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Professional career
-------------------
He began his professional career, in the Middleweight division, on January 30, 1977, knocking out [Franklin Suzarra](/wiki/Franklin_Suzarra "Franklin Suzarra") in the first round at [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela "Caracas, Venezuela"). After another win over Suzarra, he embarked on a tour of [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and southern [California](/wiki/California "California"), having six consecutive fights in those areas from October 1977 to April 1978\. In his first fight abroad as a professional, held at [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City"), he worked for nine rounds in only his third professional bout before knocking out [Jesus Garcia Ortiz](/wiki/Jesus_Garcia_Ortiz "Jesus Garcia Ortiz"). His second to last fight of that tour was against [Abel Cordoba](/wiki/Abel_Cordoba "Abel Cordoba"), whom he beat by a ten\-round decision in [Tuxtla Gutierrez](/wiki/Tuxtla_Gutierrez "Tuxtla Gutierrez") on February 27\. His last fight on that tour, against [Rudy Robles](/wiki/Rudy_Robles "Rudy Robles") in [Tijuana](/wiki/Tijuana "Tijuana") on April 3, marked the beginning of a seventeen fight knockout win streak. He knocked out Robles in four rounds.
After the fight with Robles, Obelmejias had six consecutive fights in his native [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), including a win over [Johnny Heard](/wiki/Johnny_Heard "Johnny Heard"). He then returned to Mexico, to fight for the Fecarbox Middleweight title against [Carlos Marks](/wiki/Carlos_Marks "Carlos Marks") on December 17 in [Culiacán](/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n "Culiacán"). He won the regional title, as well as a top ten ranking at the Middleweight division by the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council"), by knocking Marks out in nine rounds.
Obelmejias kept winning fights by [knockouts](/wiki/Knockout "Knockout"), and, on March 3 of 1980, he got one of the biggest wins of his career, when he beat former WBC world Jr. Middleweight champion [Elisha Obed](/wiki/Elisha_Obed "Elisha Obed") in three rounds at Caracas.
After eight more wins, all by knockout, Obelmejias was made the number one contender for the world Middleweight title by the WBC.
When his first chance to become a world champion arrived, on January 17 of 1981, many Venezuelans had faith that he would become world champion; his record at the time (30\-0 with 28 knockouts) impressed many boxing fans. However, Obelmejias lost for the first time, being handed an eighth\-round knockout loss by then world champion [Marvin Hagler](/wiki/Marvin_Hagler "Marvin Hagler") in an [HBO Boxing](/wiki/HBO_Boxing "HBO Boxing") [televised](/wiki/Television "Television") fight that took place at the famed [Boston Garden](/wiki/Boston_Garden "Boston Garden"), home of the [NBA](/wiki/NBA "NBA") [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball")'s [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics").
Obelmejias won eight fights in a row, all by knockout, before being given a rematch by Hagler. Among those beaten during that new streak were former world Jr. Middleweight champion [Eddie Gazo](/wiki/Eddie_Gazo "Eddie Gazo"), beaten in two rounds in Caracas, future world champion [Chong\-Pal Park](/wiki/Chong-Pal_Park "Chong-Pal Park"), knocked out in eight rounds, also in Caracas, and [Alfredo Escalera](/wiki/Alfredo_Escalera "Alfredo Escalera")'s cousin, [Reyes Escalera](/wiki/Reyes_Escalera "Reyes Escalera"), also beaten in two rounds, in [Barquisimeto](/wiki/Barquisimeto "Barquisimeto").
On October 30 of 1982, he and Hagler had a rematch which was, once again, shown in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") by [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO"). The second time around, Hagler defeated Obelmejias by a knockout in five rounds at [Sanremo, Italy](/wiki/Sanremo%2C_Italy "Sanremo, Italy"). Both Hagler and Obelmejias fell in love with [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") and the country's culture. Obelmejias established himself there immediately after the rematch with Hagler. Hagler moved to Italy as soon as he lost the world Middleweight title to [Sugar Ray Leonard](/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard "Sugar Ray Leonard") in 1987\.
After his rematch with Hagler, Obelmejias won nine straight bouts before being upset, on July 27 of 1985, by [Clarence Osby](/wiki/Clarence_Osby "Clarence Osby"). Amongst the quality fighters that he defeated during that nine fight winning streak were [Jeff Lampkin](/wiki/Jeff_Lampkin "Jeff Lampkin"), beaten by an eight\-round decision, [Jerry Celestine](/wiki/Jerry_Celestine "Jerry Celestine"), also beaten over eight rounds, and [Eric Winbush](/wiki/Eric_Winbush "Eric Winbush"), who was beaten in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo "Monte Carlo") by another eight\-round decision.
Then, on May 30 of 1986, he became the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") Light\-Heavyweight champion, when he outpointed [Tomas Polo Ruiz](/wiki/Tomas_Polo_Ruiz "Tomas Polo Ruiz") over ten rounds at [Isla Margarita](/wiki/Isla_Margarita "Isla Margarita").
He lost the title in his first defense, when he was knocked out by future world champion [Leslie Stewart](/wiki/Leslie_Stewart "Leslie Stewart") in four rounds, at [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago") on November 15 of 1986\.
After one more win, he was given a third try at becoming a world champion, when the Lineal and [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") Super Middleweight champion, Obelmejias' former rival, [Chong\-Pal Park](/wiki/Chong_Pal_Park "Chong Pal Park"), offered him a shot.
The third time proved to be the charm for Obelmejias, when he beat Park by a twelve\-round decision on May 23, 1988 at [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"). With that win, Obelmejias had fulfilled his lifelong dream; as well as the dream of his fans' of becoming a world champion.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/supermid.htm\|title\=Fulgencio Obelmejias \- Lineal Super Middleweight Champion\|publisher\=The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia}}
His stint as world champion did not last long, however, and he lost the title during his first defense, 370 days after winning it, being knocked out in eleven rounds by [In\-Chul Baek](/wiki/In-Chul_Baek "In-Chul Baek"), also in South Korea.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"He began his professional career, in the Middleweight division, on January 30, 1977, knocking out [Franklin Suzarra](/wiki/Franklin_Suzarra \"Franklin Suzarra\") in the first round at [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela \"Caracas, Venezuela\"). After another win over Suzarra, he embarked on a tour of [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") and southern [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), having six consecutive fights in those areas from October 1977 to April 1978\\. In his first fight abroad as a professional, held at [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"), he worked for nine rounds in only his third professional bout before knocking out [Jesus Garcia Ortiz](/wiki/Jesus_Garcia_Ortiz \"Jesus Garcia Ortiz\"). His second to last fight of that tour was against [Abel Cordoba](/wiki/Abel_Cordoba \"Abel Cordoba\"), whom he beat by a ten\\-round decision in [Tuxtla Gutierrez](/wiki/Tuxtla_Gutierrez \"Tuxtla Gutierrez\") on February 27\\. His last fight on that tour, against [Rudy Robles](/wiki/Rudy_Robles \"Rudy Robles\") in [Tijuana](/wiki/Tijuana \"Tijuana\") on April 3, marked the beginning of a seventeen fight knockout win streak. He knocked out Robles in four rounds.",
"After the fight with Robles, Obelmejias had six consecutive fights in his native [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\"), including a win over [Johnny Heard](/wiki/Johnny_Heard \"Johnny Heard\"). He then returned to Mexico, to fight for the Fecarbox Middleweight title against [Carlos Marks](/wiki/Carlos_Marks \"Carlos Marks\") on December 17 in [Culiacán](/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n \"Culiacán\"). He won the regional title, as well as a top ten ranking at the Middleweight division by the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\"), by knocking Marks out in nine rounds.",
"Obelmejias kept winning fights by [knockouts](/wiki/Knockout \"Knockout\"), and, on March 3 of 1980, he got one of the biggest wins of his career, when he beat former WBC world Jr. Middleweight champion [Elisha Obed](/wiki/Elisha_Obed \"Elisha Obed\") in three rounds at Caracas.",
"After eight more wins, all by knockout, Obelmejias was made the number one contender for the world Middleweight title by the WBC.",
"When his first chance to become a world champion arrived, on January 17 of 1981, many Venezuelans had faith that he would become world champion; his record at the time (30\\-0 with 28 knockouts) impressed many boxing fans. However, Obelmejias lost for the first time, being handed an eighth\\-round knockout loss by then world champion [Marvin Hagler](/wiki/Marvin_Hagler \"Marvin Hagler\") in an [HBO Boxing](/wiki/HBO_Boxing \"HBO Boxing\") [televised](/wiki/Television \"Television\") fight that took place at the famed [Boston Garden](/wiki/Boston_Garden \"Boston Garden\"), home of the [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\") [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\")'s [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\").",
"Obelmejias won eight fights in a row, all by knockout, before being given a rematch by Hagler. Among those beaten during that new streak were former world Jr. Middleweight champion [Eddie Gazo](/wiki/Eddie_Gazo \"Eddie Gazo\"), beaten in two rounds in Caracas, future world champion [Chong\\-Pal Park](/wiki/Chong-Pal_Park \"Chong-Pal Park\"), knocked out in eight rounds, also in Caracas, and [Alfredo Escalera](/wiki/Alfredo_Escalera \"Alfredo Escalera\")'s cousin, [Reyes Escalera](/wiki/Reyes_Escalera \"Reyes Escalera\"), also beaten in two rounds, in [Barquisimeto](/wiki/Barquisimeto \"Barquisimeto\").",
"On October 30 of 1982, he and Hagler had a rematch which was, once again, shown in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") by [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\"). The second time around, Hagler defeated Obelmejias by a knockout in five rounds at [Sanremo, Italy](/wiki/Sanremo%2C_Italy \"Sanremo, Italy\"). Both Hagler and Obelmejias fell in love with [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") and the country's culture. Obelmejias established himself there immediately after the rematch with Hagler. Hagler moved to Italy as soon as he lost the world Middleweight title to [Sugar Ray Leonard](/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard \"Sugar Ray Leonard\") in 1987\\.",
"After his rematch with Hagler, Obelmejias won nine straight bouts before being upset, on July 27 of 1985, by [Clarence Osby](/wiki/Clarence_Osby \"Clarence Osby\"). Amongst the quality fighters that he defeated during that nine fight winning streak were [Jeff Lampkin](/wiki/Jeff_Lampkin \"Jeff Lampkin\"), beaten by an eight\\-round decision, [Jerry Celestine](/wiki/Jerry_Celestine \"Jerry Celestine\"), also beaten over eight rounds, and [Eric Winbush](/wiki/Eric_Winbush \"Eric Winbush\"), who was beaten in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo \"Monte Carlo\") by another eight\\-round decision.",
"Then, on May 30 of 1986, he became the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") Light\\-Heavyweight champion, when he outpointed [Tomas Polo Ruiz](/wiki/Tomas_Polo_Ruiz \"Tomas Polo Ruiz\") over ten rounds at [Isla Margarita](/wiki/Isla_Margarita \"Isla Margarita\").",
"He lost the title in his first defense, when he was knocked out by future world champion [Leslie Stewart](/wiki/Leslie_Stewart \"Leslie Stewart\") in four rounds, at [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\") on November 15 of 1986\\.",
"After one more win, he was given a third try at becoming a world champion, when the Lineal and [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") Super Middleweight champion, Obelmejias' former rival, [Chong\\-Pal Park](/wiki/Chong_Pal_Park \"Chong Pal Park\"), offered him a shot.",
"The third time proved to be the charm for Obelmejias, when he beat Park by a twelve\\-round decision on May 23, 1988 at [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"). With that win, Obelmejias had fulfilled his lifelong dream; as well as the dream of his fans' of becoming a world champion.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/supermid.htm\\|title\\=Fulgencio Obelmejias \\- Lineal Super Middleweight Champion\\|publisher\\=The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia}}",
"His stint as world champion did not last long, however, and he lost the title during his first defense, 370 days after winning it, being knocked out in eleven rounds by [In\\-Chul Baek](/wiki/In-Chul_Baek \"In-Chul Baek\"), also in South Korea.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film is set in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") ([Republic of Florence](/wiki/Republic_of_Florence "Republic of Florence")) during the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death"). As in the *Decameron*, ten young [Florentines](/wiki/Florence "Florence") take refuge from the plague. But instead of telling stories, they have lusty adventures, bawdy exchanges, romance and swordplay. There are randy nuns, [Saracen](/wiki/Saracen "Saracen") pirates, and a sexy cow.
Pampinea is the daughter of a wealthy merchant who has died moments before the start of the movie. Lorenzo is a young man in town who is exceptionally good at gambling and is charmed by her beauty. Gerbino De Ratta is the head of the local thugs who robs anyone or steals anything that he sees stealable. Count Dzerzhinsky, from the city of [Novgorod](/wiki/Novgorod "Novgorod") in [Novgorod Republic](/wiki/Novgorod_Republic "Novgorod Republic") now in modern [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), is Pampinea's fiancé who she has never met. Their fate intertwines after Pampinea's father died and Gerbino robs Pampinea of her fortune, saying her father was in debt. The only way for the merchant's daughter to save her life was to marry him, according to Gerbino himself.
Lorenzo was being chased by Gerbino after he bested him at a gambling table, then took refuge in a convent by posing as a "[deaf and dumb](/wiki/Deaf-mute "Deaf-mute")" gardener. At this convent, he has sex with all of the horny nuns, but only until Pampinea's arrival. Pampinea—trying to escape from Gerbino's grasp—ran to the convent for shelter. There she witnesses Lorenzo, whom she'd long had feelings for, having sex with the nuns and get jealous. She blindfolds Lorenzo and kisses him passionately out of love. But then, out of jealousy, she informs the convent's abbess of his deception, that he is actually neither deaf nor dumb.
The Count arrives in Florence only to be ambushed by Gerbino's men. All of his companions are killed, but he survives. Receiving a message from Pampinea's servant, Count Dzerzhinsky rides to Pampinea's father's mansion for the wedding, for he has been promised her hand in marriage. On the way, the young Count meets a [skinny dipping](/wiki/Skinny_dipping "Skinny dipping") Elissa—Pampinea's best friend, who is on her way to attend the wedding—and the two subsequently fall in love. The Count is led to believe Elissa is Pampinea.
Chased out of the convent, Lorenzo follows Pampinea to her father's mansion. There he confesses to her that he's fallen in love with the nun who kissed him while blindfolded, the woman whose face he never got to see. Later, Gerbino and his men arrive at the mansion and imprison Lorenzo. Pampinea agrees to marry Gerbino right that day to save Lorenzo, and thus Lorenzo is banished to the woods. There he meets Dzerzhinsky who is on his way to the mansion to be married to 'Pampinea' (actually Elissa) and the two team up to take out Gerbino's men. Gerbino himself dies falling into a large deep well inside the mansion.
Pampinea, in love with Lorenzo, refuses to marry Count Dzerzhinsky, only to realise moments later that the Count himself is actually in love with Elissa who has been posing as her. She happily then runs after Lorenzo and kisses him. Lorenzo realises that she is in fact the nun he's in love with and they hold their wedding that very day, with all of their friends attending.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film is set in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") ([Republic of Florence](/wiki/Republic_of_Florence \"Republic of Florence\")) during the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\"). As in the *Decameron*, ten young [Florentines](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") take refuge from the plague. But instead of telling stories, they have lusty adventures, bawdy exchanges, romance and swordplay. There are randy nuns, [Saracen](/wiki/Saracen \"Saracen\") pirates, and a sexy cow.",
"Pampinea is the daughter of a wealthy merchant who has died moments before the start of the movie. Lorenzo is a young man in town who is exceptionally good at gambling and is charmed by her beauty. Gerbino De Ratta is the head of the local thugs who robs anyone or steals anything that he sees stealable. Count Dzerzhinsky, from the city of [Novgorod](/wiki/Novgorod \"Novgorod\") in [Novgorod Republic](/wiki/Novgorod_Republic \"Novgorod Republic\") now in modern [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), is Pampinea's fiancé who she has never met. Their fate intertwines after Pampinea's father died and Gerbino robs Pampinea of her fortune, saying her father was in debt. The only way for the merchant's daughter to save her life was to marry him, according to Gerbino himself.",
"Lorenzo was being chased by Gerbino after he bested him at a gambling table, then took refuge in a convent by posing as a \"[deaf and dumb](/wiki/Deaf-mute \"Deaf-mute\")\" gardener. At this convent, he has sex with all of the horny nuns, but only until Pampinea's arrival. Pampinea—trying to escape from Gerbino's grasp—ran to the convent for shelter. There she witnesses Lorenzo, whom she'd long had feelings for, having sex with the nuns and get jealous. She blindfolds Lorenzo and kisses him passionately out of love. But then, out of jealousy, she informs the convent's abbess of his deception, that he is actually neither deaf nor dumb.",
"The Count arrives in Florence only to be ambushed by Gerbino's men. All of his companions are killed, but he survives. Receiving a message from Pampinea's servant, Count Dzerzhinsky rides to Pampinea's father's mansion for the wedding, for he has been promised her hand in marriage. On the way, the young Count meets a [skinny dipping](/wiki/Skinny_dipping \"Skinny dipping\") Elissa—Pampinea's best friend, who is on her way to attend the wedding—and the two subsequently fall in love. The Count is led to believe Elissa is Pampinea.",
"Chased out of the convent, Lorenzo follows Pampinea to her father's mansion. There he confesses to her that he's fallen in love with the nun who kissed him while blindfolded, the woman whose face he never got to see. Later, Gerbino and his men arrive at the mansion and imprison Lorenzo. Pampinea agrees to marry Gerbino right that day to save Lorenzo, and thus Lorenzo is banished to the woods. There he meets Dzerzhinsky who is on his way to the mansion to be married to 'Pampinea' (actually Elissa) and the two team up to take out Gerbino's men. Gerbino himself dies falling into a large deep well inside the mansion.",
"Pampinea, in love with Lorenzo, refuses to marry Count Dzerzhinsky, only to realise moments later that the Count himself is actually in love with Elissa who has been posing as her. She happily then runs after Lorenzo and kisses him. Lorenzo realises that she is in fact the nun he's in love with and they hold their wedding that very day, with all of their friends attending.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1856 New South Wales was a granted [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government "Responsible government"). This important step in self government brought with it a number of new portfolios requiring new office space as well as a greater need for the departmental head and his staff to be located in approximately the same space. At this time the several departments were located in a number of buildings some hired and some still housed in the domestic buildings constructed in the earliest days of the colony.
During the later years of the nineteenth century, while some former responsibilities were removed from the authority of the Colonial Secretary, it remained a pre\-eminently prestigious and important political position. The [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales "Premier of New South Wales") and the Colonial Secretary were usually one or, in coalition governments where the Premier chose another portfolio, such as Lands, the post of Colonial Secretary usually was held by the head of the coalition party.
It was against this high\-profile role of the Colonial Secretary as well as the expansion of that and several other departments and the escalating costs of rental properties such as those in Phillip and Young Streets and that the construction proposal and plans were formed for the new building for the [Chief Secretary](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_New_South_Wales "Chief Secretary of New South Wales"). The site of the building was highly symbolic of the elevation in status of the office. Further up Bridge Street, it formed a significant element of the most important political and administrative offices. In close proximity to [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Sydney "Government House, Sydney"), the gates to that residence being across the road, it was in close to [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Sydney "Parliament House, Sydney") and overlooked the [Treasury Building](/wiki/Treasury_Building%2C_Sydney "Treasury Building, Sydney"). Its position halfway between [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales "Parliament of New South Wales") and Government House, was both practical and illustrative of the respective relationships of those offices.
### From 1860s to 1890s
[left\|thumb\|The half completed building in 1868](/wiki/File:Colonial_Secretary%27s_and_Public_Works_Office._Sydney_NSW_%288721332527%29.jpg "Colonial Secretary's and Public Works Office. Sydney NSW (8721332527).jpg")
By 1869 sufficient finance had been raised to construct a new and worthy building for the office of the Chief Secretary of the colony as well as providing offices for the Works Department. James Barnet, the Colonial Architect, designed an impressive multi\-storied building to occupy the six lots in an L\-shaped portion of the block fronting bridge Street in the period. The drawings were prepared in the period of July 1869 to mid 1870\. For this work Barnet was paid nineteen pounds and ten shillings.
The first tender for the work, excavation and masonry, was let in 1873 to the McCredie Brothers. However, by mid 1874, only a little over {{Australian pound\|3,000}} had been spent out of an estimated {{Australian pound\|60,000}} expenditure. By mid\-1875 over {{Australian pound\|15,500}} had been spent on the new building. By this time tenders had been let for marble and timber floors. By mid 1876 the expenditure on the building had risen to {{Australian pound\|33,128}} and by mid\-1877 to {{Australian pound\|52,424}}. By 1878 it was obvious that the building was going to considerably exceed the original estimates for its construction costs. By June of that year over {{Australian pound\|76,000}} had been spent, {{Australian pound\|16,000}} above the original estimate. This figure did not encompass the thirty\-five thousand pounds it was estimated would be required for the finishing trades.
The last works on the buildings included the commissioning and erection of statues by Giovanni Fontana and the completion of the finishing trades. In 1880 it was reported that work on the Colonial Secretary's Building was completed at a final cost of {{Australian pound\|81,558\|19\|1}} It was noted, though, that the finishing trades were still ongoing at that time, having spent over 42,620 pounds upon them. These works were completed the following year. As early as 1882 alterations, their extant and nature unknown, were carried out in the building to a cost of {{Australian pound\|992}}. It is clear that, as the various officials and their departments took possession of their new quarters, a period of settling in and adjustment was required for the building. More alterations were required in 1883 at a cost of {{Australian pound\|11,037}} and in 1884 for {{Australian pound\|760}}. From 1885 to 1888 repairs of apparently a minor nature were required.
[left\|thumb\|Construction of the dome in 1879](/wiki/File:Chief_Secretarys_Building%2C_Sydney_%283793507471%29.jpg "Chief Secretarys Building, Sydney (3793507471).jpg")
The modifications made to the building in the first years of its existence suggest that the original plan was not comprehensive in addressing the needs of the various departments that were to occupy it. By the end of the 1880s space within the building was at a premium. Several of the occupants complained to the effect that, despite the construction of the building, they were in little better situation than had been the case prior to its existence. The Commissioner for Roads complained that he was inconvenience having so many officers so far away. The Engineer\-in\-Chief for the Harbours and River complained that he had insufficient office accommodation and the Acting Engineer\-in\-Chief for Railways complained that he lost time because his staff were so widely distributed in various offices. The only option was to extend the ten\-year\-old building.
In November 1889 the Acting Engineer\-in\-Chief prepared a sketch of a proposed extension to the existing Chief Secretary's Building. It encompassed a building of six storeys fronting Phillip Street to {{convert\|60\|ft\|m\|0\|order\=flip}} with a depth of {{convert\|102\|ft\|m\|0\|order\=flip}} and a lane at the back. The building was designed to house the Railway Commissioners and the clerical staff of the public Works Department on the ground and first floors. The principal consideration for the new building was economy. The Acting Engineer\-in\-Chief pointed out that the work was to be done quickly, the tenders let as soon as possible and the project to be kept under {{Australian pound\|20,000}}. By February 1890 an estimate of just over {{Australian pound\|18,000}} had been prepared for the work. Tenders were called in March of the same year for the resumption of the [terrace houses](/wiki/Terrace_house "Terrace house") and yards that occupied the site of the proposed extension to the building. The tender for what became known as the first contract, the six storey building, was let in April 1890\. By mid\-1890 the expenditure on the new building amounted to {{Australian pound\|15,603}} while alterations and repairs in the existing structure came to over {{Australian pound\|877}}. In July 1890, while work continued on the first extension to the Chief Secretary's Building, approval was given for the construction of an extension to this only partially constructed building.
### From 1890s to 1990s
This extension was considered necessary largely because of the needs of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/NSW_Public_Works "NSW Public Works"). The new building generally was designed to house that department and would free the Board room of the office which was then occupied by the Public Works Committee. The extensions comprised a new range that was to connect to the southern line of the new building having a frontage of {{convert\|43\|ft\|m\|0\|order\=flip}} to Phillip Street and an eastern extension to the lane of {{convert\|32\|x\|20\|ft\|m\|0\|order\=flip}}. The cost of this new work was estimated to be {{Australian pound\|14,136}} and it involved the resumption and demolition of more terraces along Phillip Street. The tender for the second contract was let in September 1890\. A further modification to the work was the decision to link the new (and extended) building to the existing building by means of a more substantial link than the originally designed iron footbridges. Eventually it would be a five\-storey addition. By mid\-1891 the land required to be resumed for the new work had been bought at a cost of {{Australian pound\|25,725}} and expenditure on the additions under construction amounted to {{Australian pound\|14,869}}. As well, over {{Australian pound\|1,000}} had been spent on alterations and repairs in the existing building. Despite this massive outlay consideration was given to yet a third extension to the south of the new wing or, more precisely, what measures could be taken to avoid this additional project. This was investigated by Vernon because even with the additional work the Public Works Department could not be accommodated in the building.
To avoid a costly solution, Vernon proposed raising the height of the existing building to create virtually two new floors. Vernon was concerned that the vertical addition to the building would imbalance it in relation to the Bridge Street elevation. Vernon estimated would cost approximately {{Australian pound\|12,000}} although savings were to be made by substituting a less expensive timber and slate roof for the concrete dome roof than in the contract. Fallick and Murgatroyd were contracted to carry out the new stage of work. By mid\-1892 {{Australian pound\|45,097}} had been spent on the various works which were finally completed in 1893 for a total cost of {{Australian pound\|54,926\|2\|9}}. Fire had always been a constant worry and therefore an extensive Mansard roof and central dome was added providing additional accommodation and adding to the architectural completeness of the building.
For the few final years of the nineteenth century and for most of the following twentieth century work within the Chief Secretary's Building was confined to altering and adding as the need arose. There were no planned programs of extension or renovation. The interiors of the building began to reflect this ad hoc approach to office accommodation which in turn illustrate the changing roles of the various departments housed within the building. Minor alterations, particularly the provision of ladies lavatories, demonstrate a changing pattern with the workforce that serviced the departments. The period of the 1920s was the most active in terms of work carried out on the building. Plans were prepared for a private stair for the Minister for Health in 1920, for a roof over the bridge connecting the old and new buildings in 1924, extensions to the ladies room on the ground floor in 1927 as well as several other minor conversions and alterations. After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") improvements were made to the building to bring it in line with modern standards and requirements. The construction of [the State Office Block](/wiki/State_Office_Block_%28Sydney%29 "State Office Block (Sydney)") in the 1960s and the subsequent relocation of the Public Works Departments there allowed the Chief Secretary's Building to be renovated and re\-used for several new purposes.
Through the later 1960s and to 1971 the Chief Secretary's Building underwent major changes to accommodate new occupants principally the Divorce Courts, including accommodation for judges, the Opera House Trust, the Commissioner for Western Lands and the Valuer General's Department. By the 1980s the value of the building had come to be appreciated as a significant item of the city's environmental and historic landscape. To this end, as a bicentennial project, a million dollar project was set in motion to restore the stonework of the building. This work was completed in 1990 at a cost of approximately A$2 million.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:26
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1856 New South Wales was a granted [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government \"Responsible government\"). This important step in self government brought with it a number of new portfolios requiring new office space as well as a greater need for the departmental head and his staff to be located in approximately the same space. At this time the several departments were located in a number of buildings some hired and some still housed in the domestic buildings constructed in the earliest days of the colony.",
"During the later years of the nineteenth century, while some former responsibilities were removed from the authority of the Colonial Secretary, it remained a pre\\-eminently prestigious and important political position. The [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales \"Premier of New South Wales\") and the Colonial Secretary were usually one or, in coalition governments where the Premier chose another portfolio, such as Lands, the post of Colonial Secretary usually was held by the head of the coalition party.",
"It was against this high\\-profile role of the Colonial Secretary as well as the expansion of that and several other departments and the escalating costs of rental properties such as those in Phillip and Young Streets and that the construction proposal and plans were formed for the new building for the [Chief Secretary](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_New_South_Wales \"Chief Secretary of New South Wales\"). The site of the building was highly symbolic of the elevation in status of the office. Further up Bridge Street, it formed a significant element of the most important political and administrative offices. In close proximity to [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Sydney \"Government House, Sydney\"), the gates to that residence being across the road, it was in close to [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Sydney \"Parliament House, Sydney\") and overlooked the [Treasury Building](/wiki/Treasury_Building%2C_Sydney \"Treasury Building, Sydney\"). Its position halfway between [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales \"Parliament of New South Wales\") and Government House, was both practical and illustrative of the respective relationships of those offices.",
"### From 1860s to 1890s",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The half completed building in 1868](/wiki/File:Colonial_Secretary%27s_and_Public_Works_Office._Sydney_NSW_%288721332527%29.jpg \"Colonial Secretary's and Public Works Office. Sydney NSW (8721332527).jpg\")\nBy 1869 sufficient finance had been raised to construct a new and worthy building for the office of the Chief Secretary of the colony as well as providing offices for the Works Department. James Barnet, the Colonial Architect, designed an impressive multi\\-storied building to occupy the six lots in an L\\-shaped portion of the block fronting bridge Street in the period. The drawings were prepared in the period of July 1869 to mid 1870\\. For this work Barnet was paid nineteen pounds and ten shillings.",
"The first tender for the work, excavation and masonry, was let in 1873 to the McCredie Brothers. However, by mid 1874, only a little over {{Australian pound\\|3,000}} had been spent out of an estimated {{Australian pound\\|60,000}} expenditure. By mid\\-1875 over {{Australian pound\\|15,500}} had been spent on the new building. By this time tenders had been let for marble and timber floors. By mid 1876 the expenditure on the building had risen to {{Australian pound\\|33,128}} and by mid\\-1877 to {{Australian pound\\|52,424}}. By 1878 it was obvious that the building was going to considerably exceed the original estimates for its construction costs. By June of that year over {{Australian pound\\|76,000}} had been spent, {{Australian pound\\|16,000}} above the original estimate. This figure did not encompass the thirty\\-five thousand pounds it was estimated would be required for the finishing trades.",
"The last works on the buildings included the commissioning and erection of statues by Giovanni Fontana and the completion of the finishing trades. In 1880 it was reported that work on the Colonial Secretary's Building was completed at a final cost of {{Australian pound\\|81,558\\|19\\|1}} It was noted, though, that the finishing trades were still ongoing at that time, having spent over 42,620 pounds upon them. These works were completed the following year. As early as 1882 alterations, their extant and nature unknown, were carried out in the building to a cost of {{Australian pound\\|992}}. It is clear that, as the various officials and their departments took possession of their new quarters, a period of settling in and adjustment was required for the building. More alterations were required in 1883 at a cost of {{Australian pound\\|11,037}} and in 1884 for {{Australian pound\\|760}}. From 1885 to 1888 repairs of apparently a minor nature were required.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Construction of the dome in 1879](/wiki/File:Chief_Secretarys_Building%2C_Sydney_%283793507471%29.jpg \"Chief Secretarys Building, Sydney (3793507471).jpg\")\nThe modifications made to the building in the first years of its existence suggest that the original plan was not comprehensive in addressing the needs of the various departments that were to occupy it. By the end of the 1880s space within the building was at a premium. Several of the occupants complained to the effect that, despite the construction of the building, they were in little better situation than had been the case prior to its existence. The Commissioner for Roads complained that he was inconvenience having so many officers so far away. The Engineer\\-in\\-Chief for the Harbours and River complained that he had insufficient office accommodation and the Acting Engineer\\-in\\-Chief for Railways complained that he lost time because his staff were so widely distributed in various offices. The only option was to extend the ten\\-year\\-old building.",
"In November 1889 the Acting Engineer\\-in\\-Chief prepared a sketch of a proposed extension to the existing Chief Secretary's Building. It encompassed a building of six storeys fronting Phillip Street to {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|order\\=flip}} with a depth of {{convert\\|102\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|order\\=flip}} and a lane at the back. The building was designed to house the Railway Commissioners and the clerical staff of the public Works Department on the ground and first floors. The principal consideration for the new building was economy. The Acting Engineer\\-in\\-Chief pointed out that the work was to be done quickly, the tenders let as soon as possible and the project to be kept under {{Australian pound\\|20,000}}. By February 1890 an estimate of just over {{Australian pound\\|18,000}} had been prepared for the work. Tenders were called in March of the same year for the resumption of the [terrace houses](/wiki/Terrace_house \"Terrace house\") and yards that occupied the site of the proposed extension to the building. The tender for what became known as the first contract, the six storey building, was let in April 1890\\. By mid\\-1890 the expenditure on the new building amounted to {{Australian pound\\|15,603}} while alterations and repairs in the existing structure came to over {{Australian pound\\|877}}. In July 1890, while work continued on the first extension to the Chief Secretary's Building, approval was given for the construction of an extension to this only partially constructed building.",
"### From 1890s to 1990s",
"This extension was considered necessary largely because of the needs of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/NSW_Public_Works \"NSW Public Works\"). The new building generally was designed to house that department and would free the Board room of the office which was then occupied by the Public Works Committee. The extensions comprised a new range that was to connect to the southern line of the new building having a frontage of {{convert\\|43\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|order\\=flip}} to Phillip Street and an eastern extension to the lane of {{convert\\|32\\|x\\|20\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|order\\=flip}}. The cost of this new work was estimated to be {{Australian pound\\|14,136}} and it involved the resumption and demolition of more terraces along Phillip Street. The tender for the second contract was let in September 1890\\. A further modification to the work was the decision to link the new (and extended) building to the existing building by means of a more substantial link than the originally designed iron footbridges. Eventually it would be a five\\-storey addition. By mid\\-1891 the land required to be resumed for the new work had been bought at a cost of {{Australian pound\\|25,725}} and expenditure on the additions under construction amounted to {{Australian pound\\|14,869}}. As well, over {{Australian pound\\|1,000}} had been spent on alterations and repairs in the existing building. Despite this massive outlay consideration was given to yet a third extension to the south of the new wing or, more precisely, what measures could be taken to avoid this additional project. This was investigated by Vernon because even with the additional work the Public Works Department could not be accommodated in the building.",
"To avoid a costly solution, Vernon proposed raising the height of the existing building to create virtually two new floors. Vernon was concerned that the vertical addition to the building would imbalance it in relation to the Bridge Street elevation. Vernon estimated would cost approximately {{Australian pound\\|12,000}} although savings were to be made by substituting a less expensive timber and slate roof for the concrete dome roof than in the contract. Fallick and Murgatroyd were contracted to carry out the new stage of work. By mid\\-1892 {{Australian pound\\|45,097}} had been spent on the various works which were finally completed in 1893 for a total cost of {{Australian pound\\|54,926\\|2\\|9}}. Fire had always been a constant worry and therefore an extensive Mansard roof and central dome was added providing additional accommodation and adding to the architectural completeness of the building.",
"For the few final years of the nineteenth century and for most of the following twentieth century work within the Chief Secretary's Building was confined to altering and adding as the need arose. There were no planned programs of extension or renovation. The interiors of the building began to reflect this ad hoc approach to office accommodation which in turn illustrate the changing roles of the various departments housed within the building. Minor alterations, particularly the provision of ladies lavatories, demonstrate a changing pattern with the workforce that serviced the departments. The period of the 1920s was the most active in terms of work carried out on the building. Plans were prepared for a private stair for the Minister for Health in 1920, for a roof over the bridge connecting the old and new buildings in 1924, extensions to the ladies room on the ground floor in 1927 as well as several other minor conversions and alterations. After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") improvements were made to the building to bring it in line with modern standards and requirements. The construction of [the State Office Block](/wiki/State_Office_Block_%28Sydney%29 \"State Office Block (Sydney)\") in the 1960s and the subsequent relocation of the Public Works Departments there allowed the Chief Secretary's Building to be renovated and re\\-used for several new purposes.",
"Through the later 1960s and to 1971 the Chief Secretary's Building underwent major changes to accommodate new occupants principally the Divorce Courts, including accommodation for judges, the Opera House Trust, the Commissioner for Western Lands and the Valuer General's Department. By the 1980s the value of the building had come to be appreciated as a significant item of the city's environmental and historic landscape. To this end, as a bicentennial project, a million dollar project was set in motion to restore the stonework of the building. This work was completed in 1990 at a cost of approximately A$2 million.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:26",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[thumb\|The building as viewed from Macquarie Street](/wiki/File:Colonial_Secretary%27s_Building%2C_Macquarie_Street%2C_Sydney.jpg "Colonial Secretary's Building, Macquarie Street, Sydney.jpg")
In its existing configuration the Chief Secretary's Building consists of two major directly linked components. At Macquarie, Bridge and Phillip Streets – a four\-storey [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") building, with a copper and slate roof mansard and a copper clad [dome](/wiki/Dome "Dome"). At Phillip Street – a five\-storey sandstone building with copper roofed mansards.
The original building was designed by Barnet in what is now called the Victorian Free Classical style; characteristics of this style are the massive basement wall with superimposed classical orders and circular arched openings, wide arcaded balconies and balustraded [parapets](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") behind which are the barely visible low pitched [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof") roofs. When Vernon added to and extended this building he chose the somewhat different, though related, Victorian Second Empire style, the chief characteristics of which can be seen in the iron crested [mansard roofs](/wiki/Mansard_roof "Mansard roof") and the pavilion dome.
Barnet adopted a scheme of decoration that involved variations from floor to floor and a further variation within each floor. The most ornate decoration was given to all corridors and entrances, principal room located at the four corners of the building on levels 2 and 3, large rooms at the centre of the bridge Street elevation on levels 2 and 3\. Decreasing ornateness was given to the spaces along the Bridge Street elevation, between principal rooms on levels 2 and 3\. Austere, simple decoration was given to the range of rooms facing south into the Phillip Lane [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard "Courtyard").Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:34 \& 51
### Architecture
{{Further\|Architecture of Sydney}}
[thumb\|The building's main [Bridge Street](/wiki/Bridge_Street%2C_Sydney "Bridge Street, Sydney") facade](/wiki/File:%281%29_Chief_Secretarys_Building_4.JPG "(1) Chief Secretarys Building 4.JPG")
Constructed 1873–1880, the building was designed by colonial architect James Barnet. Its style has been called "Venetian Renaissance" as well as Victorian Free Classical. A fifth floor and dome were added in the 1890s by Barnet's successor Walter Liberty Vernon in the [Victorian Second Empire style](/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles%23Victorian_Period_c._1840_%E2%80%93_c._1890 "Australian non-residential architectural styles#Victorian Period c. 1840 – c. 1890"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.architecture.com.au/awards\_search?option\=showaward\&entryno\=20062064 \|title\=Chief Secretary's Building \|work\=architecture.com.au \|author1\=Government Architect's Office \|author2\=Group GSA Pty Ltd \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Institute of Architects\|The Royal Australian Institute of Architects]] \|date\=2003 \|access\-date\=30 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207144927/http://www.architecture.com.au/awards\_search?option\=showaward\&entryno\=20062064 \|url\-status\=dead }} as well as an extension south at 50 Phillip Street. Barnet resented the additions, which lessened the resemblance to his model, the 16th\-century [Palazzo Farnese](/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese%2C_Rome "Palazzo Farnese, Rome") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), completed by [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo "Michelangelo") after Farnese became Pope [Paul III](/wiki/Paul_III "Paul III").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} The dome was originally covered in [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") in 1895–1896, one of the earliest such uses of this metal in the world.
The building features nine life\-size statues (six external and three internal) placed according to the administrative function of three parts of the building. The entrances on three streets are labelled in sandstone, directing visitors to the appropriate section.
* The prestigious 121 Macquarie Street entrance is labelled "[Colonial Secretary](/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_of_New_South_Wales "Colonial Secretary of New South Wales")". He occupied the North\-East corner office on the First Floor (at the time the top floor, now called Level 3\). Sandstone sculptures in the building's exterior personify Mercy, Justice, and Wisdom (top to bottom). Inside stands a marble statue of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria").
* The 65 Bridge Street (central) ground floor entrance, one level below, is labelled "Public Entrance". Inside stands a female figure representing [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), a [merino](/wiki/Merino "Merino") at her foot. The [NSW Badge](/wiki/Flag_of_New_South_Wales "Flag of New South Wales"), adopted in 1876, is sculpted above in the [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment").
* The 44 Phillip Street entrance is labelled "Secretary for Works" and features a [bust](/wiki/Bust_%28sculpture%29 "Bust (sculpture)") of Queen Victoria. The [Minister for Public Works](/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works_and_Services%2C_New_South_Wales "Office of Public Works and Services, New South Wales") had his office in the North\-West corner. The external statues personify Art, Science, and Labour. The internal statue on this side is of [Edward VII](/wiki/Edward_VII "Edward VII") when [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales "Prince of Wales").
The internal [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara "Carrara") marble statues are by [Giovanni Giuseppe Fontana](/wiki/Giovanni_Giuseppe_Fontana "Giovanni Giuseppe Fontana"). He was born in Italy (1821\) but lived and worked in England, dying in London in December 1893\. The external sandstone statues are by [Achille Simonetti](/wiki/Achille_Simonetti_%28sculptor%29 "Achille Simonetti (sculptor)") ([Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") 1838 – [Birchgrove](/wiki/Birchgrove%2C_New_South_Wales "Birchgrove, New South Wales") 1900\), who in 1874 established a large studio in [Balmain](/wiki/Balmain%2C_New_South_Wales "Balmain, New South Wales").{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography \|first\=Noel S. \|last\=Hutchison \|title\=Simonetti, Achille (1838–1900\) \|id2\=simonetti\-achille\-4580/text7521 \|publication\-date\=1976 \|format\=Hardcopy \|access\-date\=30 December 2016 }}
[thumb\|The stairwell and original wire cage lift shaft, still in use.](/wiki/File:Chief_Secretary_Stairwell_237.JPG "Chief Secretary Stairwell 237.JPG")
The interior features [Australian Red Cedar](/wiki/Toona_australis "Toona australis") and ornate tiles, plaster ceilings and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice").
The building's design and furnishings reflect in large part the taste of the first Colonial Secretary, Sir [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes "Henry Parkes").
The Executive Council Chamber (originally known as the Cabinet Room) was the venue for several meetings that led to Federation, including the Australasian Federal Convention of 1891\.{{cite web \|url\=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv\=yes;orderBy\=customrank;page\=0;query\=Dataset%3Aconstitu,conventions,austact,statutewest%20Decade%3A%221890s%22;resCount\=Default \|title\=Search: Australian Constitutional Conventions of 1890s \|publisher\=\[\[Parliament of Australia]] \|access\-date\=7 October 2017 }} The room is very well preserved, with period furniture, paintings of a young Queen Victoria and [James Cook](/wiki/James_Cook "James Cook"), and bronzes of several British Prime Ministers including [Palmerston](/wiki/Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston "Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston"). Some of the objects on display were acquired from the [1879 Sydney International Exhibition](/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition_%281879%29 "Sydney International Exhibition (1879)").
Extensive restorations between 1988 and 2005 were performed with a degree of care that set new standards.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/projects.asp?PT\=4\&SI\=4\&PD\=10\&CP\=14 \|title\=Heritage: Chief Secretary's Building \|work\=Government Architect's Office \|publisher\=Department of Public Works, Government of New South Wales \|date\=2005 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829140050/http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/projects.asp?PT\=4\&SI\=4\&PD\=10\&CP\=14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=29 August 2007 \|access\-date\=7 October 2017 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/files/PS\_Heritage\_05\_Chief\_Sec%20\.pdf \|title\=Heritage: Chief Secretary's Building \|work\=Government Architect's Office \|publisher\=Department of Public Works, Government of New South Wales \|date\=December 2005 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829144615/http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/files/PS\_Heritage\_05\_Chief\_Sec%20\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=29 August 2007 \|access\-date\=7 October 2017 }} It is open to the public; several historical displays interpret the building's history, and the glass lift shafts allow archaeological viewing of the construction.
### Condition
As at 30 October 1997, Physical condition is good. Archaeological evidence of the most eastern extension of First Government House may be located under the street and footpath to the west of the Chief Secretary's Building.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:33
### Modifications and dates
The original building comprises levels 1 to 4 was constructed between 1873 and 1881\. In 1894\-96 the mansard at level 5 and the dome were added.
The Phillip Street additions were built in four major stages over the period 1890–1893\.
1. Stage 1 : 3 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") width, levels 1–6\.
2. Stage 2 : Infill over Phillip Lane, Levels 2–5\.
3. Stage 3 : 2 bay width, Levels 1–6\.
4. Stage 4 : Mansard increased in height, Level 6\.
Other alterations included:
* Before 1897 – Room added on level 2 \& 3 of original building.
* 1914 – formation of Governor's Suite, Level 2 of original building.
* 1920 – Insertion of timber stair, level 1 to level 2, north\-east corner of original building.
* 1942 – conversion of Bridge Street lift from hydraulic to electric operation.
* Between 1896 and 1970 – refer to conservation plan for detailed analysis.
* April 1967 – the Department of Public Works relocated from the Chief Secretary's Buildoing to their new headquarters in the State Office Block. Major alterations to interiors occurred on all levels and safety aspects improved.
* After 1970 – the original latrine block in the middle of the courtyard was demolished and the pre\-1897 additional rooms on levels 2 \& 3 of the original building were demolished. The building was entirely re\-roofed and the sandstone facaed cleaned.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:37\-39
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|The building as viewed from Macquarie Street](/wiki/File:Colonial_Secretary%27s_Building%2C_Macquarie_Street%2C_Sydney.jpg \"Colonial Secretary's Building, Macquarie Street, Sydney.jpg\")\nIn its existing configuration the Chief Secretary's Building consists of two major directly linked components. At Macquarie, Bridge and Phillip Streets – a four\\-storey [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") building, with a copper and slate roof mansard and a copper clad [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\"). At Phillip Street – a five\\-storey sandstone building with copper roofed mansards.",
"The original building was designed by Barnet in what is now called the Victorian Free Classical style; characteristics of this style are the massive basement wall with superimposed classical orders and circular arched openings, wide arcaded balconies and balustraded [parapets](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") behind which are the barely visible low pitched [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\") roofs. When Vernon added to and extended this building he chose the somewhat different, though related, Victorian Second Empire style, the chief characteristics of which can be seen in the iron crested [mansard roofs](/wiki/Mansard_roof \"Mansard roof\") and the pavilion dome.",
"Barnet adopted a scheme of decoration that involved variations from floor to floor and a further variation within each floor. The most ornate decoration was given to all corridors and entrances, principal room located at the four corners of the building on levels 2 and 3, large rooms at the centre of the bridge Street elevation on levels 2 and 3\\. Decreasing ornateness was given to the spaces along the Bridge Street elevation, between principal rooms on levels 2 and 3\\. Austere, simple decoration was given to the range of rooms facing south into the Phillip Lane [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard \"Courtyard\").Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:34 \\& 51",
"### Architecture",
"{{Further\\|Architecture of Sydney}}\n[thumb\\|The building's main [Bridge Street](/wiki/Bridge_Street%2C_Sydney \"Bridge Street, Sydney\") facade](/wiki/File:%281%29_Chief_Secretarys_Building_4.JPG \"(1) Chief Secretarys Building 4.JPG\")\nConstructed 1873–1880, the building was designed by colonial architect James Barnet. Its style has been called \"Venetian Renaissance\" as well as Victorian Free Classical. A fifth floor and dome were added in the 1890s by Barnet's successor Walter Liberty Vernon in the [Victorian Second Empire style](/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles%23Victorian_Period_c._1840_%E2%80%93_c._1890 \"Australian non-residential architectural styles#Victorian Period c. 1840 – c. 1890\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.architecture.com.au/awards\\_search?option\\=showaward\\&entryno\\=20062064 \\|title\\=Chief Secretary's Building \\|work\\=architecture.com.au \\|author1\\=Government Architect's Office \\|author2\\=Group GSA Pty Ltd \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Institute of Architects\\|The Royal Australian Institute of Architects]] \\|date\\=2003 \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207144927/http://www.architecture.com.au/awards\\_search?option\\=showaward\\&entryno\\=20062064 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} as well as an extension south at 50 Phillip Street. Barnet resented the additions, which lessened the resemblance to his model, the 16th\\-century [Palazzo Farnese](/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese%2C_Rome \"Palazzo Farnese, Rome\") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), completed by [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\") after Farnese became Pope [Paul III](/wiki/Paul_III \"Paul III\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}} The dome was originally covered in [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") in 1895–1896, one of the earliest such uses of this metal in the world.",
"The building features nine life\\-size statues (six external and three internal) placed according to the administrative function of three parts of the building. The entrances on three streets are labelled in sandstone, directing visitors to the appropriate section.\n* The prestigious 121 Macquarie Street entrance is labelled \"[Colonial Secretary](/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_of_New_South_Wales \"Colonial Secretary of New South Wales\")\". He occupied the North\\-East corner office on the First Floor (at the time the top floor, now called Level 3\\). Sandstone sculptures in the building's exterior personify Mercy, Justice, and Wisdom (top to bottom). Inside stands a marble statue of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\").\n* The 65 Bridge Street (central) ground floor entrance, one level below, is labelled \"Public Entrance\". Inside stands a female figure representing [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), a [merino](/wiki/Merino \"Merino\") at her foot. The [NSW Badge](/wiki/Flag_of_New_South_Wales \"Flag of New South Wales\"), adopted in 1876, is sculpted above in the [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\").\n* The 44 Phillip Street entrance is labelled \"Secretary for Works\" and features a [bust](/wiki/Bust_%28sculpture%29 \"Bust (sculpture)\") of Queen Victoria. The [Minister for Public Works](/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works_and_Services%2C_New_South_Wales \"Office of Public Works and Services, New South Wales\") had his office in the North\\-West corner. The external statues personify Art, Science, and Labour. The internal statue on this side is of [Edward VII](/wiki/Edward_VII \"Edward VII\") when [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales \"Prince of Wales\").\nThe internal [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara \"Carrara\") marble statues are by [Giovanni Giuseppe Fontana](/wiki/Giovanni_Giuseppe_Fontana \"Giovanni Giuseppe Fontana\"). He was born in Italy (1821\\) but lived and worked in England, dying in London in December 1893\\. The external sandstone statues are by [Achille Simonetti](/wiki/Achille_Simonetti_%28sculptor%29 \"Achille Simonetti (sculptor)\") ([Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") 1838 – [Birchgrove](/wiki/Birchgrove%2C_New_South_Wales \"Birchgrove, New South Wales\") 1900\\), who in 1874 established a large studio in [Balmain](/wiki/Balmain%2C_New_South_Wales \"Balmain, New South Wales\").{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography \\|first\\=Noel S. \\|last\\=Hutchison \\|title\\=Simonetti, Achille (1838–1900\\) \\|id2\\=simonetti\\-achille\\-4580/text7521 \\|publication\\-date\\=1976 \\|format\\=Hardcopy \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2016 }}\n[thumb\\|The stairwell and original wire cage lift shaft, still in use.](/wiki/File:Chief_Secretary_Stairwell_237.JPG \"Chief Secretary Stairwell 237.JPG\")\nThe interior features [Australian Red Cedar](/wiki/Toona_australis \"Toona australis\") and ornate tiles, plaster ceilings and [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\").",
"The building's design and furnishings reflect in large part the taste of the first Colonial Secretary, Sir [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes \"Henry Parkes\").",
"The Executive Council Chamber (originally known as the Cabinet Room) was the venue for several meetings that led to Federation, including the Australasian Federal Convention of 1891\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv\\=yes;orderBy\\=customrank;page\\=0;query\\=Dataset%3Aconstitu,conventions,austact,statutewest%20Decade%3A%221890s%22;resCount\\=Default \\|title\\=Search: Australian Constitutional Conventions of 1890s \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Parliament of Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2017 }} The room is very well preserved, with period furniture, paintings of a young Queen Victoria and [James Cook](/wiki/James_Cook \"James Cook\"), and bronzes of several British Prime Ministers including [Palmerston](/wiki/Henry_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston \"Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston\"). Some of the objects on display were acquired from the [1879 Sydney International Exhibition](/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition_%281879%29 \"Sydney International Exhibition (1879)\").",
"Extensive restorations between 1988 and 2005 were performed with a degree of care that set new standards.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/projects.asp?PT\\=4\\&SI\\=4\\&PD\\=10\\&CP\\=14 \\|title\\=Heritage: Chief Secretary's Building \\|work\\=Government Architect's Office \\|publisher\\=Department of Public Works, Government of New South Wales \\|date\\=2005 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829140050/http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/projects.asp?PT\\=4\\&SI\\=4\\&PD\\=10\\&CP\\=14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2017 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/files/PS\\_Heritage\\_05\\_Chief\\_Sec%20\\.pdf \\|title\\=Heritage: Chief Secretary's Building \\|work\\=Government Architect's Office \\|publisher\\=Department of Public Works, Government of New South Wales \\|date\\=December 2005 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829144615/http://www.govarch.dpws.nsw.gov.au/files/PS\\_Heritage\\_05\\_Chief\\_Sec%20\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2017 }} It is open to the public; several historical displays interpret the building's history, and the glass lift shafts allow archaeological viewing of the construction.",
"### Condition",
"As at 30 October 1997, Physical condition is good. Archaeological evidence of the most eastern extension of First Government House may be located under the street and footpath to the west of the Chief Secretary's Building.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:33",
"### Modifications and dates",
"The original building comprises levels 1 to 4 was constructed between 1873 and 1881\\. In 1894\\-96 the mansard at level 5 and the dome were added.",
"The Phillip Street additions were built in four major stages over the period 1890–1893\\.\n1. Stage 1 : 3 [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") width, levels 1–6\\.\n2. Stage 2 : Infill over Phillip Lane, Levels 2–5\\.\n3. Stage 3 : 2 bay width, Levels 1–6\\.\n4. Stage 4 : Mansard increased in height, Level 6\\.",
"Other alterations included:\n* Before 1897 – Room added on level 2 \\& 3 of original building.\n* 1914 – formation of Governor's Suite, Level 2 of original building.\n* 1920 – Insertion of timber stair, level 1 to level 2, north\\-east corner of original building.\n* 1942 – conversion of Bridge Street lift from hydraulic to electric operation.\n* Between 1896 and 1970 – refer to conservation plan for detailed analysis.\n* April 1967 – the Department of Public Works relocated from the Chief Secretary's Buildoing to their new headquarters in the State Office Block. Major alterations to interiors occurred on all levels and safety aspects improved.\n* After 1970 – the original latrine block in the middle of the courtyard was demolished and the pre\\-1897 additional rooms on levels 2 \\& 3 of the original building were demolished. The building was entirely re\\-roofed and the sandstone facaed cleaned.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:37\\-39",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
[thumb\|Ornate detailing](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-5.jpg "(1)Chief Secretarys Building-5.jpg")
The Chief Secretary's Building is of national significance by reason of its historic, social, architectural, aesthetic and scientific values. It embodies, by its construction for and association with, pre\-eminently important office and department of the Colonial, later Chief Secretary. This most enduring of political and administrative institutions achieved, through its expansion and growing politicisation, the most far reaching powers of any of the administrative departments of the Colonial bureaucracy. The decisions made in this department affected every level of society in the colony.
After the institution of responsible government in 1856 the office of the Chief Secretary was almost continuously held until the twentieth century by the Premier of NSW further underlining its important role. Several outstanding figures in NSW political life held this office and through it, and the role of the Premier, were able to campaign for the most important political agendas of the time, including, but not exclusively, economic and land reform and [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia "Federation of Australia").
The locations, size and lavish treatment graphically demonstrate the importance of the departments that were housed there, the social hierarchy of its occupants as well as the practical workings of the fully developed late nineteenth century bureaucracy. The interior finish demonstrates refinement of public taste. Its continual occupation as government offices through to the twentieth century make it possible to demonstrate, through changes made to the fabric, changing community practices such as greater opportunities for women in the workforce.
The building is one of the most significant late nineteenth century architectural works in Sydney. It embodies two of the most significant projects of Barnet and Vernon and was ranked, by contemporary accounts, with pre\-eminent public works of the time such as the [GPO](/wiki/General_Post_Office%2C_Sydney "General Post Office, Sydney"). It remains a dominant element in the Victorian streetscapes of this part of Sydney.
Its placement in relation to Government House, Parliament House, the Treasury Building and other major departmental offices symbolises the relationship to the office to both political and public offices.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:65
Chief Secretary's Building was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
[thumb\|Coat of arms](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-4.jpg "(1)Chief Secretarys Building-4.jpg")
The building embodies, by its construction for and association with, pre\-eminently important office and department of the Colonial, later Chief Secretary. The position of Chief Secretary was one of the most enduring political and administrative institutions in the country. The earliest incumbent of the office, or the position that would evolve into that office, was appointed in 1788\.
Through its expansion and growing politicisation during the first half of the nineteenth century, it achieved the most far reaching powers of any of the administrative departments of the colonial bureaucracy. The decisions made in this department affected every level of society in this colony.
The importance of the office is emphasised by the almost continuous responsibility for this portfolio taken by successive Premiers of NSW after the institution of responsible government in 1856\. This link between the chief political office and administrative department was not to be broken until the middle years of the twentieth century. The office space afforded for ministerial occupation illustrates this link as does the [Executive Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_South_Wales "Executive Council of New South Wales") Chamber.
Because of the dual political/administrative connections of this office it was associated with several outstanding and prominent figures in both the social and political life of NSW and, because of the significance of that state, Australia. [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes "Henry Parkes"), [Charles Cowper](/wiki/Charles_Cowper "Charles Cowper") and [John Robertson](/wiki/John_Robertson_%28premier%29 "John Robertson (premier)") were some of the prominent incumbents of the office.
Through the association of the office with these figures it has come to be associated with dominant political and social agendas of the nineteenth century. Federation, economic and land reforms may be counted amongst those. The position provided its occupant a prominent platform from which he could campaign for these and other issues although the office should not be misinterpreted as providing a focus for specific agendas. Each, including Federation, was achieved through the work of several key individuals and work, forums and conventions in several places throughout Australia. It was the workings of this office and its connections that made those agendas possible.
This building is historically significance because it demonstrates through its location, size and lavish treatment the evolution in importance of this particular department and that of the Public Works Department. It replaced a two\-storey essentially domestic structure which had housed those two departments since 1813\. The magnitude of the building, particularly in comparison to its predecessor, illustrates not only the growth of the department but also the prestige attached to it.
The location of the building is historically significant. It forms a particularly important component in an area that, since its election for the site of [First Government House](/wiki/First_Government_House%2C_Sydney "First Government House, Sydney"), has been associated with the upper echelons of political and administrative life in the country. It has close physical proximity to (second) Government House, the NSW Parliamentary buildings and the principal offices of the main departments, Treasury, Lands and Education.
The building is of historical importance because of its demonstration of the fully developed nineteenth century public service and the practical workings of that bureaucracy. The internal plan layout, individual spaces and degree of elaboration of finishes demonstrate the dual hierarchy of its users as well as the specific departmental organisation. It is a rare, though not unique, example of such offices on this scale.
The additions made to the building in the 1890s for Public Works not only demonstrate the increasing needs and specialisation of that department after its reorganisation, and the inadequacy of the original design to meet theses needs, but the increasing expansion and prominence of the public service.
The continuous association of the building with government uses and the changes made to the building during the twentieth century, even in minor ways, have the ability to demonstrate important new conditions in the wider community such as increased employment opportunities for women.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:62\-63
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
[thumb\|The building's Bridge Street entrance](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-2.jpg "(1)Chief Secretarys Building-2.jpg")
The Chief Secretary's Building is of aesthetic significance because its primary contribution to the surviving Victorian era streetscapes in Phillip Street, [Macquarie Street](/wiki/Macquarie_Street%2C_Sydney "Macquarie Street, Sydney") and, in particular Bridge Street. It remains a dominant building in the pre\-eminent administrative and political quarter of Sydney.
The finishes and artworks purposely bought for the building, many from the [Sydney International Exhibition](/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition "Sydney International Exhibition") and some commissioned in London, are of the highest quality and lavishness. They not only demonstrate the prestige of the department but are exemplars of late nineteenth century public taste and refinement.
The Chief Secretary's Building is of architectural significance because of the high quality of its architectural composition and execution, both externally and internally. It represents two works of great importance in the professionals careers of two outstanding nineteenth century architects. Barnet as Colonial Architect, considered it second only to his work at the GPO. The additions by Vernon represent one of the first and major works by the newly appointed Government Architect. That they were completed in a style and quality matching that of the original building (at least outwardly) in a time of severe economic recession is a further testament to the contemporary importance attached to this building. The Chief Secretary's Building remains one of the pre\-eminent public buildings of the nineteenth century, comparing equally with the GPO and Sydney University.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:64
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The Chief Secretary's Building has social significance because it was the workplace of departments including Public Works which, more than other, had overwhelming influence on all aspects of life at every level of society. The size and finish of the building and its various artworks demonstrate the importance and esteem afforded to the office necessary for the workings of government.
The Executive Council Chamber derives significance from its lengthy association with the key decision\-making apparatus of State government.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:63
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The building has scientific/technical significance by the use of corrugated aluminium roofing on the dome, one of the earliest uses of this cladding material in Australia.
The building may have some archaeological potential to yield information about the use of the site as the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales "Government of New South Wales") Domain and the grounds of the first Government House. The fabric has the potential to demonstrate significant, but unrecorded aspects of past use and occupancy, e.g. The lift and the flag cupboard on level six.
The building has the potential for the recovery of original decorative schemes, the recording restoration and reinstatement of which can inform and enhance the interpretation of the building and an understanding of Victorian public buildings generally.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Chief Secretary's Building is a rare example of a 19th\-century government office of this scale and quality. The building contains a unique collection of objects acquired from the 1879 International Exhibition, the choice of which was representative of the historical, artistic, and literary tastes of Sir Henry Parkes. The building contains a rare example of a highly significant, in\-situ collection of artefacts that have been in continuous use. The choice of aluminium to cover dome in 1895\-1896 is believed to have been the earliest such use of this metal in the world. It is a rare, though not unique, example of such offices on this scale.
The building is also listed on the (now defunct) [Register of the National Estate](/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate "Register of the National Estate").
A [blue plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque%23Australia "Commemorative plaque#Australia") was unveiled on the building on 6 August 2024 to commemorate [Kathleen Butler](/wiki/Kathleen_M._Butler "Kathleen M. Butler"), 'Godmother of [Sydney Harbour Bridge](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge "Sydney Harbour Bridge")' at her former place of work.{{Cite web \|last\=Power \|first\=Julie \|date\=2024\-08\-06 \|title\=Not ‘a girl’ or ‘a secretary’: Harbour Bridge engineer recognised at last \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/not\-a\-girl\-or\-a\-secretary\-harbour\-bridge\-engineer\-recognised\-at\-last\-20240806\-p5jzut.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2024\-08\-07 \|title\=Blue Plaque honours Sydney Harbour Bridge’s ‘Godmother’ \|url\=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/blue\-plaque\-honours\-sydney\-harbour\-bridge\-godmother \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=NSW Environment and Heritage \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|Ornate detailing](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-5.jpg \"(1)Chief Secretarys Building-5.jpg\")\nThe Chief Secretary's Building is of national significance by reason of its historic, social, architectural, aesthetic and scientific values. It embodies, by its construction for and association with, pre\\-eminently important office and department of the Colonial, later Chief Secretary. This most enduring of political and administrative institutions achieved, through its expansion and growing politicisation, the most far reaching powers of any of the administrative departments of the Colonial bureaucracy. The decisions made in this department affected every level of society in the colony.",
"After the institution of responsible government in 1856 the office of the Chief Secretary was almost continuously held until the twentieth century by the Premier of NSW further underlining its important role. Several outstanding figures in NSW political life held this office and through it, and the role of the Premier, were able to campaign for the most important political agendas of the time, including, but not exclusively, economic and land reform and [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia \"Federation of Australia\").",
"The locations, size and lavish treatment graphically demonstrate the importance of the departments that were housed there, the social hierarchy of its occupants as well as the practical workings of the fully developed late nineteenth century bureaucracy. The interior finish demonstrates refinement of public taste. Its continual occupation as government offices through to the twentieth century make it possible to demonstrate, through changes made to the fabric, changing community practices such as greater opportunities for women in the workforce.",
"The building is one of the most significant late nineteenth century architectural works in Sydney. It embodies two of the most significant projects of Barnet and Vernon and was ranked, by contemporary accounts, with pre\\-eminent public works of the time such as the [GPO](/wiki/General_Post_Office%2C_Sydney \"General Post Office, Sydney\"). It remains a dominant element in the Victorian streetscapes of this part of Sydney.",
"Its placement in relation to Government House, Parliament House, the Treasury Building and other major departmental offices symbolises the relationship to the office to both political and public offices.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:65",
"Chief Secretary's Building was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**\n[thumb\\|Coat of arms](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-4.jpg \"(1)Chief Secretarys Building-4.jpg\")\nThe building embodies, by its construction for and association with, pre\\-eminently important office and department of the Colonial, later Chief Secretary. The position of Chief Secretary was one of the most enduring political and administrative institutions in the country. The earliest incumbent of the office, or the position that would evolve into that office, was appointed in 1788\\.",
"Through its expansion and growing politicisation during the first half of the nineteenth century, it achieved the most far reaching powers of any of the administrative departments of the colonial bureaucracy. The decisions made in this department affected every level of society in this colony.",
"The importance of the office is emphasised by the almost continuous responsibility for this portfolio taken by successive Premiers of NSW after the institution of responsible government in 1856\\. This link between the chief political office and administrative department was not to be broken until the middle years of the twentieth century. The office space afforded for ministerial occupation illustrates this link as does the [Executive Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_South_Wales \"Executive Council of New South Wales\") Chamber.",
"Because of the dual political/administrative connections of this office it was associated with several outstanding and prominent figures in both the social and political life of NSW and, because of the significance of that state, Australia. [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes \"Henry Parkes\"), [Charles Cowper](/wiki/Charles_Cowper \"Charles Cowper\") and [John Robertson](/wiki/John_Robertson_%28premier%29 \"John Robertson (premier)\") were some of the prominent incumbents of the office.",
"Through the association of the office with these figures it has come to be associated with dominant political and social agendas of the nineteenth century. Federation, economic and land reforms may be counted amongst those. The position provided its occupant a prominent platform from which he could campaign for these and other issues although the office should not be misinterpreted as providing a focus for specific agendas. Each, including Federation, was achieved through the work of several key individuals and work, forums and conventions in several places throughout Australia. It was the workings of this office and its connections that made those agendas possible.",
"This building is historically significance because it demonstrates through its location, size and lavish treatment the evolution in importance of this particular department and that of the Public Works Department. It replaced a two\\-storey essentially domestic structure which had housed those two departments since 1813\\. The magnitude of the building, particularly in comparison to its predecessor, illustrates not only the growth of the department but also the prestige attached to it.",
"The location of the building is historically significant. It forms a particularly important component in an area that, since its election for the site of [First Government House](/wiki/First_Government_House%2C_Sydney \"First Government House, Sydney\"), has been associated with the upper echelons of political and administrative life in the country. It has close physical proximity to (second) Government House, the NSW Parliamentary buildings and the principal offices of the main departments, Treasury, Lands and Education.",
"The building is of historical importance because of its demonstration of the fully developed nineteenth century public service and the practical workings of that bureaucracy. The internal plan layout, individual spaces and degree of elaboration of finishes demonstrate the dual hierarchy of its users as well as the specific departmental organisation. It is a rare, though not unique, example of such offices on this scale.",
"The additions made to the building in the 1890s for Public Works not only demonstrate the increasing needs and specialisation of that department after its reorganisation, and the inadequacy of the original design to meet theses needs, but the increasing expansion and prominence of the public service.",
"The continuous association of the building with government uses and the changes made to the building during the twentieth century, even in minor ways, have the ability to demonstrate important new conditions in the wider community such as increased employment opportunities for women.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:62\\-63",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**\n[thumb\\|The building's Bridge Street entrance](/wiki/File:%281%29Chief_Secretarys_Building-2.jpg \"(1)Chief Secretarys Building-2.jpg\")\nThe Chief Secretary's Building is of aesthetic significance because its primary contribution to the surviving Victorian era streetscapes in Phillip Street, [Macquarie Street](/wiki/Macquarie_Street%2C_Sydney \"Macquarie Street, Sydney\") and, in particular Bridge Street. It remains a dominant building in the pre\\-eminent administrative and political quarter of Sydney.",
"The finishes and artworks purposely bought for the building, many from the [Sydney International Exhibition](/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition \"Sydney International Exhibition\") and some commissioned in London, are of the highest quality and lavishness. They not only demonstrate the prestige of the department but are exemplars of late nineteenth century public taste and refinement.",
"The Chief Secretary's Building is of architectural significance because of the high quality of its architectural composition and execution, both externally and internally. It represents two works of great importance in the professionals careers of two outstanding nineteenth century architects. Barnet as Colonial Architect, considered it second only to his work at the GPO. The additions by Vernon represent one of the first and major works by the newly appointed Government Architect. That they were completed in a style and quality matching that of the original building (at least outwardly) in a time of severe economic recession is a further testament to the contemporary importance attached to this building. The Chief Secretary's Building remains one of the pre\\-eminent public buildings of the nineteenth century, comparing equally with the GPO and Sydney University.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:64",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The Chief Secretary's Building has social significance because it was the workplace of departments including Public Works which, more than other, had overwhelming influence on all aspects of life at every level of society. The size and finish of the building and its various artworks demonstrate the importance and esteem afforded to the office necessary for the workings of government.",
"The Executive Council Chamber derives significance from its lengthy association with the key decision\\-making apparatus of State government.Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis 1994:63",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The building has scientific/technical significance by the use of corrugated aluminium roofing on the dome, one of the earliest uses of this cladding material in Australia.",
"The building may have some archaeological potential to yield information about the use of the site as the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales \"Government of New South Wales\") Domain and the grounds of the first Government House. The fabric has the potential to demonstrate significant, but unrecorded aspects of past use and occupancy, e.g. The lift and the flag cupboard on level six.",
"The building has the potential for the recovery of original decorative schemes, the recording restoration and reinstatement of which can inform and enhance the interpretation of the building and an understanding of Victorian public buildings generally.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Chief Secretary's Building is a rare example of a 19th\\-century government office of this scale and quality. The building contains a unique collection of objects acquired from the 1879 International Exhibition, the choice of which was representative of the historical, artistic, and literary tastes of Sir Henry Parkes. The building contains a rare example of a highly significant, in\\-situ collection of artefacts that have been in continuous use. The choice of aluminium to cover dome in 1895\\-1896 is believed to have been the earliest such use of this metal in the world. It is a rare, though not unique, example of such offices on this scale.",
"The building is also listed on the (now defunct) [Register of the National Estate](/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate \"Register of the National Estate\").",
"A [blue plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque%23Australia \"Commemorative plaque#Australia\") was unveiled on the building on 6 August 2024 to commemorate [Kathleen Butler](/wiki/Kathleen_M._Butler \"Kathleen M. Butler\"), 'Godmother of [Sydney Harbour Bridge](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge \"Sydney Harbour Bridge\")' at her former place of work.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Power \\|first\\=Julie \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|title\\=Not ‘a girl’ or ‘a secretary’: Harbour Bridge engineer recognised at last \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/not\\-a\\-girl\\-or\\-a\\-secretary\\-harbour\\-bridge\\-engineer\\-recognised\\-at\\-last\\-20240806\\-p5jzut.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|title\\=Blue Plaque honours Sydney Harbour Bridge’s ‘Godmother’ \\|url\\=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/blue\\-plaque\\-honours\\-sydney\\-harbour\\-bridge\\-godmother \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=NSW Environment and Heritage \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Anna White born in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), the third daughter of five children of Robert White and Hannah (Gibbs) White. Her parents were both Quakers, her father having joined by marriage.{{cite book \|last1\=Melton \|first1\=J. Gordon \|title\=Religious leaders of America : a biographical guide to founders and leaders of religious bodies, churches, and spiritual groups in North America \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=Gale Research \|location\=Detroit, MI \|page\=598 \|isbn\=9780810388789 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/religiousleaders0000melt/page/598/mode/2up}} One of her earliest memories was hearing anti\-slavery lecturer [Lucretia Mott](/wiki/Lucretia_Mott "Lucretia Mott") speak, but she was disturbed when Mott was "abruptly silenced by the guardians of Quaker orthodoxy."{{cite book \|last1\=Andrews \|first1\=Edward Deming \|editor1\-last\=James \|editor1\-first\=Edward T. \|editor2\-last\=James \|editor2\-first\=Janet Wilson \|editor3\-last\=Boyer \|editor3\-first\=Paul S. \|title\=Notable American women, 1607\-1950; a biographical dictionary \|url\=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00jame/page/364/mode/2up \|volume\=III \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=Belknap Press, Harvard University Press \|location\=Cambridge, Mass \|pages\=583–584}} She went to a Quaker school in [Poughkeepsie, New York](/wiki/Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York "Poughkeepsie, New York"), called Mansion Square Seminary,[White, Anna](https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0801931). American National Biography. and had a strong social conscience influenced by both her faith and her parents. At seventeen, White learned the trade of tailoring, and helped her mother distribute alms from the Quakers to the poor of New York.
