alabama Athletics\|date\=7 June 2019 \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Gymnastics career\n-----------------",
"### 2011\\-14: Junior international elite",
"Key was born in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia \"Augusta, Georgia\") and trained at [Texas Dreams Gymnastics](/wiki/Texas_Dreams_Gymnastics \"Texas Dreams Gymnastics\") under former gymnast and Olympic bronze medalist [Kim Zmeskal](/wiki/Kim_Zmeskal \"Kim Zmeskal\") and her husband, Chris Burdette. Her teammates included [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst \"Peyton Ernst\"), [Kennedy Baker](/wiki/Kennedy_Baker \"Kennedy Baker\") and [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults \"Veronica Hults\").",
"In July 2011, Key competed at the 2011 U.S. CoverGirl Classic in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). She placed seventh in the overall standings. Later that year, she competed in the Visa National Championships. She came in ninth overall with a two\\-day combined score of 109\\.550\\.",
"Key competed at the 2012 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won a gold medal with the team. She scored 14\\.250 on the [floor exercise](/wiki/Floor_%28gymnastics%29 \"Floor (gymnastics)\"), which was enough to give her a bronze medal, and she was third in the all\\-around. At the [U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic \"U.S. Classic\"), she scored a 56\\.600, placing fifth. A few weeks later, at the Visa Championships, Key finished fourth in the all\\-around but got a bronze medal on the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam \"Balance beam\") and floor exercise.",
"In March 2013, Key went to the 2013 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won the all\\-around gold medal with 58\\.100 and another two golds and one bronze in the event finals. In July, she competed at the Secret U.S. Classic, where she won the all\\-around title with a score of 58\\.250\\. She scored a 14\\.000 on floor, 14\\.250 on [uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars \"Uneven bars\") to finish in fifth, 15\\.000 on [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28gymnastics%29 \"Vault (gymnastics)\") to place third, and 15\\.000 on beam to place second. In August, Key competed at the P\\&G National Championships, which took place over two days, with the combined scores determining final placings. Key won gold in the all\\-around, beam and floor and placed fourth on bars and vault. Her scores for Day 1 were 15\\.350 on beam, 13\\.950 on bars, 14\\.800 on floor and 15\\.100 on vault. Her Day 2 scores were 15\\.550 on beam, 14\\.100 on bars, 14\\.950 on floor and 14\\.750 on vault. Her total all\\-around score was 118\\.550\\.",
"Following her all\\-around win at the P\\&G Championships, Key was selected along with [Laurie Hernandez](/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez \"Laurie Hernandez\"), who placed second at the P\\&G Championships, to represent the United States at the Junior Japan International in [Yokohama, Japan](/wiki/Yokohama%2C_Japan \"Yokohama, Japan\"). Key won the all\\-around with a score of 58\\.400\\. She also won the vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise titles.",
"In November, Key was selected, along with fellow junior gymnasts Hernandez, [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults \"Veronica Hults\") and Emily Gaskins and senior gymnasts [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\") and [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst \"Peyton Ernst\") to represent the United States at the 2013 Mexican Open in [Acapulco, Mexico](/wiki/Acapulco%2C_Mexico \"Acapulco, Mexico\"). Key helped the American juniors take the team title in the International Junior Cup and also won the all\\-around title ahead of Hernandez, Gaskins and Hults, who finished second, third and fourth, respectively; however, only Key and Hernandez were awarded the gold and silver medals because of a two\\-per\\-country rule.",
"In 2014, Key competed at the [City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/City_of_Jesolo_Trophy \"City of Jesolo Trophy\") in [Jesolo](/wiki/Jesolo \"Jesolo\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). The United States won the team competition, and she won the all\\-around and three events (vault, bars and floor) and placed second on beam. She was named to the American team for the [Pacific Rim Championships](/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships \"Pacific Rim Championships\") in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia \"Richmond, British Columbia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), in April 2014\\. There, she won the all\\-around, vault and floor medals for the junior division and placed second on uneven bars and balance beam.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=13781\\&prog\\=h\\|title\\=USA Gymnastics names women's team for Pacific Rim Championships\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}}",
"Key withdrew from the [2014 Secret U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic \"U.S. Classic\") because of a minor arm injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://beamdreams.com/2014/07/31/the\\-latest\\-on\\-bailie\\-key/\\|title\\=The Latest on Bailie Key\\|date\\=1 August 2014\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}}",
"Later in the season, she withdrew from the 2014 P\\&G National Championships with the same nagging arm injury and was consequently unable to defend her national title.",
"On September 14, 2014, Key verbally committed to the [Florida Gators women's gymnastics](/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_gymnastics \"Florida Gators women's gymnastics\") team. She announced the news through social media.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=Bailie\\_Key \\|number\\=510982306832855040 \\|title\\=Bailie Key on Twitter: \"I am so excited to say that I have verbally committed to the University of Florida! Go gators! 🔸🔷🐊🔷🔸\"\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922094546/https://twitter.com/Bailie\\_Key/status/510982306832855040\\# \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 2015\\-2016: Senior career",
"Key turned senior in 2015, consequently becoming age\\-eligible for a place on the [USA Gymnastics](/wiki/USA_Gymnastics \"USA Gymnastics\") team for the 2015 World Championships in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), and for the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").",
"**City of Jesolo Trophy**",
"In March 2015, Key competed at the [2015 City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/2015_City_of_Jesolo_Trophy \"2015 City of Jesolo Trophy\") as part of the United States' senior team. She came in second place, behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), in the all\\-around with a score of 59\\.500, surpassing both [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas \"Gabby Douglas\") and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\"). She scored 15\\.000 on floor, 14\\.900 on bars, 15\\.200 on vault and 14\\.400 on beam. She also placed 2nd in the uneven bars final, earning the silver medal and also earned a gold medal with the U.S team.",
"**Secret U.S. Classic**",
"On July 25, Key competed at the Secret U.S. Classic. She placed 4th in the all\\-around with a score of 59\\.450, behind 2\\-time World All\\-Around Champion [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), 2012 Olympic All\\-Around Champion [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas \"Gabby Douglas\"), and [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\") and ahead of [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\"). She placed 3rd on bars (15\\.300\\) behind [Madison Kocian](/wiki/Madison_Kocian \"Madison Kocian\") and Douglas, tied for 5th on beam with Nichols (14\\.450\\) behind Biles, Raisman, Douglas, and [Kyla Ross](/wiki/Kyla_Ross \"Kyla Ross\"), and tied for 3rd with Nichols on floor (14\\.800\\) behind Biles and Douglas.",
"**P\\&G Championships**",
"At the P\\&G Championships held in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\") on August 13 \\& 15, Key finished 4th in the all\\-around with a 2\\-night score of 118\\.350, placing behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\"), and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\").",
"On night one, Key scored a 15\\.200 on bars, a 13\\.700 on beam (after grabbing the beam and being overtime), a 14\\.450 on floor, and a 15\\.250 on vault for an all around score of 58\\.600, .050 behind Raisman. This placed her fourth after night one.",
"On the second day of competition, Key scored a 14\\.550 on beam, a 14\\.700 on floor, a 15\\.200 on vault, and a 15\\.300 on bars. Overall, she finished 10th on beam (28\\.250\\), 3rd on floor (29\\.150, tied with MyKayla Skinner), and 3rd on bars (30\\.500\\). She also placed 4th in the all around with a two\\-night total of 118\\.350, .200 behind Aly Raisman, who finished third.",
"Key was named to the Senior National Team for the first time and received an invitation to the 2015 Worlds Selection Camp in September.[\"2015 P\\&G Championships \\- Women Day 2 Meet Results\"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_sraa.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003542/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\\_15champs\\_sraa.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\\.[\"2015 P\\&G Championships \\- Women Day 2 Event Results\"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_srevents.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003341/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\\_15champs\\_srevents.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\\. She was named as a non\\-traveling alternate to the 2015 World Championship team.",
"### 2016",
"Key was scheduled to compete at the Secret U.S. Classic, but she later withdrew. Two weeks later, Key had decided to end her 2016 season due to an ongoing back injury, therefore ending her potential bid for the 2016 U.S. Women's Olympic Gymnastics team and her elite gymnastics career.{{Cite web\\|last\\=VAVEL.com\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-21\\|title\\=Bailie Key, Jazmyn Foberg end their 2016 season\\|url\\=https://www.vavel.com/en\\-us/more\\-sports/2016/06/22/661454\\-bailie\\-key\\-jazmyn\\-froberg\\-end\\-their\\-2016\\-season.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-26\\|website\\=VAVEL\\|language\\=en\\-us}}",
"On September 30, 2016, Key announced that she had committed to the [University of Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama \"University of Alabama\") and the [Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_gymnastics \"Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics\") team,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.collegegymfans.com/recruiting\\-news/item/6711\\-key\\-to\\-bama.html\\|title\\=2017\\-18 Key to Bama \\- CollegeGymFans.com\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}} having previously been verbally committed to the University of Florida. She signed the [National Letter of Intent](/wiki/National_Letter_of_Intent \"National Letter of Intent\") to the University of Alabama and the Crimson Tide gymnastics team on November 10, 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BMm9mOagmF7/\\|title\\=Instagram post by Bailie Key • Nov 10, 2016 at 12:02am UTC\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}}",
"### 2017\\-2019",
"Key joined the University of Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics team for the 2018 season. She competed in the season opener at Michigan, where she fell off the balance beam, receiving a score of 8\\.475\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Teams\\|url\\=https://roadtonationals.com/results/teams/gymnast/2018/2/25062\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-26\\|website\\=roadtonationals.com}} This would ultimately be the only competitive routine of her college career.",
"In January 2019, it was announced that Key would miss the 2019 season due to an unspecified medical procedure.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Alabama Gymnast Bailie Key Out for the Season Following Medical Procedure\\|url\\=https://rolltide.com/news/2019/1/4/gymnastics\\-alabama\\-gymnast\\-bailie\\-key\\-out\\-for\\-the\\-season\\-following\\-medical\\-procedure.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-26\\|website\\=University of Alabama Athletics\\|date\\=4 January 2019 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In June 2019, Key announced her retirement from gymnastics.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Bailie Key Retires from Gymnastics\\|url\\=https://rolltide.com/news/2019/6/7/bailie\\-key\\-retires\\-from\\-gymnastics.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-26\\|website\\=University of Alabama Athletics\\|date\\=7 June 2019 \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### 2011\-14: Junior international elite
Key was born in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia "Augusta, Georgia") and trained at [Texas Dreams Gymnastics](/wiki/Texas_Dreams_Gymnastics "Texas Dreams Gymnastics") under former gymnast and Olympic bronze medalist [Kim Zmeskal](/wiki/Kim_Zmeskal "Kim Zmeskal") and her husband, Chris Burdette. Her teammates included [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst "Peyton Ernst"), [Kennedy Baker](/wiki/Kennedy_Baker "Kennedy Baker") and [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults "Veronica Hults").
In July 2011, Key competed at the 2011 U.S. CoverGirl Classic in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). She placed seventh in the overall standings. Later that year, she competed in the Visa National Championships. She came in ninth overall with a two\-day combined score of 109\.550\.
Key competed at the 2012 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won a gold medal with the team. She scored 14\.250 on the [floor exercise](/wiki/Floor_%28gymnastics%29 "Floor (gymnastics)"), which was enough to give her a bronze medal, and she was third in the all\-around. At the [U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic "U.S. Classic"), she scored a 56\.600, placing fifth. A few weeks later, at the Visa Championships, Key finished fourth in the all\-around but got a bronze medal on the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam "Balance beam") and floor exercise.
In March 2013, Key went to the 2013 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won the all\-around gold medal with 58\.100 and another two golds and one bronze in the event finals. In July, she competed at the Secret U.S. Classic, where she won the all\-around title with a score of 58\.250\. She scored a 14\.000 on floor, 14\.250 on [uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars "Uneven bars") to finish in fifth, 15\.000 on [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28gymnastics%29 "Vault (gymnastics)") to place third, and 15\.000 on beam to place second. In August, Key competed at the P\&G National Championships, which took place over two days, with the combined scores determining final placings. Key won gold in the all\-around, beam and floor and placed fourth on bars and vault. Her scores for Day 1 were 15\.350 on beam, 13\.950 on bars, 14\.800 on floor and 15\.100 on vault. Her Day 2 scores were 15\.550 on beam, 14\.100 on bars, 14\.950 on floor and 14\.750 on vault. Her total all\-around score was 118\.550\.
Following her all\-around win at the P\&G Championships, Key was selected along with [Laurie Hernandez](/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez "Laurie Hernandez"), who placed second at the P\&G Championships, to represent the United States at the Junior Japan International in [Yokohama, Japan](/wiki/Yokohama%2C_Japan "Yokohama, Japan"). Key won the all\-around with a score of 58\.400\. She also won the vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise titles.
In November, Key was selected, along with fellow junior gymnasts Hernandez, [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults "Veronica Hults") and Emily Gaskins and senior gymnasts [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)") and [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst "Peyton Ernst") to represent the United States at the 2013 Mexican Open in [Acapulco, Mexico](/wiki/Acapulco%2C_Mexico "Acapulco, Mexico"). Key helped the American juniors take the team title in the International Junior Cup and also won the all\-around title ahead of Hernandez, Gaskins and Hults, who finished second, third and fourth, respectively; however, only Key and Hernandez were awarded the gold and silver medals because of a two\-per\-country rule.
In 2014, Key competed at the [City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/City_of_Jesolo_Trophy "City of Jesolo Trophy") in [Jesolo](/wiki/Jesolo "Jesolo"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). The United States won the team competition, and she won the all\-around and three events (vault, bars and floor) and placed second on beam. She was named to the American team for the [Pacific Rim Championships](/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships "Pacific Rim Championships") in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia "Richmond, British Columbia"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), in April 2014\. There, she won the all\-around, vault and floor medals for the junior division and placed second on uneven bars and balance beam.{{cite web\|url\=http://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=13781\&prog\=h\|title\=USA Gymnastics names women's team for Pacific Rim Championships\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}}
Key withdrew from the [2014 Secret U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic "U.S. Classic") because of a minor arm injury.{{cite web\|url\=https://beamdreams.com/2014/07/31/the\-latest\-on\-bailie\-key/\|title\=The Latest on Bailie Key\|date\=1 August 2014\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=30 March 2017}}
Later in the season, she withdrew from the 2014 P\&G National Championships with the same nagging arm injury and was consequently unable to defend her national title.
On September 14, 2014, Key verbally committed to the [Florida Gators women's gymnastics](/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_gymnastics "Florida Gators women's gymnastics") team. She announced the news through social media.{{Cite tweet \|user\=Bailie\_Key \|number\=510982306832855040 \|title\=Bailie Key on Twitter: "I am so excited to say that I have verbally committed to the University of Florida! Go gators! 🔸🔷🐊🔷🔸"\|access\-date\=2014\-09\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922094546/https://twitter.com/Bailie\_Key/status/510982306832855040\# \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-22 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"### 2011\\-14: Junior international elite",
"Key was born in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia \"Augusta, Georgia\") and trained at [Texas Dreams Gymnastics](/wiki/Texas_Dreams_Gymnastics \"Texas Dreams Gymnastics\") under former gymnast and Olympic bronze medalist [Kim Zmeskal](/wiki/Kim_Zmeskal \"Kim Zmeskal\") and her husband, Chris Burdette. Her teammates included [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst \"Peyton Ernst\"), [Kennedy Baker](/wiki/Kennedy_Baker \"Kennedy Baker\") and [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults \"Veronica Hults\").",
"In July 2011, Key competed at the 2011 U.S. CoverGirl Classic in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). She placed seventh in the overall standings. Later that year, she competed in the Visa National Championships. She came in ninth overall with a two\\-day combined score of 109\\.550\\.",
"Key competed at the 2012 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won a gold medal with the team. She scored 14\\.250 on the [floor exercise](/wiki/Floor_%28gymnastics%29 \"Floor (gymnastics)\"), which was enough to give her a bronze medal, and she was third in the all\\-around. At the [U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic \"U.S. Classic\"), she scored a 56\\.600, placing fifth. A few weeks later, at the Visa Championships, Key finished fourth in the all\\-around but got a bronze medal on the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam \"Balance beam\") and floor exercise.",
"In March 2013, Key went to the 2013 City of Jesolo Trophy. She won the all\\-around gold medal with 58\\.100 and another two golds and one bronze in the event finals. In July, she competed at the Secret U.S. Classic, where she won the all\\-around title with a score of 58\\.250\\. She scored a 14\\.000 on floor, 14\\.250 on [uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars \"Uneven bars\") to finish in fifth, 15\\.000 on [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28gymnastics%29 \"Vault (gymnastics)\") to place third, and 15\\.000 on beam to place second. In August, Key competed at the P\\&G National Championships, which took place over two days, with the combined scores determining final placings. Key won gold in the all\\-around, beam and floor and placed fourth on bars and vault. Her scores for Day 1 were 15\\.350 on beam, 13\\.950 on bars, 14\\.800 on floor and 15\\.100 on vault. Her Day 2 scores were 15\\.550 on beam, 14\\.100 on bars, 14\\.950 on floor and 14\\.750 on vault. Her total all\\-around score was 118\\.550\\.",
"Following her all\\-around win at the P\\&G Championships, Key was selected along with [Laurie Hernandez](/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez \"Laurie Hernandez\"), who placed second at the P\\&G Championships, to represent the United States at the Junior Japan International in [Yokohama, Japan](/wiki/Yokohama%2C_Japan \"Yokohama, Japan\"). Key won the all\\-around with a score of 58\\.400\\. She also won the vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise titles.",
"In November, Key was selected, along with fellow junior gymnasts Hernandez, [Veronica Hults](/wiki/Veronica_Hults \"Veronica Hults\") and Emily Gaskins and senior gymnasts [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\") and [Peyton Ernst](/wiki/Peyton_Ernst \"Peyton Ernst\") to represent the United States at the 2013 Mexican Open in [Acapulco, Mexico](/wiki/Acapulco%2C_Mexico \"Acapulco, Mexico\"). Key helped the American juniors take the team title in the International Junior Cup and also won the all\\-around title ahead of Hernandez, Gaskins and Hults, who finished second, third and fourth, respectively; however, only Key and Hernandez were awarded the gold and silver medals because of a two\\-per\\-country rule.",
"In 2014, Key competed at the [City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/City_of_Jesolo_Trophy \"City of Jesolo Trophy\") in [Jesolo](/wiki/Jesolo \"Jesolo\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). The United States won the team competition, and she won the all\\-around and three events (vault, bars and floor) and placed second on beam. She was named to the American team for the [Pacific Rim Championships](/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships \"Pacific Rim Championships\") in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia \"Richmond, British Columbia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), in April 2014\\. There, she won the all\\-around, vault and floor medals for the junior division and placed second on uneven bars and balance beam.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=13781\\&prog\\=h\\|title\\=USA Gymnastics names women's team for Pacific Rim Championships\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}}",
"Key withdrew from the [2014 Secret U.S. Classic](/wiki/U.S._Classic \"U.S. Classic\") because of a minor arm injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://beamdreams.com/2014/07/31/the\\-latest\\-on\\-bailie\\-key/\\|title\\=The Latest on Bailie Key\\|date\\=1 August 2014\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=30 March 2017}}",
"Later in the season, she withdrew from the 2014 P\\&G National Championships with the same nagging arm injury and was consequently unable to defend her national title.",
"On September 14, 2014, Key verbally committed to the [Florida Gators women's gymnastics](/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_gymnastics \"Florida Gators women's gymnastics\") team. She announced the news through social media.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=Bailie\\_Key \\|number\\=510982306832855040 \\|title\\=Bailie Key on Twitter: \"I am so excited to say that I have verbally committed to the University of Florida! Go gators! 🔸🔷🐊🔷🔸\"\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922094546/https://twitter.com/Bailie\\_Key/status/510982306832855040\\# \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
### 2015\-2016: Senior career
Key turned senior in 2015, consequently becoming age\-eligible for a place on the [USA Gymnastics](/wiki/USA_Gymnastics "USA Gymnastics") team for the 2015 World Championships in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), and for the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").
**City of Jesolo Trophy**
In March 2015, Key competed at the [2015 City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/2015_City_of_Jesolo_Trophy "2015 City of Jesolo Trophy") as part of the United States' senior team. She came in second place, behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), in the all\-around with a score of 59\.500, surpassing both [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas "Gabby Douglas") and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman"). She scored 15\.000 on floor, 14\.900 on bars, 15\.200 on vault and 14\.400 on beam. She also placed 2nd in the uneven bars final, earning the silver medal and also earned a gold medal with the U.S team.
**Secret U.S. Classic**
On July 25, Key competed at the Secret U.S. Classic. She placed 4th in the all\-around with a score of 59\.450, behind 2\-time World All\-Around Champion [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), 2012 Olympic All\-Around Champion [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas "Gabby Douglas"), and [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)") and ahead of [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman"). She placed 3rd on bars (15\.300\) behind [Madison Kocian](/wiki/Madison_Kocian "Madison Kocian") and Douglas, tied for 5th on beam with Nichols (14\.450\) behind Biles, Raisman, Douglas, and [Kyla Ross](/wiki/Kyla_Ross "Kyla Ross"), and tied for 3rd with Nichols on floor (14\.800\) behind Biles and Douglas.
**P\&G Championships**
At the P\&G Championships held in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana") on August 13 \& 15, Key finished 4th in the all\-around with a 2\-night score of 118\.350, placing behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles "Simone Biles"), [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 "Maggie Nichols (gymnast)"), and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman "Aly Raisman").
On night one, Key scored a 15\.200 on bars, a 13\.700 on beam (after grabbing the beam and being overtime), a 14\.450 on floor, and a 15\.250 on vault for an all around score of 58\.600, .050 behind Raisman. This placed her fourth after night one.
On the second day of competition, Key scored a 14\.550 on beam, a 14\.700 on floor, a 15\.200 on vault, and a 15\.300 on bars. Overall, she finished 10th on beam (28\.250\), 3rd on floor (29\.150, tied with MyKayla Skinner), and 3rd on bars (30\.500\). She also placed 4th in the all around with a two\-night total of 118\.350, .200 behind Aly Raisman, who finished third.
Key was named to the Senior National Team for the first time and received an invitation to the 2015 Worlds Selection Camp in September.["2015 P\&G Championships \- Women Day 2 Meet Results"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_sraa.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003542/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\_15champs\_sraa.pdf \|date\=2015\-09\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\.["2015 P\&G Championships \- Women Day 2 Event Results"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_srevents.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003341/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\_15champs\_srevents.pdf \|date\=2015\-09\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\. She was named as a non\-traveling alternate to the 2015 World Championship team.
|
[
"### 2015\\-2016: Senior career",
"Key turned senior in 2015, consequently becoming age\\-eligible for a place on the [USA Gymnastics](/wiki/USA_Gymnastics \"USA Gymnastics\") team for the 2015 World Championships in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), and for the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").",
"**City of Jesolo Trophy**",
"In March 2015, Key competed at the [2015 City of Jesolo Trophy](/wiki/2015_City_of_Jesolo_Trophy \"2015 City of Jesolo Trophy\") as part of the United States' senior team. She came in second place, behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), in the all\\-around with a score of 59\\.500, surpassing both [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas \"Gabby Douglas\") and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\"). She scored 15\\.000 on floor, 14\\.900 on bars, 15\\.200 on vault and 14\\.400 on beam. She also placed 2nd in the uneven bars final, earning the silver medal and also earned a gold medal with the U.S team.",
"**Secret U.S. Classic**",
"On July 25, Key competed at the Secret U.S. Classic. She placed 4th in the all\\-around with a score of 59\\.450, behind 2\\-time World All\\-Around Champion [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), 2012 Olympic All\\-Around Champion [Gabby Douglas](/wiki/Gabby_Douglas \"Gabby Douglas\"), and [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\") and ahead of [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\"). She placed 3rd on bars (15\\.300\\) behind [Madison Kocian](/wiki/Madison_Kocian \"Madison Kocian\") and Douglas, tied for 5th on beam with Nichols (14\\.450\\) behind Biles, Raisman, Douglas, and [Kyla Ross](/wiki/Kyla_Ross \"Kyla Ross\"), and tied for 3rd with Nichols on floor (14\\.800\\) behind Biles and Douglas.",
"**P\\&G Championships**",
"At the P\\&G Championships held in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\") on August 13 \\& 15, Key finished 4th in the all\\-around with a 2\\-night score of 118\\.350, placing behind [Simone Biles](/wiki/Simone_Biles \"Simone Biles\"), [Maggie Nichols](/wiki/Maggie_Nichols_%28gymnast%29 \"Maggie Nichols (gymnast)\"), and [Aly Raisman](/wiki/Aly_Raisman \"Aly Raisman\").",
"On night one, Key scored a 15\\.200 on bars, a 13\\.700 on beam (after grabbing the beam and being overtime), a 14\\.450 on floor, and a 15\\.250 on vault for an all around score of 58\\.600, .050 behind Raisman. This placed her fourth after night one.",
"On the second day of competition, Key scored a 14\\.550 on beam, a 14\\.700 on floor, a 15\\.200 on vault, and a 15\\.300 on bars. Overall, she finished 10th on beam (28\\.250\\), 3rd on floor (29\\.150, tied with MyKayla Skinner), and 3rd on bars (30\\.500\\). She also placed 4th in the all around with a two\\-night total of 118\\.350, .200 behind Aly Raisman, who finished third.",
"Key was named to the Senior National Team for the first time and received an invitation to the 2015 Worlds Selection Camp in September.[\"2015 P\\&G Championships \\- Women Day 2 Meet Results\"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_sraa.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003542/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\\_15champs\\_sraa.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\\.[\"2015 P\\&G Championships \\- Women Day 2 Event Results\"](https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w_15champs_srevents.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003341/https://usagym.org/PDFs/Results/w\\_15champs\\_srevents.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-08 }}. usagym.org. August 15, 2015\\. Retrieved August 15, 2015\\. She was named as a non\\-traveling alternate to the 2015 World Championship team.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Setting
*Blood and Plum Blossoms* is set in the fairytale China of ages past, the *[Jianghu](/wiki/Jianghu "Jianghu")*. This is a volatile world of powerful martial artists and wandering swordsmen.
### Plot
The story begins with Ruan Haikuo 5 years old and his mother discovering her husband, Ruan Jinwu, dead in the weeds outside their house. The story then flashes forward 15 years. When Ruan Haikuo turns 20, his mother gives him his father's famous blade, the Plum Blossom Sword. It is so named because once it has slain someone a single, exquisite plum blossom forms on the blade.
When his mother gives it to him she tells him that there are 99 plum blossoms on the blade (it had killed 99 people) and when Ruan Haikuo kills his father's murderer it will bloom its hundredth. After presenting Ruan Haikuo with the sword she then tells him that Master Blue Cloud and White Rain are the only people who could possibly know who killed his father. She then sends him out of the house to begin his journey, and she immolates herself in their family home giving Ruan Haikuo nowhere to return to.
Ruan Haikuo wanders for some time and eventually comes to the house of the Lady of the Rouge, but she cannot give him any information about finding Master Blue Cloud or White Rain; however, she asks that if he should find Master Blue Cloud to ask him where she can find Liu Tian. Ruan then keeps wandering and eventually encounters the Black Needle Knight, who cannot give him any information about Master Blue Cloud or White Rain. The Black Needle Knight does ask that if Ruan ever finds Master Blue Cloud that Ruan ask about the whereabouts of Li Dong.
Ruan then wanders and eventually comes to a ferry where he meets White Rain, but does not recognize him. White Rain recognizes Ruan by the Plum Blossom Sword that he carries. After taking the ferry \& speaking briefly they go their separate ways.
After more wandering Ruan finally comes to a temple where Master Blue Cloud is and asks about the locations of Liu Tian and Li Dong. Master Blue Cloud responds, telling Ruan that they are both on the way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua. Then, before Ruan can ask about his father, Master Blue Cloud states that he only ever answers two questions at a time and leaves suddenly.
Ruan wanders again and, by chance, meets the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight once more and gives them the information that they desire about the locations Li Dong and Liu Tian, respectively. He then keeps wandering.
Finally, three years later Ruan meets White Rain and recognizes White Rain as one of the two martial artists he was sent to find. White Rain then tells him that his father's murderers were Liu Tian and Li Dong who were killed three years ago on their way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua by the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight, respectively. As Ruan stands there in shock internalizing that his quest is already completed, White Rain takes the Plum Blossom Sword from Ruan and draws it from its sheath, revealing that the blade is covered with spots of rust (rather than plum blossoms).
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Setting",
"*Blood and Plum Blossoms* is set in the fairytale China of ages past, the *[Jianghu](/wiki/Jianghu \"Jianghu\")*. This is a volatile world of powerful martial artists and wandering swordsmen.",
"### Plot",
"The story begins with Ruan Haikuo 5 years old and his mother discovering her husband, Ruan Jinwu, dead in the weeds outside their house. The story then flashes forward 15 years. When Ruan Haikuo turns 20, his mother gives him his father's famous blade, the Plum Blossom Sword. It is so named because once it has slain someone a single, exquisite plum blossom forms on the blade.",
"When his mother gives it to him she tells him that there are 99 plum blossoms on the blade (it had killed 99 people) and when Ruan Haikuo kills his father's murderer it will bloom its hundredth. After presenting Ruan Haikuo with the sword she then tells him that Master Blue Cloud and White Rain are the only people who could possibly know who killed his father. She then sends him out of the house to begin his journey, and she immolates herself in their family home giving Ruan Haikuo nowhere to return to.",
"Ruan Haikuo wanders for some time and eventually comes to the house of the Lady of the Rouge, but she cannot give him any information about finding Master Blue Cloud or White Rain; however, she asks that if he should find Master Blue Cloud to ask him where she can find Liu Tian. Ruan then keeps wandering and eventually encounters the Black Needle Knight, who cannot give him any information about Master Blue Cloud or White Rain. The Black Needle Knight does ask that if Ruan ever finds Master Blue Cloud that Ruan ask about the whereabouts of Li Dong.",
"Ruan then wanders and eventually comes to a ferry where he meets White Rain, but does not recognize him. White Rain recognizes Ruan by the Plum Blossom Sword that he carries. After taking the ferry \\& speaking briefly they go their separate ways.",
"After more wandering Ruan finally comes to a temple where Master Blue Cloud is and asks about the locations of Liu Tian and Li Dong. Master Blue Cloud responds, telling Ruan that they are both on the way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua. Then, before Ruan can ask about his father, Master Blue Cloud states that he only ever answers two questions at a time and leaves suddenly.",
"Ruan wanders again and, by chance, meets the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight once more and gives them the information that they desire about the locations Li Dong and Liu Tian, respectively. He then keeps wandering.",
"Finally, three years later Ruan meets White Rain and recognizes White Rain as one of the two martial artists he was sent to find. White Rain then tells him that his father's murderers were Liu Tian and Li Dong who were killed three years ago on their way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua by the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight, respectively. As Ruan stands there in shock internalizing that his quest is already completed, White Rain takes the Plum Blossom Sword from Ruan and draws it from its sheath, revealing that the blade is covered with spots of rust (rather than plum blossoms).",
""
] |
### Plot
The story begins with Ruan Haikuo 5 years old and his mother discovering her husband, Ruan Jinwu, dead in the weeds outside their house. The story then flashes forward 15 years. When Ruan Haikuo turns 20, his mother gives him his father's famous blade, the Plum Blossom Sword. It is so named because once it has slain someone a single, exquisite plum blossom forms on the blade.
When his mother gives it to him she tells him that there are 99 plum blossoms on the blade (it had killed 99 people) and when Ruan Haikuo kills his father's murderer it will bloom its hundredth. After presenting Ruan Haikuo with the sword she then tells him that Master Blue Cloud and White Rain are the only people who could possibly know who killed his father. She then sends him out of the house to begin his journey, and she immolates herself in their family home giving Ruan Haikuo nowhere to return to.
Ruan Haikuo wanders for some time and eventually comes to the house of the Lady of the Rouge, but she cannot give him any information about finding Master Blue Cloud or White Rain; however, she asks that if he should find Master Blue Cloud to ask him where she can find Liu Tian. Ruan then keeps wandering and eventually encounters the Black Needle Knight, who cannot give him any information about Master Blue Cloud or White Rain. The Black Needle Knight does ask that if Ruan ever finds Master Blue Cloud that Ruan ask about the whereabouts of Li Dong.
Ruan then wanders and eventually comes to a ferry where he meets White Rain, but does not recognize him. White Rain recognizes Ruan by the Plum Blossom Sword that he carries. After taking the ferry \& speaking briefly they go their separate ways.
After more wandering Ruan finally comes to a temple where Master Blue Cloud is and asks about the locations of Liu Tian and Li Dong. Master Blue Cloud responds, telling Ruan that they are both on the way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua. Then, before Ruan can ask about his father, Master Blue Cloud states that he only ever answers two questions at a time and leaves suddenly.
Ruan wanders again and, by chance, meets the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight once more and gives them the information that they desire about the locations Li Dong and Liu Tian, respectively. He then keeps wandering.
Finally, three years later Ruan meets White Rain and recognizes White Rain as one of the two martial artists he was sent to find. White Rain then tells him that his father's murderers were Liu Tian and Li Dong who were killed three years ago on their way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua by the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight, respectively. As Ruan stands there in shock internalizing that his quest is already completed, White Rain takes the Plum Blossom Sword from Ruan and draws it from its sheath, revealing that the blade is covered with spots of rust (rather than plum blossoms).
|
[
"### Plot",
"The story begins with Ruan Haikuo 5 years old and his mother discovering her husband, Ruan Jinwu, dead in the weeds outside their house. The story then flashes forward 15 years. When Ruan Haikuo turns 20, his mother gives him his father's famous blade, the Plum Blossom Sword. It is so named because once it has slain someone a single, exquisite plum blossom forms on the blade.",
"When his mother gives it to him she tells him that there are 99 plum blossoms on the blade (it had killed 99 people) and when Ruan Haikuo kills his father's murderer it will bloom its hundredth. After presenting Ruan Haikuo with the sword she then tells him that Master Blue Cloud and White Rain are the only people who could possibly know who killed his father. She then sends him out of the house to begin his journey, and she immolates herself in their family home giving Ruan Haikuo nowhere to return to.",
"Ruan Haikuo wanders for some time and eventually comes to the house of the Lady of the Rouge, but she cannot give him any information about finding Master Blue Cloud or White Rain; however, she asks that if he should find Master Blue Cloud to ask him where she can find Liu Tian. Ruan then keeps wandering and eventually encounters the Black Needle Knight, who cannot give him any information about Master Blue Cloud or White Rain. The Black Needle Knight does ask that if Ruan ever finds Master Blue Cloud that Ruan ask about the whereabouts of Li Dong.",
"Ruan then wanders and eventually comes to a ferry where he meets White Rain, but does not recognize him. White Rain recognizes Ruan by the Plum Blossom Sword that he carries. After taking the ferry \\& speaking briefly they go their separate ways.",
"After more wandering Ruan finally comes to a temple where Master Blue Cloud is and asks about the locations of Liu Tian and Li Dong. Master Blue Cloud responds, telling Ruan that they are both on the way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua. Then, before Ruan can ask about his father, Master Blue Cloud states that he only ever answers two questions at a time and leaves suddenly.",
"Ruan wanders again and, by chance, meets the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight once more and gives them the information that they desire about the locations Li Dong and Liu Tian, respectively. He then keeps wandering.",
"Finally, three years later Ruan meets White Rain and recognizes White Rain as one of the two martial artists he was sent to find. White Rain then tells him that his father's murderers were Liu Tian and Li Dong who were killed three years ago on their way to the swordsmanship tournament at Mt. Hua by the Lady of the Rouge and the Black Needle Knight, respectively. As Ruan stands there in shock internalizing that his quest is already completed, White Rain takes the Plum Blossom Sword from Ruan and draws it from its sheath, revealing that the blade is covered with spots of rust (rather than plum blossoms).",
""
] |
Diagnosis
---------
[thumb\|192x192px\|*Dermanyssus gallinae*; a species commonly implicated in causing gamasoidosis](/wiki/File:Dermanyssus_mite_of_birds.jpg "Dermanyssus mite of birds.jpg")
Diagnosis can be challenging as the small size of avian mites make them "barely visible to the unaided eye".{{Cite journal \|last1\=Leib \|first1\=Amy E. \|last2\=Anderson \|first2\=Bryan E. \|date\=2016\-01\-01 \|title\=Pruritic Dermatitis Caused by Bird Mite Infestation \|url\=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs\-public/issues/articles/media\_eba9fe6\_CT097001006\_e.PDF \|journal\=Cutis \|language\=en \|volume\=97 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=E6–E8\|pmid\=26919364 }} Identification of the species is best carried out by a [medical entomologist](/wiki/Medical_entomology "Medical entomology") using a [microscope](/wiki/Microscope "Microscope");{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Orton DI, Warren LJ, Wilkinson JD \| title \= Avian mite dermatitis \| journal \= Clinical and Experimental Dermatology \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 129–31 \| date \= March 2000 \| pmid \= 10733637 \| doi \= 10\.1046/j.1365\-2230\.2000\.00594\.x \| s2cid \= 28038707 }} positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment methods.