White became interested in the [Shakers](/wiki/Shakers "Shakers") after her father joined [Hancock Shaker Village](/wiki/Hancock_Shaker_Village "Hancock Shaker Village"), where he had done business.[White, Anna (1831\-1910\)](https://www.shakermuseum.us/people/?id=9). Shaker Museum. Anna was the only member of the family to join her father in the religion, formally joining the [Mount Lebanon Shaker Society](/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Shaker_Society "Mount Lebanon Shaker Society")'s North Family at 18 years old in 1849\. Joining the Shakers alienated both of them from the rest of the family, with a rich uncle even threatening to dis\-inherent her of {{USD\|40000}} if she went through with it. White signed the 1829 North Family Covenant, a legal document promising to live forever as a Shaker without compensation for work in the community, at only nineteen years old (typically it was only signed by those over twenty). White helped with housework, and cared for female visitors and guests.
The music of the Shakers was one of the things that had initially attracted her to the religion, and she would go on to write hundreds of spiritual songs, and compile two books of Shaker music which included some of her own hymns.
In 1865, White became second eldress to Antoinette Doolittle, and upon Doolittle's death in 1887, became first eldress. She became a vegetarian following the example of Elder Frederick Evans of the Mount Lebanon Society, and the rest of the North Family followed her example.
White was an active advocate for social reform and pacifism. She wrote in support of [Alfred Dreyfus](/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus "Alfred Dreyfus") during the [Dreyfus affair](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair "Dreyfus affair"). She gave a number of speeches, most notably those at the [Universal Peace Union](/wiki/Universal_Peace_Union "Universal Peace Union"), the Equal Rights Club, and at a peace conference at Mount Lebanon. The resolutions written at the Mount Lebanon meeting in 1905 were forwarded to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), and subsequently adopted, and were brought to President [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") by White personally. After collecting more signatures than any other woman in the state in a petition for disarmament, White was appointed vice president of the New York of the Women’s International League of Peace and Arbitration. She also wrote a number of articles, was a leader in Alliance of Women for Peace and [National Council of Women](/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_the_United_States "National Council of Women of the United States"), and a member of the [National American Woman Suffrage Association](/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association "National American Woman Suffrage Association").
In 1904, White cowrote *Shakerism: Its Meaning and Message* with Eldress [Leila S. Taylor](/wiki/Leila_S._Taylor "Leila S. Taylor"), which at the time, was the only published history of the Shaker movement written by one of its members.{{cite web \|last1\=Mayer \|first1\=Malinda \|title\=White, Anna (1831–1910\) \|url\=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias\-almanacs\-transcripts\-and\-maps/white\-anna\-1831\-1910 \|website\=encyclopedia.com}} The book joined Shaker principles and socially progressive values such as women's equality.
Towards the end of her life, White became interested in [Christian Science](/wiki/Christian_Science "Christian Science"), and claimed to be healed through its methods.
White died on 16 December 1910\.{{cite book \|last1\=Olsen \|first1\=Kirstin \|title\=Chronology of women's history \|date\=1994 \|publisher\=Greenwood Press \|location\=Westport, Conn. \|page\=188 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780313288036p}}{{cite news \|title\=Anna White, Shaker Elderess, Dead. \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/12/17/archives/anna\-white\-shaker\-elderess\-dead.html \|agency\=New York Times \|date\=17 December 1910}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Anna White born in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), the third daughter of five children of Robert White and Hannah (Gibbs) White. Her parents were both Quakers, her father having joined by marriage.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Melton \\|first1\\=J. Gordon \\|title\\=Religious leaders of America : a biographical guide to founders and leaders of religious bodies, churches, and spiritual groups in North America \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=Gale Research \\|location\\=Detroit, MI \\|page\\=598 \\|isbn\\=9780810388789 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/religiousleaders0000melt/page/598/mode/2up}} One of her earliest memories was hearing anti\\-slavery lecturer [Lucretia Mott](/wiki/Lucretia_Mott \"Lucretia Mott\") speak, but she was disturbed when Mott was \"abruptly silenced by the guardians of Quaker orthodoxy.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Andrews \\|first1\\=Edward Deming \\|editor1\\-last\\=James \\|editor1\\-first\\=Edward T. \\|editor2\\-last\\=James \\|editor2\\-first\\=Janet Wilson \\|editor3\\-last\\=Boyer \\|editor3\\-first\\=Paul S. \\|title\\=Notable American women, 1607\\-1950; a biographical dictionary \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00jame/page/364/mode/2up \\|volume\\=III \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=Belknap Press, Harvard University Press \\|location\\=Cambridge, Mass \\|pages\\=583–584}} She went to a Quaker school in [Poughkeepsie, New York](/wiki/Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York \"Poughkeepsie, New York\"), called Mansion Square Seminary,[White, Anna](https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0801931). American National Biography. and had a strong social conscience influenced by both her faith and her parents. At seventeen, White learned the trade of tailoring, and helped her mother distribute alms from the Quakers to the poor of New York.",
"White became interested in the [Shakers](/wiki/Shakers \"Shakers\") after her father joined [Hancock Shaker Village](/wiki/Hancock_Shaker_Village \"Hancock Shaker Village\"), where he had done business.[White, Anna (1831\\-1910\\)](https://www.shakermuseum.us/people/?id=9). Shaker Museum. Anna was the only member of the family to join her father in the religion, formally joining the [Mount Lebanon Shaker Society](/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Shaker_Society \"Mount Lebanon Shaker Society\")'s North Family at 18 years old in 1849\\. Joining the Shakers alienated both of them from the rest of the family, with a rich uncle even threatening to dis\\-inherent her of {{USD\\|40000}} if she went through with it. White signed the 1829 North Family Covenant, a legal document promising to live forever as a Shaker without compensation for work in the community, at only nineteen years old (typically it was only signed by those over twenty). White helped with housework, and cared for female visitors and guests.",
"The music of the Shakers was one of the things that had initially attracted her to the religion, and she would go on to write hundreds of spiritual songs, and compile two books of Shaker music which included some of her own hymns.",
"In 1865, White became second eldress to Antoinette Doolittle, and upon Doolittle's death in 1887, became first eldress. She became a vegetarian following the example of Elder Frederick Evans of the Mount Lebanon Society, and the rest of the North Family followed her example.",
"White was an active advocate for social reform and pacifism. She wrote in support of [Alfred Dreyfus](/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus \"Alfred Dreyfus\") during the [Dreyfus affair](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair \"Dreyfus affair\"). She gave a number of speeches, most notably those at the [Universal Peace Union](/wiki/Universal_Peace_Union \"Universal Peace Union\"), the Equal Rights Club, and at a peace conference at Mount Lebanon. The resolutions written at the Mount Lebanon meeting in 1905 were forwarded to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"), and subsequently adopted, and were brought to President [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt \"Theodore Roosevelt\") by White personally. After collecting more signatures than any other woman in the state in a petition for disarmament, White was appointed vice president of the New York of the Women’s International League of Peace and Arbitration. She also wrote a number of articles, was a leader in Alliance of Women for Peace and [National Council of Women](/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_the_United_States \"National Council of Women of the United States\"), and a member of the [National American Woman Suffrage Association](/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association \"National American Woman Suffrage Association\").",
"In 1904, White cowrote *Shakerism: Its Meaning and Message* with Eldress [Leila S. Taylor](/wiki/Leila_S._Taylor \"Leila S. Taylor\"), which at the time, was the only published history of the Shaker movement written by one of its members.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mayer \\|first1\\=Malinda \\|title\\=White, Anna (1831–1910\\) \\|url\\=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias\\-almanacs\\-transcripts\\-and\\-maps/white\\-anna\\-1831\\-1910 \\|website\\=encyclopedia.com}} The book joined Shaker principles and socially progressive values such as women's equality.",
"Towards the end of her life, White became interested in [Christian Science](/wiki/Christian_Science \"Christian Science\"), and claimed to be healed through its methods.",
"White died on 16 December 1910\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Olsen \\|first1\\=Kirstin \\|title\\=Chronology of women's history \\|date\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Press \\|location\\=Westport, Conn. \\|page\\=188 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780313288036p}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Anna White, Shaker Elderess, Dead. \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/12/17/archives/anna\\-white\\-shaker\\-elderess\\-dead.html \\|agency\\=New York Times \\|date\\=17 December 1910}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Plumer was born in [Epping, New Hampshire](/wiki/Epping%2C_New_Hampshire "Epping, New Hampshire") on February 7, 1789, a son of Sarah "Sally" (Fowler) Plumer and [William Plumer](/wiki/William_Plumer "William Plumer"). He attended [Phillips Exeter Academy](/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy "Phillips Exeter Academy") and graduated from [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") in 1809\. Plumer then [studied law](/wiki/Reading_law "Reading law") with his father, attained [admission to the bar](/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States "Admission to the bar in the United States") in 1812, and commenced practice in Epping.
In 1816, Plumer was appointed a United States loan commissioner for New Hampshire, and he served until 1817\. He was a member of the [New Hampshire House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives "New Hampshire House of Representatives") in 1818\.
In 1818, Plumer was elected as a [Democratic\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") to the [Sixteenth Congress](/wiki/16th_United_States_Congress "16th United States Congress"). He was reelected to the [Seventeenth Congress](/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress "17th United States Congress") in 1820, and as a [Adams\-Clay Republican](/wiki/National_Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "National Republican Party (United States)") he won reelection to the [Eighteenth Congress](/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress "18th United States Congress") in 1822\. He served from March 4, 1819 to March 3, 1825 and was acting chairman of the Judiciary Committee in the Seventeenth Congress, following the January 1823 resignation of Representative [Hugh Nelson](/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_%28Virginia_politician%29 "Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)"), who had been appointed [U.S. Minister to Spain](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain "List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain").
After leaving Congress, Plumer resumed practicing law. He was a member of the [New Hampshire Senate](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate "New Hampshire Senate") from 1827 to 1828\. He served as delegate to the New Hampshire state constitutional convention in 1850\. Plumer authored several works in his later years, including a biography of his father that was published in 1857 and a book of religious\-themed poetry, 1846's *Lyrica Sacra*.
Plumer died in Epping on September 18, 1854\. He was interred in the burial ground on the family estate near Epping.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Plumer was born in [Epping, New Hampshire](/wiki/Epping%2C_New_Hampshire \"Epping, New Hampshire\") on February 7, 1789, a son of Sarah \"Sally\" (Fowler) Plumer and [William Plumer](/wiki/William_Plumer \"William Plumer\"). He attended [Phillips Exeter Academy](/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy \"Phillips Exeter Academy\") and graduated from [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\") in 1809\\. Plumer then [studied law](/wiki/Reading_law \"Reading law\") with his father, attained [admission to the bar](/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States \"Admission to the bar in the United States\") in 1812, and commenced practice in Epping.",
"In 1816, Plumer was appointed a United States loan commissioner for New Hampshire, and he served until 1817\\. He was a member of the [New Hampshire House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives \"New Hampshire House of Representatives\") in 1818\\.",
"In 1818, Plumer was elected as a [Democratic\\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party \"Democratic-Republican Party\") to the [Sixteenth Congress](/wiki/16th_United_States_Congress \"16th United States Congress\"). He was reelected to the [Seventeenth Congress](/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress \"17th United States Congress\") in 1820, and as a [Adams\\-Clay Republican](/wiki/National_Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"National Republican Party (United States)\") he won reelection to the [Eighteenth Congress](/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress \"18th United States Congress\") in 1822\\. He served from March 4, 1819 to March 3, 1825 and was acting chairman of the Judiciary Committee in the Seventeenth Congress, following the January 1823 resignation of Representative [Hugh Nelson](/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_%28Virginia_politician%29 \"Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)\"), who had been appointed [U.S. Minister to Spain](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain \"List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain\").",
"After leaving Congress, Plumer resumed practicing law. He was a member of the [New Hampshire Senate](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate \"New Hampshire Senate\") from 1827 to 1828\\. He served as delegate to the New Hampshire state constitutional convention in 1850\\. Plumer authored several works in his later years, including a biography of his father that was published in 1857 and a book of religious\\-themed poetry, 1846's *Lyrica Sacra*.",
"Plumer died in Epping on September 18, 1854\\. He was interred in the burial ground on the family estate near Epping.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Ivashutin was born into the family of a railway worker. He graduated from a [rabfak](/wiki/Rabfak "Rabfak") and joined the [All\-Union Communist Party (b)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Communist Party of the Soviet Union") in 1931\.
### Pre\-war service
Mobilized in [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") in July 1931 by the party, he was called up and sent to military education; in 1933 he graduated from the 7th Stalingrad Military Aviation School. From 1933 he was an instructor pilot in the same military aviation school; from 1935 he was the commander of the crew of the TB\-3 heavy bomber of the 45th air brigade of the [Moscow Military District](/wiki/Moscow_Military_District "Moscow Military District"). In 1937 he was the commander of the TB\-3 heavy bomber. From 1937 to 1939 he studied at the [Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy of the Red Army](/wiki/Zhukovsky_Air_Force_Engineering_Academy "Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy"). From January 1939 Ivashutin began to work in the counterintelligence agencies of the Red Army. He served in the apparatus of the special department of the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") of the [Western Military District](/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District "Belorussian Military District"); and from 1940 as the head of the special department of the NKVD of the [23rd Rifle Division](/wiki/23rd_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "23rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)") in the [Leningrad Military District](/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District "Leningrad Military District"). He participated in the [Soviet\-Finnish War](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War").{{Cite journal\|date\=1979\|title\=Ivanov S.P. Army General P.I. Ivashutin (To the 70th anniversary of his birth)\|journal\=Military History Journal}}
### Second World War
During the Great Patriotic War from May to October 1941 Ivashutin served as deputy head of the 3rd department of the OO of the [Transcaucasian Front](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front "Transcaucasian Front"). From December 1941 he was Deputy Head of the Special Department of the NKVD of the [Crimean Front](/wiki/Crimean_Front "Crimean Front"). From June 1942 served in the same position on the [North Caucasian Front](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front "North Caucasian Front"); from September 1942 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Public Organization of the Black Sea Group of Forces of the North Caucasian Front. From January 1943, Ivashutin became head of the [SMERSH](/wiki/SMERSH "SMERSH") counterintelligence department of the [47th Army](/wiki/47th_Army "47th Army"). From 29 April 1943 he was the head of the counterintelligence department SMERSH South\-West; from October 1943 he worked on the 3rd Ukrainian fronts. He negotiated with representatives of the Romanian government about the withdrawal from Ukraine and from the war on the side of Nazi Germany.{{Cite web\|title\=Ioffe E. They served in intelligence\|date\=29 November 2001 \|url\=https://www.sb.by/articles/oni\-sluzhili\-v\-razvedke.html}}
### Post\-war service
From July 1945 Ivashutin became the head of the SMERSH counterintelligence department in the [Southern Group of Forces](/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces "Southern Group of Forces"), after 1946 this department was renamed the Counterintelligence Directorate of the Ministry of State Security for the same group of forces he remained in his post. From November 1947 he was Head of the Counterintelligence Directorate of the [USSR Ministry of State Security](/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)") for the [Group of Soviet Forces in Germany](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany "Group of Soviet Forces in Germany"). From November 1949 to January 1952 he was the chief of counterintelligence at the Ministry of State Security of the Leningrad Military District.{{Cite journal\|date\=September 2, 2009\|title\=Vladimir Lot. Marshal of Military Intelligence\|journal\=Krasnaya Zvezda}}
From December 1951 to August 1952 he was deputy chief of the 3rd Main Directorate (military counterintelligence) of the USSR Ministry of State Security. Since September 1952 Ivashutin became Minister of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR. From March 1953 he was Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. Since July 1953 he was Deputy Head of the 3rd Directorate (military counterintelligence) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1954 he became head of the counterintelligence department in the industry of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Immediately after the creation of the [KGB](/wiki/KGB "KGB") of the USSR, he was transferred there and in March 1954 he was appointed head of the 5th department (economic counterintelligence) of the KGB under the [Council of Ministers of the USSR](/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union "Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union").
From June 1954 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the KGB and from January 1956 the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During 5 to 13 November 1961 he became the temporary acting Chairman of the KGB at the Council of Ministers of the USSR.{{Cite book\|last\=Yakovlev\|first\=A.N\|title\=Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka\-OGPU\-NKVD\-NKGB\-MVD\-KGB. 1917\-1991\.}}
From 1950 to 1954 and from 1966 he was a deputy of the [Soviet of Nationalities](/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities "Soviet of Nationalities") of the [Supreme Soviet of the USSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union "Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union") from the [North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"). Over the years he was a deputy of the [Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia "Supreme Soviet of Russia") and the [Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR").
### Chief of the GRU
From 14 March 1963 to 13 July 1987 Ivashutin became Chief of the [Main Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/GRU_%28Soviet_Union%29 "GRU (Soviet Union)") and Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces.
The total length of service of Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin in the GRU was over twenty\-four years which made him the longest running GRU chief in the USSR.{{Cite book\|title\=General of the Army PI Ivashutin A quarter of a century at the head of the GRU. // Ed.\-comp. V. I. Boyko.\|publisher\=OLMA\-Press\|year\=2009}}
One of the primary tasks that Ivashutin had to solve was to minimize the damage inflicted on the GRU by defector [Oleg Penkovsky](/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky "Oleg Penkovsky").{{Cite web\|title\=Из своего кабинета он видел весь мир / Спецслужбы / Независимая газета\|url\=https://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2018\-11\-02/1\_1020\_hatch.html\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-27\|website\=nvo.ng.ru}}
On Ivashutin's initiative, the GRU in 1963 began to create a system of round\-the\-clock information reception and its assessment in order to identify signs of an increase in the combat readiness of foreign armed forces. In other words, a system was created to warn the country's top leadership about military threats in real time. This system later became known as the Command Post. This work, begun by Ivashutin in the 1960s, later became the basis for the creation of the National Center for [National Defense Management of the Russian Federation](/wiki/National_Defense_Management_Center "National Defense Management Center").
In 1963, Ivashutin made a trip to Cuba. The result of this trip was the deployment of a technical intelligence center in Lourdes (a suburb of Havana).
At the insistence of Ivashutin, the construction of a new complex of buildings for the needs of the GRU began on the Khoroshevskoye highway in Moscow. After the first reconnaissance satellites appeared in space, on the initiative of Ivashutin, a Space Intelligence Department also was formed in the GRU.{{Cite web\|title\=Peter the Great of Russian Military Intelligence\|url\=http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2009\-09\-18/14\_ivashutin.html}}
### Later life
From July 1987, Ivashutin worked in the [Group of Inspectors General](/wiki/Group_of_Inspectors_General "Group of Inspectors General") of the [USSR Ministry of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)"). In May 1992 he retired.
Pyotr Ivashutin died on 4 June 2002 in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). He is buried at the [Troyekurovskoye Cemetery](/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery "Troyekurovskoye Cemetery").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Ivashutin was born into the family of a railway worker. He graduated from a [rabfak](/wiki/Rabfak \"Rabfak\") and joined the [All\\-Union Communist Party (b)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") in 1931\\.",
"### Pre\\-war service",
"Mobilized in [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") in July 1931 by the party, he was called up and sent to military education; in 1933 he graduated from the 7th Stalingrad Military Aviation School. From 1933 he was an instructor pilot in the same military aviation school; from 1935 he was the commander of the crew of the TB\\-3 heavy bomber of the 45th air brigade of the [Moscow Military District](/wiki/Moscow_Military_District \"Moscow Military District\"). In 1937 he was the commander of the TB\\-3 heavy bomber. From 1937 to 1939 he studied at the [Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy of the Red Army](/wiki/Zhukovsky_Air_Force_Engineering_Academy \"Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy\"). From January 1939 Ivashutin began to work in the counterintelligence agencies of the Red Army. He served in the apparatus of the special department of the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") of the [Western Military District](/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District \"Belorussian Military District\"); and from 1940 as the head of the special department of the NKVD of the [23rd Rifle Division](/wiki/23rd_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"23rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") in the [Leningrad Military District](/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District \"Leningrad Military District\"). He participated in the [Soviet\\-Finnish War](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\").{{Cite journal\\|date\\=1979\\|title\\=Ivanov S.P. Army General P.I. Ivashutin (To the 70th anniversary of his birth)\\|journal\\=Military History Journal}}",
"### Second World War",
"During the Great Patriotic War from May to October 1941 Ivashutin served as deputy head of the 3rd department of the OO of the [Transcaucasian Front](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front \"Transcaucasian Front\"). From December 1941 he was Deputy Head of the Special Department of the NKVD of the [Crimean Front](/wiki/Crimean_Front \"Crimean Front\"). From June 1942 served in the same position on the [North Caucasian Front](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front \"North Caucasian Front\"); from September 1942 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Public Organization of the Black Sea Group of Forces of the North Caucasian Front. From January 1943, Ivashutin became head of the [SMERSH](/wiki/SMERSH \"SMERSH\") counterintelligence department of the [47th Army](/wiki/47th_Army \"47th Army\"). From 29 April 1943 he was the head of the counterintelligence department SMERSH South\\-West; from October 1943 he worked on the 3rd Ukrainian fronts. He negotiated with representatives of the Romanian government about the withdrawal from Ukraine and from the war on the side of Nazi Germany.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Ioffe E. They served in intelligence\\|date\\=29 November 2001 \\|url\\=https://www.sb.by/articles/oni\\-sluzhili\\-v\\-razvedke.html}}",
"### Post\\-war service",
"From July 1945 Ivashutin became the head of the SMERSH counterintelligence department in the [Southern Group of Forces](/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces \"Southern Group of Forces\"), after 1946 this department was renamed the Counterintelligence Directorate of the Ministry of State Security for the same group of forces he remained in his post. From November 1947 he was Head of the Counterintelligence Directorate of the [USSR Ministry of State Security](/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)\") for the [Group of Soviet Forces in Germany](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany \"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany\"). From November 1949 to January 1952 he was the chief of counterintelligence at the Ministry of State Security of the Leningrad Military District.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=September 2, 2009\\|title\\=Vladimir Lot. Marshal of Military Intelligence\\|journal\\=Krasnaya Zvezda}}",
"From December 1951 to August 1952 he was deputy chief of the 3rd Main Directorate (military counterintelligence) of the USSR Ministry of State Security. Since September 1952 Ivashutin became Minister of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR. From March 1953 he was Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. Since July 1953 he was Deputy Head of the 3rd Directorate (military counterintelligence) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1954 he became head of the counterintelligence department in the industry of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.",
"Immediately after the creation of the [KGB](/wiki/KGB \"KGB\") of the USSR, he was transferred there and in March 1954 he was appointed head of the 5th department (economic counterintelligence) of the KGB under the [Council of Ministers of the USSR](/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\").",
"From June 1954 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the KGB and from January 1956 the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During 5 to 13 November 1961 he became the temporary acting Chairman of the KGB at the Council of Ministers of the USSR.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Yakovlev\\|first\\=A.N\\|title\\=Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka\\-OGPU\\-NKVD\\-NKGB\\-MVD\\-KGB. 1917\\-1991\\.}}",
"From 1950 to 1954 and from 1966 he was a deputy of the [Soviet of Nationalities](/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities \"Soviet of Nationalities\") of the [Supreme Soviet of the USSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union\") from the [North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic\"). Over the years he was a deputy of the [Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia \"Supreme Soviet of Russia\") and the [Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR\").",
"### Chief of the GRU",
"From 14 March 1963 to 13 July 1987 Ivashutin became Chief of the [Main Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/GRU_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"GRU (Soviet Union)\") and Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces.",
"The total length of service of Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin in the GRU was over twenty\\-four years which made him the longest running GRU chief in the USSR.{{Cite book\\|title\\=General of the Army PI Ivashutin A quarter of a century at the head of the GRU. // Ed.\\-comp. V. I. Boyko.\\|publisher\\=OLMA\\-Press\\|year\\=2009}}",
"One of the primary tasks that Ivashutin had to solve was to minimize the damage inflicted on the GRU by defector [Oleg Penkovsky](/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky \"Oleg Penkovsky\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Из своего кабинета он видел весь мир / Спецслужбы / Независимая газета\\|url\\=https://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2018\\-11\\-02/1\\_1020\\_hatch.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-27\\|website\\=nvo.ng.ru}}",
"On Ivashutin's initiative, the GRU in 1963 began to create a system of round\\-the\\-clock information reception and its assessment in order to identify signs of an increase in the combat readiness of foreign armed forces. In other words, a system was created to warn the country's top leadership about military threats in real time. This system later became known as the Command Post. This work, begun by Ivashutin in the 1960s, later became the basis for the creation of the National Center for [National Defense Management of the Russian Federation](/wiki/National_Defense_Management_Center \"National Defense Management Center\").",
"In 1963, Ivashutin made a trip to Cuba. The result of this trip was the deployment of a technical intelligence center in Lourdes (a suburb of Havana).",
"At the insistence of Ivashutin, the construction of a new complex of buildings for the needs of the GRU began on the Khoroshevskoye highway in Moscow. After the first reconnaissance satellites appeared in space, on the initiative of Ivashutin, a Space Intelligence Department also was formed in the GRU.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Peter the Great of Russian Military Intelligence\\|url\\=http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2009\\-09\\-18/14\\_ivashutin.html}}",
"### Later life",
"From July 1987, Ivashutin worked in the [Group of Inspectors General](/wiki/Group_of_Inspectors_General \"Group of Inspectors General\") of the [USSR Ministry of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)\"). In May 1992 he retired.",
"Pyotr Ivashutin died on 4 June 2002 in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). He is buried at the [Troyekurovskoye Cemetery](/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery \"Troyekurovskoye Cemetery\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1935 to 2000
Fujitsu was established on June 20, 1935, which makes it one of the oldest operating IT companies after [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM") and before [Hewlett\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"),{{Cite web \|title\=History of Fujitsu – Fujitsu Global \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \|website\=fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=August 8, 2008 \|archive\-date\=March 15, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \|url\-status\=live }} under the name {{nihongo\|Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing\| 富士電気通信機器製造\|Fuji Denki Tsūshin Kiki Seizō}}, as a spin\-off of the [Fuji Electric Company](/wiki/Fuji_Electric "Fuji Electric"), itself a joint venture between the [Furukawa Electric Company](/wiki/Furukawa_Group "Furukawa Group") and the German conglomerate [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") which had been founded in 1923\. Despite its connections to the [Furukawa](/wiki/Furukawa_Group "Furukawa Group") [zaibatsu](/wiki/Zaibatsu "Zaibatsu"), Fujitsu escaped the Allied [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan") after the Second World War mostly unscathed.
{{anchor\|FujComputer}}
In 1954, Fujitsu manufactured Japan's first computer, the [FACOM 100](/wiki/FACOM_100 "FACOM 100") [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer"),{{Cite web \|last\=Williams \|first\=Al \|date\=August 3, 2019 \|title\=Maybe the oldest computer, probably the oddest \|url\=https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\-the\-oldest\-computer\-probably\-the\-oddest/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804124520/https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\-the\-oldest\-computer\-probably\-the\-oddest/ \|archive\-date\=August 4, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 4, 2019 \|website\=\[\[Hackaday]] \|quote\=In 1956, Fujitsu decided to compete with IBM and built a relay\-based computer, the FACOM128\. The computer takes up 70 square meters and weighs about 3 tons. By 1959, they’d learned enough to make a FACOM128B model that was improved. \|df\=dmy\-all}}{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM100 (1954\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203930/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\.html \|url\-status\=live }} and in 1961 launched its [second generation computers](/wiki/Second_generation_computer "Second generation computer") (transistorized) the FACOM 222 mainframe.{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM222 (1961\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204249/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The 1968 FACOM230 "5" Series marked the beginning of its [third generation computers](/wiki/Third_generation_computer "Third generation computer").{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM230 "5" Series (1968\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\-25\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204244/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\-25\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Fujitsu offered mainframe computers from 1955 until at least 2002{{Cite web \|title\=Mainframe Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2009 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203137/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} Fujitsu's computer products have also included minicomputers,{{Cite web \|title\=Minicomputers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204049/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} small business computers,{{Cite web \|title\=Small Business Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129143250/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} servers{{Cite web \|title\=Servers/Workstations \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203902/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} and personal computers ([FM\-8](/wiki/FM-8 "FM-8"), [FM\-7](/wiki/FM-7 "FM-7"), [FM\-Towns](/wiki/FM-Towns "FM-Towns"), etc).{{Cite web \|title\=Personal Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203247/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }}
{{See also\|FACOM}}
In 1955, Fujitsu founded [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale "Kawasaki Frontale") as a company [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") club; Kawasaki Frontale has been a [J. League](/wiki/J._League "J. League") football club since 1999\. In 1967, the company's name was officially changed to the contraction {{nihongo\|\|富士通\|Fujitsū}}. Since 1985, the company also fields a company [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") team, the [Fujitsu Frontiers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Frontiers "Fujitsu Frontiers"),{{Cite web \|title\=フロンティアーズ : 富士通 \|url\=http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \|website\=sports.jp.fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=December 3, 2015 \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210035235/http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \|url\-status\=live }} who play in the corporate [X\-League](/wiki/X-League_%28Japan%29 "X-League (Japan)"), appeared in 7 [Japan X Bowls](/wiki/Japan_X_Bowl "Japan X Bowl"), winning two, and won two [Rice Bowls](/wiki/Rice_Bowl "Rice Bowl").
In 1971, Fujitsu signed an [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") agreement with the Canadian company [Consolidated Computers](/wiki/Consolidated_Computers "Consolidated Computers") Limited (CCL) to distribute CCL's data entry product, Key\-Edit. Fujitsu joined both [International Computers Limited](/wiki/International_Computers_Limited "International Computers Limited") (ICL) which earlier began marketing Key\-Edit in the British Commonwealth of countries as well as in both western and eastern Europe; and CCL's direct marketing staff in Canada, USA, London (UK) and Frankfurt. Mers Kutt, inventor of Key\-Edit and founder of CCL, was the common thread that led to Fujitsu's later association with ICL and [Gene Amdahl](/wiki/Gene_Amdahl "Gene Amdahl").
In 1986, Fujitsu and [The Queen's University of Belfast](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast "The Queen's University of Belfast") business incubation unit (QUBIS Ltd) established a joint venture called [Kainos](/wiki/Kainos "Kainos"), a privately held software company based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"), Northern Ireland.{{Cite news \|title\=History of Fujitsu spin out company \|url\=http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\-studies/3/kainos \|access\-date\=June 15, 2013 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165735/http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\-studies/3/kainos \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite news \|date\=1996–2002 \|title\=Fujitsu joint venture with QUBIS \|url\=http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\_02\_00\.html \|access\-date\=June 15, 2013 \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195116/http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\_02\_00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 1990, Fujitsu acquired 80% of the UK\-based computer company ICL for $1\.29 billion.{{Cite news \|last\=Prokesch \|first\=Steven \|date\=July 31, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu To Buy ICL Stake \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-buy\-icl\-stake.html \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 15, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115212147/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-buy\-icl\-stake.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=July 2010 \|title\=Fujitsu: Innovation is a constant for 75 years \|work\=Computer Weekly \|url\=http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\-Innovation\-is\-a\-constant\-for\-75\-years \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=May 15, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125939/http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\-Innovation\-is\-a\-constant\-for\-75\-years \|url\-status\=live }} In September 1990, Fujitsu announced the launch of a new series of mainframe computers which were at that time the fastest in the world.{{Cite news \|last\=Sanger \|first\=David E. \|date\=September 5, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu Announces Mainframe \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\-announces\-mainframe.html \|access\-date\=December 14, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175242/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\-announces\-mainframe.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=September 5, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu claims fastest computer \|work\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4504,854158\&dq\=fujitsu\&hl\=en \|access\-date\=December 14, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4504,854158\&dq\=fujitsu\&hl\=en \|url\-status\=live }} In July 1991, Fujitsu acquired more than half of the Russian company KME\-CS (Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise of Computer Systems).
In 1992, Fujitsu announced plans to build a joint\-venture plant in [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), India, to produce telephone switchboards. Fujitsu owned 51 percent of the joint venture, with the remaining 49 percent owned by Punjab's state\-run electronics company. Dr. Sushil Kumar Mangal, who was at the time the Managing Director of the Punjab State Electronics Corporation, was appointed Chairman of Fujitsu India Telecom Ltd. This INR 116\-crore project was set up by Fujitsu for the manufacture of Electronic Digital Exchange, with Fujitsu holding a 51 percent stake in the venture. Concurrently, Fujitsu established a new subsidiary, Fujitsu Networks Industry Inc., in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop communications services.[Fujitsu Venture in India](https://web.archive.org/web/20180120044815/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/business/fujitsu-venture-in-india.html) (January 20, 1992\). *The New York Times*.
In 1992, Fujitsu also introduced the world's first 21\-inch full\-color [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display "Plasma display"). It was a hybrid, based upon the plasma display created at the University of Illinois at Urbana\-Champaign and NHK STRL, achieving superior brightness.
In 1993, Fujitsu formed a [flash memory](/wiki/Flash_memory "Flash memory") manufacturing joint venture with [AMD](/wiki/AMD "AMD"), [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion "Spansion"). As part of the transaction, AMD contributed its flash memory group, Fab 25 in Texas, its R\&D facilities and assembly plants in Thailand, Malaysia and China; Fujitsu provided its Flash memory business division and the Malaysian Fujitsu Microelectronics final assembly and test operations.By Alun Williams, PC Pro. "[Spansion – AMD and Fujitsu brand their Flash memory](http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion-amd-and-fujitsu-brand-their-flash-memory) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174341/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion\-amd\-and\-fujitsu\-brand\-their\-flash\-memory \|date\=March 16, 2012 }}." July 13, 2003\.
From February 1989 until mid\-1997, Fujitsu built the [FM Towns](/wiki/FM_Towns "FM Towns") PC variant. It started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and computer games, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty was released, a gaming console compatible with the FM Towns games.
Fujitsu agreed to acquire the 58 percent of [Amdahl Corporation](/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation "Amdahl Corporation") (including the Canada\-based DMR consulting group) that it did not already own for around $850 million in July 1997\.{{Cite news \|last\=Fisher \|first\=Lawrence M. \|date\=July 31, 1997 \|title\=Fujitsu to Pay $850 Million To Acquire Rest of Amdahl \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-pay\-850\-million\-to\-acquire\-rest\-of\-amdahl.html?src\=pm \|access\-date\=December 17, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116015142/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-pay\-850\-million\-to\-acquire\-rest\-of\-amdahl.html?src\=pm \|url\-status\=live }}
In April 1997, the company acquired a 30 percent stake in GLOVIA International, Inc., an El Segundo, Calif., manufacturing ERP software provider whose software it had begun integrating into its electronics plants starting in 1994\.{{Cite web \|title\=Connectory.com Network \|url\=http://connectory.com/profile\_view.aspx?connectoryId\=21632 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2016 \|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001339/http://connectory.com/profile\_view.aspx?connectoryId\=21632 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In June 1999, Fujitsu's historical connection with Siemens was revived, when the two companies agreed to merge their European computer operations into a new 50:50 joint venture called [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers "Fujitsu Siemens Computers"), which became the world's fifth\-largest computer manufacturing company.{{Cite news \|last\=Harrison \|first\=Michael \|date\=June 18, 1999 \|title\=Fujistu in European venture \|work\=The Independent \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\-in\-european\-venture\-1100826\.html \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=May 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521163311/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\-in\-european\-venture\-1100826\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
### 2000 to 2024
In April 2000, Fujitsu acquired the remaining 70% of GLOVIA International.
In April 2002 ICL re\-branded itself as Fujitsu. On March 2, 2004, Fujitsu Computer Products of America lost a class action lawsuit over MPG series hard disk drives with defective chips and firmware. In October 2004, Fujitsu acquired the Australian subsidiary of [Atos Origin](/wiki/Atos "Atos"), a systems implementation company with around 140 employees which specialized in [SAP](/wiki/SAP_ERP "SAP ERP").{{Cite news \|last\=O'Neill \|first\=Rob \|date\=October 26, 2004 \|title\=Jobs 'safe' in Atos takeover \|work\=The Age \|location\=Melbourne \|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098667679243\.html?from\=moreStories \|access\-date\=June 29, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 18, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918130605/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098667679243\.html?from\=moreStories \|url\-status\=live }}
In August 2007, Fujitsu signed a £500 million, 10\-year deal with [Reuters Group](/wiki/Reuters_Group "Reuters Group") under which Reuters outsourced the majority of its internal IT department to Fujitsu.{{Cite news \|last\=White \|first\=Dominic \|date\=August 16, 2007 \|title\=Reuters in £500m deal with Fujitsu \|work\=The Telegraph \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2814159/Reuters\-in\-500m\-deal\-with\-Fujitsu.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2814159/Reuters\-in\-500m\-deal\-with\-Fujitsu.html \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=December 15, 2011}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite news \|date\=August 17, 2007 \|title\=Reuters Outsourcing Global IT Ops to Fujitsu \|work\=ABC News \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id\=3487692 \|access\-date\=December 15, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 26, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126080419/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id\=3487692 \|url\-status\=live }} As part of the agreement around 300 Reuters staff and 200 contractors transferred to Fujitsu. In October 2007, Fujitsu announced that it would be establishing an offshore development centre in [Noida](/wiki/Noida "Noida"), India with a capacity to house 1,200 employees, in an investment of US$10 million.{{Cite news \|date\=October 9, 2007 \|title\=Fujitsu sets up $10\-m centre in Noida \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays\-paper/tp\-info\-tech/article1671466\.ece?ref\=archive \|access\-date\=December 15, 2011}}{{Cite news \|date\=October 8, 2007 \|title\=Fujitsu to increase India headcount to 2,500 \|work\=The Financial Express \|url\=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Fujitsu\-to\-increase\-India\-headcount\-to\-2\-500/226003/ \|access\-date\=December 15, 2011 \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615111911/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Fujitsu\-to\-increase\-India\-headcount\-to\-2\-500/226003 \|url\-status\=live }}
In October 2007, Fujitsu's Australia and New Zealand subsidiary acquired Infinity Solutions Ltd, a New ZealandVirtuora–based IT hardware, services and consultancy company, for an undisclosed amount.{{Cite news \|date\=September 28, 2007 \|title\=Fujitsu to acquire Infinity \|work\=Computerworld \|url\=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/15D9FCC2F4D574B4CC2573630080CA46 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=December 17, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525180733/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/15D9FCC2F4D574B4CC2573630080CA46 \|archive\-date\=May 25, 2012}}{{Cite news \|date\=October 5, 2007 \|title\=Fujitsu buys Infinity for services clout \|publisher\=Reseller \|url\=http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/news/4A4278792F2C3C97CC25736A006DAE42 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=December 17, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422194232/http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/news/4A4278792F2C3C97CC25736A006DAE42 \|archive\-date\=April 22, 2012}}
In January 2009, Fujitsu reached an agreement to sell its HDD business to [Toshiba](/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba").{{Cite press release \|title\=Toshiba and Fujitsu reach HDD deal: Nikkei \|date\=January 14, 2009 \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/innovationNews/idUSTRE50D5LN20090114 \|access\-date\=January 14, 2009 \|work\=Reuters}} Transfer of the business was completed on October 1\. 2009\.{{Cite press release \|title\=Toshiba Agrees to Acquire Fujitsu's Hard Drive Business. \|date\=February 17, 2009 \|publisher\=Xbitlabs \|url\=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20090217060147\_Toshiba\_Agrees\_to\_Acquire\_Fujitsu\_s\_Hard\_Drive\_Business.html \|access\-date\=February 17, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230501/http://xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20090217060147\_Toshiba\_Agrees\_to\_Acquire\_Fujitsu\_s\_Hard\_Drive\_Business.html \|archive\-date\=February 19, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all}}[Toshiba takes over Fujitsu's HDD business](http://www.itpro.co.uk/615832/toshiba-takes-over-fujitsus-hdd-business) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311113241/http://www.itpro.co.uk/615832/toshiba\-takes\-over\-fujitsus\-hdd\-business \|date\=March 11, 2012 }}. IT PRO (October 2, 2009\). Retrieved 26 July 2013\.
In March 2009, Fujitsu announced that it had decided to convert FDK Corporation, at that time an equity\-method affiliate, to a consolidated subsidiary from May 1, 2009 (tentative schedule) by subscribing to a private placement to increase FDK's capital.{{Cite web \|title\=Notice Regarding Conversion of FDK into Consolidated Subsidiary – Fujitsu Global \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2009/20090327\-03\.html \|website\=fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=April 20, 2011 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022137/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2009/20090327\-03\.html \|url\-status\=live }} On April 1, 2009, Fujitsu agreed to acquire Siemens' stake in [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers "Fujitsu Siemens Computers") for approximately EUR450m.{{Cite press release \|title\=Fujitsu to Acquire Siemens's Stake in Fujitsu Siemens Computers \|date\=December 4, 2008 \|publisher\=Fujitsu \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2008/20081104\-01\.html}} Fujitsu Siemens Computers was subsequently renamed [Fujitsu Technology Solutions](/wiki/Fujitsu_Technology_Solutions "Fujitsu Technology Solutions").{{Cite web \|title\=Fujitsu: Fujitsu Technology Solutions will drive transformation for Fujitsu \|url\=http://ts.fujitsu.com/ps2/press/read/news\_details.aspx?id\=3450 \|website\=ts.fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=April 17, 2009 \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101957/http://ts.fujitsu.com/ps2/press/read/news\_details.aspx?id\=3450 \|url\-status\=live }}
In April 2009, Fujitsu acquired Australian software company Supply Chain Consulting for a $48 million deal, just weeks after purchasing the Telstra subsidiary Kaz for $200 million.{{Cite web \|date\=December 16, 2013 \|title\=Fujitsu acquires Australian software firm \|url\=http://www.smartcompany.com.au/technology/information\-technology/8641\-20090427\-fujitsu\-acquires\-australian\-software\-firm.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184437/http://www.smartcompany.com.au/technology/information\-technology/8641\-20090427\-fujitsu\-acquires\-australian\-software\-firm.html \|archive\-date\=December 16, 2013 \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019}}
Concerning of net loss forecast that amounted to 95 billion yen in the year ending March 2013, in February 2013 Fujitsu announced the cutting of 5,000 jobs of which 3,000 jobs in Japan and the rest overseas from its 170,000 employees.{{Cite news \|date\=February 8, 2013 \|title\=Fujitsu Advances on Job Cuts, Chip Reorganization \|work\=Bloomberg \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-02\-07/fujitsu\-to\-cut\-5\-000\-jobs\-as\-it\-restructures\-lsi\-chip\-business.html \|access\-date\=March 7, 2017 \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112143114/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-02\-07/fujitsu\-to\-cut\-5\-000\-jobs\-as\-it\-restructures\-lsi\-chip\-business.html \|url\-status\=live }} Fujitsu also merged its [Large\-scale integration](/wiki/Large-scale_integration "Large-scale integration") chip designing business with that of [Panasonic Corporation](/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic"), resulting in the establishment of [Socionext](/wiki/Socionext "Socionext").{{Cite news \|date\=April 24, 2014 \|title\=Fujitsu, Panasonic Secure Funding for Chip Merger \|work\=WJD \|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/23/fujitsu\-panasonic\-secure\-govt\-money\-for\-chip\-merger/ \|access\-date\=August 4, 2017 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709213615/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/23/fujitsu\-panasonic\-secure\-govt\-money\-for\-chip\-merger/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2014, after severe losses, Fujitsu spun off its LSI chip manufacturing division as well, as Mie Fujitsu semiconductor, which was later bought in 2018 by United Semiconductor Japan Co., Ltd., wholly owned by [United Microelectronics Corporation](/wiki/United_Microelectronics_Corporation "United Microelectronics Corporation").{{Cite web \|date\=January 21, 2008 \|title\=Fujitsu to spin\-off chip unit \|url\=https://www.eetimes.com/fujitsu\-to\-spin\-off\-chip\-unit/ \|website\=EETimes \|access\-date\=December 19, 2019 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214035/https://www.eetimes.com/fujitsu\-to\-spin\-off\-chip\-unit/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Shilov \|first\=Anton \|title\=UMC Acquires Fujitsu's Stake in Semiconductor Joint Venture \|url\=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13031/umc\-acquires\-fujitsus\-stake\-in\-semiconductor\-joint\-venture \|website\=anandtech.com \|access\-date\=December 19, 2019 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214035/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13031/umc\-acquires\-fujitsus\-stake\-in\-semiconductor\-joint\-venture \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://electronics360\.globalspec.com/article/4422/fujitsu\-shakes\-up\-semiconductor\-business\-expands\-foundry\-platform\|title\=Fujitsu Shakes up Semiconductor Business, Expands Foundry Platform \| Electronics360\|access\-date\=December 19, 2019\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214036/https://electronics360\.globalspec.com/article/4422/fujitsu\-shakes\-up\-semiconductor\-business\-expands\-foundry\-platform\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Message from the President \| USJC：United Semiconductor Japan Co., Ltd.\|date\=December 17, 2018\|url\=https://www.usjpc.com/en/about\-e/message\-e\|access\-date\=December 19, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 4, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104001300/https://www.usjpc.com/en/about\-e/message\-e\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2015, Fujitsu celebrated 80 years since establishment at a time when its IT business embarked upon the Fujitsu 2015 World Tour{{Cite news \|date\=July 1, 2015 \|title\=Account of Fujitsu World Tour London 2015 \|work\=Onega \|url\=http://www.onega.net/blog/2015/6/30/a\-memoire\-of\-the\-fujitsu\-world\-tour\-2015\-london \|access\-date\=July 1, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702084904/http://www.onega.net/blog/2015/6/30/a\-memoire\-of\-the\-fujitsu\-world\-tour\-2015\-london \|url\-status\=live }} which has included 15 major cities globally and been visited by over 10,000 IT professionals with Fujitsu presenting its take on the future of Hyper Connectivity and Human Centric Computing.
In April 2015 GLOVIA International is renamed FUJITSU GLOVIA, Inc.{{Cite web \|title\=Bloomberg \|website\=\[\[Bloomberg News]] \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\=701259 \|access\-date\=March 7, 2017 \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116012742/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\=701259 \|url\-status\=live }}
In November 2015, Fujitsu Limited and [VMware](/wiki/VMware "VMware") announced new areas of collaboration to empower customers with flexible and secure cloud technologies.Yahoo! Finance. "[Fujitsu and VMware Expand Global Collaboration in the Cloud](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fujitsu-vmware-expand-global-collaboration-000000411.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722161904/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fujitsu\-vmware\-expand\-global\-collaboration\-000000411\.html \|date\=July 22, 2017 }}." November 9, 2015\. November 17, 2015\. It also acquired USharesoft{{Cite news \|title\=Fujitsu Acquires UShareSoft to Bolster its Cloud Business – Fujitsu Global \|work\=fujitsu.com \|publisher\=Fujitsu Limited \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press\-releases/2015/1117\-01\.html \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170104/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press\-releases/2015/1117\-01\.html \|url\-status\=live }} which provides enterprise\-class application delivery software for automating the build, migration and governance of applications in multi\-cloud environments.{{Cite web \|title\=linrx by Fujitsu Global \|url\=http://linrx.cf/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423083447/http://linrx.cf/ \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|publisher\=Fujitsu Global}}
In January 2016, Fujitsu Network Communications Inc. announced a new suite of layered products to advance software\-defined networking (SDN) for carriers, service providers and cloud builders. Virtuora NC, based on open standards, is described by Fujitsu as "a suite of standards\-based, multi\-layered, multi\-vendor network automation and virtualization products" that "has been hands\-on hardened by some of the largest global service providers."David Ramel, Virtualization Review. "[Fujitsu Unveils Suite for Software\-Defined Networking](https://virtualizationreview.com/articles/2016/01/07/fujitsu-sdn.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108121518/https://virtualizationreview.com/articles/2016/01/07/fujitsu\-sdn.aspx \|date\=January 8, 2016 }}." January 7, 2016\. January 8, 2016\.
In 2019, Fujitsu started to deliver [5G](/wiki/5G "5G") [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications "Telecommunications") equipment to [NTT Docomo](/wiki/NTT_Docomo "NTT Docomo"), along with [NEC](/wiki/NEC "NEC").{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-31\|title\=NEC, Fujitsu start to deliver 5G radio equipment to NTT DoCoMo\|url\=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190731/5g/nec\-fujitsu\-5g\-japan\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-27\|website\=RCR Wireless News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126210215/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190731/5g/nec\-fujitsu\-5g\-japan\|url\-status\=live}}
In March 2020, Fujitsu announced the creation of a subsidiary, later named Fujitsu Japan, that will enable the company to expand its business in the Japanese IT services market.{{Cite web \|last\=Duckett \|first\=Chris \|title\=Fujitsu creates business integration company to focus on Japan \|url\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\-creates\-business\-integration\-company\-to\-focus\-on\-japan/ \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-17 \|website\=ZDNet \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=November 26, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126222051/https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\-creates\-business\-integration\-company\-to\-focus\-on\-japan/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|last\=Chanthadavong\|first\=Aimee\|title\=Fujitsu to expand Japanese operations with launch of Fujitsu Japan Ltd\|url\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\-to\-expand\-japanese\-operations\-with\-launch\-of\-fujitsu\-japan\-ltd/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-27\|website\=ZDNet\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=March 2, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302053757/https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\-to\-expand\-japanese\-operations\-with\-launch\-of\-fujitsu\-japan\-ltd/\|url\-status\=live}}
In June 2020, [Fugaku](/wiki/Fugaku_%28supercomputer%29 "Fugaku (supercomputer)"), co\-developed with the [RIKEN](/wiki/RIKEN "RIKEN") research institute, was declared the most powerful [supercomputer](/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") in the world. The performance capability of Fugaku is 415\.53 PFLOPS with a theoretical peak of 513\.86 PFLOPS.{{Cite web \|title\=Supercomputer Fugaku \- Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2\.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D \|url\=https://www.top500\.org/system/179807/ \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-22 \|website\=TOP500 Supercomputer Sites \|archive\-date\=January 28, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128191223/https://www.top500\.org/system/179807/ \|url\-status\=live }} It is three times faster than of the previous champion. Fugaku also ranked first place in categories that measure computational methods performance for industrial use, artificial intelligence applications, and big data analytics. The supercomputer is located in a facility in [Kobe](/wiki/Kobe "Kobe").{{Cite web \|title\=Japan's Fugaku rated world's fastest supercomputer \|url\=https://www3\.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200623\_10/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623150545/https://www3\.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200623\_10/ \|archive\-date\=June 23, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 23, 2020 \|publisher\=NHK World}}
In June 2020, Fujitsu developed an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") monitor that can recognize complex hand movements, built on its crime surveillance technology. The AI is designed to check whether the subject completes the proper hand washing procedure based on the guidelines issued by the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization").{{Cite news \|date\=2020\-06\-22 \|title\=Japan's Fujitsu brings hand washing AI to COVID\-19 fight \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-japan\-ai\-technolog\-idUSKBN23Q1F6 \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-15 \|archive\-date\=June 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624075044/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-japan\-ai\-technolog\-idUSKBN23Q1F6 \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2020, Fujitsu introduced [software\-defined](/wiki/Software-defined_storage "Software-defined storage") storage technology that incorporates [Qumulo](/wiki/Qumulo "Qumulo") [hybrid cloud](/wiki/Hybrid_cloud "Hybrid cloud") [file storage](/wiki/File_storage "File storage") software to enable enterprises to unify petabytes of [unstructured data](/wiki/Unstructured_data "Unstructured data") from disparate locations, across multiple data centers and the cloud. This is expected to support various types of storages, including NVMe SSDs, HDDs and flash\-drives.{{cite web \|title\=Fujitsu Introduces Software\-Defined Qumulo Storage Solution to Master Petabytes of Unstructured Data \|url\=https://www.hpcwire.com/off\-the\-wire/fujitsu\-introduces\-software\-defined\-qumulo\-storage\-solution\-to\-master\-petabytes\-of\-unstructured\-data/ \|website\=HPCwire \|access\-date\=8 October 2021 \|archive\-date\=October 8, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008191550/https://www.hpcwire.com/off\-the\-wire/fujitsu\-introduces\-software\-defined\-qumulo\-storage\-solution\-to\-master\-petabytes\-of\-unstructured\-data/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Mellor \|first\=Chris \|date\=2023\-03\-21 \|title\=Qumulo plans all\-in\-one available\-anywhere file services \|url\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2023/03/21/qumulos\-all\-in\-one\-available\-anywhere\-file\-services\-blanket/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-24 \|website\=Blocks and Files \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424094058/https://blocksandfiles.com/2023/03/21/qumulos\-all\-in\-one\-available\-anywhere\-file\-services\-blanket/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2024, Fujitsu relocated its headquarters from [Shiodome City Center](/wiki/Shiodome_City_Center "Shiodome City Center") in [Minato, Tokyo](/wiki/Minato%2C_Tokyo "Minato, Tokyo"), to [Kawasaki, Kanagawa](/wiki/Kawasaki%2C_Kanagawa "Kawasaki, Kanagawa"). The company relocated its administration department to its Kawasaki plant in [Nakahara\-ku](/wiki/Nakahara-ku%2C_Kawasaki "Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki"), its sales department to an office building in [Saiwaiku\-ku](/wiki/Saiwai-ku%2C_Kawasaki "Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki"), and its system development department to an office building in [Ōta, Tokyo](/wiki/%C5%8Cta%2C_Tokyo "Ōta, Tokyo").{{Cite web \|last\=日経クロステック（xTECH） \|date\=2023\-09\-22 \|title\=富士通が本社機能を川崎市に移転、汐留オフィスから退去 \|url\=https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/news/18/15968/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-11 \|website\=日経クロステック（xTECH） \|language\=ja}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1935 to 2000",
"Fujitsu was established on June 20, 1935, which makes it one of the oldest operating IT companies after [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\") and before [Hewlett\\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Fujitsu – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} under the name {{nihongo\\|Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing\\| 富士電気通信機器製造\\|Fuji Denki Tsūshin Kiki Seizō}}, as a spin\\-off of the [Fuji Electric Company](/wiki/Fuji_Electric \"Fuji Electric\"), itself a joint venture between the [Furukawa Electric Company](/wiki/Furukawa_Group \"Furukawa Group\") and the German conglomerate [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens \"Siemens\") which had been founded in 1923\\. Despite its connections to the [Furukawa](/wiki/Furukawa_Group \"Furukawa Group\") [zaibatsu](/wiki/Zaibatsu \"Zaibatsu\"), Fujitsu escaped the Allied [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\") after the Second World War mostly unscathed.",
"{{anchor\\|FujComputer}}\nIn 1954, Fujitsu manufactured Japan's first computer, the [FACOM 100](/wiki/FACOM_100 \"FACOM 100\") [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\"),{{Cite web \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Al \\|date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|title\\=Maybe the oldest computer, probably the oddest \\|url\\=https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\\-the\\-oldest\\-computer\\-probably\\-the\\-oddest/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804124520/https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\\-the\\-oldest\\-computer\\-probably\\-the\\-oddest/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Hackaday]] \\|quote\\=In 1956, Fujitsu decided to compete with IBM and built a relay\\-based computer, the FACOM128\\. The computer takes up 70 square meters and weighs about 3 tons. By 1959, they’d learned enough to make a FACOM128B model that was improved. \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM100 (1954\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203930/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and in 1961 launched its [second generation computers](/wiki/Second_generation_computer \"Second generation computer\") (transistorized) the FACOM 222 mainframe.{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM222 (1961\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204249/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The 1968 FACOM230 \"5\" Series marked the beginning of its [third generation computers](/wiki/Third_generation_computer \"Third generation computer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM230 \"5\" Series (1968\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\\-25\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204244/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\\-25\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fujitsu offered mainframe computers from 1955 until at least 2002{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mainframe Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2009 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203137/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fujitsu's computer products have also included minicomputers,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minicomputers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204049/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} small business computers,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Small Business Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129143250/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} servers{{Cite web \\|title\\=Servers/Workstations \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203902/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and personal computers ([FM\\-8](/wiki/FM-8 \"FM-8\"), [FM\\-7](/wiki/FM-7 \"FM-7\"), [FM\\-Towns](/wiki/FM-Towns \"FM-Towns\"), etc).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Personal Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203247/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{See also\\|FACOM}}",
"In 1955, Fujitsu founded [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale \"Kawasaki Frontale\") as a company [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") club; Kawasaki Frontale has been a [J. League](/wiki/J._League \"J. League\") football club since 1999\\. In 1967, the company's name was officially changed to the contraction {{nihongo\\|\\|富士通\\|Fujitsū}}. Since 1985, the company also fields a company [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team, the [Fujitsu Frontiers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Frontiers \"Fujitsu Frontiers\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=フロンティアーズ : 富士通 \\|url\\=http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \\|website\\=sports.jp.fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210035235/http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} who play in the corporate [X\\-League](/wiki/X-League_%28Japan%29 \"X-League (Japan)\"), appeared in 7 [Japan X Bowls](/wiki/Japan_X_Bowl \"Japan X Bowl\"), winning two, and won two [Rice Bowls](/wiki/Rice_Bowl \"Rice Bowl\").",
"In 1971, Fujitsu signed an [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer \"Original equipment manufacturer\") agreement with the Canadian company [Consolidated Computers](/wiki/Consolidated_Computers \"Consolidated Computers\") Limited (CCL) to distribute CCL's data entry product, Key\\-Edit. Fujitsu joined both [International Computers Limited](/wiki/International_Computers_Limited \"International Computers Limited\") (ICL) which earlier began marketing Key\\-Edit in the British Commonwealth of countries as well as in both western and eastern Europe; and CCL's direct marketing staff in Canada, USA, London (UK) and Frankfurt. Mers Kutt, inventor of Key\\-Edit and founder of CCL, was the common thread that led to Fujitsu's later association with ICL and [Gene Amdahl](/wiki/Gene_Amdahl \"Gene Amdahl\").",
"In 1986, Fujitsu and [The Queen's University of Belfast](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast \"The Queen's University of Belfast\") business incubation unit (QUBIS Ltd) established a joint venture called [Kainos](/wiki/Kainos \"Kainos\"), a privately held software company based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), Northern Ireland.{{Cite news \\|title\\=History of Fujitsu spin out company \\|url\\=http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\\-studies/3/kainos \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165735/http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\\-studies/3/kainos \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1996–2002 \\|title\\=Fujitsu joint venture with QUBIS \\|url\\=http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\\_02\\_00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195116/http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\\_02\\_00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 1990, Fujitsu acquired 80% of the UK\\-based computer company ICL for $1\\.29 billion.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Prokesch \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=July 31, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu To Buy ICL Stake \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-buy\\-icl\\-stake.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115212147/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-buy\\-icl\\-stake.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 2010 \\|title\\=Fujitsu: Innovation is a constant for 75 years \\|work\\=Computer Weekly \\|url\\=http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\\-Innovation\\-is\\-a\\-constant\\-for\\-75\\-years \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125939/http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\\-Innovation\\-is\\-a\\-constant\\-for\\-75\\-years \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In September 1990, Fujitsu announced the launch of a new series of mainframe computers which were at that time the fastest in the world.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sanger \\|first\\=David E. \\|date\\=September 5, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu Announces Mainframe \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\\-announces\\-mainframe.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175242/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\\-announces\\-mainframe.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 5, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu claims fastest computer \\|work\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4504,854158\\&dq\\=fujitsu\\&hl\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4504,854158\\&dq\\=fujitsu\\&hl\\=en \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In July 1991, Fujitsu acquired more than half of the Russian company KME\\-CS (Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise of Computer Systems).",
"In 1992, Fujitsu announced plans to build a joint\\-venture plant in [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), India, to produce telephone switchboards. Fujitsu owned 51 percent of the joint venture, with the remaining 49 percent owned by Punjab's state\\-run electronics company. Dr. Sushil Kumar Mangal, who was at the time the Managing Director of the Punjab State Electronics Corporation, was appointed Chairman of Fujitsu India Telecom Ltd. This INR 116\\-crore project was set up by Fujitsu for the manufacture of Electronic Digital Exchange, with Fujitsu holding a 51 percent stake in the venture. Concurrently, Fujitsu established a new subsidiary, Fujitsu Networks Industry Inc., in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop communications services.[Fujitsu Venture in India](https://web.archive.org/web/20180120044815/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/business/fujitsu-venture-in-india.html) (January 20, 1992\\). *The New York Times*.",
"In 1992, Fujitsu also introduced the world's first 21\\-inch full\\-color [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display \"Plasma display\"). It was a hybrid, based upon the plasma display created at the University of Illinois at Urbana\\-Champaign and NHK STRL, achieving superior brightness.",
"In 1993, Fujitsu formed a [flash memory](/wiki/Flash_memory \"Flash memory\") manufacturing joint venture with [AMD](/wiki/AMD \"AMD\"), [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion \"Spansion\"). As part of the transaction, AMD contributed its flash memory group, Fab 25 in Texas, its R\\&D facilities and assembly plants in Thailand, Malaysia and China; Fujitsu provided its Flash memory business division and the Malaysian Fujitsu Microelectronics final assembly and test operations.By Alun Williams, PC Pro. \"[Spansion – AMD and Fujitsu brand their Flash memory](http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion-amd-and-fujitsu-brand-their-flash-memory) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174341/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion\\-amd\\-and\\-fujitsu\\-brand\\-their\\-flash\\-memory \\|date\\=March 16, 2012 }}.\" July 13, 2003\\.",
"From February 1989 until mid\\-1997, Fujitsu built the [FM Towns](/wiki/FM_Towns \"FM Towns\") PC variant. It started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and computer games, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty was released, a gaming console compatible with the FM Towns games.",
"Fujitsu agreed to acquire the 58 percent of [Amdahl Corporation](/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation \"Amdahl Corporation\") (including the Canada\\-based DMR consulting group) that it did not already own for around $850 million in July 1997\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fisher \\|first\\=Lawrence M. \\|date\\=July 31, 1997 \\|title\\=Fujitsu to Pay $850 Million To Acquire Rest of Amdahl \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-pay\\-850\\-million\\-to\\-acquire\\-rest\\-of\\-amdahl.html?src\\=pm \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116015142/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-pay\\-850\\-million\\-to\\-acquire\\-rest\\-of\\-amdahl.html?src\\=pm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In April 1997, the company acquired a 30 percent stake in GLOVIA International, Inc., an El Segundo, Calif., manufacturing ERP software provider whose software it had begun integrating into its electronics plants starting in 1994\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Connectory.com Network \\|url\\=http://connectory.com/profile\\_view.aspx?connectoryId\\=21632 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001339/http://connectory.com/profile\\_view.aspx?connectoryId\\=21632 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In June 1999, Fujitsu's historical connection with Siemens was revived, when the two companies agreed to merge their European computer operations into a new 50:50 joint venture called [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers \"Fujitsu Siemens Computers\"), which became the world's fifth\\-largest computer manufacturing company.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Harrison \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=June 18, 1999 \\|title\\=Fujistu in European venture \\|work\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\\-in\\-european\\-venture\\-1100826\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521163311/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\\-in\\-european\\-venture\\-1100826\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### 2000 to 2024",
"In April 2000, Fujitsu acquired the remaining 70% of GLOVIA International.",
"In April 2002 ICL re\\-branded itself as Fujitsu. On March 2, 2004, Fujitsu Computer Products of America lost a class action lawsuit over MPG series hard disk drives with defective chips and firmware. In October 2004, Fujitsu acquired the Australian subsidiary of [Atos Origin](/wiki/Atos \"Atos\"), a systems implementation company with around 140 employees which specialized in [SAP](/wiki/SAP_ERP \"SAP ERP\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=O'Neill \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=October 26, 2004 \\|title\\=Jobs 'safe' in Atos takeover \\|work\\=The Age \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098667679243\\.html?from\\=moreStories \\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 18, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918130605/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098667679243\\.html?from\\=moreStories \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In August 2007, Fujitsu signed a £500 million, 10\\-year deal with [Reuters Group](/wiki/Reuters_Group \"Reuters Group\") under which Reuters outsourced the majority of its internal IT department to Fujitsu.{{Cite news \\|last\\=White \\|first\\=Dominic \\|date\\=August 16, 2007 \\|title\\=Reuters in £500m deal with Fujitsu \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2814159/Reuters\\-in\\-500m\\-deal\\-with\\-Fujitsu.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2814159/Reuters\\-in\\-500m\\-deal\\-with\\-Fujitsu.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2011}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=August 17, 2007 \\|title\\=Reuters Outsourcing Global IT Ops to Fujitsu \\|work\\=ABC News \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id\\=3487692 \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126080419/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id\\=3487692 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As part of the agreement around 300 Reuters staff and 200 contractors transferred to Fujitsu. In October 2007, Fujitsu announced that it would be establishing an offshore development centre in [Noida](/wiki/Noida \"Noida\"), India with a capacity to house 1,200 employees, in an investment of US$10 million.{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 9, 2007 \\|title\\=Fujitsu sets up $10\\-m centre in Noida \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-info\\-tech/article1671466\\.ece?ref\\=archive \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2011}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 8, 2007 \\|title\\=Fujitsu to increase India headcount to 2,500 \\|work\\=The Financial Express \\|url\\=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Fujitsu\\-to\\-increase\\-India\\-headcount\\-to\\-2\\-500/226003/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615111911/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Fujitsu\\-to\\-increase\\-India\\-headcount\\-to\\-2\\-500/226003 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In October 2007, Fujitsu's Australia and New Zealand subsidiary acquired Infinity Solutions Ltd, a New ZealandVirtuora–based IT hardware, services and consultancy company, for an undisclosed amount.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 28, 2007 \\|title\\=Fujitsu to acquire Infinity \\|work\\=Computerworld \\|url\\=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/15D9FCC2F4D574B4CC2573630080CA46 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525180733/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/15D9FCC2F4D574B4CC2573630080CA46 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2012}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 5, 2007 \\|title\\=Fujitsu buys Infinity for services clout \\|publisher\\=Reseller \\|url\\=http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/news/4A4278792F2C3C97CC25736A006DAE42 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422194232/http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/news/4A4278792F2C3C97CC25736A006DAE42 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 22, 2012}}",
"In January 2009, Fujitsu reached an agreement to sell its HDD business to [Toshiba](/wiki/Toshiba \"Toshiba\").{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Toshiba and Fujitsu reach HDD deal: Nikkei \\|date\\=January 14, 2009 \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/innovationNews/idUSTRE50D5LN20090114 \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2009 \\|work\\=Reuters}} Transfer of the business was completed on October 1\\. 2009\\.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Toshiba Agrees to Acquire Fujitsu's Hard Drive Business. \\|date\\=February 17, 2009 \\|publisher\\=Xbitlabs \\|url\\=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20090217060147\\_Toshiba\\_Agrees\\_to\\_Acquire\\_Fujitsu\\_s\\_Hard\\_Drive\\_Business.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230501/http://xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20090217060147\\_Toshiba\\_Agrees\\_to\\_Acquire\\_Fujitsu\\_s\\_Hard\\_Drive\\_Business.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}[Toshiba takes over Fujitsu's HDD business](http://www.itpro.co.uk/615832/toshiba-takes-over-fujitsus-hdd-business) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311113241/http://www.itpro.co.uk/615832/toshiba\\-takes\\-over\\-fujitsus\\-hdd\\-business \\|date\\=March 11, 2012 }}. IT PRO (October 2, 2009\\). Retrieved 26 July 2013\\.",
"In March 2009, Fujitsu announced that it had decided to convert FDK Corporation, at that time an equity\\-method affiliate, to a consolidated subsidiary from May 1, 2009 (tentative schedule) by subscribing to a private placement to increase FDK's capital.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Notice Regarding Conversion of FDK into Consolidated Subsidiary – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2009/20090327\\-03\\.html \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022137/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2009/20090327\\-03\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On April 1, 2009, Fujitsu agreed to acquire Siemens' stake in [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers \"Fujitsu Siemens Computers\") for approximately EUR450m.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Fujitsu to Acquire Siemens's Stake in Fujitsu Siemens Computers \\|date\\=December 4, 2008 \\|publisher\\=Fujitsu \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2008/20081104\\-01\\.html}} Fujitsu Siemens Computers was subsequently renamed [Fujitsu Technology Solutions](/wiki/Fujitsu_Technology_Solutions \"Fujitsu Technology Solutions\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Fujitsu: Fujitsu Technology Solutions will drive transformation for Fujitsu \\|url\\=http://ts.fujitsu.com/ps2/press/read/news\\_details.aspx?id\\=3450 \\|website\\=ts.fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101957/http://ts.fujitsu.com/ps2/press/read/news\\_details.aspx?id\\=3450 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In April 2009, Fujitsu acquired Australian software company Supply Chain Consulting for a $48 million deal, just weeks after purchasing the Telstra subsidiary Kaz for $200 million.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 16, 2013 \\|title\\=Fujitsu acquires Australian software firm \\|url\\=http://www.smartcompany.com.au/technology/information\\-technology/8641\\-20090427\\-fujitsu\\-acquires\\-australian\\-software\\-firm.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184437/http://www.smartcompany.com.au/technology/information\\-technology/8641\\-20090427\\-fujitsu\\-acquires\\-australian\\-software\\-firm.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 16, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019}}",
"Concerning of net loss forecast that amounted to 95 billion yen in the year ending March 2013, in February 2013 Fujitsu announced the cutting of 5,000 jobs of which 3,000 jobs in Japan and the rest overseas from its 170,000 employees.{{Cite news \\|date\\=February 8, 2013 \\|title\\=Fujitsu Advances on Job Cuts, Chip Reorganization \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-02\\-07/fujitsu\\-to\\-cut\\-5\\-000\\-jobs\\-as\\-it\\-restructures\\-lsi\\-chip\\-business.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112143114/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-02\\-07/fujitsu\\-to\\-cut\\-5\\-000\\-jobs\\-as\\-it\\-restructures\\-lsi\\-chip\\-business.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fujitsu also merged its [Large\\-scale integration](/wiki/Large-scale_integration \"Large-scale integration\") chip designing business with that of [Panasonic Corporation](/wiki/Panasonic \"Panasonic\"), resulting in the establishment of [Socionext](/wiki/Socionext \"Socionext\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 24, 2014 \\|title\\=Fujitsu, Panasonic Secure Funding for Chip Merger \\|work\\=WJD \\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/23/fujitsu\\-panasonic\\-secure\\-govt\\-money\\-for\\-chip\\-merger/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709213615/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/23/fujitsu\\-panasonic\\-secure\\-govt\\-money\\-for\\-chip\\-merger/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2014, after severe losses, Fujitsu spun off its LSI chip manufacturing division as well, as Mie Fujitsu semiconductor, which was later bought in 2018 by United Semiconductor Japan Co., Ltd., wholly owned by [United Microelectronics Corporation](/wiki/United_Microelectronics_Corporation \"United Microelectronics Corporation\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 21, 2008 \\|title\\=Fujitsu to spin\\-off chip unit \\|url\\=https://www.eetimes.com/fujitsu\\-to\\-spin\\-off\\-chip\\-unit/ \\|website\\=EETimes \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214035/https://www.eetimes.com/fujitsu\\-to\\-spin\\-off\\-chip\\-unit/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Shilov \\|first\\=Anton \\|title\\=UMC Acquires Fujitsu's Stake in Semiconductor Joint Venture \\|url\\=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13031/umc\\-acquires\\-fujitsus\\-stake\\-in\\-semiconductor\\-joint\\-venture \\|website\\=anandtech.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214035/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13031/umc\\-acquires\\-fujitsus\\-stake\\-in\\-semiconductor\\-joint\\-venture \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://electronics360\\.globalspec.com/article/4422/fujitsu\\-shakes\\-up\\-semiconductor\\-business\\-expands\\-foundry\\-platform\\|title\\=Fujitsu Shakes up Semiconductor Business, Expands Foundry Platform \\| Electronics360\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214036/https://electronics360\\.globalspec.com/article/4422/fujitsu\\-shakes\\-up\\-semiconductor\\-business\\-expands\\-foundry\\-platform\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Message from the President \\| USJC：United Semiconductor Japan Co., Ltd.\\|date\\=December 17, 2018\\|url\\=https://www.usjpc.com/en/about\\-e/message\\-e\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104001300/https://www.usjpc.com/en/about\\-e/message\\-e\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2015, Fujitsu celebrated 80 years since establishment at a time when its IT business embarked upon the Fujitsu 2015 World Tour{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 1, 2015 \\|title\\=Account of Fujitsu World Tour London 2015 \\|work\\=Onega \\|url\\=http://www.onega.net/blog/2015/6/30/a\\-memoire\\-of\\-the\\-fujitsu\\-world\\-tour\\-2015\\-london \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702084904/http://www.onega.net/blog/2015/6/30/a\\-memoire\\-of\\-the\\-fujitsu\\-world\\-tour\\-2015\\-london \\|url\\-status\\=live }} which has included 15 major cities globally and been visited by over 10,000 IT professionals with Fujitsu presenting its take on the future of Hyper Connectivity and Human Centric Computing.",
"In April 2015 GLOVIA International is renamed FUJITSU GLOVIA, Inc.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bloomberg \\|website\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News]] \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\\=701259 \\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116012742/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\\=701259 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In November 2015, Fujitsu Limited and [VMware](/wiki/VMware \"VMware\") announced new areas of collaboration to empower customers with flexible and secure cloud technologies.Yahoo! Finance. \"[Fujitsu and VMware Expand Global Collaboration in the Cloud](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fujitsu-vmware-expand-global-collaboration-000000411.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722161904/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fujitsu\\-vmware\\-expand\\-global\\-collaboration\\-000000411\\.html \\|date\\=July 22, 2017 }}.\" November 9, 2015\\. November 17, 2015\\. It also acquired USharesoft{{Cite news \\|title\\=Fujitsu Acquires UShareSoft to Bolster its Cloud Business – Fujitsu Global \\|work\\=fujitsu.com \\|publisher\\=Fujitsu Limited \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press\\-releases/2015/1117\\-01\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170104/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press\\-releases/2015/1117\\-01\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} which provides enterprise\\-class application delivery software for automating the build, migration and governance of applications in multi\\-cloud environments.{{Cite web \\|title\\=linrx by Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=http://linrx.cf/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423083447/http://linrx.cf/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|publisher\\=Fujitsu Global}}",
"In January 2016, Fujitsu Network Communications Inc. announced a new suite of layered products to advance software\\-defined networking (SDN) for carriers, service providers and cloud builders. Virtuora NC, based on open standards, is described by Fujitsu as \"a suite of standards\\-based, multi\\-layered, multi\\-vendor network automation and virtualization products\" that \"has been hands\\-on hardened by some of the largest global service providers.\"David Ramel, Virtualization Review. \"[Fujitsu Unveils Suite for Software\\-Defined Networking](https://virtualizationreview.com/articles/2016/01/07/fujitsu-sdn.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108121518/https://virtualizationreview.com/articles/2016/01/07/fujitsu\\-sdn.aspx \\|date\\=January 8, 2016 }}.\" January 7, 2016\\. January 8, 2016\\.",
"In 2019, Fujitsu started to deliver [5G](/wiki/5G \"5G\") [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") equipment to [NTT Docomo](/wiki/NTT_Docomo \"NTT Docomo\"), along with [NEC](/wiki/NEC \"NEC\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-31\\|title\\=NEC, Fujitsu start to deliver 5G radio equipment to NTT DoCoMo\\|url\\=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190731/5g/nec\\-fujitsu\\-5g\\-japan\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-27\\|website\\=RCR Wireless News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126210215/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190731/5g/nec\\-fujitsu\\-5g\\-japan\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In March 2020, Fujitsu announced the creation of a subsidiary, later named Fujitsu Japan, that will enable the company to expand its business in the Japanese IT services market.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Duckett \\|first\\=Chris \\|title\\=Fujitsu creates business integration company to focus on Japan \\|url\\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\\-creates\\-business\\-integration\\-company\\-to\\-focus\\-on\\-japan/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-17 \\|website\\=ZDNet \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126222051/https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\\-creates\\-business\\-integration\\-company\\-to\\-focus\\-on\\-japan/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Chanthadavong\\|first\\=Aimee\\|title\\=Fujitsu to expand Japanese operations with launch of Fujitsu Japan Ltd\\|url\\=https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\\-to\\-expand\\-japanese\\-operations\\-with\\-launch\\-of\\-fujitsu\\-japan\\-ltd/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-27\\|website\\=ZDNet\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=March 2, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302053757/https://www.zdnet.com/article/fujitsu\\-to\\-expand\\-japanese\\-operations\\-with\\-launch\\-of\\-fujitsu\\-japan\\-ltd/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In June 2020, [Fugaku](/wiki/Fugaku_%28supercomputer%29 \"Fugaku (supercomputer)\"), co\\-developed with the [RIKEN](/wiki/RIKEN \"RIKEN\") research institute, was declared the most powerful [supercomputer](/wiki/Supercomputer \"Supercomputer\") in the world. The performance capability of Fugaku is 415\\.53 PFLOPS with a theoretical peak of 513\\.86 PFLOPS.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Supercomputer Fugaku \\- Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2\\.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D \\|url\\=https://www.top500\\.org/system/179807/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=TOP500 Supercomputer Sites \\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128191223/https://www.top500\\.org/system/179807/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is three times faster than of the previous champion. Fugaku also ranked first place in categories that measure computational methods performance for industrial use, artificial intelligence applications, and big data analytics. The supercomputer is located in a facility in [Kobe](/wiki/Kobe \"Kobe\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Japan's Fugaku rated world's fastest supercomputer \\|url\\=https://www3\\.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200623\\_10/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623150545/https://www3\\.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200623\\_10/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2020 \\|publisher\\=NHK World}}",
"In June 2020, Fujitsu developed an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") monitor that can recognize complex hand movements, built on its crime surveillance technology. The AI is designed to check whether the subject completes the proper hand washing procedure based on the guidelines issued by the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-22 \\|title\\=Japan's Fujitsu brings hand washing AI to COVID\\-19 fight \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-japan\\-ai\\-technolog\\-idUSKBN23Q1F6 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624075044/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-japan\\-ai\\-technolog\\-idUSKBN23Q1F6 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2020, Fujitsu introduced [software\\-defined](/wiki/Software-defined_storage \"Software-defined storage\") storage technology that incorporates [Qumulo](/wiki/Qumulo \"Qumulo\") [hybrid cloud](/wiki/Hybrid_cloud \"Hybrid cloud\") [file storage](/wiki/File_storage \"File storage\") software to enable enterprises to unify petabytes of [unstructured data](/wiki/Unstructured_data \"Unstructured data\") from disparate locations, across multiple data centers and the cloud. This is expected to support various types of storages, including NVMe SSDs, HDDs and flash\\-drives.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fujitsu Introduces Software\\-Defined Qumulo Storage Solution to Master Petabytes of Unstructured Data \\|url\\=https://www.hpcwire.com/off\\-the\\-wire/fujitsu\\-introduces\\-software\\-defined\\-qumulo\\-storage\\-solution\\-to\\-master\\-petabytes\\-of\\-unstructured\\-data/ \\|website\\=HPCwire \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 8, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008191550/https://www.hpcwire.com/off\\-the\\-wire/fujitsu\\-introduces\\-software\\-defined\\-qumulo\\-storage\\-solution\\-to\\-master\\-petabytes\\-of\\-unstructured\\-data/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mellor \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-21 \\|title\\=Qumulo plans all\\-in\\-one available\\-anywhere file services \\|url\\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2023/03/21/qumulos\\-all\\-in\\-one\\-available\\-anywhere\\-file\\-services\\-blanket/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-24 \\|website\\=Blocks and Files \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424094058/https://blocksandfiles.com/2023/03/21/qumulos\\-all\\-in\\-one\\-available\\-anywhere\\-file\\-services\\-blanket/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2024, Fujitsu relocated its headquarters from [Shiodome City Center](/wiki/Shiodome_City_Center \"Shiodome City Center\") in [Minato, Tokyo](/wiki/Minato%2C_Tokyo \"Minato, Tokyo\"), to [Kawasaki, Kanagawa](/wiki/Kawasaki%2C_Kanagawa \"Kawasaki, Kanagawa\"). The company relocated its administration department to its Kawasaki plant in [Nakahara\\-ku](/wiki/Nakahara-ku%2C_Kawasaki \"Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki\"), its sales department to an office building in [Saiwaiku\\-ku](/wiki/Saiwai-ku%2C_Kawasaki \"Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki\"), and its system development department to an office building in [Ōta, Tokyo](/wiki/%C5%8Cta%2C_Tokyo \"Ōta, Tokyo\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=日経クロステック（xTECH） \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=富士通が本社機能を川崎市に移転、汐留オフィスから退去 \\|url\\=https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/news/18/15968/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-11 \\|website\\=日経クロステック（xTECH） \\|language\\=ja}}",
""
] |
### 1935 to 2000
Fujitsu was established on June 20, 1935, which makes it one of the oldest operating IT companies after [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM") and before [Hewlett\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"),{{Cite web \|title\=History of Fujitsu – Fujitsu Global \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \|website\=fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=August 8, 2008 \|archive\-date\=March 15, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \|url\-status\=live }} under the name {{nihongo\|Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing\| 富士電気通信機器製造\|Fuji Denki Tsūshin Kiki Seizō}}, as a spin\-off of the [Fuji Electric Company](/wiki/Fuji_Electric "Fuji Electric"), itself a joint venture between the [Furukawa Electric Company](/wiki/Furukawa_Group "Furukawa Group") and the German conglomerate [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") which had been founded in 1923\. Despite its connections to the [Furukawa](/wiki/Furukawa_Group "Furukawa Group") [zaibatsu](/wiki/Zaibatsu "Zaibatsu"), Fujitsu escaped the Allied [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan") after the Second World War mostly unscathed.
{{anchor\|FujComputer}}
In 1954, Fujitsu manufactured Japan's first computer, the [FACOM 100](/wiki/FACOM_100 "FACOM 100") [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer"),{{Cite web \|last\=Williams \|first\=Al \|date\=August 3, 2019 \|title\=Maybe the oldest computer, probably the oddest \|url\=https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\-the\-oldest\-computer\-probably\-the\-oddest/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804124520/https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\-the\-oldest\-computer\-probably\-the\-oddest/ \|archive\-date\=August 4, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 4, 2019 \|website\=\[\[Hackaday]] \|quote\=In 1956, Fujitsu decided to compete with IBM and built a relay\-based computer, the FACOM128\. The computer takes up 70 square meters and weighs about 3 tons. By 1959, they’d learned enough to make a FACOM128B model that was improved. \|df\=dmy\-all}}{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM100 (1954\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203930/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\.html \|url\-status\=live }} and in 1961 launched its [second generation computers](/wiki/Second_generation_computer "Second generation computer") (transistorized) the FACOM 222 mainframe.{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM222 (1961\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204249/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The 1968 FACOM230 "5" Series marked the beginning of its [third generation computers](/wiki/Third_generation_computer "Third generation computer").{{Cite web \|title\=FACOM230 "5" Series (1968\) – Fujitsu Global \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\-25\.html \|access\-date\=May 9, 2019 \|website\=fujitsu.com \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204244/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\-25\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Fujitsu offered mainframe computers from 1955 until at least 2002{{Cite web \|title\=Mainframe Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2009 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203137/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} Fujitsu's computer products have also included minicomputers,{{Cite web \|title\=Minicomputers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204049/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} small business computers,{{Cite web \|title\=Small Business Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129143250/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} servers{{Cite web \|title\=Servers/Workstations \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203902/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} and personal computers ([FM\-8](/wiki/FM-8 "FM-8"), [FM\-7](/wiki/FM-7 "FM-7"), [FM\-Towns](/wiki/FM-Towns "FM-Towns"), etc).{{Cite web \|title\=Personal Computers \|url\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \|access\-date\=April 2, 2019 \|website\=Fujitsu \|archive\-date\=April 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203247/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \|url\-status\=live }}
{{See also\|FACOM}}
In 1955, Fujitsu founded [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale "Kawasaki Frontale") as a company [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") club; Kawasaki Frontale has been a [J. League](/wiki/J._League "J. League") football club since 1999\. In 1967, the company's name was officially changed to the contraction {{nihongo\|\|富士通\|Fujitsū}}. Since 1985, the company also fields a company [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") team, the [Fujitsu Frontiers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Frontiers "Fujitsu Frontiers"),{{Cite web \|title\=フロンティアーズ : 富士通 \|url\=http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \|website\=sports.jp.fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=December 3, 2015 \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210035235/http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \|url\-status\=live }} who play in the corporate [X\-League](/wiki/X-League_%28Japan%29 "X-League (Japan)"), appeared in 7 [Japan X Bowls](/wiki/Japan_X_Bowl "Japan X Bowl"), winning two, and won two [Rice Bowls](/wiki/Rice_Bowl "Rice Bowl").
In 1971, Fujitsu signed an [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") agreement with the Canadian company [Consolidated Computers](/wiki/Consolidated_Computers "Consolidated Computers") Limited (CCL) to distribute CCL's data entry product, Key\-Edit. Fujitsu joined both [International Computers Limited](/wiki/International_Computers_Limited "International Computers Limited") (ICL) which earlier began marketing Key\-Edit in the British Commonwealth of countries as well as in both western and eastern Europe; and CCL's direct marketing staff in Canada, USA, London (UK) and Frankfurt. Mers Kutt, inventor of Key\-Edit and founder of CCL, was the common thread that led to Fujitsu's later association with ICL and [Gene Amdahl](/wiki/Gene_Amdahl "Gene Amdahl").
In 1986, Fujitsu and [The Queen's University of Belfast](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast "The Queen's University of Belfast") business incubation unit (QUBIS Ltd) established a joint venture called [Kainos](/wiki/Kainos "Kainos"), a privately held software company based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"), Northern Ireland.{{Cite news \|title\=History of Fujitsu spin out company \|url\=http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\-studies/3/kainos \|access\-date\=June 15, 2013 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165735/http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\-studies/3/kainos \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite news \|date\=1996–2002 \|title\=Fujitsu joint venture with QUBIS \|url\=http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\_02\_00\.html \|access\-date\=June 15, 2013 \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195116/http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\_02\_00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 1990, Fujitsu acquired 80% of the UK\-based computer company ICL for $1\.29 billion.{{Cite news \|last\=Prokesch \|first\=Steven \|date\=July 31, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu To Buy ICL Stake \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-buy\-icl\-stake.html \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 15, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115212147/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-buy\-icl\-stake.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=July 2010 \|title\=Fujitsu: Innovation is a constant for 75 years \|work\=Computer Weekly \|url\=http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\-Innovation\-is\-a\-constant\-for\-75\-years \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=May 15, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125939/http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\-Innovation\-is\-a\-constant\-for\-75\-years \|url\-status\=live }} In September 1990, Fujitsu announced the launch of a new series of mainframe computers which were at that time the fastest in the world.{{Cite news \|last\=Sanger \|first\=David E. \|date\=September 5, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu Announces Mainframe \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\-announces\-mainframe.html \|access\-date\=December 14, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175242/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\-announces\-mainframe.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=September 5, 1990 \|title\=Fujitsu claims fastest computer \|work\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4504,854158\&dq\=fujitsu\&hl\=en \|access\-date\=December 14, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4504,854158\&dq\=fujitsu\&hl\=en \|url\-status\=live }} In July 1991, Fujitsu acquired more than half of the Russian company KME\-CS (Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise of Computer Systems).
In 1992, Fujitsu announced plans to build a joint\-venture plant in [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), India, to produce telephone switchboards. Fujitsu owned 51 percent of the joint venture, with the remaining 49 percent owned by Punjab's state\-run electronics company. Dr. Sushil Kumar Mangal, who was at the time the Managing Director of the Punjab State Electronics Corporation, was appointed Chairman of Fujitsu India Telecom Ltd. This INR 116\-crore project was set up by Fujitsu for the manufacture of Electronic Digital Exchange, with Fujitsu holding a 51 percent stake in the venture. Concurrently, Fujitsu established a new subsidiary, Fujitsu Networks Industry Inc., in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop communications services.[Fujitsu Venture in India](https://web.archive.org/web/20180120044815/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/business/fujitsu-venture-in-india.html) (January 20, 1992\). *The New York Times*.
In 1992, Fujitsu also introduced the world's first 21\-inch full\-color [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display "Plasma display"). It was a hybrid, based upon the plasma display created at the University of Illinois at Urbana\-Champaign and NHK STRL, achieving superior brightness.
In 1993, Fujitsu formed a [flash memory](/wiki/Flash_memory "Flash memory") manufacturing joint venture with [AMD](/wiki/AMD "AMD"), [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion "Spansion"). As part of the transaction, AMD contributed its flash memory group, Fab 25 in Texas, its R\&D facilities and assembly plants in Thailand, Malaysia and China; Fujitsu provided its Flash memory business division and the Malaysian Fujitsu Microelectronics final assembly and test operations.By Alun Williams, PC Pro. "[Spansion – AMD and Fujitsu brand their Flash memory](http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion-amd-and-fujitsu-brand-their-flash-memory) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174341/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion\-amd\-and\-fujitsu\-brand\-their\-flash\-memory \|date\=March 16, 2012 }}." July 13, 2003\.
From February 1989 until mid\-1997, Fujitsu built the [FM Towns](/wiki/FM_Towns "FM Towns") PC variant. It started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and computer games, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty was released, a gaming console compatible with the FM Towns games.
Fujitsu agreed to acquire the 58 percent of [Amdahl Corporation](/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation "Amdahl Corporation") (including the Canada\-based DMR consulting group) that it did not already own for around $850 million in July 1997\.{{Cite news \|last\=Fisher \|first\=Lawrence M. \|date\=July 31, 1997 \|title\=Fujitsu to Pay $850 Million To Acquire Rest of Amdahl \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-pay\-850\-million\-to\-acquire\-rest\-of\-amdahl.html?src\=pm \|access\-date\=December 17, 2011 \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116015142/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\-to\-pay\-850\-million\-to\-acquire\-rest\-of\-amdahl.html?src\=pm \|url\-status\=live }}
In April 1997, the company acquired a 30 percent stake in GLOVIA International, Inc., an El Segundo, Calif., manufacturing ERP software provider whose software it had begun integrating into its electronics plants starting in 1994\.{{Cite web \|title\=Connectory.com Network \|url\=http://connectory.com/profile\_view.aspx?connectoryId\=21632 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2016 \|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001339/http://connectory.com/profile\_view.aspx?connectoryId\=21632 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In June 1999, Fujitsu's historical connection with Siemens was revived, when the two companies agreed to merge their European computer operations into a new 50:50 joint venture called [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers "Fujitsu Siemens Computers"), which became the world's fifth\-largest computer manufacturing company.{{Cite news \|last\=Harrison \|first\=Michael \|date\=June 18, 1999 \|title\=Fujistu in European venture \|work\=The Independent \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\-in\-european\-venture\-1100826\.html \|access\-date\=November 18, 2011 \|archive\-date\=May 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521163311/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\-in\-european\-venture\-1100826\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"### 1935 to 2000",
"Fujitsu was established on June 20, 1935, which makes it one of the oldest operating IT companies after [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\") and before [Hewlett\\-Packard](/wiki/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Fujitsu – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/profile/history/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} under the name {{nihongo\\|Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing\\| 富士電気通信機器製造\\|Fuji Denki Tsūshin Kiki Seizō}}, as a spin\\-off of the [Fuji Electric Company](/wiki/Fuji_Electric \"Fuji Electric\"), itself a joint venture between the [Furukawa Electric Company](/wiki/Furukawa_Group \"Furukawa Group\") and the German conglomerate [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens \"Siemens\") which had been founded in 1923\\. Despite its connections to the [Furukawa](/wiki/Furukawa_Group \"Furukawa Group\") [zaibatsu](/wiki/Zaibatsu \"Zaibatsu\"), Fujitsu escaped the Allied [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\") after the Second World War mostly unscathed.",
"{{anchor\\|FujComputer}}\nIn 1954, Fujitsu manufactured Japan's first computer, the [FACOM 100](/wiki/FACOM_100 \"FACOM 100\") [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\"),{{Cite web \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Al \\|date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|title\\=Maybe the oldest computer, probably the oddest \\|url\\=https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\\-the\\-oldest\\-computer\\-probably\\-the\\-oddest/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804124520/https://hackaday.com/2019/08/03/maybe\\-the\\-oldest\\-computer\\-probably\\-the\\-oddest/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Hackaday]] \\|quote\\=In 1956, Fujitsu decided to compete with IBM and built a relay\\-based computer, the FACOM128\\. The computer takes up 70 square meters and weighs about 3 tons. By 1959, they’d learned enough to make a FACOM128B model that was improved. \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM100 (1954\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203930/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom100\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and in 1961 launched its [second generation computers](/wiki/Second_generation_computer \"Second generation computer\") (transistorized) the FACOM 222 mainframe.{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM222 (1961\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204249/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom222\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The 1968 FACOM230 \"5\" Series marked the beginning of its [third generation computers](/wiki/Third_generation_computer \"Third generation computer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=FACOM230 \"5\" Series (1968\\) – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\\-25\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2019 \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204244/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/facom230\\-25\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fujitsu offered mainframe computers from 1955 until at least 2002{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mainframe Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2009 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203137/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/mainframe/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Fujitsu's computer products have also included minicomputers,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minicomputers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204049/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/minicomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} small business computers,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Small Business Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129143250/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/businesscomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} servers{{Cite web \\|title\\=Servers/Workstations \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203902/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/server/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and personal computers ([FM\\-8](/wiki/FM-8 \"FM-8\"), [FM\\-7](/wiki/FM-7 \"FM-7\"), [FM\\-Towns](/wiki/FM-Towns \"FM-Towns\"), etc).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Personal Computers \\|url\\=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2019 \\|website\\=Fujitsu \\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203247/https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/corporate/history/products/computer/personalcomputer/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{See also\\|FACOM}}",
"In 1955, Fujitsu founded [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale \"Kawasaki Frontale\") as a company [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") club; Kawasaki Frontale has been a [J. League](/wiki/J._League \"J. League\") football club since 1999\\. In 1967, the company's name was officially changed to the contraction {{nihongo\\|\\|富士通\\|Fujitsū}}. Since 1985, the company also fields a company [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team, the [Fujitsu Frontiers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Frontiers \"Fujitsu Frontiers\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=フロンティアーズ : 富士通 \\|url\\=http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \\|website\\=sports.jp.fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210035235/http://sports.jp.fujitsu.com/frontiers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} who play in the corporate [X\\-League](/wiki/X-League_%28Japan%29 \"X-League (Japan)\"), appeared in 7 [Japan X Bowls](/wiki/Japan_X_Bowl \"Japan X Bowl\"), winning two, and won two [Rice Bowls](/wiki/Rice_Bowl \"Rice Bowl\").",
"In 1971, Fujitsu signed an [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer \"Original equipment manufacturer\") agreement with the Canadian company [Consolidated Computers](/wiki/Consolidated_Computers \"Consolidated Computers\") Limited (CCL) to distribute CCL's data entry product, Key\\-Edit. Fujitsu joined both [International Computers Limited](/wiki/International_Computers_Limited \"International Computers Limited\") (ICL) which earlier began marketing Key\\-Edit in the British Commonwealth of countries as well as in both western and eastern Europe; and CCL's direct marketing staff in Canada, USA, London (UK) and Frankfurt. Mers Kutt, inventor of Key\\-Edit and founder of CCL, was the common thread that led to Fujitsu's later association with ICL and [Gene Amdahl](/wiki/Gene_Amdahl \"Gene Amdahl\").",
"In 1986, Fujitsu and [The Queen's University of Belfast](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast \"The Queen's University of Belfast\") business incubation unit (QUBIS Ltd) established a joint venture called [Kainos](/wiki/Kainos \"Kainos\"), a privately held software company based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), Northern Ireland.{{Cite news \\|title\\=History of Fujitsu spin out company \\|url\\=http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\\-studies/3/kainos \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165735/http://www.qubis.co.uk/portfolio/case\\-studies/3/kainos \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1996–2002 \\|title\\=Fujitsu joint venture with QUBIS \\|url\\=http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\\_02\\_00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195116/http://www.ftel.co.uk/news/03\\_02\\_00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 1990, Fujitsu acquired 80% of the UK\\-based computer company ICL for $1\\.29 billion.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Prokesch \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=July 31, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu To Buy ICL Stake \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-buy\\-icl\\-stake.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115212147/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-buy\\-icl\\-stake.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 2010 \\|title\\=Fujitsu: Innovation is a constant for 75 years \\|work\\=Computer Weekly \\|url\\=http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\\-Innovation\\-is\\-a\\-constant\\-for\\-75\\-years \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125939/http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Fujitsu\\-Innovation\\-is\\-a\\-constant\\-for\\-75\\-years \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In September 1990, Fujitsu announced the launch of a new series of mainframe computers which were at that time the fastest in the world.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sanger \\|first\\=David E. \\|date\\=September 5, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu Announces Mainframe \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\\-announces\\-mainframe.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175242/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/05/business/fujitsu\\-announces\\-mainframe.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 5, 1990 \\|title\\=Fujitsu claims fastest computer \\|work\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4504,854158\\&dq\\=fujitsu\\&hl\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=YKoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4504,854158\\&dq\\=fujitsu\\&hl\\=en \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In July 1991, Fujitsu acquired more than half of the Russian company KME\\-CS (Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise of Computer Systems).",
"In 1992, Fujitsu announced plans to build a joint\\-venture plant in [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), India, to produce telephone switchboards. Fujitsu owned 51 percent of the joint venture, with the remaining 49 percent owned by Punjab's state\\-run electronics company. Dr. Sushil Kumar Mangal, who was at the time the Managing Director of the Punjab State Electronics Corporation, was appointed Chairman of Fujitsu India Telecom Ltd. This INR 116\\-crore project was set up by Fujitsu for the manufacture of Electronic Digital Exchange, with Fujitsu holding a 51 percent stake in the venture. Concurrently, Fujitsu established a new subsidiary, Fujitsu Networks Industry Inc., in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop communications services.[Fujitsu Venture in India](https://web.archive.org/web/20180120044815/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/20/business/fujitsu-venture-in-india.html) (January 20, 1992\\). *The New York Times*.",
"In 1992, Fujitsu also introduced the world's first 21\\-inch full\\-color [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display \"Plasma display\"). It was a hybrid, based upon the plasma display created at the University of Illinois at Urbana\\-Champaign and NHK STRL, achieving superior brightness.",
"In 1993, Fujitsu formed a [flash memory](/wiki/Flash_memory \"Flash memory\") manufacturing joint venture with [AMD](/wiki/AMD \"AMD\"), [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion \"Spansion\"). As part of the transaction, AMD contributed its flash memory group, Fab 25 in Texas, its R\\&D facilities and assembly plants in Thailand, Malaysia and China; Fujitsu provided its Flash memory business division and the Malaysian Fujitsu Microelectronics final assembly and test operations.By Alun Williams, PC Pro. \"[Spansion – AMD and Fujitsu brand their Flash memory](http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion-amd-and-fujitsu-brand-their-flash-memory) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174341/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/44700/spansion\\-amd\\-and\\-fujitsu\\-brand\\-their\\-flash\\-memory \\|date\\=March 16, 2012 }}.\" July 13, 2003\\.",
"From February 1989 until mid\\-1997, Fujitsu built the [FM Towns](/wiki/FM_Towns \"FM Towns\") PC variant. It started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and computer games, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty was released, a gaming console compatible with the FM Towns games.",
"Fujitsu agreed to acquire the 58 percent of [Amdahl Corporation](/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation \"Amdahl Corporation\") (including the Canada\\-based DMR consulting group) that it did not already own for around $850 million in July 1997\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fisher \\|first\\=Lawrence M. \\|date\\=July 31, 1997 \\|title\\=Fujitsu to Pay $850 Million To Acquire Rest of Amdahl \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-pay\\-850\\-million\\-to\\-acquire\\-rest\\-of\\-amdahl.html?src\\=pm \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116015142/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/31/business/fujitsu\\-to\\-pay\\-850\\-million\\-to\\-acquire\\-rest\\-of\\-amdahl.html?src\\=pm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In April 1997, the company acquired a 30 percent stake in GLOVIA International, Inc., an El Segundo, Calif., manufacturing ERP software provider whose software it had begun integrating into its electronics plants starting in 1994\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Connectory.com Network \\|url\\=http://connectory.com/profile\\_view.aspx?connectoryId\\=21632 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001339/http://connectory.com/profile\\_view.aspx?connectoryId\\=21632 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In June 1999, Fujitsu's historical connection with Siemens was revived, when the two companies agreed to merge their European computer operations into a new 50:50 joint venture called [Fujitsu Siemens Computers](/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers \"Fujitsu Siemens Computers\"), which became the world's fifth\\-largest computer manufacturing company.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Harrison \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=June 18, 1999 \\|title\\=Fujistu in European venture \\|work\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\\-in\\-european\\-venture\\-1100826\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521163311/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/fujistu\\-in\\-european\\-venture\\-1100826\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
Products and services
---------------------
{{See also\|List of Fujitsu products}}
[thumb\|right\|175px\|An [NTT DoCoMo](/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo "NTT DoCoMo") F\-10A mobile phone produced by Fujitsu](/wiki/File:NTT_docomo_F-10A_photo_b.jpg "NTT docomo F-10A photo b.jpg")
### Computing products
Fujitsu's computing product lines include:
* Relational Database: Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres
Fujitsu has more than 35 years experience in database development and is a “major contributor” to open source Postgres. Fujitsu engineers have also developed an Enterprise Postgres version called Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres. Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres benefits include Enterprise Support; warranted code; High Availability enhancements; security enhancements (end to end transparent data encryption, data masking, auditing); Performance enhancements (In\-Memory Columnar Index provides support for HTAP (Hybrid transactional/analytical processing) workloads); High\-speed Backup and Recovery; High\-speed data load; Global metacache (improved memory management); Oracle compatibility extensions (to assist migration from Oracle to Postgres). Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres can be deployed on X86 (Linux, Windows), IBM z/IBM LinuxONE; it is also packaged as a RedHat OpenShift (OCP) container.
* **[PRIMERGY](/wiki/PRIMERGY "PRIMERGY")**
In May 2011, Fujitsu decided to enter the mobile phone space again, with Microsoft announcing plans that Fujitsu would release [Windows Phone](/wiki/Windows_Phone "Windows Phone") devices.
* **ETERNUS**
Fujitsu PRIMERGY and ETERNUS are distributed by TriTech Distribution Limited in Hong Kong.{{Cite web \|title\=Fujitsu Distributor in HK {{!}} Fujitsu Hong Kong \|url\=http://www.ttdist.com/main/partner/12 \|access\-date\=February 5, 2016 \|website\=www.ttdist.com \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129235529/http://www.ttdist.com/main/partner/12 \|url\-status\=dead }}
**[LIFEBOOK](/wiki/LIFEBOOK "LIFEBOOK")**, **AMILO**: Fujitsu's range of notebook computers and tablet PCs.
### Cloud computing
Fujitsu offers a public cloud service delivered from data centers in Japan, Australia, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany based on its Global Cloud Platform strategy announced in 2010\.{{Cite web \|last\=Ostergaard \|first\=Bernt \|date\=April 23, 2010 \|title\=Fujitsu's Global Cloud Strategy Envisions New Business Models \|url\=http://www.currentanalysis.com/h/2010/Fujitsu\-Cloud.asp \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507231122/http://www.currentanalysis.com/h/2010/Fujitsu\-Cloud.asp \|archive\-date\=May 7, 2011 \|publisher\=Current Analysis \|df\=mdy\-all}} The platform delivers Infrastructure\-as\-a\-Service ([IaaS](/wiki/IaaS "IaaS")) – virtual information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, such as servers and storage functionality – from Fujitsu's data centers. In Japan, the service was offered as the On\-Demand Virtual System Service (OViSS) and was then launched globally as Fujitsu Global Cloud Platform/S5 (FGCP/S5\). Since July 2013 the service has been called [IaaS Trusted Public S5](/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5 "FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5").{{Cite news \|date\=July 11, 2013 \|title\=Fujitsu Declares Comprehensive, Global, Trusted Cloud Strategy \|publisher\=JCN Newswire \|url\=http://www.japancorp.net/press\_release/27062/fujitsu\_declares\_comprehensive\_global\_trusted\_cloud\_strategy \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=December 31, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226062225/http://www.japancorp.net/press\_release/27062/fujitsu\_declares\_comprehensive\_global\_trusted\_cloud\_strategy \|archive\-date\=December 26, 2013}} Globally, the service is operated from Fujitsu data centers located in Australia, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.
Fujitsu has also launched a [Windows Azure](/wiki/Azure_Services_Platform "Azure Services Platform") powered Global Cloud Platform in a partnership with [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft").{{Cite web \|last\=Prickett Morgan \|first\=Timothy \|date\=July 29, 2011 \|title\=Fujitsu fluffs COBOL, Java on Azure clouds \|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/fujitsu\_cobol\_java\_azure\_cloud/ \|website\=The Register \|access\-date\=August 10, 2017 \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704163904/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/fujitsu\_cobol\_java\_azure\_cloud/ \|url\-status\=live }} This offering, delivering Platform\-as\-a\-Service ([PaaS](/wiki/Platform_as_a_service "Platform as a service")), was known as FGCP/A5 in Japan but has since been renamed FUJITSU Cloud PaaS A5 for Windows Azure.{{Cite press release \|title\=Fujitsu Enables More Effective Use of Cloud with Enhanced Hybrid Cloud Initiatives \|date\=November 20, 2013 \|location\=Tokyo, Japan \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2013/20131120\-01\.html}} It is operated from a Fujitsu data center in Japan. It offers a set of application development frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET, Java and PHP, and data storage capabilities consistent with the Windows Azure platform provided by Microsoft. The basic service consists of compute, storage, Microsoft SQL Azure, and Windows Azure AppFabric technologies such as Service Bus and Access Control Service, with options for inter\-operating services covering implementation and migration of applications, system building, systems operation, and support.
Fujitsu acquired RunMyProcess in April 2013, a [Cloud\-based integration](/wiki/Cloud-based_integration "Cloud-based integration") Platform\-as\-a\-Service ([PaaS](/wiki/Platform_as_a_service "Platform as a service")) specialized in workflow automation and business application development.{{Cite web \|title\=About Fujitsu RunMyProcess \|url\=https://www.runmyprocess.com/about.html \|access\-date\=July 22, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 23, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723043257/https://www.runmyprocess.com/about.html \|url\-status\=live }}
Fujitsu offers local cloud platforms, such as in Australia,{{Cite press release \|title\=Fujitsu launches Cloud Services Portal for Locally Built Australian Cloud Environment \|date\=October 7, 2010 \|publisher\=Fujitsu \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/au/news/pr/archives/2010/20101007\-01\.html \|access\-date\=October 11, 2011}} that provide the ability to rely on its domestic data centers which keep sensitive financial data under local jurisdiction and compliance standards.
### Microprocessors
Fujitsu produces the [SPARC](/wiki/SPARC "SPARC")\-compliant CPU ([SPARClite](/wiki/SPARClite "SPARClite")),{{Cite web \|title\=Multi Core Processor SPARC64™ Series – Fujitsu Global \|url\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/computing/server/sparcenterprise/technology/performance/processor.html \|website\=fujitsu.com \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011 \|archive\-date\=September 22, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922084952/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/computing/server/sparcenterprise/technology/performance/processor.html \|url\-status\=live }} the "Venus" 128 GFLOP [SPARC64 VIIIfx](/wiki/SPARC64_VIIIfx "SPARC64 VIIIfx") model is included in the [K computer](/wiki/K_computer "K computer"), the world's fastest supercomputer in June 2011 with a rating of over 8 petaflops, and in October 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops. This speed was achieved in testing on October 7–8, and the results were then presented at the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC11\) in November 2011\.["Japan Reclaims Top Ranking on Latest TOP500 List of World’s Supercomputers"](http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/press-release) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623022119/http://www.top500\.org/lists/2011/06/press\-release \|date\=June 23, 2011 }}. TOP500\. Retrieved June 20, 2011\.["K computer" Achieves Goal of 10 Petaflops"](http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2011/20111102-02.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015746/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2011/20111102\-02\.html \|date\=November 24, 2011 }}. Fujitsu.com, November 2, 2011\. Retrieved November 10, 2011\.
The [Fujitsu FR](/wiki/Fujitsu_FR "Fujitsu FR"), [FR\-V](/wiki/FR-V "FR-V") and [ARM architecture](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") microprocessors are widely used, additionally in [ASICs](/wiki/ASIC "ASIC") and Application\-specific standard products (ASSP) like the [Milbeaut](/wiki/Milbeaut "Milbeaut") with customer variants named [Nikon Expeed](/wiki/Expeed "Expeed"). They were acquired by [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion "Spansion") in 2013\.
|
[
"Products and services\n---------------------",
"{{See also\\|List of Fujitsu products}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|An [NTT DoCoMo](/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo \"NTT DoCoMo\") F\\-10A mobile phone produced by Fujitsu](/wiki/File:NTT_docomo_F-10A_photo_b.jpg \"NTT docomo F-10A photo b.jpg\")",
"### Computing products",
"Fujitsu's computing product lines include:",
"* Relational Database: Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres",
"Fujitsu has more than 35 years experience in database development and is a “major contributor” to open source Postgres. Fujitsu engineers have also developed an Enterprise Postgres version called Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres. Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres benefits include Enterprise Support; warranted code; High Availability enhancements; security enhancements (end to end transparent data encryption, data masking, auditing); Performance enhancements (In\\-Memory Columnar Index provides support for HTAP (Hybrid transactional/analytical processing) workloads); High\\-speed Backup and Recovery; High\\-speed data load; Global metacache (improved memory management); Oracle compatibility extensions (to assist migration from Oracle to Postgres). Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres can be deployed on X86 (Linux, Windows), IBM z/IBM LinuxONE; it is also packaged as a RedHat OpenShift (OCP) container.\n* **[PRIMERGY](/wiki/PRIMERGY \"PRIMERGY\")**\nIn May 2011, Fujitsu decided to enter the mobile phone space again, with Microsoft announcing plans that Fujitsu would release [Windows Phone](/wiki/Windows_Phone \"Windows Phone\") devices.",
"* **ETERNUS**",
"Fujitsu PRIMERGY and ETERNUS are distributed by TriTech Distribution Limited in Hong Kong.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Fujitsu Distributor in HK {{!}} Fujitsu Hong Kong \\|url\\=http://www.ttdist.com/main/partner/12 \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2016 \\|website\\=www.ttdist.com \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129235529/http://www.ttdist.com/main/partner/12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"**[LIFEBOOK](/wiki/LIFEBOOK \"LIFEBOOK\")**, **AMILO**: Fujitsu's range of notebook computers and tablet PCs.",
"### Cloud computing",
"Fujitsu offers a public cloud service delivered from data centers in Japan, Australia, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany based on its Global Cloud Platform strategy announced in 2010\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ostergaard \\|first\\=Bernt \\|date\\=April 23, 2010 \\|title\\=Fujitsu's Global Cloud Strategy Envisions New Business Models \\|url\\=http://www.currentanalysis.com/h/2010/Fujitsu\\-Cloud.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507231122/http://www.currentanalysis.com/h/2010/Fujitsu\\-Cloud.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Current Analysis \\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} The platform delivers Infrastructure\\-as\\-a\\-Service ([IaaS](/wiki/IaaS \"IaaS\")) – virtual information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, such as servers and storage functionality – from Fujitsu's data centers. In Japan, the service was offered as the On\\-Demand Virtual System Service (OViSS) and was then launched globally as Fujitsu Global Cloud Platform/S5 (FGCP/S5\\). Since July 2013 the service has been called [IaaS Trusted Public S5](/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5 \"FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 11, 2013 \\|title\\=Fujitsu Declares Comprehensive, Global, Trusted Cloud Strategy \\|publisher\\=JCN Newswire \\|url\\=http://www.japancorp.net/press\\_release/27062/fujitsu\\_declares\\_comprehensive\\_global\\_trusted\\_cloud\\_strategy \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226062225/http://www.japancorp.net/press\\_release/27062/fujitsu\\_declares\\_comprehensive\\_global\\_trusted\\_cloud\\_strategy \\|archive\\-date\\=December 26, 2013}} Globally, the service is operated from Fujitsu data centers located in Australia, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.",
"Fujitsu has also launched a [Windows Azure](/wiki/Azure_Services_Platform \"Azure Services Platform\") powered Global Cloud Platform in a partnership with [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Prickett Morgan \\|first\\=Timothy \\|date\\=July 29, 2011 \\|title\\=Fujitsu fluffs COBOL, Java on Azure clouds \\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/fujitsu\\_cobol\\_java\\_azure\\_cloud/ \\|website\\=The Register \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704163904/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/fujitsu\\_cobol\\_java\\_azure\\_cloud/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This offering, delivering Platform\\-as\\-a\\-Service ([PaaS](/wiki/Platform_as_a_service \"Platform as a service\")), was known as FGCP/A5 in Japan but has since been renamed FUJITSU Cloud PaaS A5 for Windows Azure.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Fujitsu Enables More Effective Use of Cloud with Enhanced Hybrid Cloud Initiatives \\|date\\=November 20, 2013 \\|location\\=Tokyo, Japan \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2013/20131120\\-01\\.html}} It is operated from a Fujitsu data center in Japan. It offers a set of application development frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET, Java and PHP, and data storage capabilities consistent with the Windows Azure platform provided by Microsoft. The basic service consists of compute, storage, Microsoft SQL Azure, and Windows Azure AppFabric technologies such as Service Bus and Access Control Service, with options for inter\\-operating services covering implementation and migration of applications, system building, systems operation, and support.",
"Fujitsu acquired RunMyProcess in April 2013, a [Cloud\\-based integration](/wiki/Cloud-based_integration \"Cloud-based integration\") Platform\\-as\\-a\\-Service ([PaaS](/wiki/Platform_as_a_service \"Platform as a service\")) specialized in workflow automation and business application development.{{Cite web \\|title\\=About Fujitsu RunMyProcess \\|url\\=https://www.runmyprocess.com/about.html \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723043257/https://www.runmyprocess.com/about.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Fujitsu offers local cloud platforms, such as in Australia,{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Fujitsu launches Cloud Services Portal for Locally Built Australian Cloud Environment \\|date\\=October 7, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Fujitsu \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/au/news/pr/archives/2010/20101007\\-01\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2011}} that provide the ability to rely on its domestic data centers which keep sensitive financial data under local jurisdiction and compliance standards.",
"### Microprocessors",
"Fujitsu produces the [SPARC](/wiki/SPARC \"SPARC\")\\-compliant CPU ([SPARClite](/wiki/SPARClite \"SPARClite\")),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Multi Core Processor SPARC64™ Series – Fujitsu Global \\|url\\=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/computing/server/sparcenterprise/technology/performance/processor.html \\|website\\=fujitsu.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922084952/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/computing/server/sparcenterprise/technology/performance/processor.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} the \"Venus\" 128 GFLOP [SPARC64 VIIIfx](/wiki/SPARC64_VIIIfx \"SPARC64 VIIIfx\") model is included in the [K computer](/wiki/K_computer \"K computer\"), the world's fastest supercomputer in June 2011 with a rating of over 8 petaflops, and in October 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops. This speed was achieved in testing on October 7–8, and the results were then presented at the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC11\\) in November 2011\\.[\"Japan Reclaims Top Ranking on Latest TOP500 List of World’s Supercomputers\"](http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/press-release) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623022119/http://www.top500\\.org/lists/2011/06/press\\-release \\|date\\=June 23, 2011 }}. TOP500\\. Retrieved June 20, 2011\\.[\"K computer\" Achieves Goal of 10 Petaflops\"](http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2011/20111102-02.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015746/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2011/20111102\\-02\\.html \\|date\\=November 24, 2011 }}. Fujitsu.com, November 2, 2011\\. Retrieved November 10, 2011\\.",
"The [Fujitsu FR](/wiki/Fujitsu_FR \"Fujitsu FR\"), [FR\\-V](/wiki/FR-V \"FR-V\") and [ARM architecture](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") microprocessors are widely used, additionally in [ASICs](/wiki/ASIC \"ASIC\") and Application\\-specific standard products (ASSP) like the [Milbeaut](/wiki/Milbeaut \"Milbeaut\") with customer variants named [Nikon Expeed](/wiki/Expeed \"Expeed\"). They were acquired by [Spansion](/wiki/Spansion \"Spansion\") in 2013\\.",
""
] |
San Miguel Beermen (the Danny Ildefonso era) (1998–2007\)
---------------------------------------------------------
For the [1998 season](/wiki/1998_PBA_season "1998 PBA season"), San Miguel drafted [Noy Castillo](/wiki/Noy_Castillo "Noy Castillo") as the second overall pick in the draft. But, Castillo was quickly shipped to [Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers "Shell Turbo Chargers") in exchange for [National University](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs_basketball "NU Bulldogs basketball") standout [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso "Danny Ildefonso").
The Beermen made a strong showing in the All\-Filipino Cup but lost to [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in the Finals in seven games. In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers to replace Jeff Ward during the tournament. SMB made its return to the finals but was defeated by the Milkmen in the rematch of the All\-Filipino Cup, this time in six games.
After the conference, Racela was loaned to the [PBA Centennial team](/wiki/Philippine_Centennial_Team "Philippine Centennial Team"). As incentive, all PBA teams were allowed to hire two imports in the Governors' Cup. Strothers and Robinson teamed up for San Miguel, but with their height disadvantage against other teams, the Beermen failed to either win the special Centennial Cup or the season\-ending Governors' Cup.
Ron Jacobs resigned after two seasons with the Beermen. His assistant coach and former NCC protégé [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico "Jong Uichico") took over as head coach.
### The Jong Uichico era
| {{center\|1\=San Miguel Beermen}} | |
| | |
|Uniforms
| {{Basketball kit\|pattern\_b\=\_sanmiguel\_l\|body\= \|pattern\_s\=\_sanmiguel\-2001\_l\|title\=Light uniform}} | {{Basketball kit\|pattern\_b\=\_sanmiguel\_d\|body\= \|pattern\_s\=\_sanmiguel\-2001\_d\|title\=Dark uniform}} |
New coach Jong Uichico began his first season with San Miguel in [1999](/wiki/1999_PBA_season "1999 PBA season"). As part of the PBA's new rule to allow each team one direct\-hire [Filipino\-foreigner](/wiki/Filipino-foreigner "Filipino-foreigner"), San Miguel acquired the services of [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle"), younger brother of then [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") center [Andy Seigle](/wiki/Andy_Seigle "Andy Seigle"), to bolster the team along with former [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers "Pop Cola Panthers") guard [Boybits Victoria](/wiki/Boybits_Victoria "Boybits Victoria").
However, San Miguel struggled in the All\-Filipino Cup and was eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Formula Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers "Shell Turbo Chargers"). One of their finest moments was during a match against Mobiline and star center [Asi Taulava](/wiki/Asi_Taulava "Asi Taulava"). San Miguel's 67–66 squeaker on Asaytono's two clutch free\-throws handed the Phone Pals its first defeat after winning their first seven games.
In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel tapped former [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") import [Terquin Mott](/wiki/Terquin_Mott "Terquin Mott"). Mott, a known temperamental player during his first stint in the league, molded well with his local teammates as San Miguel was able to make a strong showing in the elimination round. San Miguel also parted way with Asaytono, shipping him to [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers "Pop Cola Panthers") for [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco "Nic Belasco") and [Dwight Lago](/wiki/Dwight_Lago "Dwight Lago"). The Beermen upset the defending champion [Alaska Milkmen](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in the semis to enter the Finals against All\-Filipino winner Formula Shell with [Benjie Paras](/wiki/Benjie_Paras "Benjie Paras") and import John Best. San Miguel won the first two games of the series before Shell tied the series at 2–2\. But the Beermen won the last two games to win their 12th PBA crown and their first in five years.
In the Governors' Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers as the Beermen cruised into the Finals of the said tournament against Alaska. The Milkmen even led the series at 2–1 but San Miguel was able to win the last three games to win their second straight championship in six games.
Seigle was named as the Rookie of the Year at season's end and also threatened to beat Paras for the MVP plum, but the "Tower of Power" won the 1999 MVP award.
San Miguel failed to win the [2000](/wiki/2000_PBA_season "2000 PBA season") All\-Filipino Cup by finishing fourth in the tournament. The Beermen, however, defended the Commissioner's Cup trophy, with NBA veteran [Stephen Howard](/wiki/Stephen_Howard_%28basketball%29 "Stephen Howard (basketball)") on the lineup, defeating [Sta. Lucia](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors"). In the Governors' Cup, with Strothers back, they defeated Purefoods in five games for their 15th PBA title. [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso "Danny Ildefonso") won his first [Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award "Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award") at the end of the season.
In [2001](/wiki/2001_PBA_season "2001 PBA season"), they were favorites to win the All\-Filipino Cup and San Miguel did so to enter the finals against sister team Barangay Ginebra and prized rookie [Mark Caguioa](/wiki/Mark_Caguioa "Mark Caguioa"). After the series was tied at 2–2, SMB survived in overtime to win Game Five and blew out the Kings in Game Six to capture their first All\-Filipino title in seven years.
San Miguel was now favored to win the grand slam, but the young [Batang Red Bull Thunder](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") upset SMB in the finals of the Commissioner's Cup in six games while the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors"), behind former SMB mentor [Norman Black](/wiki/Norman_Black "Norman Black") defeated his former club 4–2 in the season\-ending Governors' Cup.
Ildefonso, meanwhile won his second consecutive [MVP](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award "Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award") in 2001\. Some observers though believed that it was [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle") who deserved to win the award.
Ildefonso, Racela, newly acquired [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros "Dondon Hontiveros"), Seigle and coach Jong Uichico concentrated their time with the RP National team in the [2002 season](/wiki/2002_PBA_season "2002 PBA season"). Meanwhile, San Miguel was left with only [Dorian Peña](/wiki/Dorian_Pe%C3%B1a "Dorian Peña") and Boybits Victoria on the team. San Miguel fielded in Strothers and later former [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") veteran Mario Bennett for the Governors' Cup. After the Beermen finished eighth in the elimination round, SMB upset the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in the quarterfinals but was eliminated by Alaska in the semi\-finals and finished fourth in the tournament. Strothers announced his retirement after the tournament.
In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel took Shea Seals and Art Long as import. But the temperamental Long got into a dirty scuffle with [Red Bull](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") import Antonio Lang during a game despite San Miguel finishing fourth after the elimination phase. Terquin Mott replaced Long before the end of the eliminations. After eliminating [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers") in the quarters, Red Bull eliminated them in the semis before finishing third.
In the All\-Filipino, San Miguel was decimated by Danny Seigle's injury with the national team. Racela, Ildefonso and Hontiveros returned for San Miguel but they were eliminated by [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers") in the semis to finished third for the second\-straight conference.
San Miguel returned in the [2003](/wiki/2003_PBA_season "2003 PBA season") on a bright note. After the elimination round of the All\-Filipino, they finished first in Group A to qualify for the quarterfinals phase of the tournament. But the Beermen failed to enter the semis after finishing 1–2 in the single\-round robin format. Their great finish in the All\-Filipino helped the Beermen qualify for the Invitational tournament, but San Miguel failed to advance to the semis.
In the first Reinforced Conference in more than a decade, San Miguel fielded in several lemon imports before settling on former Sta. Lucia import Kwan Johnson. After a 0–5 start, San Miguel went 10–3 the rest of the way to enter the Finals, but lost in seven games to the [Coca\-Cola Tigers](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers").
### 17th title
San Miguel was once again favorites to win championships in the [2004–05](/wiki/2004-05_PBA_season "2004-05 PBA season") season. Art Long made his return as import for San Miguel in the [2004 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2004_PBA_Fiesta_Conference "2004 PBA Fiesta Conference"), a transition tournament. Long and the Beermen powered its way to a 9–0 start before finishing the tournament in first place after the eliminations. But once again, San Miguel failed to enter the semis after a 1–2 record in the quarterfinals.
In the 2004–2005 Philippine Cup (formerly the All\-Filipino Cup), the Beermen finished the classification phase with an even 9–9 record. In the quarterfinals, San Miguel swept the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors") in a three\-game series. Then, the Beermen also swept [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in the quarterfinals. In the semis against sister rival [Barangay Ginebra](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel "Barangay Ginebra San Miguel"), the Beermen took a 2–1 series in the best\-of\-five affair but the Kings won the next two games to win the series, that capped with [Rodney Santos](/wiki/Rodney_Santos "Rodney Santos")' game\-winner in the deciding game. The Beermen then beat Shell to cop third\-place in the tournament.
Chris Burgess was San Miguel's import for the 2005 Fiesta Conference. San Miguel finished the classification phase in second place to gain an outright semi\-finals berth. Midway to the semis, Burgess was replaced by Ace Custis and became an effective replacement for San Miguel. The Beermen eliminated Red Bull in the semi\-finals to enter the Finals against the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters"). The Beermen defeated the Phone Pals 4–1 to give the team its 17th PBA title in team history and ended its four\-year title drought; it was also the first time in their last six championships that they've won a title with Danny Seigle as a non\-factor in the playoffs. He was injured for almost the entire semi\-finals and played only in Game 5 of the Finals. It was Jong Uichico's sixth PBA crown as coach.
After their performance a year ago, San Miguel was heavily favored in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_PBA_season "2005-06 PBA season") [Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs "2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs") to defend their crown. They added import Rico Hill to bolster the lineup along with former Shell Turbo Charger [Chris Calaguio](/wiki/Chris_Calaguio "Chris Calaguio").
But SMB's high expectations became a disappointment. The Beermen started off with a 0–4 record before winning a game against the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") in [Aklan](/wiki/Aklan "Aklan"). Hill was replaced by Kwan Johnson but the Beermen lost four more games to fall to 1–8\. But the Beermen won the next five games; Johnson was suffering an injury and was temporarily replaced by Kevin Freeman. The Beermen finished with a 6–10 card and eighth place in the nine\-team classification phase.
Johnson returned in time for San Miguel against ten\-sister team Coca\-Cola in the [survivor round](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs%23Survivor_playoffs "2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs#Survivor playoffs"). The Beermen had a twice to beat edge, but the Tigers won the first encounter on January 6\. A day later, Ildefonso's game\-winner propelled the Beermen to the next round. In the Wildcard phase against the Express, they ended up losing in three games.
Before the start of the [2006 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs "2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs"), San Miguel traded its veteran forward [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco "Nic Belasco") to the Alaska Aces for guard [Brandon Cablay](/wiki/Brandon_Cablay "Brandon Cablay"). In a separate move, the Beermen acquired [Wesley Gonzales](/wiki/Wesley_Gonzales "Wesley Gonzales") from the Air21 Express and shipped Eugene Tejada to sister team Purefoods. The Express was supposed to send [Homer Se](/wiki/Homer_Se "Homer Se") to Purefoods but failed to pass his physical test, and was returned to the Air21 squad. The Cablay trade was seen as a preparation for the possible retirement of point guard Olsen Racela.
After a 1–2 start in the tournament, the Beermen won the next eight games before finishing with an 11–5 record. Their second place tally sent the Beermen to an outright semifinals berth, a huge improvement from their disappointing run in the Fiesta Conference. The Beermen's surge also saw Danny Seigle's numerous scoring outburst, norming 20 points in almost all of the games he played during the conference.
However, in the [semifinals](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs%23Semi-finals "2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs#Semi-finals"), they were upset by the [Red Bull Barako](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") in seven games. San Miguel won Games 2, 4 and the sixth game to level the matchup to a seventh game. However, in Game 7, the Beermen lost on a last second shot by [Junthy Valenzuela](/wiki/Junthy_Valenzuela "Junthy Valenzuela"), eliminating them from the tournament. In a one\-game matchup for third place, San Miguel lost to Alaska 102–95 to finish fourth in the 2006 Philippine Cup.
### Chot Reyes and Siot Tanquingcen
In the offseason, the [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") moved national team head coach [Chot Reyes](/wiki/Chot_Reyes "Chot Reyes") to the Beermen as its head coach while sending [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico "Jong Uichico") to coach the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings "Barangay Ginebra Kings"). In the 2006 PBA Rookie Draft, the Beermen selected [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") (fourth overall pick) and [Gabby Espinas](/wiki/Gabby_Espinas "Gabby Espinas") (fifth overall pick) in one of the rare incidents in which San Miguel drafted players from the rookie draft.
After a 0–3 start in the tournament plus the injuries of Seigle and Ildefonso, the Beermen received [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul "Rommel Adducul") and [Lordy Tugade](/wiki/Lordy_Tugade "Lordy Tugade") from Ginebra and Red Bull, respectively, in a three\-team trade. This led to San Miguel winning 13 of the next 15 games to finished with a 13–5 record and an outright semifinals berth.
In the semis, the Beermen defeated Red Bull in seven games that was highlighted by the physical encounters of both squad in the series which also involved Red Bull's head man [Yeng Guiao](/wiki/Yeng_Guiao "Yeng Guiao"). In the Finals, after leading the series 2–0 the Beermen were beaten by the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel "Barangay Ginebra San Miguel") in six games.
In the recent 2007 Fiesta Conference, Chot Reyes took a leave to form and coach the national basketball team for the FIBA Asia Championships. For a few games, Biboy Ravanes was hired as the team's interim coach but soon San Miguel faltered to a slow start.
Soon, former Ginebra head coach and assistant coach [Siot Tanquingcen](/wiki/Siot_Tanquingcen "Siot Tanquingcen") was moved to the Beermen to be its interim tactician. However, fortunes didn't change as they suffered to a horrible 0–6 start and later 2–8 after fielding imports Vidal Messiah and Paul McMillan.
But then, San Miguel soon won eight games with the arrival of the team's third import, former Alaska Ace Galen Young. SMB wound up with a 10–8 win–loss card to end the elimination round, only to lose to Alaska in the eliminations, and to Air21 in a knockout match for the second outright quarterfinals berth.
At this time, the Beermen shipped Rommel Adducul to Red Bull for prized center [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva "Enrico Villanueva") in a controversial trade which also involved sister team Purefoods, which snagged Adducul after trading reserve [Don Camaso](/wiki/Don_Camaso "Don Camaso").
SMB was relegated to the wild\-card playoffs but beat Sta. Lucia in the first knockout game of the phase and then pulled off the first of what was dubbed as the "Beeracle Run" over Coca\-Cola in which they came back from a four\-point deficit with 12 seconds to go to advance against Ginebra in the quarters.
There, the Beermen exacted revenge on the Barangay Ginebra Kings by beating them in three full games. The Beermen entered the Fiesta Conference semifinals only to lose to Alaska in six hard fought games and placed fourth in a loss to Red Bull for the consolation third\-place trophy.
|
[
"San Miguel Beermen (the Danny Ildefonso era) (1998–2007\\)\n---------------------------------------------------------",
"For the [1998 season](/wiki/1998_PBA_season \"1998 PBA season\"), San Miguel drafted [Noy Castillo](/wiki/Noy_Castillo \"Noy Castillo\") as the second overall pick in the draft. But, Castillo was quickly shipped to [Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers \"Shell Turbo Chargers\") in exchange for [National University](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs_basketball \"NU Bulldogs basketball\") standout [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso \"Danny Ildefonso\").",
"The Beermen made a strong showing in the All\\-Filipino Cup but lost to [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in the Finals in seven games. In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers to replace Jeff Ward during the tournament. SMB made its return to the finals but was defeated by the Milkmen in the rematch of the All\\-Filipino Cup, this time in six games.",
"After the conference, Racela was loaned to the [PBA Centennial team](/wiki/Philippine_Centennial_Team \"Philippine Centennial Team\"). As incentive, all PBA teams were allowed to hire two imports in the Governors' Cup. Strothers and Robinson teamed up for San Miguel, but with their height disadvantage against other teams, the Beermen failed to either win the special Centennial Cup or the season\\-ending Governors' Cup.",
"Ron Jacobs resigned after two seasons with the Beermen. His assistant coach and former NCC protégé [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico \"Jong Uichico\") took over as head coach.",
"### The Jong Uichico era",
"",
"| {{center\\|1\\=San Miguel Beermen}} | |\n| | |\n|Uniforms",
"| {{Basketball kit\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_sanmiguel\\_l\\|body\\= \\|pattern\\_s\\=\\_sanmiguel\\-2001\\_l\\|title\\=Light uniform}} | {{Basketball kit\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_sanmiguel\\_d\\|body\\= \\|pattern\\_s\\=\\_sanmiguel\\-2001\\_d\\|title\\=Dark uniform}} |",
"New coach Jong Uichico began his first season with San Miguel in [1999](/wiki/1999_PBA_season \"1999 PBA season\"). As part of the PBA's new rule to allow each team one direct\\-hire [Filipino\\-foreigner](/wiki/Filipino-foreigner \"Filipino-foreigner\"), San Miguel acquired the services of [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\"), younger brother of then [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") center [Andy Seigle](/wiki/Andy_Seigle \"Andy Seigle\"), to bolster the team along with former [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers \"Pop Cola Panthers\") guard [Boybits Victoria](/wiki/Boybits_Victoria \"Boybits Victoria\").",
"However, San Miguel struggled in the All\\-Filipino Cup and was eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Formula Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers \"Shell Turbo Chargers\"). One of their finest moments was during a match against Mobiline and star center [Asi Taulava](/wiki/Asi_Taulava \"Asi Taulava\"). San Miguel's 67–66 squeaker on Asaytono's two clutch free\\-throws handed the Phone Pals its first defeat after winning their first seven games.",
"In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel tapped former [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") import [Terquin Mott](/wiki/Terquin_Mott \"Terquin Mott\"). Mott, a known temperamental player during his first stint in the league, molded well with his local teammates as San Miguel was able to make a strong showing in the elimination round. San Miguel also parted way with Asaytono, shipping him to [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers \"Pop Cola Panthers\") for [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco \"Nic Belasco\") and [Dwight Lago](/wiki/Dwight_Lago \"Dwight Lago\"). The Beermen upset the defending champion [Alaska Milkmen](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in the semis to enter the Finals against All\\-Filipino winner Formula Shell with [Benjie Paras](/wiki/Benjie_Paras \"Benjie Paras\") and import John Best. San Miguel won the first two games of the series before Shell tied the series at 2–2\\. But the Beermen won the last two games to win their 12th PBA crown and their first in five years.",
"In the Governors' Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers as the Beermen cruised into the Finals of the said tournament against Alaska. The Milkmen even led the series at 2–1 but San Miguel was able to win the last three games to win their second straight championship in six games.",
"Seigle was named as the Rookie of the Year at season's end and also threatened to beat Paras for the MVP plum, but the \"Tower of Power\" won the 1999 MVP award.",
"San Miguel failed to win the [2000](/wiki/2000_PBA_season \"2000 PBA season\") All\\-Filipino Cup by finishing fourth in the tournament. The Beermen, however, defended the Commissioner's Cup trophy, with NBA veteran [Stephen Howard](/wiki/Stephen_Howard_%28basketball%29 \"Stephen Howard (basketball)\") on the lineup, defeating [Sta. Lucia](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\"). In the Governors' Cup, with Strothers back, they defeated Purefoods in five games for their 15th PBA title. [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso \"Danny Ildefonso\") won his first [Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award \"Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award\") at the end of the season.",
"In [2001](/wiki/2001_PBA_season \"2001 PBA season\"), they were favorites to win the All\\-Filipino Cup and San Miguel did so to enter the finals against sister team Barangay Ginebra and prized rookie [Mark Caguioa](/wiki/Mark_Caguioa \"Mark Caguioa\"). After the series was tied at 2–2, SMB survived in overtime to win Game Five and blew out the Kings in Game Six to capture their first All\\-Filipino title in seven years.",
"San Miguel was now favored to win the grand slam, but the young [Batang Red Bull Thunder](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") upset SMB in the finals of the Commissioner's Cup in six games while the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\"), behind former SMB mentor [Norman Black](/wiki/Norman_Black \"Norman Black\") defeated his former club 4–2 in the season\\-ending Governors' Cup.",
"Ildefonso, meanwhile won his second consecutive [MVP](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award \"Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award\") in 2001\\. Some observers though believed that it was [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\") who deserved to win the award.",
"Ildefonso, Racela, newly acquired [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros \"Dondon Hontiveros\"), Seigle and coach Jong Uichico concentrated their time with the RP National team in the [2002 season](/wiki/2002_PBA_season \"2002 PBA season\"). Meanwhile, San Miguel was left with only [Dorian Peña](/wiki/Dorian_Pe%C3%B1a \"Dorian Peña\") and Boybits Victoria on the team. San Miguel fielded in Strothers and later former [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") veteran Mario Bennett for the Governors' Cup. After the Beermen finished eighth in the elimination round, SMB upset the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in the quarterfinals but was eliminated by Alaska in the semi\\-finals and finished fourth in the tournament. Strothers announced his retirement after the tournament.",
"In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel took Shea Seals and Art Long as import. But the temperamental Long got into a dirty scuffle with [Red Bull](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") import Antonio Lang during a game despite San Miguel finishing fourth after the elimination phase. Terquin Mott replaced Long before the end of the eliminations. After eliminating [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\") in the quarters, Red Bull eliminated them in the semis before finishing third.",
"In the All\\-Filipino, San Miguel was decimated by Danny Seigle's injury with the national team. Racela, Ildefonso and Hontiveros returned for San Miguel but they were eliminated by [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\") in the semis to finished third for the second\\-straight conference.",
"San Miguel returned in the [2003](/wiki/2003_PBA_season \"2003 PBA season\") on a bright note. After the elimination round of the All\\-Filipino, they finished first in Group A to qualify for the quarterfinals phase of the tournament. But the Beermen failed to enter the semis after finishing 1–2 in the single\\-round robin format. Their great finish in the All\\-Filipino helped the Beermen qualify for the Invitational tournament, but San Miguel failed to advance to the semis.",
"In the first Reinforced Conference in more than a decade, San Miguel fielded in several lemon imports before settling on former Sta. Lucia import Kwan Johnson. After a 0–5 start, San Miguel went 10–3 the rest of the way to enter the Finals, but lost in seven games to the [Coca\\-Cola Tigers](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\").",
"### 17th title",
"San Miguel was once again favorites to win championships in the [2004–05](/wiki/2004-05_PBA_season \"2004-05 PBA season\") season. Art Long made his return as import for San Miguel in the [2004 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2004_PBA_Fiesta_Conference \"2004 PBA Fiesta Conference\"), a transition tournament. Long and the Beermen powered its way to a 9–0 start before finishing the tournament in first place after the eliminations. But once again, San Miguel failed to enter the semis after a 1–2 record in the quarterfinals.",
"In the 2004–2005 Philippine Cup (formerly the All\\-Filipino Cup), the Beermen finished the classification phase with an even 9–9 record. In the quarterfinals, San Miguel swept the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\") in a three\\-game series. Then, the Beermen also swept [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in the quarterfinals. In the semis against sister rival [Barangay Ginebra](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel \"Barangay Ginebra San Miguel\"), the Beermen took a 2–1 series in the best\\-of\\-five affair but the Kings won the next two games to win the series, that capped with [Rodney Santos](/wiki/Rodney_Santos \"Rodney Santos\")' game\\-winner in the deciding game. The Beermen then beat Shell to cop third\\-place in the tournament.",
"Chris Burgess was San Miguel's import for the 2005 Fiesta Conference. San Miguel finished the classification phase in second place to gain an outright semi\\-finals berth. Midway to the semis, Burgess was replaced by Ace Custis and became an effective replacement for San Miguel. The Beermen eliminated Red Bull in the semi\\-finals to enter the Finals against the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\"). The Beermen defeated the Phone Pals 4–1 to give the team its 17th PBA title in team history and ended its four\\-year title drought; it was also the first time in their last six championships that they've won a title with Danny Seigle as a non\\-factor in the playoffs. He was injured for almost the entire semi\\-finals and played only in Game 5 of the Finals. It was Jong Uichico's sixth PBA crown as coach.",
"After their performance a year ago, San Miguel was heavily favored in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_PBA_season \"2005-06 PBA season\") [Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs \"2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs\") to defend their crown. They added import Rico Hill to bolster the lineup along with former Shell Turbo Charger [Chris Calaguio](/wiki/Chris_Calaguio \"Chris Calaguio\").",
"But SMB's high expectations became a disappointment. The Beermen started off with a 0–4 record before winning a game against the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") in [Aklan](/wiki/Aklan \"Aklan\"). Hill was replaced by Kwan Johnson but the Beermen lost four more games to fall to 1–8\\. But the Beermen won the next five games; Johnson was suffering an injury and was temporarily replaced by Kevin Freeman. The Beermen finished with a 6–10 card and eighth place in the nine\\-team classification phase.",
"Johnson returned in time for San Miguel against ten\\-sister team Coca\\-Cola in the [survivor round](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs%23Survivor_playoffs \"2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs#Survivor playoffs\"). The Beermen had a twice to beat edge, but the Tigers won the first encounter on January 6\\. A day later, Ildefonso's game\\-winner propelled the Beermen to the next round. In the Wildcard phase against the Express, they ended up losing in three games.",
"Before the start of the [2006 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs \"2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs\"), San Miguel traded its veteran forward [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco \"Nic Belasco\") to the Alaska Aces for guard [Brandon Cablay](/wiki/Brandon_Cablay \"Brandon Cablay\"). In a separate move, the Beermen acquired [Wesley Gonzales](/wiki/Wesley_Gonzales \"Wesley Gonzales\") from the Air21 Express and shipped Eugene Tejada to sister team Purefoods. The Express was supposed to send [Homer Se](/wiki/Homer_Se \"Homer Se\") to Purefoods but failed to pass his physical test, and was returned to the Air21 squad. The Cablay trade was seen as a preparation for the possible retirement of point guard Olsen Racela.",
"After a 1–2 start in the tournament, the Beermen won the next eight games before finishing with an 11–5 record. Their second place tally sent the Beermen to an outright semifinals berth, a huge improvement from their disappointing run in the Fiesta Conference. The Beermen's surge also saw Danny Seigle's numerous scoring outburst, norming 20 points in almost all of the games he played during the conference.",
"However, in the [semifinals](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs%23Semi-finals \"2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs#Semi-finals\"), they were upset by the [Red Bull Barako](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") in seven games. San Miguel won Games 2, 4 and the sixth game to level the matchup to a seventh game. However, in Game 7, the Beermen lost on a last second shot by [Junthy Valenzuela](/wiki/Junthy_Valenzuela \"Junthy Valenzuela\"), eliminating them from the tournament. In a one\\-game matchup for third place, San Miguel lost to Alaska 102–95 to finish fourth in the 2006 Philippine Cup.",
"### Chot Reyes and Siot Tanquingcen",
"In the offseason, the [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") moved national team head coach [Chot Reyes](/wiki/Chot_Reyes \"Chot Reyes\") to the Beermen as its head coach while sending [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico \"Jong Uichico\") to coach the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings \"Barangay Ginebra Kings\"). In the 2006 PBA Rookie Draft, the Beermen selected [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") (fourth overall pick) and [Gabby Espinas](/wiki/Gabby_Espinas \"Gabby Espinas\") (fifth overall pick) in one of the rare incidents in which San Miguel drafted players from the rookie draft.",
"After a 0–3 start in the tournament plus the injuries of Seigle and Ildefonso, the Beermen received [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul \"Rommel Adducul\") and [Lordy Tugade](/wiki/Lordy_Tugade \"Lordy Tugade\") from Ginebra and Red Bull, respectively, in a three\\-team trade. This led to San Miguel winning 13 of the next 15 games to finished with a 13–5 record and an outright semifinals berth.",
"In the semis, the Beermen defeated Red Bull in seven games that was highlighted by the physical encounters of both squad in the series which also involved Red Bull's head man [Yeng Guiao](/wiki/Yeng_Guiao \"Yeng Guiao\"). In the Finals, after leading the series 2–0 the Beermen were beaten by the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel \"Barangay Ginebra San Miguel\") in six games.",
"In the recent 2007 Fiesta Conference, Chot Reyes took a leave to form and coach the national basketball team for the FIBA Asia Championships. For a few games, Biboy Ravanes was hired as the team's interim coach but soon San Miguel faltered to a slow start.",
"Soon, former Ginebra head coach and assistant coach [Siot Tanquingcen](/wiki/Siot_Tanquingcen \"Siot Tanquingcen\") was moved to the Beermen to be its interim tactician. However, fortunes didn't change as they suffered to a horrible 0–6 start and later 2–8 after fielding imports Vidal Messiah and Paul McMillan.",
"But then, San Miguel soon won eight games with the arrival of the team's third import, former Alaska Ace Galen Young. SMB wound up with a 10–8 win–loss card to end the elimination round, only to lose to Alaska in the eliminations, and to Air21 in a knockout match for the second outright quarterfinals berth.",
"At this time, the Beermen shipped Rommel Adducul to Red Bull for prized center [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva \"Enrico Villanueva\") in a controversial trade which also involved sister team Purefoods, which snagged Adducul after trading reserve [Don Camaso](/wiki/Don_Camaso \"Don Camaso\").",
"SMB was relegated to the wild\\-card playoffs but beat Sta. Lucia in the first knockout game of the phase and then pulled off the first of what was dubbed as the \"Beeracle Run\" over Coca\\-Cola in which they came back from a four\\-point deficit with 12 seconds to go to advance against Ginebra in the quarters.",
"There, the Beermen exacted revenge on the Barangay Ginebra Kings by beating them in three full games. The Beermen entered the Fiesta Conference semifinals only to lose to Alaska in six hard fought games and placed fourth in a loss to Red Bull for the consolation third\\-place trophy.",
""
] |
### The Jong Uichico era
| {{center\|1\=San Miguel Beermen}} | |
| | |
|Uniforms
| {{Basketball kit\|pattern\_b\=\_sanmiguel\_l\|body\= \|pattern\_s\=\_sanmiguel\-2001\_l\|title\=Light uniform}} | {{Basketball kit\|pattern\_b\=\_sanmiguel\_d\|body\= \|pattern\_s\=\_sanmiguel\-2001\_d\|title\=Dark uniform}} |
New coach Jong Uichico began his first season with San Miguel in [1999](/wiki/1999_PBA_season "1999 PBA season"). As part of the PBA's new rule to allow each team one direct\-hire [Filipino\-foreigner](/wiki/Filipino-foreigner "Filipino-foreigner"), San Miguel acquired the services of [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle"), younger brother of then [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") center [Andy Seigle](/wiki/Andy_Seigle "Andy Seigle"), to bolster the team along with former [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers "Pop Cola Panthers") guard [Boybits Victoria](/wiki/Boybits_Victoria "Boybits Victoria").