Diagnoses of gamasoidosis have a long history, with "cases \[...] reported since the 17th century, documented in the leading medical literature since at least the 1920s."{{cite journal \| vauthors \= George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Mul MF, Maurer V, Moro CV, Sparagano OA \| title \= Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science? \| journal \= Parasites \& Vectors \| volume \= 8 \| pages \= 178 \| date \= March 2015 \| pmid \= 25884317 \| pmc \= 4377040 \| doi \= 10\.1186/s13071\-015\-0768\-7 \| doi\-access \= free }} Avian and rodent mites have been documented as infesting residential buildings, work spaces, schools and hospitals. Despite this, there is considered to be widespread ignorance and misinformation "regarding human infestation with *D. gallinae* across healthcare, science and pest control fields", which in turn has led to increasing numbers of infestations and a dangerous propagation of the disease.
Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, physicians are generally not aware of the condition, meaning gamasoidosis may be unrecognized or misdiagnosed as conditions such as [contact dermatitis](/wiki/Contact_dermatitis "Contact dermatitis") caused by allergies, [scabies](/wiki/Scabies "Scabies") caused by *[Sarcoptes scabiei](/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei "Sarcoptes scabiei")*, infestation by body lice (*[Pediculus humanus corporis](/wiki/Pediculus_humanus_corporis "Pediculus humanus corporis")*) leading to [pediculosis](/wiki/Pediculosis "Pediculosis"), tropical rat mite bites (*O. bacoti*) , infestation by pigeon ticks (*Argas reflexus*), chigger mite bites (*[Trombiculidae](/wiki/Trombiculidae "Trombiculidae")*), bites from *[Cheyletiella](/wiki/Cheyletiella "Cheyletiella")* mitesm, or bed bugs (*[Cimex lectularius](/wiki/Cimex_lectularius "Cimex lectularius")*).{{cn\|date\=December 2023}}
Many cases of gamasoidosis go unreported, suggesting that the actual incidence is higher than generally believed. As a result, in cases of unexplained bites in residential areas, the involvement of *D. gallinae* should always be considered,{{cite journal \|last1\=Sparagano \|first1\=O.A.E. \|title\=Significance and Control of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae \|journal\=Annual Review of Entomology \|date\=2014 \|volume\=59 \|pages\=447–466 \|doi\=10\.1146/annurev\-ento\-011613\-162101 \|pmid\=24397522 }} especially during late spring and early summer when wild birds make their nests.
The life cycle of the mite is another important method of diagnosis. [Hematophagic](/wiki/Hematophagy "Hematophagy") mites generally feed at night, but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bardach H \| title \= \[Acariasis due to dermanyssus gallinae (gamosoidosis) in Vienna (author's transl)] \| journal \= Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten \| volume \= 56 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 21–6 \| date \= January 1981 \| pmid \= 7222880 }} Attacks in public and office buildings tend to occur during the daytime. *O. bursa* is an exception as it generally remains on its hosts and will feed during the day.{{Cite journal\|last\=Powlesland\|first\=Ralph \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=1978\-06\-01\|title\=Behaviour of the haematophagous mite Ornithonyssus bursa in starling nest boxes in New Zealand\|journal\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\|volume\=5\|issue\=2\|pages\=395–399\|doi\=10\.1080/03014223\.1978\.10428325\|doi\-access\=free}} *D. gallinae* may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Williams RW \| title \= An infestation of a human habitation by Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778\) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City resulting in sanguisugent attacks upon the occupants \| journal \= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 627–9 \| date \= November 1958 \| pmid \= 13595207 \| doi \= 10\.4269/ajtmh.1958\.7\.627 }} *D. gallinae* generally visit their host for up to 1–2 hours, leave after completing their blood meal,{{cn\|date\=December 2023}} and typically feed every 2–4 days. They are able to move extremely quickly,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lucky AW, Sayers C, Argus JD, Lucky A \| title \= Avian mite bites acquired from a new source\-\-pet gerbils: report of 2 cases and review of the literature \| journal \= Archives of Dermatology \| volume \= 137 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 167–70 \| date \= February 2001 \| pmid \= 11176688 \| url \= https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478192?link\=xref }} and can take less than 1 second to bite; enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching.{{cn\|date\=December 2023}} They locate potential hosts through temperature changes, vibrations, chemical signals and {{CO2\|link\=yes}}.
It has been hypothesized the *D. gallinae* is capable of 'learning'{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Dukas R \| s2cid \= 18299890 \| title \= Evolutionary biology of insect learning \| journal \= Annual Review of Entomology \| volume \= 53 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 145–60 \| date \= 2008 \| pmid \= 17803459 \| doi \= 10\.1146/annurev.ento.53\.103106\.093343 }} "to associate non\-host skin with a blood\-meal if the host selection process permitted feeding." Combined with a generalist approach to finding hosts and the capability of digesting non\-avian blood could potentially explain their documented host expansion to mammals and humans.
There is documented "co\-occurrence of gamasoidosis and various immunosuppressive disorders" and physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients,{{Cite journal \|vauthors\=Sparagano O, Finn R, Mul M, Giangaspero A, Cafiero MA, Willingham N, Lyons K, Lovers A, George D \|date\=2017 \|title\=The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the "one Health" approach. \|url\=https://www.icup.org.uk/media/asri4qoj/icup1207\.pdf \|journal\=Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Pests \|pages\=203–208}} Despite this, while immunosuppression can "increase susceptibility, it is not necessarily a pre\-requisite for infestation".
[Dermatoscopy](/wiki/Dermatoscopy "Dermatoscopy") can help to exclude the diagnosis of [delusional parasitosis](/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis "Delusional parasitosis").{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Wambier CG, Wambier SP \|date\=2012 \|title\=Gamasoidosis illustrated\-\-from the nest to dermoscopy \|journal\=Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia \|volume\=87 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=926–7 \|doi\=10\.1590/S0365\-05962012000600021 \|pmc\=3699918 \|pmid\=23197219}}
Pets such as canaries, cats,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Di Palma A, Leone F, Albanese F, Beccati M \| title \= A case report of Dermanyssus gallinae infestation in three cats \| journal \= Veterinary Dermatology \| volume \= 29 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 348–e124 \| date \= April 2018 \| pmid \= 29708634 \| doi \= 10\.1111/vde.12547 }} dogs,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ramsay GW, Mason PC, Hunter AC \| title \= Letter: Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallines) infesting a dog \| journal \= New Zealand Veterinary Journal \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 155–6 \| date \= July 1975 \| pmid \= 1058385 \| doi \= 10\.1080/00480169\.1975\.34225 }} hamsters,{{cn\|date\=December 2023}} and gerbils can be infested also. As a result, it has been argued that veterinarians should be aware that non\-avian attacks of *D. gallinae* are possible, and may be underestimated, and that there is a need for increased awareness among practitioners.
|
[
"Diagnosis\n---------",
"[thumb\\|192x192px\\|*Dermanyssus gallinae*; a species commonly implicated in causing gamasoidosis](/wiki/File:Dermanyssus_mite_of_birds.jpg \"Dermanyssus mite of birds.jpg\") \nDiagnosis can be challenging as the small size of avian mites make them \"barely visible to the unaided eye\".{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Leib \\|first1\\=Amy E. \\|last2\\=Anderson \\|first2\\=Bryan E. \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=Pruritic Dermatitis Caused by Bird Mite Infestation \\|url\\=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs\\-public/issues/articles/media\\_eba9fe6\\_CT097001006\\_e.PDF \\|journal\\=Cutis \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=97 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=E6–E8\\|pmid\\=26919364 }} Identification of the species is best carried out by a [medical entomologist](/wiki/Medical_entomology \"Medical entomology\") using a [microscope](/wiki/Microscope \"Microscope\");{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Orton DI, Warren LJ, Wilkinson JD \\| title \\= Avian mite dermatitis \\| journal \\= Clinical and Experimental Dermatology \\| volume \\= 25 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 129–31 \\| date \\= March 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10733637 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1046/j.1365\\-2230\\.2000\\.00594\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 28038707 }} positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment methods.",
"Diagnoses of gamasoidosis have a long history, with \"cases \\[...] reported since the 17th century, documented in the leading medical literature since at least the 1920s.\"{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Mul MF, Maurer V, Moro CV, Sparagano OA \\| title \\= Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science? \\| journal \\= Parasites \\& Vectors \\| volume \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 178 \\| date \\= March 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25884317 \\| pmc \\= 4377040 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/s13071\\-015\\-0768\\-7 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Avian and rodent mites have been documented as infesting residential buildings, work spaces, schools and hospitals. Despite this, there is considered to be widespread ignorance and misinformation \"regarding human infestation with *D. gallinae* across healthcare, science and pest control fields\", which in turn has led to increasing numbers of infestations and a dangerous propagation of the disease.",
"Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, physicians are generally not aware of the condition, meaning gamasoidosis may be unrecognized or misdiagnosed as conditions such as [contact dermatitis](/wiki/Contact_dermatitis \"Contact dermatitis\") caused by allergies, [scabies](/wiki/Scabies \"Scabies\") caused by *[Sarcoptes scabiei](/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei \"Sarcoptes scabiei\")*, infestation by body lice (*[Pediculus humanus corporis](/wiki/Pediculus_humanus_corporis \"Pediculus humanus corporis\")*) leading to [pediculosis](/wiki/Pediculosis \"Pediculosis\"), tropical rat mite bites (*O. bacoti*) , infestation by pigeon ticks (*Argas reflexus*), chigger mite bites (*[Trombiculidae](/wiki/Trombiculidae \"Trombiculidae\")*), bites from *[Cheyletiella](/wiki/Cheyletiella \"Cheyletiella\")* mitesm, or bed bugs (*[Cimex lectularius](/wiki/Cimex_lectularius \"Cimex lectularius\")*).{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}}",
"Many cases of gamasoidosis go unreported, suggesting that the actual incidence is higher than generally believed. As a result, in cases of unexplained bites in residential areas, the involvement of *D. gallinae* should always be considered,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sparagano \\|first1\\=O.A.E. \\|title\\=Significance and Control of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae \\|journal\\=Annual Review of Entomology \\|date\\=2014 \\|volume\\=59 \\|pages\\=447–466 \\|doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev\\-ento\\-011613\\-162101 \\|pmid\\=24397522 }} especially during late spring and early summer when wild birds make their nests.",
"The life cycle of the mite is another important method of diagnosis. [Hematophagic](/wiki/Hematophagy \"Hematophagy\") mites generally feed at night, but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bardach H \\| title \\= \\[Acariasis due to dermanyssus gallinae (gamosoidosis) in Vienna (author's transl)] \\| journal \\= Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten \\| volume \\= 56 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 21–6 \\| date \\= January 1981 \\| pmid \\= 7222880 }} Attacks in public and office buildings tend to occur during the daytime. *O. bursa* is an exception as it generally remains on its hosts and will feed during the day.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Powlesland\\|first\\=Ralph \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=1978\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=Behaviour of the haematophagous mite Ornithonyssus bursa in starling nest boxes in New Zealand\\|journal\\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=395–399\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/03014223\\.1978\\.10428325\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} *D. gallinae* may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Williams RW \\| title \\= An infestation of a human habitation by Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778\\) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City resulting in sanguisugent attacks upon the occupants \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 627–9 \\| date \\= November 1958 \\| pmid \\= 13595207 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4269/ajtmh.1958\\.7\\.627 }} *D. gallinae* generally visit their host for up to 1–2 hours, leave after completing their blood meal,{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} and typically feed every 2–4 days. They are able to move extremely quickly,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lucky AW, Sayers C, Argus JD, Lucky A \\| title \\= Avian mite bites acquired from a new source\\-\\-pet gerbils: report of 2 cases and review of the literature \\| journal \\= Archives of Dermatology \\| volume \\= 137 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 167–70 \\| date \\= February 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11176688 \\| url \\= https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478192?link\\=xref }} and can take less than 1 second to bite; enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching.{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} They locate potential hosts through temperature changes, vibrations, chemical signals and {{CO2\\|link\\=yes}}.",
"It has been hypothesized the *D. gallinae* is capable of 'learning'{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dukas R \\| s2cid \\= 18299890 \\| title \\= Evolutionary biology of insect learning \\| journal \\= Annual Review of Entomology \\| volume \\= 53 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 145–60 \\| date \\= 2008 \\| pmid \\= 17803459 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1146/annurev.ento.53\\.103106\\.093343 }} \"to associate non\\-host skin with a blood\\-meal if the host selection process permitted feeding.\" Combined with a generalist approach to finding hosts and the capability of digesting non\\-avian blood could potentially explain their documented host expansion to mammals and humans.",
"There is documented \"co\\-occurrence of gamasoidosis and various immunosuppressive disorders\" and physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients,{{Cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Sparagano O, Finn R, Mul M, Giangaspero A, Cafiero MA, Willingham N, Lyons K, Lovers A, George D \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the \"one Health\" approach. \\|url\\=https://www.icup.org.uk/media/asri4qoj/icup1207\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Pests \\|pages\\=203–208}} Despite this, while immunosuppression can \"increase susceptibility, it is not necessarily a pre\\-requisite for infestation\".",
"[Dermatoscopy](/wiki/Dermatoscopy \"Dermatoscopy\") can help to exclude the diagnosis of [delusional parasitosis](/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis \"Delusional parasitosis\").{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Wambier CG, Wambier SP \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Gamasoidosis illustrated\\-\\-from the nest to dermoscopy \\|journal\\=Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia \\|volume\\=87 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=926–7 \\|doi\\=10\\.1590/S0365\\-05962012000600021 \\|pmc\\=3699918 \\|pmid\\=23197219}}",
"Pets such as canaries, cats,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Di Palma A, Leone F, Albanese F, Beccati M \\| title \\= A case report of Dermanyssus gallinae infestation in three cats \\| journal \\= Veterinary Dermatology \\| volume \\= 29 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 348–e124 \\| date \\= April 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29708634 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/vde.12547 }} dogs,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ramsay GW, Mason PC, Hunter AC \\| title \\= Letter: Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallines) infesting a dog \\| journal \\= New Zealand Veterinary Journal \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 155–6 \\| date \\= July 1975 \\| pmid \\= 1058385 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/00480169\\.1975\\.34225 }} hamsters,{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} and gerbils can be infested also. As a result, it has been argued that veterinarians should be aware that non\\-avian attacks of *D. gallinae* are possible, and may be underestimated, and that there is a need for increased awareness among practitioners.",
""
] |
History
-------
Kurwai State was founded in 1713 by Mohammed Diler Khan, an Afghan soldier in the [Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_Empire "Mughal Empire") army. The state came under the [Maratha suzerainty](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire") in the 1730s. Kurwai later became a [British protectorate](/wiki/British_protectorate "British protectorate") in 1818, following the British victory in the [Third Anglo\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War "Third Anglo-Maratha War"). Its last ruler acceded to the [Dominion of India](/wiki/Dominion_of_India "Dominion of India") on 15 June 1948\.
### Rulers
The ruling house of Kurwai was founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, an [Afghan](/wiki/Afghans "Afghans") [Pashtun](/wiki/Pashtuns "Pashtuns") from the [Orakzai](/wiki/Orakzai "Orakzai") tribe as a feudal state. Diler Khan was a contemporary and cousin of [Nawab Dost Muhammad Khan](/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan%2C_Nawab_of_Bhopal "Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal") of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal_State "Bhopal State").{{cite book \| title \= Memoirs of a rebel princess \| author \= Abida Sultaan \| authorlink \= Abida Sultan \| edition \= illustrated \| publisher \= \[\[Oxford University Press]] \| year \= 2004 \| isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-579958\-3 }}
In 1737 Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire") as a semi\-autonomous state and remained so until the [Third Anglo\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War "Third Anglo-Maratha War") in 1818\.
In the 1740s, Kurwai, then a feudal state, came under the direct rule of the [Peshwas](/wiki/Peshwa "Peshwa") of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire").[Source](https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=kurwai+marathas&pg=PA140)
In 1761, Diler Khan's son Izzat Khan formed an alliance with the [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire"), and fought for them at the [Third Battle of Panipat](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat "Third Battle of Panipat") in 1761\. The Marathas suffered a defeat in the battle, and Diler Khan was badly wounded in action. He was rescued by his maternal uncle. After recovering, Izzat Khan joined enemy camp, and received high commands, titles and territories from [Ahmad Shah Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali "Ahmad Shah Abdali"). He died of the battle injuries after returning to Kurwai.
Izzat Khan's son Hurmut Khan was imprisoned by the [Marathas](/wiki/Marathas "Marathas") for three years. He was freed after he ceded several villages to them, and agreed to an [indemnity](/wiki/Indemnity "Indemnity") of 3 lakhs [rupees](/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee") to the Marathas.
Hurmut Khan' son Akbar Mohammad Khan formed an alliance with the [British](/wiki/British_East_India_Company "British East India Company") in hopes of gaining back his territory from the Marathas, but following the [Second Anglo\-Maratha War](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War "Second Anglo-Maratha War"), the British annexed the recovered lands for themselves and Kurwai became a princely state under the British suzerainty.
Hurmut Khan's successors ruled the state until 1887, when Najaf Khan died without any male heir; his elder brother Muzaffar Khan had also died without heir. After a brief struggle with the Nawab of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda "Basoda"), Najaf Khan's maternal grandson Munawar Ali Khan became the ruler of the princely state. After Munawar Khan died without issue, his younger brother Yaqub 'Ali Khan became the Nawab of Kurwai. Yaqub married Munawar's wife Umar un\-nisa. Their four\-year\-old son Sarwar Ali Khan became the Nawab after Yaqub's death in an accident at Bhopal.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
#### Sarwar Ali Khan
When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council "Regency council") headed by Umar un\-nisa, who came to be known as "Sarkar Amma" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\-free loans.
Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College "Daly College") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore "Indore")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College "Mayo College") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer "Ajmer")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy "Sandhurst Military Academy"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment "Worcestershire Regiment") until 1923\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan "Abida Sultan"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal "Nawab of Bhopal"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan "Shaharyar Khan"), was born in 1934\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal "Bhopal") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.
During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\.
On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat "Madhya Bharat"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh "Madhya Pradesh") on 1 November 1956\.
Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan "Harijan") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram "Jagjeevan Ram"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system "Indian caste system"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage "Forced marriage"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal "All Saints School Bhopal") and the All Saints College of Science \& Commerce.
### List of Nawabs
Rulers of Kurwai State bore the title of '[Nawab](/wiki/Nawab "Nawab")'.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
The rulers of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda_State "Basoda State") and [Mohammadgarh](/wiki/Mohammadgarh_State "Mohammadgarh State") states were part of the same dynasty:
* 1713 – 12 Oct 1722 Mohammad Diler Khan (b. c.1670 \- d. 1722\)
* 12 Oct 1722 \- 1762 Mohammad \`Izzat Khan (d. 1762\)
* 1722 – 1727 Mohammad Ahsanullah Khan \-Regent
* 1762 – 1792 Mohammed Hormat Khan (d. 1792\)
* 1792 \- 1839 Akbar Mohammad Khan (d. 1839\)
* 1839 – 11 Aug 1858 Mohammad Mozaffar Khan (d. 1858\)
* 11 Aug 1858 – 15 Jan 1887 Mohammad Najaf Khan (b. 1822 – d. 1887\)
* 15 Jan 1887 – 10 Sep 1896 Monawar \`Ali Khan (b. 1869 \- d. 1896\)
* 15 Jan 1887 – 1892 Mian Mazhar \`Ali Khan \-Regent
* 10 Sep 1896 \- 1 Oct 1906 Mohammad Ya\`qub \`Ali Khan (b. 1876 \- d. 1906\)
* 1 Oct 1906 – 15 Aug 1947 Mohammad Sarwar \`Ali Khan (b. 1901 \- d. 1986\)
* 1 Oct 1906 – 9 Apr 1923 Umar un\-nisa Begum (f) \-Regent (d. 1963\)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Kurwai State was founded in 1713 by Mohammed Diler Khan, an Afghan soldier in the [Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\") army. The state came under the [Maratha suzerainty](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\") in the 1730s. Kurwai later became a [British protectorate](/wiki/British_protectorate \"British protectorate\") in 1818, following the British victory in the [Third Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Third Anglo-Maratha War\"). Its last ruler acceded to the [Dominion of India](/wiki/Dominion_of_India \"Dominion of India\") on 15 June 1948\\.",
"### Rulers",
"The ruling house of Kurwai was founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, an [Afghan](/wiki/Afghans \"Afghans\") [Pashtun](/wiki/Pashtuns \"Pashtuns\") from the [Orakzai](/wiki/Orakzai \"Orakzai\") tribe as a feudal state. Diler Khan was a contemporary and cousin of [Nawab Dost Muhammad Khan](/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan%2C_Nawab_of_Bhopal \"Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal\") of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal_State \"Bhopal State\").{{cite book \\| title \\= Memoirs of a rebel princess \\| author \\= Abida Sultaan \\| authorlink \\= Abida Sultan \\| edition \\= illustrated \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\| year \\= 2004 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-579958\\-3 }}",
"In 1737 Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\") as a semi\\-autonomous state and remained so until the [Third Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Third Anglo-Maratha War\") in 1818\\.",
"In the 1740s, Kurwai, then a feudal state, came under the direct rule of the [Peshwas](/wiki/Peshwa \"Peshwa\") of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\").[Source](https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=kurwai+marathas&pg=PA140)",
"In 1761, Diler Khan's son Izzat Khan formed an alliance with the [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\"), and fought for them at the [Third Battle of Panipat](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat \"Third Battle of Panipat\") in 1761\\. The Marathas suffered a defeat in the battle, and Diler Khan was badly wounded in action. He was rescued by his maternal uncle. After recovering, Izzat Khan joined enemy camp, and received high commands, titles and territories from [Ahmad Shah Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali \"Ahmad Shah Abdali\"). He died of the battle injuries after returning to Kurwai.",
"Izzat Khan's son Hurmut Khan was imprisoned by the [Marathas](/wiki/Marathas \"Marathas\") for three years. He was freed after he ceded several villages to them, and agreed to an [indemnity](/wiki/Indemnity \"Indemnity\") of 3 lakhs [rupees](/wiki/Indian_rupee \"Indian rupee\") to the Marathas.",
"Hurmut Khan' son Akbar Mohammad Khan formed an alliance with the [British](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") in hopes of gaining back his territory from the Marathas, but following the [Second Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Second Anglo-Maratha War\"), the British annexed the recovered lands for themselves and Kurwai became a princely state under the British suzerainty.",
"Hurmut Khan's successors ruled the state until 1887, when Najaf Khan died without any male heir; his elder brother Muzaffar Khan had also died without heir. After a brief struggle with the Nawab of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda \"Basoda\"), Najaf Khan's maternal grandson Munawar Ali Khan became the ruler of the princely state. After Munawar Khan died without issue, his younger brother Yaqub 'Ali Khan became the Nawab of Kurwai. Yaqub married Munawar's wife Umar un\\-nisa. Their four\\-year\\-old son Sarwar Ali Khan became the Nawab after Yaqub's death in an accident at Bhopal.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"#### Sarwar Ali Khan",
"When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council \"Regency council\") headed by Umar un\\-nisa, who came to be known as \"Sarkar Amma\" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\\-free loans.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College \"Daly College\") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore \"Indore\")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College \"Mayo College\") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy \"Sandhurst Military Academy\"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment \"Worcestershire Regiment\") until 1923\\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan \"Abida Sultan\"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal \"Nawab of Bhopal\"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan \"Shaharyar Khan\"), was born in 1934\\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal \"Bhopal\") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.",
"During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\\.",
"On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat \"Madhya Bharat\"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh \"Madhya Pradesh\") on 1 November 1956\\.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan \"Harijan\") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram \"Jagjeevan Ram\"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system \"Indian caste system\"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage \"Forced marriage\"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal \"All Saints School Bhopal\") and the All Saints College of Science \\& Commerce.",
"### List of Nawabs",
"Rulers of Kurwai State bore the title of '[Nawab](/wiki/Nawab \"Nawab\")'.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}\nThe rulers of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda_State \"Basoda State\") and [Mohammadgarh](/wiki/Mohammadgarh_State \"Mohammadgarh State\") states were part of the same dynasty:\n* 1713 – 12 Oct 1722 Mohammad Diler Khan (b. c.1670 \\- d. 1722\\)\n* 12 Oct 1722 \\- 1762 Mohammad \\`Izzat Khan (d. 1762\\)\n* 1722 – 1727 Mohammad Ahsanullah Khan \\-Regent\n* 1762 – 1792 Mohammed Hormat Khan (d. 1792\\)\n* 1792 \\- 1839 Akbar Mohammad Khan (d. 1839\\)\n* 1839 – 11 Aug 1858 Mohammad Mozaffar Khan (d. 1858\\)\n* 11 Aug 1858 – 15 Jan 1887 Mohammad Najaf Khan (b. 1822 – d. 1887\\)\n* 15 Jan 1887 – 10 Sep 1896 Monawar \\`Ali Khan (b. 1869 \\- d. 1896\\)\n* 15 Jan 1887 – 1892 Mian Mazhar \\`Ali Khan \\-Regent\n* 10 Sep 1896 \\- 1 Oct 1906 Mohammad Ya\\`qub \\`Ali Khan (b. 1876 \\- d. 1906\\)\n* 1 Oct 1906 – 15 Aug 1947 Mohammad Sarwar \\`Ali Khan (b. 1901 \\- d. 1986\\)\n* 1 Oct 1906 – 9 Apr 1923 Umar un\\-nisa Begum (f) \\-Regent (d. 1963\\)",
""
] |
### Rulers
The ruling house of Kurwai was founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, an [Afghan](/wiki/Afghans "Afghans") [Pashtun](/wiki/Pashtuns "Pashtuns") from the [Orakzai](/wiki/Orakzai "Orakzai") tribe as a feudal state. Diler Khan was a contemporary and cousin of [Nawab Dost Muhammad Khan](/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan%2C_Nawab_of_Bhopal "Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal") of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal_State "Bhopal State").{{cite book \| title \= Memoirs of a rebel princess \| author \= Abida Sultaan \| authorlink \= Abida Sultan \| edition \= illustrated \| publisher \= \[\[Oxford University Press]] \| year \= 2004 \| isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-579958\-3 }}
In 1737 Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire") as a semi\-autonomous state and remained so until the [Third Anglo\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War "Third Anglo-Maratha War") in 1818\.
In the 1740s, Kurwai, then a feudal state, came under the direct rule of the [Peshwas](/wiki/Peshwa "Peshwa") of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire").[Source](https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=kurwai+marathas&pg=PA140)
In 1761, Diler Khan's son Izzat Khan formed an alliance with the [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha_Empire "Maratha Empire"), and fought for them at the [Third Battle of Panipat](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat "Third Battle of Panipat") in 1761\. The Marathas suffered a defeat in the battle, and Diler Khan was badly wounded in action. He was rescued by his maternal uncle. After recovering, Izzat Khan joined enemy camp, and received high commands, titles and territories from [Ahmad Shah Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali "Ahmad Shah Abdali"). He died of the battle injuries after returning to Kurwai.
Izzat Khan's son Hurmut Khan was imprisoned by the [Marathas](/wiki/Marathas "Marathas") for three years. He was freed after he ceded several villages to them, and agreed to an [indemnity](/wiki/Indemnity "Indemnity") of 3 lakhs [rupees](/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee") to the Marathas.
Hurmut Khan' son Akbar Mohammad Khan formed an alliance with the [British](/wiki/British_East_India_Company "British East India Company") in hopes of gaining back his territory from the Marathas, but following the [Second Anglo\-Maratha War](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War "Second Anglo-Maratha War"), the British annexed the recovered lands for themselves and Kurwai became a princely state under the British suzerainty.
Hurmut Khan's successors ruled the state until 1887, when Najaf Khan died without any male heir; his elder brother Muzaffar Khan had also died without heir. After a brief struggle with the Nawab of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda "Basoda"), Najaf Khan's maternal grandson Munawar Ali Khan became the ruler of the princely state. After Munawar Khan died without issue, his younger brother Yaqub 'Ali Khan became the Nawab of Kurwai. Yaqub married Munawar's wife Umar un\-nisa. Their four\-year\-old son Sarwar Ali Khan became the Nawab after Yaqub's death in an accident at Bhopal.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
#### Sarwar Ali Khan
When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council "Regency council") headed by Umar un\-nisa, who came to be known as "Sarkar Amma" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\-free loans.
Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College "Daly College") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore "Indore")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College "Mayo College") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer "Ajmer")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy "Sandhurst Military Academy"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment "Worcestershire Regiment") until 1923\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan "Abida Sultan"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal "Nawab of Bhopal"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan "Shaharyar Khan"), was born in 1934\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal "Bhopal") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.
During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\.
On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat "Madhya Bharat"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh "Madhya Pradesh") on 1 November 1956\.
Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan "Harijan") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram "Jagjeevan Ram"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system "Indian caste system"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage "Forced marriage"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal "All Saints School Bhopal") and the All Saints College of Science \& Commerce.
|
[
"### Rulers",
"The ruling house of Kurwai was founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, an [Afghan](/wiki/Afghans \"Afghans\") [Pashtun](/wiki/Pashtuns \"Pashtuns\") from the [Orakzai](/wiki/Orakzai \"Orakzai\") tribe as a feudal state. Diler Khan was a contemporary and cousin of [Nawab Dost Muhammad Khan](/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan%2C_Nawab_of_Bhopal \"Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal\") of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal_State \"Bhopal State\").{{cite book \\| title \\= Memoirs of a rebel princess \\| author \\= Abida Sultaan \\| authorlink \\= Abida Sultan \\| edition \\= illustrated \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\| year \\= 2004 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-579958\\-3 }}",
"In 1737 Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\") as a semi\\-autonomous state and remained so until the [Third Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Third Anglo-Maratha War\") in 1818\\.",
"In the 1740s, Kurwai, then a feudal state, came under the direct rule of the [Peshwas](/wiki/Peshwa \"Peshwa\") of the [Maratha Empire](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\").[Source](https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=kurwai+marathas&pg=PA140)",
"In 1761, Diler Khan's son Izzat Khan formed an alliance with the [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\"), and fought for them at the [Third Battle of Panipat](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat \"Third Battle of Panipat\") in 1761\\. The Marathas suffered a defeat in the battle, and Diler Khan was badly wounded in action. He was rescued by his maternal uncle. After recovering, Izzat Khan joined enemy camp, and received high commands, titles and territories from [Ahmad Shah Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali \"Ahmad Shah Abdali\"). He died of the battle injuries after returning to Kurwai.",
"Izzat Khan's son Hurmut Khan was imprisoned by the [Marathas](/wiki/Marathas \"Marathas\") for three years. He was freed after he ceded several villages to them, and agreed to an [indemnity](/wiki/Indemnity \"Indemnity\") of 3 lakhs [rupees](/wiki/Indian_rupee \"Indian rupee\") to the Marathas.",
"Hurmut Khan' son Akbar Mohammad Khan formed an alliance with the [British](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") in hopes of gaining back his territory from the Marathas, but following the [Second Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Second Anglo-Maratha War\"), the British annexed the recovered lands for themselves and Kurwai became a princely state under the British suzerainty.",
"Hurmut Khan's successors ruled the state until 1887, when Najaf Khan died without any male heir; his elder brother Muzaffar Khan had also died without heir. After a brief struggle with the Nawab of [Basoda](/wiki/Basoda \"Basoda\"), Najaf Khan's maternal grandson Munawar Ali Khan became the ruler of the princely state. After Munawar Khan died without issue, his younger brother Yaqub 'Ali Khan became the Nawab of Kurwai. Yaqub married Munawar's wife Umar un\\-nisa. Their four\\-year\\-old son Sarwar Ali Khan became the Nawab after Yaqub's death in an accident at Bhopal.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"#### Sarwar Ali Khan",
"When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council \"Regency council\") headed by Umar un\\-nisa, who came to be known as \"Sarkar Amma\" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\\-free loans.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College \"Daly College\") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore \"Indore\")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College \"Mayo College\") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy \"Sandhurst Military Academy\"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment \"Worcestershire Regiment\") until 1923\\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan \"Abida Sultan\"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal \"Nawab of Bhopal\"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan \"Shaharyar Khan\"), was born in 1934\\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal \"Bhopal\") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.",
"During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\\.",
"On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat \"Madhya Bharat\"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh \"Madhya Pradesh\") on 1 November 1956\\.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan \"Harijan\") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram \"Jagjeevan Ram\"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system \"Indian caste system\"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage \"Forced marriage\"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal \"All Saints School Bhopal\") and the All Saints College of Science \\& Commerce.",
""
] |
#### Sarwar Ali Khan
When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council "Regency council") headed by Umar un\-nisa, who came to be known as "Sarkar Amma" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\-free loans.
Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College "Daly College") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore "Indore")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College "Mayo College") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer "Ajmer")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy "Sandhurst Military Academy"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment "Worcestershire Regiment") until 1923\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan "Abida Sultan"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal "Nawab of Bhopal"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan "Shaharyar Khan"), was born in 1934\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal "Bhopal") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.
During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\.
On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat "Madhya Bharat"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh "Madhya Pradesh") on 1 November 1956\.
Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan "Harijan") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram "Jagjeevan Ram"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system "Indian caste system"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage "Forced marriage"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal "All Saints School Bhopal") and the All Saints College of Science \& Commerce.
|
[
"#### Sarwar Ali Khan",
"When Sarwar Ali Khan was young, the state was ruled by a [regency council](/wiki/Regency_council \"Regency council\") headed by Umar un\\-nisa, who came to be known as \"Sarkar Amma\" (Mother Governor). She established several institutions for welfare of the citizens, including a rural bank that provided interest\\-free loans.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan and his sisters were the first generation in the family to receive English education. He studied at the [Daly College](/wiki/Daly_College \"Daly College\") ([Indore](/wiki/Indore \"Indore\")), [Mayo College](/wiki/Mayo_College \"Mayo College\") ([Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\")) and the [Sandhurst Military Academy](/wiki/Sandhurst_Military_Academy \"Sandhurst Military Academy\"). After graduating from Sandhurst in 1921, he severed with the [Worcestershires](/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment \"Worcestershire Regiment\") until 1923\\. During this stint, he guarded [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\") in the British custody. In 1926, he married [Abida Sultan](/wiki/Abida_Sultan \"Abida Sultan\"), the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of the [Nawab of Bhopal](/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal \"Nawab of Bhopal\"). Their only son, [Shaharyar Khan](/wiki/Shaharyar_Khan \"Shaharyar Khan\"), was born in 1934\\. The marriage eventually failed, and Sarwar Ali later married other women. Abida Sultan gave up her right to the throne of [Bhopal](/wiki/Bhopal \"Bhopal\") and opted for the Muslim nation [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") in 1950, eventually entering that country's Foreign service. Later, Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and then the Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Sarwar Ali Khan's second wife was Ayesha, daughter of the Nawab of Wai. They had three children: Kaiser Zaman, Zafar Ali Khan and Munawar Ali Khan.",
"During Sarwar Ali Khan's reign, Kurwai saw development of modern infrastructure including roads, telephone network, sanitary facilities, bridges, schools, courts, police station, civil hospital government offices, a power station and a Legislative Assembly. The power was transferred to the Government of newly independent India in 1947\\.",
"On 15 June 1948, Kurwai State officially acceded to the Indian Government. Kurwai became part of the newly created state of [Madhya Bharat](/wiki/Madhya_Bharat \"Madhya Bharat\"), and was added to Vidisha District. Madhya Bharat was merged into [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh \"Madhya Pradesh\") on 1 November 1956\\.",
"Sarwar Ali Khan continued to be involved in the political process. A friend of the [Harijan](/wiki/Harijan \"Harijan\") leader [Jagjeevan Ram](/wiki/Jagjeevan_Ram \"Jagjeevan Ram\"), he encouraged the emancipation of the lower [castes](/wiki/Indian_caste_system \"Indian caste system\"), and also campaigned against the [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\") system and [forced marriage](/wiki/Forced_marriage \"Forced marriage\"). After his death in 1986, the title Nawab of Kurwai passed on to his son Zafar Ali Khan. Sawar Ali's daughter Kaiser Zaman studied English at Somerville College, Oxford University. She later founded the [All Saints School Bhopal](/wiki/All_Saints_School_Bhopal \"All Saints School Bhopal\") and the All Saints College of Science \\& Commerce.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
A [free\-born African American](/wiki/Free_Negro "Free Negro"), he was born in [Derby, Connecticut](/wiki/Derby%2C_Connecticut "Derby, Connecticut"), though there is uncertainty over his year of birth. Contemporary obituaries gave his age as 65 and year of birth as 1825, but some researchers suggest a later date. [Rachael Guest, "Horace Weston, World's Greatest Banjo Player", *Waterbury Thoughts*, June 28, 2020](http://waterburythoughts.blogspot.com/2020/06/horace-weston-worlds-greatest-banjo.html). Retrieved 19 April 2021 As a child, he moved to [Waterbury](/wiki/Waterbury%2C_Connecticut "Waterbury, Connecticut"). His father was a musician, and a music and dancing teacher. ["Death of Horace Weston", *S. S. Stewart Banjo \& Guitar Journal*, vol.7 no.2, June 1890, Supplement](https://archive.org/details/SSSJournalVol7No2June1890/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Weston)
Horace left home as a child, learned several musical instruments when young, including accordion, violin, and guitar, and worked as a dance teacher. He traveled in [New York state](/wiki/New_York_state "New York state"), and after breaking his guitar began learning the banjo. After a while he began playing banjo in the streets of [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut "Hartford, Connecticut"). In 1861, he tried but failed to join the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"), as no black volunteers were accepted at the time, but joined the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"). He entertained fellow crew members with his banjo playing, before joining the [54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment](/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Regiment "54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment").
He was discharged in 1863, and joined [Buckley's Serenaders](/wiki/Buckley%27s_Serenaders "Buckley's Serenaders") in Boston. He then played with the [Georgia Colored Minstrels](/wiki/Brooker_and_Clayton%27s_Georgia_Minstrels "Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels") in 1867, before working for over a year in theatres in New York City. Over the next few years, he played with various minstrel shows in Boston and New York, and toured Canada, as well as undertaking work in theatres. He was also a popular and successful teacher of the banjo. Regarded as a virtuoso player, he played banjo mainly in the "stroke style", similar to "[frailing](/wiki/Frailing "Frailing")".[Robert B. Winans, "Weston, Horace", *Oxford Music Online*](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002225863;jsessionid=69DFADC2DAEF2C6DF2D9EA77E368CE36). Retrieved 19 April 2021
From 1876, he was under contract to producers [Henry C. Jarrett and Henry Palmer](/wiki/Jarrett_%26_Palmer "Jarrett & Palmer"). He played on the boat *Plymouth Rock*, and then in the company's [production of *Uncle Tom's Cabin*](/wiki/Tom_show "Tom show"), which they presented in Europe in 1878\. Weston became highly successful in [London](/wiki/London "London"). [Jeffrey Green, "Horace Weston, 1825\-1890", *JeffreyGreen.co.uk*](https://jeffreygreen.co.uk/075-horace-weston-1825-1890/). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He met the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII "Edward VII") after one performance, and was then invited to perform for [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria"). Though reports at the time claimed that Weston was illiterate and had ignored the written invitation, not knowing its significance, Weston himself later said that, when the letter was retrieved, he saw that the date of the audience had not yet passed and that "we succeeded in patching up the matter". It is not clear whether the performance took place, but it was said that, on a return visit in the 1880s, he was awarded a gold medal by the queen.
After returning to the U.S., he played for several years with [Haverly's Georgia Minstrels](/wiki/J._H._Haverly "J. H. Haverly") and other companies in New York and Boston, before touring the U.S. with [Callender's Minstrels](/wiki/Charles_Callender "Charles Callender") as far as [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon"). On his return, he played a residency in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), before again travelling in touring companies. Towards the end of his career, he performed with the [Ringling Bros. and Barnum \& Bailey Circus](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus").
He was among the first African Americans to gain a significant reputation as a musician, was a major star of minstrel shows, and was billed as "The World's Greatest Banjoist". ["Horace Weston, 1825\-1890", *Library of Congress*](https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200038859/). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He became associated with the [S. S. Stewart](/wiki/S._S._Stewart "S. S. Stewart") banjo making firm, who built instruments to his design. ["The Banjo and African American Musical Culture", *Oxford African American Studies Center*, 2011](https://oxfordaasc.com/page/photo-essay-the-banjo-and-african-american-musical-culture). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He composed several pieces of banjo music, including "Horace Weston's Home Sweet Home," "Horace Weston's New Schottische," "Horace Weston's Old\-Time Jig," and "Weston's Great Minor Jig." At the time of his death, he was considered "perhaps the greatest banjoist the
world has ever heard."
In later years he was increasingly affected by [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism "Rheumatism") and then by [dropsy](/wiki/Dropsy "Dropsy"), which led to his death at his home in [Bleecker Street](/wiki/Bleecker_Street "Bleecker Street"), New York, in 1890\. He was buried at [Evergreens Cemetery](/wiki/Evergreens_Cemetery "Evergreens Cemetery").
File:Horace Weston's World Renowned Banjo Music.jpg\|Advertisement listing Horace Weston's banjo compositions.
File:S. S. Stewart's Presentation Banjo.jpg\|Advertisement: S. S. Stewart's Presentation Banjo, included in Horace Weston's "Seek No Further March" sheet music.
File:Horace Weston's "Seek No Further March" sheet music.jpg\|Horace Weston's "Seek No Further March" sheet music.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"A [free\\-born African American](/wiki/Free_Negro \"Free Negro\"), he was born in [Derby, Connecticut](/wiki/Derby%2C_Connecticut \"Derby, Connecticut\"), though there is uncertainty over his year of birth. Contemporary obituaries gave his age as 65 and year of birth as 1825, but some researchers suggest a later date. [Rachael Guest, \"Horace Weston, World's Greatest Banjo Player\", *Waterbury Thoughts*, June 28, 2020](http://waterburythoughts.blogspot.com/2020/06/horace-weston-worlds-greatest-banjo.html). Retrieved 19 April 2021 As a child, he moved to [Waterbury](/wiki/Waterbury%2C_Connecticut \"Waterbury, Connecticut\"). His father was a musician, and a music and dancing teacher. [\"Death of Horace Weston\", *S. S. Stewart Banjo \\& Guitar Journal*, vol.7 no.2, June 1890, Supplement](https://archive.org/details/SSSJournalVol7No2June1890/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Weston)",
"Horace left home as a child, learned several musical instruments when young, including accordion, violin, and guitar, and worked as a dance teacher. He traveled in [New York state](/wiki/New_York_state \"New York state\"), and after breaking his guitar began learning the banjo. After a while he began playing banjo in the streets of [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford, Connecticut\"). In 1861, he tried but failed to join the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"), as no black volunteers were accepted at the time, but joined the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"). He entertained fellow crew members with his banjo playing, before joining the [54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment](/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Regiment \"54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment\").",
"He was discharged in 1863, and joined [Buckley's Serenaders](/wiki/Buckley%27s_Serenaders \"Buckley's Serenaders\") in Boston. He then played with the [Georgia Colored Minstrels](/wiki/Brooker_and_Clayton%27s_Georgia_Minstrels \"Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels\") in 1867, before working for over a year in theatres in New York City. Over the next few years, he played with various minstrel shows in Boston and New York, and toured Canada, as well as undertaking work in theatres. He was also a popular and successful teacher of the banjo. Regarded as a virtuoso player, he played banjo mainly in the \"stroke style\", similar to \"[frailing](/wiki/Frailing \"Frailing\")\".[Robert B. Winans, \"Weston, Horace\", *Oxford Music Online*](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002225863;jsessionid=69DFADC2DAEF2C6DF2D9EA77E368CE36). Retrieved 19 April 2021",
"From 1876, he was under contract to producers [Henry C. Jarrett and Henry Palmer](/wiki/Jarrett_%26_Palmer \"Jarrett & Palmer\"). He played on the boat *Plymouth Rock*, and then in the company's [production of *Uncle Tom's Cabin*](/wiki/Tom_show \"Tom show\"), which they presented in Europe in 1878\\. Weston became highly successful in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). [Jeffrey Green, \"Horace Weston, 1825\\-1890\", *JeffreyGreen.co.uk*](https://jeffreygreen.co.uk/075-horace-weston-1825-1890/). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He met the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII \"Edward VII\") after one performance, and was then invited to perform for [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\"). Though reports at the time claimed that Weston was illiterate and had ignored the written invitation, not knowing its significance, Weston himself later said that, when the letter was retrieved, he saw that the date of the audience had not yet passed and that \"we succeeded in patching up the matter\". It is not clear whether the performance took place, but it was said that, on a return visit in the 1880s, he was awarded a gold medal by the queen.",
"After returning to the U.S., he played for several years with [Haverly's Georgia Minstrels](/wiki/J._H._Haverly \"J. H. Haverly\") and other companies in New York and Boston, before touring the U.S. with [Callender's Minstrels](/wiki/Charles_Callender \"Charles Callender\") as far as [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"). On his return, he played a residency in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), before again travelling in touring companies. Towards the end of his career, he performed with the [Ringling Bros. and Barnum \\& Bailey Circus](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus \"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus\").",
"He was among the first African Americans to gain a significant reputation as a musician, was a major star of minstrel shows, and was billed as \"The World's Greatest Banjoist\". [\"Horace Weston, 1825\\-1890\", *Library of Congress*](https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200038859/). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He became associated with the [S. S. Stewart](/wiki/S._S._Stewart \"S. S. Stewart\") banjo making firm, who built instruments to his design. [\"The Banjo and African American Musical Culture\", *Oxford African American Studies Center*, 2011](https://oxfordaasc.com/page/photo-essay-the-banjo-and-african-american-musical-culture). Retrieved 19 April 2021 He composed several pieces of banjo music, including \"Horace Weston's Home Sweet Home,\" \"Horace Weston's New Schottische,\" \"Horace Weston's Old\\-Time Jig,\" and \"Weston's Great Minor Jig.\" At the time of his death, he was considered \"perhaps the greatest banjoist the \nworld has ever heard.\"",
"In later years he was increasingly affected by [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism \"Rheumatism\") and then by [dropsy](/wiki/Dropsy \"Dropsy\"), which led to his death at his home in [Bleecker Street](/wiki/Bleecker_Street \"Bleecker Street\"), New York, in 1890\\. He was buried at [Evergreens Cemetery](/wiki/Evergreens_Cemetery \"Evergreens Cemetery\").",
"",
"File:Horace Weston's World Renowned Banjo Music.jpg\\|Advertisement listing Horace Weston's banjo compositions.\nFile:S. S. Stewart's Presentation Banjo.jpg\\|Advertisement: S. S. Stewart's Presentation Banjo, included in Horace Weston's \"Seek No Further March\" sheet music.\nFile:Horace Weston's \"Seek No Further March\" sheet music.jpg\\|Horace Weston's \"Seek No Further March\" sheet music.",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1970–1977: Formation and *The Rubinoos*
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=June 2022}}
In November 1970, Tommy Dunbar and Jon Rubin formed the Rubinoos to play at a dance for Bay High School in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California "Berkeley, California"). Other founding members included [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen "Greg 'Curly' Keranen"), [Alex Carlin](/wiki/Alex_Carlin "Alex Carlin"), Ralph Granich and Danny Wood. Inspired by siblings' 45s and the Cruisin' vintage radio recreations LP series, Jon Rubin and the Rubinoos played rock and roll oldies. Songs included covers of Chubby Checker, Bill Haley and the Comets, [The Dovells](/wiki/The_Dovells "The Dovells"), the Troggs, Little Eva, the Chiffons, and others.
Soon after the performance at Bay High School, where Rubin and Dunbar were enrolled, the original band dissolved. In May 1971, they shortened the name to The Rubinoos and reformed as a quartet with Donn Spindt on drums and Tom Carpender on bass. The group now focused on original material by Dunbar, in association with Rubin and others.
The band's early development was assisted and inspired by the success of [Earth Quake](/wiki/Earth_Quake_%28band%29 "Earth Quake (band)"), whose lead guitarist and principal songwriter was Tommy Dunbar's older brother, Robbie Dunbar. The Rubinoos often appeared as an opening act for Earth Quake in clubs, such as Berkeley's Longbranch Saloon and the Keystone Berkeley.
After the expiration of their contract with A\&M Records, Earth Quake, along with their manager, Matthew King Kaufman, founded [Beserkley Records](/wiki/Beserkley_Records "Beserkley Records") and started recruiting additional talent. This included [Greg Kihn](/wiki/Greg_Kihn "Greg Kihn"), [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman") and the Rubinoos.
In June 1973, [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen "Greg 'Curly' Keranen") re\-joined the group. In September 1974, they recorded a cover of [the DeFranco Family](/wiki/The_DeFranco_Family "The DeFranco Family")'s "Gorilla", released as a single and included on the *Beserkley Chartbusters* [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album "Compilation album"). The group also provided accompaniment for [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman") on two *Chartbuster* cuts, "The New Teller" and "Government Center." Shortly after the release of "Chartbusters" Keranen left the Rubinoos to join [Jonathan Richman \& the Modern Lovers](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman_%26_the_Modern_Lovers "Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers"). He was replaced by Royse Ader.
One 'high point' of the band's early career included a performance at [Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham%27s_Winterland_Auditorium "Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium"), September 24, 1974, on a bill with the [Jefferson Starship](/wiki/Jefferson_Starship "Jefferson Starship"). At this concert, the Rubinoos were joined on stage by [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman"), who danced to their version of [The Archies'](/wiki/The_Archies "The Archies") "[Sugar, Sugar](/wiki/Sugar%2C_Sugar "Sugar, Sugar")". This was greeted with intense booing and a pelting of unripe bananas by members of the audience. Their closer "The Pepsi Generation Theme Song" provoked an even more hostile reaction from the crowd.{{cite web\|url\=http://jojofiles2\.blogspot.com/2007/05/interview\-15\-greg\-curly\-keranen.html \|title\=Jojoblog backstage : Interview \#15 : Greg "Curly" Keranen \|publisher\=Jojofiles2\.blogspot.com \|date\=2007\-04\-12 \|accessdate\=2014\-04\-25}} However, the band was the first mentioned and main focus of all the reviews of the concert.
In 1977, Beserkley released [*The Rubinoos*](/wiki/The_Rubinoos_%28album%29 "The Rubinoos (album)"), the group's eponymous debut album. It was well\-reviewed and New York Rocker called it "The Best Pop Album of the Decade." The single, a cover of Tommy James' "[I Think We're Alone Now](/wiki/I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now "I Think We're Alone Now")," reached No. 45 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") becoming Beserkley's first hit. The group appeared on *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand "American Bandstand")* (live), *[So It Goes](/wiki/So_It_Goes_%28TV_series%29 "So It Goes (TV series)")* (by video) and Rolling Stone Magazine: The 10th Anniversary television special in which they were cast as a garage band, performed a tribute to the newly deceased [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") and morphed into [claymation](/wiki/Claymation "Claymation") figures. Along with these accomplishments, The Rubinoos had a number one single in [Modesto, California,](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California%2C "Modesto, California,") for 13 weeks, one of their concerts was raffled off to a high school by [Burger King,](/wiki/Burger_King%2C "Burger King,") and they appeared in *[Tiger Beat](/wiki/Tiger_Beat "Tiger Beat")* and *[16 Magazine](/wiki/16_Magazine "16 Magazine")* many times.
### 1978–2006: Breakup and reformation
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=June 2022}}
The group's next album, *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board "Back to the Drawing Board")* (1979\), featured the single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend," which had been released in 1978 and received heavy airplay in England and Europe. In support of this album, the Rubinoos appeared on *[Rock Goes To College](/wiki/Rock_Goes_To_College "Rock Goes To College")*, *[The Old Grey Whistle Test](/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test "The Old Grey Whistle Test")*, *Top Pop* and opened 56 shows for [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello "Elvis Costello") on the U.S. portion of his 1979 Armed Funk tour.
[thumb\|Rubinoos 1978](/wiki/File:Rubes_dating_game.jpg "Rubes dating game.jpg")
In 1980 Royse Ader was replaced by Al Chan. The Rubinoos then recorded the demos for a third album which never came to fruition. These demos, released in the 1990s as *Basement Tapes*, engineered by well known audio guru, Dan Alexander, is still thought to be one of their best efforts. Spindt and Chan left the group in 1982 when Tommy and Jon decided to move to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). In 1983, the group, now consisting of just Rubin and Dunbar, signed with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records "Warner Bros. Records") and released the Mini LP *Party of Two*, produced by [Todd Rundgren](/wiki/Todd_Rundgren "Todd Rundgren"). *Party of Two* yielded the single and cult classic music video "If I Had You Back," which received heavy rotation on [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). In 1984, they recorded the title song "Revenge of the Nerds" and "Breakdown" for the film *[Revenge of the Nerds](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds "Revenge of the Nerds")*.
The Rubinoos began a long sabbatical in 1985\. In 1989, Dunbar, Spindt, Chan, and [John Seabury](/wiki/John_Seabury "John Seabury") formed the group Vox Pop and recorded an album of material, co produced by Dunbar and Dan Alexander at Alexanders Coast Recorders. Also in 1989, Jon Rubin joined the noted Los Angeles a cappella [Doo Wop](/wiki/Doo_Wop "Doo Wop") group [The Mighty Echoes](/wiki/The_Mighty_Echoes "The Mighty Echoes"). During the 1990s, two compilation CDs, *Basement Tapes* and *Garage Sale* were released. Their success led to the end of The Rubinoos sabbatical and a new album, *Paleophonic* (1999\), produced by [Kevin Gilbert](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbert_%28musician%29 "Kevin Gilbert (musician)"). This album did not see the light of day until The Rubinoos' performance, their first in seven years, at the 1999 International Pop Overthrow Festival in Los Angeles. The lineup at IPO featured Rubin, Dunbar, Chan and Spindt. In 2000 Tommy and Jon were hired to sing the [Flo and Eddie](/wiki/Flo_and_Eddie "Flo and Eddie") parts of [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa "Frank Zappa")'s [200 Motels](/wiki/200_Motels "200 Motels") at three concerts with the Netherlands' Philharmonic. In 2002 The Rubinoos toured Spain and Japan, released the all\-covers *Crimes Against Music* (2002\) and recorded the album *Live in Japan* (2004\). In 2005 the group reunited with their original producer, Gary Phillips, to record *Twist Pop Sin* (2006\). In 2007, [Castle Communications](/wiki/Castle_Communications "Castle Communications") issued the 63\-song retrospective *Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the Rubinoos*. Also in 2007, The Rubinoos toured Japan and released a two CD compilation titled *One Two That's It*. In 2009 the band toured Spain and released the compilation CD *HodgePodge* which featured one newly recorded track, a cover of [The Hollies](/wiki/The_Hollies "The Hollies")' classic, "[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28song%29 "Bus Stop (song)")."
### 2007–present: Back to the Basics
In July 2007, Dunbar and songwriter James Gangwer filed a lawsuit for [infringement of copyright](/wiki/Copyright_infringement "Copyright infringement") against singer\-songwriter [Avril Lavigne](/wiki/Avril_Lavigne "Avril Lavigne") for her 2007 single "[Girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend_%28Avril_Lavigne_song%29 "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)")"; producer [Dr. Luke](/wiki/Dr._Luke "Dr. Luke"), [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"), and [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") were also named as defendants in the suit.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\-lavigne\-responds\-to\-lawsuit\-says\-shes\-been\-falsely\-accused/\|title\=Avril Lavigne Responds to Lawsuit, Says She's Been 'Falsely Accused'\|last\=Montgomery\|first\=James\|date\=July 9, 2007\|work\=\[\[MTV]]\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012813/https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\-lavigne\-responds\-to\-lawsuit\-says\-shes\-been\-falsely\-accused/\|archive\-date\=February 28, 2021\|url\-status\=dead}} Dunbar and Gangwer alleged that Lavigne plagiarized the Rubinoos' 1979 single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-36\-1342875\|title\=Avril Lavigne responds to plagiarism claims\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=July 9, 2007\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080232/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-36\-1342875\|archive\-date\=April 7, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} Lavigne denied these accusations and claimed that she had never even heard of the Rubinoos before. In January 2008, an undisclosed [settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 "Settlement (litigation)") was reached between the two parties.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-30\-1340740\|title\=Settlement reached in Avril Lavigne lawsuit\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=January 10, 2008\|work\=NME\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514185553/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-30\-1340740\|archive\-date\=May 14, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} Dunbar and Gangwer later released a statement in which they claimed to "completely exonerate" Lavigne and Dr. Luke from any wrongdoing.{{cite news\|url\=https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\-completely\-exonerate\-avril\-lavigne/\|title\=Songwriters 'Completely Exonerate' Avril Lavigne\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=January 15, 2008\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419083043/https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\-completely\-exonerate\-avril\-lavigne/\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2021\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|The Rubinoos 1980](/wiki/File:Rubinoos_Group_Shot_400_2.jpg "Rubinoos Group Shot 400 2.jpg")
[Music critic](/wiki/Music_critic "Music critic") [John M. Borack](/wiki/John_M._Borack "John M. Borack") called *Paleophonic* No. 36 in his list of the best [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop "Power pop") albums of all time, praising its "trademark pitch\-perfect harmonies".
In January 2010, The Rubinoos played their first kids show in support of their first all ages CD *Biff\-Boff\-Boing*. The CD is a mix of covers and new originals.
In May 2010, to coincide with their Spain/Italy tour, the Rubinoos released their first new original album in five years—*Automatic Toaster*, produced by [Robbie Rist](/wiki/Robbie_Rist "Robbie Rist").
In 2015, to celebrate their 45th anniversary the band released the appropriately titled album *45\.* They continued to tour in Europe and Japan with a few sporadic dates in the US.
In 2018, the group signed with [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records"), their first exclusive record deal since the 1980s, Long time fan and noted singer\-songwriter [Chuck Prophet](/wiki/Chuck_Prophet "Chuck Prophet") was tapped to produce. The album, *From Home,* released in 2019, was recorded with the same technique as their first sessions, playing all at once in the same room, recorded to analog tape. This was done at [Hyde Street Studios](/wiki/Hyde_Street_Studios "Hyde Street Studios") in San Francisco, formerly [Wally Heider Studios](/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios "Wally Heider Studios"), where the group made some of its first recordings.
With the onset of the Covid epidemic in 2020, The Rubinoos' live performing schedule was put on hold for a couple of years. In June 2021, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records") released a live to two track recording of The Rubinoos done in 1976 at CBS Folsom Street Studios in San Francisco, entitled *The CBS Tapes*. The album includes three never released original songs and eight rare covers. This was followed by a re\-issue of the group's eponymous first LP, *[The Rubinoos](/wiki/The_Rubinoos "The Rubinoos")* which was a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day "Record Store Day") selection. In September 2021 the group scored a placement of their hit version of "I Think We're Alone Now" on the Season Three premier of the Netflix hit comedy [Sex Education](/wiki/Sex_Education "Sex Education").
In 2022, the band had their cult classic "Rock and Roll is Dead" used as end title music for the first episode of the HBO hit [Irma Vep](/wiki/Irma_Vep "Irma Vep"). In July, The Rubinoos resumed live performing, starting with a bang up show at the Oakland California Punk/Pop festival [Mosswood Meltdown](/wiki/Mosswood_Meltdown "Mosswood Meltdown"). The surge of Covid at the end of 2022 slowed live performing for a bit longer.
In 2023, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records") re\-issued the groups second LP *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board "Back to the Drawing Board")* which was also a featured pick at Record Store Day. In October The Rubinoos set out for Europe to headline the Caravaca Power Pop Festival and tour of Spain.
in 2024 the Rubinoos are scheduled to return to Europe for a multi\-country tour and a summer tour of the East Coast of the United States.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1970–1977: Formation and *The Rubinoos*",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\nIn November 1970, Tommy Dunbar and Jon Rubin formed the Rubinoos to play at a dance for Bay High School in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California \"Berkeley, California\"). Other founding members included [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen \"Greg 'Curly' Keranen\"), [Alex Carlin](/wiki/Alex_Carlin \"Alex Carlin\"), Ralph Granich and Danny Wood. Inspired by siblings' 45s and the Cruisin' vintage radio recreations LP series, Jon Rubin and the Rubinoos played rock and roll oldies. Songs included covers of Chubby Checker, Bill Haley and the Comets, [The Dovells](/wiki/The_Dovells \"The Dovells\"), the Troggs, Little Eva, the Chiffons, and others.",
"Soon after the performance at Bay High School, where Rubin and Dunbar were enrolled, the original band dissolved. In May 1971, they shortened the name to The Rubinoos and reformed as a quartet with Donn Spindt on drums and Tom Carpender on bass. The group now focused on original material by Dunbar, in association with Rubin and others.",
"The band's early development was assisted and inspired by the success of [Earth Quake](/wiki/Earth_Quake_%28band%29 \"Earth Quake (band)\"), whose lead guitarist and principal songwriter was Tommy Dunbar's older brother, Robbie Dunbar. The Rubinoos often appeared as an opening act for Earth Quake in clubs, such as Berkeley's Longbranch Saloon and the Keystone Berkeley.",
"After the expiration of their contract with A\\&M Records, Earth Quake, along with their manager, Matthew King Kaufman, founded [Beserkley Records](/wiki/Beserkley_Records \"Beserkley Records\") and started recruiting additional talent. This included [Greg Kihn](/wiki/Greg_Kihn \"Greg Kihn\"), [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\") and the Rubinoos.",
"In June 1973, [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen \"Greg 'Curly' Keranen\") re\\-joined the group. In September 1974, they recorded a cover of [the DeFranco Family](/wiki/The_DeFranco_Family \"The DeFranco Family\")'s \"Gorilla\", released as a single and included on the *Beserkley Chartbusters* [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album \"Compilation album\"). The group also provided accompaniment for [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\") on two *Chartbuster* cuts, \"The New Teller\" and \"Government Center.\" Shortly after the release of \"Chartbusters\" Keranen left the Rubinoos to join [Jonathan Richman \\& the Modern Lovers](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman_%26_the_Modern_Lovers \"Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers\"). He was replaced by Royse Ader.",
"One 'high point' of the band's early career included a performance at [Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham%27s_Winterland_Auditorium \"Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium\"), September 24, 1974, on a bill with the [Jefferson Starship](/wiki/Jefferson_Starship \"Jefferson Starship\"). At this concert, the Rubinoos were joined on stage by [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\"), who danced to their version of [The Archies'](/wiki/The_Archies \"The Archies\") \"[Sugar, Sugar](/wiki/Sugar%2C_Sugar \"Sugar, Sugar\")\". This was greeted with intense booing and a pelting of unripe bananas by members of the audience. Their closer \"The Pepsi Generation Theme Song\" provoked an even more hostile reaction from the crowd.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jojofiles2\\.blogspot.com/2007/05/interview\\-15\\-greg\\-curly\\-keranen.html \\|title\\=Jojoblog backstage : Interview \\#15 : Greg \"Curly\" Keranen \\|publisher\\=Jojofiles2\\.blogspot.com \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-12 \\|accessdate\\=2014\\-04\\-25}} However, the band was the first mentioned and main focus of all the reviews of the concert.",
"In 1977, Beserkley released [*The Rubinoos*](/wiki/The_Rubinoos_%28album%29 \"The Rubinoos (album)\"), the group's eponymous debut album. It was well\\-reviewed and New York Rocker called it \"The Best Pop Album of the Decade.\" The single, a cover of Tommy James' \"[I Think We're Alone Now](/wiki/I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now \"I Think We're Alone Now\"),\" reached No. 45 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") becoming Beserkley's first hit. The group appeared on *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand \"American Bandstand\")* (live), *[So It Goes](/wiki/So_It_Goes_%28TV_series%29 \"So It Goes (TV series)\")* (by video) and Rolling Stone Magazine: The 10th Anniversary television special in which they were cast as a garage band, performed a tribute to the newly deceased [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") and morphed into [claymation](/wiki/Claymation \"Claymation\") figures. Along with these accomplishments, The Rubinoos had a number one single in [Modesto, California,](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California%2C \"Modesto, California,\") for 13 weeks, one of their concerts was raffled off to a high school by [Burger King,](/wiki/Burger_King%2C \"Burger King,\") and they appeared in *[Tiger Beat](/wiki/Tiger_Beat \"Tiger Beat\")* and *[16 Magazine](/wiki/16_Magazine \"16 Magazine\")* many times.",
"### 1978–2006: Breakup and reformation",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\nThe group's next album, *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board \"Back to the Drawing Board\")* (1979\\), featured the single \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend,\" which had been released in 1978 and received heavy airplay in England and Europe. In support of this album, the Rubinoos appeared on *[Rock Goes To College](/wiki/Rock_Goes_To_College \"Rock Goes To College\")*, *[The Old Grey Whistle Test](/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test \"The Old Grey Whistle Test\")*, *Top Pop* and opened 56 shows for [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello \"Elvis Costello\") on the U.S. portion of his 1979 Armed Funk tour.\n[thumb\\|Rubinoos 1978](/wiki/File:Rubes_dating_game.jpg \"Rubes dating game.jpg\") \nIn 1980 Royse Ader was replaced by Al Chan. The Rubinoos then recorded the demos for a third album which never came to fruition. These demos, released in the 1990s as *Basement Tapes*, engineered by well known audio guru, Dan Alexander, is still thought to be one of their best efforts. Spindt and Chan left the group in 1982 when Tommy and Jon decided to move to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"). In 1983, the group, now consisting of just Rubin and Dunbar, signed with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records \"Warner Bros. Records\") and released the Mini LP *Party of Two*, produced by [Todd Rundgren](/wiki/Todd_Rundgren \"Todd Rundgren\"). *Party of Two* yielded the single and cult classic music video \"If I Had You Back,\" which received heavy rotation on [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). In 1984, they recorded the title song \"Revenge of the Nerds\" and \"Breakdown\" for the film *[Revenge of the Nerds](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds \"Revenge of the Nerds\")*.",
"The Rubinoos began a long sabbatical in 1985\\. In 1989, Dunbar, Spindt, Chan, and [John Seabury](/wiki/John_Seabury \"John Seabury\") formed the group Vox Pop and recorded an album of material, co produced by Dunbar and Dan Alexander at Alexanders Coast Recorders. Also in 1989, Jon Rubin joined the noted Los Angeles a cappella [Doo Wop](/wiki/Doo_Wop \"Doo Wop\") group [The Mighty Echoes](/wiki/The_Mighty_Echoes \"The Mighty Echoes\"). During the 1990s, two compilation CDs, *Basement Tapes* and *Garage Sale* were released. Their success led to the end of The Rubinoos sabbatical and a new album, *Paleophonic* (1999\\), produced by [Kevin Gilbert](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbert_%28musician%29 \"Kevin Gilbert (musician)\"). This album did not see the light of day until The Rubinoos' performance, their first in seven years, at the 1999 International Pop Overthrow Festival in Los Angeles. The lineup at IPO featured Rubin, Dunbar, Chan and Spindt. In 2000 Tommy and Jon were hired to sing the [Flo and Eddie](/wiki/Flo_and_Eddie \"Flo and Eddie\") parts of [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa \"Frank Zappa\")'s [200 Motels](/wiki/200_Motels \"200 Motels\") at three concerts with the Netherlands' Philharmonic. In 2002 The Rubinoos toured Spain and Japan, released the all\\-covers *Crimes Against Music* (2002\\) and recorded the album *Live in Japan* (2004\\). In 2005 the group reunited with their original producer, Gary Phillips, to record *Twist Pop Sin* (2006\\). In 2007, [Castle Communications](/wiki/Castle_Communications \"Castle Communications\") issued the 63\\-song retrospective *Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the Rubinoos*. Also in 2007, The Rubinoos toured Japan and released a two CD compilation titled *One Two That's It*. In 2009 the band toured Spain and released the compilation CD *HodgePodge* which featured one newly recorded track, a cover of [The Hollies](/wiki/The_Hollies \"The Hollies\")' classic, \"[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28song%29 \"Bus Stop (song)\").\"",
"### 2007–present: Back to the Basics",
"In July 2007, Dunbar and songwriter James Gangwer filed a lawsuit for [infringement of copyright](/wiki/Copyright_infringement \"Copyright infringement\") against singer\\-songwriter [Avril Lavigne](/wiki/Avril_Lavigne \"Avril Lavigne\") for her 2007 single \"[Girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend_%28Avril_Lavigne_song%29 \"Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)\")\"; producer [Dr. Luke](/wiki/Dr._Luke \"Dr. Luke\"), [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"), and [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") were also named as defendants in the suit.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\\-lavigne\\-responds\\-to\\-lawsuit\\-says\\-shes\\-been\\-falsely\\-accused/\\|title\\=Avril Lavigne Responds to Lawsuit, Says She's Been 'Falsely Accused'\\|last\\=Montgomery\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=July 9, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[MTV]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012813/https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\\-lavigne\\-responds\\-to\\-lawsuit\\-says\\-shes\\-been\\-falsely\\-accused/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Dunbar and Gangwer alleged that Lavigne plagiarized the Rubinoos' 1979 single \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-36\\-1342875\\|title\\=Avril Lavigne responds to plagiarism claims\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=July 9, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080232/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-36\\-1342875\\|archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lavigne denied these accusations and claimed that she had never even heard of the Rubinoos before. In January 2008, an undisclosed [settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 \"Settlement (litigation)\") was reached between the two parties.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-30\\-1340740\\|title\\=Settlement reached in Avril Lavigne lawsuit\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=January 10, 2008\\|work\\=NME\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514185553/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-30\\-1340740\\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Dunbar and Gangwer later released a statement in which they claimed to \"completely exonerate\" Lavigne and Dr. Luke from any wrongdoing.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\\-completely\\-exonerate\\-avril\\-lavigne/\\|title\\=Songwriters 'Completely Exonerate' Avril Lavigne\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=January 15, 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419083043/https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\\-completely\\-exonerate\\-avril\\-lavigne/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|The Rubinoos 1980](/wiki/File:Rubinoos_Group_Shot_400_2.jpg \"Rubinoos Group Shot 400 2.jpg\")\n[Music critic](/wiki/Music_critic \"Music critic\") [John M. Borack](/wiki/John_M._Borack \"John M. Borack\") called *Paleophonic* No. 36 in his list of the best [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop \"Power pop\") albums of all time, praising its \"trademark pitch\\-perfect harmonies\".",
"In January 2010, The Rubinoos played their first kids show in support of their first all ages CD *Biff\\-Boff\\-Boing*. The CD is a mix of covers and new originals.",
"In May 2010, to coincide with their Spain/Italy tour, the Rubinoos released their first new original album in five years—*Automatic Toaster*, produced by [Robbie Rist](/wiki/Robbie_Rist \"Robbie Rist\").",
"In 2015, to celebrate their 45th anniversary the band released the appropriately titled album *45\\.* They continued to tour in Europe and Japan with a few sporadic dates in the US.",
"In 2018, the group signed with [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\"), their first exclusive record deal since the 1980s, Long time fan and noted singer\\-songwriter [Chuck Prophet](/wiki/Chuck_Prophet \"Chuck Prophet\") was tapped to produce. The album, *From Home,* released in 2019, was recorded with the same technique as their first sessions, playing all at once in the same room, recorded to analog tape. This was done at [Hyde Street Studios](/wiki/Hyde_Street_Studios \"Hyde Street Studios\") in San Francisco, formerly [Wally Heider Studios](/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios \"Wally Heider Studios\"), where the group made some of its first recordings.",
"With the onset of the Covid epidemic in 2020, The Rubinoos' live performing schedule was put on hold for a couple of years. In June 2021, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\") released a live to two track recording of The Rubinoos done in 1976 at CBS Folsom Street Studios in San Francisco, entitled *The CBS Tapes*. The album includes three never released original songs and eight rare covers. This was followed by a re\\-issue of the group's eponymous first LP, *[The Rubinoos](/wiki/The_Rubinoos \"The Rubinoos\")* which was a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day \"Record Store Day\") selection. In September 2021 the group scored a placement of their hit version of \"I Think We're Alone Now\" on the Season Three premier of the Netflix hit comedy [Sex Education](/wiki/Sex_Education \"Sex Education\").",
"In 2022, the band had their cult classic \"Rock and Roll is Dead\" used as end title music for the first episode of the HBO hit [Irma Vep](/wiki/Irma_Vep \"Irma Vep\"). In July, The Rubinoos resumed live performing, starting with a bang up show at the Oakland California Punk/Pop festival [Mosswood Meltdown](/wiki/Mosswood_Meltdown \"Mosswood Meltdown\"). The surge of Covid at the end of 2022 slowed live performing for a bit longer.",
"In 2023, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\") re\\-issued the groups second LP *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board \"Back to the Drawing Board\")* which was also a featured pick at Record Store Day. In October The Rubinoos set out for Europe to headline the Caravaca Power Pop Festival and tour of Spain.",
"in 2024 the Rubinoos are scheduled to return to Europe for a multi\\-country tour and a summer tour of the East Coast of the United States.",
""
] |
### 1970–1977: Formation and *The Rubinoos*
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=June 2022}}
In November 1970, Tommy Dunbar and Jon Rubin formed the Rubinoos to play at a dance for Bay High School in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California "Berkeley, California"). Other founding members included [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen "Greg 'Curly' Keranen"), [Alex Carlin](/wiki/Alex_Carlin "Alex Carlin"), Ralph Granich and Danny Wood. Inspired by siblings' 45s and the Cruisin' vintage radio recreations LP series, Jon Rubin and the Rubinoos played rock and roll oldies. Songs included covers of Chubby Checker, Bill Haley and the Comets, [The Dovells](/wiki/The_Dovells "The Dovells"), the Troggs, Little Eva, the Chiffons, and others.