However, San Miguel struggled in the All\-Filipino Cup and was eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Formula Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers "Shell Turbo Chargers"). One of their finest moments was during a match against Mobiline and star center [Asi Taulava](/wiki/Asi_Taulava "Asi Taulava"). San Miguel's 67–66 squeaker on Asaytono's two clutch free\-throws handed the Phone Pals its first defeat after winning their first seven games.
In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel tapped former [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") import [Terquin Mott](/wiki/Terquin_Mott "Terquin Mott"). Mott, a known temperamental player during his first stint in the league, molded well with his local teammates as San Miguel was able to make a strong showing in the elimination round. San Miguel also parted way with Asaytono, shipping him to [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers "Pop Cola Panthers") for [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco "Nic Belasco") and [Dwight Lago](/wiki/Dwight_Lago "Dwight Lago"). The Beermen upset the defending champion [Alaska Milkmen](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in the semis to enter the Finals against All\-Filipino winner Formula Shell with [Benjie Paras](/wiki/Benjie_Paras "Benjie Paras") and import John Best. San Miguel won the first two games of the series before Shell tied the series at 2–2\. But the Beermen won the last two games to win their 12th PBA crown and their first in five years.
In the Governors' Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers as the Beermen cruised into the Finals of the said tournament against Alaska. The Milkmen even led the series at 2–1 but San Miguel was able to win the last three games to win their second straight championship in six games.
Seigle was named as the Rookie of the Year at season's end and also threatened to beat Paras for the MVP plum, but the "Tower of Power" won the 1999 MVP award.
San Miguel failed to win the [2000](/wiki/2000_PBA_season "2000 PBA season") All\-Filipino Cup by finishing fourth in the tournament. The Beermen, however, defended the Commissioner's Cup trophy, with NBA veteran [Stephen Howard](/wiki/Stephen_Howard_%28basketball%29 "Stephen Howard (basketball)") on the lineup, defeating [Sta. Lucia](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors"). In the Governors' Cup, with Strothers back, they defeated Purefoods in five games for their 15th PBA title. [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso "Danny Ildefonso") won his first [Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award "Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award") at the end of the season.
In [2001](/wiki/2001_PBA_season "2001 PBA season"), they were favorites to win the All\-Filipino Cup and San Miguel did so to enter the finals against sister team Barangay Ginebra and prized rookie [Mark Caguioa](/wiki/Mark_Caguioa "Mark Caguioa"). After the series was tied at 2–2, SMB survived in overtime to win Game Five and blew out the Kings in Game Six to capture their first All\-Filipino title in seven years.
San Miguel was now favored to win the grand slam, but the young [Batang Red Bull Thunder](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") upset SMB in the finals of the Commissioner's Cup in six games while the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors"), behind former SMB mentor [Norman Black](/wiki/Norman_Black "Norman Black") defeated his former club 4–2 in the season\-ending Governors' Cup.
Ildefonso, meanwhile won his second consecutive [MVP](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award "Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award") in 2001\. Some observers though believed that it was [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle") who deserved to win the award.
Ildefonso, Racela, newly acquired [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros "Dondon Hontiveros"), Seigle and coach Jong Uichico concentrated their time with the RP National team in the [2002 season](/wiki/2002_PBA_season "2002 PBA season"). Meanwhile, San Miguel was left with only [Dorian Peña](/wiki/Dorian_Pe%C3%B1a "Dorian Peña") and Boybits Victoria on the team. San Miguel fielded in Strothers and later former [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") veteran Mario Bennett for the Governors' Cup. After the Beermen finished eighth in the elimination round, SMB upset the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in the quarterfinals but was eliminated by Alaska in the semi\-finals and finished fourth in the tournament. Strothers announced his retirement after the tournament.
In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel took Shea Seals and Art Long as import. But the temperamental Long got into a dirty scuffle with [Red Bull](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") import Antonio Lang during a game despite San Miguel finishing fourth after the elimination phase. Terquin Mott replaced Long before the end of the eliminations. After eliminating [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers") in the quarters, Red Bull eliminated them in the semis before finishing third.
In the All\-Filipino, San Miguel was decimated by Danny Seigle's injury with the national team. Racela, Ildefonso and Hontiveros returned for San Miguel but they were eliminated by [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers") in the semis to finished third for the second\-straight conference.
San Miguel returned in the [2003](/wiki/2003_PBA_season "2003 PBA season") on a bright note. After the elimination round of the All\-Filipino, they finished first in Group A to qualify for the quarterfinals phase of the tournament. But the Beermen failed to enter the semis after finishing 1–2 in the single\-round robin format. Their great finish in the All\-Filipino helped the Beermen qualify for the Invitational tournament, but San Miguel failed to advance to the semis.
In the first Reinforced Conference in more than a decade, San Miguel fielded in several lemon imports before settling on former Sta. Lucia import Kwan Johnson. After a 0–5 start, San Miguel went 10–3 the rest of the way to enter the Finals, but lost in seven games to the [Coca\-Cola Tigers](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers "Coca-Cola Tigers").
|
[
"### The Jong Uichico era",
"",
"| {{center\\|1\\=San Miguel Beermen}} | |\n| | |\n|Uniforms",
"| {{Basketball kit\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_sanmiguel\\_l\\|body\\= \\|pattern\\_s\\=\\_sanmiguel\\-2001\\_l\\|title\\=Light uniform}} | {{Basketball kit\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_sanmiguel\\_d\\|body\\= \\|pattern\\_s\\=\\_sanmiguel\\-2001\\_d\\|title\\=Dark uniform}} |",
"New coach Jong Uichico began his first season with San Miguel in [1999](/wiki/1999_PBA_season \"1999 PBA season\"). As part of the PBA's new rule to allow each team one direct\\-hire [Filipino\\-foreigner](/wiki/Filipino-foreigner \"Filipino-foreigner\"), San Miguel acquired the services of [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\"), younger brother of then [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") center [Andy Seigle](/wiki/Andy_Seigle \"Andy Seigle\"), to bolster the team along with former [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers \"Pop Cola Panthers\") guard [Boybits Victoria](/wiki/Boybits_Victoria \"Boybits Victoria\").",
"However, San Miguel struggled in the All\\-Filipino Cup and was eliminated in the quarterfinals by [Formula Shell](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers \"Shell Turbo Chargers\"). One of their finest moments was during a match against Mobiline and star center [Asi Taulava](/wiki/Asi_Taulava \"Asi Taulava\"). San Miguel's 67–66 squeaker on Asaytono's two clutch free\\-throws handed the Phone Pals its first defeat after winning their first seven games.",
"In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel tapped former [Mobiline](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") import [Terquin Mott](/wiki/Terquin_Mott \"Terquin Mott\"). Mott, a known temperamental player during his first stint in the league, molded well with his local teammates as San Miguel was able to make a strong showing in the elimination round. San Miguel also parted way with Asaytono, shipping him to [Pop Cola](/wiki/Pop_Cola_Panthers \"Pop Cola Panthers\") for [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco \"Nic Belasco\") and [Dwight Lago](/wiki/Dwight_Lago \"Dwight Lago\"). The Beermen upset the defending champion [Alaska Milkmen](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in the semis to enter the Finals against All\\-Filipino winner Formula Shell with [Benjie Paras](/wiki/Benjie_Paras \"Benjie Paras\") and import John Best. San Miguel won the first two games of the series before Shell tied the series at 2–2\\. But the Beermen won the last two games to win their 12th PBA crown and their first in five years.",
"In the Governors' Cup, San Miguel brought back Strothers as the Beermen cruised into the Finals of the said tournament against Alaska. The Milkmen even led the series at 2–1 but San Miguel was able to win the last three games to win their second straight championship in six games.",
"Seigle was named as the Rookie of the Year at season's end and also threatened to beat Paras for the MVP plum, but the \"Tower of Power\" won the 1999 MVP award.",
"San Miguel failed to win the [2000](/wiki/2000_PBA_season \"2000 PBA season\") All\\-Filipino Cup by finishing fourth in the tournament. The Beermen, however, defended the Commissioner's Cup trophy, with NBA veteran [Stephen Howard](/wiki/Stephen_Howard_%28basketball%29 \"Stephen Howard (basketball)\") on the lineup, defeating [Sta. Lucia](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\"). In the Governors' Cup, with Strothers back, they defeated Purefoods in five games for their 15th PBA title. [Danny Ildefonso](/wiki/Danny_Ildefonso \"Danny Ildefonso\") won his first [Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award \"Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award\") at the end of the season.",
"In [2001](/wiki/2001_PBA_season \"2001 PBA season\"), they were favorites to win the All\\-Filipino Cup and San Miguel did so to enter the finals against sister team Barangay Ginebra and prized rookie [Mark Caguioa](/wiki/Mark_Caguioa \"Mark Caguioa\"). After the series was tied at 2–2, SMB survived in overtime to win Game Five and blew out the Kings in Game Six to capture their first All\\-Filipino title in seven years.",
"San Miguel was now favored to win the grand slam, but the young [Batang Red Bull Thunder](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") upset SMB in the finals of the Commissioner's Cup in six games while the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\"), behind former SMB mentor [Norman Black](/wiki/Norman_Black \"Norman Black\") defeated his former club 4–2 in the season\\-ending Governors' Cup.",
"Ildefonso, meanwhile won his second consecutive [MVP](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Most_Valuable_Player_award \"Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award\") in 2001\\. Some observers though believed that it was [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\") who deserved to win the award.",
"Ildefonso, Racela, newly acquired [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros \"Dondon Hontiveros\"), Seigle and coach Jong Uichico concentrated their time with the RP National team in the [2002 season](/wiki/2002_PBA_season \"2002 PBA season\"). Meanwhile, San Miguel was left with only [Dorian Peña](/wiki/Dorian_Pe%C3%B1a \"Dorian Peña\") and Boybits Victoria on the team. San Miguel fielded in Strothers and later former [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") veteran Mario Bennett for the Governors' Cup. After the Beermen finished eighth in the elimination round, SMB upset the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in the quarterfinals but was eliminated by Alaska in the semi\\-finals and finished fourth in the tournament. Strothers announced his retirement after the tournament.",
"In the Commissioner's Cup, San Miguel took Shea Seals and Art Long as import. But the temperamental Long got into a dirty scuffle with [Red Bull](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") import Antonio Lang during a game despite San Miguel finishing fourth after the elimination phase. Terquin Mott replaced Long before the end of the eliminations. After eliminating [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\") in the quarters, Red Bull eliminated them in the semis before finishing third.",
"In the All\\-Filipino, San Miguel was decimated by Danny Seigle's injury with the national team. Racela, Ildefonso and Hontiveros returned for San Miguel but they were eliminated by [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\") in the semis to finished third for the second\\-straight conference.",
"San Miguel returned in the [2003](/wiki/2003_PBA_season \"2003 PBA season\") on a bright note. After the elimination round of the All\\-Filipino, they finished first in Group A to qualify for the quarterfinals phase of the tournament. But the Beermen failed to enter the semis after finishing 1–2 in the single\\-round robin format. Their great finish in the All\\-Filipino helped the Beermen qualify for the Invitational tournament, but San Miguel failed to advance to the semis.",
"In the first Reinforced Conference in more than a decade, San Miguel fielded in several lemon imports before settling on former Sta. Lucia import Kwan Johnson. After a 0–5 start, San Miguel went 10–3 the rest of the way to enter the Finals, but lost in seven games to the [Coca\\-Cola Tigers](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Tigers \"Coca-Cola Tigers\").",
""
] |
### 17th title
San Miguel was once again favorites to win championships in the [2004–05](/wiki/2004-05_PBA_season "2004-05 PBA season") season. Art Long made his return as import for San Miguel in the [2004 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2004_PBA_Fiesta_Conference "2004 PBA Fiesta Conference"), a transition tournament. Long and the Beermen powered its way to a 9–0 start before finishing the tournament in first place after the eliminations. But once again, San Miguel failed to enter the semis after a 1–2 record in the quarterfinals.
In the 2004–2005 Philippine Cup (formerly the All\-Filipino Cup), the Beermen finished the classification phase with an even 9–9 record. In the quarterfinals, San Miguel swept the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors") in a three\-game series. Then, the Beermen also swept [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in the quarterfinals. In the semis against sister rival [Barangay Ginebra](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel "Barangay Ginebra San Miguel"), the Beermen took a 2–1 series in the best\-of\-five affair but the Kings won the next two games to win the series, that capped with [Rodney Santos](/wiki/Rodney_Santos "Rodney Santos")' game\-winner in the deciding game. The Beermen then beat Shell to cop third\-place in the tournament.
Chris Burgess was San Miguel's import for the 2005 Fiesta Conference. San Miguel finished the classification phase in second place to gain an outright semi\-finals berth. Midway to the semis, Burgess was replaced by Ace Custis and became an effective replacement for San Miguel. The Beermen eliminated Red Bull in the semi\-finals to enter the Finals against the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters"). The Beermen defeated the Phone Pals 4–1 to give the team its 17th PBA title in team history and ended its four\-year title drought; it was also the first time in their last six championships that they've won a title with Danny Seigle as a non\-factor in the playoffs. He was injured for almost the entire semi\-finals and played only in Game 5 of the Finals. It was Jong Uichico's sixth PBA crown as coach.
After their performance a year ago, San Miguel was heavily favored in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_PBA_season "2005-06 PBA season") [Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs "2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs") to defend their crown. They added import Rico Hill to bolster the lineup along with former Shell Turbo Charger [Chris Calaguio](/wiki/Chris_Calaguio "Chris Calaguio").
But SMB's high expectations became a disappointment. The Beermen started off with a 0–4 record before winning a game against the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") in [Aklan](/wiki/Aklan "Aklan"). Hill was replaced by Kwan Johnson but the Beermen lost four more games to fall to 1–8\. But the Beermen won the next five games; Johnson was suffering an injury and was temporarily replaced by Kevin Freeman. The Beermen finished with a 6–10 card and eighth place in the nine\-team classification phase.
Johnson returned in time for San Miguel against ten\-sister team Coca\-Cola in the [survivor round](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs%23Survivor_playoffs "2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs#Survivor playoffs"). The Beermen had a twice to beat edge, but the Tigers won the first encounter on January 6\. A day later, Ildefonso's game\-winner propelled the Beermen to the next round. In the Wildcard phase against the Express, they ended up losing in three games.
Before the start of the [2006 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs "2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs"), San Miguel traded its veteran forward [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco "Nic Belasco") to the Alaska Aces for guard [Brandon Cablay](/wiki/Brandon_Cablay "Brandon Cablay"). In a separate move, the Beermen acquired [Wesley Gonzales](/wiki/Wesley_Gonzales "Wesley Gonzales") from the Air21 Express and shipped Eugene Tejada to sister team Purefoods. The Express was supposed to send [Homer Se](/wiki/Homer_Se "Homer Se") to Purefoods but failed to pass his physical test, and was returned to the Air21 squad. The Cablay trade was seen as a preparation for the possible retirement of point guard Olsen Racela.
After a 1–2 start in the tournament, the Beermen won the next eight games before finishing with an 11–5 record. Their second place tally sent the Beermen to an outright semifinals berth, a huge improvement from their disappointing run in the Fiesta Conference. The Beermen's surge also saw Danny Seigle's numerous scoring outburst, norming 20 points in almost all of the games he played during the conference.
However, in the [semifinals](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs%23Semi-finals "2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs#Semi-finals"), they were upset by the [Red Bull Barako](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters "Barako Bull Energy Boosters") in seven games. San Miguel won Games 2, 4 and the sixth game to level the matchup to a seventh game. However, in Game 7, the Beermen lost on a last second shot by [Junthy Valenzuela](/wiki/Junthy_Valenzuela "Junthy Valenzuela"), eliminating them from the tournament. In a one\-game matchup for third place, San Miguel lost to Alaska 102–95 to finish fourth in the 2006 Philippine Cup.
|
[
"### 17th title",
"San Miguel was once again favorites to win championships in the [2004–05](/wiki/2004-05_PBA_season \"2004-05 PBA season\") season. Art Long made his return as import for San Miguel in the [2004 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2004_PBA_Fiesta_Conference \"2004 PBA Fiesta Conference\"), a transition tournament. Long and the Beermen powered its way to a 9–0 start before finishing the tournament in first place after the eliminations. But once again, San Miguel failed to enter the semis after a 1–2 record in the quarterfinals.",
"In the 2004–2005 Philippine Cup (formerly the All\\-Filipino Cup), the Beermen finished the classification phase with an even 9–9 record. In the quarterfinals, San Miguel swept the [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\") in a three\\-game series. Then, the Beermen also swept [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in the quarterfinals. In the semis against sister rival [Barangay Ginebra](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel \"Barangay Ginebra San Miguel\"), the Beermen took a 2–1 series in the best\\-of\\-five affair but the Kings won the next two games to win the series, that capped with [Rodney Santos](/wiki/Rodney_Santos \"Rodney Santos\")' game\\-winner in the deciding game. The Beermen then beat Shell to cop third\\-place in the tournament.",
"Chris Burgess was San Miguel's import for the 2005 Fiesta Conference. San Miguel finished the classification phase in second place to gain an outright semi\\-finals berth. Midway to the semis, Burgess was replaced by Ace Custis and became an effective replacement for San Miguel. The Beermen eliminated Red Bull in the semi\\-finals to enter the Finals against the [Talk 'N Text Phone Pals](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\"). The Beermen defeated the Phone Pals 4–1 to give the team its 17th PBA title in team history and ended its four\\-year title drought; it was also the first time in their last six championships that they've won a title with Danny Seigle as a non\\-factor in the playoffs. He was injured for almost the entire semi\\-finals and played only in Game 5 of the Finals. It was Jong Uichico's sixth PBA crown as coach.",
"After their performance a year ago, San Miguel was heavily favored in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_PBA_season \"2005-06 PBA season\") [Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs \"2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs\") to defend their crown. They added import Rico Hill to bolster the lineup along with former Shell Turbo Charger [Chris Calaguio](/wiki/Chris_Calaguio \"Chris Calaguio\").",
"But SMB's high expectations became a disappointment. The Beermen started off with a 0–4 record before winning a game against the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") in [Aklan](/wiki/Aklan \"Aklan\"). Hill was replaced by Kwan Johnson but the Beermen lost four more games to fall to 1–8\\. But the Beermen won the next five games; Johnson was suffering an injury and was temporarily replaced by Kevin Freeman. The Beermen finished with a 6–10 card and eighth place in the nine\\-team classification phase.",
"Johnson returned in time for San Miguel against ten\\-sister team Coca\\-Cola in the [survivor round](/wiki/2006_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Playoffs%23Survivor_playoffs \"2006 PBA Fiesta Conference Playoffs#Survivor playoffs\"). The Beermen had a twice to beat edge, but the Tigers won the first encounter on January 6\\. A day later, Ildefonso's game\\-winner propelled the Beermen to the next round. In the Wildcard phase against the Express, they ended up losing in three games.",
"Before the start of the [2006 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs \"2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs\"), San Miguel traded its veteran forward [Nic Belasco](/wiki/Nic_Belasco \"Nic Belasco\") to the Alaska Aces for guard [Brandon Cablay](/wiki/Brandon_Cablay \"Brandon Cablay\"). In a separate move, the Beermen acquired [Wesley Gonzales](/wiki/Wesley_Gonzales \"Wesley Gonzales\") from the Air21 Express and shipped Eugene Tejada to sister team Purefoods. The Express was supposed to send [Homer Se](/wiki/Homer_Se \"Homer Se\") to Purefoods but failed to pass his physical test, and was returned to the Air21 squad. The Cablay trade was seen as a preparation for the possible retirement of point guard Olsen Racela.",
"After a 1–2 start in the tournament, the Beermen won the next eight games before finishing with an 11–5 record. Their second place tally sent the Beermen to an outright semifinals berth, a huge improvement from their disappointing run in the Fiesta Conference. The Beermen's surge also saw Danny Seigle's numerous scoring outburst, norming 20 points in almost all of the games he played during the conference.",
"However, in the [semifinals](/wiki/2006_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Playoffs%23Semi-finals \"2006 PBA Philippine Cup Playoffs#Semi-finals\"), they were upset by the [Red Bull Barako](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy_Boosters \"Barako Bull Energy Boosters\") in seven games. San Miguel won Games 2, 4 and the sixth game to level the matchup to a seventh game. However, in Game 7, the Beermen lost on a last second shot by [Junthy Valenzuela](/wiki/Junthy_Valenzuela \"Junthy Valenzuela\"), eliminating them from the tournament. In a one\\-game matchup for third place, San Miguel lost to Alaska 102–95 to finish fourth in the 2006 Philippine Cup.",
""
] |
### Chot Reyes and Siot Tanquingcen
In the offseason, the [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") moved national team head coach [Chot Reyes](/wiki/Chot_Reyes "Chot Reyes") to the Beermen as its head coach while sending [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico "Jong Uichico") to coach the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings "Barangay Ginebra Kings"). In the 2006 PBA Rookie Draft, the Beermen selected [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") (fourth overall pick) and [Gabby Espinas](/wiki/Gabby_Espinas "Gabby Espinas") (fifth overall pick) in one of the rare incidents in which San Miguel drafted players from the rookie draft.
After a 0–3 start in the tournament plus the injuries of Seigle and Ildefonso, the Beermen received [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul "Rommel Adducul") and [Lordy Tugade](/wiki/Lordy_Tugade "Lordy Tugade") from Ginebra and Red Bull, respectively, in a three\-team trade. This led to San Miguel winning 13 of the next 15 games to finished with a 13–5 record and an outright semifinals berth.
In the semis, the Beermen defeated Red Bull in seven games that was highlighted by the physical encounters of both squad in the series which also involved Red Bull's head man [Yeng Guiao](/wiki/Yeng_Guiao "Yeng Guiao"). In the Finals, after leading the series 2–0 the Beermen were beaten by the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel "Barangay Ginebra San Miguel") in six games.
In the recent 2007 Fiesta Conference, Chot Reyes took a leave to form and coach the national basketball team for the FIBA Asia Championships. For a few games, Biboy Ravanes was hired as the team's interim coach but soon San Miguel faltered to a slow start.
Soon, former Ginebra head coach and assistant coach [Siot Tanquingcen](/wiki/Siot_Tanquingcen "Siot Tanquingcen") was moved to the Beermen to be its interim tactician. However, fortunes didn't change as they suffered to a horrible 0–6 start and later 2–8 after fielding imports Vidal Messiah and Paul McMillan.
But then, San Miguel soon won eight games with the arrival of the team's third import, former Alaska Ace Galen Young. SMB wound up with a 10–8 win–loss card to end the elimination round, only to lose to Alaska in the eliminations, and to Air21 in a knockout match for the second outright quarterfinals berth.
At this time, the Beermen shipped Rommel Adducul to Red Bull for prized center [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva "Enrico Villanueva") in a controversial trade which also involved sister team Purefoods, which snagged Adducul after trading reserve [Don Camaso](/wiki/Don_Camaso "Don Camaso").
SMB was relegated to the wild\-card playoffs but beat Sta. Lucia in the first knockout game of the phase and then pulled off the first of what was dubbed as the "Beeracle Run" over Coca\-Cola in which they came back from a four\-point deficit with 12 seconds to go to advance against Ginebra in the quarters.
There, the Beermen exacted revenge on the Barangay Ginebra Kings by beating them in three full games. The Beermen entered the Fiesta Conference semifinals only to lose to Alaska in six hard fought games and placed fourth in a loss to Red Bull for the consolation third\-place trophy.
|
[
"### Chot Reyes and Siot Tanquingcen",
"In the offseason, the [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") moved national team head coach [Chot Reyes](/wiki/Chot_Reyes \"Chot Reyes\") to the Beermen as its head coach while sending [Jong Uichico](/wiki/Jong_Uichico \"Jong Uichico\") to coach the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings \"Barangay Ginebra Kings\"). In the 2006 PBA Rookie Draft, the Beermen selected [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") (fourth overall pick) and [Gabby Espinas](/wiki/Gabby_Espinas \"Gabby Espinas\") (fifth overall pick) in one of the rare incidents in which San Miguel drafted players from the rookie draft.",
"After a 0–3 start in the tournament plus the injuries of Seigle and Ildefonso, the Beermen received [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul \"Rommel Adducul\") and [Lordy Tugade](/wiki/Lordy_Tugade \"Lordy Tugade\") from Ginebra and Red Bull, respectively, in a three\\-team trade. This led to San Miguel winning 13 of the next 15 games to finished with a 13–5 record and an outright semifinals berth.",
"In the semis, the Beermen defeated Red Bull in seven games that was highlighted by the physical encounters of both squad in the series which also involved Red Bull's head man [Yeng Guiao](/wiki/Yeng_Guiao \"Yeng Guiao\"). In the Finals, after leading the series 2–0 the Beermen were beaten by the [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel \"Barangay Ginebra San Miguel\") in six games.",
"In the recent 2007 Fiesta Conference, Chot Reyes took a leave to form and coach the national basketball team for the FIBA Asia Championships. For a few games, Biboy Ravanes was hired as the team's interim coach but soon San Miguel faltered to a slow start.",
"Soon, former Ginebra head coach and assistant coach [Siot Tanquingcen](/wiki/Siot_Tanquingcen \"Siot Tanquingcen\") was moved to the Beermen to be its interim tactician. However, fortunes didn't change as they suffered to a horrible 0–6 start and later 2–8 after fielding imports Vidal Messiah and Paul McMillan.",
"But then, San Miguel soon won eight games with the arrival of the team's third import, former Alaska Ace Galen Young. SMB wound up with a 10–8 win–loss card to end the elimination round, only to lose to Alaska in the eliminations, and to Air21 in a knockout match for the second outright quarterfinals berth.",
"At this time, the Beermen shipped Rommel Adducul to Red Bull for prized center [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva \"Enrico Villanueva\") in a controversial trade which also involved sister team Purefoods, which snagged Adducul after trading reserve [Don Camaso](/wiki/Don_Camaso \"Don Camaso\").",
"SMB was relegated to the wild\\-card playoffs but beat Sta. Lucia in the first knockout game of the phase and then pulled off the first of what was dubbed as the \"Beeracle Run\" over Coca\\-Cola in which they came back from a four\\-point deficit with 12 seconds to go to advance against Ginebra in the quarters.",
"There, the Beermen exacted revenge on the Barangay Ginebra Kings by beating them in three full games. The Beermen entered the Fiesta Conference semifinals only to lose to Alaska in six hard fought games and placed fourth in a loss to Red Bull for the consolation third\\-place trophy.",
""
] |
Back as San Miguel Beermen (2008–2011\)
---------------------------------------
In 2008, the team again reverted to its old name, the **San Miguel Beermen**.
In the [2008 PBA draft](/wiki/2008_PBA_draft "2008 PBA draft"), the team used its 3rd pick in the 1st round to select 5\-foot\-11 point guard [Jayson Castro](/wiki/Jayson_Castro "Jayson Castro"), then traded Jayson Castro to Talk 'N Text for the 6\-foot\-7 guard/forward [Jay Washington](/wiki/Jay_Washington "Jay Washington"). They also drafted 5\-foot\-11 point guard [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio "Bonbon Custodio") using their 8th pick in the 1st round. They have also acquired 6\-foot\-9 center [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi "Mick Pennisi") from Red Bull in exchange for their 2010 1st round draft pick.
In the [Philippine Cup](/wiki/2008-09_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2008-09 PBA Philippine Cup") the team managed to have the 6th seed and they managed to beat the Crowd favorite [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel "Barangay Ginebra San Miguel") but eventually lost to semifinals to the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters").
In their first game in the [2009 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2009_PBA_Fiesta_Conference "2009 PBA Fiesta Conference") they played without an import but managed to beat the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)"), and with the Acquisition of [Albany Patroons](/wiki/Albany_Patroons "Albany Patroons") [Gabe Freeman](/wiki/Gabe_Freeman "Gabe Freeman") as their import they managed to win 8 consecutive games and had the best league record. And they gained an outright semis spot beating [Burger King](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") in 6 games as they march to the [finals](/wiki/2009_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Finals "2009 PBA Fiesta Conference Finals") to claim their 18th title by beating the Barangay Ginebra Kings in 7 crucial games.
### Arrival of Arwind Santos
If the San Miguel Beermen was a powerhouse team last season, the team got more formidable and fierce with their new acquisition of players for the upcoming season. They acquired [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos "Arwind Santos") from the Burger King in exchange for [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris "Marc Pingris"), [Ken Bono](/wiki/Ken_Bono "Ken Bono") and a future draft pick. They drafted JRU stalwart [James Sena](/wiki/James_Sena "James Sena") in the annual draft. And lately, they received FEU standout [Dennis Miranda](/wiki/Dennis_Miranda "Dennis Miranda") from the Sta. Lucia Realtors in replace for a future draft pick.
The Beermen clinch the 1st outright semis slot but they lost to their sister team the [Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants](/wiki/Star_Hotshots "Star Hotshots") in 6 games (4–2\). They top the Kings for the Battle for 3rd place.
In preparation for the coming Fiesta Conference, the Beermen took a shake on their roster. They traded [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") to [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") in exchange for [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot "Alex Cabagnot"). Then traded [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio "Bonbon Custodio") to [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors") for [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo "Joseph Yeo").
The Beermen lost to [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in game 6 of the PBA Philippine Cup on February 4, 2011\. This is the first finals stint of coach [Ato Agustin](/wiki/Ato_Agustin "Ato Agustin").
On March 2, 2011, the San Miguel Beermen has finally closed a deal with the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") with the approval of Commissioner [Chito Salud](/wiki/Chito_Salud "Chito Salud"). On this trade, the Beermen shifted [Paul Artadi](/wiki/Paul_Artadi "Paul Artadi"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle"), Cebuano Hot Shot [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros "Dondon Hontiveros") and [Dorian Pena](/wiki/Dorian_Pena "Dorian Pena") to the Express in exchange for three draft rookie draft picks [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao "Nonoy Baclao"), [Rabeh Al\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini "Rabeh Al-Hussaini") and [Rey Guevarra](/wiki/Rey_Guevarra "Rey Guevarra"). This trade is the revised proposed trade of the Beermen which initially involved [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo "Joseph Yeo"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle") and [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi "Mick Pennisi") in exchange for the said top rookie picks. This has not been approved by Commissioner Chito Salud until this revised trade came in.
After the trade, they were eliminated and finish 9th place with 2 wins and 7 losses, the worst in franchise history.
|
[
"Back as San Miguel Beermen (2008–2011\\)\n---------------------------------------",
"In 2008, the team again reverted to its old name, the **San Miguel Beermen**.",
"In the [2008 PBA draft](/wiki/2008_PBA_draft \"2008 PBA draft\"), the team used its 3rd pick in the 1st round to select 5\\-foot\\-11 point guard [Jayson Castro](/wiki/Jayson_Castro \"Jayson Castro\"), then traded Jayson Castro to Talk 'N Text for the 6\\-foot\\-7 guard/forward [Jay Washington](/wiki/Jay_Washington \"Jay Washington\"). They also drafted 5\\-foot\\-11 point guard [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio \"Bonbon Custodio\") using their 8th pick in the 1st round. They have also acquired 6\\-foot\\-9 center [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi \"Mick Pennisi\") from Red Bull in exchange for their 2010 1st round draft pick.",
"In the [Philippine Cup](/wiki/2008-09_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2008-09 PBA Philippine Cup\") the team managed to have the 6th seed and they managed to beat the Crowd favorite [Barangay Ginebra Kings](/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_San_Miguel \"Barangay Ginebra San Miguel\") but eventually lost to semifinals to the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\").",
"In their first game in the [2009 Fiesta Conference](/wiki/2009_PBA_Fiesta_Conference \"2009 PBA Fiesta Conference\") they played without an import but managed to beat the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\"), and with the Acquisition of [Albany Patroons](/wiki/Albany_Patroons \"Albany Patroons\") [Gabe Freeman](/wiki/Gabe_Freeman \"Gabe Freeman\") as their import they managed to win 8 consecutive games and had the best league record. And they gained an outright semis spot beating [Burger King](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") in 6 games as they march to the [finals](/wiki/2009_PBA_Fiesta_Conference_Finals \"2009 PBA Fiesta Conference Finals\") to claim their 18th title by beating the Barangay Ginebra Kings in 7 crucial games.",
"### Arrival of Arwind Santos",
"If the San Miguel Beermen was a powerhouse team last season, the team got more formidable and fierce with their new acquisition of players for the upcoming season. They acquired [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos \"Arwind Santos\") from the Burger King in exchange for [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris \"Marc Pingris\"), [Ken Bono](/wiki/Ken_Bono \"Ken Bono\") and a future draft pick. They drafted JRU stalwart [James Sena](/wiki/James_Sena \"James Sena\") in the annual draft. And lately, they received FEU standout [Dennis Miranda](/wiki/Dennis_Miranda \"Dennis Miranda\") from the Sta. Lucia Realtors in replace for a future draft pick.",
"The Beermen clinch the 1st outright semis slot but they lost to their sister team the [Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants](/wiki/Star_Hotshots \"Star Hotshots\") in 6 games (4–2\\). They top the Kings for the Battle for 3rd place.",
"In preparation for the coming Fiesta Conference, the Beermen took a shake on their roster. They traded [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") to [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") in exchange for [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot \"Alex Cabagnot\"). Then traded [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio \"Bonbon Custodio\") to [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\") for [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo \"Joseph Yeo\").",
"The Beermen lost to [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in game 6 of the PBA Philippine Cup on February 4, 2011\\. This is the first finals stint of coach [Ato Agustin](/wiki/Ato_Agustin \"Ato Agustin\").",
"On March 2, 2011, the San Miguel Beermen has finally closed a deal with the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") with the approval of Commissioner [Chito Salud](/wiki/Chito_Salud \"Chito Salud\"). On this trade, the Beermen shifted [Paul Artadi](/wiki/Paul_Artadi \"Paul Artadi\"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\"), Cebuano Hot Shot [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros \"Dondon Hontiveros\") and [Dorian Pena](/wiki/Dorian_Pena \"Dorian Pena\") to the Express in exchange for three draft rookie draft picks [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao \"Nonoy Baclao\"), [Rabeh Al\\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini \"Rabeh Al-Hussaini\") and [Rey Guevarra](/wiki/Rey_Guevarra \"Rey Guevarra\"). This trade is the revised proposed trade of the Beermen which initially involved [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo \"Joseph Yeo\"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\") and [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi \"Mick Pennisi\") in exchange for the said top rookie picks. This has not been approved by Commissioner Chito Salud until this revised trade came in.",
"After the trade, they were eliminated and finish 9th place with 2 wins and 7 losses, the worst in franchise history.",
""
] |
### Arrival of Arwind Santos
If the San Miguel Beermen was a powerhouse team last season, the team got more formidable and fierce with their new acquisition of players for the upcoming season. They acquired [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos "Arwind Santos") from the Burger King in exchange for [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris "Marc Pingris"), [Ken Bono](/wiki/Ken_Bono "Ken Bono") and a future draft pick. They drafted JRU stalwart [James Sena](/wiki/James_Sena "James Sena") in the annual draft. And lately, they received FEU standout [Dennis Miranda](/wiki/Dennis_Miranda "Dennis Miranda") from the Sta. Lucia Realtors in replace for a future draft pick.
The Beermen clinch the 1st outright semis slot but they lost to their sister team the [Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants](/wiki/Star_Hotshots "Star Hotshots") in 6 games (4–2\). They top the Kings for the Battle for 3rd place.
In preparation for the coming Fiesta Conference, the Beermen took a shake on their roster. They traded [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") to [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") in exchange for [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot "Alex Cabagnot"). Then traded [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio "Bonbon Custodio") to [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors "Sta. Lucia Realtors") for [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo "Joseph Yeo").
The Beermen lost to [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in game 6 of the PBA Philippine Cup on February 4, 2011\. This is the first finals stint of coach [Ato Agustin](/wiki/Ato_Agustin "Ato Agustin").
On March 2, 2011, the San Miguel Beermen has finally closed a deal with the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy "Barako Bull Energy") with the approval of Commissioner [Chito Salud](/wiki/Chito_Salud "Chito Salud"). On this trade, the Beermen shifted [Paul Artadi](/wiki/Paul_Artadi "Paul Artadi"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle"), Cebuano Hot Shot [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros "Dondon Hontiveros") and [Dorian Pena](/wiki/Dorian_Pena "Dorian Pena") to the Express in exchange for three draft rookie draft picks [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao "Nonoy Baclao"), [Rabeh Al\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini "Rabeh Al-Hussaini") and [Rey Guevarra](/wiki/Rey_Guevarra "Rey Guevarra"). This trade is the revised proposed trade of the Beermen which initially involved [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo "Joseph Yeo"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle "Danny Seigle") and [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi "Mick Pennisi") in exchange for the said top rookie picks. This has not been approved by Commissioner Chito Salud until this revised trade came in.
After the trade, they were eliminated and finish 9th place with 2 wins and 7 losses, the worst in franchise history.
|
[
"### Arrival of Arwind Santos",
"If the San Miguel Beermen was a powerhouse team last season, the team got more formidable and fierce with their new acquisition of players for the upcoming season. They acquired [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos \"Arwind Santos\") from the Burger King in exchange for [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris \"Marc Pingris\"), [Ken Bono](/wiki/Ken_Bono \"Ken Bono\") and a future draft pick. They drafted JRU stalwart [James Sena](/wiki/James_Sena \"James Sena\") in the annual draft. And lately, they received FEU standout [Dennis Miranda](/wiki/Dennis_Miranda \"Dennis Miranda\") from the Sta. Lucia Realtors in replace for a future draft pick.",
"The Beermen clinch the 1st outright semis slot but they lost to their sister team the [Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants](/wiki/Star_Hotshots \"Star Hotshots\") in 6 games (4–2\\). They top the Kings for the Battle for 3rd place.",
"In preparation for the coming Fiesta Conference, the Beermen took a shake on their roster. They traded [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") to [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") in exchange for [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot \"Alex Cabagnot\"). Then traded [Bonbon Custodio](/wiki/Bonbon_Custodio \"Bonbon Custodio\") to [Sta. Lucia Realtors](/wiki/Sta._Lucia_Realtors \"Sta. Lucia Realtors\") for [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo \"Joseph Yeo\").",
"The Beermen lost to [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in game 6 of the PBA Philippine Cup on February 4, 2011\\. This is the first finals stint of coach [Ato Agustin](/wiki/Ato_Agustin \"Ato Agustin\").",
"On March 2, 2011, the San Miguel Beermen has finally closed a deal with the [Air21 Express](/wiki/Barako_Bull_Energy \"Barako Bull Energy\") with the approval of Commissioner [Chito Salud](/wiki/Chito_Salud \"Chito Salud\"). On this trade, the Beermen shifted [Paul Artadi](/wiki/Paul_Artadi \"Paul Artadi\"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\"), Cebuano Hot Shot [Dondon Hontiveros](/wiki/Dondon_Hontiveros \"Dondon Hontiveros\") and [Dorian Pena](/wiki/Dorian_Pena \"Dorian Pena\") to the Express in exchange for three draft rookie draft picks [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao \"Nonoy Baclao\"), [Rabeh Al\\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini \"Rabeh Al-Hussaini\") and [Rey Guevarra](/wiki/Rey_Guevarra \"Rey Guevarra\"). This trade is the revised proposed trade of the Beermen which initially involved [Joseph Yeo](/wiki/Joseph_Yeo \"Joseph Yeo\"), [Danny Seigle](/wiki/Danny_Seigle \"Danny Seigle\") and [Mick Pennisi](/wiki/Mick_Pennisi \"Mick Pennisi\") in exchange for the said top rookie picks. This has not been approved by Commissioner Chito Salud until this revised trade came in.",
"After the trade, they were eliminated and finish 9th place with 2 wins and 7 losses, the worst in franchise history.",
""
] |
San Miguel Beermen (the June Mar Fajardo era) (2014–present)
------------------------------------------------------------
### 2014–2019: The Philippine Cup five\-peat
[right\|thumb\|300px\|Winning victory of the San Miguel Beermen during Game 6 of the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Finals "2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals") at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") on January 29, 2016\.](/wiki/Image:SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg "SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg")
The Beermen made some changes with their coaching staff during the off\-season. Leo Austria was brought back to the SMC organization and appointed as the new head coach of the team.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/65103\-leo\-austria\-named\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-coach \| title\=Leo Austria named new San Miguel Beermen head coach \| work\=rappler.com \| date\=August 2, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Ganglani, Naveen \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804113347/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/65103\-leo\-austria\-named\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-coach \| archive\-date\=August 4, 2014 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Biboy Ravanes returned to his old role as assistant coach but Todd Purves was demoted and given minimal role as consultant.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\-miguel\-beer\-pba\-basketball\-todd\-purves\-coach\-spectator \| title\=Where is Todd Purves? Former de facto coach 'reduced into spectator' after another San Miguel shuffle \| work\=spin.ph \| date\=October 29, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Badua, Snow \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131815/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\-miguel\-beer\-pba\-basketball\-todd\-purves\-coach\-spectator \| archive\-date\=December 22, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} They finished as the first seed in the [2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup") eliminations with a 9–2 record and earned an outright semis berth. Before the semifinals, Commissioner Salud approved the trade that sent back Sol Mercado to [GlobalPort](/wiki/GlobalPort_Batang_Pier "GlobalPort Batang Pier") in a straight\-swap with [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot "Alex Cabagnot").{{ cite news \|title\=PBA scraps SMB\-Barako Bull trade; new deal sees Cabagnot's Beermen return, Mercado joining GlobalPort \|url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\-scraps\-smb\-barako\-bull\-trade\-new\-deal\-sees\-cabagnots\-beermen\-return\-mercado\-joining\-globalport \|work\=Spin.ph \|date\=December 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 8, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042400/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\-scraps\-smb\-barako\-bull\-trade\-new\-deal\-sees\-cabagnots\-beermen\-return\-mercado\-joining\-globalport \|archive\-date\=July 14, 2015 }} With Cabagnot back in the fold, San Miguel established the infamous "Death Five" along with [Chris Ross](/wiki/Chris_Ross_%28basketball%29 "Chris Ross (basketball)"), [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos "Arwind Santos"), [Marcio Lassiter](/wiki/Marcio_Lassiter "Marcio Lassiter") and [June Mar Fajardo](/wiki/June_Mar_Fajardo "June Mar Fajardo") which is widely considered as arguably the greatest and most successful starting five in league history.{{cite web \|title\=Do the current San Miguel Beermen have the greatest starting five in PBA history? \|url\=https://www.espn.ph/basketball/pba/story/\_/id/23070610/do\-current\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-greatest\-starting\-five\-pba\-history}} The Beermen swept the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in the semifinals.{{cite web \| url\=http://hoops.ph/sweet\-shooting\-san\-miguel\-sweeps\-talk\-n\-text\-troops\-to\-the\-finals/ \| title\=Sweet\-shooting San Miguel sweeps Talk n' Text, troops to the finals \| work\=Hoops Pilipinas \| date\=December 26, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Fopalan, Renee \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135033/http://hoops.ph/sweet\-shooting\-san\-miguel\-sweeps\-talk\-n\-text\-troops\-to\-the\-finals/ \| archive\-date\=December 22, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} San Miguel then clinched their first Philippine Cup championship in 14 years by beating the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in seven games, for their 20th crown overall.[San Miguel Beer, Alaska dish out thriller of a series](http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san-miguel-beer-alaska-dish-out-thriller-series-epic-duel-winner-em-all) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925035913/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san\-miguel\-beer\-alaska\-dish\-out\-thriller\-series\-epic\-duel\-winner\-em\-all \|date\=September 25, 2015 }}, Philstar.com Santos was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguels\-arwind\-santos\-named\-finals\-mvp\-of\-pba\-philippine\-cup \| title\=San Miguel's Arwind Santos named Finals MVP of PBA Philippine Cup \| work\=InterAksyon.com \| date\=January 21, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Marquez, Ver \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232249/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguels\-arwind\-santos\-named\-finals\-mvp\-of\-pba\-philippine\-cup \| archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
Coming off a championship run and due to lack of preparation, the Beermen started the [2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2015_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup") conference winless with four straight losses. Injuries to Cabagnot (hamstring) and Santos (knee contusion) only made matters worse. They decided to let go of import Ronald Roberts and brought in reigning Best Import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid "Arizona Reid") after the latter got his release from Rain or Shine.{{cite news\|title\=Arizona Reid (ex Verviers\-Pep.) joins San Miguel Beermen\|url\=http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\-Reid\-%28ex\-Verviers\-Pep.%29\-joins\-San\-Miguel\-Beermen\|access\-date\=February 12, 2015\|work\=Eurobasket.com\|date\=February 12, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174902/http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\-Reid\-%28ex\-Verviers\-Pep.%29\-joins\-San\-Miguel\-Beermen\|archive\-date\=February 12, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|df\=mdy\-all}} The Beermen missed the playoffs entirely after finishing the conference as the ninth seed with a disappointing 4\-7 record.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\-san\-miguel\-eliminated\-despite\-globalport\-win \| title\=San Miguel eliminated despite win over GlobalPort \| work\=rappler.com \| date\=March 24, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Bracher, Jane \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125012019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\-san\-miguel\-eliminated\-despite\-globalport\-win \| archive\-date\=November 25, 2018 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
Still with Reid as their reinforcement, the Beermen bounced back and triumphed once again against Alaska by sweeping them in the Finals of the season\-ending Governors' Cup with June Mar Fajardo winning his first Finals MVP.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\-june\-mar\-fajardo\-caps\-huge\-night\-by\-bagging\-finals\-mvp\-plum \| title\=SMB's June Mar Fajardo caps huge night by bagging Finals MVP plum \| work\=InterAksyon.com \| date\=July 17, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121224739/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\-june\-mar\-fajardo\-caps\-huge\-night\-by\-bagging\-finals\-mvp\-plum \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
In the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup"), the Beermen once again finished the conference with a 9–2 record, this time as a second seed which assured them of a semifinals spot. In the semifinals, the Beermen defeated Rain or Shine and advanced to the Finals despite losing Fajardo in the series\-clinching win in Game 6 due to a left knee injury. With Fajardo out, they faced Alaska for the second consecutive season in the Finals and fell into a 0\-3 hole against the vengeful Aces. After winning Game 4 in overtime, Fajardo made a return in Game 5 and notched another win in the series. With their star center back even for limited minutes, San Miguel successfully completed their comeback in Game 7 and officially became the first professional basketball team in the world ever to come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a [best\-of\-seven](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-seven_playoff "Playoff format#Best-of-seven playoff") playoff series which was dubbed as the "Beeracle." Chris Ross was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \|title\=History is made! San Miguel cement ‘Beeracle Run’\|url\=http://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/history\-made\-san\-miguel\-cements\-beeracle\-run/47783\|website\=TieBreaker Times}}
The Beermen signed [Tyler Wilkerson](/wiki/Tyler_Wilkerson "Tyler Wilkerson") as their import for the [2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2016_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup").{{cite web \| url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\-parades\-new\-import \| title\=SMB parades new import for PBA Commissioner's cup \| publisher\=sports.inquirer.net \| work\=Inquirer Sports \| date\=January 27, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 22, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063037/http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\-parades\-new\-import \| archive\-date\=March 13, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} He helped the team record an 8–3 win–loss slate in the eliminations and finish as the first seed going into the playoffs.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\-comeback\-victory\-over\-tnt\-lands\-top\-seed\-san\-miguel \| title\=Comeback victory over TNT lands top seed for San Miguel \| publisher\=rappler.com \| work\=Rappler \| date\=April 15, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 22, 2016 \| author\=Ganglani, Naveen \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230837/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\-comeback\-victory\-over\-tnt\-lands\-top\-seed\-san\-miguel \| archive\-date\=April 17, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Days later after being down 0\-2 to Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the semis, an off\-court drama has unfolded inside the San Miguel locker room after Wilkerson walked out of the team's post\-game huddle.{{cite web \| url\=http://hoops.ph/smb\-import\-walks\-out/ \| title\=SMB import Tyler Wilkerson walks out, demands to be taken back to America after Game 2 loss \| publisher\=hoops.ph \| work\=Hoops PH \| date\=April 27, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429135738/http://hoops.ph/smb\-import\-walks\-out/ \| archive\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| url\-status\=dead \| df\=mdy\-all }} He was overheard saying, “Take me back to America. I want to go home.”{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\-tyler\-wilkerson\-walks\-out\-of\-smbs\-post\-game\-huddle\-after\-game\-2\-loss \| title\=BEERMENOVELA Tyler Wilkerson walks out of SMB's post\-game huddle after Game 2 loss \| publisher\=InterAksyon.com \| work\=Sports5 \| date\=April 26, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142551/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\-tyler\-wilkerson\-walks\-out\-of\-smbs\-post\-game\-huddle\-after\-game\-2\-loss \| archive\-date\=April 29, 2016 }} The management eventually decided to let go of Wilkerson and play an All\-Filipino squad in game 3, which they survived to stave off elimination.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguel\-coach\-could\-no\-longer\-tolerate\-tyler\-wilkersons\-behavior\-he\-did\-something\-not\-good\-for\-the\-team \| title\=San Miguel coach could no longer tolerate Tyler Wilkerson's behavior: 'He did something not good for the team' \| publisher\=InterAksyon.com \| work\=Sports5 \| date\=April 29, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430193004/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguel\-coach\-could\-no\-longer\-tolerate\-tyler\-wilkersons\-behavior\-he\-did\-something\-not\-good\-for\-the\-team \| archive\-date\=April 30, 2016 }} Wilkerson was substituted by their former import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid "Arizona Reid") as a last\-minute replacement in the middle of the semifinals. The Beermen lost to the eventual champions Elasto Painters in Game 4\.
Finishing as the top seed once again, the Beermen faced a familiar foe in TNT KaTropa in the semifinals and beat them in seven games. San Miguel seized their third straight Philippine Cup title as they defeated Barangay Ginebra in five games to capture the second\-ever Perpetual Trophy in league history. The organization was able to permanently keep the 2013 version of the Jun Bernandino Trophy in the process.{{cite web \|title\=San Miguel finishes Ginebra for 3rd straight PH Cup title \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/163314\-san\-miguel\-finishes\-ginebra\-ph\-cup\-finals/ \|website\=Rappler}}
The Beermen hired reinfocement [Charles Rhodes](/wiki/Charles_Rhodes "Charles Rhodes") for their [2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup") campaign. With the help of Rhodes who eventually crowned as Best Import of the conference, the Beermen finally won their first Commissioner's Cup title in 17 years after conquering archrival TNT in six games.
In their quest for the franchise's second grand slam after winning the first two conferences, San Miguel was eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals of the [2017 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Governors%27_Cup "2017 PBA Governors' Cup") with a twice\-to\-win disadvantage after finishing as the sixth seed.
During the 2017 draft, San Miguel selected Filipino\-German big man [Christian Standhardinger](/wiki/Christian_Standhardinger "Christian Standhardinger") as their first overall pick. In the [2017–18 Philippine Cup](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2017–18 PBA Philippine Cup"), they defeated the [Magnolia Hotshots](/wiki/Magnolia_Hotshots "Magnolia Hotshots") in five games en route to their fourth straight Philippine Cup title. However in the [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2018_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup"), they were dethroned by Barangay Ginebra in six games which marks Coach Leo Austria's first loss in the Finals as San Miguel's head coach. The Beermen then failed to reach the Governors' Cup Finals later that year after losing to the Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals.
San Miguel further bolstered its roster by acquiring three\-time scoring champion and guard [Terrence Romeo](/wiki/Terrence_Romeo "Terrence Romeo") in a trade with TNT. The Beermen continued their dominance in the All\-Filipino conference as they faced Magnolia once again in a Finals rematch in the [2019 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2019 PBA Philippine Cup"). The Beermen outlasted the Hotshots and won the series with the slimmest of margins in Game 7, clinching their record\-breaking fifth consecutive Philippine Cup title.{{cite web \|last1\=Giongco \|first1\=Mark \|title\=San Miguel makes history with 5th straight Philippine Cup title, outlasts Magnolia in Game 7 \|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349641/san\-miguel\-makes\-history\-with\-5th\-straight\-philippine\-cup\-title\-outlasts\-magnolia\-in\-game\-7 \|website\=Inquirer \|access\-date\=18 December 2019}}
After finishing as the seventh seed, the Beermen rewrote history books once again as they became the lowest\-seeded team to win a championship after defeating the top\-seeded [TNT KaTropa](/wiki/TNT_KaTropa "TNT KaTropa") in the six\-game [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2019 PBA Commissioner's Cup") Finals.{{cite web \|last1\=Dioquino \|first1\=Delfin \|title\=San Miguel dispatches TNT in Game 6 to reclaim Comm's Cup crown \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/game\-results\-san\-miguel\-tnt\-august\-16\-2019 \|website\=Rappler \|access\-date\=18 December 2019}} During the [Governors' Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Governors%27_Cup "2019 PBA Governors' Cup"), the team parted ways with Standhardinger by trading him to GlobalPort for 2015 first overall pick [Moala Tautuaa](/wiki/Moala_Tautuaa "Moala Tautuaa"). The Beermen again fell short of securing the grand slam in the season\-ending conference as they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra.
### 2020–present: Quest for Grand Slam continues
In the next two seasons, San Miguel failed to reach the Finals as injuries plagued the team. Six\-time MVP June Mar Fajardo suffered a complete fracture on his right tibia before the start of the [2020 PBA season](/wiki/2020_PBA_season "2020 PBA season") which caused him to miss the entire season. Terrence Romeo was also sidelined due to a shoulder injury. The short\-handed Beermen were ousted by Meralco in the quarterfinals of the [Philippine Cup](/wiki/2020_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2020 PBA Philippine Cup") that ended their five\-year reign as champions.{{cite web \|title\=Meralco stuns champs, ends five\-year San Miguel reign \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/philippine\-cup\-quarterfinals\-game\-results\-san\-miguel\-meralco\-november\-15\-2020/ \|website\=Rappler}}
At the start of the [2021 PBA season](/wiki/2021_PBA_season "2021 PBA season"), the Beermen acquired two\-time scoring champion and 2019 Rookie of the Year [CJ Perez](/wiki/CJ_Perez "CJ Perez") in a blockbuster trade. With a recovering Fajardo back, they failed to recapture the Philippine Cup as they lost to TNT in seven games in the semifinals. In a shocking move, they traded away their longest\-tenured player in former MVP Arwind Santos to Northport for forward [Vic Manuel](/wiki/Vic_Manuel "Vic Manuel").{{cite web \|title\=Arwind Santos, Vic Manuel switch places following shock trade \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/arwind\-santos\-vic\-manuel\-switch\-places\-shock\-trade/ \|website\=Rappler}} The Beermen continued dismantling their so\-called "Death Five" by sending their long\-time star guard [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot "Alex Cabagnot") to Terrafirma for [Simon Enciso](/wiki/Simon_Enciso "Simon Enciso"). During the [2021 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2021_PBA_Governors%27_Cup "2021 PBA Governors' Cup"), the team finished as the fifth seed as they were booted out once again by Meralco in the quarterfinals for the second consecutive season.{{cite web \|title\=After trading Arwind Santos, San Miguel also lets go of Alex Cabagnot \|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/441614/after\-trading\-arwind\-santos\-san\-miguel\-also\-lets\-go\-of\-alex\-cabagnot \|website\=Inquirer.net}}
With a rejuvenated Fajardo back in full health, the Beermen topped the [2022 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2022_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2022 PBA Philippine Cup") eliminations with a 9–2 record. In the semifinals, they exacted revenge against Meralco as they vanquished them in seven games for their first Finals appearance in three seasons. They went on to defeat TNT in a well\-fought seven games series in the Finals to reclaim the Philippine Cup title, three years after their historic five\-peat in 2019\.{{cite web \|title\=PBA: San Miguel reclaims Philippine Cup glory with Game 7 win over TNT \|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/475907/pba\-san\-miguel\-reclaims\-philippine\-cup\-glory\-with\-game\-7\-win\-over\-tnt \|website\=Inquirer.net}} Solidifying his successful comeback from injury, Fajardo nabbed his record\-tying fourth Finals MVP.
|
[
"San Miguel Beermen (the June Mar Fajardo era) (2014–present)\n------------------------------------------------------------",
"",
"### 2014–2019: The Philippine Cup five\\-peat",
"[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Winning victory of the San Miguel Beermen during Game 6 of the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Finals \"2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals\") at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") on January 29, 2016\\.](/wiki/Image:SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg \"SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg\")",
"The Beermen made some changes with their coaching staff during the off\\-season. Leo Austria was brought back to the SMC organization and appointed as the new head coach of the team.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/65103\\-leo\\-austria\\-named\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-coach \\| title\\=Leo Austria named new San Miguel Beermen head coach \\| work\\=rappler.com \\| date\\=August 2, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Ganglani, Naveen \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804113347/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/65103\\-leo\\-austria\\-named\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-coach \\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2014 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Biboy Ravanes returned to his old role as assistant coach but Todd Purves was demoted and given minimal role as consultant.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-pba\\-basketball\\-todd\\-purves\\-coach\\-spectator \\| title\\=Where is Todd Purves? Former de facto coach 'reduced into spectator' after another San Miguel shuffle \\| work\\=spin.ph \\| date\\=October 29, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Badua, Snow \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131815/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-pba\\-basketball\\-todd\\-purves\\-coach\\-spectator \\| archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} They finished as the first seed in the [2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup\") eliminations with a 9–2 record and earned an outright semis berth. Before the semifinals, Commissioner Salud approved the trade that sent back Sol Mercado to [GlobalPort](/wiki/GlobalPort_Batang_Pier \"GlobalPort Batang Pier\") in a straight\\-swap with [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot \"Alex Cabagnot\").{{ cite news \\|title\\=PBA scraps SMB\\-Barako Bull trade; new deal sees Cabagnot's Beermen return, Mercado joining GlobalPort \\|url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\\-scraps\\-smb\\-barako\\-bull\\-trade\\-new\\-deal\\-sees\\-cabagnots\\-beermen\\-return\\-mercado\\-joining\\-globalport \\|work\\=Spin.ph \\|date\\=December 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042400/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\\-scraps\\-smb\\-barako\\-bull\\-trade\\-new\\-deal\\-sees\\-cabagnots\\-beermen\\-return\\-mercado\\-joining\\-globalport \\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2015 }} With Cabagnot back in the fold, San Miguel established the infamous \"Death Five\" along with [Chris Ross](/wiki/Chris_Ross_%28basketball%29 \"Chris Ross (basketball)\"), [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos \"Arwind Santos\"), [Marcio Lassiter](/wiki/Marcio_Lassiter \"Marcio Lassiter\") and [June Mar Fajardo](/wiki/June_Mar_Fajardo \"June Mar Fajardo\") which is widely considered as arguably the greatest and most successful starting five in league history.{{cite web \\|title\\=Do the current San Miguel Beermen have the greatest starting five in PBA history? \\|url\\=https://www.espn.ph/basketball/pba/story/\\_/id/23070610/do\\-current\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-greatest\\-starting\\-five\\-pba\\-history}} The Beermen swept the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in the semifinals.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://hoops.ph/sweet\\-shooting\\-san\\-miguel\\-sweeps\\-talk\\-n\\-text\\-troops\\-to\\-the\\-finals/ \\| title\\=Sweet\\-shooting San Miguel sweeps Talk n' Text, troops to the finals \\| work\\=Hoops Pilipinas \\| date\\=December 26, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Fopalan, Renee \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135033/http://hoops.ph/sweet\\-shooting\\-san\\-miguel\\-sweeps\\-talk\\-n\\-text\\-troops\\-to\\-the\\-finals/ \\| archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} San Miguel then clinched their first Philippine Cup championship in 14 years by beating the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in seven games, for their 20th crown overall.[San Miguel Beer, Alaska dish out thriller of a series](http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san-miguel-beer-alaska-dish-out-thriller-series-epic-duel-winner-em-all) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925035913/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-alaska\\-dish\\-out\\-thriller\\-series\\-epic\\-duel\\-winner\\-em\\-all \\|date\\=September 25, 2015 }}, Philstar.com Santos was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguels\\-arwind\\-santos\\-named\\-finals\\-mvp\\-of\\-pba\\-philippine\\-cup \\| title\\=San Miguel's Arwind Santos named Finals MVP of PBA Philippine Cup \\| work\\=InterAksyon.com \\| date\\=January 21, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Marquez, Ver \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232249/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguels\\-arwind\\-santos\\-named\\-finals\\-mvp\\-of\\-pba\\-philippine\\-cup \\| archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Coming off a championship run and due to lack of preparation, the Beermen started the [2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2015_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") conference winless with four straight losses. Injuries to Cabagnot (hamstring) and Santos (knee contusion) only made matters worse. They decided to let go of import Ronald Roberts and brought in reigning Best Import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid \"Arizona Reid\") after the latter got his release from Rain or Shine.{{cite news\\|title\\=Arizona Reid (ex Verviers\\-Pep.) joins San Miguel Beermen\\|url\\=http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\\-Reid\\-%28ex\\-Verviers\\-Pep.%29\\-joins\\-San\\-Miguel\\-Beermen\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2015\\|work\\=Eurobasket.com\\|date\\=February 12, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174902/http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\\-Reid\\-%28ex\\-Verviers\\-Pep.%29\\-joins\\-San\\-Miguel\\-Beermen\\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} The Beermen missed the playoffs entirely after finishing the conference as the ninth seed with a disappointing 4\\-7 record.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\\-san\\-miguel\\-eliminated\\-despite\\-globalport\\-win \\| title\\=San Miguel eliminated despite win over GlobalPort \\| work\\=rappler.com \\| date\\=March 24, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Bracher, Jane \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125012019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\\-san\\-miguel\\-eliminated\\-despite\\-globalport\\-win \\| archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2018 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Still with Reid as their reinforcement, the Beermen bounced back and triumphed once again against Alaska by sweeping them in the Finals of the season\\-ending Governors' Cup with June Mar Fajardo winning his first Finals MVP.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\\-june\\-mar\\-fajardo\\-caps\\-huge\\-night\\-by\\-bagging\\-finals\\-mvp\\-plum \\| title\\=SMB's June Mar Fajardo caps huge night by bagging Finals MVP plum \\| work\\=InterAksyon.com \\| date\\=July 17, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121224739/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\\-june\\-mar\\-fajardo\\-caps\\-huge\\-night\\-by\\-bagging\\-finals\\-mvp\\-plum \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"In the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup\"), the Beermen once again finished the conference with a 9–2 record, this time as a second seed which assured them of a semifinals spot. In the semifinals, the Beermen defeated Rain or Shine and advanced to the Finals despite losing Fajardo in the series\\-clinching win in Game 6 due to a left knee injury. With Fajardo out, they faced Alaska for the second consecutive season in the Finals and fell into a 0\\-3 hole against the vengeful Aces. After winning Game 4 in overtime, Fajardo made a return in Game 5 and notched another win in the series. With their star center back even for limited minutes, San Miguel successfully completed their comeback in Game 7 and officially became the first professional basketball team in the world ever to come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a [best\\-of\\-seven](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-seven_playoff \"Playoff format#Best-of-seven playoff\") playoff series which was dubbed as the \"Beeracle.\" Chris Ross was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \\|title\\=History is made! San Miguel cement ‘Beeracle Run’\\|url\\=http://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/history\\-made\\-san\\-miguel\\-cements\\-beeracle\\-run/47783\\|website\\=TieBreaker Times}}",
"The Beermen signed [Tyler Wilkerson](/wiki/Tyler_Wilkerson \"Tyler Wilkerson\") as their import for the [2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2016_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\\-parades\\-new\\-import \\| title\\=SMB parades new import for PBA Commissioner's cup \\| publisher\\=sports.inquirer.net \\| work\\=Inquirer Sports \\| date\\=January 27, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063037/http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\\-parades\\-new\\-import \\| archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} He helped the team record an 8–3 win–loss slate in the eliminations and finish as the first seed going into the playoffs.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\\-comeback\\-victory\\-over\\-tnt\\-lands\\-top\\-seed\\-san\\-miguel \\| title\\=Comeback victory over TNT lands top seed for San Miguel \\| publisher\\=rappler.com \\| work\\=Rappler \\| date\\=April 15, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016 \\| author\\=Ganglani, Naveen \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230837/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\\-comeback\\-victory\\-over\\-tnt\\-lands\\-top\\-seed\\-san\\-miguel \\| archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Days later after being down 0\\-2 to Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the semis, an off\\-court drama has unfolded inside the San Miguel locker room after Wilkerson walked out of the team's post\\-game huddle.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://hoops.ph/smb\\-import\\-walks\\-out/ \\| title\\=SMB import Tyler Wilkerson walks out, demands to be taken back to America after Game 2 loss \\| publisher\\=hoops.ph \\| work\\=Hoops PH \\| date\\=April 27, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429135738/http://hoops.ph/smb\\-import\\-walks\\-out/ \\| archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} He was overheard saying, “Take me back to America. I want to go home.”{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\\-tyler\\-wilkerson\\-walks\\-out\\-of\\-smbs\\-post\\-game\\-huddle\\-after\\-game\\-2\\-loss \\| title\\=BEERMENOVELA Tyler Wilkerson walks out of SMB's post\\-game huddle after Game 2 loss \\| publisher\\=InterAksyon.com \\| work\\=Sports5 \\| date\\=April 26, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142551/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\\-tyler\\-wilkerson\\-walks\\-out\\-of\\-smbs\\-post\\-game\\-huddle\\-after\\-game\\-2\\-loss \\| archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 }} The management eventually decided to let go of Wilkerson and play an All\\-Filipino squad in game 3, which they survived to stave off elimination.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguel\\-coach\\-could\\-no\\-longer\\-tolerate\\-tyler\\-wilkersons\\-behavior\\-he\\-did\\-something\\-not\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-team \\| title\\=San Miguel coach could no longer tolerate Tyler Wilkerson's behavior: 'He did something not good for the team' \\| publisher\\=InterAksyon.com \\| work\\=Sports5 \\| date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430193004/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguel\\-coach\\-could\\-no\\-longer\\-tolerate\\-tyler\\-wilkersons\\-behavior\\-he\\-did\\-something\\-not\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-team \\| archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2016 }} Wilkerson was substituted by their former import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid \"Arizona Reid\") as a last\\-minute replacement in the middle of the semifinals. The Beermen lost to the eventual champions Elasto Painters in Game 4\\.",
"Finishing as the top seed once again, the Beermen faced a familiar foe in TNT KaTropa in the semifinals and beat them in seven games. San Miguel seized their third straight Philippine Cup title as they defeated Barangay Ginebra in five games to capture the second\\-ever Perpetual Trophy in league history. The organization was able to permanently keep the 2013 version of the Jun Bernandino Trophy in the process.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Miguel finishes Ginebra for 3rd straight PH Cup title \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/163314\\-san\\-miguel\\-finishes\\-ginebra\\-ph\\-cup\\-finals/ \\|website\\=Rappler}}",
"The Beermen hired reinfocement [Charles Rhodes](/wiki/Charles_Rhodes \"Charles Rhodes\") for their [2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") campaign. With the help of Rhodes who eventually crowned as Best Import of the conference, the Beermen finally won their first Commissioner's Cup title in 17 years after conquering archrival TNT in six games.",
"In their quest for the franchise's second grand slam after winning the first two conferences, San Miguel was eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals of the [2017 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Governors%27_Cup \"2017 PBA Governors' Cup\") with a twice\\-to\\-win disadvantage after finishing as the sixth seed.",
"During the 2017 draft, San Miguel selected Filipino\\-German big man [Christian Standhardinger](/wiki/Christian_Standhardinger \"Christian Standhardinger\") as their first overall pick. In the [2017–18 Philippine Cup](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2017–18 PBA Philippine Cup\"), they defeated the [Magnolia Hotshots](/wiki/Magnolia_Hotshots \"Magnolia Hotshots\") in five games en route to their fourth straight Philippine Cup title. However in the [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2018_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup\"), they were dethroned by Barangay Ginebra in six games which marks Coach Leo Austria's first loss in the Finals as San Miguel's head coach. The Beermen then failed to reach the Governors' Cup Finals later that year after losing to the Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals.",
"San Miguel further bolstered its roster by acquiring three\\-time scoring champion and guard [Terrence Romeo](/wiki/Terrence_Romeo \"Terrence Romeo\") in a trade with TNT. The Beermen continued their dominance in the All\\-Filipino conference as they faced Magnolia once again in a Finals rematch in the [2019 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2019 PBA Philippine Cup\"). The Beermen outlasted the Hotshots and won the series with the slimmest of margins in Game 7, clinching their record\\-breaking fifth consecutive Philippine Cup title.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Giongco \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=San Miguel makes history with 5th straight Philippine Cup title, outlasts Magnolia in Game 7 \\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349641/san\\-miguel\\-makes\\-history\\-with\\-5th\\-straight\\-philippine\\-cup\\-title\\-outlasts\\-magnolia\\-in\\-game\\-7 \\|website\\=Inquirer \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2019}}",
"After finishing as the seventh seed, the Beermen rewrote history books once again as they became the lowest\\-seeded team to win a championship after defeating the top\\-seeded [TNT KaTropa](/wiki/TNT_KaTropa \"TNT KaTropa\") in the six\\-game [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2019 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") Finals.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dioquino \\|first1\\=Delfin \\|title\\=San Miguel dispatches TNT in Game 6 to reclaim Comm's Cup crown \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/game\\-results\\-san\\-miguel\\-tnt\\-august\\-16\\-2019 \\|website\\=Rappler \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2019}} During the [Governors' Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Governors%27_Cup \"2019 PBA Governors' Cup\"), the team parted ways with Standhardinger by trading him to GlobalPort for 2015 first overall pick [Moala Tautuaa](/wiki/Moala_Tautuaa \"Moala Tautuaa\"). The Beermen again fell short of securing the grand slam in the season\\-ending conference as they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra.",
"### 2020–present: Quest for Grand Slam continues",
"",
"In the next two seasons, San Miguel failed to reach the Finals as injuries plagued the team. Six\\-time MVP June Mar Fajardo suffered a complete fracture on his right tibia before the start of the [2020 PBA season](/wiki/2020_PBA_season \"2020 PBA season\") which caused him to miss the entire season. Terrence Romeo was also sidelined due to a shoulder injury. The short\\-handed Beermen were ousted by Meralco in the quarterfinals of the [Philippine Cup](/wiki/2020_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2020 PBA Philippine Cup\") that ended their five\\-year reign as champions.{{cite web \\|title\\=Meralco stuns champs, ends five\\-year San Miguel reign \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/philippine\\-cup\\-quarterfinals\\-game\\-results\\-san\\-miguel\\-meralco\\-november\\-15\\-2020/ \\|website\\=Rappler}}",
"At the start of the [2021 PBA season](/wiki/2021_PBA_season \"2021 PBA season\"), the Beermen acquired two\\-time scoring champion and 2019 Rookie of the Year [CJ Perez](/wiki/CJ_Perez \"CJ Perez\") in a blockbuster trade. With a recovering Fajardo back, they failed to recapture the Philippine Cup as they lost to TNT in seven games in the semifinals. In a shocking move, they traded away their longest\\-tenured player in former MVP Arwind Santos to Northport for forward [Vic Manuel](/wiki/Vic_Manuel \"Vic Manuel\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Arwind Santos, Vic Manuel switch places following shock trade \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/arwind\\-santos\\-vic\\-manuel\\-switch\\-places\\-shock\\-trade/ \\|website\\=Rappler}} The Beermen continued dismantling their so\\-called \"Death Five\" by sending their long\\-time star guard [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot \"Alex Cabagnot\") to Terrafirma for [Simon Enciso](/wiki/Simon_Enciso \"Simon Enciso\"). During the [2021 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2021_PBA_Governors%27_Cup \"2021 PBA Governors' Cup\"), the team finished as the fifth seed as they were booted out once again by Meralco in the quarterfinals for the second consecutive season.{{cite web \\|title\\=After trading Arwind Santos, San Miguel also lets go of Alex Cabagnot \\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/441614/after\\-trading\\-arwind\\-santos\\-san\\-miguel\\-also\\-lets\\-go\\-of\\-alex\\-cabagnot \\|website\\=Inquirer.net}}",
"With a rejuvenated Fajardo back in full health, the Beermen topped the [2022 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2022_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2022 PBA Philippine Cup\") eliminations with a 9–2 record. In the semifinals, they exacted revenge against Meralco as they vanquished them in seven games for their first Finals appearance in three seasons. They went on to defeat TNT in a well\\-fought seven games series in the Finals to reclaim the Philippine Cup title, three years after their historic five\\-peat in 2019\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=PBA: San Miguel reclaims Philippine Cup glory with Game 7 win over TNT \\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/475907/pba\\-san\\-miguel\\-reclaims\\-philippine\\-cup\\-glory\\-with\\-game\\-7\\-win\\-over\\-tnt \\|website\\=Inquirer.net}} Solidifying his successful comeback from injury, Fajardo nabbed his record\\-tying fourth Finals MVP.",
""
] |
### 2014–2019: The Philippine Cup five\-peat
[right\|thumb\|300px\|Winning victory of the San Miguel Beermen during Game 6 of the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Finals "2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals") at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") on January 29, 2016\.](/wiki/Image:SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg "SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg")
The Beermen made some changes with their coaching staff during the off\-season. Leo Austria was brought back to the SMC organization and appointed as the new head coach of the team.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/65103\-leo\-austria\-named\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-coach \| title\=Leo Austria named new San Miguel Beermen head coach \| work\=rappler.com \| date\=August 2, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Ganglani, Naveen \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804113347/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/65103\-leo\-austria\-named\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-coach \| archive\-date\=August 4, 2014 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Biboy Ravanes returned to his old role as assistant coach but Todd Purves was demoted and given minimal role as consultant.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\-miguel\-beer\-pba\-basketball\-todd\-purves\-coach\-spectator \| title\=Where is Todd Purves? Former de facto coach 'reduced into spectator' after another San Miguel shuffle \| work\=spin.ph \| date\=October 29, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Badua, Snow \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131815/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\-miguel\-beer\-pba\-basketball\-todd\-purves\-coach\-spectator \| archive\-date\=December 22, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} They finished as the first seed in the [2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup") eliminations with a 9–2 record and earned an outright semis berth. Before the semifinals, Commissioner Salud approved the trade that sent back Sol Mercado to [GlobalPort](/wiki/GlobalPort_Batang_Pier "GlobalPort Batang Pier") in a straight\-swap with [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot "Alex Cabagnot").{{ cite news \|title\=PBA scraps SMB\-Barako Bull trade; new deal sees Cabagnot's Beermen return, Mercado joining GlobalPort \|url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\-scraps\-smb\-barako\-bull\-trade\-new\-deal\-sees\-cabagnots\-beermen\-return\-mercado\-joining\-globalport \|work\=Spin.ph \|date\=December 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 8, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042400/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\-scraps\-smb\-barako\-bull\-trade\-new\-deal\-sees\-cabagnots\-beermen\-return\-mercado\-joining\-globalport \|archive\-date\=July 14, 2015 }} With Cabagnot back in the fold, San Miguel established the infamous "Death Five" along with [Chris Ross](/wiki/Chris_Ross_%28basketball%29 "Chris Ross (basketball)"), [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos "Arwind Santos"), [Marcio Lassiter](/wiki/Marcio_Lassiter "Marcio Lassiter") and [June Mar Fajardo](/wiki/June_Mar_Fajardo "June Mar Fajardo") which is widely considered as arguably the greatest and most successful starting five in league history.{{cite web \|title\=Do the current San Miguel Beermen have the greatest starting five in PBA history? \|url\=https://www.espn.ph/basketball/pba/story/\_/id/23070610/do\-current\-san\-miguel\-beermen\-greatest\-starting\-five\-pba\-history}} The Beermen swept the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters "Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters") in the semifinals.{{cite web \| url\=http://hoops.ph/sweet\-shooting\-san\-miguel\-sweeps\-talk\-n\-text\-troops\-to\-the\-finals/ \| title\=Sweet\-shooting San Miguel sweeps Talk n' Text, troops to the finals \| work\=Hoops Pilipinas \| date\=December 26, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Fopalan, Renee \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135033/http://hoops.ph/sweet\-shooting\-san\-miguel\-sweeps\-talk\-n\-text\-troops\-to\-the\-finals/ \| archive\-date\=December 22, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} San Miguel then clinched their first Philippine Cup championship in 14 years by beating the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") in seven games, for their 20th crown overall.[San Miguel Beer, Alaska dish out thriller of a series](http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san-miguel-beer-alaska-dish-out-thriller-series-epic-duel-winner-em-all) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925035913/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san\-miguel\-beer\-alaska\-dish\-out\-thriller\-series\-epic\-duel\-winner\-em\-all \|date\=September 25, 2015 }}, Philstar.com Santos was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguels\-arwind\-santos\-named\-finals\-mvp\-of\-pba\-philippine\-cup \| title\=San Miguel's Arwind Santos named Finals MVP of PBA Philippine Cup \| work\=InterAksyon.com \| date\=January 21, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Marquez, Ver \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232249/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguels\-arwind\-santos\-named\-finals\-mvp\-of\-pba\-philippine\-cup \| archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
Coming off a championship run and due to lack of preparation, the Beermen started the [2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2015_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup") conference winless with four straight losses. Injuries to Cabagnot (hamstring) and Santos (knee contusion) only made matters worse. They decided to let go of import Ronald Roberts and brought in reigning Best Import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid "Arizona Reid") after the latter got his release from Rain or Shine.{{cite news\|title\=Arizona Reid (ex Verviers\-Pep.) joins San Miguel Beermen\|url\=http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\-Reid\-%28ex\-Verviers\-Pep.%29\-joins\-San\-Miguel\-Beermen\|access\-date\=February 12, 2015\|work\=Eurobasket.com\|date\=February 12, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174902/http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\-Reid\-%28ex\-Verviers\-Pep.%29\-joins\-San\-Miguel\-Beermen\|archive\-date\=February 12, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|df\=mdy\-all}} The Beermen missed the playoffs entirely after finishing the conference as the ninth seed with a disappointing 4\-7 record.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\-san\-miguel\-eliminated\-despite\-globalport\-win \| title\=San Miguel eliminated despite win over GlobalPort \| work\=rappler.com \| date\=March 24, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Bracher, Jane \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125012019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\-san\-miguel\-eliminated\-despite\-globalport\-win \| archive\-date\=November 25, 2018 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
Still with Reid as their reinforcement, the Beermen bounced back and triumphed once again against Alaska by sweeping them in the Finals of the season\-ending Governors' Cup with June Mar Fajardo winning his first Finals MVP.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\-june\-mar\-fajardo\-caps\-huge\-night\-by\-bagging\-finals\-mvp\-plum \| title\=SMB's June Mar Fajardo caps huge night by bagging Finals MVP plum \| work\=InterAksyon.com \| date\=July 17, 2015 \| access\-date\=December 15, 2015 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121224739/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\-june\-mar\-fajardo\-caps\-huge\-night\-by\-bagging\-finals\-mvp\-plum \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2015 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }}
In the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup"), the Beermen once again finished the conference with a 9–2 record, this time as a second seed which assured them of a semifinals spot. In the semifinals, the Beermen defeated Rain or Shine and advanced to the Finals despite losing Fajardo in the series\-clinching win in Game 6 due to a left knee injury. With Fajardo out, they faced Alaska for the second consecutive season in the Finals and fell into a 0\-3 hole against the vengeful Aces. After winning Game 4 in overtime, Fajardo made a return in Game 5 and notched another win in the series. With their star center back even for limited minutes, San Miguel successfully completed their comeback in Game 7 and officially became the first professional basketball team in the world ever to come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a [best\-of\-seven](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-seven_playoff "Playoff format#Best-of-seven playoff") playoff series which was dubbed as the "Beeracle." Chris Ross was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \|title\=History is made! San Miguel cement ‘Beeracle Run’\|url\=http://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/history\-made\-san\-miguel\-cements\-beeracle\-run/47783\|website\=TieBreaker Times}}
The Beermen signed [Tyler Wilkerson](/wiki/Tyler_Wilkerson "Tyler Wilkerson") as their import for the [2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2016_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup").{{cite web \| url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\-parades\-new\-import \| title\=SMB parades new import for PBA Commissioner's cup \| publisher\=sports.inquirer.net \| work\=Inquirer Sports \| date\=January 27, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 22, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063037/http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\-parades\-new\-import \| archive\-date\=March 13, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} He helped the team record an 8–3 win–loss slate in the eliminations and finish as the first seed going into the playoffs.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\-comeback\-victory\-over\-tnt\-lands\-top\-seed\-san\-miguel \| title\=Comeback victory over TNT lands top seed for San Miguel \| publisher\=rappler.com \| work\=Rappler \| date\=April 15, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 22, 2016 \| author\=Ganglani, Naveen \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230837/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\-comeback\-victory\-over\-tnt\-lands\-top\-seed\-san\-miguel \| archive\-date\=April 17, 2016 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=mdy\-all }} Days later after being down 0\-2 to Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the semis, an off\-court drama has unfolded inside the San Miguel locker room after Wilkerson walked out of the team's post\-game huddle.{{cite web \| url\=http://hoops.ph/smb\-import\-walks\-out/ \| title\=SMB import Tyler Wilkerson walks out, demands to be taken back to America after Game 2 loss \| publisher\=hoops.ph \| work\=Hoops PH \| date\=April 27, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429135738/http://hoops.ph/smb\-import\-walks\-out/ \| archive\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| url\-status\=dead \| df\=mdy\-all }} He was overheard saying, “Take me back to America. I want to go home.”{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\-tyler\-wilkerson\-walks\-out\-of\-smbs\-post\-game\-huddle\-after\-game\-2\-loss \| title\=BEERMENOVELA Tyler Wilkerson walks out of SMB's post\-game huddle after Game 2 loss \| publisher\=InterAksyon.com \| work\=Sports5 \| date\=April 26, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142551/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\-tyler\-wilkerson\-walks\-out\-of\-smbs\-post\-game\-huddle\-after\-game\-2\-loss \| archive\-date\=April 29, 2016 }} The management eventually decided to let go of Wilkerson and play an All\-Filipino squad in game 3, which they survived to stave off elimination.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguel\-coach\-could\-no\-longer\-tolerate\-tyler\-wilkersons\-behavior\-he\-did\-something\-not\-good\-for\-the\-team \| title\=San Miguel coach could no longer tolerate Tyler Wilkerson's behavior: 'He did something not good for the team' \| publisher\=InterAksyon.com \| work\=Sports5 \| date\=April 29, 2016 \| access\-date\=April 29, 2016 \| author\=Joble, Rey \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430193004/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\-miguel\-coach\-could\-no\-longer\-tolerate\-tyler\-wilkersons\-behavior\-he\-did\-something\-not\-good\-for\-the\-team \| archive\-date\=April 30, 2016 }} Wilkerson was substituted by their former import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid "Arizona Reid") as a last\-minute replacement in the middle of the semifinals. The Beermen lost to the eventual champions Elasto Painters in Game 4\.
Finishing as the top seed once again, the Beermen faced a familiar foe in TNT KaTropa in the semifinals and beat them in seven games. San Miguel seized their third straight Philippine Cup title as they defeated Barangay Ginebra in five games to capture the second\-ever Perpetual Trophy in league history. The organization was able to permanently keep the 2013 version of the Jun Bernandino Trophy in the process.{{cite web \|title\=San Miguel finishes Ginebra for 3rd straight PH Cup title \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/163314\-san\-miguel\-finishes\-ginebra\-ph\-cup\-finals/ \|website\=Rappler}}
The Beermen hired reinfocement [Charles Rhodes](/wiki/Charles_Rhodes "Charles Rhodes") for their [2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup") campaign. With the help of Rhodes who eventually crowned as Best Import of the conference, the Beermen finally won their first Commissioner's Cup title in 17 years after conquering archrival TNT in six games.
In their quest for the franchise's second grand slam after winning the first two conferences, San Miguel was eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals of the [2017 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Governors%27_Cup "2017 PBA Governors' Cup") with a twice\-to\-win disadvantage after finishing as the sixth seed.
During the 2017 draft, San Miguel selected Filipino\-German big man [Christian Standhardinger](/wiki/Christian_Standhardinger "Christian Standhardinger") as their first overall pick. In the [2017–18 Philippine Cup](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2017–18 PBA Philippine Cup"), they defeated the [Magnolia Hotshots](/wiki/Magnolia_Hotshots "Magnolia Hotshots") in five games en route to their fourth straight Philippine Cup title. However in the [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2018_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup"), they were dethroned by Barangay Ginebra in six games which marks Coach Leo Austria's first loss in the Finals as San Miguel's head coach. The Beermen then failed to reach the Governors' Cup Finals later that year after losing to the Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals.
San Miguel further bolstered its roster by acquiring three\-time scoring champion and guard [Terrence Romeo](/wiki/Terrence_Romeo "Terrence Romeo") in a trade with TNT. The Beermen continued their dominance in the All\-Filipino conference as they faced Magnolia once again in a Finals rematch in the [2019 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Philippine_Cup "2019 PBA Philippine Cup"). The Beermen outlasted the Hotshots and won the series with the slimmest of margins in Game 7, clinching their record\-breaking fifth consecutive Philippine Cup title.{{cite web \|last1\=Giongco \|first1\=Mark \|title\=San Miguel makes history with 5th straight Philippine Cup title, outlasts Magnolia in Game 7 \|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349641/san\-miguel\-makes\-history\-with\-5th\-straight\-philippine\-cup\-title\-outlasts\-magnolia\-in\-game\-7 \|website\=Inquirer \|access\-date\=18 December 2019}}
After finishing as the seventh seed, the Beermen rewrote history books once again as they became the lowest\-seeded team to win a championship after defeating the top\-seeded [TNT KaTropa](/wiki/TNT_KaTropa "TNT KaTropa") in the six\-game [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup "2019 PBA Commissioner's Cup") Finals.{{cite web \|last1\=Dioquino \|first1\=Delfin \|title\=San Miguel dispatches TNT in Game 6 to reclaim Comm's Cup crown \|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/game\-results\-san\-miguel\-tnt\-august\-16\-2019 \|website\=Rappler \|access\-date\=18 December 2019}} During the [Governors' Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Governors%27_Cup "2019 PBA Governors' Cup"), the team parted ways with Standhardinger by trading him to GlobalPort for 2015 first overall pick [Moala Tautuaa](/wiki/Moala_Tautuaa "Moala Tautuaa"). The Beermen again fell short of securing the grand slam in the season\-ending conference as they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra.
|
[
"### 2014–2019: The Philippine Cup five\\-peat",
"[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Winning victory of the San Miguel Beermen during Game 6 of the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup_Finals \"2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals\") at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") on January 29, 2016\\.](/wiki/Image:SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg \"SanMiguelBeermenWinningVictory.jpg\")",
"The Beermen made some changes with their coaching staff during the off\\-season. Leo Austria was brought back to the SMC organization and appointed as the new head coach of the team.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/65103\\-leo\\-austria\\-named\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-coach \\| title\\=Leo Austria named new San Miguel Beermen head coach \\| work\\=rappler.com \\| date\\=August 2, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Ganglani, Naveen \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804113347/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/65103\\-leo\\-austria\\-named\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-coach \\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2014 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Biboy Ravanes returned to his old role as assistant coach but Todd Purves was demoted and given minimal role as consultant.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-pba\\-basketball\\-todd\\-purves\\-coach\\-spectator \\| title\\=Where is Todd Purves? Former de facto coach 'reduced into spectator' after another San Miguel shuffle \\| work\\=spin.ph \\| date\\=October 29, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Badua, Snow \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131815/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-pba\\-basketball\\-todd\\-purves\\-coach\\-spectator \\| archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} They finished as the first seed in the [2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup\") eliminations with a 9–2 record and earned an outright semis berth. Before the semifinals, Commissioner Salud approved the trade that sent back Sol Mercado to [GlobalPort](/wiki/GlobalPort_Batang_Pier \"GlobalPort Batang Pier\") in a straight\\-swap with [Alex Cabagnot](/wiki/Alex_Cabagnot \"Alex Cabagnot\").{{ cite news \\|title\\=PBA scraps SMB\\-Barako Bull trade; new deal sees Cabagnot's Beermen return, Mercado joining GlobalPort \\|url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\\-scraps\\-smb\\-barako\\-bull\\-trade\\-new\\-deal\\-sees\\-cabagnots\\-beermen\\-return\\-mercado\\-joining\\-globalport \\|work\\=Spin.ph \\|date\\=December 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042400/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pba\\-scraps\\-smb\\-barako\\-bull\\-trade\\-new\\-deal\\-sees\\-cabagnots\\-beermen\\-return\\-mercado\\-joining\\-globalport \\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2015 }} With Cabagnot back in the fold, San Miguel established the infamous \"Death Five\" along with [Chris Ross](/wiki/Chris_Ross_%28basketball%29 \"Chris Ross (basketball)\"), [Arwind Santos](/wiki/Arwind_Santos \"Arwind Santos\"), [Marcio Lassiter](/wiki/Marcio_Lassiter \"Marcio Lassiter\") and [June Mar Fajardo](/wiki/June_Mar_Fajardo \"June Mar Fajardo\") which is widely considered as arguably the greatest and most successful starting five in league history.{{cite web \\|title\\=Do the current San Miguel Beermen have the greatest starting five in PBA history? \\|url\\=https://www.espn.ph/basketball/pba/story/\\_/id/23070610/do\\-current\\-san\\-miguel\\-beermen\\-greatest\\-starting\\-five\\-pba\\-history}} The Beermen swept the [Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters](/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Tropang_Texters \"Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters\") in the semifinals.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://hoops.ph/sweet\\-shooting\\-san\\-miguel\\-sweeps\\-talk\\-n\\-text\\-troops\\-to\\-the\\-finals/ \\| title\\=Sweet\\-shooting San Miguel sweeps Talk n' Text, troops to the finals \\| work\\=Hoops Pilipinas \\| date\\=December 26, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Fopalan, Renee \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135033/http://hoops.ph/sweet\\-shooting\\-san\\-miguel\\-sweeps\\-talk\\-n\\-text\\-troops\\-to\\-the\\-finals/ \\| archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} San Miguel then clinched their first Philippine Cup championship in 14 years by beating the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") in seven games, for their 20th crown overall.[San Miguel Beer, Alaska dish out thriller of a series](http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san-miguel-beer-alaska-dish-out-thriller-series-epic-duel-winner-em-all) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925035913/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2015/01/23/1415798/san\\-miguel\\-beer\\-alaska\\-dish\\-out\\-thriller\\-series\\-epic\\-duel\\-winner\\-em\\-all \\|date\\=September 25, 2015 }}, Philstar.com Santos was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguels\\-arwind\\-santos\\-named\\-finals\\-mvp\\-of\\-pba\\-philippine\\-cup \\| title\\=San Miguel's Arwind Santos named Finals MVP of PBA Philippine Cup \\| work\\=InterAksyon.com \\| date\\=January 21, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Marquez, Ver \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232249/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguels\\-arwind\\-santos\\-named\\-finals\\-mvp\\-of\\-pba\\-philippine\\-cup \\| archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Coming off a championship run and due to lack of preparation, the Beermen started the [2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2015_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") conference winless with four straight losses. Injuries to Cabagnot (hamstring) and Santos (knee contusion) only made matters worse. They decided to let go of import Ronald Roberts and brought in reigning Best Import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid \"Arizona Reid\") after the latter got his release from Rain or Shine.{{cite news\\|title\\=Arizona Reid (ex Verviers\\-Pep.) joins San Miguel Beermen\\|url\\=http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\\-Reid\\-%28ex\\-Verviers\\-Pep.%29\\-joins\\-San\\-Miguel\\-Beermen\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2015\\|work\\=Eurobasket.com\\|date\\=February 12, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174902/http://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/394342/Arizona\\-Reid\\-%28ex\\-Verviers\\-Pep.%29\\-joins\\-San\\-Miguel\\-Beermen\\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} The Beermen missed the playoffs entirely after finishing the conference as the ninth seed with a disappointing 4\\-7 record.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\\-san\\-miguel\\-eliminated\\-despite\\-globalport\\-win \\| title\\=San Miguel eliminated despite win over GlobalPort \\| work\\=rappler.com \\| date\\=March 24, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Bracher, Jane \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125012019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/87863\\-san\\-miguel\\-eliminated\\-despite\\-globalport\\-win \\| archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2018 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Still with Reid as their reinforcement, the Beermen bounced back and triumphed once again against Alaska by sweeping them in the Finals of the season\\-ending Governors' Cup with June Mar Fajardo winning his first Finals MVP.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\\-june\\-mar\\-fajardo\\-caps\\-huge\\-night\\-by\\-bagging\\-finals\\-mvp\\-plum \\| title\\=SMB's June Mar Fajardo caps huge night by bagging Finals MVP plum \\| work\\=InterAksyon.com \\| date\\=July 17, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=December 15, 2015 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121224739/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/smbs\\-june\\-mar\\-fajardo\\-caps\\-huge\\-night\\-by\\-bagging\\-finals\\-mvp\\-plum \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"In the [2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup\"), the Beermen once again finished the conference with a 9–2 record, this time as a second seed which assured them of a semifinals spot. In the semifinals, the Beermen defeated Rain or Shine and advanced to the Finals despite losing Fajardo in the series\\-clinching win in Game 6 due to a left knee injury. With Fajardo out, they faced Alaska for the second consecutive season in the Finals and fell into a 0\\-3 hole against the vengeful Aces. After winning Game 4 in overtime, Fajardo made a return in Game 5 and notched another win in the series. With their star center back even for limited minutes, San Miguel successfully completed their comeback in Game 7 and officially became the first professional basketball team in the world ever to come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a [best\\-of\\-seven](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-seven_playoff \"Playoff format#Best-of-seven playoff\") playoff series which was dubbed as the \"Beeracle.\" Chris Ross was named Finals MVP.{{cite web \\|title\\=History is made! San Miguel cement ‘Beeracle Run’\\|url\\=http://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/history\\-made\\-san\\-miguel\\-cements\\-beeracle\\-run/47783\\|website\\=TieBreaker Times}}",
"The Beermen signed [Tyler Wilkerson](/wiki/Tyler_Wilkerson \"Tyler Wilkerson\") as their import for the [2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2016_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\\-parades\\-new\\-import \\| title\\=SMB parades new import for PBA Commissioner's cup \\| publisher\\=sports.inquirer.net \\| work\\=Inquirer Sports \\| date\\=January 27, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063037/http://sports.inquirer.net/204623/smb\\-parades\\-new\\-import \\| archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} He helped the team record an 8–3 win–loss slate in the eliminations and finish as the first seed going into the playoffs.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\\-comeback\\-victory\\-over\\-tnt\\-lands\\-top\\-seed\\-san\\-miguel \\| title\\=Comeback victory over TNT lands top seed for San Miguel \\| publisher\\=rappler.com \\| work\\=Rappler \\| date\\=April 15, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016 \\| author\\=Ganglani, Naveen \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230837/http://www.rappler.com/sports/by\\-sport/basketball/pba/129661\\-comeback\\-victory\\-over\\-tnt\\-lands\\-top\\-seed\\-san\\-miguel \\| archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} Days later after being down 0\\-2 to Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the semis, an off\\-court drama has unfolded inside the San Miguel locker room after Wilkerson walked out of the team's post\\-game huddle.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://hoops.ph/smb\\-import\\-walks\\-out/ \\| title\\=SMB import Tyler Wilkerson walks out, demands to be taken back to America after Game 2 loss \\| publisher\\=hoops.ph \\| work\\=Hoops PH \\| date\\=April 27, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429135738/http://hoops.ph/smb\\-import\\-walks\\-out/ \\| archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} He was overheard saying, “Take me back to America. I want to go home.”{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\\-tyler\\-wilkerson\\-walks\\-out\\-of\\-smbs\\-post\\-game\\-huddle\\-after\\-game\\-2\\-loss \\| title\\=BEERMENOVELA Tyler Wilkerson walks out of SMB's post\\-game huddle after Game 2 loss \\| publisher\\=InterAksyon.com \\| work\\=Sports5 \\| date\\=April 26, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142551/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/beermenovela\\-tyler\\-wilkerson\\-walks\\-out\\-of\\-smbs\\-post\\-game\\-huddle\\-after\\-game\\-2\\-loss \\| archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 }} The management eventually decided to let go of Wilkerson and play an All\\-Filipino squad in game 3, which they survived to stave off elimination.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguel\\-coach\\-could\\-no\\-longer\\-tolerate\\-tyler\\-wilkersons\\-behavior\\-he\\-did\\-something\\-not\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-team \\| title\\=San Miguel coach could no longer tolerate Tyler Wilkerson's behavior: 'He did something not good for the team' \\| publisher\\=InterAksyon.com \\| work\\=Sports5 \\| date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2016 \\| author\\=Joble, Rey \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430193004/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/san\\-miguel\\-coach\\-could\\-no\\-longer\\-tolerate\\-tyler\\-wilkersons\\-behavior\\-he\\-did\\-something\\-not\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-team \\| archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2016 }} Wilkerson was substituted by their former import [Arizona Reid](/wiki/Arizona_Reid \"Arizona Reid\") as a last\\-minute replacement in the middle of the semifinals. The Beermen lost to the eventual champions Elasto Painters in Game 4\\.",
"Finishing as the top seed once again, the Beermen faced a familiar foe in TNT KaTropa in the semifinals and beat them in seven games. San Miguel seized their third straight Philippine Cup title as they defeated Barangay Ginebra in five games to capture the second\\-ever Perpetual Trophy in league history. The organization was able to permanently keep the 2013 version of the Jun Bernandino Trophy in the process.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Miguel finishes Ginebra for 3rd straight PH Cup title \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/163314\\-san\\-miguel\\-finishes\\-ginebra\\-ph\\-cup\\-finals/ \\|website\\=Rappler}}",
"The Beermen hired reinfocement [Charles Rhodes](/wiki/Charles_Rhodes \"Charles Rhodes\") for their [2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") campaign. With the help of Rhodes who eventually crowned as Best Import of the conference, the Beermen finally won their first Commissioner's Cup title in 17 years after conquering archrival TNT in six games.",
"In their quest for the franchise's second grand slam after winning the first two conferences, San Miguel was eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals of the [2017 PBA Governors' Cup](/wiki/2017_PBA_Governors%27_Cup \"2017 PBA Governors' Cup\") with a twice\\-to\\-win disadvantage after finishing as the sixth seed.",
"During the 2017 draft, San Miguel selected Filipino\\-German big man [Christian Standhardinger](/wiki/Christian_Standhardinger \"Christian Standhardinger\") as their first overall pick. In the [2017–18 Philippine Cup](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2017–18 PBA Philippine Cup\"), they defeated the [Magnolia Hotshots](/wiki/Magnolia_Hotshots \"Magnolia Hotshots\") in five games en route to their fourth straight Philippine Cup title. However in the [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2018_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup\"), they were dethroned by Barangay Ginebra in six games which marks Coach Leo Austria's first loss in the Finals as San Miguel's head coach. The Beermen then failed to reach the Governors' Cup Finals later that year after losing to the Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals.",
"San Miguel further bolstered its roster by acquiring three\\-time scoring champion and guard [Terrence Romeo](/wiki/Terrence_Romeo \"Terrence Romeo\") in a trade with TNT. The Beermen continued their dominance in the All\\-Filipino conference as they faced Magnolia once again in a Finals rematch in the [2019 PBA Philippine Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Philippine_Cup \"2019 PBA Philippine Cup\"). The Beermen outlasted the Hotshots and won the series with the slimmest of margins in Game 7, clinching their record\\-breaking fifth consecutive Philippine Cup title.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Giongco \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=San Miguel makes history with 5th straight Philippine Cup title, outlasts Magnolia in Game 7 \\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349641/san\\-miguel\\-makes\\-history\\-with\\-5th\\-straight\\-philippine\\-cup\\-title\\-outlasts\\-magnolia\\-in\\-game\\-7 \\|website\\=Inquirer \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2019}}",
"After finishing as the seventh seed, the Beermen rewrote history books once again as they became the lowest\\-seeded team to win a championship after defeating the top\\-seeded [TNT KaTropa](/wiki/TNT_KaTropa \"TNT KaTropa\") in the six\\-game [Commissioner's Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup \"2019 PBA Commissioner's Cup\") Finals.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dioquino \\|first1\\=Delfin \\|title\\=San Miguel dispatches TNT in Game 6 to reclaim Comm's Cup crown \\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/game\\-results\\-san\\-miguel\\-tnt\\-august\\-16\\-2019 \\|website\\=Rappler \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2019}} During the [Governors' Cup](/wiki/2019_PBA_Governors%27_Cup \"2019 PBA Governors' Cup\"), the team parted ways with Standhardinger by trading him to GlobalPort for 2015 first overall pick [Moala Tautuaa](/wiki/Moala_Tautuaa \"Moala Tautuaa\"). The Beermen again fell short of securing the grand slam in the season\\-ending conference as they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra.",
""
] |
Metal ions
----------
### Magnesium
[Magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium") is the eighth most abundant element on earth. It is the fourth most abundant element in vertebrates and the most abundant divalent cation within cells. The most available form of magnesium (Mg2\+) for living organisms can be found in the hydrosphere. The concentration of Mg2\+ in seawater is around 55 mM. Mg2\+ is readily available to cells during early evolution due to its high solubility in water. Other transition metals like calcium precipitate from aqueous solutions at much lower concentrations than the corresponding Mg2\+ salts.
{{cite journal
\|first1\=Michael E.\|last1\=Maguire
\|first2\=James A\|last2\=Cowan
\|title\=Magnesium chemistry and biochemistry
\|journal\=BioMetals
\|volume\=15\|issue\=3
\|pages\=203–210
\|year\=2002
\|doi\=10\.1023/a:1016058229972
\|pmid\=12206387
\|s2cid\=31622669
}}
Since magnesium was readily available in early evolution, it can be found in every cell type living organism. Magnesium in anaerobic prokaryotes can be found in [MgATP](/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate "Adenosine triphosphate"). Magnesium also has many functions in prokaryotes such as [glycolysis](/wiki/Glycolysis "Glycolysis"), all kinases, NTP reaction, signalling, DNA/RNA structures and light capture. In aerobic eukaryotes, magnesium can be found in [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm "Cytoplasm") and [chloroplasts](/wiki/Chloroplasts "Chloroplasts"). The reactions in these cell compartments are glycolysis, [photophosphorylation](/wiki/Photophosphorylation "Photophosphorylation") and [carbon assimilation](/wiki/Carbon_assimilation "Carbon assimilation").
ATP, the main source of energy in almost all living organisms, must bind with metal ions such as Mg2\+ or Ca2\+ to function. Examination of cells with limited magnesium supply has shown that a lack of magnesium can cause a decrease in ATP.
{{cite journal
\|first1\=Elisabeth\|last1\=Gout
\|first2\=Fabrice\|last2\=Rébeillé
\|first3\=Roland\|last3\=Douce\|authorlink3\=Roland Douce
\|first4\=Richard\|last4\=Bligny
\|title\=Interplay of Mg2\+, ADP, and ATP in the cytosol and mitochondria: Unraveling the role of Mg2\+ in cell respiration
\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
\|date\=October 13, 2014
\|volume\=111\|number\=43
\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1406251111 \|pages\=E4560–E4567
\|pmc\=4217410 \|pmid\=25313036\|bibcode\=2014PNAS..111E4560G
\|doi\-access\=free
}} Magnesium in ATP hydrolysis acts as a co\-factor to stabilize the high negative charge [transition state](/wiki/Transition_state "Transition state").
{{cite journal
\|first\=Nicholas H.\|last\=Williams
\|title\=Magnesium Ion Catalyzed ATP Hydrolysis
\|journal\=Journal of the American Chemical Society
\|year\=2000
\|volume\=122
\|number\=48
\|pages\=12023–12024
\|doi\=10\.1021/ja0013374
}} MgATP can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. However, most of the ATP in cells is MgATP. Following the [Irving–Williams series](/wiki/Irving%E2%80%93Williams_series "Irving–Williams series"), magnesium has a higher binding constant than the Ca2\+. Therefore, the dominant ATP in living organisms is MgATP. A greater binding constant also gives magnesium the advantage as a better catalyst over other competing transition metals.
### Manganese
[thumb\|Magnesium Center in Cyanobacterial photosystem II. Incorporation of manganese sparked evolution of complex plant life.\|300x300px](/wiki/File:Photosystem-II_2AXT.PNG "Photosystem-II 2AXT.PNG")
Evidence suggests that manganese (Mn) was first incorporated into biological systems roughly 3\.2–2\.8 billion years ago, during the [Archean Period](/wiki/Archean "Archean"). Together with calcium, it formed the manganese\-calcium oxide complex (determined by [X\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction "X-ray diffraction")) which consisted of a manganese cluster, essentially an inorganic cubane (cubical) structure. The incorporation of a manganese center in [photosystem II](/wiki/Photosystem_II "Photosystem II") was highly significant, as it allowed for [photosynthetic](/wiki/Photosynthetic "Photosynthetic") oxygen evolution of plants. The [oxygen\-evolving complex](/wiki/Oxygen-evolving_complex "Oxygen-evolving complex") (OEC) is a critical component of photosystem II contained in the [thylakoid membranes](/wiki/Thylakoid_membranes "Thylakoid membranes") of chloroplasts; it is responsible for terminal [photooxidation](/wiki/Photooxidation "Photooxidation") of water during [light reactions](/wiki/Light_reactions "Light reactions").
{{cite journal
\|last\=Williams\|first\=R.J.P.
\|title\=Systems biology of evolution: the involvement of metal ions
\|journal\=BioMetals
\|year\=2007
\|volume\=20\|number\=2
\|pages\=107–112
\|doi\=10\.1007/s10534\-007\-9087\-6
\|pmid\=17295048
\|s2cid\=29462278
}}
The incorporation of Mn in proteins allowed the complexes the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species in Mn\-[superoxide dismutase](/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase "Superoxide dismutase") (MnSOD) and [catalase](/wiki/Catalase "Catalase"), in electron transfer\-dependent catalysis (for instance in certain class I [ribonucleotide reductases](/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductases "Ribonucleotide reductases")) and in the oxidation of water by photosystem II (PSII), where the production of thiobarbituric acid\-reactive substances is decreased. This is due to manganese's ability to reduce superoxide anion and [hydroxyl radicals](/wiki/Hydroxyl_radicals "Hydroxyl radicals") as well as its chain\-breaking capacity.
{{cite book
\|last1\=Salomon\|first1\=Etian
\|last2\=Keren\|first2\=Nir
\|chapter\=Manganese in Biological systems: Transport and Function
\|year\=2011
\|title\=Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups
\|doi\=10\.1002/9780470682531\.pat0540
\|isbn\=9780470682531
}}
### Iron
[Iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") (Fe) is the most abundant element in the Earth and the fourth most abundant element in the crust, approximately 5 percent by mass. Due to the abundance of iron and its role in [biological systems](/wiki/Biological_systems "Biological systems"), the transition and mineralogical stages of iron have played a key role in Earth surface systems. It played a larger role in the geological past in [marine geochemistry](/wiki/Marine_geology "Marine geology"), as evidenced by the deposits of [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") iron\-rich sediments. The [redox](/wiki/Redox "Redox") transformation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), or vice versa, is vital to a number of biological and element cycling processes. The [reduction](/wiki/Reduction_%28chemistry%29 "Reduction (chemistry)") of Fe(III) is seen to oxidize sulfur (from H{{sub\|2}}S to SO{{sub\|4}}{{sup\|−2}}), which is a central process in marine sediments. Many of the first [metalloproteins](/wiki/Metalloproteins "Metalloproteins") consisted of iron\-sulphur complexes formed during [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis "Photosynthesis").
{{cite journal
\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=K.G.
\|last2\=Konhauser\|first2\=K.O.
\|title\=Iron in Earth surface systems: A major player in chemical and biological processes
\|journal\=Elements
\|year\=2011\|volume\=7\|number\=2
\|pages\=83–88
\|doi\=10\.2113/gselements.7\.2\.83
\|bibcode\=2011Eleme...7\...83T
}} Iron is the main redox metal in biological systems. In [proteins](/wiki/Proteins "Proteins"), it is found in a variety of sites and cofactors, including, for instance, [haem groups](/wiki/Haem "Haem"), Fe–O–Fe sites, and iron–sulfur clusters.
The prevalence of iron is apparently due to the large availability of Fe(II) in the initial evolution of living organisms, before the rise of photosynthesis and an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels which resulted in the precipitation of iron in the environment as Fe(OH){{sub\|3}}. It has flexible redox properties because such properties are sensitive to [ligand](/wiki/Ligand "Ligand") coordination, including geometry. Iron can be also used in enzymes due to its [Lewis acid](/wiki/Lewis_acid "Lewis acid") properties, for example in nitrile hydratase. Iron is frequently found in mononuclear sites in the reduced Fe(II) form, and functions in dioxygen activation; this function is used as a major mechanism adopted by living organisms to avoid the kinetic barrier hindering the transformation of organic compounds by O{{sub\|2}}.
{{cite journal
\|last1\=Andreini\|first1\=C.
\|last2\=Bertini\|first2\=I.
\|last3\=Cavallaro\|first3\=G.
\|last4\=Holliday\|first4\=G.L.
\|last5\=Thornton\|first5\=J.M.
\|title\=Metal ions in biological catalysis: from enzyme databases to general principles
\|journal\=Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry
\|year\=2008\|volume\=13\|number\=8
\|pages\=1205–1218
\|doi\=10\.1007/s00775\-008\-0404\-5
\|pmid\=18604568
\|s2cid\=22862135
}} Iron can be taken up selectively as ferredoxins, Fe\-O\-Fe (hemerythrin and ribonucleotide reductase), Fe (many oxidases), apart from iron porphyrin. Variation in the related proteins with any one of these chemical forms of iron has produced a wide range of enzymes. All of these arrangements are modified to function both in the sense of reactivity and the positioning of the protein in the cell. Iron can have various redox and spin states, and it can be held in many stereochemistries.
{{cite journal
\|last\=Williams\|first\=R.J.P.
\|title\=The symbiosis of metal and protein functions
\|journal\=European Journal of Biochemistry
\|year\=1985\|volume\=150\|number\=2\|pages\=231–248
\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1432\-1033\.1985\.tb09013\.x
\|pmid\=2990929
\|doi\-access\=free}}
[thumbnail\|Coenzyme F430 – Theorized as the first occurrence of nickel in biological systems](/wiki/File:Coenzyme_F430.svg "Coenzyme F430.svg")
### Nickel and cobalt
[thumbnail\|Coenzyme B12 – Theorized as the first occurrence of cobalt in a biological system](/wiki/File:Cobalamin_skeletal.svg "Cobalamin skeletal.svg")
Around 4–3 [Ga](/wiki/Gya "Gya"), [anaerobic](/wiki/Anaerobic_organism "Anaerobic organism") [prokaryotes](/wiki/Prokaryotes "Prokaryotes") began developing metal and organic [cofactors](/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29 "Cofactor (biochemistry)") for light absorption. They ultimately ended up making [chlorophyll](/wiki/Chlorophyll "Chlorophyll") from Mg(II), as is found in [cyanobacteria](/wiki/Cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria") and plants, leading to modern [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis "Photosynthesis"). However, chlorophyll synthesis requires numerous steps. The process starts with uroporphyrin, a primitive precursor to the [porphyrin](/wiki/Porphyrin "Porphyrin") ring which may be [biotic](/wiki/Biotic_component "Biotic component") or [abiotic](/wiki/Abiotic_component "Abiotic component") in origin, which is then modified in cells differently to make [Mg](/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium"), [Fe](/wiki/Iron "Iron"), [nickel (Ni)](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel"), and [cobalt (Co)](/wiki/Cobalt "Cobalt") complexes. The centers of these rings are not selective, thus allowing the variety of metal ions to be incorporated. Mg porphyrin gives rise to chlorophyll, Fe porphyrin to [heme](/wiki/Heme "Heme") proteins, Ni porphyrin yields factor [F\-430](/wiki/Cofactor_F430 "Cofactor F430"), and Co porphyrin [Coenzyme B12](/wiki/Coenzyme_B12 "Coenzyme B12").{{cite journal \|last1\=Frank \|first1\=S. \|last2\=Brindley \|first2\=A.A. \|last3\=Deery \|first3\=E. \|last4\=Heathcote \|first4\=P. \|last5\=Lawrence \|first5\=A.D. \|last6\=Leech \|first6\=H.K. \|last7\=Pickersgill \|first7\=R.W. \|last8\=Warren \|first8\=M.J. \|title\=Anaerobic synthesis of vitamin B12: characterization of the early steps in the pathway \|journal\=Biochemical Society Transactions \|date\=2005 \|volume\=33 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=811–814 \|doi\=10\.1042/BST0330811 \|pmid\=16042604}}
### Copper
Before the [Great Oxygenation Event](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event "Great Oxygenation Event"), copper was not readily available for living organisms. Most early copper was Cu\+ and Cu. This oxidation state of copper is not very soluble in water. One billion years ago, after the great oxidation event the oxygen pressure rose sufficiently to oxidise Cu\+ to Cu2\+, increasing its solubility in water. As a result, the copper became much more available for living organisms.
Most copper\-containing proteins and enzymes can be found in [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryotes "Eukaryotes"). Only a handful of [prokaryotes](/wiki/Prokaryotes "Prokaryotes") such as aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria contain copper enzymes or proteins. Copper can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [superoxide dismutase (SOD)](/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase "Superoxide dismutase") enzyme. There are three distinct types of SOD, containing Mn, Fe and Cu respectively. Mn\-SOD and Fe\-SOD are found in most prokaryotes and mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell. Cu\-SOD can be found in the cytoplasmic fraction of the eukaryotic cells. The three elements, copper, iron and manganese, can all catalyze superoxide to ordinary molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. However, Cu\-SOD is more efficient than Fe\-SOD and Mn\-SOD. Most prokaryotes only utilize Fe\-SOD or Mn\-SOD due to the lack of copper in the environment. Some organisms did not develop Cu\-SOD due to the lack of a gene pool for the Cu\-SOD adoption.
{{cite journal
\|first\=Ei\-Ichiro\|last\=Ochiai
\|title\=Copper and the Biological Evolution
\|journal\=Biosystems
\|volume\=16
\|issue\=2
\|year\=1983
\|pages\=81–86
\|doi\=10\.1016/0303\-2647(83\)90029\-1
\|pmid\=6640084
\|bibcode\=1983BiSys..16\...81O
}}
### Zinc
[Zinc (Zn)](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") was incorporated into living cells in two waves. Four to three [Ga](/wiki/Gya "Gya"), anaerobic prokaryotes arose, and the atmosphere was full of [H2S](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide "Hydrogen sulfide") and highly reductive. Thus most zinc was in the form of insoluble [ZnS](/wiki/Zinc_sulfide "Zinc sulfide"). However, because seawater at the time was slightly acidic, some Zn(II) was available in its ionic form and became part of early anaerobic prokaryotes' external [proteases](/wiki/Proteases "Proteases"), external [nucleases](/wiki/Nucleases "Nucleases"), internal [synthetases](/wiki/Synthetase "Synthetase") and [dehydrogenases](/wiki/Dehydrogenases "Dehydrogenases").
During the second wave, once the Great Oxygenation Event occurred, more Zn(II) ions were available in the seawater. This allowed its incorporation in the single\-cell eukaryotes as they arose at this time. It is believed that the later addition of ions such as zinc and copper allowed them to displace iron and manganese from the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Fe and Mn complexes dissociate readily (Irving–Williams series) while Zn and Cu do not. This is why eukaryotic SOD contains Cu or Zn and its prokaryotic counterpart contains Fe or Mn.
Zn (II) doesn't pose an oxidation threat to the [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm "Cytoplasm"). This allowed it to become a major cytoplasmic element in the eukaryotes. It became associated with a new group of [transcription proteins](/wiki/Transcription_factor "Transcription factor"), [zinc fingers](/wiki/Zinc_fingers "Zinc fingers"). This could only have occurred due to the long life of eukaryotes, which allowed time for zinc to exchange and hence become an internal messenger coordinating the action of other transcription factors during growth.
### Molybdenum
[Molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum "Molybdenum") (Mo) is the most abundant [transition element](/wiki/Transition_element "Transition element") in solution in the sea (mostly as dianionic molybdate ion) and in living organisms, its abundance in the Earth's crust is quite low. Therefore, the use of Mo by living organisms seems surprising at first glance. [Archaea](/wiki/Archaea "Archaea"), bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans, require molybdenum. It is also found in over 50 different [enzymes](/wiki/Enzymes "Enzymes"). Its hydrolysis to water\-soluble oxo\-anionic species makes Mo readily accessible. Mo is found in the [active sites](/wiki/Active_site "Active site") of [metalloenzymes](/wiki/Metalloenzymes "Metalloenzymes") that perform key transformations in the [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism") of carbon, nitrogen, arsenic, selenium, sulfur, and chlorine compounds.
The mononuclear Mo enzymes are widely distributed in the biosphere; they catalyze many significant reactions in the metabolism of nitrogen and sulfur\-containing compounds as well as various [carbonyl compounds](/wiki/Carbonyl "Carbonyl") (e.g., aldehydes, CO, and CO{{sub\|2}}). [Nitrate reductases](/wiki/Nitrate_reductases "Nitrate reductases") enzymes are important for the nitrogen cycle. They belong to a class of enzymes with a mononuclear Mo center and they catalyze the metabolism reaction of C, N, S, etc., in bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.
{{cite book
\|editor1\-last\=Sigel\|editor1\-first\=A.
\|editor2\-last\=Sigel\|editor2\-first\=H.
\|title\=Metal ions in biological systems: molybdenum and tungsten: their roles in biological processes
\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis
\|year\=2002
\|volume\=39
}} Due to the oxidation of [sulfides](/wiki/Sulfides "Sulfides"), The first considerable development was that of [aerobic bacteria](/wiki/Aerobic_bacteria "Aerobic bacteria") which could now utilize Mo. As oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere and oceans, the reaction of MoS{{sub\|2}} to MoO{{sub\|4}} also increased. This reaction made the highly soluble molybdate ion available for incorporation into critical metalloenzymes, and may have thus allowed life to thrive. It allowed organisms to occupy new ecological niches. Mo plays an important role in the reduction of [dinitrogen](/wiki/Dinitrogen "Dinitrogen") to [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia"), which occurs in one type of [nitrogenases](/wiki/Nitrogenase "Nitrogenase"). These enzymes are used by bacteria that usually live in a [symbiotic](/wiki/Symbiotic_relationships "Symbiotic relationships") relationship with plants; their role is [nitrogen fixation](/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation "Nitrogen fixation"), which is vital for sustaining life on earth. Mo enzymes also play important roles in [sulfur metabolism](/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism "Sulfur metabolism") of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans.
### Tungsten
[thumb\|*[Pyrococcus furiosus](/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus "Pyrococcus furiosus")*, one of the few modern organisms in which the incorporation of tungsten is still essential](/wiki/File:Pyrococcus_furiosus.png "Pyrococcus furiosus.png")
Tungsten is one of the oldest metal ions to be incorporated in biological systems, preceding the Great Oxygenation Event. Before the abundance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, oceans teemed with [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur") and tungsten, while molybdenum, a metal that is highly similar chemically, was inaccessible in solid form. The abundance of tungsten and lack of free molybdenum likely explains why early marine organisms incorporated the former instead of the latter. However, as cyanobacteria began to fill the atmosphere with oxygen, molybdenum became available (molybdenum becomes soluble when exposed to oxygen) and molybdenum began to replace tungsten in the majority of [metabolic processes](/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism"), which is seen today, as tungsten is only present in the biological complexes of prokaryotes (methanogens, gram\-positive bacteria, gram\-negative aerobes and anaerobes), and is only obligated in [hyperthermophilic](/wiki/Hyperthermophile "Hyperthermophile") [archaea](/wiki/Archaea "Archaea") such as [P. furiosus](/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus "Pyrococcus furiosus").
{{cite journal
\|last1\=Kletzin\|first1\=Arnulf
\|last2\=Adams\|first2\=Michael W.
\|title\=Tungsten in Biological Systems
\|journal\=FEMS Microbiology Reviews
\|year\=1996
\|volume\=18
\|issue\=1
\|pages\=5–63
\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1574\-6976\.1996\.tb00226\.x
\|pmid\=8672295
\|doi\-access\=free
}}
Although research into the specific enzyme complexes in which tungsten is incorporated is relatively recent (1970s), natural tungstoenzymes are abundantly found in a large number of prokaryotic microorganisms. These include formate dehydrogenase, formyl methanufuran dehydrogenase, acetylene hydratase, and a class of phylogenetically related oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible oxidation of aldehydes. The first crystal structure of a tungsten\- or [pterin](/wiki/Pterin "Pterin")\-containing enzyme, that of [aldehyde](/wiki/Aldehyde "Aldehyde") [ferredoxin](/wiki/Ferredoxin "Ferredoxin") [oxidoreductase](/wiki/Oxidoreductase "Oxidoreductase") from P. furiosus, has revealed a [catalytic site](/wiki/Active_site "Active site") with one W atom coordinated to two pterin molecules which are themselves bridged by a magnesium ion.
|
[
"Metal ions\n----------",
"### Magnesium",
"[Magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium \"Magnesium\") is the eighth most abundant element on earth. It is the fourth most abundant element in vertebrates and the most abundant divalent cation within cells. The most available form of magnesium (Mg2\\+) for living organisms can be found in the hydrosphere. The concentration of Mg2\\+ in seawater is around 55 mM. Mg2\\+ is readily available to cells during early evolution due to its high solubility in water. Other transition metals like calcium precipitate from aqueous solutions at much lower concentrations than the corresponding Mg2\\+ salts.\n{{cite journal\n \\|first1\\=Michael E.\\|last1\\=Maguire\n \\|first2\\=James A\\|last2\\=Cowan\n \\|title\\=Magnesium chemistry and biochemistry\n \\|journal\\=BioMetals\n \\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=3\n \\|pages\\=203–210\n \\|year\\=2002\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1023/a:1016058229972\n \\|pmid\\=12206387\n\\|s2cid\\=31622669\n }}",
"Since magnesium was readily available in early evolution, it can be found in every cell type living organism. Magnesium in anaerobic prokaryotes can be found in [MgATP](/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate \"Adenosine triphosphate\"). Magnesium also has many functions in prokaryotes such as [glycolysis](/wiki/Glycolysis \"Glycolysis\"), all kinases, NTP reaction, signalling, DNA/RNA structures and light capture. In aerobic eukaryotes, magnesium can be found in [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm \"Cytoplasm\") and [chloroplasts](/wiki/Chloroplasts \"Chloroplasts\"). The reactions in these cell compartments are glycolysis, [photophosphorylation](/wiki/Photophosphorylation \"Photophosphorylation\") and [carbon assimilation](/wiki/Carbon_assimilation \"Carbon assimilation\").",
"ATP, the main source of energy in almost all living organisms, must bind with metal ions such as Mg2\\+ or Ca2\\+ to function. Examination of cells with limited magnesium supply has shown that a lack of magnesium can cause a decrease in ATP.\n{{cite journal\n \\|first1\\=Elisabeth\\|last1\\=Gout\n \\|first2\\=Fabrice\\|last2\\=Rébeillé\n \\|first3\\=Roland\\|last3\\=Douce\\|authorlink3\\=Roland Douce\n \\|first4\\=Richard\\|last4\\=Bligny\n \\|title\\=Interplay of Mg2\\+, ADP, and ATP in the cytosol and mitochondria: Unraveling the role of Mg2\\+ in cell respiration\n \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\n \\|date\\=October 13, 2014\n \\|volume\\=111\\|number\\=43\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1406251111 \\|pages\\=E4560–E4567\n\\|pmc\\=4217410 \\|pmid\\=25313036\\|bibcode\\=2014PNAS..111E4560G\n \\|doi\\-access\\=free\n }} Magnesium in ATP hydrolysis acts as a co\\-factor to stabilize the high negative charge [transition state](/wiki/Transition_state \"Transition state\").\n{{cite journal\n \\|first\\=Nicholas H.\\|last\\=Williams\n \\|title\\=Magnesium Ion Catalyzed ATP Hydrolysis\n \\|journal\\=Journal of the American Chemical Society\n \\|year\\=2000\n \\|volume\\=122\n \\|number\\=48\n \\|pages\\=12023–12024\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/ja0013374\n}} MgATP can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. However, most of the ATP in cells is MgATP. Following the [Irving–Williams series](/wiki/Irving%E2%80%93Williams_series \"Irving–Williams series\"), magnesium has a higher binding constant than the Ca2\\+. Therefore, the dominant ATP in living organisms is MgATP. A greater binding constant also gives magnesium the advantage as a better catalyst over other competing transition metals.",
"### Manganese",
"[thumb\\|Magnesium Center in Cyanobacterial photosystem II. Incorporation of manganese sparked evolution of complex plant life.\\|300x300px](/wiki/File:Photosystem-II_2AXT.PNG \"Photosystem-II 2AXT.PNG\")",
"Evidence suggests that manganese (Mn) was first incorporated into biological systems roughly 3\\.2–2\\.8 billion years ago, during the [Archean Period](/wiki/Archean \"Archean\"). Together with calcium, it formed the manganese\\-calcium oxide complex (determined by [X\\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction \"X-ray diffraction\")) which consisted of a manganese cluster, essentially an inorganic cubane (cubical) structure. The incorporation of a manganese center in [photosystem II](/wiki/Photosystem_II \"Photosystem II\") was highly significant, as it allowed for [photosynthetic](/wiki/Photosynthetic \"Photosynthetic\") oxygen evolution of plants. The [oxygen\\-evolving complex](/wiki/Oxygen-evolving_complex \"Oxygen-evolving complex\") (OEC) is a critical component of photosystem II contained in the [thylakoid membranes](/wiki/Thylakoid_membranes \"Thylakoid membranes\") of chloroplasts; it is responsible for terminal [photooxidation](/wiki/Photooxidation \"Photooxidation\") of water during [light reactions](/wiki/Light_reactions \"Light reactions\").\n{{cite journal\n \\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=R.J.P.\n \\|title\\=Systems biology of evolution: the involvement of metal ions\n \\|journal\\=BioMetals\n \\|year\\=2007\n \\|volume\\=20\\|number\\=2\n \\|pages\\=107–112\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10534\\-007\\-9087\\-6\n\\|pmid\\=17295048\n \\|s2cid\\=29462278\n }}",
"The incorporation of Mn in proteins allowed the complexes the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species in Mn\\-[superoxide dismutase](/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase \"Superoxide dismutase\") (MnSOD) and [catalase](/wiki/Catalase \"Catalase\"), in electron transfer\\-dependent catalysis (for instance in certain class I [ribonucleotide reductases](/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductases \"Ribonucleotide reductases\")) and in the oxidation of water by photosystem II (PSII), where the production of thiobarbituric acid\\-reactive substances is decreased. This is due to manganese's ability to reduce superoxide anion and [hydroxyl radicals](/wiki/Hydroxyl_radicals \"Hydroxyl radicals\") as well as its chain\\-breaking capacity.\n{{cite book\n \\|last1\\=Salomon\\|first1\\=Etian\n \\|last2\\=Keren\\|first2\\=Nir\n \\|chapter\\=Manganese in Biological systems: Transport and Function\n \\|year\\=2011\n \\|title\\=Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9780470682531\\.pat0540\n\\|isbn\\=9780470682531\n }}",
"### Iron",
"[Iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") (Fe) is the most abundant element in the Earth and the fourth most abundant element in the crust, approximately 5 percent by mass. Due to the abundance of iron and its role in [biological systems](/wiki/Biological_systems \"Biological systems\"), the transition and mineralogical stages of iron have played a key role in Earth surface systems. It played a larger role in the geological past in [marine geochemistry](/wiki/Marine_geology \"Marine geology\"), as evidenced by the deposits of [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") iron\\-rich sediments. The [redox](/wiki/Redox \"Redox\") transformation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), or vice versa, is vital to a number of biological and element cycling processes. The [reduction](/wiki/Reduction_%28chemistry%29 \"Reduction (chemistry)\") of Fe(III) is seen to oxidize sulfur (from H{{sub\\|2}}S to SO{{sub\\|4}}{{sup\\|−2}}), which is a central process in marine sediments. Many of the first [metalloproteins](/wiki/Metalloproteins \"Metalloproteins\") consisted of iron\\-sulphur complexes formed during [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis \"Photosynthesis\").\n{{cite journal\n \\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=K.G.\n \\|last2\\=Konhauser\\|first2\\=K.O.\n \\|title\\=Iron in Earth surface systems: A major player in chemical and biological processes\n \\|journal\\=Elements\n \\|year\\=2011\\|volume\\=7\\|number\\=2\n \\|pages\\=83–88\n \\|doi\\=10\\.2113/gselements.7\\.2\\.83\n\\|bibcode\\=2011Eleme...7\\...83T\n }} Iron is the main redox metal in biological systems. In [proteins](/wiki/Proteins \"Proteins\"), it is found in a variety of sites and cofactors, including, for instance, [haem groups](/wiki/Haem \"Haem\"), Fe–O–Fe sites, and iron–sulfur clusters.",
"The prevalence of iron is apparently due to the large availability of Fe(II) in the initial evolution of living organisms, before the rise of photosynthesis and an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels which resulted in the precipitation of iron in the environment as Fe(OH){{sub\\|3}}. It has flexible redox properties because such properties are sensitive to [ligand](/wiki/Ligand \"Ligand\") coordination, including geometry. Iron can be also used in enzymes due to its [Lewis acid](/wiki/Lewis_acid \"Lewis acid\") properties, for example in nitrile hydratase. Iron is frequently found in mononuclear sites in the reduced Fe(II) form, and functions in dioxygen activation; this function is used as a major mechanism adopted by living organisms to avoid the kinetic barrier hindering the transformation of organic compounds by O{{sub\\|2}}.\n{{cite journal\n \\|last1\\=Andreini\\|first1\\=C.\n \\|last2\\=Bertini\\|first2\\=I.\n \\|last3\\=Cavallaro\\|first3\\=G.\n \\|last4\\=Holliday\\|first4\\=G.L.\n \\|last5\\=Thornton\\|first5\\=J.M.\n \\|title\\=Metal ions in biological catalysis: from enzyme databases to general principles\n \\|journal\\=Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry\n \\|year\\=2008\\|volume\\=13\\|number\\=8\n \\|pages\\=1205–1218\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00775\\-008\\-0404\\-5\n\\|pmid\\=18604568\n \\|s2cid\\=22862135\n }} Iron can be taken up selectively as ferredoxins, Fe\\-O\\-Fe (hemerythrin and ribonucleotide reductase), Fe (many oxidases), apart from iron porphyrin. Variation in the related proteins with any one of these chemical forms of iron has produced a wide range of enzymes. All of these arrangements are modified to function both in the sense of reactivity and the positioning of the protein in the cell. Iron can have various redox and spin states, and it can be held in many stereochemistries.\n{{cite journal\n \\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=R.J.P.\n \\|title\\=The symbiosis of metal and protein functions\n \\|journal\\=European Journal of Biochemistry\n \\|year\\=1985\\|volume\\=150\\|number\\=2\\|pages\\=231–248\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1432\\-1033\\.1985\\.tb09013\\.x",
"\\|pmid\\=2990929\n \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}\n[thumbnail\\|Coenzyme F430 – Theorized as the first occurrence of nickel in biological systems](/wiki/File:Coenzyme_F430.svg \"Coenzyme F430.svg\")",
"### Nickel and cobalt",
"[thumbnail\\|Coenzyme B12 – Theorized as the first occurrence of cobalt in a biological system](/wiki/File:Cobalamin_skeletal.svg \"Cobalamin skeletal.svg\")",
"Around 4–3 [Ga](/wiki/Gya \"Gya\"), [anaerobic](/wiki/Anaerobic_organism \"Anaerobic organism\") [prokaryotes](/wiki/Prokaryotes \"Prokaryotes\") began developing metal and organic [cofactors](/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29 \"Cofactor (biochemistry)\") for light absorption. They ultimately ended up making [chlorophyll](/wiki/Chlorophyll \"Chlorophyll\") from Mg(II), as is found in [cyanobacteria](/wiki/Cyanobacteria \"Cyanobacteria\") and plants, leading to modern [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis \"Photosynthesis\"). However, chlorophyll synthesis requires numerous steps. The process starts with uroporphyrin, a primitive precursor to the [porphyrin](/wiki/Porphyrin \"Porphyrin\") ring which may be [biotic](/wiki/Biotic_component \"Biotic component\") or [abiotic](/wiki/Abiotic_component \"Abiotic component\") in origin, which is then modified in cells differently to make [Mg](/wiki/Magnesium \"Magnesium\"), [Fe](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\"), [nickel (Ni)](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\"), and [cobalt (Co)](/wiki/Cobalt \"Cobalt\") complexes. The centers of these rings are not selective, thus allowing the variety of metal ions to be incorporated. Mg porphyrin gives rise to chlorophyll, Fe porphyrin to [heme](/wiki/Heme \"Heme\") proteins, Ni porphyrin yields factor [F\\-430](/wiki/Cofactor_F430 \"Cofactor F430\"), and Co porphyrin [Coenzyme B12](/wiki/Coenzyme_B12 \"Coenzyme B12\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Frank \\|first1\\=S. \\|last2\\=Brindley \\|first2\\=A.A. \\|last3\\=Deery \\|first3\\=E. \\|last4\\=Heathcote \\|first4\\=P. \\|last5\\=Lawrence \\|first5\\=A.D. \\|last6\\=Leech \\|first6\\=H.K. \\|last7\\=Pickersgill \\|first7\\=R.W. \\|last8\\=Warren \\|first8\\=M.J. \\|title\\=Anaerobic synthesis of vitamin B12: characterization of the early steps in the pathway \\|journal\\=Biochemical Society Transactions \\|date\\=2005 \\|volume\\=33 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=811–814 \\|doi\\=10\\.1042/BST0330811 \\|pmid\\=16042604}}",
"### Copper",
"Before the [Great Oxygenation Event](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event \"Great Oxygenation Event\"), copper was not readily available for living organisms. Most early copper was Cu\\+ and Cu. This oxidation state of copper is not very soluble in water. One billion years ago, after the great oxidation event the oxygen pressure rose sufficiently to oxidise Cu\\+ to Cu2\\+, increasing its solubility in water. As a result, the copper became much more available for living organisms.",
"Most copper\\-containing proteins and enzymes can be found in [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryotes \"Eukaryotes\"). Only a handful of [prokaryotes](/wiki/Prokaryotes \"Prokaryotes\") such as aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria contain copper enzymes or proteins. Copper can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [superoxide dismutase (SOD)](/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase \"Superoxide dismutase\") enzyme. There are three distinct types of SOD, containing Mn, Fe and Cu respectively. Mn\\-SOD and Fe\\-SOD are found in most prokaryotes and mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell. Cu\\-SOD can be found in the cytoplasmic fraction of the eukaryotic cells. The three elements, copper, iron and manganese, can all catalyze superoxide to ordinary molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. However, Cu\\-SOD is more efficient than Fe\\-SOD and Mn\\-SOD. Most prokaryotes only utilize Fe\\-SOD or Mn\\-SOD due to the lack of copper in the environment. Some organisms did not develop Cu\\-SOD due to the lack of a gene pool for the Cu\\-SOD adoption.\n{{cite journal\n \\|first\\=Ei\\-Ichiro\\|last\\=Ochiai\n \\|title\\=Copper and the Biological Evolution\n \\|journal\\=Biosystems\n \\|volume\\=16\n \\|issue\\=2\n \\|year\\=1983\n \\|pages\\=81–86\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0303\\-2647(83\\)90029\\-1\n\\|pmid\\=6640084\n \\|bibcode\\=1983BiSys..16\\...81O\n }}",
"### Zinc",
"[Zinc (Zn)](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\") was incorporated into living cells in two waves. Four to three [Ga](/wiki/Gya \"Gya\"), anaerobic prokaryotes arose, and the atmosphere was full of [H2S](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide \"Hydrogen sulfide\") and highly reductive. Thus most zinc was in the form of insoluble [ZnS](/wiki/Zinc_sulfide \"Zinc sulfide\"). However, because seawater at the time was slightly acidic, some Zn(II) was available in its ionic form and became part of early anaerobic prokaryotes' external [proteases](/wiki/Proteases \"Proteases\"), external [nucleases](/wiki/Nucleases \"Nucleases\"), internal [synthetases](/wiki/Synthetase \"Synthetase\") and [dehydrogenases](/wiki/Dehydrogenases \"Dehydrogenases\").",
"During the second wave, once the Great Oxygenation Event occurred, more Zn(II) ions were available in the seawater. This allowed its incorporation in the single\\-cell eukaryotes as they arose at this time. It is believed that the later addition of ions such as zinc and copper allowed them to displace iron and manganese from the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Fe and Mn complexes dissociate readily (Irving–Williams series) while Zn and Cu do not. This is why eukaryotic SOD contains Cu or Zn and its prokaryotic counterpart contains Fe or Mn.",
"Zn (II) doesn't pose an oxidation threat to the [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm \"Cytoplasm\"). This allowed it to become a major cytoplasmic element in the eukaryotes. It became associated with a new group of [transcription proteins](/wiki/Transcription_factor \"Transcription factor\"), [zinc fingers](/wiki/Zinc_fingers \"Zinc fingers\"). This could only have occurred due to the long life of eukaryotes, which allowed time for zinc to exchange and hence become an internal messenger coordinating the action of other transcription factors during growth.",
"### Molybdenum",
"[Molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum \"Molybdenum\") (Mo) is the most abundant [transition element](/wiki/Transition_element \"Transition element\") in solution in the sea (mostly as dianionic molybdate ion) and in living organisms, its abundance in the Earth's crust is quite low. Therefore, the use of Mo by living organisms seems surprising at first glance. [Archaea](/wiki/Archaea \"Archaea\"), bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans, require molybdenum. It is also found in over 50 different [enzymes](/wiki/Enzymes \"Enzymes\"). Its hydrolysis to water\\-soluble oxo\\-anionic species makes Mo readily accessible. Mo is found in the [active sites](/wiki/Active_site \"Active site\") of [metalloenzymes](/wiki/Metalloenzymes \"Metalloenzymes\") that perform key transformations in the [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") of carbon, nitrogen, arsenic, selenium, sulfur, and chlorine compounds.\nThe mononuclear Mo enzymes are widely distributed in the biosphere; they catalyze many significant reactions in the metabolism of nitrogen and sulfur\\-containing compounds as well as various [carbonyl compounds](/wiki/Carbonyl \"Carbonyl\") (e.g., aldehydes, CO, and CO{{sub\\|2}}). [Nitrate reductases](/wiki/Nitrate_reductases \"Nitrate reductases\") enzymes are important for the nitrogen cycle. They belong to a class of enzymes with a mononuclear Mo center and they catalyze the metabolism reaction of C, N, S, etc., in bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.\n{{cite book\n \\|editor1\\-last\\=Sigel\\|editor1\\-first\\=A.\n \\|editor2\\-last\\=Sigel\\|editor2\\-first\\=H.\n \\|title\\=Metal ions in biological systems: molybdenum and tungsten: their roles in biological processes\n \\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis\n \\|year\\=2002\n \\|volume\\=39\n}} Due to the oxidation of [sulfides](/wiki/Sulfides \"Sulfides\"), The first considerable development was that of [aerobic bacteria](/wiki/Aerobic_bacteria \"Aerobic bacteria\") which could now utilize Mo. As oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere and oceans, the reaction of MoS{{sub\\|2}} to MoO{{sub\\|4}} also increased. This reaction made the highly soluble molybdate ion available for incorporation into critical metalloenzymes, and may have thus allowed life to thrive. It allowed organisms to occupy new ecological niches. Mo plays an important role in the reduction of [dinitrogen](/wiki/Dinitrogen \"Dinitrogen\") to [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\"), which occurs in one type of [nitrogenases](/wiki/Nitrogenase \"Nitrogenase\"). These enzymes are used by bacteria that usually live in a [symbiotic](/wiki/Symbiotic_relationships \"Symbiotic relationships\") relationship with plants; their role is [nitrogen fixation](/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation \"Nitrogen fixation\"), which is vital for sustaining life on earth. Mo enzymes also play important roles in [sulfur metabolism](/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism \"Sulfur metabolism\") of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans.",
"### Tungsten",
"[thumb\\|*[Pyrococcus furiosus](/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus \"Pyrococcus furiosus\")*, one of the few modern organisms in which the incorporation of tungsten is still essential](/wiki/File:Pyrococcus_furiosus.png \"Pyrococcus furiosus.png\")",
"Tungsten is one of the oldest metal ions to be incorporated in biological systems, preceding the Great Oxygenation Event. Before the abundance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, oceans teemed with [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\") and tungsten, while molybdenum, a metal that is highly similar chemically, was inaccessible in solid form. The abundance of tungsten and lack of free molybdenum likely explains why early marine organisms incorporated the former instead of the latter. However, as cyanobacteria began to fill the atmosphere with oxygen, molybdenum became available (molybdenum becomes soluble when exposed to oxygen) and molybdenum began to replace tungsten in the majority of [metabolic processes](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\"), which is seen today, as tungsten is only present in the biological complexes of prokaryotes (methanogens, gram\\-positive bacteria, gram\\-negative aerobes and anaerobes), and is only obligated in [hyperthermophilic](/wiki/Hyperthermophile \"Hyperthermophile\") [archaea](/wiki/Archaea \"Archaea\") such as [P. furiosus](/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus \"Pyrococcus furiosus\").\n{{cite journal\n \\|last1\\=Kletzin\\|first1\\=Arnulf\n \\|last2\\=Adams\\|first2\\=Michael W.\n \\|title\\=Tungsten in Biological Systems\n \\|journal\\=FEMS Microbiology Reviews\n \\|year\\=1996\n \\|volume\\=18\n \\|issue\\=1\n \\|pages\\=5–63\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1574\\-6976\\.1996\\.tb00226\\.x\n \\|pmid\\=8672295\n\\|doi\\-access\\=free\n }}",
"Although research into the specific enzyme complexes in which tungsten is incorporated is relatively recent (1970s), natural tungstoenzymes are abundantly found in a large number of prokaryotic microorganisms. These include formate dehydrogenase, formyl methanufuran dehydrogenase, acetylene hydratase, and a class of phylogenetically related oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible oxidation of aldehydes. The first crystal structure of a tungsten\\- or [pterin](/wiki/Pterin \"Pterin\")\\-containing enzyme, that of [aldehyde](/wiki/Aldehyde \"Aldehyde\") [ferredoxin](/wiki/Ferredoxin \"Ferredoxin\") [oxidoreductase](/wiki/Oxidoreductase \"Oxidoreductase\") from P. furiosus, has revealed a [catalytic site](/wiki/Active_site \"Active site\") with one W atom coordinated to two pterin molecules which are themselves bridged by a magnesium ion.",
"",
""
] |
Facilities
----------
The airport covers 710 [acres](/wiki/Acre "Acre") (287 [ha](/wiki/Hectare "Hectare")) at an elevation of 640 feet (195 m). Its single runway, 3/21, is {{convert\|6801\|x\|150\|ft\|0}} long.{{cite web\|url\=https://skyvector.com/airport/CHO/Charlottesville\-Albemarle\-Airport\|title\=CHO airport at skyvector.com\|access\-date\=September 18, 2022}}
The airport has a {{convert\|60000\|sqft\|m2\|\-3\|abbr\=on}} terminal with on\-site rental cars (Enterprise, Avis, Budget, Hertz, \& National) and other ground transportation.