Soon after the performance at Bay High School, where Rubin and Dunbar were enrolled, the original band dissolved. In May 1971, they shortened the name to The Rubinoos and reformed as a quartet with Donn Spindt on drums and Tom Carpender on bass. The group now focused on original material by Dunbar, in association with Rubin and others.
The band's early development was assisted and inspired by the success of [Earth Quake](/wiki/Earth_Quake_%28band%29 "Earth Quake (band)"), whose lead guitarist and principal songwriter was Tommy Dunbar's older brother, Robbie Dunbar. The Rubinoos often appeared as an opening act for Earth Quake in clubs, such as Berkeley's Longbranch Saloon and the Keystone Berkeley.
After the expiration of their contract with A\&M Records, Earth Quake, along with their manager, Matthew King Kaufman, founded [Beserkley Records](/wiki/Beserkley_Records "Beserkley Records") and started recruiting additional talent. This included [Greg Kihn](/wiki/Greg_Kihn "Greg Kihn"), [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman") and the Rubinoos.
In June 1973, [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen "Greg 'Curly' Keranen") re\-joined the group. In September 1974, they recorded a cover of [the DeFranco Family](/wiki/The_DeFranco_Family "The DeFranco Family")'s "Gorilla", released as a single and included on the *Beserkley Chartbusters* [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album "Compilation album"). The group also provided accompaniment for [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman") on two *Chartbuster* cuts, "The New Teller" and "Government Center." Shortly after the release of "Chartbusters" Keranen left the Rubinoos to join [Jonathan Richman \& the Modern Lovers](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman_%26_the_Modern_Lovers "Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers"). He was replaced by Royse Ader.
One 'high point' of the band's early career included a performance at [Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham%27s_Winterland_Auditorium "Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium"), September 24, 1974, on a bill with the [Jefferson Starship](/wiki/Jefferson_Starship "Jefferson Starship"). At this concert, the Rubinoos were joined on stage by [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman "Jonathan Richman"), who danced to their version of [The Archies'](/wiki/The_Archies "The Archies") "[Sugar, Sugar](/wiki/Sugar%2C_Sugar "Sugar, Sugar")". This was greeted with intense booing and a pelting of unripe bananas by members of the audience. Their closer "The Pepsi Generation Theme Song" provoked an even more hostile reaction from the crowd.{{cite web\|url\=http://jojofiles2\.blogspot.com/2007/05/interview\-15\-greg\-curly\-keranen.html \|title\=Jojoblog backstage : Interview \#15 : Greg "Curly" Keranen \|publisher\=Jojofiles2\.blogspot.com \|date\=2007\-04\-12 \|accessdate\=2014\-04\-25}} However, the band was the first mentioned and main focus of all the reviews of the concert.
In 1977, Beserkley released [*The Rubinoos*](/wiki/The_Rubinoos_%28album%29 "The Rubinoos (album)"), the group's eponymous debut album. It was well\-reviewed and New York Rocker called it "The Best Pop Album of the Decade." The single, a cover of Tommy James' "[I Think We're Alone Now](/wiki/I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now "I Think We're Alone Now")," reached No. 45 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") becoming Beserkley's first hit. The group appeared on *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand "American Bandstand")* (live), *[So It Goes](/wiki/So_It_Goes_%28TV_series%29 "So It Goes (TV series)")* (by video) and Rolling Stone Magazine: The 10th Anniversary television special in which they were cast as a garage band, performed a tribute to the newly deceased [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") and morphed into [claymation](/wiki/Claymation "Claymation") figures. Along with these accomplishments, The Rubinoos had a number one single in [Modesto, California,](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California%2C "Modesto, California,") for 13 weeks, one of their concerts was raffled off to a high school by [Burger King,](/wiki/Burger_King%2C "Burger King,") and they appeared in *[Tiger Beat](/wiki/Tiger_Beat "Tiger Beat")* and *[16 Magazine](/wiki/16_Magazine "16 Magazine")* many times.
|
[
"### 1970–1977: Formation and *The Rubinoos*",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\nIn November 1970, Tommy Dunbar and Jon Rubin formed the Rubinoos to play at a dance for Bay High School in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California \"Berkeley, California\"). Other founding members included [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen \"Greg 'Curly' Keranen\"), [Alex Carlin](/wiki/Alex_Carlin \"Alex Carlin\"), Ralph Granich and Danny Wood. Inspired by siblings' 45s and the Cruisin' vintage radio recreations LP series, Jon Rubin and the Rubinoos played rock and roll oldies. Songs included covers of Chubby Checker, Bill Haley and the Comets, [The Dovells](/wiki/The_Dovells \"The Dovells\"), the Troggs, Little Eva, the Chiffons, and others.",
"Soon after the performance at Bay High School, where Rubin and Dunbar were enrolled, the original band dissolved. In May 1971, they shortened the name to The Rubinoos and reformed as a quartet with Donn Spindt on drums and Tom Carpender on bass. The group now focused on original material by Dunbar, in association with Rubin and others.",
"The band's early development was assisted and inspired by the success of [Earth Quake](/wiki/Earth_Quake_%28band%29 \"Earth Quake (band)\"), whose lead guitarist and principal songwriter was Tommy Dunbar's older brother, Robbie Dunbar. The Rubinoos often appeared as an opening act for Earth Quake in clubs, such as Berkeley's Longbranch Saloon and the Keystone Berkeley.",
"After the expiration of their contract with A\\&M Records, Earth Quake, along with their manager, Matthew King Kaufman, founded [Beserkley Records](/wiki/Beserkley_Records \"Beserkley Records\") and started recruiting additional talent. This included [Greg Kihn](/wiki/Greg_Kihn \"Greg Kihn\"), [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\") and the Rubinoos.",
"In June 1973, [Greg 'Curly' Keranen](/wiki/Greg_%27Curly%27_Keranen \"Greg 'Curly' Keranen\") re\\-joined the group. In September 1974, they recorded a cover of [the DeFranco Family](/wiki/The_DeFranco_Family \"The DeFranco Family\")'s \"Gorilla\", released as a single and included on the *Beserkley Chartbusters* [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album \"Compilation album\"). The group also provided accompaniment for [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\") on two *Chartbuster* cuts, \"The New Teller\" and \"Government Center.\" Shortly after the release of \"Chartbusters\" Keranen left the Rubinoos to join [Jonathan Richman \\& the Modern Lovers](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman_%26_the_Modern_Lovers \"Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers\"). He was replaced by Royse Ader.",
"One 'high point' of the band's early career included a performance at [Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham%27s_Winterland_Auditorium \"Bill Graham's Winterland Auditorium\"), September 24, 1974, on a bill with the [Jefferson Starship](/wiki/Jefferson_Starship \"Jefferson Starship\"). At this concert, the Rubinoos were joined on stage by [Jonathan Richman](/wiki/Jonathan_Richman \"Jonathan Richman\"), who danced to their version of [The Archies'](/wiki/The_Archies \"The Archies\") \"[Sugar, Sugar](/wiki/Sugar%2C_Sugar \"Sugar, Sugar\")\". This was greeted with intense booing and a pelting of unripe bananas by members of the audience. Their closer \"The Pepsi Generation Theme Song\" provoked an even more hostile reaction from the crowd.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jojofiles2\\.blogspot.com/2007/05/interview\\-15\\-greg\\-curly\\-keranen.html \\|title\\=Jojoblog backstage : Interview \\#15 : Greg \"Curly\" Keranen \\|publisher\\=Jojofiles2\\.blogspot.com \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-12 \\|accessdate\\=2014\\-04\\-25}} However, the band was the first mentioned and main focus of all the reviews of the concert.",
"In 1977, Beserkley released [*The Rubinoos*](/wiki/The_Rubinoos_%28album%29 \"The Rubinoos (album)\"), the group's eponymous debut album. It was well\\-reviewed and New York Rocker called it \"The Best Pop Album of the Decade.\" The single, a cover of Tommy James' \"[I Think We're Alone Now](/wiki/I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now \"I Think We're Alone Now\"),\" reached No. 45 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") becoming Beserkley's first hit. The group appeared on *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand \"American Bandstand\")* (live), *[So It Goes](/wiki/So_It_Goes_%28TV_series%29 \"So It Goes (TV series)\")* (by video) and Rolling Stone Magazine: The 10th Anniversary television special in which they were cast as a garage band, performed a tribute to the newly deceased [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") and morphed into [claymation](/wiki/Claymation \"Claymation\") figures. Along with these accomplishments, The Rubinoos had a number one single in [Modesto, California,](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California%2C \"Modesto, California,\") for 13 weeks, one of their concerts was raffled off to a high school by [Burger King,](/wiki/Burger_King%2C \"Burger King,\") and they appeared in *[Tiger Beat](/wiki/Tiger_Beat \"Tiger Beat\")* and *[16 Magazine](/wiki/16_Magazine \"16 Magazine\")* many times.",
""
] |
### 2007–present: Back to the Basics
In July 2007, Dunbar and songwriter James Gangwer filed a lawsuit for [infringement of copyright](/wiki/Copyright_infringement "Copyright infringement") against singer\-songwriter [Avril Lavigne](/wiki/Avril_Lavigne "Avril Lavigne") for her 2007 single "[Girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend_%28Avril_Lavigne_song%29 "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)")"; producer [Dr. Luke](/wiki/Dr._Luke "Dr. Luke"), [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"), and [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") were also named as defendants in the suit.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\-lavigne\-responds\-to\-lawsuit\-says\-shes\-been\-falsely\-accused/\|title\=Avril Lavigne Responds to Lawsuit, Says She's Been 'Falsely Accused'\|last\=Montgomery\|first\=James\|date\=July 9, 2007\|work\=\[\[MTV]]\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012813/https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\-lavigne\-responds\-to\-lawsuit\-says\-shes\-been\-falsely\-accused/\|archive\-date\=February 28, 2021\|url\-status\=dead}} Dunbar and Gangwer alleged that Lavigne plagiarized the Rubinoos' 1979 single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-36\-1342875\|title\=Avril Lavigne responds to plagiarism claims\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=July 9, 2007\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080232/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-36\-1342875\|archive\-date\=April 7, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} Lavigne denied these accusations and claimed that she had never even heard of the Rubinoos before. In January 2008, an undisclosed [settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 "Settlement (litigation)") was reached between the two parties.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-30\-1340740\|title\=Settlement reached in Avril Lavigne lawsuit\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=January 10, 2008\|work\=NME\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514185553/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\-lavigne\-30\-1340740\|archive\-date\=May 14, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} Dunbar and Gangwer later released a statement in which they claimed to "completely exonerate" Lavigne and Dr. Luke from any wrongdoing.{{cite news\|url\=https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\-completely\-exonerate\-avril\-lavigne/\|title\=Songwriters 'Completely Exonerate' Avril Lavigne\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=January 15, 2008\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|accessdate\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419083043/https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\-completely\-exonerate\-avril\-lavigne/\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2021\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|The Rubinoos 1980](/wiki/File:Rubinoos_Group_Shot_400_2.jpg "Rubinoos Group Shot 400 2.jpg")
[Music critic](/wiki/Music_critic "Music critic") [John M. Borack](/wiki/John_M._Borack "John M. Borack") called *Paleophonic* No. 36 in his list of the best [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop "Power pop") albums of all time, praising its "trademark pitch\-perfect harmonies".
In January 2010, The Rubinoos played their first kids show in support of their first all ages CD *Biff\-Boff\-Boing*. The CD is a mix of covers and new originals.
In May 2010, to coincide with their Spain/Italy tour, the Rubinoos released their first new original album in five years—*Automatic Toaster*, produced by [Robbie Rist](/wiki/Robbie_Rist "Robbie Rist").
In 2015, to celebrate their 45th anniversary the band released the appropriately titled album *45\.* They continued to tour in Europe and Japan with a few sporadic dates in the US.
In 2018, the group signed with [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records"), their first exclusive record deal since the 1980s, Long time fan and noted singer\-songwriter [Chuck Prophet](/wiki/Chuck_Prophet "Chuck Prophet") was tapped to produce. The album, *From Home,* released in 2019, was recorded with the same technique as their first sessions, playing all at once in the same room, recorded to analog tape. This was done at [Hyde Street Studios](/wiki/Hyde_Street_Studios "Hyde Street Studios") in San Francisco, formerly [Wally Heider Studios](/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios "Wally Heider Studios"), where the group made some of its first recordings.
With the onset of the Covid epidemic in 2020, The Rubinoos' live performing schedule was put on hold for a couple of years. In June 2021, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records") released a live to two track recording of The Rubinoos done in 1976 at CBS Folsom Street Studios in San Francisco, entitled *The CBS Tapes*. The album includes three never released original songs and eight rare covers. This was followed by a re\-issue of the group's eponymous first LP, *[The Rubinoos](/wiki/The_Rubinoos "The Rubinoos")* which was a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day "Record Store Day") selection. In September 2021 the group scored a placement of their hit version of "I Think We're Alone Now" on the Season Three premier of the Netflix hit comedy [Sex Education](/wiki/Sex_Education "Sex Education").
In 2022, the band had their cult classic "Rock and Roll is Dead" used as end title music for the first episode of the HBO hit [Irma Vep](/wiki/Irma_Vep "Irma Vep"). In July, The Rubinoos resumed live performing, starting with a bang up show at the Oakland California Punk/Pop festival [Mosswood Meltdown](/wiki/Mosswood_Meltdown "Mosswood Meltdown"). The surge of Covid at the end of 2022 slowed live performing for a bit longer.
In 2023, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records "Yep Roc Records") re\-issued the groups second LP *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board "Back to the Drawing Board")* which was also a featured pick at Record Store Day. In October The Rubinoos set out for Europe to headline the Caravaca Power Pop Festival and tour of Spain.
in 2024 the Rubinoos are scheduled to return to Europe for a multi\-country tour and a summer tour of the East Coast of the United States.
|
[
"### 2007–present: Back to the Basics",
"In July 2007, Dunbar and songwriter James Gangwer filed a lawsuit for [infringement of copyright](/wiki/Copyright_infringement \"Copyright infringement\") against singer\\-songwriter [Avril Lavigne](/wiki/Avril_Lavigne \"Avril Lavigne\") for her 2007 single \"[Girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend_%28Avril_Lavigne_song%29 \"Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)\")\"; producer [Dr. Luke](/wiki/Dr._Luke \"Dr. Luke\"), [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"), and [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") were also named as defendants in the suit.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\\-lavigne\\-responds\\-to\\-lawsuit\\-says\\-shes\\-been\\-falsely\\-accused/\\|title\\=Avril Lavigne Responds to Lawsuit, Says She's Been 'Falsely Accused'\\|last\\=Montgomery\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=July 9, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[MTV]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012813/https://www.mtv.com/news/1564324/avril\\-lavigne\\-responds\\-to\\-lawsuit\\-says\\-shes\\-been\\-falsely\\-accused/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Dunbar and Gangwer alleged that Lavigne plagiarized the Rubinoos' 1979 single \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-36\\-1342875\\|title\\=Avril Lavigne responds to plagiarism claims\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=July 9, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080232/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-36\\-1342875\\|archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lavigne denied these accusations and claimed that she had never even heard of the Rubinoos before. In January 2008, an undisclosed [settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 \"Settlement (litigation)\") was reached between the two parties.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-30\\-1340740\\|title\\=Settlement reached in Avril Lavigne lawsuit\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=January 10, 2008\\|work\\=NME\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514185553/https://www.nme.com/news/music/avril\\-lavigne\\-30\\-1340740\\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Dunbar and Gangwer later released a statement in which they claimed to \"completely exonerate\" Lavigne and Dr. Luke from any wrongdoing.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\\-completely\\-exonerate\\-avril\\-lavigne/\\|title\\=Songwriters 'Completely Exonerate' Avril Lavigne\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=January 15, 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|accessdate\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419083043/https://people.com/celebrity/songwriters\\-completely\\-exonerate\\-avril\\-lavigne/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|The Rubinoos 1980](/wiki/File:Rubinoos_Group_Shot_400_2.jpg \"Rubinoos Group Shot 400 2.jpg\")\n[Music critic](/wiki/Music_critic \"Music critic\") [John M. Borack](/wiki/John_M._Borack \"John M. Borack\") called *Paleophonic* No. 36 in his list of the best [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop \"Power pop\") albums of all time, praising its \"trademark pitch\\-perfect harmonies\".",
"In January 2010, The Rubinoos played their first kids show in support of their first all ages CD *Biff\\-Boff\\-Boing*. The CD is a mix of covers and new originals.",
"In May 2010, to coincide with their Spain/Italy tour, the Rubinoos released their first new original album in five years—*Automatic Toaster*, produced by [Robbie Rist](/wiki/Robbie_Rist \"Robbie Rist\").",
"In 2015, to celebrate their 45th anniversary the band released the appropriately titled album *45\\.* They continued to tour in Europe and Japan with a few sporadic dates in the US.",
"In 2018, the group signed with [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\"), their first exclusive record deal since the 1980s, Long time fan and noted singer\\-songwriter [Chuck Prophet](/wiki/Chuck_Prophet \"Chuck Prophet\") was tapped to produce. The album, *From Home,* released in 2019, was recorded with the same technique as their first sessions, playing all at once in the same room, recorded to analog tape. This was done at [Hyde Street Studios](/wiki/Hyde_Street_Studios \"Hyde Street Studios\") in San Francisco, formerly [Wally Heider Studios](/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios \"Wally Heider Studios\"), where the group made some of its first recordings.",
"With the onset of the Covid epidemic in 2020, The Rubinoos' live performing schedule was put on hold for a couple of years. In June 2021, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\") released a live to two track recording of The Rubinoos done in 1976 at CBS Folsom Street Studios in San Francisco, entitled *The CBS Tapes*. The album includes three never released original songs and eight rare covers. This was followed by a re\\-issue of the group's eponymous first LP, *[The Rubinoos](/wiki/The_Rubinoos \"The Rubinoos\")* which was a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day \"Record Store Day\") selection. In September 2021 the group scored a placement of their hit version of \"I Think We're Alone Now\" on the Season Three premier of the Netflix hit comedy [Sex Education](/wiki/Sex_Education \"Sex Education\").",
"In 2022, the band had their cult classic \"Rock and Roll is Dead\" used as end title music for the first episode of the HBO hit [Irma Vep](/wiki/Irma_Vep \"Irma Vep\"). In July, The Rubinoos resumed live performing, starting with a bang up show at the Oakland California Punk/Pop festival [Mosswood Meltdown](/wiki/Mosswood_Meltdown \"Mosswood Meltdown\"). The surge of Covid at the end of 2022 slowed live performing for a bit longer.",
"In 2023, [Yep Roc Records](/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records \"Yep Roc Records\") re\\-issued the groups second LP *[Back to the Drawing Board](/wiki/Back_to_the_Drawing_Board \"Back to the Drawing Board\")* which was also a featured pick at Record Store Day. In October The Rubinoos set out for Europe to headline the Caravaca Power Pop Festival and tour of Spain.",
"in 2024 the Rubinoos are scheduled to return to Europe for a multi\\-country tour and a summer tour of the East Coast of the United States.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1913, a [social hygiene movement](/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement "Social hygiene movement") was instituted and a Housewives League was organized. In 1914, the club gave the city its first municipal [Christmas tree](/wiki/Christmas_tree "Christmas tree"). An Industrial School for Girls, the education of defectives, a Better Babies campaign, and the founding of a State College for Women were actively advocated in 1914\. A [pure food campaign](/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States%23_Impact_of_women%27s_clubs "Early history of food regulation in the United States# Impact of women's clubs"), which resulted in a special investigation of bakeries, of City Beautiful campaign, and the opening of a Boarding Home for Girls were among the things achieved directly or indirectly in 1915\.
In the years 1916–17, the Contemporary succeeded in having women placed on governing boards of institutions for the [insane](/wiki/Insanity "Insanity"), waged campaigns for the prevention of [cigarette selling to minors](/wiki/Smoking_age "Smoking age"), and devoted their energies to war relief.
During 1917–18, the club worked for Mothers' Pensions, for Child Welfare and Delinquency, for [Censorship of Moving Pictures](/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States "Film censorship in the United States"), for Emergency Relief, for Conservation, and for Mother Craft. Direct accomplishments of the club were the inauguration of an improved method of garbage collection in the city and the improvement of two public baths.
The club took an active part in Newark's 250th anniversary. Miss Hays, one of its members, was a member of the Celebration Committee. It was due to her insistent enthusiasm that the pageant in [Weequahic Park](/wiki/Weequahic_Park "Weequahic Park") was held. This had its permanent outgrowth in the organization for pageant purposes of many foreign groups who perpetuated, in this city, their charming old\-time customs, festivals, and pageants.
Moving pictures were censored before being shown. Community singing was inaugurated and fostered by The Contemporary Club. Art, drama, and literature had their proper places. A radio was provided for soldiers at Fox Hill Army General Hospital at [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island "Staten Island"). Colors for the [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") Post were secured and presented.
The club carried on a Student Self\-Help Bureau, obtaining part\-time work for students unable to continue school without assistance until the establishment of the vocational bureau.
A citation was received from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") for gathering weekly statistics on the price of commodities in different parts of the city at the request of the [United States Department of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture") for the Study of [Port Newark](/wiki/Port_Newark "Port Newark") authorities.
The Girls' Survey inaugurated the cooperation of all organizations doing girls' recreational work and with cooperation still as their purpose The Contemporary called together again all agencies for a study of the dance hall problem in order that dance halls might be run without danger to young men and women.
The [Newark Public Library](/wiki/Newark_Public_Library "Newark Public Library") and the Newark Museum Associations profited from the club's cooperation. In fact, every worthy Civic activity could count upon the club's enthusiastic cooperation.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1913, a [social hygiene movement](/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement \"Social hygiene movement\") was instituted and a Housewives League was organized. In 1914, the club gave the city its first municipal [Christmas tree](/wiki/Christmas_tree \"Christmas tree\"). An Industrial School for Girls, the education of defectives, a Better Babies campaign, and the founding of a State College for Women were actively advocated in 1914\\. A [pure food campaign](/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States%23_Impact_of_women%27s_clubs \"Early history of food regulation in the United States# Impact of women's clubs\"), which resulted in a special investigation of bakeries, of City Beautiful campaign, and the opening of a Boarding Home for Girls were among the things achieved directly or indirectly in 1915\\.",
"In the years 1916–17, the Contemporary succeeded in having women placed on governing boards of institutions for the [insane](/wiki/Insanity \"Insanity\"), waged campaigns for the prevention of [cigarette selling to minors](/wiki/Smoking_age \"Smoking age\"), and devoted their energies to war relief.",
"During 1917–18, the club worked for Mothers' Pensions, for Child Welfare and Delinquency, for [Censorship of Moving Pictures](/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States \"Film censorship in the United States\"), for Emergency Relief, for Conservation, and for Mother Craft. Direct accomplishments of the club were the inauguration of an improved method of garbage collection in the city and the improvement of two public baths.",
"The club took an active part in Newark's 250th anniversary. Miss Hays, one of its members, was a member of the Celebration Committee. It was due to her insistent enthusiasm that the pageant in [Weequahic Park](/wiki/Weequahic_Park \"Weequahic Park\") was held. This had its permanent outgrowth in the organization for pageant purposes of many foreign groups who perpetuated, in this city, their charming old\\-time customs, festivals, and pageants.",
"Moving pictures were censored before being shown. Community singing was inaugurated and fostered by The Contemporary Club. Art, drama, and literature had their proper places. A radio was provided for soldiers at Fox Hill Army General Hospital at [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island \"Staten Island\"). Colors for the [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") Post were secured and presented.",
"The club carried on a Student Self\\-Help Bureau, obtaining part\\-time work for students unable to continue school without assistance until the establishment of the vocational bureau.",
"A citation was received from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") for gathering weekly statistics on the price of commodities in different parts of the city at the request of the [United States Department of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture \"United States Department of Agriculture\") for the Study of [Port Newark](/wiki/Port_Newark \"Port Newark\") authorities.",
"The Girls' Survey inaugurated the cooperation of all organizations doing girls' recreational work and with cooperation still as their purpose The Contemporary called together again all agencies for a study of the dance hall problem in order that dance halls might be run without danger to young men and women.",
"The [Newark Public Library](/wiki/Newark_Public_Library \"Newark Public Library\") and the Newark Museum Associations profited from the club's cooperation. In fact, every worthy Civic activity could count upon the club's enthusiastic cooperation.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|A 1965/66 Moulton 'New Look' Standard M1](/wiki/File:Moulton_Standard.jpg "Moulton Standard.jpg")
In the late 1950s, disillusioned with the design of the classic bicycle, [Alex Moulton](/wiki/Alex_Moulton "Alex Moulton") set about creating a new design. He thought the classic [diamond frame](/wiki/Bicycle_frame "Bicycle frame") was inconvenient to mount, difficult to adjust for size and not suitable for both sexes, and that 'Ladies' open frame bicycles without the top tube of the diamond frame were structurally compromised for ease of use. He believed that classic bicycles (especially with small frames and smaller wheels known as 'shopper' bicycles) were uncomfortable to ride without the use of wide, low\-pressure [tyres](/wiki/Bicycle_tire "Bicycle tire") which increased [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance "Rolling resistance"). He also thought large wheels made a bicycle slow and cumbersome to store, and did not easily fit emerging societal commuting patterns in the developed world, which often combined [more than one form](/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport "Intermodal passenger transport") of transport.*[The Moulton Bicycle Company: Features](http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/features.html)*
Moulton considered that small wheels with high\-pressure tyres would result in less rolling resistance, less [inertia](/wiki/Inertia "Inertia") and hence greater [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration "Acceleration"). He then went on to develop a range of high\-pressure tyres in co\-operation with [Dunlop](/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber "Dunlop Rubber"). Suspension for the front and rear was developed to give a comfortable ride with the smaller wheels.Hadland, Tony, *The Moulton Bicycle*, Seattle, WA:The Pinkerton Press, {{ISBN\|0\-9536174\-0\-8}} (2000\): Smaller wheels have shorter, stiffer spokes; this feature, coupled with smaller high\-pressure tyres, produced a harsher ride with equivalent rider weights. In this respect, the Moulton bicycle was ahead of its time, as bicycle suspension would not become common for another 30 years.
The Moulton bicycle also featured a different frame from the traditional diamond design. It is often known as an *F\-frame* or *Lazy F* due to its unusual structure. The F\-frame had no top tube, as such, and could therefore be easily mounted by those with mobility limitations, whether imposed by physical infirmity or by type of clothing.
### Impact
When the design was released in 1962, it was one of the first major innovations in bicycle design since the "[safety bicycle](/wiki/Safety_bicycle "Safety bicycle")" in the 1880s and made an immediate impact. The 1962 version (aka "bicycle of the future") was the first production Moulton bicycle with suspension and the racing version was televised the same year, ridden by road race champion and Moulton employee John Ronald Tovey. As Moulton bicycles became an icon of the [Swinging Sixties](/wiki/Swinging_Sixties "Swinging Sixties") and were sold around the world by the thousands, briefly, Moulton was one of the largest bicycle manufacturers in Britain. The architecture and design critic [Peter Reyner Banham](/wiki/Reyner_Banham "Reyner Banham"), known for often controversial views on technology and industrialisation, was a keen advocate and user of the original Moulton. [Eleanor Bron](/wiki/Eleanor_Bron "Eleanor Bron")'s 1978 book *Life and Other Punctures* celebrates travels around France on an original Moulton. In bicycle culture, the rider of a Moulton bicycle is often referred to as being a "Moultoneer" (a play on the word "Mountaineer").
### Models produced
[thumb\|1965 Moulton Deluxe M2](/wiki/File:1965_moulton_drive_side_bootiebike.jpg "1965 moulton drive side bootiebike.jpg")
The following home\-market models were produced between 1962 and 1967 in the Moulton factory at Bradford\-on\-Avon and in the BMC car factory at Kirkby, Liverpool: Continental and Automatic M0, Standard M1, Deluxe M2, Safari M3, Speed M4, Stowaway M5 and the Speedsix M6\. A further low volume, high specification 'S' range of Moulton bicycles was produced separately at another small workshop in Bradford\-on\-Avon and consisted of the Deluxe MS2, Safari MS3, Stowaway MS5 and the top\-of\-the\-range 'S' Speed. After the Raleigh take\-over in 1967, the models were just the Major and Major Deluxe, which in turn were dropped with the introduction of the Mark III in 1970\.
### Sellout
The success of the Moulton spurred competitors to produce their own small wheelers, such as the [Raleigh RSW 16](/wiki/Raleigh_Bicycle_Company%23Raleigh_RSW "Raleigh Bicycle Company#Raleigh RSW"). The drop in sales from the increased competition brought the company into financial difficulties and in August 1967, it was taken over by [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh_%28bicycle%29 "Raleigh (bicycle)"). Raleigh then produced both the RSW and the Moulton side by side.
Raleigh produced the Major, Major Deluxe and the Mark III (previous Moultons were known as Series 1 and Series 2\). The main differences were a re\-designed rear suspension using a rubber ball instead of a block, and a rear triangle replacing the swingarm of the earlier designs. In 1974, production of the innovative cycles stopped. Some of the early Moulton bicycles are today considered to be collectors' items.
### Re\-birth
In the early 1980s, Alex Moulton bought back the rights to the Moulton design from Raleigh, and brought out a design along broadly similar lines to the original. Aimed at the high end of the market, this AM series (which remains in production) has a [space frame](/wiki/Space_frame "Space frame") allowing high rigidity and low weight when compared to traditional steel frames. In 1998, the New Series Moulton was introduced. This, similar to the AM, incorporates a Flexitor front suspension, and a rear suspension based on the unified rear triangle principle. The New Series includes the Pylon and Double Pylon high\-performance models: in the latter all large diameter tubes have been eliminated, resulting in a pure space frame design and low weight.
[thumb\|A Moulton in 2010](/wiki/File:Spacey_Moulton_Folder_Maine_Monument_jeh.jpg "Spacey Moulton Folder Maine Monument jeh.jpg")
### Pashley\-Moulton
To bring the new design to a larger market, a cheaper variant of the AM bicycle design, the APB (All\-Purpose Bicycle), was produced under licence by [Pashley Cycles](/wiki/Pashley_Cycles "Pashley Cycles") from 1992 to 2005\. To reduce costs, Pashley use off\-the\-shelf components as far as possible instead of the custom components of the original Moultons: for example, specially manufactured 17 by 1{{fraction\|1\|4}} inch (ISO 369\){{cite web
\| last \= Brown
\| first \= Sheldon
\| title \= Tire Sizing
\| url \= http://sheldonbrown.com/tire\-sizing.html
\| access\-date \= 4 October 2009}}
wheels, tyres, and inner tubes were replaced by the more common 20\-inch [ETRTO](/wiki/ETRTO "ETRTO") 406 size.
In 2005, the Pashley\-Moulton design was updated to create the TSR series: high\-performance, lighter versions of the Pashley\-Moulton replacing the APB.*[The Moulton Bicycle Club](https://www.moultonbuzz.com/models/)* In 2008 the TSR became the Moulton TSR when Alex Moulton Bicycles and Pashley Cycles combined to form a new company, The Moulton Bicycle Company. Production of the Moulton TSR by Pashley in Stratford\-on\-Avon continues today.*[Pashley Cycles teams up with Alex Moulton](https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/pashley-cycles-teams-up-alex-3956158)* In 2022, Moulton acquired the original Moulton Bicycle Works in Bradford\-on\-Avon, with the intention to make all Moulton products there.*[Moulton Group acquires site of original Moulton Bicycle Works](https://www.traditionalcycleshop.co.uk/blog/2022/03/25/moulton-bicycle-works-news)* From the start of 2023 the Moulton TSR is now made in Bradford\-on\-Avon.
### Bridgestone Moulton
A newer model, stylistically and structurally similar to the original Moulton design, was manufactured by [Bridgestone](/wiki/Bridgestone "Bridgestone"). Known as the Bridgestone Moulton, it was built in Japan and those sold in the UK were assembled in England at the Moulton factory. Like the original Moulton, the AM, and the APB before it, it was available in separable and rigid performance versions. Though similar in appearance to the original design, it was a contemporary performance bicycle with advanced design and components.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/models/Bridgestone.html \|title\=The Bridgestone Moulton\|newspaper\=MOULTON Bicycle Company \|access\-date\= 24 November 2015}}
### Moulton Bicycle Company
{{As of\|2015}}, the Moulton Bicycle Company listed several models at prices ranging from £950 to £15,500\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/priceicon.html \|title\=Price Icon \|publisher\=Moultonbicycles.co.uk \|access\-date\= 24 November 2015}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|A 1965/66 Moulton 'New Look' Standard M1](/wiki/File:Moulton_Standard.jpg \"Moulton Standard.jpg\")\nIn the late 1950s, disillusioned with the design of the classic bicycle, [Alex Moulton](/wiki/Alex_Moulton \"Alex Moulton\") set about creating a new design. He thought the classic [diamond frame](/wiki/Bicycle_frame \"Bicycle frame\") was inconvenient to mount, difficult to adjust for size and not suitable for both sexes, and that 'Ladies' open frame bicycles without the top tube of the diamond frame were structurally compromised for ease of use. He believed that classic bicycles (especially with small frames and smaller wheels known as 'shopper' bicycles) were uncomfortable to ride without the use of wide, low\\-pressure [tyres](/wiki/Bicycle_tire \"Bicycle tire\") which increased [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance \"Rolling resistance\"). He also thought large wheels made a bicycle slow and cumbersome to store, and did not easily fit emerging societal commuting patterns in the developed world, which often combined [more than one form](/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport \"Intermodal passenger transport\") of transport.*[The Moulton Bicycle Company: Features](http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/features.html)*",
"Moulton considered that small wheels with high\\-pressure tyres would result in less rolling resistance, less [inertia](/wiki/Inertia \"Inertia\") and hence greater [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration \"Acceleration\"). He then went on to develop a range of high\\-pressure tyres in co\\-operation with [Dunlop](/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber \"Dunlop Rubber\"). Suspension for the front and rear was developed to give a comfortable ride with the smaller wheels.Hadland, Tony, *The Moulton Bicycle*, Seattle, WA:The Pinkerton Press, {{ISBN\\|0\\-9536174\\-0\\-8}} (2000\\): Smaller wheels have shorter, stiffer spokes; this feature, coupled with smaller high\\-pressure tyres, produced a harsher ride with equivalent rider weights. In this respect, the Moulton bicycle was ahead of its time, as bicycle suspension would not become common for another 30 years.",
"The Moulton bicycle also featured a different frame from the traditional diamond design. It is often known as an *F\\-frame* or *Lazy F* due to its unusual structure. The F\\-frame had no top tube, as such, and could therefore be easily mounted by those with mobility limitations, whether imposed by physical infirmity or by type of clothing.",
"### Impact",
"When the design was released in 1962, it was one of the first major innovations in bicycle design since the \"[safety bicycle](/wiki/Safety_bicycle \"Safety bicycle\")\" in the 1880s and made an immediate impact. The 1962 version (aka \"bicycle of the future\") was the first production Moulton bicycle with suspension and the racing version was televised the same year, ridden by road race champion and Moulton employee John Ronald Tovey. As Moulton bicycles became an icon of the [Swinging Sixties](/wiki/Swinging_Sixties \"Swinging Sixties\") and were sold around the world by the thousands, briefly, Moulton was one of the largest bicycle manufacturers in Britain. The architecture and design critic [Peter Reyner Banham](/wiki/Reyner_Banham \"Reyner Banham\"), known for often controversial views on technology and industrialisation, was a keen advocate and user of the original Moulton. [Eleanor Bron](/wiki/Eleanor_Bron \"Eleanor Bron\")'s 1978 book *Life and Other Punctures* celebrates travels around France on an original Moulton. In bicycle culture, the rider of a Moulton bicycle is often referred to as being a \"Moultoneer\" (a play on the word \"Mountaineer\").",
"### Models produced",
"[thumb\\|1965 Moulton Deluxe M2](/wiki/File:1965_moulton_drive_side_bootiebike.jpg \"1965 moulton drive side bootiebike.jpg\")\nThe following home\\-market models were produced between 1962 and 1967 in the Moulton factory at Bradford\\-on\\-Avon and in the BMC car factory at Kirkby, Liverpool: Continental and Automatic M0, Standard M1, Deluxe M2, Safari M3, Speed M4, Stowaway M5 and the Speedsix M6\\. A further low volume, high specification 'S' range of Moulton bicycles was produced separately at another small workshop in Bradford\\-on\\-Avon and consisted of the Deluxe MS2, Safari MS3, Stowaway MS5 and the top\\-of\\-the\\-range 'S' Speed. After the Raleigh take\\-over in 1967, the models were just the Major and Major Deluxe, which in turn were dropped with the introduction of the Mark III in 1970\\.",
"### Sellout",
"The success of the Moulton spurred competitors to produce their own small wheelers, such as the [Raleigh RSW 16](/wiki/Raleigh_Bicycle_Company%23Raleigh_RSW \"Raleigh Bicycle Company#Raleigh RSW\"). The drop in sales from the increased competition brought the company into financial difficulties and in August 1967, it was taken over by [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh_%28bicycle%29 \"Raleigh (bicycle)\"). Raleigh then produced both the RSW and the Moulton side by side.",
"Raleigh produced the Major, Major Deluxe and the Mark III (previous Moultons were known as Series 1 and Series 2\\). The main differences were a re\\-designed rear suspension using a rubber ball instead of a block, and a rear triangle replacing the swingarm of the earlier designs. In 1974, production of the innovative cycles stopped. Some of the early Moulton bicycles are today considered to be collectors' items.",
"### Re\\-birth",
"In the early 1980s, Alex Moulton bought back the rights to the Moulton design from Raleigh, and brought out a design along broadly similar lines to the original. Aimed at the high end of the market, this AM series (which remains in production) has a [space frame](/wiki/Space_frame \"Space frame\") allowing high rigidity and low weight when compared to traditional steel frames. In 1998, the New Series Moulton was introduced. This, similar to the AM, incorporates a Flexitor front suspension, and a rear suspension based on the unified rear triangle principle. The New Series includes the Pylon and Double Pylon high\\-performance models: in the latter all large diameter tubes have been eliminated, resulting in a pure space frame design and low weight.\n[thumb\\|A Moulton in 2010](/wiki/File:Spacey_Moulton_Folder_Maine_Monument_jeh.jpg \"Spacey Moulton Folder Maine Monument jeh.jpg\")",
"### Pashley\\-Moulton",
"To bring the new design to a larger market, a cheaper variant of the AM bicycle design, the APB (All\\-Purpose Bicycle), was produced under licence by [Pashley Cycles](/wiki/Pashley_Cycles \"Pashley Cycles\") from 1992 to 2005\\. To reduce costs, Pashley use off\\-the\\-shelf components as far as possible instead of the custom components of the original Moultons: for example, specially manufactured 17 by 1{{fraction\\|1\\|4}} inch (ISO 369\\){{cite web\n \\| last \\= Brown\n \\| first \\= Sheldon\n \\| title \\= Tire Sizing\n \\| url \\= http://sheldonbrown.com/tire\\-sizing.html\n \\| access\\-date \\= 4 October 2009}}\n wheels, tyres, and inner tubes were replaced by the more common 20\\-inch [ETRTO](/wiki/ETRTO \"ETRTO\") 406 size.",
"In 2005, the Pashley\\-Moulton design was updated to create the TSR series: high\\-performance, lighter versions of the Pashley\\-Moulton replacing the APB.*[The Moulton Bicycle Club](https://www.moultonbuzz.com/models/)* In 2008 the TSR became the Moulton TSR when Alex Moulton Bicycles and Pashley Cycles combined to form a new company, The Moulton Bicycle Company. Production of the Moulton TSR by Pashley in Stratford\\-on\\-Avon continues today.*[Pashley Cycles teams up with Alex Moulton](https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/pashley-cycles-teams-up-alex-3956158)* In 2022, Moulton acquired the original Moulton Bicycle Works in Bradford\\-on\\-Avon, with the intention to make all Moulton products there.*[Moulton Group acquires site of original Moulton Bicycle Works](https://www.traditionalcycleshop.co.uk/blog/2022/03/25/moulton-bicycle-works-news)* From the start of 2023 the Moulton TSR is now made in Bradford\\-on\\-Avon.",
"### Bridgestone Moulton",
"A newer model, stylistically and structurally similar to the original Moulton design, was manufactured by [Bridgestone](/wiki/Bridgestone \"Bridgestone\"). Known as the Bridgestone Moulton, it was built in Japan and those sold in the UK were assembled in England at the Moulton factory. Like the original Moulton, the AM, and the APB before it, it was available in separable and rigid performance versions. Though similar in appearance to the original design, it was a contemporary performance bicycle with advanced design and components.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/models/Bridgestone.html \\|title\\=The Bridgestone Moulton\\|newspaper\\=MOULTON Bicycle Company \\|access\\-date\\= 24 November 2015}}",
"### Moulton Bicycle Company",
"{{As of\\|2015}}, the Moulton Bicycle Company listed several models at prices ranging from £950 to £15,500\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/priceicon.html \\|title\\=Price Icon \\|publisher\\=Moultonbicycles.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\= 24 November 2015}}",
""
] |
Distribution
------------
{{see also\|List of Mayan languages}}{{Multiple image
\| align \=
\| direction \= vertical
\| total\_width \= 300
\| image1 \= Mayan languages map.svg
\| alt1 \=
\| caption1 \= Present geographic distribution of Mayan languages in Mexico and Central America
\| image2 \= Mayan Language Map.png
\| caption2 \= Map of Mayan language communities—font size indicates relative size of speaker population. (Yucatec and Kʼicheʼ with 900,000 and 400,000 speakers respectively; 100,000–500,000 speakers; 10,000–100,000 speakers; and under 10,000 speakers.){{imagefact\|date\=December 2022}}
}}
Studies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than six million people. Most of them live in Guatemala where depending on estimates 40%–60% of the population speaks a Mayan language. In Mexico the Mayan speaking population was estimated at 2\.5 million people in 2010, whereas the Belizean speaker population figures around 30,000\.{{sfn\|Bennett\|Coon\|Henderson\|2015}}
### Western branch
The Chʼolan languages were formerly widespread throughout the Maya area, but today the language with most speakers is [Chʼol](/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language "Chʼol language"), spoken by 130,000 in Chiapas.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tila](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cti), [Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tumbalá](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctu), both accessed March 07, 2007\. Its closest relative, the [Chontal Maya language](/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language "Chontal Maya language"),Chontal Maya is not to be confused with the [Tequistlatecan](/wiki/Tequistlatecan "Tequistlatecan") languages that are referred to as "Chontal of Oaxaca". is spoken by 55,000Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Chontal de Tabasco](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=chf), accessed March 07, 2007\. in the state of [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco "Tabasco"). Another related language, now endangered, is [Chʼortiʼ](/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language "Chʼortiʼ language"), which is spoken by 30,000 in Guatemala.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Chʼortiʼ: A language of Guatemala.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=caa) Ethnologue.com, accessed March 07, 2007\. It was previously also spoken in the extreme west of [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras") and [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador"), but the Salvadorian variant is now extinct and the Honduran one is considered moribund. [Chʼoltiʼ](/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language "Chʼoltiʼ language"), a sister language of Chʼortiʼ, is also extinct.{{sfn\|Campbell\|Kaufman\|1985}} Chʼolan languages are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology, and are closely related to the [language of the Classic\-era inscriptions](/wiki/Classic_Maya_language "Classic Maya language") found in the Central Lowlands. They may have served as prestige languages, coexisting with other dialects in some areas. This assumption provides a plausible explanation for the geographical distance between the Chʼortiʼ zone and the areas where Chʼol and Chontal are spoken.{{sfn\|Kettunen\|Helmke\|2020\|p\=13}}
The closest relatives of the Chʼolan languages are the languages of the Tzeltalan branch, [Tzotzil](/wiki/Tzotzil_language "Tzotzil language") and [Tzeltal](/wiki/Tzeltal_language "Tzeltal language"), both spoken in Chiapas by large and stable or growing populations (265,000 for Tzotzil and 215,000 for [Tzeltal](/wiki/Tzeltal_people "Tzeltal people")).Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Family Tree for Tzeltalan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91318) accessed March 26, 2007\. Tzeltal has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charl47547es D. Fennig (eds.). "[Tzeltal](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tzh/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
[Qʼanjobʼal](/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language "Qʼanjobʼal language") is spoken by 77,700 in Guatemala's [Huehuetenango](/wiki/Huehuetenango "Huehuetenango") department, with small populations elsewhere. The region of Qʼanjobalan speakers in Guatemala, due to genocidal policies during the [Civil War](/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War "Guatemalan Civil War") and its close proximity to the [Mexican border](/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_border "Guatemala–Mexico border"), was the source of a number of refugees. Thus there are now small Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek, and Akatek populations in various locations in Mexico, the United States (such as [Tuscarawas County, Ohio](/wiki/Tuscarawas_County%2C_Ohio "Tuscarawas County, Ohio"){{sfn\|Solá\|2011}} and Los Angeles, California{{sfn\|Popkin\|2005}}), and, through postwar resettlement, other parts of Guatemala.{{sfn\|Rao\|2015}} [Jakaltek](/wiki/Jakaltek_language "Jakaltek language") (also known as PoptiʼGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). Gordon (2005\) recognizes Eastern and Western dialects of [Jakaltek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92216), as well as [Mochoʼ](/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language "Mochoʼ language") (also called Mototzintlec), a language with less than 200 speakers in the Chiapan villages of Tuzantán and Mototzintla.) is spoken by almost 100,000 in several municipalitiesJakaltek is spoken in the *[municipios](/wiki/Municipio_%28Mexico%29 "Municipio (Mexico)")* of [Jacaltenango](/wiki/Jacaltenango "Jacaltenango"), [La Democracia](/wiki/La_Democracia%2C_Huehuetenango "La Democracia, Huehuetenango"), [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Mexico "Concepción, Mexico"), [San Antonio Huista](/wiki/San_Antonio_Huista "San Antonio Huista") and [Santa Ana Huista](/wiki/Santa_Ana_Huista "Santa Ana Huista"), and in parts of the [Nentón](/wiki/Nent%C3%B3n "Nentón") *municipio*. of [Huehuetenango](/wiki/Huehuetenango "Huehuetenango"). Another member of this branch is [Akatek](/wiki/Akatek_language "Akatek language"), with over 50,000 speakers in [San Miguel Acatán](/wiki/San_Miguel_Acat%C3%A1n "San Miguel Acatán") and [San Rafael La Independencia](/wiki/San_Rafael_La_Independencia "San Rafael La Independencia").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Akateko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/knj/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
[Chuj](/wiki/Chuj_language "Chuj language") is spoken by 40,000 people in Huehuetenango, and by 9,500 people, primarily refugees, over the border in Mexico, in the municipality of [La Trinitaria](/wiki/La_Trinitaria%2C_Mexico "La Trinitaria, Mexico"), [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas "Chiapas"), and the villages of Tziscau and Cuauhtémoc. [Tojolabʼal](/wiki/Tojolabal_language "Tojolabal language") is spoken in eastern Chiapas by 36,000 people.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Tojolabal: A language of Mexico.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=toj) and [Chuj: A language of Guatemala.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cnam) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001200045/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=cnam \|date\=2007\-10\-01 }} both accessed March 19, 2007\.
### Eastern branch
The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub\-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the [Guatemalan highlands](/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands "Guatemalan Highlands").
[Qʼeqchiʼ](/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language "Qʼeqchiʼ language") (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub\-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern [Petén](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_%28department%29 "Petén (department)"), [Izabal](/wiki/Izabal_Department "Izabal Department") and [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz "Alta Verapaz") departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Qʼeqchi](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kek), accessed March 07, 2007\.
The [Uspantek language](/wiki/Uspantek_language "Uspantek language"), which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the [Uspantán](/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n "Uspantán") *[municipio](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala "Municipalities of Guatemala")* in the department of [El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 "Quiché (department)"), and has 3,000 speakers.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report for Uspantec](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=usp), accessed March 26, 2007\.
Within the Quichean sub\-branch [Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language "Kʼicheʼ language"), the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 [Kʼicheʼ Maya](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people "Kʼicheʼ people") in the [Guatemalan](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala") highlands, around the towns of [Chichicastenango](/wiki/Chichicastenango "Chichicastenango") and [Quetzaltenango](/wiki/Quetzaltenango "Quetzaltenango") and in the [Cuchumatán mountains](/wiki/Sierra_de_los_Cuchumatanes "Sierra de los Cuchumatanes"), as well as by urban emigrants in [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City "Guatemala City"). The famous Maya mythological document, *[Popol Vuh](/wiki/Popol_Vuh "Popol Vuh")*, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called [Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché)](/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language "Classical Kʼicheʼ language"). The [Kʼicheʼ culture](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_Kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj "Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj") was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. [Qʼumarkaj](/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj "Qʼumarkaj"), near the present\-day city of [Santa Cruz del Quiché](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9 "Santa Cruz del Quiché"), was its economic and ceremonial center.{{sfn\|Edmonson\|1968\|pages\=250–251}} [Achi](/wiki/Achi_language "Achi language") is spoken by 85,000 people in [Cubulco](/wiki/Cubulco "Cubulco") and [Rabinal](/wiki/Rabinal "Rabinal"), two *municipios* of [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz "Baja Verapaz"). In some classifications, e.g. the one by [Campbell](/wiki/Lyle_Campbell "Lyle Campbell"), Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ.The Ethnologue considers the dialects spoken in Cubulco and Rabinal to be distinct languages, two of the eight languages of a Quiché\-Achi family. Raymond G., Gordon Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\). [Language Family Tree for Mayan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91829), accessed March 26, 2007\. The [Kaqchikel language](/wiki/Kaqchikel_language "Kaqchikel language") is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of [Lake Atitlán](/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n "Lago de Atitlán").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Family Tree for Kaqchikel](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92230), accessed March 26, 2007\. [Tzʼutujil](/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language "Tzʼutujil language") has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzj), [Ethnologue report on Western Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410081706/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=tzt \|date\=2007\-04\-10 }}, both accessed March 26, 2007\. Other members of the Kʼichean branch are [Sakapultek](/wiki/Sakapultek_language "Sakapultek language"), spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in [El Quiché](/wiki/El_Quich%C3%A9 "El Quiché") department,Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Sakapulteko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/quv/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. and [Sipakapense](/wiki/Sipakapense_language "Sipakapense language"), which is spoken by 8,000 people in [Sipacapa](/wiki/Sipacapa "Sipacapa"), [San Marcos](/wiki/San_Marcos_%28department%29 "San Marcos (department)").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Sipakapense](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/qum/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
The largest language in the Mamean sub\-branch is [Mam](/wiki/Mam_language "Mam language"), spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. [Awakatek](/wiki/Awakatek_language "Awakatek language") is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central [Aguacatán](/wiki/Aguacat%C3%A1n "Aguacatán"), another municipality of Huehuetenango. [Ixil](/wiki/Ixil_language "Ixil language") (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the "[Ixil Triangle](/wiki/Ixil_Triangle "Ixil Triangle")" region of the [department of El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 "Quiché (department)").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report on Nebaj Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=ixi \|date\=2008\-05\-04 }}, [Chajul Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132311/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=ixj \|date\=2006\-12\-08 }} \& [San Juan Cotzal Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixl), accessed March 07, 2008\. [Tektitek](/wiki/Tektitek_language "Tektitek language") (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report for Tektitek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttc), accessed March 07, 2007\.
The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom\-Kʼichean sub\-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node.{{sfn\|Campbell\|1997\|p\=163}} [Poqomchiʼ](/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language "Poqomchiʼ language") is spoken by 90,000 peopleGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poh), [Ethnologue report on Western Poqomchiʼ](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pob), both accessed March 07, 2007\. in [Purulhá](/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1 "Purulhá"), [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz "Baja Verapaz"), and in the following municipalities of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz "Alta Verapaz"): [Santa Cruz Verapaz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Verapaz "Santa Cruz Verapaz"), [San Cristóbal Verapaz](/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Verapaz "San Cristóbal Verapaz"), [Tactic](/wiki/Tactic_%28municipality%29 "Tactic (municipality)"), [Tamahú](/wiki/Tamah%C3%BA "Tamahú") and [Tucurú](/wiki/Tucur%C3%BA "Tucurú"). [Poqomam](/wiki/Poqomam_language "Poqomam language") is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/poc/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
### Yucatecan branch
[thumb\|The area where Yucatec Maya is spoken in the peninsula of Yucatán{{imagefact\|date\=December 2022}}](/wiki/File:Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg "Map-Maya in Mexico.svg")
[Yucatec Maya](/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language "Yucatec Maya language") (known simply as "Maya" to its speakers) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). It is currently spoken by approximately 800,000 people, the vast majority of whom are to be found on the [Yucatán Peninsula](/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula "Yucatán Peninsula").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\).
[Población hablante de lengua indígena de 5 y más años por principales lenguas, 1970 a 2005](http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825062559/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t\=mlen10\&c\=3337 \|date\=2007\-08\-25 }} [INEGI](/wiki/INEGI "INEGI")
It remains common in [Yucatán](/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_%28state%29 "Yucatán (state)") and in the adjacent states of [Quintana Roo](/wiki/Quintana_Roo "Quintana Roo") and [Campeche](/wiki/Campeche "Campeche").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Maya, Yucatec](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yua/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
The other three Yucatecan languages are [Mopan](/wiki/Mopan_language "Mopan language"), spoken by around 10,000 speakers primarily in [Belize](/wiki/Belize "Belize"); [Itzaʼ](/wiki/Itza%CA%BC_language "Itzaʼ language"), an extinct or moribund language from Guatemala's Petén Basin;There were only 12 remaining native speakers in 1986 according to Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\). and [Lacandón](/wiki/Lacandon_language "Lacandon language") or Lakantum, also severely endangered with about 1,000 speakers in a few villages on the outskirts of the [Selva Lacandona](/wiki/Selva_Lacandona "Selva Lacandona"), in [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas "Chiapas").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Lacandon](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lac/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
### Huastecan branch
[Wastek](/wiki/Wastek_language "Wastek language") (also spelled Huastec and Huaxtec) is spoken in the Mexican states of [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz") and [San Luis Potosí](/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD "San Luis Potosí") by around 110,000 people.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue (2005\). It is the most divergent of modern Mayan languages. [Chicomuceltec](/wiki/Chicomuceltec "Chicomuceltec") was a language related to Wastek and spoken in [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas "Chiapas") that became extinct some time before 1982\.{{sfn\|Campbell\|Canger\|1978}}
|
[
"Distribution\n------------",
"{{see also\\|List of Mayan languages}}{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= \n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| total\\_width \\= 300\n\\| image1 \\= Mayan languages map.svg\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= Present geographic distribution of Mayan languages in Mexico and Central America\n\\| image2 \\= Mayan Language Map.png\n\\| caption2 \\= Map of Mayan language communities—font size indicates relative size of speaker population. (Yucatec and Kʼicheʼ with 900,000 and 400,000 speakers respectively; 100,000–500,000 speakers; 10,000–100,000 speakers; and under 10,000 speakers.){{imagefact\\|date\\=December 2022}}\n}}\nStudies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than six million people. Most of them live in Guatemala where depending on estimates 40%–60% of the population speaks a Mayan language. In Mexico the Mayan speaking population was estimated at 2\\.5 million people in 2010, whereas the Belizean speaker population figures around 30,000\\.{{sfn\\|Bennett\\|Coon\\|Henderson\\|2015}}",
"### Western branch",
"The Chʼolan languages were formerly widespread throughout the Maya area, but today the language with most speakers is [Chʼol](/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language \"Chʼol language\"), spoken by 130,000 in Chiapas.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tila](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cti), [Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tumbalá](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctu), both accessed March 07, 2007\\. Its closest relative, the [Chontal Maya language](/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language \"Chontal Maya language\"),Chontal Maya is not to be confused with the [Tequistlatecan](/wiki/Tequistlatecan \"Tequistlatecan\") languages that are referred to as \"Chontal of Oaxaca\". is spoken by 55,000Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Chontal de Tabasco](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=chf), accessed March 07, 2007\\. in the state of [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco \"Tabasco\"). Another related language, now endangered, is [Chʼortiʼ](/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language \"Chʼortiʼ language\"), which is spoken by 30,000 in Guatemala.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Chʼortiʼ: A language of Guatemala.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=caa) Ethnologue.com, accessed March 07, 2007\\. It was previously also spoken in the extreme west of [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\") and [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\"), but the Salvadorian variant is now extinct and the Honduran one is considered moribund. [Chʼoltiʼ](/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language \"Chʼoltiʼ language\"), a sister language of Chʼortiʼ, is also extinct.{{sfn\\|Campbell\\|Kaufman\\|1985}} Chʼolan languages are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology, and are closely related to the [language of the Classic\\-era inscriptions](/wiki/Classic_Maya_language \"Classic Maya language\") found in the Central Lowlands. They may have served as prestige languages, coexisting with other dialects in some areas. This assumption provides a plausible explanation for the geographical distance between the Chʼortiʼ zone and the areas where Chʼol and Chontal are spoken.{{sfn\\|Kettunen\\|Helmke\\|2020\\|p\\=13}}",
"The closest relatives of the Chʼolan languages are the languages of the Tzeltalan branch, [Tzotzil](/wiki/Tzotzil_language \"Tzotzil language\") and [Tzeltal](/wiki/Tzeltal_language \"Tzeltal language\"), both spoken in Chiapas by large and stable or growing populations (265,000 for Tzotzil and 215,000 for [Tzeltal](/wiki/Tzeltal_people \"Tzeltal people\")).Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Family Tree for Tzeltalan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91318) accessed March 26, 2007\\. Tzeltal has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charl47547es D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Tzeltal](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tzh/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"[Qʼanjobʼal](/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language \"Qʼanjobʼal language\") is spoken by 77,700 in Guatemala's [Huehuetenango](/wiki/Huehuetenango \"Huehuetenango\") department, with small populations elsewhere. The region of Qʼanjobalan speakers in Guatemala, due to genocidal policies during the [Civil War](/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War \"Guatemalan Civil War\") and its close proximity to the [Mexican border](/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_border \"Guatemala–Mexico border\"), was the source of a number of refugees. Thus there are now small Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek, and Akatek populations in various locations in Mexico, the United States (such as [Tuscarawas County, Ohio](/wiki/Tuscarawas_County%2C_Ohio \"Tuscarawas County, Ohio\"){{sfn\\|Solá\\|2011}} and Los Angeles, California{{sfn\\|Popkin\\|2005}}), and, through postwar resettlement, other parts of Guatemala.{{sfn\\|Rao\\|2015}} [Jakaltek](/wiki/Jakaltek_language \"Jakaltek language\") (also known as PoptiʼGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). Gordon (2005\\) recognizes Eastern and Western dialects of [Jakaltek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92216), as well as [Mochoʼ](/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language \"Mochoʼ language\") (also called Mototzintlec), a language with less than 200 speakers in the Chiapan villages of Tuzantán and Mototzintla.) is spoken by almost 100,000 in several municipalitiesJakaltek is spoken in the *[municipios](/wiki/Municipio_%28Mexico%29 \"Municipio (Mexico)\")* of [Jacaltenango](/wiki/Jacaltenango \"Jacaltenango\"), [La Democracia](/wiki/La_Democracia%2C_Huehuetenango \"La Democracia, Huehuetenango\"), [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Mexico \"Concepción, Mexico\"), [San Antonio Huista](/wiki/San_Antonio_Huista \"San Antonio Huista\") and [Santa Ana Huista](/wiki/Santa_Ana_Huista \"Santa Ana Huista\"), and in parts of the [Nentón](/wiki/Nent%C3%B3n \"Nentón\") *municipio*. of [Huehuetenango](/wiki/Huehuetenango \"Huehuetenango\"). Another member of this branch is [Akatek](/wiki/Akatek_language \"Akatek language\"), with over 50,000 speakers in [San Miguel Acatán](/wiki/San_Miguel_Acat%C3%A1n \"San Miguel Acatán\") and [San Rafael La Independencia](/wiki/San_Rafael_La_Independencia \"San Rafael La Independencia\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Akateko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/knj/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"[Chuj](/wiki/Chuj_language \"Chuj language\") is spoken by 40,000 people in Huehuetenango, and by 9,500 people, primarily refugees, over the border in Mexico, in the municipality of [La Trinitaria](/wiki/La_Trinitaria%2C_Mexico \"La Trinitaria, Mexico\"), [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas \"Chiapas\"), and the villages of Tziscau and Cuauhtémoc. [Tojolabʼal](/wiki/Tojolabal_language \"Tojolabal language\") is spoken in eastern Chiapas by 36,000 people.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Tojolabal: A language of Mexico.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=toj) and [Chuj: A language of Guatemala.](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cnam) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001200045/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=cnam \\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-01 }} both accessed March 19, 2007\\.",
"### Eastern branch",
"The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub\\-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the [Guatemalan highlands](/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands \"Guatemalan Highlands\").",
"[Qʼeqchiʼ](/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language \"Qʼeqchiʼ language\") (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub\\-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern [Petén](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_%28department%29 \"Petén (department)\"), [Izabal](/wiki/Izabal_Department \"Izabal Department\") and [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz \"Alta Verapaz\") departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Qʼeqchi](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kek), accessed March 07, 2007\\.",
"The [Uspantek language](/wiki/Uspantek_language \"Uspantek language\"), which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the [Uspantán](/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n \"Uspantán\") *[municipio](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala \"Municipalities of Guatemala\")* in the department of [El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 \"Quiché (department)\"), and has 3,000 speakers.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report for Uspantec](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=usp), accessed March 26, 2007\\.",
"Within the Quichean sub\\-branch [Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language \"Kʼicheʼ language\"), the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 [Kʼicheʼ Maya](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people \"Kʼicheʼ people\") in the [Guatemalan](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\") highlands, around the towns of [Chichicastenango](/wiki/Chichicastenango \"Chichicastenango\") and [Quetzaltenango](/wiki/Quetzaltenango \"Quetzaltenango\") and in the [Cuchumatán mountains](/wiki/Sierra_de_los_Cuchumatanes \"Sierra de los Cuchumatanes\"), as well as by urban emigrants in [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City \"Guatemala City\"). The famous Maya mythological document, *[Popol Vuh](/wiki/Popol_Vuh \"Popol Vuh\")*, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called [Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché)](/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language \"Classical Kʼicheʼ language\"). The [Kʼicheʼ culture](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_Kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj \"Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj\") was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. [Qʼumarkaj](/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj \"Qʼumarkaj\"), near the present\\-day city of [Santa Cruz del Quiché](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9 \"Santa Cruz del Quiché\"), was its economic and ceremonial center.{{sfn\\|Edmonson\\|1968\\|pages\\=250–251}} [Achi](/wiki/Achi_language \"Achi language\") is spoken by 85,000 people in [Cubulco](/wiki/Cubulco \"Cubulco\") and [Rabinal](/wiki/Rabinal \"Rabinal\"), two *municipios* of [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz \"Baja Verapaz\"). In some classifications, e.g. the one by [Campbell](/wiki/Lyle_Campbell \"Lyle Campbell\"), Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ.The Ethnologue considers the dialects spoken in Cubulco and Rabinal to be distinct languages, two of the eight languages of a Quiché\\-Achi family. Raymond G., Gordon Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\\). [Language Family Tree for Mayan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91829), accessed March 26, 2007\\. The [Kaqchikel language](/wiki/Kaqchikel_language \"Kaqchikel language\") is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of [Lake Atitlán](/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n \"Lago de Atitlán\").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Family Tree for Kaqchikel](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92230), accessed March 26, 2007\\. [Tzʼutujil](/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language \"Tzʼutujil language\") has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzj), [Ethnologue report on Western Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410081706/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=tzt \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-10 }}, both accessed March 26, 2007\\. Other members of the Kʼichean branch are [Sakapultek](/wiki/Sakapultek_language \"Sakapultek language\"), spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in [El Quiché](/wiki/El_Quich%C3%A9 \"El Quiché\") department,Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Sakapulteko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/quv/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. and [Sipakapense](/wiki/Sipakapense_language \"Sipakapense language\"), which is spoken by 8,000 people in [Sipacapa](/wiki/Sipacapa \"Sipacapa\"), [San Marcos](/wiki/San_Marcos_%28department%29 \"San Marcos (department)\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Sipakapense](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/qum/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"The largest language in the Mamean sub\\-branch is [Mam](/wiki/Mam_language \"Mam language\"), spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. [Awakatek](/wiki/Awakatek_language \"Awakatek language\") is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central [Aguacatán](/wiki/Aguacat%C3%A1n \"Aguacatán\"), another municipality of Huehuetenango. [Ixil](/wiki/Ixil_language \"Ixil language\") (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the \"[Ixil Triangle](/wiki/Ixil_Triangle \"Ixil Triangle\")\" region of the [department of El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 \"Quiché (department)\").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report on Nebaj Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=ixi \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-04 }}, [Chajul Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132311/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=ixj \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-08 }} \\& [San Juan Cotzal Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixl), accessed March 07, 2008\\. [Tektitek](/wiki/Tektitek_language \"Tektitek language\") (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report for Tektitek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttc), accessed March 07, 2007\\.",
"The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom\\-Kʼichean sub\\-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node.{{sfn\\|Campbell\\|1997\\|p\\=163}} [Poqomchiʼ](/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language \"Poqomchiʼ language\") is spoken by 90,000 peopleGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poh), [Ethnologue report on Western Poqomchiʼ](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pob), both accessed March 07, 2007\\. in [Purulhá](/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1 \"Purulhá\"), [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz \"Baja Verapaz\"), and in the following municipalities of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz \"Alta Verapaz\"): [Santa Cruz Verapaz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Verapaz \"Santa Cruz Verapaz\"), [San Cristóbal Verapaz](/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Verapaz \"San Cristóbal Verapaz\"), [Tactic](/wiki/Tactic_%28municipality%29 \"Tactic (municipality)\"), [Tamahú](/wiki/Tamah%C3%BA \"Tamahú\") and [Tucurú](/wiki/Tucur%C3%BA \"Tucurú\"). [Poqomam](/wiki/Poqomam_language \"Poqomam language\") is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/poc/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"### Yucatecan branch",
"[thumb\\|The area where Yucatec Maya is spoken in the peninsula of Yucatán{{imagefact\\|date\\=December 2022}}](/wiki/File:Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg \"Map-Maya in Mexico.svg\")\n[Yucatec Maya](/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language \"Yucatec Maya language\") (known simply as \"Maya\" to its speakers) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). It is currently spoken by approximately 800,000 people, the vast majority of whom are to be found on the [Yucatán Peninsula](/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula \"Yucatán Peninsula\").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\\).\n[Población hablante de lengua indígena de 5 y más años por principales lenguas, 1970 a 2005](http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825062559/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t\\=mlen10\\&c\\=3337 \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-25 }} [INEGI](/wiki/INEGI \"INEGI\")\n It remains common in [Yucatán](/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_%28state%29 \"Yucatán (state)\") and in the adjacent states of [Quintana Roo](/wiki/Quintana_Roo \"Quintana Roo\") and [Campeche](/wiki/Campeche \"Campeche\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Maya, Yucatec](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yua/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"The other three Yucatecan languages are [Mopan](/wiki/Mopan_language \"Mopan language\"), spoken by around 10,000 speakers primarily in [Belize](/wiki/Belize \"Belize\"); [Itzaʼ](/wiki/Itza%CA%BC_language \"Itzaʼ language\"), an extinct or moribund language from Guatemala's Petén Basin;There were only 12 remaining native speakers in 1986 according to Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\\). and [Lacandón](/wiki/Lacandon_language \"Lacandon language\") or Lakantum, also severely endangered with about 1,000 speakers in a few villages on the outskirts of the [Selva Lacandona](/wiki/Selva_Lacandona \"Selva Lacandona\"), in [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas \"Chiapas\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Lacandon](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lac/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"### Huastecan branch",
"[Wastek](/wiki/Wastek_language \"Wastek language\") (also spelled Huastec and Huaxtec) is spoken in the Mexican states of [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\") and [San Luis Potosí](/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD \"San Luis Potosí\") by around 110,000 people.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue (2005\\). It is the most divergent of modern Mayan languages. [Chicomuceltec](/wiki/Chicomuceltec \"Chicomuceltec\") was a language related to Wastek and spoken in [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas \"Chiapas\") that became extinct some time before 1982\\.{{sfn\\|Campbell\\|Canger\\|1978}}",
""
] |
### Eastern branch
The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub\-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the [Guatemalan highlands](/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands "Guatemalan Highlands").