Food Service is available through Tailwind Concessions under the brands Turbo Grill, Radar Bar, and Copilot Coffee. There is a gift shop selling grab and go food and local gifts on the second level at Gate 5\.
[General aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation") facilities include an executive terminal offering a full\-service by the [fixed\-base operator](/wiki/Fixed-base_operator "Fixed-base operator"), [Signature Flight Support](/wiki/Signature_Aviation "Signature Aviation"), flight schools, emergency medical transportation provided by the [UVA Hospital's](/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Health_System "University of Virginia Health System") *Pegasus* service{{cite web \|url\=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pegasus/about.cfm \|title\=About Pegasus \|work\=Pegasus website \|accessdate\=February 24, 2011 \|archive\-date\=July 20, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112207/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pegasus/about.cfm \|url\-status\=dead }} and aircraft charter firms.
In 2019 the airport opened "The Founders Lounge", which is a quiet lounge area at gate 5\. Access is available to anyone who purchases a day pass for a nominal fee. It features comfortable seating, conference room, tables, and decor from local artists and craftsman showcasing the Charlottesville area. Complimentary beverages and snacks are also included.
In 2020 the airport had 90,555 aircraft operations, average 248 per day: 67% [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation"), 19% [air taxi](/wiki/Air_taxi "Air taxi"), 11% military, and 3% airline. In January 2022, 56 aircraft were based at this airport: 40 single\-engine, {{Nowrap\|8 multi\-engine,}} 6 jet, 1 [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter"), and 1 [ultralight](/wiki/Ultralight_aviation "Ultralight aviation").
In 2022, 2 new elevator banks were opened in the Long\-term parking lot to replace the older elevator to improve ADA compliance.
In 2023, the airport completed an upgrade of their airfield lighting which switched to all LED lighting. This will help to reduce maintenance, improve visibility, and reduce electric costs.{{cite web \|title\=CHO Receives Two Grants \|url\=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42582664/cho\-receives\-two\-grants \|website\=CBS News \|access\-date\=24 May 2023}} Following the return of flights to Chicago–O'Hare in August, it was announced that the airport intends to construct a new terminal and parking garage by the end of the decade.{{cite web \|title\=Chicago flights return to Charlottesville airport \|url\=https://dailyprogress.com/news/community/orangenews/chicago\-flights\-return\-to\-charlottesville\-airport/article\_e91f93c0\-317c\-11ee\-af88\-93e453b55768\.html \|website\=Daily Progress \|date\=2 August 2023 \|access\-date\=5 August 2023}}
|
[
"Facilities\n----------",
"The airport covers 710 [acres](/wiki/Acre \"Acre\") (287 [ha](/wiki/Hectare \"Hectare\")) at an elevation of 640 feet (195 m). Its single runway, 3/21, is {{convert\\|6801\\|x\\|150\\|ft\\|0}} long.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://skyvector.com/airport/CHO/Charlottesville\\-Albemarle\\-Airport\\|title\\=CHO airport at skyvector.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2022}}",
"The airport has a {{convert\\|60000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|\\-3\\|abbr\\=on}} terminal with on\\-site rental cars (Enterprise, Avis, Budget, Hertz, \\& National) and other ground transportation.",
"Food Service is available through Tailwind Concessions under the brands Turbo Grill, Radar Bar, and Copilot Coffee. There is a gift shop selling grab and go food and local gifts on the second level at Gate 5\\.",
"[General aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") facilities include an executive terminal offering a full\\-service by the [fixed\\-base operator](/wiki/Fixed-base_operator \"Fixed-base operator\"), [Signature Flight Support](/wiki/Signature_Aviation \"Signature Aviation\"), flight schools, emergency medical transportation provided by the [UVA Hospital's](/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Health_System \"University of Virginia Health System\") *Pegasus* service{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pegasus/about.cfm \\|title\\=About Pegasus \\|work\\=Pegasus website \\|accessdate\\=February 24, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112207/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pegasus/about.cfm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and aircraft charter firms.",
"In 2019 the airport opened \"The Founders Lounge\", which is a quiet lounge area at gate 5\\. Access is available to anyone who purchases a day pass for a nominal fee. It features comfortable seating, conference room, tables, and decor from local artists and craftsman showcasing the Charlottesville area. Complimentary beverages and snacks are also included.",
"In 2020 the airport had 90,555 aircraft operations, average 248 per day: 67% [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\"), 19% [air taxi](/wiki/Air_taxi \"Air taxi\"), 11% military, and 3% airline. In January 2022, 56 aircraft were based at this airport: 40 single\\-engine, {{Nowrap\\|8 multi\\-engine,}} 6 jet, 1 [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\"), and 1 [ultralight](/wiki/Ultralight_aviation \"Ultralight aviation\").",
"In 2022, 2 new elevator banks were opened in the Long\\-term parking lot to replace the older elevator to improve ADA compliance.",
"In 2023, the airport completed an upgrade of their airfield lighting which switched to all LED lighting. This will help to reduce maintenance, improve visibility, and reduce electric costs.{{cite web \\|title\\=CHO Receives Two Grants \\|url\\=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42582664/cho\\-receives\\-two\\-grants \\|website\\=CBS News \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2023}} Following the return of flights to Chicago–O'Hare in August, it was announced that the airport intends to construct a new terminal and parking garage by the end of the decade.{{cite web \\|title\\=Chicago flights return to Charlottesville airport \\|url\\=https://dailyprogress.com/news/community/orangenews/chicago\\-flights\\-return\\-to\\-charlottesville\\-airport/article\\_e91f93c0\\-317c\\-11ee\\-af88\\-93e453b55768\\.html \\|website\\=Daily Progress \\|date\\=2 August 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Catholic Family Life Insurance
Catholic Family Life Insurance was founded in the State of Wisconsin in 1868 by the Most Rev. [John Martin Henni](/wiki/John_Henni "John Henni"), first Archbishop of Milwaukee. In August 1868, he gathered 21 men from a variety of occupations and they established **The Family Protective Association**.
The new organization was officially incorporated in March, 1869\. As the oldest Catholic fraternal benefit society, CFLI would become the first to insure women and children, and first to provide Masses for living and deceased members. Over the years several societies merged with CFLI, including Rhode Island–based Union Saint\-Jean\-Baptiste in 1991, and Northern Fraternal Life, headquartered in Milwaukee, two years later. Its name changed to Catholic Family Life Insurance (CFLI) in 1949\. At the time of merger with Catholic Knights, CFLI, with headquarters in the northern Milwaukee suburb of Shorewood, had a total of 45,000 members in 78 chapters located primarily in the upper Midwest and New England.
### Catholic Knights of America
The Catholic Knights of America was a fraternal life\-insurance company chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, U.S. The origins of the Catholic Knights of America dated from when James J. McLaughlin (a Catholic and a member of the [Knights of Honor](/wiki/Knights_of_Honor "Knights of Honor")) attended an 1877 sermon by the Most Reverend [Patrick A. Feehan](/wiki/Patrick_A._Feehan "Patrick A. Feehan") (the [Ordinary](/wiki/Ordinary_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Ordinary (Catholic Church)") of the [Nashville Diocese](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nashville "Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville") and future first [Archbishop of Chicago](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Chicago "Archbishop of Chicago")). Bishop Feehan warned Catholics against joining secular fraternal orders.{{cite book \|last1\=Schmidt \|first1\=Alvin J. \|title\=Fraternal organizations \|date\=1980 \|publisher\=Greenwood Press \|location\=Westport, Conn. \|isbn\=978\-0\-3132\-1436\-3 \|page\=66}} Moved by the sermon, McLaughlin decided to form a fraternal order that would be an alternative for Catholics. The initial meeting for the new organization was held at [Emmett Hall](/wiki/Emmett_Hall "Emmett Hall") on April 23, 1877\. Branch No. 1 of the new group, the Order of United Catholics, received its charter from the State of Tennessee. The order changed its name to the Catholic Knights of Honor on June 5, and then, at the suggestion of Bishop Feehan, changed to Catholic Knights of America. The Order's [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint"), [St. Joseph, Protector of the Christian Home](/wiki/St._Joseph "St. Joseph") was chosen at the same time.["Our History", Catholic Financial Life](http://www.catholicfinanciallife.org/About/History.htm) It existed from 1877 to 2005 when it merged with the Catholic Knights Insurance Society to form the Catholic Knights, a financial services company.
In the next few years the CKA spread to West Virginia, Indiana and Ohio.[Matré, Anthony. "Catholic Knights of America." The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03453b.htm) Vol. 3\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908\. 1 Oct. 2015 The first national convention was held in Louisville, Kentucky, July 9–11, 1878\. The organization very nearly came to an end in the late 1880s when an unscrupulous treasurer absconded with the groups funds. Luckily work by other official kept the Knights from going under and much of the money was recovered.
#### Membership
In 1896 the CKA was reported to have had 25,000 members. Membership was 21,000 in the late 1960s, 25,000 in the late 1960s and 17,000 in 1995\.
#### Organization
Local units were called "branches", and the national structure was called the "Supreme Council", though it became known as the national convention by 1979\. Headquarters were in St. Louis.{{sfn\|Schmidt\|1980\|p\=67}}
A "Uniform Rank" was founded in 1893, with men in Company A given paramilitary uniforms and women in Company C given white dresses and dark blazers. A [female auxiliary](/wiki/Female_auxiliary "Female auxiliary") was established in 1895, which had its own sessions and met jointly with the male branches on "occasions of a social nature." Women were allowed into the Order in their own right in 1916 and in 1952 women were elected as both national secretary and on a seat on the Supreme Board. A juvenile department was founded in 1929\.{{sfn\|Schmidt\|1980\|p\=67}}
#### Activities
The Catholic Knights activities other than insurance included scholarships for seminarians, distribution of [rosaries](/wiki/Rosaries "Rosaries") and New Testaments, [anti\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion "Anti-abortion") rights activism and photo essay and poster contests. The Catholic Knights Insurance Company also participated in educational and social programs, including "[Catholic Action](/wiki/Catholic_Action "Catholic Action")" activities.{{sfn\|Axelrod\|1997\|p\=47}}
### Catholic Knights Insurance Society
The Order increased "spectacularly" in the state of [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin"), so much so that its membership outgrew the national organization and a disproportionate amount of premiums collected in the state went to benefit members elsewhere. When the national organization rejected a call to create regional rates, the **Order of the Catholic Knights of Wisconsin** was founded on January 21, 1885, to concentrate on insurance activities. In 1958 this order changed its name to the Catholic Knights Insurance Society.
Another group, the Catholic Knights of Ohio, was formed in 1891\.{{cite book \|last1\=Axelrod \|first1\=Alan \|author\-link\=Alan Axelrod \|title\=The international encyclopedia of secret societies and fraternal orders \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Facts on File \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-0\-8160\-3871\-8 \|pages\=46–47}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Catholic Family Life Insurance",
"Catholic Family Life Insurance was founded in the State of Wisconsin in 1868 by the Most Rev. [John Martin Henni](/wiki/John_Henni \"John Henni\"), first Archbishop of Milwaukee. In August 1868, he gathered 21 men from a variety of occupations and they established **The Family Protective Association**.",
"The new organization was officially incorporated in March, 1869\\. As the oldest Catholic fraternal benefit society, CFLI would become the first to insure women and children, and first to provide Masses for living and deceased members. Over the years several societies merged with CFLI, including Rhode Island–based Union Saint\\-Jean\\-Baptiste in 1991, and Northern Fraternal Life, headquartered in Milwaukee, two years later. Its name changed to Catholic Family Life Insurance (CFLI) in 1949\\. At the time of merger with Catholic Knights, CFLI, with headquarters in the northern Milwaukee suburb of Shorewood, had a total of 45,000 members in 78 chapters located primarily in the upper Midwest and New England.",
"### Catholic Knights of America",
"The Catholic Knights of America was a fraternal life\\-insurance company chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, U.S. The origins of the Catholic Knights of America dated from when James J. McLaughlin (a Catholic and a member of the [Knights of Honor](/wiki/Knights_of_Honor \"Knights of Honor\")) attended an 1877 sermon by the Most Reverend [Patrick A. Feehan](/wiki/Patrick_A._Feehan \"Patrick A. Feehan\") (the [Ordinary](/wiki/Ordinary_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Ordinary (Catholic Church)\") of the [Nashville Diocese](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nashville \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville\") and future first [Archbishop of Chicago](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Chicago \"Archbishop of Chicago\")). Bishop Feehan warned Catholics against joining secular fraternal orders.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schmidt \\|first1\\=Alvin J. \\|title\\=Fraternal organizations \\|date\\=1980 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Press \\|location\\=Westport, Conn. \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-3132\\-1436\\-3 \\|page\\=66}} Moved by the sermon, McLaughlin decided to form a fraternal order that would be an alternative for Catholics. The initial meeting for the new organization was held at [Emmett Hall](/wiki/Emmett_Hall \"Emmett Hall\") on April 23, 1877\\. Branch No. 1 of the new group, the Order of United Catholics, received its charter from the State of Tennessee. The order changed its name to the Catholic Knights of Honor on June 5, and then, at the suggestion of Bishop Feehan, changed to Catholic Knights of America. The Order's [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\"), [St. Joseph, Protector of the Christian Home](/wiki/St._Joseph \"St. Joseph\") was chosen at the same time.[\"Our History\", Catholic Financial Life](http://www.catholicfinanciallife.org/About/History.htm) It existed from 1877 to 2005 when it merged with the Catholic Knights Insurance Society to form the Catholic Knights, a financial services company.",
"In the next few years the CKA spread to West Virginia, Indiana and Ohio.[Matré, Anthony. \"Catholic Knights of America.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03453b.htm) Vol. 3\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908\\. 1 Oct. 2015 The first national convention was held in Louisville, Kentucky, July 9–11, 1878\\. The organization very nearly came to an end in the late 1880s when an unscrupulous treasurer absconded with the groups funds. Luckily work by other official kept the Knights from going under and much of the money was recovered.",
"#### Membership",
"In 1896 the CKA was reported to have had 25,000 members. Membership was 21,000 in the late 1960s, 25,000 in the late 1960s and 17,000 in 1995\\.",
"#### Organization",
"Local units were called \"branches\", and the national structure was called the \"Supreme Council\", though it became known as the national convention by 1979\\. Headquarters were in St. Louis.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1980\\|p\\=67}}",
"A \"Uniform Rank\" was founded in 1893, with men in Company A given paramilitary uniforms and women in Company C given white dresses and dark blazers. A [female auxiliary](/wiki/Female_auxiliary \"Female auxiliary\") was established in 1895, which had its own sessions and met jointly with the male branches on \"occasions of a social nature.\" Women were allowed into the Order in their own right in 1916 and in 1952 women were elected as both national secretary and on a seat on the Supreme Board. A juvenile department was founded in 1929\\.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1980\\|p\\=67}}",
"#### Activities",
"The Catholic Knights activities other than insurance included scholarships for seminarians, distribution of [rosaries](/wiki/Rosaries \"Rosaries\") and New Testaments, [anti\\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion \"Anti-abortion\") rights activism and photo essay and poster contests. The Catholic Knights Insurance Company also participated in educational and social programs, including \"[Catholic Action](/wiki/Catholic_Action \"Catholic Action\")\" activities.{{sfn\\|Axelrod\\|1997\\|p\\=47}}",
"### Catholic Knights Insurance Society",
"The Order increased \"spectacularly\" in the state of [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), so much so that its membership outgrew the national organization and a disproportionate amount of premiums collected in the state went to benefit members elsewhere. When the national organization rejected a call to create regional rates, the **Order of the Catholic Knights of Wisconsin** was founded on January 21, 1885, to concentrate on insurance activities. In 1958 this order changed its name to the Catholic Knights Insurance Society.",
"Another group, the Catholic Knights of Ohio, was formed in 1891\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Axelrod \\|first1\\=Alan \\|author\\-link\\=Alan Axelrod \\|title\\=The international encyclopedia of secret societies and fraternal orders \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Facts on File \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8160\\-3871\\-8 \\|pages\\=46–47}}",
""
] |
Contents
--------
### Civil to Strangers
*Civil to Strangers* was written in 1936, with the working title of *Adam and Cassandra*. Pym's first novel, *[Some Tame Gazelle](/wiki/Some_Tame_Gazelle "Some Tame Gazelle")*, had been rejected by publishers in 1935\. She felt that *Civil to Strangers* was not "really as good as *Some Tame Gazelle* but it may stand a better chance of getting accepted".{{cite book \|last\=Pym \|first\=Barbara \|date\=1984 \|title\=A Very Private Eye: An Autobiography in Diaries and Letters (ed. Hazel Holt and Hilary Pym) \|url\=https://archive.org/details/veryprivateeyeau0000pymb \|url\-access\=registration \|location\=New York \|publisher\=E.P. Dutton \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/veryprivateeyeau0000pymb/page/59 59] \|isbn\=0525242341}} The novel's title is taken from a poem, *The Choice*, by 17th century English poet [John Pomfret](/wiki/John_Pomfret_%28poet%29 "John Pomfret (poet)").{{cite book \|last\=Pym \|first\=Barbara \|date\=1987 \|title\=Civil to Strangers and Other Writings \|url\=https://archive.org/details/civiltostrangers00pymb \|url\-access\=registration \|location\=New York \|publisher\=E.P. Dutton \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/civiltostrangers00pymb/page/7 7] \|isbn\=0525245936}} Each chapter of the novel features an [epigraph](/wiki/Epigraph_%28literature%29 "Epigraph (literature)") using quotes from the 1730 poem cycle *[The Seasons](/wiki/The_Seasons_%28Thomson%29 "The Seasons (Thomson)")* by [James Thomson](/wiki/James_Thomson_%28poet%2C_born_1700%29 "James Thomson (poet, born 1700)").
The novel is set primarily in a small town in [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire "Shropshire") where the obscure novelist and poet Adam Marsh\-Gibbon lives with his overly doting wife Cassandra, who has put her needs second to ensure his career, although it is her family money on which they live. A handsome and single Hungarian man, Stefan Tilos, arrives in the town, creating an aura of romance in the dull lives of the townspeople, including Cassandra, with whom he falls in love. As Adam's and Cassandra's desires follow separate paths, Adam takes a holiday in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford") for research while Cassandra travels to [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest") by train. By coincidence, Stefan leaves for Budapest at the same time. Cassandra is worried that observers will jump to the conclusion that she has eloped with Stefan. Adam realises how much he needs his wife and follows her to Hungary, where they reach a better relationship and meet Stefan and some of his relatives on friendly terms.
The climactic scenes in Budapest were inspired by a visit Pym took to the city with her sister Hilary in 1935\.
### Gervase and Flora
Pym wrote *Gervase and Flora* in 1938\. The novel is set in [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), and tells the story of two young English people living in or visiting the country. It was based on the experience of Henry Harvey, a man with whom Pym had had a relationship during the 1930s, and with whom she regularly exchanged letters. Pym finished the draft of the novel; however, when she learned that Harvey had married in late 1938, she put it aside, not wanting to work on it further due to her strong feelings.{{cite book \|last\=Holt \|first\=Hazel \|date\=1990 \|title\=A Lot to Ask: A Life of Barbara Pym \|location\=London \|publisher\=Macmillan \|pages\=64–65 \|isbn\=0525249370}}
Pym did not title the novel; this was done by Holt after Pym's death.Pym 1987, p.173 The completed manuscript was 216 pages; however, the volume only includes polished excerpts, rendering this a [novella](/wiki/Novella "Novella").
### "Home Front Novel"
Pym wrote this unfinished, untitled novel in 1939\. After studying at [St Hilda's College, Oxford](/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College%2C_Oxford "St Hilda's College, Oxford") Pym had returned home to [Oswestry](/wiki/Oswestry "Oswestry") to live with her parents. She participated in voluntary work before and during the commencement of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). The novel chronicles life in a village during 1939, based on Pym's own experiences as she was writing.Holt 1990, pp.76\-77 Pym abandoned the manuscript to write *[Crampton Hodnet](/wiki/Crampton_Hodnet "Crampton Hodnet")* in 1940, and was then distracted by her war service, leaving the manuscript unfinished. In the 1960s, she considered updating the manuscript, since she thought its wartime setting might be attractive to publishers, but ultimately did no more work on it.Pym 1987, p.218
The incomplete manuscript is 195 pages; however, this volume only includes polished excerpts from it.
### So Very Secret
Pym's only [spy novel](/wiki/Spy_novel "Spy novel"), *So Very Secret* features an ordinary unmarried woman, Cassandra Swan, whose father had been an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican_church "Anglican church") vicar. When Cassandra's friend Harriet disappears while staying with her, Cassandra discovers that her friend did secret work for the Foreign Office, and sets out to find her, becoming entangled in an espionage plot amongst the usual Pym cast of priests and academics.Holt 1990, p.99 Pym wrote the novel while living in Oswestry in 1940 and 1941\. However, she found herself struggling with the need for such a strong plot, writing in a letter that "I don't quite know what I'm driving at".Pym 1984, p.95 It was the observational humour that was most notable about the text. Pym completed the first draft; however, she had to register for war work in October 1941, and had no more time to write during the war.Pym 1987, pp.271\-272
The complete manuscript is 227 pages; however, this volume only includes polished excerpts. The story was adapted for [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4") in 1998\.[BBC Genome Listings](https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/266763fdfbd948818ca94e7038c74ae1), accessed 1 May 2020
### Short stories
This volume includes four of Pym's 27 short stories. Her complete manuscripts are collected in the archives at the [Bodleian Library](/wiki/Bodleian_Library "Bodleian Library"), but most were incomplete or not of a finished quality. Holt selected the strongest stories.*Green Leaves: The Journal of the Barbara Pym Society*, Vol 11, No. 1, May 2005
* *So, Some Tempestuous Morn* \- unpublished short story from the 1950s. This features the characters of Miss Morrow and Miss Doggett, who had previously featured in the 1940 novel *[Crampton Hodnet](/wiki/Crampton_Hodnet "Crampton Hodnet")* (not published in Pym's lifetime), and would be resurrected for her third published novel, *[Jane and Prudence](/wiki/Jane_and_Prudence "Jane and Prudence")*.
* *The Christmas Visit* \- commissioned for *[The Church Times](/wiki/The_Church_Times "The Church Times")* in December 1978\. This novel features the characters of Mark and Sophia Ainger, and their cat Faustina, who were the lead roles in Pym's novel *[An Unsuitable Attachment](/wiki/An_Unsuitable_Attachment "An Unsuitable Attachment")*, which had been rejected for publication in 1963 and was only published after her death.
* *Goodbye Balkan Capital* \- unpublished short story from 1941\. Pym submitted the story to *[Penguin New Writing](/wiki/New_Writing "New Writing")* but it was rejected. It was inspired by a news article about life in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") during the War.
* *Across a Crowded Room* \- commissioned by *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* in July 1979\. This story includes an appearance by the American character Ned, who first appeared in Pym's 1978 novel *[The Sweet Dove Died](/wiki/The_Sweet_Dove_Died "The Sweet Dove Died")*.
### Finding a Voice
A transcript of a radio talk given by Pym for [BBC Radio 3](/wiki/BBC_Radio_3 "BBC Radio 3") and transmitted on 4 April 1978\. Pym discusses the circumstances of finding her authorial voice during her early success (1950\-1961\) and the challenge of being asked to change her voice, when her novels started being rejected by publishers in the 1960s. She also recounts her "rediscovery" in 1977, which led to her fame and international success.
|
[
"Contents\n--------",
"### Civil to Strangers",
"*Civil to Strangers* was written in 1936, with the working title of *Adam and Cassandra*. Pym's first novel, *[Some Tame Gazelle](/wiki/Some_Tame_Gazelle \"Some Tame Gazelle\")*, had been rejected by publishers in 1935\\. She felt that *Civil to Strangers* was not \"really as good as *Some Tame Gazelle* but it may stand a better chance of getting accepted\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Pym \\|first\\=Barbara \\|date\\=1984 \\|title\\=A Very Private Eye: An Autobiography in Diaries and Letters (ed. Hazel Holt and Hilary Pym) \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/veryprivateeyeau0000pymb \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=E.P. Dutton \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/veryprivateeyeau0000pymb/page/59 59] \\|isbn\\=0525242341}} The novel's title is taken from a poem, *The Choice*, by 17th century English poet [John Pomfret](/wiki/John_Pomfret_%28poet%29 \"John Pomfret (poet)\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Pym \\|first\\=Barbara \\|date\\=1987 \\|title\\=Civil to Strangers and Other Writings \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/civiltostrangers00pymb \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=E.P. Dutton \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/civiltostrangers00pymb/page/7 7] \\|isbn\\=0525245936}} Each chapter of the novel features an [epigraph](/wiki/Epigraph_%28literature%29 \"Epigraph (literature)\") using quotes from the 1730 poem cycle *[The Seasons](/wiki/The_Seasons_%28Thomson%29 \"The Seasons (Thomson)\")* by [James Thomson](/wiki/James_Thomson_%28poet%2C_born_1700%29 \"James Thomson (poet, born 1700)\").",
"The novel is set primarily in a small town in [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire \"Shropshire\") where the obscure novelist and poet Adam Marsh\\-Gibbon lives with his overly doting wife Cassandra, who has put her needs second to ensure his career, although it is her family money on which they live. A handsome and single Hungarian man, Stefan Tilos, arrives in the town, creating an aura of romance in the dull lives of the townspeople, including Cassandra, with whom he falls in love. As Adam's and Cassandra's desires follow separate paths, Adam takes a holiday in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\") for research while Cassandra travels to [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") by train. By coincidence, Stefan leaves for Budapest at the same time. Cassandra is worried that observers will jump to the conclusion that she has eloped with Stefan. Adam realises how much he needs his wife and follows her to Hungary, where they reach a better relationship and meet Stefan and some of his relatives on friendly terms.",
"The climactic scenes in Budapest were inspired by a visit Pym took to the city with her sister Hilary in 1935\\.",
"### Gervase and Flora",
"Pym wrote *Gervase and Flora* in 1938\\. The novel is set in [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), and tells the story of two young English people living in or visiting the country. It was based on the experience of Henry Harvey, a man with whom Pym had had a relationship during the 1930s, and with whom she regularly exchanged letters. Pym finished the draft of the novel; however, when she learned that Harvey had married in late 1938, she put it aside, not wanting to work on it further due to her strong feelings.{{cite book \\|last\\=Holt \\|first\\=Hazel \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=A Lot to Ask: A Life of Barbara Pym \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|pages\\=64–65 \\|isbn\\=0525249370}}",
"Pym did not title the novel; this was done by Holt after Pym's death.Pym 1987, p.173 The completed manuscript was 216 pages; however, the volume only includes polished excerpts, rendering this a [novella](/wiki/Novella \"Novella\").",
"### \"Home Front Novel\"",
"Pym wrote this unfinished, untitled novel in 1939\\. After studying at [St Hilda's College, Oxford](/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College%2C_Oxford \"St Hilda's College, Oxford\") Pym had returned home to [Oswestry](/wiki/Oswestry \"Oswestry\") to live with her parents. She participated in voluntary work before and during the commencement of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). The novel chronicles life in a village during 1939, based on Pym's own experiences as she was writing.Holt 1990, pp.76\\-77 Pym abandoned the manuscript to write *[Crampton Hodnet](/wiki/Crampton_Hodnet \"Crampton Hodnet\")* in 1940, and was then distracted by her war service, leaving the manuscript unfinished. In the 1960s, she considered updating the manuscript, since she thought its wartime setting might be attractive to publishers, but ultimately did no more work on it.Pym 1987, p.218",
"The incomplete manuscript is 195 pages; however, this volume only includes polished excerpts from it.",
"### So Very Secret",
"Pym's only [spy novel](/wiki/Spy_novel \"Spy novel\"), *So Very Secret* features an ordinary unmarried woman, Cassandra Swan, whose father had been an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican_church \"Anglican church\") vicar. When Cassandra's friend Harriet disappears while staying with her, Cassandra discovers that her friend did secret work for the Foreign Office, and sets out to find her, becoming entangled in an espionage plot amongst the usual Pym cast of priests and academics.Holt 1990, p.99 Pym wrote the novel while living in Oswestry in 1940 and 1941\\. However, she found herself struggling with the need for such a strong plot, writing in a letter that \"I don't quite know what I'm driving at\".Pym 1984, p.95 It was the observational humour that was most notable about the text. Pym completed the first draft; however, she had to register for war work in October 1941, and had no more time to write during the war.Pym 1987, pp.271\\-272",
"The complete manuscript is 227 pages; however, this volume only includes polished excerpts. The story was adapted for [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\") in 1998\\.[BBC Genome Listings](https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/266763fdfbd948818ca94e7038c74ae1), accessed 1 May 2020",
"### Short stories",
"This volume includes four of Pym's 27 short stories. Her complete manuscripts are collected in the archives at the [Bodleian Library](/wiki/Bodleian_Library \"Bodleian Library\"), but most were incomplete or not of a finished quality. Holt selected the strongest stories.*Green Leaves: The Journal of the Barbara Pym Society*, Vol 11, No. 1, May 2005",
"* *So, Some Tempestuous Morn* \\- unpublished short story from the 1950s. This features the characters of Miss Morrow and Miss Doggett, who had previously featured in the 1940 novel *[Crampton Hodnet](/wiki/Crampton_Hodnet \"Crampton Hodnet\")* (not published in Pym's lifetime), and would be resurrected for her third published novel, *[Jane and Prudence](/wiki/Jane_and_Prudence \"Jane and Prudence\")*.\n* *The Christmas Visit* \\- commissioned for *[The Church Times](/wiki/The_Church_Times \"The Church Times\")* in December 1978\\. This novel features the characters of Mark and Sophia Ainger, and their cat Faustina, who were the lead roles in Pym's novel *[An Unsuitable Attachment](/wiki/An_Unsuitable_Attachment \"An Unsuitable Attachment\")*, which had been rejected for publication in 1963 and was only published after her death.\n* *Goodbye Balkan Capital* \\- unpublished short story from 1941\\. Pym submitted the story to *[Penguin New Writing](/wiki/New_Writing \"New Writing\")* but it was rejected. It was inspired by a news article about life in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") during the War.\n* *Across a Crowded Room* \\- commissioned by *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* in July 1979\\. This story includes an appearance by the American character Ned, who first appeared in Pym's 1978 novel *[The Sweet Dove Died](/wiki/The_Sweet_Dove_Died \"The Sweet Dove Died\")*.",
"### Finding a Voice",
"A transcript of a radio talk given by Pym for [BBC Radio 3](/wiki/BBC_Radio_3 \"BBC Radio 3\") and transmitted on 4 April 1978\\. Pym discusses the circumstances of finding her authorial voice during her early success (1950\\-1961\\) and the challenge of being asked to change her voice, when her novels started being rejected by publishers in the 1960s. She also recounts her \"rediscovery\" in 1977, which led to her fame and international success.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film begins with stock footage scenes of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). An American soldier named Frankie is seen running alone through the jungle as his voice narrates. He explains that he "goes back there every night" right before he wakes up in bed with his wife in their squalid [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") apartment. The distorted cries of his baby are heard, and his pregnant wife wakes up to tend to the boy. They argue over Frankie's unemployment and their son's health. The baby is a mutant, which Frankie assumes was a result of [chemical weapons](/wiki/Chemical_weapon "Chemical weapon") such as [Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange "Agent Orange") used during the war.
A junkie scores from the local kingpin, Paco. Frankie waits in line outside the unemployment office. The junkie desperately searches for a needle to shoot up with. Frankie kills time entertaining a [child prostitute](/wiki/Child_prostitute "Child prostitute"). The junkie resorts to dumping the drugs directly onto a wound he opens in his arm and passes out. A random woman comes upon him and steals his gun and ammunition, putting them in her purse.
There is no work for Frankie at the unemployment office. Unexplained arbitrary things happen, such as one social worker asking another if he's seen his [Veg\-O\-Matic](/wiki/Veg-O-Matic "Veg-O-Matic"). Frankie's social worker spaces out during their meeting and says, "Life is hot, and because life is hot, I must take off my jacket." He then resumes the meeting, imploring Frankie to go back to school because he has no marketable skills. Frankie is desperate for work, having been unemployed for four months.
He calls his father to ask for money. His father thinks the call is a prank, since he believes his son died in [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon "Saigon"). Frankie explains that he was reported killed 15 years ago but made it out alive and spent three years in an army hospital recuperating. He tells his father that his wife is pregnant again and they are being evicted, but his father claims that he is also broke and about to die from a heart condition.
Seemingly broken, Frankie comes across the woman who stole the junkie's gun and steals her purse, an out of character criminal act for him. She screams for help. Paco and his thugs chase Frankie. When they overcome him, they mercilessly beat him. The gun falls out of the bag during the pummeling. When Paco goes through the bag, he finds the bullets and realizes there must have been a gun in it. He turns around to see Frankie standing with the gun.
Frankie shoots all three men in a daze. He has been beaten to a pulp, and his voice\-over explains that his father was right: he had died in Saigon. He explains that his company had come upon a village where everyone had killed themselves to avoid being raped and murdered by the US soldiers. He realizes that he must similarly 'save' his family, and he returns home.
His wife is horrified by his appearance and briefly tends to his wounds. He is catatonic and hallucinates in front of the TV. Eventually, he reloads the gun and prepares to kill himself, but another hallucination reminds him of his purpose for returning home. Frankie walks into the bedroom, tells his wife that he loves her, and then shoots her in the stomach. As she lies on the ground, he shoots her three more times, yelling at her to die. He shoots the baby once and then picks it up from the crib. He cradles it and walks into the kitchen with it.
Frankie lays the baby in the oven and turns it all the way to the cleaning setting. He then pours himself a glass of spoiled milk and drinks it before shooting himself in the head. The final shot shows a train passing by into the night.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film begins with stock footage scenes of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). An American soldier named Frankie is seen running alone through the jungle as his voice narrates. He explains that he \"goes back there every night\" right before he wakes up in bed with his wife in their squalid [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") apartment. The distorted cries of his baby are heard, and his pregnant wife wakes up to tend to the boy. They argue over Frankie's unemployment and their son's health. The baby is a mutant, which Frankie assumes was a result of [chemical weapons](/wiki/Chemical_weapon \"Chemical weapon\") such as [Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange \"Agent Orange\") used during the war.",
"A junkie scores from the local kingpin, Paco. Frankie waits in line outside the unemployment office. The junkie desperately searches for a needle to shoot up with. Frankie kills time entertaining a [child prostitute](/wiki/Child_prostitute \"Child prostitute\"). The junkie resorts to dumping the drugs directly onto a wound he opens in his arm and passes out. A random woman comes upon him and steals his gun and ammunition, putting them in her purse.",
"There is no work for Frankie at the unemployment office. Unexplained arbitrary things happen, such as one social worker asking another if he's seen his [Veg\\-O\\-Matic](/wiki/Veg-O-Matic \"Veg-O-Matic\"). Frankie's social worker spaces out during their meeting and says, \"Life is hot, and because life is hot, I must take off my jacket.\" He then resumes the meeting, imploring Frankie to go back to school because he has no marketable skills. Frankie is desperate for work, having been unemployed for four months.",
"He calls his father to ask for money. His father thinks the call is a prank, since he believes his son died in [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon \"Saigon\"). Frankie explains that he was reported killed 15 years ago but made it out alive and spent three years in an army hospital recuperating. He tells his father that his wife is pregnant again and they are being evicted, but his father claims that he is also broke and about to die from a heart condition.",
"Seemingly broken, Frankie comes across the woman who stole the junkie's gun and steals her purse, an out of character criminal act for him. She screams for help. Paco and his thugs chase Frankie. When they overcome him, they mercilessly beat him. The gun falls out of the bag during the pummeling. When Paco goes through the bag, he finds the bullets and realizes there must have been a gun in it. He turns around to see Frankie standing with the gun.",
"Frankie shoots all three men in a daze. He has been beaten to a pulp, and his voice\\-over explains that his father was right: he had died in Saigon. He explains that his company had come upon a village where everyone had killed themselves to avoid being raped and murdered by the US soldiers. He realizes that he must similarly 'save' his family, and he returns home.",
"His wife is horrified by his appearance and briefly tends to his wounds. He is catatonic and hallucinates in front of the TV. Eventually, he reloads the gun and prepares to kill himself, but another hallucination reminds him of his purpose for returning home. Frankie walks into the bedroom, tells his wife that he loves her, and then shoots her in the stomach. As she lies on the ground, he shoots her three more times, yelling at her to die. He shoots the baby once and then picks it up from the crib. He cradles it and walks into the kitchen with it.",
"Frankie lays the baby in the oven and turns it all the way to the cleaning setting. He then pours himself a glass of spoiled milk and drinks it before shooting himself in the head. The final shot shows a train passing by into the night.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Grant, Biscuit, and Milo are punks living in [Queens](/wiki/Queens "Queens"). Bored with their lives, they decide to move to Los Angeles, and set out on a cross\-country drive. In Utah they assist [Elvis impersonator](/wiki/Elvis_impersonator "Elvis impersonator") "Daredelvis" with getting his trailer unstuck. Later, Grant sees a mirage of a cowboy on horseback. While camping in the Arizona desert they are attacked by a gang of vicious [rednecks](/wiki/Redneck "Redneck"), and Milo is murdered by their leader, Missoula. Grant and Biscuit escape and collapse in the desert, where Grant again sees a vision of the cowboy.
The local sheriffs do not believe the boys' story, having no record of Missoula or his gang and being unable to find Milo's body as evidence of the murder. Grant resolves to track down the gang and avenge Milo's death, despite Biscuit's reservations. Heading back into Utah, they find one of the gang's trucks overturned and several of the members dead. Before dying, one of them reveals that they planned to turn themselves in but were killed by Missoula, who is headed north through Wyoming to Montana. The boys also meet Jessie, a young woman who runs a gas station and towing business.
Catching up to Missoula's truck, Grant and Biscuit engage in a high\-speed shootout with Missoula and his buddy Blix, but swerve off the road and crash. They are rescued by Jessie, who teaches Grant how to shoot and ride a horse and strikes up a romance with him. Meanwhile, Biscuit has a dream in which he is part of a Native American tribe who are slaughtered by [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") soldiers led by Missoula. Upon awakening, he begins to imitate a Native American warrior and insists on resuming the pursuit. Jesse outfits the pair in exaggerated western costumes and gives them use of a beat\-up 1959 [Buick Invicta](/wiki/Buick_Invicta "Buick Invicta") complete with bull's horns mounted to the hood.
In Wyoming, the boys find Daredelvis working at a [rodeo](/wiki/Rodeo "Rodeo") and enlist his help to capture gang member Wes, from whom they recover Milo's stolen jacket, but Wes is killed by a bull without revealing Missoula's location. On the way to a [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town "Ghost town") where Missoula is rumored to be hiding, Grant once again sees the mysterious cowboy, but Biscuit dismisses it as an illusion. Finding the town empty, the pair get drunk and have a vision in which they meet the cowboy, named Witherspoon, accompanied by a trio of Native American warriors from Biscuit's dream. Witherspoon magically transports Grant back in time to when the town was populated and raucous, while the Native Americans similarly transport Biscuit back in time to participate in a tribal gathering.
Awakening [hung over](/wiki/Hang_over "Hang over"), Grant finds a matchbook in Milo's jacket that leads them to a saloon in a Montana town where they find Missoula and Blix. Trailing them into a movie theater, Grant and Biscuit open fire on the pair, but Grant hesitates and a shootout ensues; Missoula and Blix escape, while Grant and Biscuit are arrested and jailed. Missoula and Blix murder two sheriff's department officers and invade the jail in an attempt to kill the boys, but Jessie arrives just in time to break them out. Grant manages to kill Blix and wound Missoula, and pursues him on horseback to an abandoned building, where he tackles Missoula off a high ledge. Missoula shoots Grant in the arm and Grant returns fire, killing him. Grant once again sees Witherspoon and the Native American warriors, now accompanied by Milo, who ride off into the distance and disappear in a cloud of dust just before Biscuit and Jessie arrive.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Grant, Biscuit, and Milo are punks living in [Queens](/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"). Bored with their lives, they decide to move to Los Angeles, and set out on a cross\\-country drive. In Utah they assist [Elvis impersonator](/wiki/Elvis_impersonator \"Elvis impersonator\") \"Daredelvis\" with getting his trailer unstuck. Later, Grant sees a mirage of a cowboy on horseback. While camping in the Arizona desert they are attacked by a gang of vicious [rednecks](/wiki/Redneck \"Redneck\"), and Milo is murdered by their leader, Missoula. Grant and Biscuit escape and collapse in the desert, where Grant again sees a vision of the cowboy.",
"The local sheriffs do not believe the boys' story, having no record of Missoula or his gang and being unable to find Milo's body as evidence of the murder. Grant resolves to track down the gang and avenge Milo's death, despite Biscuit's reservations. Heading back into Utah, they find one of the gang's trucks overturned and several of the members dead. Before dying, one of them reveals that they planned to turn themselves in but were killed by Missoula, who is headed north through Wyoming to Montana. The boys also meet Jessie, a young woman who runs a gas station and towing business.",
"Catching up to Missoula's truck, Grant and Biscuit engage in a high\\-speed shootout with Missoula and his buddy Blix, but swerve off the road and crash. They are rescued by Jessie, who teaches Grant how to shoot and ride a horse and strikes up a romance with him. Meanwhile, Biscuit has a dream in which he is part of a Native American tribe who are slaughtered by [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") soldiers led by Missoula. Upon awakening, he begins to imitate a Native American warrior and insists on resuming the pursuit. Jesse outfits the pair in exaggerated western costumes and gives them use of a beat\\-up 1959 [Buick Invicta](/wiki/Buick_Invicta \"Buick Invicta\") complete with bull's horns mounted to the hood.",
"In Wyoming, the boys find Daredelvis working at a [rodeo](/wiki/Rodeo \"Rodeo\") and enlist his help to capture gang member Wes, from whom they recover Milo's stolen jacket, but Wes is killed by a bull without revealing Missoula's location. On the way to a [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\") where Missoula is rumored to be hiding, Grant once again sees the mysterious cowboy, but Biscuit dismisses it as an illusion. Finding the town empty, the pair get drunk and have a vision in which they meet the cowboy, named Witherspoon, accompanied by a trio of Native American warriors from Biscuit's dream. Witherspoon magically transports Grant back in time to when the town was populated and raucous, while the Native Americans similarly transport Biscuit back in time to participate in a tribal gathering.",
"Awakening [hung over](/wiki/Hang_over \"Hang over\"), Grant finds a matchbook in Milo's jacket that leads them to a saloon in a Montana town where they find Missoula and Blix. Trailing them into a movie theater, Grant and Biscuit open fire on the pair, but Grant hesitates and a shootout ensues; Missoula and Blix escape, while Grant and Biscuit are arrested and jailed. Missoula and Blix murder two sheriff's department officers and invade the jail in an attempt to kill the boys, but Jessie arrives just in time to break them out. Grant manages to kill Blix and wound Missoula, and pursues him on horseback to an abandoned building, where he tackles Missoula off a high ledge. Missoula shoots Grant in the arm and Grant returns fire, killing him. Grant once again sees Witherspoon and the Native American warriors, now accompanied by Milo, who ride off into the distance and disappear in a cloud of dust just before Biscuit and Jessie arrive.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 2012: *The X Factor* (US)
Miller was a contestant on [season two](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28American_season_2%29 "The X Factor (American season 2)") of *[The X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "The X Factor (U.S. TV series)")*, finishing in ninth place. She was eliminated after losing the final showdown to CeCe Frey. However, Miller received more votes than Frey meaning if the result went to deadlock, Miller would have been saved.Aaron Parsley, ["The X Factor Reveals Top 12,"](http://people.com/tv/x-factor-results-night-top-12-revealed/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225332/http://people.com/tv/x\-factor\-results\-night\-top\-12\-revealed/ \|date\=March 2, 2018 }} *[People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)")*, November 1, 2012\.Raisa Bruner, ["Listen to X Factor Alum Bea Miller's Fresh, Soulful Single 'Song Like You',"](http://time.com/4681262/bea-miller-song-like-you/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225223711/http://time.com/4681262/bea\-miller\-song\-like\-you/ \|date\=February 25, 2017 }} *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, February 24, 2017\. She performed the following songs on the show:
| Episode | Theme | Song{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} | Original artist | Order | Result |
| Audition | Free choice | "[Cowboy Take Me Away](/wiki/Cowboy_Take_Me_Away "Cowboy Take Me Away")" | [The Chicks](/wiki/The_Chicks "The Chicks") | rowspan\="5" {{n/a}} | Advanced |
| Bootcamp 1 | Solo performance |Not viewed
Advanced |
| Bootcamp 2 | Group performance |Not viewed
Advanced |
| Bootcamp 3 | Duet performance | "[Pumped Up Kicks](/wiki/Pumped_Up_Kicks "Pumped Up Kicks")"(with [Carly Rose Sonenclar](/wiki/Carly_Rose_Sonenclar "Carly Rose Sonenclar")) | [Foster the People](/wiki/Foster_the_People "Foster the People") | Advanced |
| Judges' houses | Free choice | "[Titanium](/wiki/Titanium_%28song%29 "Titanium (song)")" | [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta "David Guetta") and [Sia](/wiki/Sia "Sia") | Advanced |
| Week 1 | Made in America | "[I Won't Give Up](/wiki/I_Won%27t_Give_Up "I Won't Give Up")" | [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz "Jason Mraz") | 11 | Advanced |
| Week 2 | Songs from movies | "[Iris](/wiki/Iris_%28Goo_Goo_Dolls_song%29 "Iris (Goo Goo Dolls song)")" | [Goo Goo Dolls](/wiki/Goo_Goo_Dolls "Goo Goo Dolls") | 5 | Safe (10th) |
| Week 3 | [Divas](/wiki/Diva "Diva") | "[Time After Time](/wiki/Time_After_Time_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 "Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)")" | [Cyndi Lauper](/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper "Cyndi Lauper") | 4 | Safe (8th)Sophie Schillaci and Michele Amabile Angermiller, ["'X Factor' Finalist Beatrice Miller 'Hated' Britney Spears' Song Choice,"](http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/x-factor-beatrice-miller-hated-song-391156) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104447/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/x\-factor\-beatrice\-miller\-hated\-song\-391156 \|date\=May 27, 2013 }} *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter")*, November 15, 2012\. |
| Week 4 | [Giving Thanks](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") | "[Chasing Cars](/wiki/Chasing_Cars "Chasing Cars")" | [Snow Patrol](/wiki/Snow_Patrol "Snow Patrol") | 7 | Bottom three (8th)["'The X Factor' Results: Arin Ray And Beatrice Miller Sent Home In Double Elimination,"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/23/x-factor-top-8-results-elimination_n_2176652.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130016/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/23/x\-factor\-top\-8\-results\-elimination\_n\_2176652\.html \|date\=September 19, 2016 }} *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post "Huffington Post")*, November 23, 2012\. |
| Week 4 Survival | Singing for Survival | "[White Flag](/wiki/White_Flag_%28Dido_song%29 "White Flag (Dido song)")" | [Dido](/wiki/Dido_%28singer%29 "Dido (singer)") | 2 | Eliminated |
### 2013–2015: Record deal and *Not an Apology*
On April 11, 2013, it was officially announced that she was signed to [Syco Music](/wiki/Syco_Music "Syco Music") and [Hollywood Records](/wiki/Hollywood_Records "Hollywood Records"), marking the first collaborative arrangement between these two labels.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/x\-factor\-alum\-beatrice\-miller\-437933 \|title\='X Factor' Alum Beatrice Miller Inks Record Deal \|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|date\=November 4, 2013 \|access\-date\=April 30, 2014 \|archive\-date\=July 3, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703115308/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/x\-factor\-alum\-beatrice\-miller\-437933 \|url\-status\=live }} Shortly after the ending of the second season of *The X Factor*, Miller changed her name to simply Bea Miller.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hollywoodrecords.com/artists/bea\-miller\|title\=Bea Miller profile\|publisher\=Hollywood Records\|access\-date\=April 30, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054234/http://www.hollywoodrecords.com/artists/bea\-miller/\|url\-status\=live}} She contributed her voice towards the audio book for [Jennifer Donnelly](/wiki/Jennifer_Donnelly "Jennifer Donnelly")'s new book, *Deep Blue: Songspell* and a promotional song for it called "Open Your Eyes" in 2014\. She uploaded her new song "Rich Kids" to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in 2014, and it was included in her 2015 album *[Not an Apology](/wiki/Not_an_Apology "Not an Apology")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fanlala.com/news/bea\-miller\-kicks\-month\-surprises\-rich\-kids\-teaser\|title\=Bea Miller Kicks Off a Month of Surprises with "Rich Kids" Teaser\|publisher\=Fanlala.com\|access\-date\=April 30, 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509021840/http://www.fanlala.com/news/bea\-miller\-kicks\-month\-surprises\-rich\-kids\-teaser\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2014}} She released a clip of a new song called "Enemy Fire".{{cite web\|url\=http://instagram.com/p/mGeZpOMaf8 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/mGeZpOMaf8 \|archive\-date\=December 23, 2021 \|url\-access\=subscription\|title\=Instagram \|publisher\=Instagram \|access\-date\=April 30, 2014 }}{{cbignore}} {{dead link\|date\=October 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{when\|date\=April 2017}}
"Enemy Fire" premiered on her own Vevo channel in April 2014\. She worked with [busbee](/wiki/Busbee "Busbee"), [Jarrad Rogers](/wiki/Jarrad_Rogers "Jarrad Rogers"), [Mike Del Rio](/wiki/Mike_Del_Rio "Mike Del Rio"), and other noteworthy producers for her album. Her debut EP *[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28EP%29 "Young Blood (EP)")* was released on April 22, 2014,{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/455059576971227137\|title\=Twitter/BeaMiller: my EP comes out on iTunes April 22nd\|publisher\=Twitter.com\|date\=April 12, 2014\|access\-date\=April 30, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 11, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911034920/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/455059576971227137\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/BeaMiller/photos/a.359659354050554\.108511\.249358218414002/840456569304161/?type\=1\&theater\|title\=Bea Miller – Tijdlijnfoto's\|publisher\=Facebook\|access\-date\=April 30, 2014\|archive\-date\=December 12, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212151022/https://www.facebook.com/BeaMiller/photos/a.359659354050554\.108511\.249358218414002/840456569304161/?type\=1\&theater\|url\-status\=live}} with the lead single "[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 "Young Blood (Bea Miller song)")". Her EP peaked at No. 2 on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") pop albums chart. Her EP had a debut peak on [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") at No. 64\. Miller opened up for [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato "Demi Lovato") on select cities for her [Demi World Tour](/wiki/Demi_World_Tour "Demi World Tour").{{cite web \|author\=Mike Wass \|url\=http://www.idolator.com/7563462/disney\-divas\-unite\-bea\-miller\-is\-joining\-demi\-lovato\-on\-tour \|title\=Disney Divas Unite! Bea Miller Is Joining Demi Lovato On Tour \|publisher\=\[\[Idolator (website)\|Idolator]] \|date\=September 17, 2014 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|archive\-date\=October 22, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022002750/http://www.idolator.com/7563462/disney\-divas\-unite\-bea\-miller\-is\-joining\-demi\-lovato\-on\-tour \|url\-status\=live }}
In December 2014, she was picked as [Elvis Duran](/wiki/Elvis_Duran "Elvis Duran")'s [Artist of the Month](/wiki/Elvis_Duran%27s_Artist_of_the_Month "Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month") and was featured on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")'s *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Today (U.S. TV program)")* show hosted by [Kathy Lee Gifford](/wiki/Kathy_Lee_Gifford "Kathy Lee Gifford") and [Hoda Kotb](/wiki/Hoda_Kotb "Hoda Kotb"), where she performed live her single "[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 "Young Blood (Bea Miller song)")".
In 2015, Miller was named [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney "Radio Disney")'s newest Next Big Thing artist. She appeared on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") many times with it and promoted her album with it as well. Her debut single "Young Blood" won the [2015 Radio Disney Music Awards](/wiki/2015_Radio_Disney_Music_Awards "2015 Radio Disney Music Awards") for "Best Song to Rock Out to With Your BFF".{{cite web \|url\=http://music.disney.com/radio\-disney\-music\-awards/winners\-2015 \|title\=Radio Disney Music Awards 2015 – Winners \| Disney Music \|website\=Music.disney.com \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|archive\-date\=May 10, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114633/http://music.disney.com/radio\-disney\-music\-awards/winners\-2015 \|url\-status\=live }}
Miller released her debut album, *[Not an Apology](/wiki/Not_an_Apology "Not an Apology")*, on July 24, 2015, on [Hollywood Records](/wiki/Hollywood_Records "Hollywood Records"). The album peaked at No. 7 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200"). On April 24, 2015, it was announced that Miller would accompany [Debby Ryan](/wiki/Debby_Ryan "Debby Ryan") and [Natalie La Rose](/wiki/Natalie_La_Rose "Natalie La Rose") as opening acts for the summer leg of [Fifth Harmony](/wiki/Fifth_Harmony "Fifth Harmony")'s [The Reflection Tour](/wiki/The_Reflection_Tour "The Reflection Tour"), which began on July 15 in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2143496/fifth\-harmony\-summer\-reflection\-tour\-announcement \|title\=Fifth Harmony Announce Summer 'Reflection' Tour: Get All The Details! \|publisher\=MTV \|date\=April 25, 2015 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322191838/http://www.mtv.com/news/2143496/fifth\-harmony\-summer\-reflection\-tour\-announcement/ \|url\-status\=dead }} Miller finished the tour in late August.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} In July 2015, she was chosen by public vote to be the next [Vevo](/wiki/Vevo "Vevo") Lift artist.
### 2016–2018: *Aurora*
On April 20, 2016, it was announced that Miller would join [Selena Gomez](/wiki/Selena_Gomez "Selena Gomez") on her [Revival Tour](/wiki/Revival_Tour "Revival Tour") as an opening act along with [DNCE](/wiki/DNCE "DNCE").{{cite web \|author\=Jessie Katz \|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7333916/bea\-miller\-opening\-selena\-gomez\-revival\-tour \|title\=Bea Miller Nabs Opening Slot on Selena Gomez Revival Tour \|publisher\=Billboard \|date\=April 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828033417/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7333916/bea\-miller\-opening\-selena\-gomez\-revival\-tour \|url\-status\=live }} The tour ran from May throughout the summer. Miller also announced that she would be hosting meet and greets titled "Tea With Bea".{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/722848248164057088 \|author\=bea \|title\=The best part of touring is seeing ur cute faces they make me so happy come drink tea w me before shows \#teawithbea \|publisher\=\[\[Twitter]] \|date\=April 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20160529200849/https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/722848248164057088 \|archive\-date\=29 May 2016}}
Miller released a non\-album single "[Yes Girl](/wiki/Yes_Girl "Yes Girl")" on May 20, 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/731261578176122880 \|author\=bea \|title\=Yes Girl is being released one week from today on may 20th i'm ecstatic for you to officially hear it \#YesGirl \|publisher\=\[\[Twitter]] \|date\=May 13, 2016 \|access\-date\=August 27, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20160529200849/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/731261578176122880 \|archive\-date\=29 May 2016}} She performed the song and a song that was unreleased at the moment, titled "Song Like You" numerous times on the [Revival Tour](/wiki/Revival_Tour "Revival Tour"). Her song "This Little Light of Mine" was featured in a 2016 advertising campaign for [3 Musketeers](/wiki/3_Musketeers_%28chocolate_bar%29 "3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)").["'X Factor' Star Bea Miller \& 3 Musketeers Gets Kids Talking Again,"](http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/x-factor-star-bea-miller-3-musketeers-gets-kids-talking/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034000/http://radaronline.com/celebrity\-news/x\-factor\-star\-bea\-miller\-3\-musketeers\-gets\-kids\-talking/ \|date\=February 2, 2017 }} Radar Online, December 14, 2016\. On February 24, 2017, she released the first part of a three\-EP project, *[Chapter One: Blue](/wiki/Chapter_One:Blue "Blue")*. On March 30, 2017, she performed "Song Like You" on *[The Late Late Show with James Corden](/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_James_Corden "The Late Late Show with James Corden")*. It was her first late\-night talk show appearance.Brian Cantor, ["Bea Miller Performs 'Song Like You' On James Corden's 'Late Late Show',"](http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/03/31/first-look-bea-miller-performs-late-late-show-james-corden/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428080143/http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/03/31/first\-look\-bea\-miller\-performs\-late\-late\-show\-james\-corden/ \|date\=April 28, 2017 }} Headline Planet, March 31, 2017\. On June 2, 2017, she released the second part of her three\-EP project, *[Chapter Two: Red](/wiki/Chapter_Two:Red "Red")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chapter\-two\-red\-single/id1240422219\|title\=Chapter Two: Red – Single by Bea Miller on Apple Music\|work\=iTunes, Apple Music\|date\=June 2, 2017\|access\-date\=June 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003062334/https://music.apple.com/us/album/chapter\-two\-red\-single/1445028524\|url\-status\=live}} The final EP, *[Chapter Three: Yellow](/wiki/Chapter_Three:Yellow "Yellow")* was released on October 6, 2017\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7701945/bea\-miller\-song\-like\-you\-chapter\-one\-blue\-listen \|title\=Bea Miller Shines on Newly Released 'Song Like You,' Breaks Down 'Chapter One: Blue' Collection \|publisher\=Billboard \|date\=February 24, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 25, 2017 \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225045641/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7701945/bea\-miller\-song\-like\-you\-chapter\-one\-blue\-listen \|url\-status\=live }}
In August 2017, Miller's song "Brand New Eyes" was featured in the trailer to the film *[Wonder](/wiki/Wonder_%28film%29 "Wonder (film)")*, directed by [Stephen Chbosky](/wiki/Stephen_Chbosky "Stephen Chbosky") and starring [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts "Julia Roberts") and [Owen Wilson](/wiki/Owen_Wilson "Owen Wilson").Guillermo Troncoso, ["New 'Wonder' Trailer: Jacob Tremblay Drama Wants Your Tears,"](https://www.thereelword.net/wonder-trailer-jacob-tremblay/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011529/https://www.thereelword.net/wonder\-trailer\-jacob\-tremblay/ \|date\=September 12, 2017 }} The Reel Word, August 9, 2017\.
Miller's second full\-length album and debut international album *[Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28Bea_Miller_album%29 "Aurora (Bea Miller album)")* was released on February 23, 2018\. It includes all the songs from the three previous extended plays (dubbed as "chapters"), along with five new tracks.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/bea\-miller\-aurora\-album\|title\=Bea Miller's Talks Her Sophomore Album "Aurora," Gun Control, and Slut Shaming\|work\=\[\[Teen Vogue]]\|author\=Keaton Bell\|date\=February 23, 2018\|access\-date\=February 26, 2018\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094136/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/bea\-miller\-aurora\-album\|url\-status\=live}} Miller had a hand in writing all but one of the songs on *Aurora*, on topics about "everything from existential boredom to slut shaming". She performed "[S.L.U.T.](/wiki/S.L.U.T._%28song%29 "S.L.U.T. (song)")", the album's lead single, on [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV")'s [TRL](/wiki/Total_Request_Live "Total Request Live") on February 12, 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=http://trl.mtv.com/news/3064346/bea\-miller\-performs\-slut\-on\-trl/\|title\=Bea Miller Performs Her Self\-Love Anthem "S.L.U.T." On TRL\|work\=\[\[Total Request Live\|TRL]], \[\[MTV]]\|author\=Sydney Gore\|date\=February 12, 2018\|access\-date\=March 2, 2018\|archive\-date\=February 15, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215124603/http://trl.mtv.com/news/3064346/bea\-miller\-performs\-slut\-on\-trl/\|url\-status\=dead}} She conceived of the song as a way to reclaim the word's negative connotations as the positive acronym "sweet little unforgettable thing".
She was featured on vocals on the 2018 [NOTD](/wiki/NOTD "NOTD") single "[I Wanna Know](/wiki/I_Wanna_Know_%28NOTD_song%29 "I Wanna Know (NOTD song)")", released in March 2018\.{{cite web \|last1\=Gracie \|first1\=Bianca \|title\=NOTD \& Bea Miller's Moody 'I Wanna Know' Collaboration Is All About Summer Blues: Premiere \|url\=https://www.fuse.tv/videos/2018/03/notd\-bea\-miller\-i\-wanna\-know\-single\-premiere \|website\=Fuse \|access\-date\=June 18, 2018 \|archive\-date\=March 21, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201609/https://fuse.tv/videos/2018/03/notd\-bea\-miller\-i\-wanna\-know\-single\-premiere \|url\-status\=live }} The song went Gold in the US and is Platinum in several countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and Sweden. She performed the song live on *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Today (U.S. TV program)")* in June 2018\.{{cite web \|title\=See Bea Miller perform new single 'I Wanna Know' live on many radio stations and TODAY \|url\=https://www.today.com/popculture/see\-bea\-miller\-perform\-new\-single\-i\-wanna\-know\-live\-t131215 \|website\=Today.com \|date\=June 18, 2018 \|access\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212821/https://www.today.com/popculture/see\-bea\-miller\-perform\-new\-single\-i\-wanna\-know\-live\-t131215 \|url\-status\=live }} She also promoted the single at multiple shows and acoustic sets.