[Qʼeqchiʼ](/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language "Qʼeqchiʼ language") (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub\-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern [Petén](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_%28department%29 "Petén (department)"), [Izabal](/wiki/Izabal_Department "Izabal Department") and [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz "Alta Verapaz") departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Qʼeqchi](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kek), accessed March 07, 2007\.
The [Uspantek language](/wiki/Uspantek_language "Uspantek language"), which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the [Uspantán](/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n "Uspantán") *[municipio](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala "Municipalities of Guatemala")* in the department of [El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 "Quiché (department)"), and has 3,000 speakers.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report for Uspantec](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=usp), accessed March 26, 2007\.
Within the Quichean sub\-branch [Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language "Kʼicheʼ language"), the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 [Kʼicheʼ Maya](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people "Kʼicheʼ people") in the [Guatemalan](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala") highlands, around the towns of [Chichicastenango](/wiki/Chichicastenango "Chichicastenango") and [Quetzaltenango](/wiki/Quetzaltenango "Quetzaltenango") and in the [Cuchumatán mountains](/wiki/Sierra_de_los_Cuchumatanes "Sierra de los Cuchumatanes"), as well as by urban emigrants in [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City "Guatemala City"). The famous Maya mythological document, *[Popol Vuh](/wiki/Popol_Vuh "Popol Vuh")*, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called [Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché)](/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language "Classical Kʼicheʼ language"). The [Kʼicheʼ culture](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_Kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj "Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj") was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. [Qʼumarkaj](/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj "Qʼumarkaj"), near the present\-day city of [Santa Cruz del Quiché](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9 "Santa Cruz del Quiché"), was its economic and ceremonial center.{{sfn\|Edmonson\|1968\|pages\=250–251}} [Achi](/wiki/Achi_language "Achi language") is spoken by 85,000 people in [Cubulco](/wiki/Cubulco "Cubulco") and [Rabinal](/wiki/Rabinal "Rabinal"), two *municipios* of [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz "Baja Verapaz"). In some classifications, e.g. the one by [Campbell](/wiki/Lyle_Campbell "Lyle Campbell"), Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ.The Ethnologue considers the dialects spoken in Cubulco and Rabinal to be distinct languages, two of the eight languages of a Quiché\-Achi family. Raymond G., Gordon Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\). [Language Family Tree for Mayan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91829), accessed March 26, 2007\. The [Kaqchikel language](/wiki/Kaqchikel_language "Kaqchikel language") is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of [Lake Atitlán](/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n "Lago de Atitlán").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Family Tree for Kaqchikel](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92230), accessed March 26, 2007\. [Tzʼutujil](/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language "Tzʼutujil language") has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzj), [Ethnologue report on Western Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410081706/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=tzt \|date\=2007\-04\-10 }}, both accessed March 26, 2007\. Other members of the Kʼichean branch are [Sakapultek](/wiki/Sakapultek_language "Sakapultek language"), spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in [El Quiché](/wiki/El_Quich%C3%A9 "El Quiché") department,Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Sakapulteko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/quv/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. and [Sipakapense](/wiki/Sipakapense_language "Sipakapense language"), which is spoken by 8,000 people in [Sipacapa](/wiki/Sipacapa "Sipacapa"), [San Marcos](/wiki/San_Marcos_%28department%29 "San Marcos (department)").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Sipakapense](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/qum/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
The largest language in the Mamean sub\-branch is [Mam](/wiki/Mam_language "Mam language"), spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. [Awakatek](/wiki/Awakatek_language "Awakatek language") is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central [Aguacatán](/wiki/Aguacat%C3%A1n "Aguacatán"), another municipality of Huehuetenango. [Ixil](/wiki/Ixil_language "Ixil language") (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the "[Ixil Triangle](/wiki/Ixil_Triangle "Ixil Triangle")" region of the [department of El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 "Quiché (department)").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report on Nebaj Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=ixi \|date\=2008\-05\-04 }}, [Chajul Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132311/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\_language.asp?code\=ixj \|date\=2006\-12\-08 }} \& [San Juan Cotzal Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixl), accessed March 07, 2008\. [Tektitek](/wiki/Tektitek_language "Tektitek language") (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\) [Ethnologue report for Tektitek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttc), accessed March 07, 2007\.
The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom\-Kʼichean sub\-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node.{{sfn\|Campbell\|1997\|p\=163}} [Poqomchiʼ](/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language "Poqomchiʼ language") is spoken by 90,000 peopleGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poh), [Ethnologue report on Western Poqomchiʼ](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pob), both accessed March 07, 2007\. in [Purulhá](/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1 "Purulhá"), [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz "Baja Verapaz"), and in the following municipalities of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz "Alta Verapaz"): [Santa Cruz Verapaz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Verapaz "Santa Cruz Verapaz"), [San Cristóbal Verapaz](/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Verapaz "San Cristóbal Verapaz"), [Tactic](/wiki/Tactic_%28municipality%29 "Tactic (municipality)"), [Tamahú](/wiki/Tamah%C3%BA "Tamahú") and [Tucurú](/wiki/Tucur%C3%BA "Tucurú"). [Poqomam](/wiki/Poqomam_language "Poqomam language") is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "[Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/poc/18)" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
|
[
"### Eastern branch",
"The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub\\-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the [Guatemalan highlands](/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands \"Guatemalan Highlands\").",
"[Qʼeqchiʼ](/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language \"Qʼeqchiʼ language\") (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub\\-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern [Petén](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_%28department%29 \"Petén (department)\"), [Izabal](/wiki/Izabal_Department \"Izabal Department\") and [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz \"Alta Verapaz\") departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Qʼeqchi](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kek), accessed March 07, 2007\\.",
"The [Uspantek language](/wiki/Uspantek_language \"Uspantek language\"), which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the [Uspantán](/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n \"Uspantán\") *[municipio](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala \"Municipalities of Guatemala\")* in the department of [El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 \"Quiché (department)\"), and has 3,000 speakers.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report for Uspantec](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=usp), accessed March 26, 2007\\.",
"Within the Quichean sub\\-branch [Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language \"Kʼicheʼ language\"), the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 [Kʼicheʼ Maya](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people \"Kʼicheʼ people\") in the [Guatemalan](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\") highlands, around the towns of [Chichicastenango](/wiki/Chichicastenango \"Chichicastenango\") and [Quetzaltenango](/wiki/Quetzaltenango \"Quetzaltenango\") and in the [Cuchumatán mountains](/wiki/Sierra_de_los_Cuchumatanes \"Sierra de los Cuchumatanes\"), as well as by urban emigrants in [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City \"Guatemala City\"). The famous Maya mythological document, *[Popol Vuh](/wiki/Popol_Vuh \"Popol Vuh\")*, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called [Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché)](/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language \"Classical Kʼicheʼ language\"). The [Kʼicheʼ culture](/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_Kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj \"Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj\") was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. [Qʼumarkaj](/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj \"Qʼumarkaj\"), near the present\\-day city of [Santa Cruz del Quiché](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9 \"Santa Cruz del Quiché\"), was its economic and ceremonial center.{{sfn\\|Edmonson\\|1968\\|pages\\=250–251}} [Achi](/wiki/Achi_language \"Achi language\") is spoken by 85,000 people in [Cubulco](/wiki/Cubulco \"Cubulco\") and [Rabinal](/wiki/Rabinal \"Rabinal\"), two *municipios* of [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz \"Baja Verapaz\"). In some classifications, e.g. the one by [Campbell](/wiki/Lyle_Campbell \"Lyle Campbell\"), Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ.The Ethnologue considers the dialects spoken in Cubulco and Rabinal to be distinct languages, two of the eight languages of a Quiché\\-Achi family. Raymond G., Gordon Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005\\). [Language Family Tree for Mayan](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91829), accessed March 26, 2007\\. The [Kaqchikel language](/wiki/Kaqchikel_language \"Kaqchikel language\") is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of [Lake Atitlán](/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n \"Lago de Atitlán\").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Family Tree for Kaqchikel](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92230), accessed March 26, 2007\\. [Tzʼutujil](/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language \"Tzʼutujil language\") has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzj), [Ethnologue report on Western Tzʼutujil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410081706/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=tzt \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-10 }}, both accessed March 26, 2007\\. Other members of the Kʼichean branch are [Sakapultek](/wiki/Sakapultek_language \"Sakapultek language\"), spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in [El Quiché](/wiki/El_Quich%C3%A9 \"El Quiché\") department,Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Sakapulteko](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/quv/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. and [Sipakapense](/wiki/Sipakapense_language \"Sipakapense language\"), which is spoken by 8,000 people in [Sipacapa](/wiki/Sipacapa \"Sipacapa\"), [San Marcos](/wiki/San_Marcos_%28department%29 \"San Marcos (department)\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Sipakapense](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/qum/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
"The largest language in the Mamean sub\\-branch is [Mam](/wiki/Mam_language \"Mam language\"), spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. [Awakatek](/wiki/Awakatek_language \"Awakatek language\") is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central [Aguacatán](/wiki/Aguacat%C3%A1n \"Aguacatán\"), another municipality of Huehuetenango. [Ixil](/wiki/Ixil_language \"Ixil language\") (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the \"[Ixil Triangle](/wiki/Ixil_Triangle \"Ixil Triangle\")\" region of the [department of El Quiché](/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_%28department%29 \"Quiché (department)\").Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report on Nebaj Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=ixi \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-04 }}, [Chajul Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132311/http://www.ethnologue.com/show\\_language.asp?code\\=ixj \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-08 }} \\& [San Juan Cotzal Ixil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixl), accessed March 07, 2008\\. [Tektitek](/wiki/Tektitek_language \"Tektitek language\") (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\) [Ethnologue report for Tektitek](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttc), accessed March 07, 2007\\.",
"The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom\\-Kʼichean sub\\-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node.{{sfn\\|Campbell\\|1997\\|p\\=163}} [Poqomchiʼ](/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language \"Poqomchiʼ language\") is spoken by 90,000 peopleGordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005\\). [Ethnologue report on Eastern Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poh), [Ethnologue report on Western Poqomchiʼ](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pob), both accessed March 07, 2007\\. in [Purulhá](/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1 \"Purulhá\"), [Baja Verapaz](/wiki/Baja_Verapaz \"Baja Verapaz\"), and in the following municipalities of [Alta Verapaz](/wiki/Alta_Verapaz \"Alta Verapaz\"): [Santa Cruz Verapaz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Verapaz \"Santa Cruz Verapaz\"), [San Cristóbal Verapaz](/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Verapaz \"San Cristóbal Verapaz\"), [Tactic](/wiki/Tactic_%28municipality%29 \"Tactic (municipality)\"), [Tamahú](/wiki/Tamah%C3%BA \"Tamahú\") and [Tucurú](/wiki/Tucur%C3%BA \"Tucurú\"). [Poqomam](/wiki/Poqomam_language \"Poqomam language\") is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\").Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). \"[Poqomam](http://www.ethnologue.com/language/poc/18)\" *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition*, (2015\\). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.",
""
] |
History
-------
With its elevated position over the city, the Darlinghurst area has been called Woolloomooloo Heights, Eastern Hill and Henrietta Town. In the 1820s, [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales "Governor of New South Wales") [Ralph Darling](/wiki/Ralph_Darling "Ralph Darling") renamed the suburb in honour of his wife, Eliza Darling.Crosson, 2013
By 1800 several large windmills were situated on the heights of this area, using its stiff breezes to grind much\-needed flour from grain. The area began its suburban life under the name "Henrietta Town", being called after [Elizabeth Macquarie](/wiki/Elizabeth_Macquarie "Elizabeth Macquarie"), whose second name was Henrietta. At that time it was an [Aboriginal reserve](/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve "Aboriginal reserve"). Loyalties changed with Governors when Darling took office, changing its name to Darlinghurst in honour of his popular wife. "Hurst" is an old English word for a wooded hill.
By the late 1830s Darlinghurst had become a densely populated residential suburb lined with rows of small terraces and grand houses.
The gilt went off the suburb when [Darlinghurst Gaol](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol "Darlinghurst Gaol"), designed by [Colonial Architect](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect "New South Wales Government Architect") Mortimer Lewis was built in 1841\. It was not its style, but the significance of its erection that was the reason for the decline in Darlinghurst's popularity. [Governor Brisbane](/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane "Thomas Brisbane") had reserved 3\.5 acres on [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney")'s outskirts for a new gaol to replace the earlier lock\-up in [George Street](/wiki/George_Street%2C_Sydney "George Street, Sydney"). In 1823 a stockade was erected. Convicts quarried the stone from nearby [William Street](/wiki/William_Street%2C_Sydney "William Street, Sydney") and hauled it to the hill top, where other convict gangs shaped up the blocks by hand. The completed enclosure was known as Woolloomooloo Stockade. Construction commenced in 1836 and was complete by 1841\. Prisoners from George Street prison were marched in chains to Darlinghurst to the jeers and catcalls of the watching crowd. The first public hanging took place at the new gaol on 29 October 1841\. [Darlinghurst Courthouse](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Courthouse "Darlinghurst Courthouse"), neighbouring the gaol, was constructed in the 1840s, with later additions by the 1880s. By this time the area now known as Taylor Square had become a busy transport interchange for bus and steam tram services.
In 1883 a public urinal occupied the site at Taylor Square. In 1885 a steel structure was erected over the urinals to provide a platform for the elevated saltwater tanks. It is believed that these saltwater tanks were used for street cleaning. This early technique of public sanitation provided the rudimentary predecessor to the purpose\-designed Underground Conveniences.
On 16 October 1896 the Municipal Council of Sydney Electric Lighting Bill was passed by the [Parliament of New South Wales](/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales "Parliament of New South Wales"), establishing the right for Sydney Municipal Council to light the streets and to generate and supply electricity to the residents of the City of Sydney.
The construction of Electricity Substation No. 6 was completed in 1904\. It is the most intact of the first five substations built by Sydney Municipal Council that brought electricity to the streets, homes and businesses of Sydney city for the first time. At 5pm on 8 July 1904 the Municipal Council of Sydney's Electricity Undertaking switched on their supply system and the city streets from [Circular Quay](/wiki/Circular_Quay "Circular Quay") to [Redfern](/wiki/Redfern%2C_New_South_Wales "Redfern, New South Wales") and from [Hyde Park](/wiki/Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney "Hyde Park, Sydney") to [Darling Harbour](/wiki/Darling_Harbour "Darling Harbour") were lit by electric lights for the first time. Electricity quickly became an exciting new commodity which the Council's Electricity Undertaking were trying to sell to both the local councils and private customers. In continuous operation from 1904 to 1993, the Substation building marks the commencement of the major technological transformation of the twentieth century associated with the development of the modern city and state.
In response to the public health and safety concerns, particularly after the outbreak of the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague") in Sydney in 1900, Sydney Municipal Council undertook to build one underground men's convenience a year from 1901 to 1911\. The Underground Men's Conveniences at Taylor Square was erected in 1907, replacing the public urinals and saltwater tank, and was the sixth of the underground conveniences to be constructed in Sydney.
Together, the construction of these purpose\-designed, high quality, Civic buildings within the public domain formed part of the introduction of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney that drove the complete remodelling of [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street%2C_Sydney "Oxford Street, Sydney") and associated creation of Taylor Square in 1907\. The public space, Civic buildings and streets were remodelled to provide for the introduction of the State's first electric tram and to improve city design and traffic movement throughout Victorian Sydney. While the Substation provided the electricity for the newly introduced electric tram, the conveniences serviced the large volume of tram commuters. The City Beautiful movement was evident throughout Sydney with the construction of a total of twelve of these purpose\-designed Public Underground Conveniences located in the public domain of the City, often associated with the tram lines, of which the Taylor Square Conveniences remain the only extant example.
In 1938 after years of debate on a "suitable" location for equivalent female conveniences and in response to active petitioning from the Women's Progressive Association, Council modified the southern end of the existing Substation to accommodate women's conveniences. These were the first public toilets provided for women at Taylor Square, some 55 years after the first male public urinal was provided at Taylor Square. Council policy was that women's conveniences "should, when possible, form part of a block of buildings. If it is only possible to have them in independent structures then they should be combined with a small shop such as a florist, tearooms, Parcels Office etc."City of Sydney Archives, CRS 34/4356/20 The allocation of a Public Ladies' Convenience in this town square, and the manner and timeframe in which this was achieved, symbolises the evolution in social attitudes to the public role of women, as well as the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney during the early 20th Century. The first female public conveniences in Sydney were provided in 1910 at Hyde Park, then at [Railway Square](/wiki/Railway_Square "Railway Square") and Circular Quay. The survival of these other early examples has not been established.
The women's conveniences were closed to public access in 1988 and the substation decommissioned in 1993\. The men's conveniences were closed to public access in 1998\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"With its elevated position over the city, the Darlinghurst area has been called Woolloomooloo Heights, Eastern Hill and Henrietta Town. In the 1820s, [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales \"Governor of New South Wales\") [Ralph Darling](/wiki/Ralph_Darling \"Ralph Darling\") renamed the suburb in honour of his wife, Eliza Darling.Crosson, 2013",
"By 1800 several large windmills were situated on the heights of this area, using its stiff breezes to grind much\\-needed flour from grain. The area began its suburban life under the name \"Henrietta Town\", being called after [Elizabeth Macquarie](/wiki/Elizabeth_Macquarie \"Elizabeth Macquarie\"), whose second name was Henrietta. At that time it was an [Aboriginal reserve](/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve \"Aboriginal reserve\"). Loyalties changed with Governors when Darling took office, changing its name to Darlinghurst in honour of his popular wife. \"Hurst\" is an old English word for a wooded hill.",
"By the late 1830s Darlinghurst had become a densely populated residential suburb lined with rows of small terraces and grand houses.",
"The gilt went off the suburb when [Darlinghurst Gaol](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol \"Darlinghurst Gaol\"), designed by [Colonial Architect](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect \"New South Wales Government Architect\") Mortimer Lewis was built in 1841\\. It was not its style, but the significance of its erection that was the reason for the decline in Darlinghurst's popularity. [Governor Brisbane](/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane \"Thomas Brisbane\") had reserved 3\\.5 acres on [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\")'s outskirts for a new gaol to replace the earlier lock\\-up in [George Street](/wiki/George_Street%2C_Sydney \"George Street, Sydney\"). In 1823 a stockade was erected. Convicts quarried the stone from nearby [William Street](/wiki/William_Street%2C_Sydney \"William Street, Sydney\") and hauled it to the hill top, where other convict gangs shaped up the blocks by hand. The completed enclosure was known as Woolloomooloo Stockade. Construction commenced in 1836 and was complete by 1841\\. Prisoners from George Street prison were marched in chains to Darlinghurst to the jeers and catcalls of the watching crowd. The first public hanging took place at the new gaol on 29 October 1841\\. [Darlinghurst Courthouse](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Courthouse \"Darlinghurst Courthouse\"), neighbouring the gaol, was constructed in the 1840s, with later additions by the 1880s. By this time the area now known as Taylor Square had become a busy transport interchange for bus and steam tram services.",
"In 1883 a public urinal occupied the site at Taylor Square. In 1885 a steel structure was erected over the urinals to provide a platform for the elevated saltwater tanks. It is believed that these saltwater tanks were used for street cleaning. This early technique of public sanitation provided the rudimentary predecessor to the purpose\\-designed Underground Conveniences.",
"On 16 October 1896 the Municipal Council of Sydney Electric Lighting Bill was passed by the [Parliament of New South Wales](/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales \"Parliament of New South Wales\"), establishing the right for Sydney Municipal Council to light the streets and to generate and supply electricity to the residents of the City of Sydney.",
"The construction of Electricity Substation No. 6 was completed in 1904\\. It is the most intact of the first five substations built by Sydney Municipal Council that brought electricity to the streets, homes and businesses of Sydney city for the first time. At 5pm on 8 July 1904 the Municipal Council of Sydney's Electricity Undertaking switched on their supply system and the city streets from [Circular Quay](/wiki/Circular_Quay \"Circular Quay\") to [Redfern](/wiki/Redfern%2C_New_South_Wales \"Redfern, New South Wales\") and from [Hyde Park](/wiki/Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney \"Hyde Park, Sydney\") to [Darling Harbour](/wiki/Darling_Harbour \"Darling Harbour\") were lit by electric lights for the first time. Electricity quickly became an exciting new commodity which the Council's Electricity Undertaking were trying to sell to both the local councils and private customers. In continuous operation from 1904 to 1993, the Substation building marks the commencement of the major technological transformation of the twentieth century associated with the development of the modern city and state.",
"In response to the public health and safety concerns, particularly after the outbreak of the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\") in Sydney in 1900, Sydney Municipal Council undertook to build one underground men's convenience a year from 1901 to 1911\\. The Underground Men's Conveniences at Taylor Square was erected in 1907, replacing the public urinals and saltwater tank, and was the sixth of the underground conveniences to be constructed in Sydney.",
"Together, the construction of these purpose\\-designed, high quality, Civic buildings within the public domain formed part of the introduction of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney that drove the complete remodelling of [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street%2C_Sydney \"Oxford Street, Sydney\") and associated creation of Taylor Square in 1907\\. The public space, Civic buildings and streets were remodelled to provide for the introduction of the State's first electric tram and to improve city design and traffic movement throughout Victorian Sydney. While the Substation provided the electricity for the newly introduced electric tram, the conveniences serviced the large volume of tram commuters. The City Beautiful movement was evident throughout Sydney with the construction of a total of twelve of these purpose\\-designed Public Underground Conveniences located in the public domain of the City, often associated with the tram lines, of which the Taylor Square Conveniences remain the only extant example.",
"In 1938 after years of debate on a \"suitable\" location for equivalent female conveniences and in response to active petitioning from the Women's Progressive Association, Council modified the southern end of the existing Substation to accommodate women's conveniences. These were the first public toilets provided for women at Taylor Square, some 55 years after the first male public urinal was provided at Taylor Square. Council policy was that women's conveniences \"should, when possible, form part of a block of buildings. If it is only possible to have them in independent structures then they should be combined with a small shop such as a florist, tearooms, Parcels Office etc.\"City of Sydney Archives, CRS 34/4356/20 The allocation of a Public Ladies' Convenience in this town square, and the manner and timeframe in which this was achieved, symbolises the evolution in social attitudes to the public role of women, as well as the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney during the early 20th Century. The first female public conveniences in Sydney were provided in 1910 at Hyde Park, then at [Railway Square](/wiki/Railway_Square \"Railway Square\") and Circular Quay. The survival of these other early examples has not been established.",
"The women's conveniences were closed to public access in 1988 and the substation decommissioned in 1993\\. The men's conveniences were closed to public access in 1998\\.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
### Substation No. 6
The Substation has a rectangular plan and is constructed in load bearing face brick with rusticated sandstone [lintels](/wiki/Lintel_%28architecture%29 "Lintel (architecture)"), arches and base coursing, and is dressed with sandstone top coursing, window sills, and window heads. Brickwork string coursing and [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel") are featured near the [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet"), which steps up towards the southern end. The parapet features a bullnose course, projecting course and brick end capping. The external brickwork reveals the former outline of the 1904 sandstone [buttresses](/wiki/Buttress "Buttress") and freestone copings. The 1928 parapet line is also evident. The 1938 Art Deco southern wall to the stair to the women's conveniences remains.
The floor level of the Substation is located below the pavement level and is accessed via a street stair from Bourke Street. The landing is edged in decorative steel. Access to an internal [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine "Mezzanine") platform is also available from the pavement level on the eastern side of the substation via a single leaf door.
The western and eastern elevations have two groups of three timber arched windows symmetrically placed about central doors. To the north, the three separate openings, of similar arched shape, contain painted steel horizontal louvres behind fixed metal screens. To the south the windows, which originally mirrored the north, have been bricked up and the central window replaced with a door opening for the women's conveniences. The steel rainwater heads and downpipes from the 1928 alterations and additions have been retained, as has the 1938 "Ladies" signs.
Internally, the ground floor of the Substation is free of internal partitions. The upper level floor and walls are supported on steel beams situated above the substation wall. The ground floor is concrete with trenches running along the eastern, western and southern walls with metal cover plates. The walls are rendered and painted brickwork. The piers still exist on the western wall.
### Underground Men's Conveniences
The Edwardian style Underground Men's Conveniences are characterised externally by a [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") fence and gates, with Art Nouveau detailing that are set on a painted [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") base, and a central masonry [podium](/wiki/Podium "Podium") (the air vent) located at the centre of the curved [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs"), which originally supported a decorative metal vent capping. The Conveniences are accessed from pavement level via two separate interlocking curved staircases that encircle a central vent. Two masonry [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") flank the two entry gates to the staircases.
Internally, the main subterranean structure is enclosed in a [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") cavity with a curved concrete ceiling supported by exposed steel beams. The symmetrical plan of the underground conveniences is arranged around the circular core containing the pair of interlocking curved stairs and air vent, and comprises five toilet cubicles and two ceramic urinal stalls. An attendant's room is located under the stairs and air vent, and features a low arched entrance and original arched timber door with multi paned glazing. The internal walls of the conveniences feature white florite glass tiles and ceramic tiles [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") with art Nouveau green floral patterns at a high level, which have been painted. Much of the original joinery, including timber framed doors, timber framed [louvres](/wiki/Louver "Louver") and moulded timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves "Architraves"), has survived.
Modern services, including fluorescent lights, electrical cabling and mechanical ventilation ducts have also been introduced to the internal space.
### Women's Conveniences
The women's conveniences are located at the southern end at the first floor level. Much of the original partitioning, joinery and sanitary fixtures have been retained. The toilets remain in the cubicles along the western wall with wash basins located along the northern wall. The entrance is lined with cream square ceramic tiles, the floor covered in [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum "Linoleum") with red [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard"). The wired glass skylights are patterned with metal ventilation [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 "Grille (architecture)") to the ceiling.
### Condition
As at 27 November 2003:
The Conveniences were in good structural condition. However, there has been leaking though the roof which requires a new membrane. The steel beams supporting the roof show signs of rusting which should be cleaned of paint and rust and structural adequacy assessed prior to recoating the beams. Some tiling has been damaged.
The Substation were generally in good structural condition except for the two end [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") parapets which have substantial cracking that requires attention.
Additional research and investigation is required to gauge the archaeological potential of the site. There is a high level of original integrity of both structures.
### Modifications and dates
* 1904: Electrical Substation No.6 constructed (originally known as Substation No.1\).
* 1905: Temporary staircase of Substation replaced with permanent iron staircase.
* 1907: Underground (male) Public Conveniences constructed.
* 1928/1938: Saltwater tanks removed prior to this time. Alterations included the removal of the buttresses, raising of the roof, removal of sandstone coping and straightening of the brick parapet.
* 1938: Ladies Conveniences constructed within substation building, built by Mr S Featherstone, costing 493 pounds.
* 1940: Alterations to the Underground Conveniences, including replacement of two existing banks of urinal stalls, installation of bakelite seats in water closets, repairs to iron gates, and improvements to [lighting](/wiki/Lighting "Lighting") at entrances.
* 1961: Further minor renovations and alterations to Underground Conveniences.
* 1988: Underground Conveniences closed to the public.
* 1993: Substation decommissioned.
* 2001: Art exhibition installed in Underground Conveniences known as "Inverted Belvedere" (from 15/9/2001 \- 6/10/2001\) causing some damage to internal finishes.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"### Substation No. 6",
"The Substation has a rectangular plan and is constructed in load bearing face brick with rusticated sandstone [lintels](/wiki/Lintel_%28architecture%29 \"Lintel (architecture)\"), arches and base coursing, and is dressed with sandstone top coursing, window sills, and window heads. Brickwork string coursing and [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\") are featured near the [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\"), which steps up towards the southern end. The parapet features a bullnose course, projecting course and brick end capping. The external brickwork reveals the former outline of the 1904 sandstone [buttresses](/wiki/Buttress \"Buttress\") and freestone copings. The 1928 parapet line is also evident. The 1938 Art Deco southern wall to the stair to the women's conveniences remains.",
"The floor level of the Substation is located below the pavement level and is accessed via a street stair from Bourke Street. The landing is edged in decorative steel. Access to an internal [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine \"Mezzanine\") platform is also available from the pavement level on the eastern side of the substation via a single leaf door.",
"The western and eastern elevations have two groups of three timber arched windows symmetrically placed about central doors. To the north, the three separate openings, of similar arched shape, contain painted steel horizontal louvres behind fixed metal screens. To the south the windows, which originally mirrored the north, have been bricked up and the central window replaced with a door opening for the women's conveniences. The steel rainwater heads and downpipes from the 1928 alterations and additions have been retained, as has the 1938 \"Ladies\" signs.",
"Internally, the ground floor of the Substation is free of internal partitions. The upper level floor and walls are supported on steel beams situated above the substation wall. The ground floor is concrete with trenches running along the eastern, western and southern walls with metal cover plates. The walls are rendered and painted brickwork. The piers still exist on the western wall.",
"### Underground Men's Conveniences",
"The Edwardian style Underground Men's Conveniences are characterised externally by a [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") fence and gates, with Art Nouveau detailing that are set on a painted [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") base, and a central masonry [podium](/wiki/Podium \"Podium\") (the air vent) located at the centre of the curved [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\"), which originally supported a decorative metal vent capping. The Conveniences are accessed from pavement level via two separate interlocking curved staircases that encircle a central vent. Two masonry [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") flank the two entry gates to the staircases.",
"Internally, the main subterranean structure is enclosed in a [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") cavity with a curved concrete ceiling supported by exposed steel beams. The symmetrical plan of the underground conveniences is arranged around the circular core containing the pair of interlocking curved stairs and air vent, and comprises five toilet cubicles and two ceramic urinal stalls. An attendant's room is located under the stairs and air vent, and features a low arched entrance and original arched timber door with multi paned glazing. The internal walls of the conveniences feature white florite glass tiles and ceramic tiles [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") with art Nouveau green floral patterns at a high level, which have been painted. Much of the original joinery, including timber framed doors, timber framed [louvres](/wiki/Louver \"Louver\") and moulded timber [architraves](/wiki/Architraves \"Architraves\"), has survived.",
"Modern services, including fluorescent lights, electrical cabling and mechanical ventilation ducts have also been introduced to the internal space.",
"### Women's Conveniences",
"The women's conveniences are located at the southern end at the first floor level. Much of the original partitioning, joinery and sanitary fixtures have been retained. The toilets remain in the cubicles along the western wall with wash basins located along the northern wall. The entrance is lined with cream square ceramic tiles, the floor covered in [linoleum](/wiki/Linoleum \"Linoleum\") with red [skirting](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\"). The wired glass skylights are patterned with metal ventilation [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 \"Grille (architecture)\") to the ceiling.",
"### Condition",
"As at 27 November 2003:",
"The Conveniences were in good structural condition. However, there has been leaking though the roof which requires a new membrane. The steel beams supporting the roof show signs of rusting which should be cleaned of paint and rust and structural adequacy assessed prior to recoating the beams. Some tiling has been damaged.",
"The Substation were generally in good structural condition except for the two end [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") parapets which have substantial cracking that requires attention.",
"Additional research and investigation is required to gauge the archaeological potential of the site. There is a high level of original integrity of both structures.",
"### Modifications and dates",
"* 1904: Electrical Substation No.6 constructed (originally known as Substation No.1\\).\n* 1905: Temporary staircase of Substation replaced with permanent iron staircase.\n* 1907: Underground (male) Public Conveniences constructed.\n* 1928/1938: Saltwater tanks removed prior to this time. Alterations included the removal of the buttresses, raising of the roof, removal of sandstone coping and straightening of the brick parapet.\n* 1938: Ladies Conveniences constructed within substation building, built by Mr S Featherstone, costing 493 pounds.\n* 1940: Alterations to the Underground Conveniences, including replacement of two existing banks of urinal stalls, installation of bakelite seats in water closets, repairs to iron gates, and improvements to [lighting](/wiki/Lighting \"Lighting\") at entrances.\n* 1961: Further minor renovations and alterations to Underground Conveniences.\n* 1988: Underground Conveniences closed to the public.\n* 1993: Substation decommissioned.\n* 2001: Art exhibition installed in Underground Conveniences known as \"Inverted Belvedere\" (from 15/9/2001 \\- 6/10/2001\\) causing some damage to internal finishes."
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
The Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 are a rare and distinctive group of public utilities from early\-twentieth century Sydney. They are of State heritage significance within the aesthetic, historic, associations, technical, social, representative and rarity criteria, as a group and individually.
The Taylor Square group contains the oldest, surviving underground public toilet in Sydney (built in 1907\), and the most intact of the first Electric Substations of New South Wales (built in 1904\) that first brought sanitation reform and electricity to the public streets of Sydney City and New South Wales. As the oldest extant examples in Sydney, they a rare and lasting record of the major reforms and achievements of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health, technology and City design, which transformed Sydney and the other city centres of Australia into modern cities. The only other known examples of purpose\-designed public underground toilets in Australia from this era of public health reform are located in the inner city of [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") and have been identified as nationally significant.
Both buildings are fine examples of [Edwardian Civic](/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles%23Edwardian_period_%28ca._1890s%E2%80%931910%29 "Australian non-residential architectural styles#Edwardian period (ca. 1890s–1910)") architecture, designed by the prominent City Surveyor and Architect, Robert Hargreave Brodrick, and are landmarks of Taylor Square. Together, these fine Civic buildings have formed part of the identity of Taylor Square since its creation in the early 1900s, and are associated with the State's first electric tram service that once ran through this intersection, a key tram junction at the time. The quality, design and function of these buildings also represents the introduction of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney during the early 20th Century, a movement that drove the complete remodelling of this town square and Oxford Street to improve urban design and traffic movement within Sydney.
These Taylor Square buildings have provided the constant setting to developments of national significance in Australian society, as the symbolic birthplace and growth of gay pride activism in Australia since the first gay pride march commenced at Taylor Square in 1978, and as a continuing focus of the annual [Mardi](/wiki/Mardi%2C_New_South_Wales "Mardi, New South Wales") Gras, an internationally recognised event. The group also contains the first public female toilet of Taylor Square, built in 1938 within the Substation building, demonstrating the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney and the changing public role of women during the early 20th Century.
Taylor Square Substation No.6 was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 July 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
The Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 are significant as a rare and distinctive group of public utilities established in the inner City of early\-twentieth century Sydney. As a group, the Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 provide a rare and lasting record of the major reforms and achievements of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health, technology and City design, which transformed Sydney and the other city centres of Australia into modern cities.
The buildings are remnant evidence of the introduction of the State's first electric tram that once ran through this intersection, and the major tram junction at Taylor Square, as the construction of the substation and conveniences was associated with servicing the new electric tram lines and commuters. The isolated location of the buildings within the original roadway (formerly alongside the tram lines), their function, quality, scale and age provide evidence of these former tram lines and junction, and their important role at the time as a major form of transportation.
The provision of purpose\-designed underground toilets in the public domain to replace the former public urinal in this location, demonstrates the changing importance of public health and sanitation during this era, in response to the public health crisis in Sydney from the outbreak of bubonic plague in 1900\.
Built in 1907, the Underground Public Conveniences are the oldest extant underground toilets in Sydney, of which there were originally twelve. They are also possibly the oldest extant public toilets in Sydney.
Electricity Substation No. 6, constructed in 1904, is one of the first five substations built by Sydney Municipal Council that brought electricity to the streets, homes and businesses of Sydney city for the first time in 1904\. It is the most intact of the two surviving examples of these first substations. In continuous operation from 1904 to 1993, the building marks the commencement of the major technological transformation of the twentieth century associated with the development of the modern city and state.
The Substation also contains the first Public Ladies Conveniences allocated in Taylor Square, built in 1938, 55 years after the first male public urinal was allocated in Taylor Square, largely due to the petitions of the early feminist group, the Women's Progressive Association. The allocation of a Public Ladies' Convenience in this town square, and the manner and timeframe in which this was achieved, symbolises the evolution in social attitudes to the public role of women, as well as the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney during the early 20th Century.