### 2019–present: Touring and *Elated!*
In February 2019, Miller announced her first headlining tour titled "Nice To Meet U Tour".{{Cite web\|last\=Scarpino\|first\=Gina\|date\=February 22, 2019\|title\=Bea Miller announces Nice To Meet U tour\|url\=https://www.beyondthestagemagazine.com/bea\-miller\-announces\-nice\-to\-meet\-u\-tour/\|access\-date\=April 8, 2021\|website\=Beyond The Stage Magazine\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=November 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114133223/https://www.beyondthestagemagazine.com/bea\-miller\-announces\-nice\-to\-meet\-u\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}} On March 1, she released the lead single off her upcoming third studio album, titled "[It's Not U It's Me](/wiki/It%27s_Not_U_It%27s_Me "It's Not U It's Me")", which is a collaboration with American R\&B singer [6lack](/wiki/6lack "6lack"). Following this, she released the single "[Feel Something](/wiki/Feel_Something_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 "Feel Something (Bea Miller song)")"{{cite web\|url\=https://umusic.digital/ltzgtv/\|title\=Bea Miller\|website\=umusic.digital\|access\-date\=June 19, 2019}}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2022 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and announced her "Sunsets in Outerspace Tour".{{citation needed\|date\=November 2019}} In August 2019, Bea Miller released the single "[Feels Like Home](/wiki/Feels_Like_Home_%28Bea_Miller_and_Jessie_Reyez_song%29 "Feels Like Home (Bea Miller and Jessie Reyez song)")" with Canadian singer\-songwriter [Jessie Reyez](/wiki/Jessie_Reyez "Jessie Reyez").{{cite tweet\|user\=beamiller\|number\=1163899173629915136\|title\=i'm dropping a song with @jessiereyez on friday and i'm so jet lagged that i thought this video was a good way to tell you even though it's definitely not!!!!!! i'm so excited i love you jessie i can't believe this is real life. FEELS LIKE HOME 8/23\|date\=August 20, 2019\|access\-date\=August 21, 2019}} A collaboration with production team [Snakehips](/wiki/Snakehips_%28band%29 "Snakehips (band)") titled, "Never Gonna Like You", was released in September 2019\.{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/never\-gonna\-like\-you\-feat\-snakehips/1479620158\|title\=Never Gonna Like You – Single by Bea Miller \& Snakehips\|website\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|date\=September 20, 2019\|access\-date\=September 20, 2019\|archive\-date\=September 19, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919120320/https://music.apple.com/us/album/never\-gonna\-like\-you\-feat\-snakehips/1479620158\|url\-status\=live}}
Miller released the single "That Bitch" in November 2019, independently from her record label.{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/that\-bitch\-single/1484000607\|title\=That Bitch – Single by Bea Miller\|website\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|date\=November 2019\|access\-date\=November 1, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 2, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102002431/https://music.apple.com/us/album/that\-bitch\-single/1484000607\|url\-status\=live}} She portrayed *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends "League of Legends")* character Evelynn in the virtual musical group [K/DA](/wiki/K/DA "K/DA") for "[The Baddest](/wiki/The_Baddest_%28K/DA_song%29 "The Baddest (K/DA song)")" a single from [K/DA](/wiki/K/DA "K/DA")'s EP *[All Out](/wiki/All_Out_%28EP%29 "All Out (EP)")* with [Miyeon](/wiki/Cho_Mi-yeon "Cho Mi-yeon"), [Soyeon](/wiki/Jeon_So-yeon "Jeon So-yeon") and Wolftyla. {{Cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Julia\|date\=August 27, 2020\|title\=League of Legends' pop group K/DA does it again with new single, 'The Baddest'\|url\=https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/27/21395880/league\-of\-legends\-k\-da\-the\-baddest\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021\|website\=Polygon\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=November 15, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115190032/https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/27/21395880/league\-of\-legends\-k\-da\-the\-baddest\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|last\=Ridley\|first\=Jacob\|date\=November 6, 2020\|title\=K/DA's new EP slaps and should be the soundtrack to your weekend\|language\=en\|work\=PC Gamer\|url\=https://www.pcgamer.com/kda\-ep\-all\-out\-available/\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126203940/https://www.pcgamer.com/kda\-ep\-all\-out\-available/\|url\-status\=live}} In September 2020, Bea Miller would release a series of compilation [EPs](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") which consisted of; *Quarantine* on September 4, *Sad Boy Hours* on September 18 and *Lust* on September 24\.
On October 7, 2020, Bea Miller announced the release of the single "Wisdom Teeth" which would be released on October 9 and serve as the lead single to Miller's EP *[Elated!](/wiki/Elated%21 "Elated!")*, which was released on October 23, 2020\.{{Cite web\|title\="thursday 9pm pt / midnight et"\|url\=https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/1313895460667498496\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020\|website\=Twitter\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007174417/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/1313895460667498496\|url\-status\=live}} On November 6, 2021, Miller's single "Playground" was featured in the first act of the *League of Legends* animated series *[Arcane](/wiki/Arcane_%28TV_series%29 "Arcane (TV series)")*; this single was released the same day.{{Cite web\|last\=Esguerra\|first\=Tyler\|date\=October 26, 2021\|title\=Riot's Arcane soundtrack features Imagine Dragons, Sting, Denzel Curry, Pusha T, Bea Miller, and more\|url\=https://dotesports.com/league\-of\-legends/news/riots\-arcane\-soundtrack\-tracklist\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021\|website\=\[\[Dot eSports]]\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126201528/https://dotesports.com/league\-of\-legends/news/riots\-arcane\-soundtrack\-tracklist\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Bodegon\|first\=Kara\|date\=October 28, 2021\|title\=Riot Games reveal 'Arcane' OST artists and tracklist – Imagine Dragons, MIYAVI, Sting, Bea Miller, and more\|url\=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/riot\-games\-reveal\-netflix\-tencent\-arcane\-ost\-artists\-tracklist\-imagine\-dragons\-miyavi\-sting\-bea\-miller\-pusha\-t\-denzel\-curry\-ray\-chen\-bones\-uk\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021\|website\=Bandwagon\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126201525/https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/riot\-games\-reveal\-netflix\-tencent\-arcane\-ost\-artists\-tracklist\-imagine\-dragons\-miyavi\-sting\-bea\-miller\-pusha\-t\-denzel\-curry\-ray\-chen\-bones\-uk\|url\-status\=live}} The single's music video was part of the opening ceremony for the [2021 *League of Legends* World Championship](/wiki/2021_League_of_Legends_World_Championship "2021 League of Legends World Championship").{{Cite web\|last\=Webster\|first\=Andrew\|date\=November 6, 2021\|title\=Riot swapped a live show for a massive music video at Worlds 2021\|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/6/22765927/league\-of\-legends\-world\-championship\-2021\-opening\-ceremonies\|access\-date\=November 26, 2021\|website\=The Verge\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118125225/https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/6/22765927/league\-of\-legends\-world\-championship\-2021\-opening\-ceremonies\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite AV media \|date\=November 6, 2021 \|title\=Welcome to the Playground (Bea Miller) – Worlds 2021 Show Open Presented by Mastercard \|trans\-title\= \|type\=\[\[YouTube]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pzFnYYXsKtw \|access\-date\=November 6, 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[League of Legends]] \|archive\-date\=October 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003063103/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pzFnYYXsKtw \|url\-status\=live }}
On January 13, 2023, Miller's single "Lonely Bitch" was released on her own record label, Gauche Records. The record label was created by Miller in partnership with [ADA](/wiki/Alternative_Distribution_Alliance "Alternative Distribution Alliance"), a music distribution company owned by Warner Music Group.{{Cite web\|date\=January 13, 2023\|title\=Bea Miller Drops New Single, "lonely bitch"\|url\=https://preludepress.com/news/2023/01/13/bea\-miller\-lonely\-bitch/\|last\=Vigil \|first\=Dom\|access\-date\=February 3, 2023\|website\=Prelude Press\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115163826/https://preludepress.com/news/2023/01/13/bea\-miller\-lonely\-bitch/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2012: *The X Factor* (US)",
"Miller was a contestant on [season two](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28American_season_2%29 \"The X Factor (American season 2)\") of *[The X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"The X Factor (U.S. TV series)\")*, finishing in ninth place. She was eliminated after losing the final showdown to CeCe Frey. However, Miller received more votes than Frey meaning if the result went to deadlock, Miller would have been saved.Aaron Parsley, [\"The X Factor Reveals Top 12,\"](http://people.com/tv/x-factor-results-night-top-12-revealed/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225332/http://people.com/tv/x\\-factor\\-results\\-night\\-top\\-12\\-revealed/ \\|date\\=March 2, 2018 }} *[People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\")*, November 1, 2012\\.Raisa Bruner, [\"Listen to X Factor Alum Bea Miller's Fresh, Soulful Single 'Song Like You',\"](http://time.com/4681262/bea-miller-song-like-you/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225223711/http://time.com/4681262/bea\\-miller\\-song\\-like\\-you/ \\|date\\=February 25, 2017 }} *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, February 24, 2017\\. She performed the following songs on the show:",
"| Episode | Theme | Song{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}} | Original artist | Order | Result |\n| Audition | Free choice | \"[Cowboy Take Me Away](/wiki/Cowboy_Take_Me_Away \"Cowboy Take Me Away\")\" | [The Chicks](/wiki/The_Chicks \"The Chicks\") | rowspan\\=\"5\" {{n/a}} | Advanced |\n| Bootcamp 1 | Solo performance |Not viewed",
"Advanced |\n| Bootcamp 2 | Group performance |Not viewed",
"Advanced |\n| Bootcamp 3 | Duet performance | \"[Pumped Up Kicks](/wiki/Pumped_Up_Kicks \"Pumped Up Kicks\")\"(with [Carly Rose Sonenclar](/wiki/Carly_Rose_Sonenclar \"Carly Rose Sonenclar\")) | [Foster the People](/wiki/Foster_the_People \"Foster the People\") | Advanced |\n| Judges' houses | Free choice | \"[Titanium](/wiki/Titanium_%28song%29 \"Titanium (song)\")\" | [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta \"David Guetta\") and [Sia](/wiki/Sia \"Sia\") | Advanced |\n| Week 1 | Made in America | \"[I Won't Give Up](/wiki/I_Won%27t_Give_Up \"I Won't Give Up\")\" | [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz \"Jason Mraz\") | 11 | Advanced |\n| Week 2 | Songs from movies | \"[Iris](/wiki/Iris_%28Goo_Goo_Dolls_song%29 \"Iris (Goo Goo Dolls song)\")\" | [Goo Goo Dolls](/wiki/Goo_Goo_Dolls \"Goo Goo Dolls\") | 5 | Safe (10th) |\n| Week 3 | [Divas](/wiki/Diva \"Diva\") | \"[Time After Time](/wiki/Time_After_Time_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 \"Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)\")\" | [Cyndi Lauper](/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper \"Cyndi Lauper\") | 4 | Safe (8th)Sophie Schillaci and Michele Amabile Angermiller, [\"'X Factor' Finalist Beatrice Miller 'Hated' Britney Spears' Song Choice,\"](http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/x-factor-beatrice-miller-hated-song-391156) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104447/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/x\\-factor\\-beatrice\\-miller\\-hated\\-song\\-391156 \\|date\\=May 27, 2013 }} *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")*, November 15, 2012\\. |\n| Week 4 | [Giving Thanks](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") | \"[Chasing Cars](/wiki/Chasing_Cars \"Chasing Cars\")\" | [Snow Patrol](/wiki/Snow_Patrol \"Snow Patrol\") | 7 | Bottom three (8th)[\"'The X Factor' Results: Arin Ray And Beatrice Miller Sent Home In Double Elimination,\"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/23/x-factor-top-8-results-elimination_n_2176652.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130016/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/23/x\\-factor\\-top\\-8\\-results\\-elimination\\_n\\_2176652\\.html \\|date\\=September 19, 2016 }} *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post \"Huffington Post\")*, November 23, 2012\\. |\n| Week 4 Survival | Singing for Survival | \"[White Flag](/wiki/White_Flag_%28Dido_song%29 \"White Flag (Dido song)\")\" | [Dido](/wiki/Dido_%28singer%29 \"Dido (singer)\") | 2 | Eliminated |",
"",
"### 2013–2015: Record deal and *Not an Apology*",
"On April 11, 2013, it was officially announced that she was signed to [Syco Music](/wiki/Syco_Music \"Syco Music\") and [Hollywood Records](/wiki/Hollywood_Records \"Hollywood Records\"), marking the first collaborative arrangement between these two labels.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/x\\-factor\\-alum\\-beatrice\\-miller\\-437933 \\|title\\='X Factor' Alum Beatrice Miller Inks Record Deal \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|date\\=November 4, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703115308/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/x\\-factor\\-alum\\-beatrice\\-miller\\-437933 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Shortly after the ending of the second season of *The X Factor*, Miller changed her name to simply Bea Miller.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hollywoodrecords.com/artists/bea\\-miller\\|title\\=Bea Miller profile\\|publisher\\=Hollywood Records\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054234/http://www.hollywoodrecords.com/artists/bea\\-miller/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She contributed her voice towards the audio book for [Jennifer Donnelly](/wiki/Jennifer_Donnelly \"Jennifer Donnelly\")'s new book, *Deep Blue: Songspell* and a promotional song for it called \"Open Your Eyes\" in 2014\\. She uploaded her new song \"Rich Kids\" to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") in 2014, and it was included in her 2015 album *[Not an Apology](/wiki/Not_an_Apology \"Not an Apology\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fanlala.com/news/bea\\-miller\\-kicks\\-month\\-surprises\\-rich\\-kids\\-teaser\\|title\\=Bea Miller Kicks Off a Month of Surprises with \"Rich Kids\" Teaser\\|publisher\\=Fanlala.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509021840/http://www.fanlala.com/news/bea\\-miller\\-kicks\\-month\\-surprises\\-rich\\-kids\\-teaser\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2014}} She released a clip of a new song called \"Enemy Fire\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://instagram.com/p/mGeZpOMaf8 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/mGeZpOMaf8 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 23, 2021 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|title\\=Instagram \\|publisher\\=Instagram \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014 }}{{cbignore}} {{dead link\\|date\\=October 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{when\\|date\\=April 2017}}",
"\"Enemy Fire\" premiered on her own Vevo channel in April 2014\\. She worked with [busbee](/wiki/Busbee \"Busbee\"), [Jarrad Rogers](/wiki/Jarrad_Rogers \"Jarrad Rogers\"), [Mike Del Rio](/wiki/Mike_Del_Rio \"Mike Del Rio\"), and other noteworthy producers for her album. Her debut EP *[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28EP%29 \"Young Blood (EP)\")* was released on April 22, 2014,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/455059576971227137\\|title\\=Twitter/BeaMiller: my EP comes out on iTunes April 22nd\\|publisher\\=Twitter.com\\|date\\=April 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911034920/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/455059576971227137\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/BeaMiller/photos/a.359659354050554\\.108511\\.249358218414002/840456569304161/?type\\=1\\&theater\\|title\\=Bea Miller – Tijdlijnfoto's\\|publisher\\=Facebook\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212151022/https://www.facebook.com/BeaMiller/photos/a.359659354050554\\.108511\\.249358218414002/840456569304161/?type\\=1\\&theater\\|url\\-status\\=live}} with the lead single \"[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 \"Young Blood (Bea Miller song)\")\". Her EP peaked at No. 2 on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") pop albums chart. Her EP had a debut peak on [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") at No. 64\\. Miller opened up for [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato \"Demi Lovato\") on select cities for her [Demi World Tour](/wiki/Demi_World_Tour \"Demi World Tour\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Mike Wass \\|url\\=http://www.idolator.com/7563462/disney\\-divas\\-unite\\-bea\\-miller\\-is\\-joining\\-demi\\-lovato\\-on\\-tour \\|title\\=Disney Divas Unite! Bea Miller Is Joining Demi Lovato On Tour \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Idolator (website)\\|Idolator]] \\|date\\=September 17, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 22, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022002750/http://www.idolator.com/7563462/disney\\-divas\\-unite\\-bea\\-miller\\-is\\-joining\\-demi\\-lovato\\-on\\-tour \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In December 2014, she was picked as [Elvis Duran](/wiki/Elvis_Duran \"Elvis Duran\")'s [Artist of the Month](/wiki/Elvis_Duran%27s_Artist_of_the_Month \"Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month\") and was featured on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Today (U.S. TV program)\")* show hosted by [Kathy Lee Gifford](/wiki/Kathy_Lee_Gifford \"Kathy Lee Gifford\") and [Hoda Kotb](/wiki/Hoda_Kotb \"Hoda Kotb\"), where she performed live her single \"[Young Blood](/wiki/Young_Blood_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 \"Young Blood (Bea Miller song)\")\".",
"In 2015, Miller was named [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney \"Radio Disney\")'s newest Next Big Thing artist. She appeared on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") many times with it and promoted her album with it as well. Her debut single \"Young Blood\" won the [2015 Radio Disney Music Awards](/wiki/2015_Radio_Disney_Music_Awards \"2015 Radio Disney Music Awards\") for \"Best Song to Rock Out to With Your BFF\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://music.disney.com/radio\\-disney\\-music\\-awards/winners\\-2015 \\|title\\=Radio Disney Music Awards 2015 – Winners \\| Disney Music \\|website\\=Music.disney.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114633/http://music.disney.com/radio\\-disney\\-music\\-awards/winners\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Miller released her debut album, *[Not an Apology](/wiki/Not_an_Apology \"Not an Apology\")*, on July 24, 2015, on [Hollywood Records](/wiki/Hollywood_Records \"Hollywood Records\"). The album peaked at No. 7 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"). On April 24, 2015, it was announced that Miller would accompany [Debby Ryan](/wiki/Debby_Ryan \"Debby Ryan\") and [Natalie La Rose](/wiki/Natalie_La_Rose \"Natalie La Rose\") as opening acts for the summer leg of [Fifth Harmony](/wiki/Fifth_Harmony \"Fifth Harmony\")'s [The Reflection Tour](/wiki/The_Reflection_Tour \"The Reflection Tour\"), which began on July 15 in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky \"Louisville, Kentucky\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2143496/fifth\\-harmony\\-summer\\-reflection\\-tour\\-announcement \\|title\\=Fifth Harmony Announce Summer 'Reflection' Tour: Get All The Details! \\|publisher\\=MTV \\|date\\=April 25, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322191838/http://www.mtv.com/news/2143496/fifth\\-harmony\\-summer\\-reflection\\-tour\\-announcement/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Miller finished the tour in late August.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}} In July 2015, she was chosen by public vote to be the next [Vevo](/wiki/Vevo \"Vevo\") Lift artist.",
"### 2016–2018: *Aurora*",
"On April 20, 2016, it was announced that Miller would join [Selena Gomez](/wiki/Selena_Gomez \"Selena Gomez\") on her [Revival Tour](/wiki/Revival_Tour \"Revival Tour\") as an opening act along with [DNCE](/wiki/DNCE \"DNCE\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Jessie Katz \\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7333916/bea\\-miller\\-opening\\-selena\\-gomez\\-revival\\-tour \\|title\\=Bea Miller Nabs Opening Slot on Selena Gomez Revival Tour \\|publisher\\=Billboard \\|date\\=April 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828033417/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7333916/bea\\-miller\\-opening\\-selena\\-gomez\\-revival\\-tour \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The tour ran from May throughout the summer. Miller also announced that she would be hosting meet and greets titled \"Tea With Bea\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/722848248164057088 \\|author\\=bea \\|title\\=The best part of touring is seeing ur cute faces they make me so happy come drink tea w me before shows \\#teawithbea \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Twitter]] \\|date\\=April 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20160529200849/https://twitter.com/BeaMiller/status/722848248164057088 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2016}}",
"Miller released a non\\-album single \"[Yes Girl](/wiki/Yes_Girl \"Yes Girl\")\" on May 20, 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/731261578176122880 \\|author\\=bea \\|title\\=Yes Girl is being released one week from today on may 20th i'm ecstatic for you to officially hear it \\#YesGirl \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Twitter]] \\|date\\=May 13, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20160529200849/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/731261578176122880 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2016}} She performed the song and a song that was unreleased at the moment, titled \"Song Like You\" numerous times on the [Revival Tour](/wiki/Revival_Tour \"Revival Tour\"). Her song \"This Little Light of Mine\" was featured in a 2016 advertising campaign for [3 Musketeers](/wiki/3_Musketeers_%28chocolate_bar%29 \"3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)\").[\"'X Factor' Star Bea Miller \\& 3 Musketeers Gets Kids Talking Again,\"](http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/x-factor-star-bea-miller-3-musketeers-gets-kids-talking/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034000/http://radaronline.com/celebrity\\-news/x\\-factor\\-star\\-bea\\-miller\\-3\\-musketeers\\-gets\\-kids\\-talking/ \\|date\\=February 2, 2017 }} Radar Online, December 14, 2016\\. On February 24, 2017, she released the first part of a three\\-EP project, *[Chapter One: Blue](/wiki/Chapter_One:Blue \"Blue\")*. On March 30, 2017, she performed \"Song Like You\" on *[The Late Late Show with James Corden](/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_James_Corden \"The Late Late Show with James Corden\")*. It was her first late\\-night talk show appearance.Brian Cantor, [\"Bea Miller Performs 'Song Like You' On James Corden's 'Late Late Show',\"](http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/03/31/first-look-bea-miller-performs-late-late-show-james-corden/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428080143/http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/03/31/first\\-look\\-bea\\-miller\\-performs\\-late\\-late\\-show\\-james\\-corden/ \\|date\\=April 28, 2017 }} Headline Planet, March 31, 2017\\. On June 2, 2017, she released the second part of her three\\-EP project, *[Chapter Two: Red](/wiki/Chapter_Two:Red \"Red\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chapter\\-two\\-red\\-single/id1240422219\\|title\\=Chapter Two: Red – Single by Bea Miller on Apple Music\\|work\\=iTunes, Apple Music\\|date\\=June 2, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003062334/https://music.apple.com/us/album/chapter\\-two\\-red\\-single/1445028524\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The final EP, *[Chapter Three: Yellow](/wiki/Chapter_Three:Yellow \"Yellow\")* was released on October 6, 2017\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7701945/bea\\-miller\\-song\\-like\\-you\\-chapter\\-one\\-blue\\-listen \\|title\\=Bea Miller Shines on Newly Released 'Song Like You,' Breaks Down 'Chapter One: Blue' Collection \\|publisher\\=Billboard \\|date\\=February 24, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225045641/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7701945/bea\\-miller\\-song\\-like\\-you\\-chapter\\-one\\-blue\\-listen \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In August 2017, Miller's song \"Brand New Eyes\" was featured in the trailer to the film *[Wonder](/wiki/Wonder_%28film%29 \"Wonder (film)\")*, directed by [Stephen Chbosky](/wiki/Stephen_Chbosky \"Stephen Chbosky\") and starring [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts \"Julia Roberts\") and [Owen Wilson](/wiki/Owen_Wilson \"Owen Wilson\").Guillermo Troncoso, [\"New 'Wonder' Trailer: Jacob Tremblay Drama Wants Your Tears,\"](https://www.thereelword.net/wonder-trailer-jacob-tremblay/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011529/https://www.thereelword.net/wonder\\-trailer\\-jacob\\-tremblay/ \\|date\\=September 12, 2017 }} The Reel Word, August 9, 2017\\.",
"Miller's second full\\-length album and debut international album *[Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28Bea_Miller_album%29 \"Aurora (Bea Miller album)\")* was released on February 23, 2018\\. It includes all the songs from the three previous extended plays (dubbed as \"chapters\"), along with five new tracks.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/bea\\-miller\\-aurora\\-album\\|title\\=Bea Miller's Talks Her Sophomore Album \"Aurora,\" Gun Control, and Slut Shaming\\|work\\=\\[\\[Teen Vogue]]\\|author\\=Keaton Bell\\|date\\=February 23, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094136/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/bea\\-miller\\-aurora\\-album\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Miller had a hand in writing all but one of the songs on *Aurora*, on topics about \"everything from existential boredom to slut shaming\". She performed \"[S.L.U.T.](/wiki/S.L.U.T._%28song%29 \"S.L.U.T. (song)\")\", the album's lead single, on [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\")'s [TRL](/wiki/Total_Request_Live \"Total Request Live\") on February 12, 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://trl.mtv.com/news/3064346/bea\\-miller\\-performs\\-slut\\-on\\-trl/\\|title\\=Bea Miller Performs Her Self\\-Love Anthem \"S.L.U.T.\" On TRL\\|work\\=\\[\\[Total Request Live\\|TRL]], \\[\\[MTV]]\\|author\\=Sydney Gore\\|date\\=February 12, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=February 15, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215124603/http://trl.mtv.com/news/3064346/bea\\-miller\\-performs\\-slut\\-on\\-trl/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She conceived of the song as a way to reclaim the word's negative connotations as the positive acronym \"sweet little unforgettable thing\".",
"She was featured on vocals on the 2018 [NOTD](/wiki/NOTD \"NOTD\") single \"[I Wanna Know](/wiki/I_Wanna_Know_%28NOTD_song%29 \"I Wanna Know (NOTD song)\")\", released in March 2018\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Gracie \\|first1\\=Bianca \\|title\\=NOTD \\& Bea Miller's Moody 'I Wanna Know' Collaboration Is All About Summer Blues: Premiere \\|url\\=https://www.fuse.tv/videos/2018/03/notd\\-bea\\-miller\\-i\\-wanna\\-know\\-single\\-premiere \\|website\\=Fuse \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201609/https://fuse.tv/videos/2018/03/notd\\-bea\\-miller\\-i\\-wanna\\-know\\-single\\-premiere \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The song went Gold in the US and is Platinum in several countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and Sweden. She performed the song live on *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Today (U.S. TV program)\")* in June 2018\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=See Bea Miller perform new single 'I Wanna Know' live on many radio stations and TODAY \\|url\\=https://www.today.com/popculture/see\\-bea\\-miller\\-perform\\-new\\-single\\-i\\-wanna\\-know\\-live\\-t131215 \\|website\\=Today.com \\|date\\=June 18, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212821/https://www.today.com/popculture/see\\-bea\\-miller\\-perform\\-new\\-single\\-i\\-wanna\\-know\\-live\\-t131215 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She also promoted the single at multiple shows and acoustic sets.",
"### 2019–present: Touring and *Elated!*",
"In February 2019, Miller announced her first headlining tour titled \"Nice To Meet U Tour\".{{Cite web\\|last\\=Scarpino\\|first\\=Gina\\|date\\=February 22, 2019\\|title\\=Bea Miller announces Nice To Meet U tour\\|url\\=https://www.beyondthestagemagazine.com/bea\\-miller\\-announces\\-nice\\-to\\-meet\\-u\\-tour/\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2021\\|website\\=Beyond The Stage Magazine\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114133223/https://www.beyondthestagemagazine.com/bea\\-miller\\-announces\\-nice\\-to\\-meet\\-u\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On March 1, she released the lead single off her upcoming third studio album, titled \"[It's Not U It's Me](/wiki/It%27s_Not_U_It%27s_Me \"It's Not U It's Me\")\", which is a collaboration with American R\\&B singer [6lack](/wiki/6lack \"6lack\"). Following this, she released the single \"[Feel Something](/wiki/Feel_Something_%28Bea_Miller_song%29 \"Feel Something (Bea Miller song)\")\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://umusic.digital/ltzgtv/\\|title\\=Bea Miller\\|website\\=umusic.digital\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2019}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2022 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and announced her \"Sunsets in Outerspace Tour\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2019}} In August 2019, Bea Miller released the single \"[Feels Like Home](/wiki/Feels_Like_Home_%28Bea_Miller_and_Jessie_Reyez_song%29 \"Feels Like Home (Bea Miller and Jessie Reyez song)\")\" with Canadian singer\\-songwriter [Jessie Reyez](/wiki/Jessie_Reyez \"Jessie Reyez\").{{cite tweet\\|user\\=beamiller\\|number\\=1163899173629915136\\|title\\=i'm dropping a song with @jessiereyez on friday and i'm so jet lagged that i thought this video was a good way to tell you even though it's definitely not!!!!!! i'm so excited i love you jessie i can't believe this is real life. FEELS LIKE HOME 8/23\\|date\\=August 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2019}} A collaboration with production team [Snakehips](/wiki/Snakehips_%28band%29 \"Snakehips (band)\") titled, \"Never Gonna Like You\", was released in September 2019\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/never\\-gonna\\-like\\-you\\-feat\\-snakehips/1479620158\\|title\\=Never Gonna Like You – Single by Bea Miller \\& Snakehips\\|website\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|date\\=September 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919120320/https://music.apple.com/us/album/never\\-gonna\\-like\\-you\\-feat\\-snakehips/1479620158\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Miller released the single \"That Bitch\" in November 2019, independently from her record label.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/that\\-bitch\\-single/1484000607\\|title\\=That Bitch – Single by Bea Miller\\|website\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|date\\=November 2019\\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102002431/https://music.apple.com/us/album/that\\-bitch\\-single/1484000607\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She portrayed *[League of Legends](/wiki/League_of_Legends \"League of Legends\")* character Evelynn in the virtual musical group [K/DA](/wiki/K/DA \"K/DA\") for \"[The Baddest](/wiki/The_Baddest_%28K/DA_song%29 \"The Baddest (K/DA song)\")\" a single from [K/DA](/wiki/K/DA \"K/DA\")'s EP *[All Out](/wiki/All_Out_%28EP%29 \"All Out (EP)\")* with [Miyeon](/wiki/Cho_Mi-yeon \"Cho Mi-yeon\"), [Soyeon](/wiki/Jeon_So-yeon \"Jeon So-yeon\") and Wolftyla. {{Cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Julia\\|date\\=August 27, 2020\\|title\\=League of Legends' pop group K/DA does it again with new single, 'The Baddest'\\|url\\=https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/27/21395880/league\\-of\\-legends\\-k\\-da\\-the\\-baddest\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|website\\=Polygon\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115190032/https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/27/21395880/league\\-of\\-legends\\-k\\-da\\-the\\-baddest\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Ridley\\|first\\=Jacob\\|date\\=November 6, 2020\\|title\\=K/DA's new EP slaps and should be the soundtrack to your weekend\\|language\\=en\\|work\\=PC Gamer\\|url\\=https://www.pcgamer.com/kda\\-ep\\-all\\-out\\-available/\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126203940/https://www.pcgamer.com/kda\\-ep\\-all\\-out\\-available/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In September 2020, Bea Miller would release a series of compilation [EPs](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") which consisted of; *Quarantine* on September 4, *Sad Boy Hours* on September 18 and *Lust* on September 24\\.",
"On October 7, 2020, Bea Miller announced the release of the single \"Wisdom Teeth\" which would be released on October 9 and serve as the lead single to Miller's EP *[Elated!](/wiki/Elated%21 \"Elated!\")*, which was released on October 23, 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=\"thursday 9pm pt / midnight et\"\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/1313895460667498496\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020\\|website\\=Twitter\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007174417/https://twitter.com/beamiller/status/1313895460667498496\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On November 6, 2021, Miller's single \"Playground\" was featured in the first act of the *League of Legends* animated series *[Arcane](/wiki/Arcane_%28TV_series%29 \"Arcane (TV series)\")*; this single was released the same day.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Esguerra\\|first\\=Tyler\\|date\\=October 26, 2021\\|title\\=Riot's Arcane soundtrack features Imagine Dragons, Sting, Denzel Curry, Pusha T, Bea Miller, and more\\|url\\=https://dotesports.com/league\\-of\\-legends/news/riots\\-arcane\\-soundtrack\\-tracklist\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Dot eSports]]\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126201528/https://dotesports.com/league\\-of\\-legends/news/riots\\-arcane\\-soundtrack\\-tracklist\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Bodegon\\|first\\=Kara\\|date\\=October 28, 2021\\|title\\=Riot Games reveal 'Arcane' OST artists and tracklist – Imagine Dragons, MIYAVI, Sting, Bea Miller, and more\\|url\\=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/riot\\-games\\-reveal\\-netflix\\-tencent\\-arcane\\-ost\\-artists\\-tracklist\\-imagine\\-dragons\\-miyavi\\-sting\\-bea\\-miller\\-pusha\\-t\\-denzel\\-curry\\-ray\\-chen\\-bones\\-uk\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|website\\=Bandwagon\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126201525/https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/riot\\-games\\-reveal\\-netflix\\-tencent\\-arcane\\-ost\\-artists\\-tracklist\\-imagine\\-dragons\\-miyavi\\-sting\\-bea\\-miller\\-pusha\\-t\\-denzel\\-curry\\-ray\\-chen\\-bones\\-uk\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The single's music video was part of the opening ceremony for the [2021 *League of Legends* World Championship](/wiki/2021_League_of_Legends_World_Championship \"2021 League of Legends World Championship\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Webster\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|title\\=Riot swapped a live show for a massive music video at Worlds 2021\\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/6/22765927/league\\-of\\-legends\\-world\\-championship\\-2021\\-opening\\-ceremonies\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2021\\|website\\=The Verge\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118125225/https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/6/22765927/league\\-of\\-legends\\-world\\-championship\\-2021\\-opening\\-ceremonies\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite AV media \\|date\\=November 6, 2021 \\|title\\=Welcome to the Playground (Bea Miller) – Worlds 2021 Show Open Presented by Mastercard \\|trans\\-title\\= \\|type\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pzFnYYXsKtw \\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[League of Legends]] \\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003063103/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pzFnYYXsKtw \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On January 13, 2023, Miller's single \"Lonely Bitch\" was released on her own record label, Gauche Records. The record label was created by Miller in partnership with [ADA](/wiki/Alternative_Distribution_Alliance \"Alternative Distribution Alliance\"), a music distribution company owned by Warner Music Group.{{Cite web\\|date\\=January 13, 2023\\|title\\=Bea Miller Drops New Single, \"lonely bitch\"\\|url\\=https://preludepress.com/news/2023/01/13/bea\\-miller\\-lonely\\-bitch/\\|last\\=Vigil \\|first\\=Dom\\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2023\\|website\\=Prelude Press\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115163826/https://preludepress.com/news/2023/01/13/bea\\-miller\\-lonely\\-bitch/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Classification and taxonomy
---------------------------
The Clydonautiloidea, which began in the Late Devonian, combine five families, three of which are restricted to the Triassic. Principal and forming the root stock are the Late Devonian to Upper Triassic Liroceratidae, from which Shimankiy derived his suborder. Derived from the Liroceratidae in the Early Mississippian are this Mississippian to mid Permian Ephippioceratidae. The three Triassic families, derived from Triassic liroceratids, are the Clydonautilidae, Gonionautilidae, and Siberonautilidae, all with prominent lobes and saddles in the suture.
The families are described as:
The [Clydonautilidae](/wiki/Clydonautilidae "Clydonautilidae"), named by Hyatt in 1900, were the first to be defined and provide the name for the superfamily. Clydonautilids are characterized by generally smooth, involute, globular to compressed shells with a very small to occluded (hidden) umbilicus and sutures with prominent lobes and saddles. Their range is from the mid to Upper Triassic.
The [Liroceratidae](/wiki/Liroceratidae "Liroceratidae"), named by Miller and Youngquist in 1949, are the ancestral family, which gave rise to the other four, and which has the longest duration, from the Upper Devonian to the Upper Triassic. The Liroceratidae are characterized by generally smooth shells with broadly rounded, depressed whorls, occluded umbilicus, slightly sinuous sutures, and a siphuncle that is usually more or less central.
The [Ephippioceratidae](/wiki/Ephippioceratidae "Ephippioceratidae"), named by Miller and Youngquist in 1949, which have a range from the Lower Carboniferous (Miss) to the Lower Permian, are closely similar to the Liroceratidae, but have deep ventral and dorsal saddles in the suture.
The [Gonionautilidae](/wiki/Gonionautilidae "Gonionautilidae"), named by Kummel in 1950 to contain the Upper Triassic genus *[Gonionautilus](/wiki/Gonionautilus "Gonionautilus")*, have a smooth, involute, compressed shell with narrow flattened venter and a suture like that of *[Clydonautilus](/wiki/Clydonautilus "Clydonautilus")*, but with a more highly developed median saddle and double\-pointed annular lobes.
The [Siberionautilidae](/wiki/Siberionautilidae "Siberionautilidae"), named by Popov in 1951 for the Upper Triassic *[Siberionautilus](/wiki/Siberionautilus "Siberionautilus")*, have an involute, finely ribbed, globular shell with flattened flanks that converge toward a rounded venter and a highly differentiated goniatitic suture.
|
[
"Classification and taxonomy\n---------------------------",
"The Clydonautiloidea, which began in the Late Devonian, combine five families, three of which are restricted to the Triassic. Principal and forming the root stock are the Late Devonian to Upper Triassic Liroceratidae, from which Shimankiy derived his suborder. Derived from the Liroceratidae in the Early Mississippian are this Mississippian to mid Permian Ephippioceratidae. The three Triassic families, derived from Triassic liroceratids, are the Clydonautilidae, Gonionautilidae, and Siberonautilidae, all with prominent lobes and saddles in the suture.",
"The families are described as:",
"The [Clydonautilidae](/wiki/Clydonautilidae \"Clydonautilidae\"), named by Hyatt in 1900, were the first to be defined and provide the name for the superfamily. Clydonautilids are characterized by generally smooth, involute, globular to compressed shells with a very small to occluded (hidden) umbilicus and sutures with prominent lobes and saddles. Their range is from the mid to Upper Triassic.",
"The [Liroceratidae](/wiki/Liroceratidae \"Liroceratidae\"), named by Miller and Youngquist in 1949, are the ancestral family, which gave rise to the other four, and which has the longest duration, from the Upper Devonian to the Upper Triassic. The Liroceratidae are characterized by generally smooth shells with broadly rounded, depressed whorls, occluded umbilicus, slightly sinuous sutures, and a siphuncle that is usually more or less central.",
"The [Ephippioceratidae](/wiki/Ephippioceratidae \"Ephippioceratidae\"), named by Miller and Youngquist in 1949, which have a range from the Lower Carboniferous (Miss) to the Lower Permian, are closely similar to the Liroceratidae, but have deep ventral and dorsal saddles in the suture.",
"The [Gonionautilidae](/wiki/Gonionautilidae \"Gonionautilidae\"), named by Kummel in 1950 to contain the Upper Triassic genus *[Gonionautilus](/wiki/Gonionautilus \"Gonionautilus\")*, have a smooth, involute, compressed shell with narrow flattened venter and a suture like that of *[Clydonautilus](/wiki/Clydonautilus \"Clydonautilus\")*, but with a more highly developed median saddle and double\\-pointed annular lobes.",
"The [Siberionautilidae](/wiki/Siberionautilidae \"Siberionautilidae\"), named by Popov in 1951 for the Upper Triassic *[Siberionautilus](/wiki/Siberionautilus \"Siberionautilus\")*, have an involute, finely ribbed, globular shell with flattened flanks that converge toward a rounded venter and a highly differentiated goniatitic suture.",
""
] |
Process
-------
[thumb\|right\|[That Roundhouse](/wiki/That_Roundhouse "That Roundhouse") was built in secret in the [Pembrokeshire Coast National Park](/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park "Pembrokeshire Coast National Park"). The builders cut the timber themselves from the surrounding woods.{{cite news\|url\=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\_and\_style/property/article1181035\.ece\|title\=Why I Moved: A dream in ruins\|work\=The Times\|date\=2002\-11\-24\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-19 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.solaripedia.com/13/351/4507/roundhouse\_inside.html\|title\=Solaripedia – Green Architecture \& Building – Projects in Green Architecture \& Building\|work\=solaripedia.com}}](/wiki/File:That_Roundhouse_cordwood.jpg "That Roundhouse cordwood.jpg")
In certain jurisdictions construction plans are subject to the building inspector's approval. Before building, soil conditions on the site must be verified to support heavy cordwood masonry walls.
With felled timber, bark should be removed in the spring with a shovel, chisel, or bark spud. The sap is still running in spring time and provides a lubricating layer of [cambium](/wiki/Cork_cambium "Cork cambium") between the bark and wood, making separation an easier task than if left until the fall when the two layers are well\-bonded together. Once debarked, the logs should sit to dry for at least three summers to limit splitting and checking. It is important to cut the logs, once debarked to the chosen building length. Richard Flatau, *Cordwood Construction: Best Practices* (2012\) suggest splitting 70% of the wood for better drying and seasoning.Flatau2012
After drying, the logs must be cut to the desired length (usually 8, 12, 16, 18, or 24 in.). In this case a metal [handsaw](/wiki/Handsaw "Handsaw") is preferable to a [chainsaw](/wiki/Chainsaw "Chainsaw") because its finer cut helps to ward moisture and pest penetration. {{Citation needed\|date\=November 2018}} Actually a "cut off " saw or "buzz saw" will make quick work of cutting cordwood into chosen lengths. For especially furry ends like on cedar, [rasps](/wiki/Rasp "Rasp") can be used for smoothing.
The wood then needs to be transported to the building site. It is convenient to have the source of cordwood and construction site nearby. Once a proper foundation has been poured which rises 12\-24 inches above ground level with a splash guard, construction of the walls can begin. Temporary shelters can be used to cover the worksite and cordwood from rain. A post and beam frame supplies this shelter for subsequent cordwood mortaring.
Inexperienced homebuilders should experiment with a number of practice walls. This will ultimately expedite the building process and provide more satisfying results. When experimenting with M\-I\-M, (the more common form), two parallel 3 to 4 inch beads of mortar are laid down along the foundation, followed by a middle filling of insulation material. Then logs are laid on top with consistent mortar gaps, protruding no more than 1 inch on the inside and outside of the wall. Actual placement will depend on the size and shapes of the logs. Another layer of mortar is spread, then insulation poured in between, more logs follow and so on. When experimenting with Throughwall, a thin, even layer of insulative mortar is laid along the foundation, then the logs are seated firmly in the mortar bed, in an even fashion, leaving only enough space between them to "point" the mortar. The mortar gaps are filled to make a relatively flat top surface, then another thin layer of mortar is added and the process repeats. The shape and exterior orientation of logs is important only for appearance. Pre\-split “firewood style” logs check less when in the wall and are easier to *point* or smooth and press evenly around than round pieces because the mortar gaps are generally smaller. {{Citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}
Rob and Jaki Roy, co\-directors of Earthwood Building School in West Chazy, NY for 36 years, take a different point of view. They used to use mostly split wood, but now use mostly white cedar (or equal) rounds. The shrinkage is exactly the same in splits and rounds, and the Roys have found the wood easier to lay up because it more readily holds its shape from one side of the wall to the other. Further, the rounds are easier to point, because of the ragged edge that results on the bottom side of a split log. Finally, the greater amount of mortar using rounds is actually a plus because the mortared portion of the wall performs better, thermally, than the wooden portion.
If constructing a house with corners, each [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 "Course (architecture)") of cordwood should be cross hatched for strength. Near the end, small filler slats of wood may be required to finish the joining or tops of walls. Windows and doors are framed with standard window boxes and wooden lintels. Glass bottles can be inserted for a creative stained glass effect. ([Plumbing](/wiki/Plumbing "Plumbing") and [electrical wiring](/wiki/Electrical_wiring "Electrical wiring") are issues to consider but will not be elaborated on in this article).
A cordwood house should have deep overhanging eaves of at least 12\- 16 inches to keep the log ends dry and prevent fungal growth. If the ends are maintained to be dry and well aerated, they will age without problem. Some owners have coated their ends with linseed oil, or set the outside log ends flush with the mortar for further weatherproofing. Over time, some checking is normal, and can be remedied with periodic mortar or [caulking](/wiki/Caulking "Caulking") maintenance.{{Citation \| surname\=McClintock \| given\=M. \| title\=Alternative housebuilding \| publisher\=Grolier Book Club: NY \| year\=1984 }}
|
[
"Process\n-------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[That Roundhouse](/wiki/That_Roundhouse \"That Roundhouse\") was built in secret in the [Pembrokeshire Coast National Park](/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park \"Pembrokeshire Coast National Park\"). The builders cut the timber themselves from the surrounding woods.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life\\_and\\_style/property/article1181035\\.ece\\|title\\=Why I Moved: A dream in ruins\\|work\\=The Times\\|date\\=2002\\-11\\-24\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-19 \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.solaripedia.com/13/351/4507/roundhouse\\_inside.html\\|title\\=Solaripedia – Green Architecture \\& Building – Projects in Green Architecture \\& Building\\|work\\=solaripedia.com}}](/wiki/File:That_Roundhouse_cordwood.jpg \"That Roundhouse cordwood.jpg\")",
"In certain jurisdictions construction plans are subject to the building inspector's approval. Before building, soil conditions on the site must be verified to support heavy cordwood masonry walls.",
"With felled timber, bark should be removed in the spring with a shovel, chisel, or bark spud. The sap is still running in spring time and provides a lubricating layer of [cambium](/wiki/Cork_cambium \"Cork cambium\") between the bark and wood, making separation an easier task than if left until the fall when the two layers are well\\-bonded together. Once debarked, the logs should sit to dry for at least three summers to limit splitting and checking. It is important to cut the logs, once debarked to the chosen building length. Richard Flatau, *Cordwood Construction: Best Practices* (2012\\) suggest splitting 70% of the wood for better drying and seasoning.Flatau2012",
"After drying, the logs must be cut to the desired length (usually 8, 12, 16, 18, or 24 in.). In this case a metal [handsaw](/wiki/Handsaw \"Handsaw\") is preferable to a [chainsaw](/wiki/Chainsaw \"Chainsaw\") because its finer cut helps to ward moisture and pest penetration. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}} Actually a \"cut off \" saw or \"buzz saw\" will make quick work of cutting cordwood into chosen lengths. For especially furry ends like on cedar, [rasps](/wiki/Rasp \"Rasp\") can be used for smoothing.",
"The wood then needs to be transported to the building site. It is convenient to have the source of cordwood and construction site nearby. Once a proper foundation has been poured which rises 12\\-24 inches above ground level with a splash guard, construction of the walls can begin. Temporary shelters can be used to cover the worksite and cordwood from rain. A post and beam frame supplies this shelter for subsequent cordwood mortaring.",
"Inexperienced homebuilders should experiment with a number of practice walls. This will ultimately expedite the building process and provide more satisfying results. When experimenting with M\\-I\\-M, (the more common form), two parallel 3 to 4 inch beads of mortar are laid down along the foundation, followed by a middle filling of insulation material. Then logs are laid on top with consistent mortar gaps, protruding no more than 1 inch on the inside and outside of the wall. Actual placement will depend on the size and shapes of the logs. Another layer of mortar is spread, then insulation poured in between, more logs follow and so on. When experimenting with Throughwall, a thin, even layer of insulative mortar is laid along the foundation, then the logs are seated firmly in the mortar bed, in an even fashion, leaving only enough space between them to \"point\" the mortar. The mortar gaps are filled to make a relatively flat top surface, then another thin layer of mortar is added and the process repeats. The shape and exterior orientation of logs is important only for appearance. Pre\\-split “firewood style” logs check less when in the wall and are easier to *point* or smooth and press evenly around than round pieces because the mortar gaps are generally smaller. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
"Rob and Jaki Roy, co\\-directors of Earthwood Building School in West Chazy, NY for 36 years, take a different point of view. They used to use mostly split wood, but now use mostly white cedar (or equal) rounds. The shrinkage is exactly the same in splits and rounds, and the Roys have found the wood easier to lay up because it more readily holds its shape from one side of the wall to the other. Further, the rounds are easier to point, because of the ragged edge that results on the bottom side of a split log. Finally, the greater amount of mortar using rounds is actually a plus because the mortared portion of the wall performs better, thermally, than the wooden portion.",
"If constructing a house with corners, each [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 \"Course (architecture)\") of cordwood should be cross hatched for strength. Near the end, small filler slats of wood may be required to finish the joining or tops of walls. Windows and doors are framed with standard window boxes and wooden lintels. Glass bottles can be inserted for a creative stained glass effect. ([Plumbing](/wiki/Plumbing \"Plumbing\") and [electrical wiring](/wiki/Electrical_wiring \"Electrical wiring\") are issues to consider but will not be elaborated on in this article).",
"A cordwood house should have deep overhanging eaves of at least 12\\- 16 inches to keep the log ends dry and prevent fungal growth. If the ends are maintained to be dry and well aerated, they will age without problem. Some owners have coated their ends with linseed oil, or set the outside log ends flush with the mortar for further weatherproofing. Over time, some checking is normal, and can be remedied with periodic mortar or [caulking](/wiki/Caulking \"Caulking\") maintenance.{{Citation \\| surname\\=McClintock \\| given\\=M. \\| title\\=Alternative housebuilding \\| publisher\\=Grolier Book Club: NY \\| year\\=1984 }}",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
On the planet Maske, Jubal Droad goes on "Yallow," a rite of passage into adulthood, traditionally spent doing public works. As part of his Yallow, Droad spends several weeks repairing a trail. One day, the arrogant noble Rampus Ymph ignores Jubal's warning to not use the still unfinished trail, causing it to collapse and seriously injure Droad.
When Jubal recovers, he arrives in the city of Wysrod for the examination of Ramus Ymph for the high office of Servant. Jubal recognizes his nemesis. He informs Nai the Hever, the senior Servant, of Ramus's illegal activities. This results in Ramus being rejected.
Nai the Hever offers Jubal a seemingly lowly position as Sanitary Inspector in unit D3\. Jubal reluctantly accepts and learns that D3 is actually the intelligence service. He is now a secret agent in training. Jubal's first assignment is to discover what Ramus is plotting. He follows Ramus to the tourist world Eiselbar and learns that he is trying to raise money to purchase a space yacht.
Back on Maske, Cadmus off\-Droad, Jubal's illegitimate brother, murders Trewe, head of the clan, asserting that he had been robbed of his rightful place. The clan gathers and brings Cadmus down. However, Cadmus's masked chief accomplice escapes and Jubal is certain that it is Ramus.
Ramus sails across the ocean to meet with the Waels, a people known for their spiritual connection to trees. Jubal takes Ramus' fiance, Mieltrude, into custody and sets off in pursuit. During the voyage, Mieltrude informs Jubal that her engagement to Ramus was a subterfuge to aid her father's investigation of Ramus.
Jubal finds Ramus negotiating with the Waels for the use of part of their land for much\-needed food and other resources. Jubal, disguised as a Wael, gets him to admit that he plans to construct tourist resorts on the land. The Waels reject his proposal. They insist that Shrack and Jubal take him away. When they reach Wysrod, Ramus transforms into a tree.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"On the planet Maske, Jubal Droad goes on \"Yallow,\" a rite of passage into adulthood, traditionally spent doing public works. As part of his Yallow, Droad spends several weeks repairing a trail. One day, the arrogant noble Rampus Ymph ignores Jubal's warning to not use the still unfinished trail, causing it to collapse and seriously injure Droad.",
"When Jubal recovers, he arrives in the city of Wysrod for the examination of Ramus Ymph for the high office of Servant. Jubal recognizes his nemesis. He informs Nai the Hever, the senior Servant, of Ramus's illegal activities. This results in Ramus being rejected.",
"Nai the Hever offers Jubal a seemingly lowly position as Sanitary Inspector in unit D3\\. Jubal reluctantly accepts and learns that D3 is actually the intelligence service. He is now a secret agent in training. Jubal's first assignment is to discover what Ramus is plotting. He follows Ramus to the tourist world Eiselbar and learns that he is trying to raise money to purchase a space yacht.",
"Back on Maske, Cadmus off\\-Droad, Jubal's illegitimate brother, murders Trewe, head of the clan, asserting that he had been robbed of his rightful place. The clan gathers and brings Cadmus down. However, Cadmus's masked chief accomplice escapes and Jubal is certain that it is Ramus.",
"Ramus sails across the ocean to meet with the Waels, a people known for their spiritual connection to trees. Jubal takes Ramus' fiance, Mieltrude, into custody and sets off in pursuit. During the voyage, Mieltrude informs Jubal that her engagement to Ramus was a subterfuge to aid her father's investigation of Ramus.",
"Jubal finds Ramus negotiating with the Waels for the use of part of their land for much\\-needed food and other resources. Jubal, disguised as a Wael, gets him to admit that he plans to construct tourist resorts on the land. The Waels reject his proposal. They insist that Shrack and Jubal take him away. When they reach Wysrod, Ramus transforms into a tree.",
""
] |
History
-------
[Militsa Nechkina](/wiki/Militsa_Nechkina "Militsa Nechkina"), a member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, first proposed the flipped classroom model in 1984\. In the 1980s and 1990s, teachers in Russia tried this instructional strategy. “...let pupils extract new things from autonomous reading of a textbook, which has been created accordingly. Allow them to consider it, then discuss it with their teacher at school and come to a united conclusion.” Nechkina wrote of the flipped classroom.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Nechkina \| first1 \= Militsa \| year \= 1984\| title \= Increasing the effectiveness of a lesson \| journal \= Communist \| volume \= \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 51 \| doi\=}}
In 1993, Alison King published "From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side," in which she focuses on the importance of the use of class time for the construction of meaning rather than information transmission. While not directly illustrating the concept of "flipping" a classroom, King's work is often cited as an impetus for an inversion to allow for the educational space for active learning.{{cite journal \| last1 \= King \| first1 \= Alison \| year \= 1993\| title \= From sage on the stage to guide on the side \| journal \= College Teaching \| volume \= 41 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 30–35 \| doi\=10\.1080/87567555\.1993\.9926781}}
Harvard professor [Eric Mazur](/wiki/Eric_Mazur "Eric Mazur") played a significant role in the development of concepts influencing flipped teaching through the development of an instructional strategy he called [peer instruction](/wiki/Peer_instruction "Peer instruction"). Mazur published a book in 1997 outlining the strategy, entitled *Peer Instruction: A User's Manual*. He found that his approach, which moved information transfer out of the classroom and information assimilation into the classroom, allowed him to coach students in their learning instead of lecture.Eric Mazur (1997\). *Peer Instruction: A User's Manual Series in Educational Innovation*. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJC. Crouch \& E. Mazur (2001\). Peer Instruction: Ten Years of Experience and Results, Am. J. Phys., v69, 970–977
Lage, Platt and Treglia published a paper entitled "Inverting the Classroom: A Gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment" (2000\), which discusses their research on flipped classrooms at the college level. In their research focusing on two college economics courses, Lage, Platt, and Treglia assert that one can leverage the class time that becomes available from the inversion of the classroom (moving information presentation via lecture out of the classroom to media such as computers or VCRs) to meet the needs of students with a wide variety of [learning styles](/wiki/Learning_styles "Learning styles").Maureen Lage, Glenn Platt, Michael Treglia (2000\), Inverting the Classroom: A gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment, Journal of Economic Education The University of Wisconsin\-Madison deployed software to replace lectures in large lecture\-based computer science course with streaming video of the lecturer and coordinated slides.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Foertsch \| first1 \= Julie \| display\-authors \= etal \| year \= 2002 \| title \= Reversing the Lecture/Homework Paradigm Using eTEACH® Web\-based Streaming Video Software \| journal \= Journal of Engineering Education \| volume \= 91 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 267–274 \| doi\=10\.1002/j.2168\-9830\.2002\.tb00703\.x\| s2cid \= 110788356 }} In the late 1990s, J. Wesley Baker was experimenting with these same ideas at [Cedarville University](/wiki/Cedarville_University "Cedarville University"). He presented a paper discussing what he termed the "classroom flip" at an education conference in the year 2000 in what may be the first published mention of the word "flip" associated with this model of teaching and learning.Baker, J.W. "The 'Classroom Flip": Using Web course management tools to become the Guide by the Side." In J. A. Chambers (Ed.), Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on College Teaching and Learning (2000\), pp. 9–17\. Jacksonville, FL: Florida Community College at Jacksonville.
Kaw and Hess published a paper in 2007 to compare the effectiveness of four (4\) instructional modalities for a single topic of a ATEM course \-(i) traditional lecture, (ii) blended (what they called "Web\-enhanced lecture"), (iii) Web\-based self\-study and (iv) flipped (what they called "Web\-based self\-study and classroom discussion"). Statistical analysis of the assessment data indicated that the second modality, in which Web\-based modules for instruction were used during face\-to\-face lecture delivery mode, resulted in higher levels of student performance and satisfaction.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Kaw \| first1 \= A. \| last2 \= Hess \| first2 \= M. \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Comparing Effectiveness of Instructional Delivery Modalities in an Engineering Course \| journal \= International Journal of Engineering Education \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 508–516 }}
A recognizable contributor to the flipped classroom is [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan_%28educator%29 "Salman Khan (educator)"). In 2004, Khan began recording videos at the request of a younger cousin he was tutoring because she felt that recorded lessons would let her skip segments she had mastered and replay parts that were troubling her.Clive Thompson (15 Jul 2011\), "How Khan Academy is Changing the Rules of Education", WiredSarah D. Sparks (28 Sep 2011\), Lectures Are Homework in Schools Following Khan Academy Lead Based on this model, Salman Khan founded [Khan Academy](/wiki/Khan_Academy "Khan Academy"), which some associate with the flipped classroom; however, these videos are only one form of the flipped classroom strategy.Sams, Aaron (11 November 2011\). ["The Flipped Class: Shedding Light on the Confusion, Critique, and Hype"](http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the-flipped-class-shedding-light-on-the-confusion-critique-and-hype-801.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921093533/http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the\-flipped\-class\-shedding\-light\-on\-the\-confusion\-critique\-and\-hype\-801\.php \|date\=2015\-09\-21 }}. The Daily Riff. Retrieved 7 April 2015\.
The Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning has built two centers to focus on flipped and blended learning. The classroom structure houses technology and collaboration\-friendly [learning spaces](/wiki/Learning_space "Learning space"), and emphasis for those involved in the program is placed on individualized learning through non\-traditional teaching strategies such as flipped classroom."Home \| Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning \| University of Wisconsin–Madison". Wiscel.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2015\-04\-07\.
To decrease student resistance,{{Cite web \|last\=PhD \|first\=Michael Prince, PhD and Maryellen Weimer \|date\=2017\-11\-02 \|title\=Understanding Student Resistance to Active Learning \|url\=https://www.teachingprofessor.com/topics/teaching\-strategies/active\-learning/student\-resistance\-active\-learning/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-27 \|website\=The Teaching Professor \|language\=en\-US}} Clark, Kaw and Braga Gomes have used adaptive learning in the pre\-class preparation for flipped classrooms. Because adaptive learning reduces student time and ensures required mastery learning, the flipped classroom became more favorable and decreased perception of responsibility.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Clark \|first1\=Renee M. \|last2\=Kaw \|first2\=Autar K. \|last3\=Braga Gomes \|first3\=Rafael \|date\=2022 \|title\=Adaptive learning: Helpful to the flipped classroom in the online environment of COVID? \|journal\=Computer Applications in Engineering Education \|language\=en \|volume\=30 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=517–531 \|doi\=10\.1002/cae.22470 \|pmid\=38607891 \|issn\=1061\-3773 \|pmc\=8653191}}
Recently, A group of researchers has also stated the importance of hybrid flipped classroom strategy in Covid\-19 times in imparting online education, particularly in context of developing economies. Authors describe that the hybrid\-flipped classroom strategy is expected to benefit a larger learner\-instructor community in the times of pandemic crisis.{{cite journal \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Sneha \|last2\=Arya \|first2\=Aditya \|title\=A hybrid flipped\-classroom approach for online teaching of biochemistry in developing countries during Covid\-19 crisis \|journal\=Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education \|date\=2020 \|volume\=48 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=502–503 \|doi\=10\.1002/bmb.21418 \|pmid\=32790218 \|pmc\=7436681 }}
### In practice
Woodland Park High School chemistry teachers Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams began practicing flipped teaching at the high school level when, in 2007, they recorded their lectures and posted them online to accommodate students who missed their classes. They note that one person cannot be credited with having invented the inverted or flipped classroom, and assert that there is no one 'right' way to flip a classroom as approaches and teaching styles are diverse, as are needs of schools. They went on to develop the "Flipped\-Mastery" model and wrote extensively about it in their book *Flip Your Classroom*.
In 2011 educators in Michigan's [Clintondale High School](/wiki/Clintondale_High_School "Clintondale High School") flipped every classroom.{{cite news \|last1\=Rosenberg \|first1\=Tina \|title\=Turning Education Upside Down \|url\=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/turning\-education\-upside\-down/?\_r\=0 \|access\-date\=18 August 2019 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=9 October 2013}} Principal Greg Green led an effort to help teachers develop plans for flipped classrooms, and worked with social studies teacher, Andy Scheel, to run two classes with identical material and assignments, one flipped and one conventional. The flipped class had many students who had already failed the class—some multiple times. After 20 weeks, students in the flipped classroom were outperforming students in the traditional classrooms.{{Cite web \| url\=http://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/18/my\-view\-flipped\-classrooms\-give\-every\-student\-a\-chance\-to\-succeed/ \| title\=My View: Flipped classrooms give every student a chance to succeed \| access\-date\=2019\-08\-17 \| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-22 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122223340/https://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/18/my\-view\-flipped\-classrooms\-give\-every\-student\-a\-chance\-to\-succeed/ \| url\-status\=dead }} Further, no students in the flipped classrooms scored lower than a C\+, while the previous semester 13 percent had failed. The traditional classroom showed no change.{{cite news\|url\=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/turning\-education\-upside\-down/?\_r\=0 \|title\=Turning Education Upside Down \|last\=Rosenberg \|first\=Tina \|date\=2013\-10\-09 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-11 \|work\=The New York Times}} Before this, Clintondale had been designated as among the state's worst 5 percent. The next year when teachers used a flipped model in the 9th grade, the failure rates in English, math, science, and social studies dropped significantly, with the now\-flipped school's failure rate dropping from 30 to 10 percent in 2011\. Results on standardized tests went up in 2012, but then dropped.
[MEF University](/wiki/MEF_University "MEF University"), a non\-profit private university located in Istanbul, Turkey, claims to be the first university in the world that has adopted the "flipped classroom" educational model university\-wide.{{cite web \|title\=MEF University \|url\=http://www.mef.edu.tr/en \|website\=MEF University \|access\-date\=12 August 2019}}
Proponents of flipped classrooms in higher education{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/02/flipped\_classrooms\_in\_college\_lectures\_online\_and\_problem\_sets\_in\_the\_classroom.html\|title\=The Flipped Classroom\|last\=Schuman\|first\=Rebecca\|date\=2014\-02\-19\|work\=Slate\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-09\|issn\=1091\-2339}} have had an interest in seeing this put into practice in university classrooms. Professors at the [University of Graz](/wiki/University_of_Graz "University of Graz") conducted a study{{Cite journal \|last1\=Luttenberger \|first1\=Silke \|last2\=Macher \|first2\=Daniel \|last3\=Maidl \|first3\=Verena \|last4\=Rominger \|first4\=Christian \|last5\=Aydin \|first5\=Nilüfer\|last6\=Paechter\|first6\=Manuela\|date\=2018\-01\-01\|title\=Different patterns of university students' integration of lecture podcasts, learning materials, and lecture attendance in a psychology course \|journal\=Education and Information Technologies \|volume\=23 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=165–178\|doi\=10\.1007/s10639\-017\-9592\-3\|issn\=1360\-2357\|doi\-access\=free }} in which lectures were video recorded in a manner in which students could have access to them throughout the semester of a lecture\-based course on educational psychology. The professors surveyed how the students used their educational tools: attending lectures and watching or rewatching videos. Students subsequently rated (on a scale of 1\=none to 6\=nearly all) how often they used these materials. The majority of students (68\.1%) relied on watching the podcasts but had low attendance rates compared to their podcast usage. The remainder of the students either rarely watched podcasts (19\.6%) or somewhat used the podcasts (12\.3%), but both had similar lecture attendance. Students that watched the videos more than their peers performed better than those who chose otherwise.
On June 27, 2016, [Jonathan Bergmann](/wiki/Jonathan_Bergmann "Jonathan Bergmann"), one of the originators of flipped learning, launched the Flipped Learning Global Initiative, led by Errol St.Clair Smith.{{cite web\|title\=The Flipped Learning Global Initiative\|url\=http://flglobal.org/about/\|website\=The Flipped Learning Global Initiative\|access\-date\=2 August 2016}} On January 26, 2018 the Flipped Learning Global Initiative introduced its International Faculty, created to deliver a consistent standard of training and ongoing support to schools and school systems around the world.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[Militsa Nechkina](/wiki/Militsa_Nechkina \"Militsa Nechkina\"), a member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, first proposed the flipped classroom model in 1984\\. In the 1980s and 1990s, teachers in Russia tried this instructional strategy. “...let pupils extract new things from autonomous reading of a textbook, which has been created accordingly. Allow them to consider it, then discuss it with their teacher at school and come to a united conclusion.” Nechkina wrote of the flipped classroom.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Nechkina \\| first1 \\= Militsa \\| year \\= 1984\\| title \\= Increasing the effectiveness of a lesson \\| journal \\= Communist \\| volume \\= \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 51 \\| doi\\=}}",
"In 1993, Alison King published \"From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side,\" in which she focuses on the importance of the use of class time for the construction of meaning rather than information transmission. While not directly illustrating the concept of \"flipping\" a classroom, King's work is often cited as an impetus for an inversion to allow for the educational space for active learning.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= King \\| first1 \\= Alison \\| year \\= 1993\\| title \\= From sage on the stage to guide on the side \\| journal \\= College Teaching \\| volume \\= 41 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 30–35 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/87567555\\.1993\\.9926781}}",
"Harvard professor [Eric Mazur](/wiki/Eric_Mazur \"Eric Mazur\") played a significant role in the development of concepts influencing flipped teaching through the development of an instructional strategy he called [peer instruction](/wiki/Peer_instruction \"Peer instruction\"). Mazur published a book in 1997 outlining the strategy, entitled *Peer Instruction: A User's Manual*. He found that his approach, which moved information transfer out of the classroom and information assimilation into the classroom, allowed him to coach students in their learning instead of lecture.Eric Mazur (1997\\). *Peer Instruction: A User's Manual Series in Educational Innovation*. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJC. Crouch \\& E. Mazur (2001\\). Peer Instruction: Ten Years of Experience and Results, Am. J. Phys., v69, 970–977",
"Lage, Platt and Treglia published a paper entitled \"Inverting the Classroom: A Gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment\" (2000\\), which discusses their research on flipped classrooms at the college level. In their research focusing on two college economics courses, Lage, Platt, and Treglia assert that one can leverage the class time that becomes available from the inversion of the classroom (moving information presentation via lecture out of the classroom to media such as computers or VCRs) to meet the needs of students with a wide variety of [learning styles](/wiki/Learning_styles \"Learning styles\").Maureen Lage, Glenn Platt, Michael Treglia (2000\\), Inverting the Classroom: A gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment, Journal of Economic Education The University of Wisconsin\\-Madison deployed software to replace lectures in large lecture\\-based computer science course with streaming video of the lecturer and coordinated slides.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Foertsch \\| first1 \\= Julie \\| display\\-authors \\= etal \\| year \\= 2002 \\| title \\= Reversing the Lecture/Homework Paradigm Using eTEACH® Web\\-based Streaming Video Software \\| journal \\= Journal of Engineering Education \\| volume \\= 91 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 267–274 \\| doi\\=10\\.1002/j.2168\\-9830\\.2002\\.tb00703\\.x\\| s2cid \\= 110788356 }} In the late 1990s, J. Wesley Baker was experimenting with these same ideas at [Cedarville University](/wiki/Cedarville_University \"Cedarville University\"). He presented a paper discussing what he termed the \"classroom flip\" at an education conference in the year 2000 in what may be the first published mention of the word \"flip\" associated with this model of teaching and learning.Baker, J.W. \"The 'Classroom Flip\": Using Web course management tools to become the Guide by the Side.\" In J. A. Chambers (Ed.), Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on College Teaching and Learning (2000\\), pp. 9–17\\. Jacksonville, FL: Florida Community College at Jacksonville.",
"Kaw and Hess published a paper in 2007 to compare the effectiveness of four (4\\) instructional modalities for a single topic of a ATEM course \\-(i) traditional lecture, (ii) blended (what they called \"Web\\-enhanced lecture\"), (iii) Web\\-based self\\-study and (iv) flipped (what they called \"Web\\-based self\\-study and classroom discussion\"). Statistical analysis of the assessment data indicated that the second modality, in which Web\\-based modules for instruction were used during face\\-to\\-face lecture delivery mode, resulted in higher levels of student performance and satisfaction.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Kaw \\| first1 \\= A. \\| last2 \\= Hess \\| first2 \\= M. \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Comparing Effectiveness of Instructional Delivery Modalities in an Engineering Course \\| journal \\= International Journal of Engineering Education \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 508–516 }}",
"A recognizable contributor to the flipped classroom is [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan_%28educator%29 \"Salman Khan (educator)\"). In 2004, Khan began recording videos at the request of a younger cousin he was tutoring because she felt that recorded lessons would let her skip segments she had mastered and replay parts that were troubling her.Clive Thompson (15 Jul 2011\\), \"How Khan Academy is Changing the Rules of Education\", WiredSarah D. Sparks (28 Sep 2011\\), Lectures Are Homework in Schools Following Khan Academy Lead Based on this model, Salman Khan founded [Khan Academy](/wiki/Khan_Academy \"Khan Academy\"), which some associate with the flipped classroom; however, these videos are only one form of the flipped classroom strategy.Sams, Aaron (11 November 2011\\). [\"The Flipped Class: Shedding Light on the Confusion, Critique, and Hype\"](http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the-flipped-class-shedding-light-on-the-confusion-critique-and-hype-801.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921093533/http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the\\-flipped\\-class\\-shedding\\-light\\-on\\-the\\-confusion\\-critique\\-and\\-hype\\-801\\.php \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-21 }}. The Daily Riff. Retrieved 7 April 2015\\.",
"The Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning has built two centers to focus on flipped and blended learning. The classroom structure houses technology and collaboration\\-friendly [learning spaces](/wiki/Learning_space \"Learning space\"), and emphasis for those involved in the program is placed on individualized learning through non\\-traditional teaching strategies such as flipped classroom.\"Home \\| Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning \\| University of Wisconsin–Madison\". Wiscel.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2015\\-04\\-07\\.",
"To decrease student resistance,{{Cite web \\|last\\=PhD \\|first\\=Michael Prince, PhD and Maryellen Weimer \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-02 \\|title\\=Understanding Student Resistance to Active Learning \\|url\\=https://www.teachingprofessor.com/topics/teaching\\-strategies/active\\-learning/student\\-resistance\\-active\\-learning/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-27 \\|website\\=The Teaching Professor \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Clark, Kaw and Braga Gomes have used adaptive learning in the pre\\-class preparation for flipped classrooms. Because adaptive learning reduces student time and ensures required mastery learning, the flipped classroom became more favorable and decreased perception of responsibility.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Clark \\|first1\\=Renee M. \\|last2\\=Kaw \\|first2\\=Autar K. \\|last3\\=Braga Gomes \\|first3\\=Rafael \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Adaptive learning: Helpful to the flipped classroom in the online environment of COVID? \\|journal\\=Computer Applications in Engineering Education \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=517–531 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/cae.22470 \\|pmid\\=38607891 \\|issn\\=1061\\-3773 \\|pmc\\=8653191}}",
"Recently, A group of researchers has also stated the importance of hybrid flipped classroom strategy in Covid\\-19 times in imparting online education, particularly in context of developing economies. Authors describe that the hybrid\\-flipped classroom strategy is expected to benefit a larger learner\\-instructor community in the times of pandemic crisis.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Sneha \\|last2\\=Arya \\|first2\\=Aditya \\|title\\=A hybrid flipped\\-classroom approach for online teaching of biochemistry in developing countries during Covid\\-19 crisis \\|journal\\=Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education \\|date\\=2020 \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=502–503 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/bmb.21418 \\|pmid\\=32790218 \\|pmc\\=7436681 }}",
"### In practice",
"Woodland Park High School chemistry teachers Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams began practicing flipped teaching at the high school level when, in 2007, they recorded their lectures and posted them online to accommodate students who missed their classes. They note that one person cannot be credited with having invented the inverted or flipped classroom, and assert that there is no one 'right' way to flip a classroom as approaches and teaching styles are diverse, as are needs of schools. They went on to develop the \"Flipped\\-Mastery\" model and wrote extensively about it in their book *Flip Your Classroom*.",
"In 2011 educators in Michigan's [Clintondale High School](/wiki/Clintondale_High_School \"Clintondale High School\") flipped every classroom.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rosenberg \\|first1\\=Tina \\|title\\=Turning Education Upside Down \\|url\\=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/turning\\-education\\-upside\\-down/?\\_r\\=0 \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2019 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=9 October 2013}} Principal Greg Green led an effort to help teachers develop plans for flipped classrooms, and worked with social studies teacher, Andy Scheel, to run two classes with identical material and assignments, one flipped and one conventional. The flipped class had many students who had already failed the class—some multiple times. After 20 weeks, students in the flipped classroom were outperforming students in the traditional classrooms.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/18/my\\-view\\-flipped\\-classrooms\\-give\\-every\\-student\\-a\\-chance\\-to\\-succeed/ \\| title\\=My View: Flipped classrooms give every student a chance to succeed \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-17 \\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122223340/https://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/18/my\\-view\\-flipped\\-classrooms\\-give\\-every\\-student\\-a\\-chance\\-to\\-succeed/ \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Further, no students in the flipped classrooms scored lower than a C\\+, while the previous semester 13 percent had failed. The traditional classroom showed no change.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/turning\\-education\\-upside\\-down/?\\_r\\=0 \\|title\\=Turning Education Upside Down \\|last\\=Rosenberg \\|first\\=Tina \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-09 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-11 \\|work\\=The New York Times}} Before this, Clintondale had been designated as among the state's worst 5 percent. The next year when teachers used a flipped model in the 9th grade, the failure rates in English, math, science, and social studies dropped significantly, with the now\\-flipped school's failure rate dropping from 30 to 10 percent in 2011\\. Results on standardized tests went up in 2012, but then dropped.",
"[MEF University](/wiki/MEF_University \"MEF University\"), a non\\-profit private university located in Istanbul, Turkey, claims to be the first university in the world that has adopted the \"flipped classroom\" educational model university\\-wide.{{cite web \\|title\\=MEF University \\|url\\=http://www.mef.edu.tr/en \\|website\\=MEF University \\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2019}}",
"Proponents of flipped classrooms in higher education{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/02/flipped\\_classrooms\\_in\\_college\\_lectures\\_online\\_and\\_problem\\_sets\\_in\\_the\\_classroom.html\\|title\\=The Flipped Classroom\\|last\\=Schuman\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-19\\|work\\=Slate\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-09\\|issn\\=1091\\-2339}} have had an interest in seeing this put into practice in university classrooms. Professors at the [University of Graz](/wiki/University_of_Graz \"University of Graz\") conducted a study{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Luttenberger \\|first1\\=Silke \\|last2\\=Macher \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|last3\\=Maidl \\|first3\\=Verena \\|last4\\=Rominger \\|first4\\=Christian \\|last5\\=Aydin \\|first5\\=Nilüfer\\|last6\\=Paechter\\|first6\\=Manuela\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=Different patterns of university students' integration of lecture podcasts, learning materials, and lecture attendance in a psychology course \\|journal\\=Education and Information Technologies \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=165–178\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10639\\-017\\-9592\\-3\\|issn\\=1360\\-2357\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} in which lectures were video recorded in a manner in which students could have access to them throughout the semester of a lecture\\-based course on educational psychology. The professors surveyed how the students used their educational tools: attending lectures and watching or rewatching videos. Students subsequently rated (on a scale of 1\\=none to 6\\=nearly all) how often they used these materials. The majority of students (68\\.1%) relied on watching the podcasts but had low attendance rates compared to their podcast usage. The remainder of the students either rarely watched podcasts (19\\.6%) or somewhat used the podcasts (12\\.3%), but both had similar lecture attendance. Students that watched the videos more than their peers performed better than those who chose otherwise.",
"On June 27, 2016, [Jonathan Bergmann](/wiki/Jonathan_Bergmann \"Jonathan Bergmann\"), one of the originators of flipped learning, launched the Flipped Learning Global Initiative, led by Errol St.Clair Smith.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Flipped Learning Global Initiative\\|url\\=http://flglobal.org/about/\\|website\\=The Flipped Learning Global Initiative\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2016}} On January 26, 2018 the Flipped Learning Global Initiative introduced its International Faculty, created to deliver a consistent standard of training and ongoing support to schools and school systems around the world.",
""
] |
Limitations and criticisms
--------------------------
Critics argue the flipped classroom model has some consequences for both students and teachers.