**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**
The Substation and Underground Conveniences have provided the constant setting to nationally significant developments in Australian society, as the birthplace and development of gay pride activism in Australia since the first gay pride march commenced at Taylor Square in 1978\. This important association of the place with the gay and lesbian community has continued, as it remains a focus of the annual Mardi Gras, a highly popular and internationally recognised event. The place has a well\-established profile for this association not only in Australia but internationally.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
Electricity Substation No. 6 and the Underground Conveniences have been landmarks of Taylor Square since its formation in the early Twentieth Century, identifying one of Sydney City's defining public spaces, major thoroughfares and processional route into and out of the City.
The buildings are fine examples of Edwardian Civic architecture, with Interwar Art Deco overlays, both originally designed by the prominent City Surveyor and Architect, Robert Hargreave Brodrick. The quality and design of the buildings represent the introduction of the ideals of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney to improve City design and traffic movement at the time, which drove the complete remodelling of Oxford Street and creation of Taylor Square in 1907\.
Together, the buildings contribute to one of the most intact Victorian and Edwardian streetscapes in Sydney, and reinforce the Civic precinct on the northern side of Taylor Square relating to the significant Darlinghurst Courthouse and the Sydney Municipal Council buildings along Oxford Street (1907–16\).
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The two Civic buildings mark the town square that holds important associations with the gay and lesbian community, as the centre for the recognised homosexual community since the 1960s, and as the birthplace and development of gay pride activism in Australia. Taylor Square provided the starting point of the first gay pride march in 1978, formed the focus of subsequent rallies, demonstrations and confrontations with Police, and continues to play an important role in the annual Mardi Gras, a highly popular and internationally recognised event.
The substation and underground conveniences are socially significant as a community meeting place of Taylor Square and Oxford Street, and are important to the community's sense of place.
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
Substation No. 6 retains its ability to demonstrate its original use and design intent and has considerable potential to yield information about the earliest operation of electrical services and provision of electrical supply to Sydney.
Evidence of the earlier salt water tanks that were originally located on the site above the substation are also retained, which provide information on the early techniques of street cleaning, sanitation and public health. These tanks provided the rudimentary predecessor to the Underground Public Conveniences where the salt water was used for street cleaning over the 1883 public urinal.
The underground toilets, replacing the former public urinal and salt water tanks, demonstrate the advancements in sanitation technology in the public domain of Sydney during the early 20th century, as a result the public health crisis of the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague in 1900\.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Underground Public Conveniences are rare in Australia as the oldest extant underground toilets in Sydney. The other known examples of public underground toilets from the same era of public health reform are in the inner\-City of Melbourne and have been assessed as nationally significant.
The Underground Public Conveniences are rare in the State as the only surviving example of the first group of public underground toilets in the inner\-City of Sydney (of which there were originally twelve). Of this first group, the Taylor Square toilet was also the only one to feature interlocking curved staircases.
Substation No. 6 is rare in the State as the most intact of the first substations constructed in the State, and which was in continuous operation from 1904 to 1993\.
Together, these rare early examples of Civic utilities provide evidence of the major technological achievements of the early 20th century that transformed Australia's city centres into modern cities.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**
The group of buildings at Taylor Square represent fine examples of Edwardian Civic architecture, which together demonstrate the City Beautiful movement to improve urban design of the public domain and traffic movement that transformed parts of Sydney during the early 20th Century.
As the oldest most\-intact examples of their type, the buildings also demonstrate the major technological achievements and reforms of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health and power supply that transformed Sydney into a modern City.
The buildings are landmarks of the Taylor Square precinct that is and has been held in high esteem by the homosexual community since the 1960s, representing the centre of the recognised gay community since this time, representing the birthplace of gay pride activism in Australia in 1978, and the development of these origins into the internationally recognised and highly popular Mardi Gras.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"The Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 are a rare and distinctive group of public utilities from early\\-twentieth century Sydney. They are of State heritage significance within the aesthetic, historic, associations, technical, social, representative and rarity criteria, as a group and individually.",
"The Taylor Square group contains the oldest, surviving underground public toilet in Sydney (built in 1907\\), and the most intact of the first Electric Substations of New South Wales (built in 1904\\) that first brought sanitation reform and electricity to the public streets of Sydney City and New South Wales. As the oldest extant examples in Sydney, they a rare and lasting record of the major reforms and achievements of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health, technology and City design, which transformed Sydney and the other city centres of Australia into modern cities. The only other known examples of purpose\\-designed public underground toilets in Australia from this era of public health reform are located in the inner city of [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") and have been identified as nationally significant.",
"Both buildings are fine examples of [Edwardian Civic](/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles%23Edwardian_period_%28ca._1890s%E2%80%931910%29 \"Australian non-residential architectural styles#Edwardian period (ca. 1890s–1910)\") architecture, designed by the prominent City Surveyor and Architect, Robert Hargreave Brodrick, and are landmarks of Taylor Square. Together, these fine Civic buildings have formed part of the identity of Taylor Square since its creation in the early 1900s, and are associated with the State's first electric tram service that once ran through this intersection, a key tram junction at the time. The quality, design and function of these buildings also represents the introduction of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney during the early 20th Century, a movement that drove the complete remodelling of this town square and Oxford Street to improve urban design and traffic movement within Sydney.",
"These Taylor Square buildings have provided the constant setting to developments of national significance in Australian society, as the symbolic birthplace and growth of gay pride activism in Australia since the first gay pride march commenced at Taylor Square in 1978, and as a continuing focus of the annual [Mardi](/wiki/Mardi%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mardi, New South Wales\") Gras, an internationally recognised event. The group also contains the first public female toilet of Taylor Square, built in 1938 within the Substation building, demonstrating the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney and the changing public role of women during the early 20th Century.",
"Taylor Square Substation No.6 was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 July 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"The Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 are significant as a rare and distinctive group of public utilities established in the inner City of early\\-twentieth century Sydney. As a group, the Underground Public Conveniences and Substation No. 6 provide a rare and lasting record of the major reforms and achievements of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health, technology and City design, which transformed Sydney and the other city centres of Australia into modern cities.",
"The buildings are remnant evidence of the introduction of the State's first electric tram that once ran through this intersection, and the major tram junction at Taylor Square, as the construction of the substation and conveniences was associated with servicing the new electric tram lines and commuters. The isolated location of the buildings within the original roadway (formerly alongside the tram lines), their function, quality, scale and age provide evidence of these former tram lines and junction, and their important role at the time as a major form of transportation.",
"The provision of purpose\\-designed underground toilets in the public domain to replace the former public urinal in this location, demonstrates the changing importance of public health and sanitation during this era, in response to the public health crisis in Sydney from the outbreak of bubonic plague in 1900\\.",
"Built in 1907, the Underground Public Conveniences are the oldest extant underground toilets in Sydney, of which there were originally twelve. They are also possibly the oldest extant public toilets in Sydney.",
"Electricity Substation No. 6, constructed in 1904, is one of the first five substations built by Sydney Municipal Council that brought electricity to the streets, homes and businesses of Sydney city for the first time in 1904\\. It is the most intact of the two surviving examples of these first substations. In continuous operation from 1904 to 1993, the building marks the commencement of the major technological transformation of the twentieth century associated with the development of the modern city and state.",
"The Substation also contains the first Public Ladies Conveniences allocated in Taylor Square, built in 1938, 55 years after the first male public urinal was allocated in Taylor Square, largely due to the petitions of the early feminist group, the Women's Progressive Association. The allocation of a Public Ladies' Convenience in this town square, and the manner and timeframe in which this was achieved, symbolises the evolution in social attitudes to the public role of women, as well as the growing activism of feminist groups in Sydney during the early 20th Century.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**",
"The Substation and Underground Conveniences have provided the constant setting to nationally significant developments in Australian society, as the birthplace and development of gay pride activism in Australia since the first gay pride march commenced at Taylor Square in 1978\\. This important association of the place with the gay and lesbian community has continued, as it remains a focus of the annual Mardi Gras, a highly popular and internationally recognised event. The place has a well\\-established profile for this association not only in Australia but internationally.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"Electricity Substation No. 6 and the Underground Conveniences have been landmarks of Taylor Square since its formation in the early Twentieth Century, identifying one of Sydney City's defining public spaces, major thoroughfares and processional route into and out of the City.",
"The buildings are fine examples of Edwardian Civic architecture, with Interwar Art Deco overlays, both originally designed by the prominent City Surveyor and Architect, Robert Hargreave Brodrick. The quality and design of the buildings represent the introduction of the ideals of the City Beautiful movement into Sydney to improve City design and traffic movement at the time, which drove the complete remodelling of Oxford Street and creation of Taylor Square in 1907\\.",
"Together, the buildings contribute to one of the most intact Victorian and Edwardian streetscapes in Sydney, and reinforce the Civic precinct on the northern side of Taylor Square relating to the significant Darlinghurst Courthouse and the Sydney Municipal Council buildings along Oxford Street (1907–16\\).",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The two Civic buildings mark the town square that holds important associations with the gay and lesbian community, as the centre for the recognised homosexual community since the 1960s, and as the birthplace and development of gay pride activism in Australia. Taylor Square provided the starting point of the first gay pride march in 1978, formed the focus of subsequent rallies, demonstrations and confrontations with Police, and continues to play an important role in the annual Mardi Gras, a highly popular and internationally recognised event.",
"The substation and underground conveniences are socially significant as a community meeting place of Taylor Square and Oxford Street, and are important to the community's sense of place.",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"Substation No. 6 retains its ability to demonstrate its original use and design intent and has considerable potential to yield information about the earliest operation of electrical services and provision of electrical supply to Sydney.",
"Evidence of the earlier salt water tanks that were originally located on the site above the substation are also retained, which provide information on the early techniques of street cleaning, sanitation and public health. These tanks provided the rudimentary predecessor to the Underground Public Conveniences where the salt water was used for street cleaning over the 1883 public urinal.",
"The underground toilets, replacing the former public urinal and salt water tanks, demonstrate the advancements in sanitation technology in the public domain of Sydney during the early 20th century, as a result the public health crisis of the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague in 1900\\.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Underground Public Conveniences are rare in Australia as the oldest extant underground toilets in Sydney. The other known examples of public underground toilets from the same era of public health reform are in the inner\\-City of Melbourne and have been assessed as nationally significant.",
"The Underground Public Conveniences are rare in the State as the only surviving example of the first group of public underground toilets in the inner\\-City of Sydney (of which there were originally twelve). Of this first group, the Taylor Square toilet was also the only one to feature interlocking curved staircases.",
"Substation No. 6 is rare in the State as the most intact of the first substations constructed in the State, and which was in continuous operation from 1904 to 1993\\.",
"Together, these rare early examples of Civic utilities provide evidence of the major technological achievements of the early 20th century that transformed Australia's city centres into modern cities.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**",
"The group of buildings at Taylor Square represent fine examples of Edwardian Civic architecture, which together demonstrate the City Beautiful movement to improve urban design of the public domain and traffic movement that transformed parts of Sydney during the early 20th Century.",
"As the oldest most\\-intact examples of their type, the buildings also demonstrate the major technological achievements and reforms of the early 20th Century in sanitation, public health and power supply that transformed Sydney into a modern City.",
"The buildings are landmarks of the Taylor Square precinct that is and has been held in high esteem by the homosexual community since the 1960s, representing the centre of the recognised gay community since this time, representing the birthplace of gay pride activism in Australia in 1978, and the development of these origins into the internationally recognised and highly popular Mardi Gras.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Telva was born in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"), on December 26, 1897\. Her parents were German immigrants, Herman and Elsa Taucke; she would later take Telva as her stage name. She studied under [Lilli Lehmann](/wiki/Lilli_Lehmann "Lilli Lehmann").
Early in her career, Telva sang with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. She moved to New York in 1918 and sang in local churches and synagogues before being hired by the Metropolitan Opera. She debuted with the company in 1920 as the Singer in [Puccini](/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini "Giacomo Puccini")'s *[Manon Lescaut](/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_%28Puccini%29 "Manon Lescaut (Puccini)")*. She went on to sing many other roles as one of the company's leading mezzo\-sopranos until 1931\. Among her regular roles were Brangane in [Wagner](/wiki/Wagner "Wagner")'s *[Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde "Tristan und Isolde")* and Mary in his *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 "The Flying Dutchman (opera)")*, and Lola in [Mascagni](/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni "Pietro Mascagni")'s *[Cavalleria Rusticana](/wiki/Cavalleria_Rusticana "Cavalleria Rusticana")*. She also appeared a few times as Princess Eboli in [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi")'s *[Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos_%28opera%29 "Don Carlos (opera)")* (1920–21\) and Azucena in his *[Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore "Il trovatore")* (1923–24\).
Telva is probably best known for her role as Adalgisa in the company's 1927–28 revival of [Vincenzo Bellini](/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini "Vincenzo Bellini")'s *[Norma](/wiki/Norma_%28opera%29 "Norma (opera)")*. Telva spent part of the summer before the opening of *Norma* studying the opera with soprano [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle "Rosa Ponselle"), who would sing the title role, and [Tullio Serafin](/wiki/Tullio_Serafin "Tullio Serafin"), then one of the company's conductors. Another well\-known role is her appearance as Mrs. Deane in the premiere of [Deems Taylor](/wiki/Deems_Taylor "Deems Taylor")’s *[Peter Ibbetson](/wiki/Peter_Ibbetson_%28opera%29 "Peter Ibbetson (opera)")* in 1931\.
In 1930, she married Elmer Ray Jones, president of [Wells Fargo](/wiki/Wells_Fargo "Wells Fargo"), who died in 1961\. Jones built a hotel in [Taxco](/wiki/Taxco "Taxco"), Mexico, and named it Rancho Telva in her honor.
Although Telva effectively retired at the end of the 1930–31 season, she made one further appearance at the Metropolitan Opera during the 1932\-33 season, in a special concert. In the 1930s, she undertook a few more special engagements, such as singing [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")'s *[Missa Solemnis](/wiki/Missa_solemnis_%28Beethoven%29 "Missa solemnis (Beethoven)")* with the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic") (1935\).
On October 23, 1962, she died in [Norwalk, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_Connecticut "Norwalk, Connecticut").{{cite news \|title\= Marion Telva, Mezzo, Dies at 64\. Starred at Met Opera in 1920's \|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=9803E6D8123CE63ABC4C51DFB6678389679EDE\&legacy\=true \|newspaper\=\[\[New York Times]] \|date\=October 24, 1962 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-06 }} She had lived for three decades in the nearby community of [Silvermine](/wiki/Silvermine%2C_Connecticut "Silvermine, Connecticut").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Telva was born in [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"), on December 26, 1897\\. Her parents were German immigrants, Herman and Elsa Taucke; she would later take Telva as her stage name. She studied under [Lilli Lehmann](/wiki/Lilli_Lehmann \"Lilli Lehmann\").",
"Early in her career, Telva sang with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. She moved to New York in 1918 and sang in local churches and synagogues before being hired by the Metropolitan Opera. She debuted with the company in 1920 as the Singer in [Puccini](/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini \"Giacomo Puccini\")'s *[Manon Lescaut](/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_%28Puccini%29 \"Manon Lescaut (Puccini)\")*. She went on to sing many other roles as one of the company's leading mezzo\\-sopranos until 1931\\. Among her regular roles were Brangane in [Wagner](/wiki/Wagner \"Wagner\")'s *[Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde \"Tristan und Isolde\")* and Mary in his *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 \"The Flying Dutchman (opera)\")*, and Lola in [Mascagni](/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni \"Pietro Mascagni\")'s *[Cavalleria Rusticana](/wiki/Cavalleria_Rusticana \"Cavalleria Rusticana\")*. She also appeared a few times as Princess Eboli in [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\")'s *[Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos_%28opera%29 \"Don Carlos (opera)\")* (1920–21\\) and Azucena in his *[Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore \"Il trovatore\")* (1923–24\\).",
"Telva is probably best known for her role as Adalgisa in the company's 1927–28 revival of [Vincenzo Bellini](/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini \"Vincenzo Bellini\")'s *[Norma](/wiki/Norma_%28opera%29 \"Norma (opera)\")*. Telva spent part of the summer before the opening of *Norma* studying the opera with soprano [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle \"Rosa Ponselle\"), who would sing the title role, and [Tullio Serafin](/wiki/Tullio_Serafin \"Tullio Serafin\"), then one of the company's conductors. Another well\\-known role is her appearance as Mrs. Deane in the premiere of [Deems Taylor](/wiki/Deems_Taylor \"Deems Taylor\")’s *[Peter Ibbetson](/wiki/Peter_Ibbetson_%28opera%29 \"Peter Ibbetson (opera)\")* in 1931\\.",
"In 1930, she married Elmer Ray Jones, president of [Wells Fargo](/wiki/Wells_Fargo \"Wells Fargo\"), who died in 1961\\. Jones built a hotel in [Taxco](/wiki/Taxco \"Taxco\"), Mexico, and named it Rancho Telva in her honor.",
"Although Telva effectively retired at the end of the 1930–31 season, she made one further appearance at the Metropolitan Opera during the 1932\\-33 season, in a special concert. In the 1930s, she undertook a few more special engagements, such as singing [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")'s *[Missa Solemnis](/wiki/Missa_solemnis_%28Beethoven%29 \"Missa solemnis (Beethoven)\")* with the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\") (1935\\).",
"On October 23, 1962, she died in [Norwalk, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_Connecticut \"Norwalk, Connecticut\").{{cite news \\|title\\= Marion Telva, Mezzo, Dies at 64\\. Starred at Met Opera in 1920's \\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=9803E6D8123CE63ABC4C51DFB6678389679EDE\\&legacy\\=true \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\=October 24, 1962 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-06 }} She had lived for three decades in the nearby community of [Silvermine](/wiki/Silvermine%2C_Connecticut \"Silvermine, Connecticut\").",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Aird was born in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), and was the grandson of [Sir John Aird](/wiki/John_Aird_%28banker%29 "John Aird (banker)"), a prominent Canadian banker. He was educated at [Upper Canada College](/wiki/Upper_Canada_College "Upper Canada College"), [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Toronto "Trinity College, Toronto") and [Osgoode Hall Law School](/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School "Osgoode Hall Law School"). Aird was a Brother at the Toronto Chapter of [Alpha Delta Phi](/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi "Alpha Delta Phi").
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Aird served in the [Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve "Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve"). In July 1944, he married Lucille “Jane” Housser.
Aird practised law in Toronto and headed his own firm, Aird \& Berlis, in 1974\. He also served as a director of several corporations. In 1958, he was appointed to the board of directors of Callaghan Mining.{{cite news\| url \= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FA091FF63555127B93C0A9178BD95F4C8585F9\| title \= Callahan Mining Adds A Lawyer to Its Board\| work \= \[\[New York Times]]\| date \= 1958\-10\-02\| access\-date \= 2013\-05\-31\| quote \= The election of John B. Aird as a director of the Callahan Mining Corporation has been announced by Joseph T. Hall, president.}} He later was chairman of the board of [Algoma Central Railway](/wiki/Algoma_Central_Railway "Algoma Central Railway").
[thumb\|right\|Aird was one of the founding partners of the Canadian law firm Aird \& Berlis LLP](/wiki/File:Aird_%26_Berlis_LLP_Logo.png "Aird & Berlis LLP Logo.png")
From 1964 to 1974, he was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") party [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Canada "Senate of Canada"). In 1971, he served as chairman of the [Canada\-United States Permanent Joint Board on Defence](/wiki/Canada-United_States_Permanent_Joint_Board_on_Defence "Canada-United States Permanent Joint Board on Defence"). From 1977 to 1985, he was Chancellor of [Wilfrid Laurier University](/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University "Wilfrid Laurier University") in [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Ontario "Waterloo, Ontario").
Aird was appointed an Officer of the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada "Order of Canada") in 1976,{{Canadian honour\|Type\=orc\|ID\=883\|accessdate\=3 January 2021}}. and he served as [23rd](/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario%23Lieutenant_Governors_of_Ontario%2C_1867%E2%80%93present "List of lieutenant governors of Ontario#Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, 1867–present") Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1980 to 1985\. The main focus of his mandate was Ontarians with disabilities. He wrote a book, *Loyalty in a Changing World*, about the contemporary function of the Lieutenant Governor.
He was lieutenant governor when, 22 days into the [33rd Parliament of Ontario](/wiki/33rd_Parliament_of_Ontario "33rd Parliament of Ontario"), Premier [Frank Miller](/wiki/Frank_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 "Frank Miller (Canadian politician)") resigned following his [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario") government's defeat due to a [motion of no confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence "Motion of no confidence"). The defeat occurred after an accord had been reached between [David Peterson](/wiki/David_Peterson "David Peterson")'s [Liberals](/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party "Ontario Liberal Party") and [Bob Rae](/wiki/Bob_Rae "Bob Rae")'s [New Democratic Party](/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party "Ontario New Democratic Party") to allow Petersen to form a minority government for two years with NDP support, despite the fact that the Liberals had slightly fewer seats than the Tories. Some media outlets, such as the conservative *[Toronto Sun](/wiki/Toronto_Sun "Toronto Sun")*, compared the matter to the [King\-Byng Affair](/wiki/King-Byng_Affair "King-Byng Affair") and accused Aird of partisanship for asking Peterson to form a government rather than dissolving the legislature and calling a new election.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Aird was born in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), and was the grandson of [Sir John Aird](/wiki/John_Aird_%28banker%29 \"John Aird (banker)\"), a prominent Canadian banker. He was educated at [Upper Canada College](/wiki/Upper_Canada_College \"Upper Canada College\"), [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Toronto \"Trinity College, Toronto\") and [Osgoode Hall Law School](/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School \"Osgoode Hall Law School\"). Aird was a Brother at the Toronto Chapter of [Alpha Delta Phi](/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi \"Alpha Delta Phi\").",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Aird served in the [Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve \"Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve\"). In July 1944, he married Lucille “Jane” Housser.",
"Aird practised law in Toronto and headed his own firm, Aird \\& Berlis, in 1974\\. He also served as a director of several corporations. In 1958, he was appointed to the board of directors of Callaghan Mining.{{cite news\\| url \\= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FA091FF63555127B93C0A9178BD95F4C8585F9\\| title \\= Callahan Mining Adds A Lawyer to Its Board\\| work \\= \\[\\[New York Times]]\\| date \\= 1958\\-10\\-02\\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-05\\-31\\| quote \\= The election of John B. Aird as a director of the Callahan Mining Corporation has been announced by Joseph T. Hall, president.}} He later was chairman of the board of [Algoma Central Railway](/wiki/Algoma_Central_Railway \"Algoma Central Railway\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Aird was one of the founding partners of the Canadian law firm Aird \\& Berlis LLP](/wiki/File:Aird_%26_Berlis_LLP_Logo.png \"Aird & Berlis LLP Logo.png\")",
"From 1964 to 1974, he was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") party [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Canada \"Senate of Canada\"). In 1971, he served as chairman of the [Canada\\-United States Permanent Joint Board on Defence](/wiki/Canada-United_States_Permanent_Joint_Board_on_Defence \"Canada-United States Permanent Joint Board on Defence\"). From 1977 to 1985, he was Chancellor of [Wilfrid Laurier University](/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University \"Wilfrid Laurier University\") in [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Ontario \"Waterloo, Ontario\").",
"Aird was appointed an Officer of the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada \"Order of Canada\") in 1976,{{Canadian honour\\|Type\\=orc\\|ID\\=883\\|accessdate\\=3 January 2021}}. and he served as [23rd](/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario%23Lieutenant_Governors_of_Ontario%2C_1867%E2%80%93present \"List of lieutenant governors of Ontario#Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, 1867–present\") Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1980 to 1985\\. The main focus of his mandate was Ontarians with disabilities. He wrote a book, *Loyalty in a Changing World*, about the contemporary function of the Lieutenant Governor.",
"He was lieutenant governor when, 22 days into the [33rd Parliament of Ontario](/wiki/33rd_Parliament_of_Ontario \"33rd Parliament of Ontario\"), Premier [Frank Miller](/wiki/Frank_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"Frank Miller (Canadian politician)\") resigned following his [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\") government's defeat due to a [motion of no confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence \"Motion of no confidence\"). The defeat occurred after an accord had been reached between [David Peterson](/wiki/David_Peterson \"David Peterson\")'s [Liberals](/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party \"Ontario Liberal Party\") and [Bob Rae](/wiki/Bob_Rae \"Bob Rae\")'s [New Democratic Party](/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party \"Ontario New Democratic Party\") to allow Petersen to form a minority government for two years with NDP support, despite the fact that the Liberals had slightly fewer seats than the Tories. Some media outlets, such as the conservative *[Toronto Sun](/wiki/Toronto_Sun \"Toronto Sun\")*, compared the matter to the [King\\-Byng Affair](/wiki/King-Byng_Affair \"King-Byng Affair\") and accused Aird of partisanship for asking Peterson to form a government rather than dissolving the legislature and calling a new election.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early career
Pereyra began his career at the amateur team of his country, [Estudiantes de Buenos Aires](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires "Estudiantes de Buenos Aires") in 2006\. He remained in Estudiantes until June 2009, date when Pereyra left the club for the Chilean professional club, [Palestino](/wiki/C.D._Palestino "C.D. Palestino"), joining to the club on loan. He made his professional at the First Division of that country, in a 2–1 win over [Cobreloa](/wiki/Cobreloa "Cobreloa"), entering to the field in the 55th minute.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.diariolavozdezarate.com.ar/2009/08/facundo\-pereyra\-debuto\-en\-palestino\-de\-chile/ \|title\=Facundo Pereyra debutó en Chile \|access\-date\=15 August 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045859/http://www.diariolavozdezarate.com.ar/2009/08/facundo\-pereyra\-debuto\-en\-palestino\-de\-chile/ \|archive\-date\=28 March 2012 }}
However, Pereyra only played three games, not scoring goals, which meant his return to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") to play again at Estudiantes de Buenos Aires.
### Audax Italiano
Pereyra was training with the Argentine First Division club [Godoy Cruz](/wiki/Godoy_Cruz_Antonio_Tomba "Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba") in January 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bodegue.com/2011/01/facundo\-pereyra\-estara\-a\-prueba/\|title\=Facundo Pereyra estará a prueba\|access\-date\=4 January 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045859/http://www.bodegue.com/2011/01/facundo\-pereyra\-estara\-a\-prueba/\|archive\-date\=28 March 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} After of not pass the football test,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mundoascenso.com.ar/ultimo\-momento\-view.php?Id\=54858/\|title\=Pereyra no pasó la prueba\|access\-date\=12 January 2011}} was signed by the Chilean club, [Audax Italiano](/wiki/Audax_Italiano "Audax Italiano").{{cite web\|url\=http://latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2011/01/656\-339069\-9\-facundo\-pereyra\-es\-el\-sexto\-refuerzo\-de\-audax.shtml\|title\=Facundo Pereyra es el sexto refuerzo de Audax\|access\-date\=18 January 2011\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124905/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2011/01/656\-339069\-9\-facundo\-pereyra\-es\-el\-sexto\-refuerzo\-de\-audax.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}}
On 29 January 2011, he made his Audax debut against his old club [Palestino](/wiki/C.D._Palestino "C.D. Palestino"), in the first week of the [Apertura Tournament](/wiki/2011_Chilean_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season "2011 Chilean Primera División season"). In his second game for the team, Pereyra scored a twice in a 3–2 win over [Cobresal](/wiki/Cobresal "Cobresal").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/02/14/audax\-italiano\-consiguio\-una\-trabajada\-victoria\-ante\-cobresal/ \|title\=Audax Italiano consiguió una trabajada victoria ante Cobresal \|access\-date\=14 February 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204232/http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/02/14/audax\-italiano\-consiguio\-una\-trabajada\-victoria\-ante\-cobresal/ \|archive\-date\=28 September 2011 }} *The fat one* (his nickname) became a key player of the team, being usually used as [playmaker](/wiki/Playmaker "Playmaker") by the coach [Omar Labruna](/wiki/Omar_Labruna "Omar Labruna"). Pereyra scored again, in a 2–1 win over [Colo\-Colo](/wiki/Colo-Colo "Colo-Colo"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/04/04/audax\-italiano\-desdibujo\-a\-colo\-colo\-en\-su\-vuelta\-a\-la\-florida/ \|title\=Audax desdibujó a Colo\-Colo en su vuelta a La Florida \|access\-date\=4 April 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204257/http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/04/04/audax\-italiano\-desdibujo\-a\-colo\-colo\-en\-su\-vuelta\-a\-la\-florida/ \|archive\-date\=28 September 2011 }} and in the 4–0 win to [Santiago Wanderers](/wiki/Santiago_Wanderers "Santiago Wanderers").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prensafutbol.cl/noticias\-futbol\-chileno\-primera\-a/20665\-audax\-goleo\-sin\-piedad\-a\-un\-debil\-wanderers.html\|title\=Audax Italiano goleó sin piedad a un débil Wanderers\|access\-date\=28 April 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831210218/http://www.prensafutbol.cl/noticias\-futbol\-chileno\-primera\-a/20665\-audax\-goleo\-sin\-piedad\-a\-un\-debil\-wanderers.html\|archive\-date\=31 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}
### San Luis
The fifth foreign player of [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. "San Luis F.C."), the Argentine midfielder Facundo Pereyra, will be presented with the team until January 12, 2012, as the official site of the club stated.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.record.com.mx/articulo/noticias/RECORD\-110804/facundo\-pereyra\-cerca\-de\-reportar\-con\-san\-luis\-110804\|title\=Facundo Pereyra cerca de reportar con San Luis\|date\=6 January 2012\|access\-date\=19 July 2014\|archive\-date\=5 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075839/http://www.record.com.mx/articulo/noticias/RECORD\-110804/facundo\-pereyra\-cerca\-de\-reportar\-con\-san\-luis\-110804\|url\-status\=dead}} *"I'm settling down on the team, putting about and working on double session on the physical side to be as fast as possible to the technical,"* Pereyra said at a press conference. The Argentine midfielder said that he will help the club with its goals. Club's president Jose Antonio Roman, said that the player signed a three\-year contract and expects to debut immediately.{{cite web\|url\=http://deportes.terra.com.ar/futbol/el\-argentino\-facundo\-pereyra\-firma\-por\-tres\-anos\-con\-el\-san\-luis,1ad5db0a3e3d4310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html\|title\=El argentino Facundo Pereyra firma por tres años con el San Luis\|date\=12 January 2012\|access\-date\=19 July 2014\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233535/http://deportes.terra.com.ar/futbol/el\-argentino\-facundo\-pereyra\-firma\-por\-tres\-anos\-con\-el\-san\-luis,1ad5db0a3e3d4310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
Pereyra, played only few games with [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. "San Luis F.C.") without making any impact, before he transferred on a loan to [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata"). Undoubtedly, Pereyra had a protagonistic role in the club during the 2012/13 season. But, unlike a year ago, when [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata") won promotion to [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Argentine Primera División") and the name Pereyra became the talk up of several major clubs like [San Lorenzo de Almagro](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro "San Lorenzo de Almagro") and [Racing Club de Avellaneda](/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda "Racing Club de Avellaneda"), the club made a major financial effort to keep him in the club, especially the last half, where alternated several ups and downs made from the coaching staff is now seemed that his priority is to play in Europe.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.diagonales.com/deportes/211643\-gimnasia\-no\-hara\-un\-esfuerzo\-para\-retener\-a\-facundo\-pereyra.html\|title\=Gimnasia no hará un esfuerzo para retener a Facundo Pereyra\|date\=23 May 2014\|access\-date\=19 July 2014\|archive\-date\=23 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214310/http://www.diagonales.com/deportes/211643\-gimnasia\-no\-hara\-un\-esfuerzo\-para\-retener\-a\-facundo\-pereyra.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
### PAOK
[PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") announced the signing of Facundo Abel Pereyra. The 26\-year\-old Argentine player penned a two\-year contract, crossing the Atlantic for the first time in his career. He had two very good seasons at [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata"), scoring 24 goals in 66 matches. In 2012–13, he starred in the team's promotion to Argentinian top\-flight football. His contract with [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata") expired in summer. However his deal with [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. "San Luis F.C."), which had been taken over by [Jaguares de Chiapas](/wiki/Jaguares_de_Chiapas "Jaguares de Chiapas"), was still in effect, despite lodging a complaint before FIFA. After his letter of clearance was sent, the Argentinian signed his contract with the club.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.paokfc.gr/en/news\-en/facundo\-pereyra\-joins\-paok\-videos/\|title\=Facundo Pereyra joins PAOK \|date\=24 July 2014}} He scored his first goal on a home\-game against [Kalloni](/wiki/Kalloni_Lekanopedio_F.C. "Kalloni Lekanopedio F.C.") after using a very nice pass. He is also known as **Fanouris** to Greek PAOK fans. This is a nickname given to him by PAOK's ex\-coach [Angelos Anastasiadis](/wiki/Angelos_Anastasiadis "Angelos Anastasiadis"), a devout Orthodox Christian, who mispronounced his name for a Greek\-Christian one, probably being unable to pronounce *Facundo* correctly.
In December, in a title match against [Olympiakos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.") at Karaiskaki stadium, [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") upset the odds by winning 2–1 to open a five\-point lead at the top of the [Superleague Greece](/wiki/Superleague_Greece "Superleague Greece") table and pose as a genuine challenger for the title for the first time in the last three decades. In front of 33,000 Olympiakos fans in Piraeus PAOK led on the 43rd minute as a counterattack by Facundo Pereyra picked [Dimitris Salpingidis](/wiki/Dimitris_Salpingidis "Dimitris Salpingidis"); he passed the ball on to [Giannis Skondras](/wiki/Giannis_Skondras "Giannis Skondras") whose cross was not cleared by the Olympiakos defense to land on the feet of [Stefanos Athanasiadis](/wiki/Stefanos_Athanasiadis "Stefanos Athanasiadis"). The Greece striker opened the score with a tap\-in, with the goal coming against the run of play. Five minutes into the second half PAOK restored its lead after [David Fuster](/wiki/David_Fuster "David Fuster")'s equalizer, with a volley after a 40\-yard through\-ball by [Ergys Kaçe](/wiki/Ergys_Ka%C3%A7e "Ergys Kaçe").{{cite web\|url\=http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\_w\_articles\_wsite5\_1\_03/12/2014\_545127\|title\=Pereyra volley sees PAOK beat Olympiakos away\|date\=3 December 2014}}
On the training period and before the match against [Lokomotiva Zagreb](/wiki/Lokomotiva_Zagreb "Lokomotiva Zagreb") on July 16 in Croatia in the first leg of the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League"), Pereyra along with [Lucas Pérez Martínez](/wiki/Lucas_P%C3%A9rez_Mart%C3%ADnez "Lucas Pérez Martínez") have stayed out from the trip to Zagreb as [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") coach [Igor Tudor](/wiki/Igor_Tudor "Igor Tudor") thinks that they are not fit enough.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\-in\-english/arthro\-news\-in\-english/52372/lucas\-and\-pereyra\-miss\-lokomotiva\-tie/\|title\=Lucas and Pereyra miss Lokomotiva tie\|date\=14 July 2015\|access\-date\=14 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714222438/http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\-in\-english/arthro\-news\-in\-english/52372/lucas\-and\-pereyra\-miss\-lokomotiva\-tie/\|archive\-date\=14 July 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} On 26 July 2015 Pereyra was probably on the list of players that are leaving [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK "PAOK"), as announced by the club's manager [Igor Tudor](/wiki/Igor_Tudor "Igor Tudor") and Sporting Director [Frank Arnesen](/wiki/Frank_Arnesen "Frank Arnesen").{{cite web\|date\=26 July 2015\|title\=Noboa close to PAOK exit\|url\=http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\-in\-english/arthro\-news\-in\-english/55293/noboa\-close\-to\-paok\-exit/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904230127/https://www.sdna.gr/news\-english/article/55293/noboa\-close\-paok\-exit\|archive\-date\=4 September 2018\|access\-date\=11 January 2021\|website\=SDNA}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pamesports.gr/343660/telos\-rats\-gkolasa\-kai\-martens\-apo\-paok\|title\=Και ο Περέιρα εκτός πλάνων Τούντορ\|date\=25 July 2015\|access\-date\=26 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728193826/http://www.pamesports.gr/343660/telos\-rats\-gkolasa\-kai\-martens\-apo\-paok\|archive\-date\=28 July 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Gabala (loan)
On 31 August 2015, Pereyra signed a one\-year contract with [Gabala](/wiki/Gabala_FK "Gabala FK") playing on loan from [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") in the top division in Azerbaijani [Premier League](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League "Azerbaijan Premier League").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/794602/daneikos\-stin\-kampala\-o\-pereira \|title\=Δανεικός στην Καμπάλα ο Περέιρα!\|date\=31 August 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sport\-fm.gr/article/podosfairo/daneikos\-stin\-kampala\-o\-pereira/3105770 \|title\=Δανεικός ο Περέιρα!\|date\=31 August 2015}}
On 4 October 2015, he scored his first two goals for the [Azerbaijan Premier League](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League "Azerbaijan Premier League") when in the 10th minute against [Khazar Lankaran FK](/wiki/Khazar_Lankaran_FK "Khazar Lankaran FK"), [Oleksiy Gai](/wiki/Oleksiy_Gai "Oleksiy Gai") met the ball in the box after a Samir Zargarov cross from the right and Pereyra fired in from close range. In the second half scored in his double extending [Gabala](/wiki/Gabala_FK "Gabala FK")'s lead to 5–0\. On 30 November 2015, he scored in a 1–1 home draw against [Ravan Baku FK](/wiki/Ravan_Baku_FK "Ravan Baku FK"). Gabala was losing since the first half and pushed all ahead to level and were able to struck this only in the closing seconds with Pereyra clinically finishing the cross from [Magomed Mirzabekov](/wiki/Magomed_Mirzabekov "Magomed Mirzabekov") in the right to equalize the score.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gabalafc.az/?mod\=news\&cid\=34⟨\=en \|title\=Gabala News}}
#### Racing Club (loan)
In January 2016 Pereyra was unveiled by [Racing Club](/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda "Racing Club de Avellaneda") as their new signing,{{cite web\|title\=Tres refuerzos que ya están en la cancha\|url\=http://www.racingclub.com.ar/plantel/nota/2016/01/5163\_tres\-refuerzos\-que\-ya\-estan\-en\-la\-cancha/\|website\=www.racingclub.com.ar/\|publisher\=\[\[Racing Club de Avellaneda]]\|access\-date\=6 January 2016\|language\=es\|date\=4 January 2016}} for the next 6 months. After a period of six months, Pereyra is eager to remain at the club and is trying to extend his loan deal. On 18 August 2016, in his second spell for [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK "PAOK"), Pereyra scored as a late substitute in his first appearance helping the club to escape with a 3–0 away win against [FC Dinamo Tbilisi](/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Tbilisi "FC Dinamo Tbilisi") in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") playoffs.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season\=2017/matches/round\=2000791/match\=2020441/prematch/head\-to\-head/index.html \|title\=Dinamo Tbilisi \- PAOK 0\-3}}
He returned to PAOK at the beginning of [2016\-17 season](/wiki/2016-17_Superleague_Greece "2016-17 Superleague Greece"). On 19 January 2017, thanks to his brace, PAOK won 3\-0 [Levadiakos](/wiki/Levadiakos "Levadiakos") at [Toumba Stadium](/wiki/Toumba_Stadium "Toumba Stadium") of Thessaloniki. Pereyra named MVP of the game.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}}
#### Colón (loan)
On 31 January 2017, Pereyra joined [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Argentine Primera División") club, [Club Atlético Colón](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Col%C3%B3n "Club Atlético Colón") on a six\-month loan deal running to the end of the 2016–17 season, with a buying option of €600,000\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/omades/Paok/kai\-epishma\-sthn\-kolon\-o\-pereira.4512870\.html \|title\=Και επίσημα στην Κολόν ο Περέιρα}} On 26 March 2017, he scored his first goal with the club, sealing a 1–0 home win against rivals [Lanús](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Lan%C3%BAs "Club Atlético Lanús").
On 6 July 2017, the administration of [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK "PAOK") announced the mutual termination of experienced Argentine attacking midfielder contract, as it was clearly that was not in new manager [Aleksandar Stanojević](/wiki/Aleksandar_Stanojevi%C4%87 "Aleksandar Stanojević")'s season plans.
### Necaxa \& Gimnasia LP
On 14 July 2017, he signed with Mexican [Liga MX](/wiki/Liga_MX "Liga MX") club [Necaxa](/wiki/Club_Necaxa "Club Necaxa"). On 10 January 2018, after six months in Mexican Liga he signed a six months contract with [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata") in [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Argentine Primera División").
### Apollon Limassol
On 17 July 2018, he signed a two years contract with Cypriot club [Apollon Limassol](/wiki/Apollon_Limassol "Apollon Limassol"), returned to Europe after two years.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sigmalive.com/sports/football/cyprus/a\-league/518844/kleinei\-facundo\-pereyra\|title\=Κλείνει Facundo Pereyra}} In his two\-year stay with the club, he scored 14 goals in 39 matches and left it in 2020 at the end of his regular contract.
### Kerala Blasters FC
On 2 September 2020, he signed for [Indian Super league](/wiki/India "India") club [Kerala Blasters FC](/wiki/Kerala_Blasters "Kerala Blasters") and became the first [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine "Argentine") player to play for the club.
{{cite web\|url\=https://khelnow.com/football/isl\-2020\-21\-kerala\-blasters\-sign\-facundo\-pereyra\-official\|title\=Official: Kerala Blasters sign Argentinian ace Facundo Pereyra\|work\=Khelnow.com\|access\-date\=2 September 2020}}{{cite news \|title\=ISL: Kerala Blasters FC signs Argentine playmaker Facundo Pereyra\|url\=https://thebridge.in/football/isl\-kerala\-blasters\-fc\-signs\-argentine\-playmaker\-facundo\-pereyra/ \|date\=5 October 2020\|access\-date\=2 September 2020\|work\=The Bridge}} He made his Blasters debut on 20 November against [ATK Mohun Bagan FC](/wiki/ATK_Mohun_Bagan_FC "ATK Mohun Bagan FC"), coming out as a substitute on the 86th minute.{{Cite web\|title\=Kerala Blasters v ATK Mohun Bagan Match Report, 20/11/20, Indian Super League {{!}} Goal.com\|url\=https://www.goal.com/en\-in/match/kerala\-blasters\-v\-atk\-mohun\-bagan/report/6xi5f7r8mynb5dx0syuf15udw\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-05\|website\=www.goal.com}} Pereyra found his first assist for the club in the 2–0 victory against Hyderabad FC on 27 December 2020, which was scored by [Abdul Hakku](/wiki/Abdul_Nediyodath "Abdul Nediyodath").{{Cite web\|date\=27 December 2020\|title\=ISL 2020\-21 highlights, KBFC vs HFC: Hakku, Murray goals give Kerala Blasters first win, Hyderabad suffers another loss\|url\=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl\-news/kbfc\-vs\-hfc\-kerala\-blasters\-vs\-hyderabad\-fc\-isl\-live\-score\-streaming\-updates/article33430792\.ece\|access\-date\=11 January 2021\|website\=SPORTSTAR}} On 10 January 2021, he provided his second assist for the club as he set up for a goal set by [Costa Nhamoinesu](/wiki/Costa_Nhamoinesu "Costa Nhamoinesu") in the 2–3 victory against [Jamshedpur FC](/wiki/Jamshedpur_FC "Jamshedpur FC").{{Cite web\|date\=10 January 2021\|title\=ISL 2020\-21 Jamshedpur FC vs Kerala Blasters FC Highlights: 10\-man KBFC beats JFC 3\-2\|url\=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl\-news/jfc\-vs\-kbfc\-jamshedpur\-fc\-vs\-kerala\-blasters\-fc\-isl\-live\-score\-streaming\-updates/article33542378\.ece\|access\-date\=11 January 2021\|website\=SPORTSTAR}} On 11 June 2021, it was officially announced that Pereyra has departed from the club.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-06\-12\|title\=Kerala Blasters release six overseas players ahead of new season\|url\=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala\-blasters\-release\-six\-foreign\-players\-isl/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-17\|website\=Khel Now\|language\=en\-US}}
### Estudiantes (BA)
On 4 August 2021, Facundo Pereyra joined [Primera Nacional](/wiki/Primera_Nacional "Primera Nacional") club [Estudiantes (BA)](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires "Estudiantes de Buenos Aires") for the remainder of [2021 Primera Nacional](/wiki/2021_Primera_Nacional "2021 Primera Nacional") season.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-08\-04\|title\=Facundo Pereyra vuelve a Estudiantes tras paso por el fútbol de India\|url\=https://www.eldiarioar.com/deportes/facundo\-pereyra\-vuelve\-estudiantes\-paso\-futbol\-india\_1\_8197740\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-05\|website\=eldiarioar\|language\=Spanish}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early career",
"Pereyra began his career at the amateur team of his country, [Estudiantes de Buenos Aires](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires \"Estudiantes de Buenos Aires\") in 2006\\. He remained in Estudiantes until June 2009, date when Pereyra left the club for the Chilean professional club, [Palestino](/wiki/C.D._Palestino \"C.D. Palestino\"), joining to the club on loan. He made his professional at the First Division of that country, in a 2–1 win over [Cobreloa](/wiki/Cobreloa \"Cobreloa\"), entering to the field in the 55th minute.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diariolavozdezarate.com.ar/2009/08/facundo\\-pereyra\\-debuto\\-en\\-palestino\\-de\\-chile/ \\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra debutó en Chile \\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045859/http://www.diariolavozdezarate.com.ar/2009/08/facundo\\-pereyra\\-debuto\\-en\\-palestino\\-de\\-chile/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2012 }}",
"However, Pereyra only played three games, not scoring goals, which meant his return to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") to play again at Estudiantes de Buenos Aires.",
"### Audax Italiano",
"Pereyra was training with the Argentine First Division club [Godoy Cruz](/wiki/Godoy_Cruz_Antonio_Tomba \"Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba\") in January 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bodegue.com/2011/01/facundo\\-pereyra\\-estara\\-a\\-prueba/\\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra estará a prueba\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045859/http://www.bodegue.com/2011/01/facundo\\-pereyra\\-estara\\-a\\-prueba/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After of not pass the football test,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mundoascenso.com.ar/ultimo\\-momento\\-view.php?Id\\=54858/\\|title\\=Pereyra no pasó la prueba\\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2011}} was signed by the Chilean club, [Audax Italiano](/wiki/Audax_Italiano \"Audax Italiano\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2011/01/656\\-339069\\-9\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\-es\\-el\\-sexto\\-refuerzo\\-de\\-audax.shtml\\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra es el sexto refuerzo de Audax\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124905/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2011/01/656\\-339069\\-9\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\-es\\-el\\-sexto\\-refuerzo\\-de\\-audax.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On 29 January 2011, he made his Audax debut against his old club [Palestino](/wiki/C.D._Palestino \"C.D. Palestino\"), in the first week of the [Apertura Tournament](/wiki/2011_Chilean_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season \"2011 Chilean Primera División season\"). In his second game for the team, Pereyra scored a twice in a 3–2 win over [Cobresal](/wiki/Cobresal \"Cobresal\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/02/14/audax\\-italiano\\-consiguio\\-una\\-trabajada\\-victoria\\-ante\\-cobresal/ \\|title\\=Audax Italiano consiguió una trabajada victoria ante Cobresal \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204232/http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/02/14/audax\\-italiano\\-consiguio\\-una\\-trabajada\\-victoria\\-ante\\-cobresal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2011 }} *The fat one* (his nickname) became a key player of the team, being usually used as [playmaker](/wiki/Playmaker \"Playmaker\") by the coach [Omar Labruna](/wiki/Omar_Labruna \"Omar Labruna\"). Pereyra scored again, in a 2–1 win over [Colo\\-Colo](/wiki/Colo-Colo \"Colo-Colo\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/04/04/audax\\-italiano\\-desdibujo\\-a\\-colo\\-colo\\-en\\-su\\-vuelta\\-a\\-la\\-florida/ \\|title\\=Audax desdibujó a Colo\\-Colo en su vuelta a La Florida \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204257/http://www.audaxitaliano.cl/web2/2011/04/04/audax\\-italiano\\-desdibujo\\-a\\-colo\\-colo\\-en\\-su\\-vuelta\\-a\\-la\\-florida/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2011 }} and in the 4–0 win to [Santiago Wanderers](/wiki/Santiago_Wanderers \"Santiago Wanderers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prensafutbol.cl/noticias\\-futbol\\-chileno\\-primera\\-a/20665\\-audax\\-goleo\\-sin\\-piedad\\-a\\-un\\-debil\\-wanderers.html\\|title\\=Audax Italiano goleó sin piedad a un débil Wanderers\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831210218/http://www.prensafutbol.cl/noticias\\-futbol\\-chileno\\-primera\\-a/20665\\-audax\\-goleo\\-sin\\-piedad\\-a\\-un\\-debil\\-wanderers.html\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### San Luis",
"The fifth foreign player of [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. \"San Luis F.C.\"), the Argentine midfielder Facundo Pereyra, will be presented with the team until January 12, 2012, as the official site of the club stated.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.record.com.mx/articulo/noticias/RECORD\\-110804/facundo\\-pereyra\\-cerca\\-de\\-reportar\\-con\\-san\\-luis\\-110804\\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra cerca de reportar con San Luis\\|date\\=6 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075839/http://www.record.com.mx/articulo/noticias/RECORD\\-110804/facundo\\-pereyra\\-cerca\\-de\\-reportar\\-con\\-san\\-luis\\-110804\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *\"I'm settling down on the team, putting about and working on double session on the physical side to be as fast as possible to the technical,\"* Pereyra said at a press conference. The Argentine midfielder said that he will help the club with its goals. Club's president Jose Antonio Roman, said that the player signed a three\\-year contract and expects to debut immediately.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://deportes.terra.com.ar/futbol/el\\-argentino\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\-firma\\-por\\-tres\\-anos\\-con\\-el\\-san\\-luis,1ad5db0a3e3d4310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html\\|title\\=El argentino Facundo Pereyra firma por tres años con el San Luis\\|date\\=12 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233535/http://deportes.terra.com.ar/futbol/el\\-argentino\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\-firma\\-por\\-tres\\-anos\\-con\\-el\\-san\\-luis,1ad5db0a3e3d4310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Pereyra, played only few games with [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. \"San Luis F.C.\") without making any impact, before he transferred on a loan to [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\"). Undoubtedly, Pereyra had a protagonistic role in the club during the 2012/13 season. But, unlike a year ago, when [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\") won promotion to [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\") and the name Pereyra became the talk up of several major clubs like [San Lorenzo de Almagro](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro \"San Lorenzo de Almagro\") and [Racing Club de Avellaneda](/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda \"Racing Club de Avellaneda\"), the club made a major financial effort to keep him in the club, especially the last half, where alternated several ups and downs made from the coaching staff is now seemed that his priority is to play in Europe.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diagonales.com/deportes/211643\\-gimnasia\\-no\\-hara\\-un\\-esfuerzo\\-para\\-retener\\-a\\-facundo\\-pereyra.html\\|title\\=Gimnasia no hará un esfuerzo para retener a Facundo Pereyra\\|date\\=23 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214310/http://www.diagonales.com/deportes/211643\\-gimnasia\\-no\\-hara\\-un\\-esfuerzo\\-para\\-retener\\-a\\-facundo\\-pereyra.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### PAOK",
"[PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") announced the signing of Facundo Abel Pereyra. The 26\\-year\\-old Argentine player penned a two\\-year contract, crossing the Atlantic for the first time in his career. He had two very good seasons at [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\"), scoring 24 goals in 66 matches. In 2012–13, he starred in the team's promotion to Argentinian top\\-flight football. His contract with [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\") expired in summer. However his deal with [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_F.C. \"San Luis F.C.\"), which had been taken over by [Jaguares de Chiapas](/wiki/Jaguares_de_Chiapas \"Jaguares de Chiapas\"), was still in effect, despite lodging a complaint before FIFA. After his letter of clearance was sent, the Argentinian signed his contract with the club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.paokfc.gr/en/news\\-en/facundo\\-pereyra\\-joins\\-paok\\-videos/\\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra joins PAOK \\|date\\=24 July 2014}} He scored his first goal on a home\\-game against [Kalloni](/wiki/Kalloni_Lekanopedio_F.C. \"Kalloni Lekanopedio F.C.\") after using a very nice pass. He is also known as **Fanouris** to Greek PAOK fans. This is a nickname given to him by PAOK's ex\\-coach [Angelos Anastasiadis](/wiki/Angelos_Anastasiadis \"Angelos Anastasiadis\"), a devout Orthodox Christian, who mispronounced his name for a Greek\\-Christian one, probably being unable to pronounce *Facundo* correctly.",
"In December, in a title match against [Olympiakos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\") at Karaiskaki stadium, [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") upset the odds by winning 2–1 to open a five\\-point lead at the top of the [Superleague Greece](/wiki/Superleague_Greece \"Superleague Greece\") table and pose as a genuine challenger for the title for the first time in the last three decades. In front of 33,000 Olympiakos fans in Piraeus PAOK led on the 43rd minute as a counterattack by Facundo Pereyra picked [Dimitris Salpingidis](/wiki/Dimitris_Salpingidis \"Dimitris Salpingidis\"); he passed the ball on to [Giannis Skondras](/wiki/Giannis_Skondras \"Giannis Skondras\") whose cross was not cleared by the Olympiakos defense to land on the feet of [Stefanos Athanasiadis](/wiki/Stefanos_Athanasiadis \"Stefanos Athanasiadis\"). The Greece striker opened the score with a tap\\-in, with the goal coming against the run of play. Five minutes into the second half PAOK restored its lead after [David Fuster](/wiki/David_Fuster \"David Fuster\")'s equalizer, with a volley after a 40\\-yard through\\-ball by [Ergys Kaçe](/wiki/Ergys_Ka%C3%A7e \"Ergys Kaçe\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\\_w\\_articles\\_wsite5\\_1\\_03/12/2014\\_545127\\|title\\=Pereyra volley sees PAOK beat Olympiakos away\\|date\\=3 December 2014}}",
"On the training period and before the match against [Lokomotiva Zagreb](/wiki/Lokomotiva_Zagreb \"Lokomotiva Zagreb\") on July 16 in Croatia in the first leg of the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\"), Pereyra along with [Lucas Pérez Martínez](/wiki/Lucas_P%C3%A9rez_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Lucas Pérez Martínez\") have stayed out from the trip to Zagreb as [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") coach [Igor Tudor](/wiki/Igor_Tudor \"Igor Tudor\") thinks that they are not fit enough.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\\-in\\-english/arthro\\-news\\-in\\-english/52372/lucas\\-and\\-pereyra\\-miss\\-lokomotiva\\-tie/\\|title\\=Lucas and Pereyra miss Lokomotiva tie\\|date\\=14 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714222438/http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\\-in\\-english/arthro\\-news\\-in\\-english/52372/lucas\\-and\\-pereyra\\-miss\\-lokomotiva\\-tie/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 26 July 2015 Pereyra was probably on the list of players that are leaving [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK \"PAOK\"), as announced by the club's manager [Igor Tudor](/wiki/Igor_Tudor \"Igor Tudor\") and Sporting Director [Frank Arnesen](/wiki/Frank_Arnesen \"Frank Arnesen\").{{cite web\\|date\\=26 July 2015\\|title\\=Noboa close to PAOK exit\\|url\\=http://www.sdna.gr/gr/news\\-in\\-english/arthro\\-news\\-in\\-english/55293/noboa\\-close\\-to\\-paok\\-exit/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904230127/https://www.sdna.gr/news\\-english/article/55293/noboa\\-close\\-paok\\-exit\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2021\\|website\\=SDNA}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pamesports.gr/343660/telos\\-rats\\-gkolasa\\-kai\\-martens\\-apo\\-paok\\|title\\=Και ο Περέιρα εκτός πλάνων Τούντορ\\|date\\=25 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728193826/http://www.pamesports.gr/343660/telos\\-rats\\-gkolasa\\-kai\\-martens\\-apo\\-paok\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Gabala (loan)",
"On 31 August 2015, Pereyra signed a one\\-year contract with [Gabala](/wiki/Gabala_FK \"Gabala FK\") playing on loan from [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") in the top division in Azerbaijani [Premier League](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League \"Azerbaijan Premier League\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/794602/daneikos\\-stin\\-kampala\\-o\\-pereira \\|title\\=Δανεικός στην Καμπάλα ο Περέιρα!\\|date\\=31 August 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sport\\-fm.gr/article/podosfairo/daneikos\\-stin\\-kampala\\-o\\-pereira/3105770 \\|title\\=Δανεικός ο Περέιρα!\\|date\\=31 August 2015}}\nOn 4 October 2015, he scored his first two goals for the [Azerbaijan Premier League](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League \"Azerbaijan Premier League\") when in the 10th minute against [Khazar Lankaran FK](/wiki/Khazar_Lankaran_FK \"Khazar Lankaran FK\"), [Oleksiy Gai](/wiki/Oleksiy_Gai \"Oleksiy Gai\") met the ball in the box after a Samir Zargarov cross from the right and Pereyra fired in from close range. In the second half scored in his double extending [Gabala](/wiki/Gabala_FK \"Gabala FK\")'s lead to 5–0\\. On 30 November 2015, he scored in a 1–1 home draw against [Ravan Baku FK](/wiki/Ravan_Baku_FK \"Ravan Baku FK\"). Gabala was losing since the first half and pushed all ahead to level and were able to struck this only in the closing seconds with Pereyra clinically finishing the cross from [Magomed Mirzabekov](/wiki/Magomed_Mirzabekov \"Magomed Mirzabekov\") in the right to equalize the score.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gabalafc.az/?mod\\=news\\&cid\\=34⟨\\=en \\|title\\=Gabala News}}",
"#### Racing Club (loan)",
"In January 2016 Pereyra was unveiled by [Racing Club](/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda \"Racing Club de Avellaneda\") as their new signing,{{cite web\\|title\\=Tres refuerzos que ya están en la cancha\\|url\\=http://www.racingclub.com.ar/plantel/nota/2016/01/5163\\_tres\\-refuerzos\\-que\\-ya\\-estan\\-en\\-la\\-cancha/\\|website\\=www.racingclub.com.ar/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Racing Club de Avellaneda]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2016\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=4 January 2016}} for the next 6 months. After a period of six months, Pereyra is eager to remain at the club and is trying to extend his loan deal. On 18 August 2016, in his second spell for [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK \"PAOK\"), Pereyra scored as a late substitute in his first appearance helping the club to escape with a 3–0 away win against [FC Dinamo Tbilisi](/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Tbilisi \"FC Dinamo Tbilisi\") in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") playoffs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season\\=2017/matches/round\\=2000791/match\\=2020441/prematch/head\\-to\\-head/index.html \\|title\\=Dinamo Tbilisi \\- PAOK 0\\-3}}",
"He returned to PAOK at the beginning of [2016\\-17 season](/wiki/2016-17_Superleague_Greece \"2016-17 Superleague Greece\"). On 19 January 2017, thanks to his brace, PAOK won 3\\-0 [Levadiakos](/wiki/Levadiakos \"Levadiakos\") at [Toumba Stadium](/wiki/Toumba_Stadium \"Toumba Stadium\") of Thessaloniki. Pereyra named MVP of the game.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}",
"#### Colón (loan)",
"On 31 January 2017, Pereyra joined [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\") club, [Club Atlético Colón](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Col%C3%B3n \"Club Atlético Colón\") on a six\\-month loan deal running to the end of the 2016–17 season, with a buying option of €600,000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/omades/Paok/kai\\-epishma\\-sthn\\-kolon\\-o\\-pereira.4512870\\.html \\|title\\=Και επίσημα στην Κολόν ο Περέιρα}} On 26 March 2017, he scored his first goal with the club, sealing a 1–0 home win against rivals [Lanús](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Lan%C3%BAs \"Club Atlético Lanús\").",
"On 6 July 2017, the administration of [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK \"PAOK\") announced the mutual termination of experienced Argentine attacking midfielder contract, as it was clearly that was not in new manager [Aleksandar Stanojević](/wiki/Aleksandar_Stanojevi%C4%87 \"Aleksandar Stanojević\")'s season plans.",
"### Necaxa \\& Gimnasia LP",
"On 14 July 2017, he signed with Mexican [Liga MX](/wiki/Liga_MX \"Liga MX\") club [Necaxa](/wiki/Club_Necaxa \"Club Necaxa\"). On 10 January 2018, after six months in Mexican Liga he signed a six months contract with [Gimnasia LP](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\") in [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\").",
"### Apollon Limassol",
"On 17 July 2018, he signed a two years contract with Cypriot club [Apollon Limassol](/wiki/Apollon_Limassol \"Apollon Limassol\"), returned to Europe after two years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sigmalive.com/sports/football/cyprus/a\\-league/518844/kleinei\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\|title\\=Κλείνει Facundo Pereyra}} In his two\\-year stay with the club, he scored 14 goals in 39 matches and left it in 2020 at the end of his regular contract.",
"### Kerala Blasters FC",
"On 2 September 2020, he signed for [Indian Super league](/wiki/India \"India\") club [Kerala Blasters FC](/wiki/Kerala_Blasters \"Kerala Blasters\") and became the first [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine \"Argentine\") player to play for the club.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://khelnow.com/football/isl\\-2020\\-21\\-kerala\\-blasters\\-sign\\-facundo\\-pereyra\\-official\\|title\\=Official: Kerala Blasters sign Argentinian ace Facundo Pereyra\\|work\\=Khelnow.com\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2020}}{{cite news \\|title\\=ISL: Kerala Blasters FC signs Argentine playmaker Facundo Pereyra\\|url\\=https://thebridge.in/football/isl\\-kerala\\-blasters\\-fc\\-signs\\-argentine\\-playmaker\\-facundo\\-pereyra/ \\|date\\=5 October 2020\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2020\\|work\\=The Bridge}} He made his Blasters debut on 20 November against [ATK Mohun Bagan FC](/wiki/ATK_Mohun_Bagan_FC \"ATK Mohun Bagan FC\"), coming out as a substitute on the 86th minute.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Kerala Blasters v ATK Mohun Bagan Match Report, 20/11/20, Indian Super League {{!}} Goal.com\\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/en\\-in/match/kerala\\-blasters\\-v\\-atk\\-mohun\\-bagan/report/6xi5f7r8mynb5dx0syuf15udw\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-05\\|website\\=www.goal.com}} Pereyra found his first assist for the club in the 2–0 victory against Hyderabad FC on 27 December 2020, which was scored by [Abdul Hakku](/wiki/Abdul_Nediyodath \"Abdul Nediyodath\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=27 December 2020\\|title\\=ISL 2020\\-21 highlights, KBFC vs HFC: Hakku, Murray goals give Kerala Blasters first win, Hyderabad suffers another loss\\|url\\=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl\\-news/kbfc\\-vs\\-hfc\\-kerala\\-blasters\\-vs\\-hyderabad\\-fc\\-isl\\-live\\-score\\-streaming\\-updates/article33430792\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2021\\|website\\=SPORTSTAR}} On 10 January 2021, he provided his second assist for the club as he set up for a goal set by [Costa Nhamoinesu](/wiki/Costa_Nhamoinesu \"Costa Nhamoinesu\") in the 2–3 victory against [Jamshedpur FC](/wiki/Jamshedpur_FC \"Jamshedpur FC\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=10 January 2021\\|title\\=ISL 2020\\-21 Jamshedpur FC vs Kerala Blasters FC Highlights: 10\\-man KBFC beats JFC 3\\-2\\|url\\=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl\\-news/jfc\\-vs\\-kbfc\\-jamshedpur\\-fc\\-vs\\-kerala\\-blasters\\-fc\\-isl\\-live\\-score\\-streaming\\-updates/article33542378\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2021\\|website\\=SPORTSTAR}} On 11 June 2021, it was officially announced that Pereyra has departed from the club.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-12\\|title\\=Kerala Blasters release six overseas players ahead of new season\\|url\\=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala\\-blasters\\-release\\-six\\-foreign\\-players\\-isl/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-17\\|website\\=Khel Now\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Estudiantes (BA)",
"On 4 August 2021, Facundo Pereyra joined [Primera Nacional](/wiki/Primera_Nacional \"Primera Nacional\") club [Estudiantes (BA)](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires \"Estudiantes de Buenos Aires\") for the remainder of [2021 Primera Nacional](/wiki/2021_Primera_Nacional \"2021 Primera Nacional\") season.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-04\\|title\\=Facundo Pereyra vuelve a Estudiantes tras paso por el fútbol de India\\|url\\=https://www.eldiarioar.com/deportes/facundo\\-pereyra\\-vuelve\\-estudiantes\\-paso\\-futbol\\-india\\_1\\_8197740\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-05\\|website\\=eldiarioar\\|language\\=Spanish}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Atlanta Braves
Jones was drafted by the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") in the 24th round of the [2003 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_Draft "2003 Major League Baseball Draft") out of Wewahitchka High School in [Wewahitchka, Florida](/wiki/Wewahitchka%2C_Florida "Wewahitchka, Florida"). Entering 2007, he was rated by *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America "Baseball America")* as the number four prospect in the Braves organization. Days after leading the [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves "Richmond Braves") to the 2007 [Governors' Cup](/wiki/Governors%27_Cup "Governors' Cup") championship in the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"), Jones made his big league debut on September 16, 2007, going hitless in four [at bats](/wiki/At_bat "At bat"). On September 17, Jones collected his first major league [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"). He got his first career base [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") on September 28, a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). He returned to Richmond to play in the [Triple\-A Championship Game](/wiki/Bricktown_Showdown "Bricktown Showdown"), getting one hit in a losing effort. On June 11, 2008, he was recalled by the Braves from Richmond. Jones hit his first major league [home run](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") off [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim") [starter](/wiki/Starting_pitcher "Starting pitcher") [Ervin Santana](/wiki/Ervin_Santana "Ervin Santana") on June 14\. The Braves designated Jones for assignment on January 12, 2010, to open up a roster spot for [Eric Hinske](/wiki/Eric_Hinske "Eric Hinske").O'Brien, David. ["Braves add Hinske, human good\-luck charm."](http://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-add-hinske-human-273309.html) *The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution* 11 June 2008\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\.
### Pittsburgh Pirates
On January 19, he was claimed by the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates").Bowmanh, Mark. ["Tuesday's news: Moylan and Brandon Jones."](http://markbowman.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/01/tuesdays_news_moylan_and_brand.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124094022/http://markbowman.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/01/tuesdays\_news\_moylan\_and\_brand.html \|date\=January 24, 2010 }} Bowman's Blog. 19 January 2010\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\.
### Detroit Tigers
On August 2, 2010, Jones was traded by the Pirates to the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") for a player to be named later.Beck, Jason. ["Tigers acquire Brandon Jones from Pirates."](http://beck.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/08/tigers_acquire_brandon_jones_f.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120002604/http://beck.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/08/tigers\_acquire\_brandon\_jones\_f.html \|date\=2011\-01\-20 }} Beck's Blog. 3 August 2010\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\. He was assigned to the Double\-A [Erie SeaWolves](/wiki/Erie_SeaWolves "Erie SeaWolves").
### Milwaukee Brewers
On January 4, 2011, Jones signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers"). He played 68 games for the Double\-A [Huntsville Stars](/wiki/Huntsville_Stars "Huntsville Stars") before being released.
### Independent Leagues
Jones finished the 2011 season with the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers "Lancaster Barnstormers"). He started the 2012 season with the [Kansas City T\-Bones](/wiki/Kansas_City_T-Bones "Kansas City T-Bones") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_of_Independent_Professional_Baseball "American Association of Independent Professional Baseball"). Jones played for Kansas City in the 2013 season as well.
Jones signed with the [Sioux Falls Canaries](/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Canaries "Sioux Falls Canaries") of the American Association for the 2014 season.
Jones signed with the [York Revolution](/wiki/York_Revolution "York Revolution") for the 2015 season. Jones was later traded to the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers "Lancaster Barnstormers"), his second time with Lancaster. Jones was later traded to the [Bridgeport Bluefish](/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish "Bridgeport Bluefish"). He retired on August 6, 2015\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Atlanta Braves",
"Jones was drafted by the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") in the 24th round of the [2003 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_Draft \"2003 Major League Baseball Draft\") out of Wewahitchka High School in [Wewahitchka, Florida](/wiki/Wewahitchka%2C_Florida \"Wewahitchka, Florida\"). Entering 2007, he was rated by *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America \"Baseball America\")* as the number four prospect in the Braves organization. Days after leading the [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves \"Richmond Braves\") to the 2007 [Governors' Cup](/wiki/Governors%27_Cup \"Governors' Cup\") championship in the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"), Jones made his big league debut on September 16, 2007, going hitless in four [at bats](/wiki/At_bat \"At bat\"). On September 17, Jones collected his first major league [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\"). He got his first career base [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") on September 28, a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). He returned to Richmond to play in the [Triple\\-A Championship Game](/wiki/Bricktown_Showdown \"Bricktown Showdown\"), getting one hit in a losing effort. On June 11, 2008, he was recalled by the Braves from Richmond. Jones hit his first major league [home run](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") off [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim \"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\") [starter](/wiki/Starting_pitcher \"Starting pitcher\") [Ervin Santana](/wiki/Ervin_Santana \"Ervin Santana\") on June 14\\. The Braves designated Jones for assignment on January 12, 2010, to open up a roster spot for [Eric Hinske](/wiki/Eric_Hinske \"Eric Hinske\").O'Brien, David. [\"Braves add Hinske, human good\\-luck charm.\"](http://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-add-hinske-human-273309.html) *The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution* 11 June 2008\\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\\.",
"### Pittsburgh Pirates",
"On January 19, he was claimed by the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\").Bowmanh, Mark. [\"Tuesday's news: Moylan and Brandon Jones.\"](http://markbowman.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/01/tuesdays_news_moylan_and_brand.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124094022/http://markbowman.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/01/tuesdays\\_news\\_moylan\\_and\\_brand.html \\|date\\=January 24, 2010 }} Bowman's Blog. 19 January 2010\\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\\.",
"### Detroit Tigers",
"On August 2, 2010, Jones was traded by the Pirates to the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") for a player to be named later.Beck, Jason. [\"Tigers acquire Brandon Jones from Pirates.\"](http://beck.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/08/tigers_acquire_brandon_jones_f.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120002604/http://beck.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/08/tigers\\_acquire\\_brandon\\_jones\\_f.html \\|date\\=2011\\-01\\-20 }} Beck's Blog. 3 August 2010\\. Retrieved on 5 February 2011\\. He was assigned to the Double\\-A [Erie SeaWolves](/wiki/Erie_SeaWolves \"Erie SeaWolves\").",
"### Milwaukee Brewers",
"On January 4, 2011, Jones signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\"). He played 68 games for the Double\\-A [Huntsville Stars](/wiki/Huntsville_Stars \"Huntsville Stars\") before being released.",
"### Independent Leagues",
"Jones finished the 2011 season with the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers \"Lancaster Barnstormers\"). He started the 2012 season with the [Kansas City T\\-Bones](/wiki/Kansas_City_T-Bones \"Kansas City T-Bones\") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_of_Independent_Professional_Baseball \"American Association of Independent Professional Baseball\"). Jones played for Kansas City in the 2013 season as well.",
"Jones signed with the [Sioux Falls Canaries](/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Canaries \"Sioux Falls Canaries\") of the American Association for the 2014 season.",
"Jones signed with the [York Revolution](/wiki/York_Revolution \"York Revolution\") for the 2015 season. Jones was later traded to the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers \"Lancaster Barnstormers\"), his second time with Lancaster. Jones was later traded to the [Bridgeport Bluefish](/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish \"Bridgeport Bluefish\"). He retired on August 6, 2015\\.",
""
] |
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