For students, there exists a '[digital divide](/wiki/Digital_divide "Digital divide")'. Not all families are from the same socio\-economic background, and thus access to computers or video\-viewing technology outside of the school environment is not possible for all students. This model of instruction may put undue pressure on some families as they attempt to gain access to videos outside of school hours.Nielsen, L. (2012\). ["Five reasons I'm not flipping over the flipped classroom"](http://theinnovativeeducator.blogspot.ca/2011/10/five-reasons-im-not-flipping-over.html).
Additionally, some students may struggle due to their developing personal responsibility. In a self\-directed, home learning environment students who are not at the developmental stage required to keep on\-task with independent learning may fall rapidly behind their peers.{{Cite journal \|doi\=10\.1007/s10984\-012\-9108\-4\|title\=How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation\|journal\=Learning Environments Research\|volume\=15\|issue\=2\|pages\=171–193\|year\=2012\|last1\=Strayer\|first1\=Jeremy F.\|s2cid\=43993532}}{{cite journal \| last1 \= Lents \| first1 \= N. \| last2 \= Cifuentes \| first2 \= O. \| year \= 2009 \| title \= Web\-based learning enhancements: Video lectures through voice\-over PowerPoint in a Majors\-level Biology course \| journal \= Journal of College Science Teaching \| volume \= 39 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 38–46 }}{{Cite journal \|doi\=10\.17576/3L\-2022\-2801\-10\|title\=Flipped Classroom and Psycholinguistic Factors: An Evaluation\|journal\=3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature \|volume\=28\|issue\=1\|pages\=139–151\|year\=2022\|last1\=Alfaifi\|first1\=Abdullah A.M.\|last2 \= Saleem \|first2 \= M.\|s2cid\=247810373\|url\=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/18563/1/47851\-180190\-1\-PB.pdf }}
Other educators, such as Lisa Nielsen, argue that the flipped classroom leads to increased computer time in an era where adolescents already spend too much time in front of computer screens. Inverted models that rely on computerized videos do contribute to this challenge, particularly if videos are long.
Additionally, flipped classrooms that rely on videos to deliver instruction suffer some of the same challenges as traditional classrooms. Students may not learn best by listening to a lecture, and watching instructional videos at home is still representative of a more traditional form of teaching. Critics argue {{weasel inline\|date\=July 2024}} a constructivist approach would be more beneficial.
Teachers may find challenges with this model as well. Increased preparation time is initially likely needed, as creating high quality videos requires teachers to contribute significant time and effort outside of regular teaching responsibilities. Additional funding may also be required to procure training for teachers to navigate computer technologies involved in the successful implementation of the inverted model.
The potential performance increase from flipped classrooms varies greatly on classroom by classroom basis. The potential benefits may be affected by the method of conducting the classroom and the level of intensity of the course. Currently, the amount of research available is not enough to create rigorous practical guidelines for all teachers to use. Therefore, some teachers may conduct the flipped classroom more effectively than others. In addition, the level of intensity of the course may also play a crucial role in the efficacy of the flipped model. Researchers often witness a more defined performance increase in K\-12 education as opposed to college or graduate education.{{Cite journal\|last\=Lo\|first\=Chung\|year\=2017\|title\=A critical review of flipped classroom challenges in K\-12 education: possible solutions and recommendations for future research\|journal\=Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning\|volume\=12\|issue\=1\|pages\=4\|doi\=10\.1186/s41039\-016\-0044\-2\|pmid\=30613253\|pmc\=6302872 \|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=Fei\|last2\=Lui\|first2\=Angela M.\|last3\=Martinelli\|first3\=Susan M.\|date\=June 2017\|title\=A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education\|journal\=Medical Education\|volume\=51\|issue\=6\|pages\=585–597\|doi\=10\.1111/medu.13272\|issn\=1365\-2923\|pmid\=28488303\|s2cid\=4413028}} In foreign language education, flipped classrooms seem less effective for students with lower proficiency in the target language.
In 2022, a review of meta\-analyses and a follow\-up meta\-analysis was done on flipped classrooms.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Kapur \|first1\=Manu \|last2\=Hattie \|first2\=John \|last3\=Grossman \|first3\=Irina \|last4\=Sinha \|first4\=Tanmay \|date\=2022 \|title\=Fail, flip, fix, and feed – Rethinking flipped learning: A review of meta\-analyses and a subsequent meta\-analysis \|journal\=Frontiers in Education \|volume\=7 \|doi\=10\.3389/feduc.2022\.956416 \|issn\=2504\-284X\|doi\-access\=free \|hdl\=20\.500\.11850/572828 \|hdl\-access\=free }} They claim that they found that most were simply flipping and adding more traditional class work as opposed to using active learning. They propose a more specific model for flipping, “Fail, Flip, Fix, and Feed" model which is intended to address some criticisms of flipped learning they identified, such as the lack of active learning. Resistance from students to active learning still exists.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Finelli \|first1\=Cynthia J. \| author1\-link \= Cynthia Finelli \|last2\=Nguyen \|first2\=Kevin \|last3\=DeMonbrun \|first3\=Matthew \|last4\=Borrego \|first4\=Maura \|last5\=Prince \|first5\=Michael \|last6\=Husman \|first6\=Jennifer \|last7\=Henderson \|first7\=Charles \|last8\=Shekhar \|first8\=Prateek \|last9\=Waters \|first9\=Cynthia K. \|date\=2018 \|title\=Reducing Student Resistance to Active Learning: Strategies for Instructors \|url\=https://eric.ed.gov/?id\=EJ1178096 \|journal\=Journal of College Science Teaching \|language\=en \|volume\=47 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=80–91 \|doi\=10\.2505/4/jcst18\_047\_05\_80 \|issn\=0047\-231X}}
|
[
"Limitations and criticisms\n--------------------------",
"Critics argue the flipped classroom model has some consequences for both students and teachers.",
"For students, there exists a '[digital divide](/wiki/Digital_divide \"Digital divide\")'. Not all families are from the same socio\\-economic background, and thus access to computers or video\\-viewing technology outside of the school environment is not possible for all students. This model of instruction may put undue pressure on some families as they attempt to gain access to videos outside of school hours.Nielsen, L. (2012\\). [\"Five reasons I'm not flipping over the flipped classroom\"](http://theinnovativeeducator.blogspot.ca/2011/10/five-reasons-im-not-flipping-over.html).",
"Additionally, some students may struggle due to their developing personal responsibility. In a self\\-directed, home learning environment students who are not at the developmental stage required to keep on\\-task with independent learning may fall rapidly behind their peers.{{Cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10984\\-012\\-9108\\-4\\|title\\=How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation\\|journal\\=Learning Environments Research\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=171–193\\|year\\=2012\\|last1\\=Strayer\\|first1\\=Jeremy F.\\|s2cid\\=43993532}}{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Lents \\| first1 \\= N. \\| last2 \\= Cifuentes \\| first2 \\= O. \\| year \\= 2009 \\| title \\= Web\\-based learning enhancements: Video lectures through voice\\-over PowerPoint in a Majors\\-level Biology course \\| journal \\= Journal of College Science Teaching \\| volume \\= 39 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 38–46 }}{{Cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.17576/3L\\-2022\\-2801\\-10\\|title\\=Flipped Classroom and Psycholinguistic Factors: An Evaluation\\|journal\\=3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature \\|volume\\=28\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=139–151\\|year\\=2022\\|last1\\=Alfaifi\\|first1\\=Abdullah A.M.\\|last2 \\= Saleem \\|first2 \\= M.\\|s2cid\\=247810373\\|url\\=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/18563/1/47851\\-180190\\-1\\-PB.pdf }}",
"Other educators, such as Lisa Nielsen, argue that the flipped classroom leads to increased computer time in an era where adolescents already spend too much time in front of computer screens. Inverted models that rely on computerized videos do contribute to this challenge, particularly if videos are long.",
"Additionally, flipped classrooms that rely on videos to deliver instruction suffer some of the same challenges as traditional classrooms. Students may not learn best by listening to a lecture, and watching instructional videos at home is still representative of a more traditional form of teaching. Critics argue {{weasel inline\\|date\\=July 2024}} a constructivist approach would be more beneficial.",
"Teachers may find challenges with this model as well. Increased preparation time is initially likely needed, as creating high quality videos requires teachers to contribute significant time and effort outside of regular teaching responsibilities. Additional funding may also be required to procure training for teachers to navigate computer technologies involved in the successful implementation of the inverted model.",
"The potential performance increase from flipped classrooms varies greatly on classroom by classroom basis. The potential benefits may be affected by the method of conducting the classroom and the level of intensity of the course. Currently, the amount of research available is not enough to create rigorous practical guidelines for all teachers to use. Therefore, some teachers may conduct the flipped classroom more effectively than others. In addition, the level of intensity of the course may also play a crucial role in the efficacy of the flipped model. Researchers often witness a more defined performance increase in K\\-12 education as opposed to college or graduate education.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lo\\|first\\=Chung\\|year\\=2017\\|title\\=A critical review of flipped classroom challenges in K\\-12 education: possible solutions and recommendations for future research\\|journal\\=Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=4\\|doi\\=10\\.1186/s41039\\-016\\-0044\\-2\\|pmid\\=30613253\\|pmc\\=6302872 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=Fei\\|last2\\=Lui\\|first2\\=Angela M.\\|last3\\=Martinelli\\|first3\\=Susan M.\\|date\\=June 2017\\|title\\=A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education\\|journal\\=Medical Education\\|volume\\=51\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=585–597\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/medu.13272\\|issn\\=1365\\-2923\\|pmid\\=28488303\\|s2cid\\=4413028}} In foreign language education, flipped classrooms seem less effective for students with lower proficiency in the target language.",
"In 2022, a review of meta\\-analyses and a follow\\-up meta\\-analysis was done on flipped classrooms.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Kapur \\|first1\\=Manu \\|last2\\=Hattie \\|first2\\=John \\|last3\\=Grossman \\|first3\\=Irina \\|last4\\=Sinha \\|first4\\=Tanmay \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Fail, flip, fix, and feed – Rethinking flipped learning: A review of meta\\-analyses and a subsequent meta\\-analysis \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Education \\|volume\\=7 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/feduc.2022\\.956416 \\|issn\\=2504\\-284X\\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.11850/572828 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} They claim that they found that most were simply flipping and adding more traditional class work as opposed to using active learning. They propose a more specific model for flipping, “Fail, Flip, Fix, and Feed\" model which is intended to address some criticisms of flipped learning they identified, such as the lack of active learning. Resistance from students to active learning still exists.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Finelli \\|first1\\=Cynthia J. \\| author1\\-link \\= Cynthia Finelli \\|last2\\=Nguyen \\|first2\\=Kevin \\|last3\\=DeMonbrun \\|first3\\=Matthew \\|last4\\=Borrego \\|first4\\=Maura \\|last5\\=Prince \\|first5\\=Michael \\|last6\\=Husman \\|first6\\=Jennifer \\|last7\\=Henderson \\|first7\\=Charles \\|last8\\=Shekhar \\|first8\\=Prateek \\|last9\\=Waters \\|first9\\=Cynthia K. \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Reducing Student Resistance to Active Learning: Strategies for Instructors \\|url\\=https://eric.ed.gov/?id\\=EJ1178096 \\|journal\\=Journal of College Science Teaching \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=80–91 \\|doi\\=10\\.2505/4/jcst18\\_047\\_05\\_80 \\|issn\\=0047\\-231X}}",
""
] |
With other educational approaches
---------------------------------
### Flipped learning \+ peer instruction
Interactive method based on collaborative work that has proven effective in areas such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Dumont, 2014\). Specifically consists of sharing with other students a different response to their own and explain the reasons that support the same to learn from each other. In this process the reasoning beyond the answers is analyzed.
### Flipped mastery learning
When the invested learning model is applied in a more advanced way. Educators begin by organizing content around specific goals. Students work on course content at their own pace and upon reaching the end of each unit, they must show mastery of learning objectives before moving on to the next topic and so on (Bergmann and Sams, 2013\). Students can show evidence of their learning through videos, worksheets, experimental stories, programs, projects, examples, among others.
There are two challenges in the flipped\-mastery model: the first is to deliver instruction to students when they have different levels of learning and understanding of the subjects. The second challenge is to carry out summative assessment when the student has to be evaluated more than once.
### Flipped adaptive learning
The combination of inverted learning and other pedagogical approaches such as [adaptive learning](/wiki/Adaptive_learning "Adaptive learning") can help educators obtain information from the areas of learning where their students show mastery and those in which they still have deficiencies or need to improve.{{cite book \|last1\=Kaplan \|first1\=Andreas \|title\=Higher Education at the Crossroads of Disruption \- The University of the 21st Century. \|date\=6 April 2021 \|publisher\=Emerald Publishing Limited \|isbn\=9781800715042 \|url\=https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Higher\-Education\-at\-the\-Crossroads\-of\-Disruption/?k\=9781800715042}} This knowledge can support the teacher in determining how to organize and manage class time to maximize student learning (Yilmaz\-tuzun, 2008\).
### Flipped learning \+ gamification
A step forward in the flipped\-mastery model would be to include [gamification](/wiki/Gamification "Gamification") elements in the learning process. Gamification is the application of game mechanisms in situations not directly related to games. The basic idea is to identify what motivates a game and see how it can be applied in the teaching\-learning model (in this case it would be Flipped\-Mastery). The results of the Fun Theory research showed that fun can significantly change people's behavior in a positive sense, in the same way that it has a positive effect on education (Volkswagen, 2009\).
### Flipped learning \+ cooperative learning
There may also be a symbiosis or complementation between the flipped classroom technique and [cooperative learning](/wiki/Cooperative_learning "Cooperative learning"). Schoolwork, also commonly known as "homework", is done jointly and in cooperation with the group as the teacher moves the time spent explaining the subject to the flipped classroom method. In this way, the student has to assimilate and understand the content of more theoretical weight at home, through the recordings made by the teacher, and the time in class is dedicated to the development of tasks and problem solving and / or doubts through cooperative learning (Fortanet, González, Mira Pastor and López Ramón, 2013\).
### Flipped learning \+ Inclusive classroom
The qualities of a flipped classroom that are valuable for typical students can also benefit students with disabilities. Inclusive classrooms can be used to change perceptions and reduce the stigma students with disabilities experience.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.understood.org/en/learning\-attention\-issues/treatments\-approaches/educational\-strategies/5\-benefits\-of\-inclusion\-classrooms \| title\=5 Benefits of Inclusion Classrooms\| date\=5 August 2019}} For example, a teacher can develop a lesson about social skills if it is an area of concern for a student diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Altemueller \| first1 \= L. \| last2 \= Lindquist \| first2 \= C. \| year \= 2017 \| title \= Flipped classroom instruction for inclusive learning \| journal \= British Journal of Special Education \| volume \= 44 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 341–358 \| doi \= 10\.1111/1467\-8578\.12177 }}
### Flipped learning \+ teaching
Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the [Likert scale](/wiki/Likert_scale "Likert scale") can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teacher hands out lesson teaching material one week before the lesson is scheduled for the students to prepare talks. Small student groups work on the lecture chapters instead of homework, and hold the lecture in front of their peers. The professional lecturer then discusses, complements and provides feedback at the end of the group talks. Here, the professional lecturer acts as a coach to help students preparation and live performance.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mastmeyer \| first1 \= A. \| year \= 2020 \| title \= Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Transforming to Flipped\-Classroom from Instruction Teaching using Micro Feedback Loops \| journal \= Manuscript Work in Progress \| pages \= 1–42 \| doi \= 10\.5281/zenodo.4000357 }}
|
[
"With other educational approaches\n---------------------------------",
"### Flipped learning \\+ peer instruction",
"Interactive method based on collaborative work that has proven effective in areas such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Dumont, 2014\\). Specifically consists of sharing with other students a different response to their own and explain the reasons that support the same to learn from each other. In this process the reasoning beyond the answers is analyzed.",
"### Flipped mastery learning",
"When the invested learning model is applied in a more advanced way. Educators begin by organizing content around specific goals. Students work on course content at their own pace and upon reaching the end of each unit, they must show mastery of learning objectives before moving on to the next topic and so on (Bergmann and Sams, 2013\\). Students can show evidence of their learning through videos, worksheets, experimental stories, programs, projects, examples, among others.\nThere are two challenges in the flipped\\-mastery model: the first is to deliver instruction to students when they have different levels of learning and understanding of the subjects. The second challenge is to carry out summative assessment when the student has to be evaluated more than once.",
"### Flipped adaptive learning",
"The combination of inverted learning and other pedagogical approaches such as [adaptive learning](/wiki/Adaptive_learning \"Adaptive learning\") can help educators obtain information from the areas of learning where their students show mastery and those in which they still have deficiencies or need to improve.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Kaplan \\|first1\\=Andreas \\|title\\=Higher Education at the Crossroads of Disruption \\- The University of the 21st Century. \\|date\\=6 April 2021 \\|publisher\\=Emerald Publishing Limited \\|isbn\\=9781800715042 \\|url\\=https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Higher\\-Education\\-at\\-the\\-Crossroads\\-of\\-Disruption/?k\\=9781800715042}} This knowledge can support the teacher in determining how to organize and manage class time to maximize student learning (Yilmaz\\-tuzun, 2008\\).",
"### Flipped learning \\+ gamification",
"A step forward in the flipped\\-mastery model would be to include [gamification](/wiki/Gamification \"Gamification\") elements in the learning process. Gamification is the application of game mechanisms in situations not directly related to games. The basic idea is to identify what motivates a game and see how it can be applied in the teaching\\-learning model (in this case it would be Flipped\\-Mastery). The results of the Fun Theory research showed that fun can significantly change people's behavior in a positive sense, in the same way that it has a positive effect on education (Volkswagen, 2009\\).",
"### Flipped learning \\+ cooperative learning",
"There may also be a symbiosis or complementation between the flipped classroom technique and [cooperative learning](/wiki/Cooperative_learning \"Cooperative learning\"). Schoolwork, also commonly known as \"homework\", is done jointly and in cooperation with the group as the teacher moves the time spent explaining the subject to the flipped classroom method. In this way, the student has to assimilate and understand the content of more theoretical weight at home, through the recordings made by the teacher, and the time in class is dedicated to the development of tasks and problem solving and / or doubts through cooperative learning (Fortanet, González, Mira Pastor and López Ramón, 2013\\).",
"### Flipped learning \\+ Inclusive classroom",
"The qualities of a flipped classroom that are valuable for typical students can also benefit students with disabilities. Inclusive classrooms can be used to change perceptions and reduce the stigma students with disabilities experience.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.understood.org/en/learning\\-attention\\-issues/treatments\\-approaches/educational\\-strategies/5\\-benefits\\-of\\-inclusion\\-classrooms \\| title\\=5 Benefits of Inclusion Classrooms\\| date\\=5 August 2019}} For example, a teacher can develop a lesson about social skills if it is an area of concern for a student diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Altemueller \\| first1 \\= L. \\| last2 \\= Lindquist \\| first2 \\= C. \\| year \\= 2017 \\| title \\= Flipped classroom instruction for inclusive learning \\| journal \\= British Journal of Special Education \\| volume \\= 44 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 341–358 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/1467\\-8578\\.12177 }}",
"### Flipped learning \\+ teaching",
"Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the [Likert scale](/wiki/Likert_scale \"Likert scale\") can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teacher hands out lesson teaching material one week before the lesson is scheduled for the students to prepare talks. Small student groups work on the lecture chapters instead of homework, and hold the lecture in front of their peers. The professional lecturer then discusses, complements and provides feedback at the end of the group talks. Here, the professional lecturer acts as a coach to help students preparation and live performance.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mastmeyer \\| first1 \\= A. \\| year \\= 2020 \\| title \\= Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Transforming to Flipped\\-Classroom from Instruction Teaching using Micro Feedback Loops \\| journal \\= Manuscript Work in Progress \\| pages \\= 1–42 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5281/zenodo.4000357 }}",
""
] |
Naval career
------------
The first time Van Brakel appears in the documents is in 1666, when he was appointed by the [Admiralty of the Maze](/wiki/Admiralty_of_the_Maze "Admiralty of the Maze") as acting captain—with the rank of lieutenant—of a [fireship](/wiki/Fireship "Fireship"), the *Rotterdam*, that participated in the [Four Days Battle](/wiki/Four_Days_Battle "Four Days Battle"). Apparently he already had been a lieutenant in 1665\. Fireships were often manned by the most desperate elements in society; the humility of his origins might explain the fact they were never mentioned.
At [St. James's Day Battle](/wiki/St._James%27s_Day_Battle "St. James's Day Battle"), having spent another fireship and returning with his crew in sloops, Van Brakel saved the *Gelderland*, the flagship of Lieutenant\-Admiral [Willem Joseph van Ghent](/wiki/Willem_Joseph_van_Ghent "Willem Joseph van Ghent") from an attack by an English fireship. Because of the courage shown, Van Brakel was promoted to captain of a regular ship on 22 September 1666, a rare accomplishment for a fireship commander. In 1667, while in command of the frigate *Vrede*,{{Cite book \|last1\=Rogers \|first1\=P. G \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090483502 \|title\=The Dutch in the Medway \|last2\=Davies \|first2\=J. D \|publisher\=Seaforth Publishing \|year\=2017 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4738\-9569\-0 \|language\=English \|oclc\=1090483502}} he became one of the heroes of the [raid on the Medway](/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway "Raid on the Medway") and was given the honourable task of triumphantly towing the captured English flagship {{HMS\|Royal Charles\|1655\|6}} out of the Medway river. That same year Van Brakel was promoted full captain on 17 December.
In 1672, at the [battle of Solebay](/wiki/Battle_of_Solebay "Battle of Solebay")—the first battle of the [Third Anglo\-Dutch War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War "Third Anglo-Dutch War")—Van Brakel served as captain of *Groot Hollandia*, and played a major part in the burning of HMS *Royal James*.
In 1673, he continued to fight with distinction at the [battle of Schooneveld](/wiki/Battle_of_Schooneveld "Battle of Schooneveld") and the [battle of the Texel](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Texel "Battle of the Texel"), as captain of *Voorzichtigheid*.
On 5 April 1684, Van Brakel was promoted to rear admiral of the [Admiralty of Amsterdam](/wiki/Admiralty_of_Amsterdam "Admiralty of Amsterdam").
Four years later, as a temporary vice admiral—from October 1688 until January 1689—he was part of the fleet that brought [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England "William III of England") to England in the invasion that led to the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution").
From 1688 onwards, Van Brakel served on the amalgamated Anglo\-Dutch fleet until he was killed in the [battle of Beachy Head](/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_%281690%29 "Battle of Beachy Head (1690)") in 1690\.
[thumb\|Van Brakel's grave memorial in [St. Lawrence Church](/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_%28Rotterdam%29 "Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)"), Rotterdam](/wiki/Image:Praalgraf-janvanbrakel.jpg "Praalgraf-janvanbrakel.jpg")
|
[
"Naval career\n------------",
"The first time Van Brakel appears in the documents is in 1666, when he was appointed by the [Admiralty of the Maze](/wiki/Admiralty_of_the_Maze \"Admiralty of the Maze\") as acting captain—with the rank of lieutenant—of a [fireship](/wiki/Fireship \"Fireship\"), the *Rotterdam*, that participated in the [Four Days Battle](/wiki/Four_Days_Battle \"Four Days Battle\"). Apparently he already had been a lieutenant in 1665\\. Fireships were often manned by the most desperate elements in society; the humility of his origins might explain the fact they were never mentioned.",
"At [St. James's Day Battle](/wiki/St._James%27s_Day_Battle \"St. James's Day Battle\"), having spent another fireship and returning with his crew in sloops, Van Brakel saved the *Gelderland*, the flagship of Lieutenant\\-Admiral [Willem Joseph van Ghent](/wiki/Willem_Joseph_van_Ghent \"Willem Joseph van Ghent\") from an attack by an English fireship. Because of the courage shown, Van Brakel was promoted to captain of a regular ship on 22 September 1666, a rare accomplishment for a fireship commander. In 1667, while in command of the frigate *Vrede*,{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Rogers \\|first1\\=P. G \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090483502 \\|title\\=The Dutch in the Medway \\|last2\\=Davies \\|first2\\=J. D \\|publisher\\=Seaforth Publishing \\|year\\=2017 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4738\\-9569\\-0 \\|language\\=English \\|oclc\\=1090483502}} he became one of the heroes of the [raid on the Medway](/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway \"Raid on the Medway\") and was given the honourable task of triumphantly towing the captured English flagship {{HMS\\|Royal Charles\\|1655\\|6}} out of the Medway river. That same year Van Brakel was promoted full captain on 17 December.",
"In 1672, at the [battle of Solebay](/wiki/Battle_of_Solebay \"Battle of Solebay\")—the first battle of the [Third Anglo\\-Dutch War](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War \"Third Anglo-Dutch War\")—Van Brakel served as captain of *Groot Hollandia*, and played a major part in the burning of HMS *Royal James*.",
"In 1673, he continued to fight with distinction at the [battle of Schooneveld](/wiki/Battle_of_Schooneveld \"Battle of Schooneveld\") and the [battle of the Texel](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Texel \"Battle of the Texel\"), as captain of *Voorzichtigheid*.",
"On 5 April 1684, Van Brakel was promoted to rear admiral of the [Admiralty of Amsterdam](/wiki/Admiralty_of_Amsterdam \"Admiralty of Amsterdam\").",
"Four years later, as a temporary vice admiral—from October 1688 until January 1689—he was part of the fleet that brought [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\") to England in the invasion that led to the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\").",
"From 1688 onwards, Van Brakel served on the amalgamated Anglo\\-Dutch fleet until he was killed in the [battle of Beachy Head](/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_%281690%29 \"Battle of Beachy Head (1690)\") in 1690\\.",
"[thumb\\|Van Brakel's grave memorial in [St. Lawrence Church](/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_%28Rotterdam%29 \"Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)\"), Rotterdam](/wiki/Image:Praalgraf-janvanbrakel.jpg \"Praalgraf-janvanbrakel.jpg\")",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
From a samurai\-class family of [Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa](/wiki/Ashigarashimo_District%2C_Kanagawa "Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa"), Kitamura was interested in [liberal politics](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism") at an early age, and played a minor role in the [Freedom and People's Rights Movement](/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement "Freedom and People's Rights Movement"). He attended the *Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō* (which later became [Waseda University](/wiki/Waseda_University "Waseda University")), but was expelled due to his radical political views. After almost a year of vigorous political activities he started questioning the purpose of the movement and left to become a writer. In 1888, he was baptized as a Christian, and married Ishizaka Mina.
### Literary career
Kitamura self\-published the long verse *Soshū no shi* ("The Poem of the Prisoner") in 1888, which was the longest Japanese poem written in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse "Free verse") up until that time. He followed this with the poetic drama *Hōrai kyoku* ("The Drama of Mount Hōrai"). He claimed to be influenced by the works of [Byron](/wiki/George_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron "George Byron, 6th Baron Byron"), [Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson") and [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle "Thomas Carlyle"). His wife's Christianity also greatly influenced his outlook.
Kitamura turned from poetry to essays, and wrote works extolling the "life\-espousing views" of the West, over the "life\-denying view" of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") and traditional Japanese [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto "Shinto") thought. His attempts to explore the nature of the self and the potential for the individual, particularly in his seminal work *Naibu seimei ron* ("Theory of Inner Life"), are regarded by some{{according to whom\|date\=July 2022}} as the starting point of modern [Japanese literature](/wiki/Japanese_literature "Japanese literature"). Kitamura was also drawn to the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker "Quaker") movement, and founded a [pacifist](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism") society, the Japan Peace Association (日本平和会), in 1889\.
Kitamura was hired as an English teacher at the Friends Girls School in 1890\. He frequented the [Azabu](/wiki/Azabu "Azabu") Christian Church. In 1893, he took over the post held by Shimazaki Tōson at Meiji Girls School (now [Meiji Gakuin University](/wiki/Meiji_Gakuin_University "Meiji Gakuin University")). He also submitted literary criticism to the magazine *[Bungakukai](/wiki/Bungakukai "Bungakukai")*, which he helped launch with [Shimazaki Tōson](/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki "Tōson Shimazaki") in 1893\. Around this time he began to show signs of mental instability and depression.
Kitamura authored the *Bungakukai* article {{Nihongo\|''The Evils of Blind Faith''\|頑執盲排の弊\|Ganshūmōhai no hei}}, in which he ridiculed, among other things, the [kokugaku](/wiki/Kokugaku "Kokugaku") movement, which by the time of its near\-extinction in the late 19th century had evolved into a form of Shinto [fundamentalism](/wiki/Fundamentalism "Fundamentalism").{{cite book \|last1\=北村 Kitamura \|first1\=透谷 Tōkoku \|title\=頑執盲排の弊 Ganshūmōhai no hei\|date\=May 31, 1893\|publisher\=文學界雜誌社 Bungakukai Zatsushisha \|location\=Japan}} He was a close associate of Shimazaki Tōson, whom he strongly influenced towards the romantic literary movement and whose father [Shimazaki Masaki](/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki "Shimazaki Masaki") is noted for his involvement in kokugaku circles.
Before dawn on 16 May 1894, Tokoku hanged himself in his garden at his home near [Shiba Park](/wiki/Shiba_Park "Shiba Park") in Tokyo. His grave is at the temple of Zuisho\-ji in [Shirokane](/wiki/Shirokane "Shirokane"), Tokyo.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"From a samurai\\-class family of [Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa](/wiki/Ashigarashimo_District%2C_Kanagawa \"Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa\"), Kitamura was interested in [liberal politics](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\") at an early age, and played a minor role in the [Freedom and People's Rights Movement](/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement \"Freedom and People's Rights Movement\"). He attended the *Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō* (which later became [Waseda University](/wiki/Waseda_University \"Waseda University\")), but was expelled due to his radical political views. After almost a year of vigorous political activities he started questioning the purpose of the movement and left to become a writer. In 1888, he was baptized as a Christian, and married Ishizaka Mina.",
"### Literary career",
"Kitamura self\\-published the long verse *Soshū no shi* (\"The Poem of the Prisoner\") in 1888, which was the longest Japanese poem written in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse \"Free verse\") up until that time. He followed this with the poetic drama *Hōrai kyoku* (\"The Drama of Mount Hōrai\"). He claimed to be influenced by the works of [Byron](/wiki/George_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron \"George Byron, 6th Baron Byron\"), [Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\") and [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle \"Thomas Carlyle\"). His wife's Christianity also greatly influenced his outlook.",
"Kitamura turned from poetry to essays, and wrote works extolling the \"life\\-espousing views\" of the West, over the \"life\\-denying view\" of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") and traditional Japanese [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto \"Shinto\") thought. His attempts to explore the nature of the self and the potential for the individual, particularly in his seminal work *Naibu seimei ron* (\"Theory of Inner Life\"), are regarded by some{{according to whom\\|date\\=July 2022}} as the starting point of modern [Japanese literature](/wiki/Japanese_literature \"Japanese literature\"). Kitamura was also drawn to the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") movement, and founded a [pacifist](/wiki/Pacifism \"Pacifism\") society, the Japan Peace Association (日本平和会), in 1889\\.",
"Kitamura was hired as an English teacher at the Friends Girls School in 1890\\. He frequented the [Azabu](/wiki/Azabu \"Azabu\") Christian Church. In 1893, he took over the post held by Shimazaki Tōson at Meiji Girls School (now [Meiji Gakuin University](/wiki/Meiji_Gakuin_University \"Meiji Gakuin University\")). He also submitted literary criticism to the magazine *[Bungakukai](/wiki/Bungakukai \"Bungakukai\")*, which he helped launch with [Shimazaki Tōson](/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki \"Tōson Shimazaki\") in 1893\\. Around this time he began to show signs of mental instability and depression.",
"Kitamura authored the *Bungakukai* article {{Nihongo\\|''The Evils of Blind Faith''\\|頑執盲排の弊\\|Ganshūmōhai no hei}}, in which he ridiculed, among other things, the [kokugaku](/wiki/Kokugaku \"Kokugaku\") movement, which by the time of its near\\-extinction in the late 19th century had evolved into a form of Shinto [fundamentalism](/wiki/Fundamentalism \"Fundamentalism\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=北村 Kitamura \\|first1\\=透谷 Tōkoku \\|title\\=頑執盲排の弊 Ganshūmōhai no hei\\|date\\=May 31, 1893\\|publisher\\=文學界雜誌社 Bungakukai Zatsushisha \\|location\\=Japan}} He was a close associate of Shimazaki Tōson, whom he strongly influenced towards the romantic literary movement and whose father [Shimazaki Masaki](/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki \"Shimazaki Masaki\") is noted for his involvement in kokugaku circles.",
"Before dawn on 16 May 1894, Tokoku hanged himself in his garden at his home near [Shiba Park](/wiki/Shiba_Park \"Shiba Park\") in Tokyo. His grave is at the temple of Zuisho\\-ji in [Shirokane](/wiki/Shirokane \"Shirokane\"), Tokyo.",
""
] |
### Literary career
Kitamura self\-published the long verse *Soshū no shi* ("The Poem of the Prisoner") in 1888, which was the longest Japanese poem written in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse "Free verse") up until that time. He followed this with the poetic drama *Hōrai kyoku* ("The Drama of Mount Hōrai"). He claimed to be influenced by the works of [Byron](/wiki/George_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron "George Byron, 6th Baron Byron"), [Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson") and [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle "Thomas Carlyle"). His wife's Christianity also greatly influenced his outlook.
Kitamura turned from poetry to essays, and wrote works extolling the "life\-espousing views" of the West, over the "life\-denying view" of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") and traditional Japanese [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto "Shinto") thought. His attempts to explore the nature of the self and the potential for the individual, particularly in his seminal work *Naibu seimei ron* ("Theory of Inner Life"), are regarded by some{{according to whom\|date\=July 2022}} as the starting point of modern [Japanese literature](/wiki/Japanese_literature "Japanese literature"). Kitamura was also drawn to the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker "Quaker") movement, and founded a [pacifist](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism") society, the Japan Peace Association (日本平和会), in 1889\.
Kitamura was hired as an English teacher at the Friends Girls School in 1890\. He frequented the [Azabu](/wiki/Azabu "Azabu") Christian Church. In 1893, he took over the post held by Shimazaki Tōson at Meiji Girls School (now [Meiji Gakuin University](/wiki/Meiji_Gakuin_University "Meiji Gakuin University")). He also submitted literary criticism to the magazine *[Bungakukai](/wiki/Bungakukai "Bungakukai")*, which he helped launch with [Shimazaki Tōson](/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki "Tōson Shimazaki") in 1893\. Around this time he began to show signs of mental instability and depression.
Kitamura authored the *Bungakukai* article {{Nihongo\|''The Evils of Blind Faith''\|頑執盲排の弊\|Ganshūmōhai no hei}}, in which he ridiculed, among other things, the [kokugaku](/wiki/Kokugaku "Kokugaku") movement, which by the time of its near\-extinction in the late 19th century had evolved into a form of Shinto [fundamentalism](/wiki/Fundamentalism "Fundamentalism").{{cite book \|last1\=北村 Kitamura \|first1\=透谷 Tōkoku \|title\=頑執盲排の弊 Ganshūmōhai no hei\|date\=May 31, 1893\|publisher\=文學界雜誌社 Bungakukai Zatsushisha \|location\=Japan}} He was a close associate of Shimazaki Tōson, whom he strongly influenced towards the romantic literary movement and whose father [Shimazaki Masaki](/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki "Shimazaki Masaki") is noted for his involvement in kokugaku circles.
Before dawn on 16 May 1894, Tokoku hanged himself in his garden at his home near [Shiba Park](/wiki/Shiba_Park "Shiba Park") in Tokyo. His grave is at the temple of Zuisho\-ji in [Shirokane](/wiki/Shirokane "Shirokane"), Tokyo.
|
[
"### Literary career",
"Kitamura self\\-published the long verse *Soshū no shi* (\"The Poem of the Prisoner\") in 1888, which was the longest Japanese poem written in [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse \"Free verse\") up until that time. He followed this with the poetic drama *Hōrai kyoku* (\"The Drama of Mount Hōrai\"). He claimed to be influenced by the works of [Byron](/wiki/George_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron \"George Byron, 6th Baron Byron\"), [Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\") and [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle \"Thomas Carlyle\"). His wife's Christianity also greatly influenced his outlook.",
"Kitamura turned from poetry to essays, and wrote works extolling the \"life\\-espousing views\" of the West, over the \"life\\-denying view\" of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") and traditional Japanese [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto \"Shinto\") thought. His attempts to explore the nature of the self and the potential for the individual, particularly in his seminal work *Naibu seimei ron* (\"Theory of Inner Life\"), are regarded by some{{according to whom\\|date\\=July 2022}} as the starting point of modern [Japanese literature](/wiki/Japanese_literature \"Japanese literature\"). Kitamura was also drawn to the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") movement, and founded a [pacifist](/wiki/Pacifism \"Pacifism\") society, the Japan Peace Association (日本平和会), in 1889\\.",
"Kitamura was hired as an English teacher at the Friends Girls School in 1890\\. He frequented the [Azabu](/wiki/Azabu \"Azabu\") Christian Church. In 1893, he took over the post held by Shimazaki Tōson at Meiji Girls School (now [Meiji Gakuin University](/wiki/Meiji_Gakuin_University \"Meiji Gakuin University\")). He also submitted literary criticism to the magazine *[Bungakukai](/wiki/Bungakukai \"Bungakukai\")*, which he helped launch with [Shimazaki Tōson](/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki \"Tōson Shimazaki\") in 1893\\. Around this time he began to show signs of mental instability and depression.",
"Kitamura authored the *Bungakukai* article {{Nihongo\\|''The Evils of Blind Faith''\\|頑執盲排の弊\\|Ganshūmōhai no hei}}, in which he ridiculed, among other things, the [kokugaku](/wiki/Kokugaku \"Kokugaku\") movement, which by the time of its near\\-extinction in the late 19th century had evolved into a form of Shinto [fundamentalism](/wiki/Fundamentalism \"Fundamentalism\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=北村 Kitamura \\|first1\\=透谷 Tōkoku \\|title\\=頑執盲排の弊 Ganshūmōhai no hei\\|date\\=May 31, 1893\\|publisher\\=文學界雜誌社 Bungakukai Zatsushisha \\|location\\=Japan}} He was a close associate of Shimazaki Tōson, whom he strongly influenced towards the romantic literary movement and whose father [Shimazaki Masaki](/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki \"Shimazaki Masaki\") is noted for his involvement in kokugaku circles.",
"Before dawn on 16 May 1894, Tokoku hanged himself in his garden at his home near [Shiba Park](/wiki/Shiba_Park \"Shiba Park\") in Tokyo. His grave is at the temple of Zuisho\\-ji in [Shirokane](/wiki/Shirokane \"Shirokane\"), Tokyo.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in a middle\-class family in [Chincholi](/wiki/Chincholi "Chincholi") in [Kalaburagi district](/wiki/Kalaburagi_district "Kalaburagi district"), Patil belonged to the dominant Banajiga [Lingayat](/wiki/Lingayat "Lingayat") community.{{cite book\|author1\=Thomas Blom Hansen \|author2\=Christophe Jaffrelot\|title\=The BJP and the compulsions of politics in India \|year\=2001\|page\=176 \|quote\=The Lingayat votes had been important to the Janata Dal since 1978\. Without Veerendra Patil (a member of the Banajiga jati), the long\-standing difficulties of the national party president \[\[S. R. Bommai]] in appealing to voters beyond his Sadar jati (which had earned the resentment of other jatis by gaining a disproportionate share of spoils) became especially serious\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015\.118598/2015\.118598\.The\-Bjp\-And\-The\-Compulsions\-Of\-Politics\-In\-India\_djvu.txt}} He was first made a Deputy minister for Home in the [S. Nijalingappa](/wiki/S._Nijalingappa "S. Nijalingappa") government in 1957\. He was elected several times from [Chincholi](/wiki/Chincholi_%28Vidhana_Sabha_constituency%29 "Chincholi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)") assembly constituency of [Gulbarga](/wiki/Gulbarga "Gulbarga") district to the [Karnataka Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly "Karnataka Legislative Assembly"). In his youth, Patil teamed up with [Ramakrishna Hegde](/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde "Ramakrishna Hegde") and took control of the Congress organisation in the state. Being young and charismatic ministers in Nijalingappa cabinet, they both were referred as 'Lava\-Kusha'. When he moved to federal politics, Nijalingappa chose Patil as his successor.{{cite web\|title\=Veerendra Patil\- Biography \|url\=http://www.veethi.com/india\-people/veerendra\_patil\-profile\-585\-19\.htm \|publisher\=Veethi \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421060400/http://www.veethi.com/india\-people/veerendra\_patil\-profile\-585\-19\.htm \|archivedate\=21 April 2012 }}
Patil's first innings as Chief minister lasted 33 months and 10 days. His control over the state administration dispelled the impression that he was just a dummy for his mentor, Nijalingappa, then the president of the [All India Congress Committee](/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee "All India Congress Committee").
It was during his tenure that the century\-old [Cauvery water dispute](/wiki/Cauvery_Dispute "Cauvery Dispute") gained ground as [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu") objected to the irrigation projects in the [Cauvery](/wiki/Cauvery "Cauvery") basin. Patil went ahead with the projects even though the Central Water Commission refused to clear them, to protect the interests of the farmers of the south Karnataka region who were heavily dependent on irrigation from Cauvery. Also, It was he who promoted the Karnataka Power Corporation and separated the state electricity board from the responsibility of generating power.
However, Patil was also charged with favouring his Lingayat (Banajiga) community. After the Congress split in 1969, Patil's [Congress (O)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Organisation%29 "Indian National Congress (Organisation)") party remained in power in the state until 1971 and crashed to a dismal defeat in the state assembly election in 1972 at the hands of [Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress "Indian National Congress").
Later, Patil returned to the hub of state politics as chief of the [Janata Party](/wiki/Janata_Party "Janata Party")'s Karnataka state unit. He sacrified in the 1978 Lok Sabha by\-election in [Chikmagalur](/wiki/Chikmagalur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 "Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)") which featured [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi") in the fray. Through the often acrimonious campaign, Patil, who was the candidate of the Janata Party, refused to indulge in personal attacks on Indira Gandhi. The same year, he lost his Rajya Sabha seat to Hegde. When he lost the state Janata Party presidency to [H.D. Deve Gowda](/wiki/H.D._Deve_Gowda "H.D. Deve Gowda"), Patil moved over to Indira Gandhi's Congress\-I.{{cite web\|title\=Veerendra Patil, Karnataka politician, dies at 73 \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/14patil.htm \|publisher\=Rediff on the net \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530055322/http://www.rediff.com//news/mar/14patil.htm \|archivedate\=30 May 2010 }}
The twin defections of Veerendra Patil in Karnataka \& Hitendra Desai in Gujarat turned around the fortunes of Congress(I), which otherwise had a spate of allegations against it. Winning election to the Lok Sabha from [Bagalkot](/wiki/Bagalkot_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 "Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)"), he became Union [Labour](/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_%28India%29 "Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)") and [Petroleum minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas "Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas"). However, he was later dropped from the Cabinet.
He won [Gulbarga](/wiki/Gulbarga_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 "Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)") seat in [1984 Indian general elections](/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election "1984 Indian general election") by defeating [Vidyadhar Guruji](/wiki/Vidyadhar_Guruji "Vidyadhar Guruji"), a former [MLA](/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_%28India%29 "Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)") from [Gurmitkal](/wiki/Gurmitkal_%28Vidhana_Sabha_constituency%29 "Gurmitkal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)").{{cite news\|title\=Freedom fighter Vidyadhar Guruji dies aged 105 \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom\-fighter\-vidyadhar\-guruji\-dies\-aged\-105/article19390059\.ece \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|date\=30 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042152/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom\-fighter\-vidyadhar\-guruji\-dies\-aged\-105/article19390059\.ece \|archivedate\= 9 November 2020 \|last1\=Para \|first1\=Praveen B. }}
With none of the state congress leaders able to draw the masses, the state leadership fell onto Veerendra Patil's shoulders. As state party chief in [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi "Rajiv Gandhi")'s time, Patil reinvigorated the Congress in the state. The anti incumbency wave and the split in the Janata party resulted in a landslide victory for the Congress in November 1989\. Veerendra Patil had led the election campaign on twin promises: Water \& Transport facility to every village. Congress won 178 out of 224 MLA seats, which is its largest victory to\-date (2020\).{{cite web\|title\=Highlights of 1989 Karnataka Assembly Elections \|url\=http://www.partyanalyst.com/electionDetailsReportAction.action?electionId\=122\&stateID\=12\&stateName\=Karnataka\&electionType\=Assembly\&electionTypeId\=2\&year\=1989 \|publisher\=Party Analyst \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206013937/http://partyanalyst.com/electionDetailsReportAction.action?electionId\=122\&stateID\=12\&stateName\=Karnataka\&electionType\=Assembly\&electionTypeId\=2\&year\=1989 \|archivedate\= 6 February 2013 }}
With fiscal deficit reigning high \& diminishing returns, Veerendra Patil took charge at a difficult time.{{cite web\|title\=Chief Minister Veerendra Patil, taking oath \|url\=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ophotoalbum/pages/venkat2%20\_jpg.htm \|publisher\=Raj bhavan, Karnataka \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321085604/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ophotoalbum/pages/venkat2%20\_jpg.htm \|archivedate\=21 March 2007 }} He appointed [M. Rajasekara Murthy](/wiki/M._Rajasekara_Murthy "M. Rajasekara Murthy") as finance minister. The duo attacked the seconds liquor lobby by hiking the export duty by 10 times, from 2% to 20%. This had the dual\-effect of reducing seconds\-liquor consumption and also boosting the revenue of state government. It is to Patil's credit that he summoned the courage to take on the liquor lobby, at the risk of angering many benefactors of his party. He stuck to the line that his duty was first to the state and then, next to his party. This honesty proved dearly to him, though he became widely popular among the woman\-folk of the state.
His efforts to streamline the administration and stem the rot in the secretariat was acclaimed by many.{{cite news\|title\=Veerendra Patil had just 13 ministers\|url\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\-02\-16/bangalore/31066064\_1\_ministers\-clear\-files\-work\-culture\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104065719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\-02\-16/bangalore/31066064\_1\_ministers\-clear\-files\-work\-culture\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=4 January 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The Times of India]]\|date\=16 February 2012}} However, in October 1990 communal riots broke out in some parts of the state due to newly emerged [BJP](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party "Bharatiya Janata Party")'s [rath yatras](/wiki/Ram_Rath_Yatra "Ram Rath Yatra") and communal politics. He was removed by the then Congress President [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi "Rajiv Gandhi") and succeeded by [Sarekoppa Bangarappa](/wiki/Sarekoppa_Bangarappa "Sarekoppa Bangarappa").
Patil never recouped after this incident. His health failed him and he decided against contesting the [1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election](/wiki/1994_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election "1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election"). Congress lost miserably and could not even become the main opposition party in that election.
He died on 14 March 1997 in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in a middle\\-class family in [Chincholi](/wiki/Chincholi \"Chincholi\") in [Kalaburagi district](/wiki/Kalaburagi_district \"Kalaburagi district\"), Patil belonged to the dominant Banajiga [Lingayat](/wiki/Lingayat \"Lingayat\") community.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Thomas Blom Hansen \\|author2\\=Christophe Jaffrelot\\|title\\=The BJP and the compulsions of politics in India \\|year\\=2001\\|page\\=176 \\|quote\\=The Lingayat votes had been important to the Janata Dal since 1978\\. Without Veerendra Patil (a member of the Banajiga jati), the long\\-standing difficulties of the national party president \\[\\[S. R. Bommai]] in appealing to voters beyond his Sadar jati (which had earned the resentment of other jatis by gaining a disproportionate share of spoils) became especially serious\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.118598/2015\\.118598\\.The\\-Bjp\\-And\\-The\\-Compulsions\\-Of\\-Politics\\-In\\-India\\_djvu.txt}} He was first made a Deputy minister for Home in the [S. Nijalingappa](/wiki/S._Nijalingappa \"S. Nijalingappa\") government in 1957\\. He was elected several times from [Chincholi](/wiki/Chincholi_%28Vidhana_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Chincholi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)\") assembly constituency of [Gulbarga](/wiki/Gulbarga \"Gulbarga\") district to the [Karnataka Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly \"Karnataka Legislative Assembly\"). In his youth, Patil teamed up with [Ramakrishna Hegde](/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde \"Ramakrishna Hegde\") and took control of the Congress organisation in the state. Being young and charismatic ministers in Nijalingappa cabinet, they both were referred as 'Lava\\-Kusha'. When he moved to federal politics, Nijalingappa chose Patil as his successor.{{cite web\\|title\\=Veerendra Patil\\- Biography \\|url\\=http://www.veethi.com/india\\-people/veerendra\\_patil\\-profile\\-585\\-19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Veethi \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421060400/http://www.veethi.com/india\\-people/veerendra\\_patil\\-profile\\-585\\-19\\.htm \\|archivedate\\=21 April 2012 }}",
"Patil's first innings as Chief minister lasted 33 months and 10 days. His control over the state administration dispelled the impression that he was just a dummy for his mentor, Nijalingappa, then the president of the [All India Congress Committee](/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee \"All India Congress Committee\").",
"It was during his tenure that the century\\-old [Cauvery water dispute](/wiki/Cauvery_Dispute \"Cauvery Dispute\") gained ground as [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\") objected to the irrigation projects in the [Cauvery](/wiki/Cauvery \"Cauvery\") basin. Patil went ahead with the projects even though the Central Water Commission refused to clear them, to protect the interests of the farmers of the south Karnataka region who were heavily dependent on irrigation from Cauvery. Also, It was he who promoted the Karnataka Power Corporation and separated the state electricity board from the responsibility of generating power.",
"However, Patil was also charged with favouring his Lingayat (Banajiga) community. After the Congress split in 1969, Patil's [Congress (O)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Organisation%29 \"Indian National Congress (Organisation)\") party remained in power in the state until 1971 and crashed to a dismal defeat in the state assembly election in 1972 at the hands of [Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\").",
"Later, Patil returned to the hub of state politics as chief of the [Janata Party](/wiki/Janata_Party \"Janata Party\")'s Karnataka state unit. He sacrified in the 1978 Lok Sabha by\\-election in [Chikmagalur](/wiki/Chikmagalur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)\") which featured [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\") in the fray. Through the often acrimonious campaign, Patil, who was the candidate of the Janata Party, refused to indulge in personal attacks on Indira Gandhi. The same year, he lost his Rajya Sabha seat to Hegde. When he lost the state Janata Party presidency to [H.D. Deve Gowda](/wiki/H.D._Deve_Gowda \"H.D. Deve Gowda\"), Patil moved over to Indira Gandhi's Congress\\-I.{{cite web\\|title\\=Veerendra Patil, Karnataka politician, dies at 73 \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/14patil.htm \\|publisher\\=Rediff on the net \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530055322/http://www.rediff.com//news/mar/14patil.htm \\|archivedate\\=30 May 2010 }}",
"The twin defections of Veerendra Patil in Karnataka \\& Hitendra Desai in Gujarat turned around the fortunes of Congress(I), which otherwise had a spate of allegations against it. Winning election to the Lok Sabha from [Bagalkot](/wiki/Bagalkot_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)\"), he became Union [Labour](/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)\") and [Petroleum minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas \"Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas\"). However, he was later dropped from the Cabinet.",
"He won [Gulbarga](/wiki/Gulbarga_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)\") seat in [1984 Indian general elections](/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election \"1984 Indian general election\") by defeating [Vidyadhar Guruji](/wiki/Vidyadhar_Guruji \"Vidyadhar Guruji\"), a former [MLA](/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_%28India%29 \"Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)\") from [Gurmitkal](/wiki/Gurmitkal_%28Vidhana_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Gurmitkal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Freedom fighter Vidyadhar Guruji dies aged 105 \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom\\-fighter\\-vidyadhar\\-guruji\\-dies\\-aged\\-105/article19390059\\.ece \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|date\\=30 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042152/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom\\-fighter\\-vidyadhar\\-guruji\\-dies\\-aged\\-105/article19390059\\.ece \\|archivedate\\= 9 November 2020 \\|last1\\=Para \\|first1\\=Praveen B. }}",
"With none of the state congress leaders able to draw the masses, the state leadership fell onto Veerendra Patil's shoulders. As state party chief in [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi \"Rajiv Gandhi\")'s time, Patil reinvigorated the Congress in the state. The anti incumbency wave and the split in the Janata party resulted in a landslide victory for the Congress in November 1989\\. Veerendra Patil had led the election campaign on twin promises: Water \\& Transport facility to every village. Congress won 178 out of 224 MLA seats, which is its largest victory to\\-date (2020\\).{{cite web\\|title\\=Highlights of 1989 Karnataka Assembly Elections \\|url\\=http://www.partyanalyst.com/electionDetailsReportAction.action?electionId\\=122\\&stateID\\=12\\&stateName\\=Karnataka\\&electionType\\=Assembly\\&electionTypeId\\=2\\&year\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Party Analyst \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206013937/http://partyanalyst.com/electionDetailsReportAction.action?electionId\\=122\\&stateID\\=12\\&stateName\\=Karnataka\\&electionType\\=Assembly\\&electionTypeId\\=2\\&year\\=1989 \\|archivedate\\= 6 February 2013 }}",
"With fiscal deficit reigning high \\& diminishing returns, Veerendra Patil took charge at a difficult time.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chief Minister Veerendra Patil, taking oath \\|url\\=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ophotoalbum/pages/venkat2%20\\_jpg.htm \\|publisher\\=Raj bhavan, Karnataka \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321085604/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ophotoalbum/pages/venkat2%20\\_jpg.htm \\|archivedate\\=21 March 2007 }} He appointed [M. Rajasekara Murthy](/wiki/M._Rajasekara_Murthy \"M. Rajasekara Murthy\") as finance minister. The duo attacked the seconds liquor lobby by hiking the export duty by 10 times, from 2% to 20%. This had the dual\\-effect of reducing seconds\\-liquor consumption and also boosting the revenue of state government. It is to Patil's credit that he summoned the courage to take on the liquor lobby, at the risk of angering many benefactors of his party. He stuck to the line that his duty was first to the state and then, next to his party. This honesty proved dearly to him, though he became widely popular among the woman\\-folk of the state.",
"His efforts to streamline the administration and stem the rot in the secretariat was acclaimed by many.{{cite news\\|title\\=Veerendra Patil had just 13 ministers\\|url\\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\\-02\\-16/bangalore/31066064\\_1\\_ministers\\-clear\\-files\\-work\\-culture\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104065719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\\-02\\-16/bangalore/31066064\\_1\\_ministers\\-clear\\-files\\-work\\-culture\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]\\|date\\=16 February 2012}} However, in October 1990 communal riots broke out in some parts of the state due to newly emerged [BJP](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\")'s [rath yatras](/wiki/Ram_Rath_Yatra \"Ram Rath Yatra\") and communal politics. He was removed by the then Congress President [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi \"Rajiv Gandhi\") and succeeded by [Sarekoppa Bangarappa](/wiki/Sarekoppa_Bangarappa \"Sarekoppa Bangarappa\").",
"Patil never recouped after this incident. His health failed him and he decided against contesting the [1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election](/wiki/1994_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election\"). Congress lost miserably and could not even become the main opposition party in that election.",
"He died on 14 March 1997 in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\").",
""
] |
Features along the Flint River
------------------------------
The river is [dammed](/wiki/Dam "Dam") in [Richfield Township](/wiki/Richfield_Township%2C_Genesee_County%2C_Michigan "Richfield Township, Genesee County, Michigan") to form the Holloway Reservoir, which was formed in 1953 and fully completed 1955\. The reservoir was constructed, originally, as a water supply for Flint, and to move the river through the city more quickly to dilute sewage.[Holloway Reservoir, Genesee \& Lapeer counties (T8N, R8, 9E, Section Many), by William C. Bryant](http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/status/waterbody/92-1.htm), Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Status of the Fishery Resource Report 92\-1, 1992\. By 1967, though, the city purchased its drinking water from the City of Detroit, via a pipeline from Lake Huron, and only used the reservoir as an emergency back\-up water supply.
The C.S. Mott Dam just {{convert\|5\|mi\|0}} downstream and west of [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee%2C_Michigan "Genesee, Michigan") forms C S Mott Lake and was completed in 1972 for recreational use. Local attractions along the lake include [Crossroads Village](/wiki/Crossroads_Village_%28Michigan%29 "Crossroads Village (Michigan)") (home of the [Huckleberry Railroad](/wiki/Huckleberry_Railroad "Huckleberry Railroad")), Stepping Stone Falls, and the [riverboat](/wiki/Riverboat "Riverboat") *Genesee Belle*.
The next dam is the Utah Dam. A largely steel dam, it was completed in 1928 to prevent industrial discharges from entering the drinking water supply downstream. The gates have since been locked in the open position so that it no longer impedes the flow of the river.
The Hamilton Dam exists downstream at the [University of Michigan–Flint](/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint "University of Michigan–Flint") campus in downtown Flint. Constructed in 1920, it once also served as a pedestrian bridge, but is now in severe disrepair. Because of its dilapidation, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ordered that steps be taken by 2008, and if that did not occur that the river be lowered to reduce the use of the dam.John Foren, [Flint's Hamilton Dam under the microscope for repairs](http://blog.mlive.com/flintjournal/newsnow/2008/02/flints_hamilton_dam_under_the.html), *Flint Journal* via MLive (February 22, 2008\). In 2008, the city of Flint spent $30,000 on a pre\-engineering study to assess whether a new dam was needed or the old one be repaired.
Finally, downstream from the Hamilton Dam is an inflatable dam just west of the Grand Traverse Street Bridge. The Fabridam was completed in 1979 mostly for visual and recreational purposes as it impounds very little of the river. It was replaced in 2001 with a $604,000 Obermeyer Hydro Inc. dam.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/jan01/story19\.htm\|title\=Around the Corps Newsletter, January 2001, accessed October 1, 2008\|access\-date\=October 1, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113155217/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/CEPA/PUBS/jan01/story19\.htm\|archive\-date\=January 13, 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
In the city of Flint, the river flows past the sites of several former [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation "General Motors Corporation") factories, most notably [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet")'s first assembly plant, which was bisected by the river, and downtown through the campus of the University of Michigan–Flint and Riverbank Park. Also along the river front is the Flint Carriage Factory site, later [Dort Motors](/wiki/Dort_%28automobile%29 "Dort (automobile)"). The [Durant\-Dort Carriage Company Office](/wiki/Durant-Dort_Carriage_Company_Office "Durant-Dort Carriage Company Office"), now a historic landmark, is across the street. Continuing downstream, the river runs past [Kettering University](/wiki/Kettering_University "Kettering University") and McLaren Hospital, then into Flint Township and through [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Michigan "Flushing, Michigan"). The stretch of the Flint River from downtown Flint to Kettering University is channelized with concrete sides.
A recreational trail called the Flint River Trail runs along the river from Grand Traverse Street in downtown Flint to Carpenter Road on one side and Johnson Elementary School on Pierson Road on the other. It is a paved path, except behind the Flint water plant. North of Carpenter Road, the trail connects to the Mott Lake Trailway, which goes to Bluebell Beach on Bray Road and Stepping Stone Falls on Branch Road in Genesee Township. Another portion of the Mott Lake Trailway runs alongside the lake from the corner of Center Road and Coldwater Road to the corner of Genesee Road and Stanley Road. Together, the trails run {{convert\|21\.5\|mi\|km}}. An organization named Friends of the Flint River Trail maintains it, in addition to the Genesee County Parks \& Recreation Commission and Flint Parks \& Recreation Department.{{cite web\|url\=http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/\|title\=Friends of the Flint River Trail Homepage\|access\-date\=July 3, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704063855/http://www.edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2007\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/PDF/Map%20Brochure%20FINAL.pdf\|title\=Map of the Flint River Trail\|access\-date\=April 1, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703232504/http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/PDF/Map%20Brochure%20FINAL.pdf\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Features along the Flint River\n------------------------------",
"The river is [dammed](/wiki/Dam \"Dam\") in [Richfield Township](/wiki/Richfield_Township%2C_Genesee_County%2C_Michigan \"Richfield Township, Genesee County, Michigan\") to form the Holloway Reservoir, which was formed in 1953 and fully completed 1955\\. The reservoir was constructed, originally, as a water supply for Flint, and to move the river through the city more quickly to dilute sewage.[Holloway Reservoir, Genesee \\& Lapeer counties (T8N, R8, 9E, Section Many), by William C. Bryant](http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/status/waterbody/92-1.htm), Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Status of the Fishery Resource Report 92\\-1, 1992\\. By 1967, though, the city purchased its drinking water from the City of Detroit, via a pipeline from Lake Huron, and only used the reservoir as an emergency back\\-up water supply.",
"The C.S. Mott Dam just {{convert\\|5\\|mi\\|0}} downstream and west of [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee%2C_Michigan \"Genesee, Michigan\") forms C S Mott Lake and was completed in 1972 for recreational use. Local attractions along the lake include [Crossroads Village](/wiki/Crossroads_Village_%28Michigan%29 \"Crossroads Village (Michigan)\") (home of the [Huckleberry Railroad](/wiki/Huckleberry_Railroad \"Huckleberry Railroad\")), Stepping Stone Falls, and the [riverboat](/wiki/Riverboat \"Riverboat\") *Genesee Belle*.",
"The next dam is the Utah Dam. A largely steel dam, it was completed in 1928 to prevent industrial discharges from entering the drinking water supply downstream. The gates have since been locked in the open position so that it no longer impedes the flow of the river.",
"The Hamilton Dam exists downstream at the [University of Michigan–Flint](/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint \"University of Michigan–Flint\") campus in downtown Flint. Constructed in 1920, it once also served as a pedestrian bridge, but is now in severe disrepair. Because of its dilapidation, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ordered that steps be taken by 2008, and if that did not occur that the river be lowered to reduce the use of the dam.John Foren, [Flint's Hamilton Dam under the microscope for repairs](http://blog.mlive.com/flintjournal/newsnow/2008/02/flints_hamilton_dam_under_the.html), *Flint Journal* via MLive (February 22, 2008\\). In 2008, the city of Flint spent $30,000 on a pre\\-engineering study to assess whether a new dam was needed or the old one be repaired.",
"Finally, downstream from the Hamilton Dam is an inflatable dam just west of the Grand Traverse Street Bridge. The Fabridam was completed in 1979 mostly for visual and recreational purposes as it impounds very little of the river. It was replaced in 2001 with a $604,000 Obermeyer Hydro Inc. dam.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/jan01/story19\\.htm\\|title\\=Around the Corps Newsletter, January 2001, accessed October 1, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113155217/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/CEPA/PUBS/jan01/story19\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 13, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In the city of Flint, the river flows past the sites of several former [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation \"General Motors Corporation\") factories, most notably [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\")'s first assembly plant, which was bisected by the river, and downtown through the campus of the University of Michigan–Flint and Riverbank Park. Also along the river front is the Flint Carriage Factory site, later [Dort Motors](/wiki/Dort_%28automobile%29 \"Dort (automobile)\"). The [Durant\\-Dort Carriage Company Office](/wiki/Durant-Dort_Carriage_Company_Office \"Durant-Dort Carriage Company Office\"), now a historic landmark, is across the street. Continuing downstream, the river runs past [Kettering University](/wiki/Kettering_University \"Kettering University\") and McLaren Hospital, then into Flint Township and through [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Michigan \"Flushing, Michigan\"). The stretch of the Flint River from downtown Flint to Kettering University is channelized with concrete sides.",
"A recreational trail called the Flint River Trail runs along the river from Grand Traverse Street in downtown Flint to Carpenter Road on one side and Johnson Elementary School on Pierson Road on the other. It is a paved path, except behind the Flint water plant. North of Carpenter Road, the trail connects to the Mott Lake Trailway, which goes to Bluebell Beach on Bray Road and Stepping Stone Falls on Branch Road in Genesee Township. Another portion of the Mott Lake Trailway runs alongside the lake from the corner of Center Road and Coldwater Road to the corner of Genesee Road and Stanley Road. Together, the trails run {{convert\\|21\\.5\\|mi\\|km}}. An organization named Friends of the Flint River Trail maintains it, in addition to the Genesee County Parks \\& Recreation Commission and Flint Parks \\& Recreation Department.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/\\|title\\=Friends of the Flint River Trail Homepage\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704063855/http://www.edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/PDF/Map%20Brochure%20FINAL.pdf\\|title\\=Map of the Flint River Trail\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703232504/http://edtech.mcc.edu/ffrt/PDF/Map%20Brochure%20FINAL.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
Collection
----------
### Trade and tavern signs
Shelburne Museum's collection of over 175 trade signs represents dozens of different trades using a variety of forms, such as oversized locksmith's keys, optometrist's eyeglasses and skate\-maker's skates, as well as an enormous cobbler's boot, a haberdasher's hat, a clockmaker's watch, and an innkeeper's pineapple. [Samuel Anderson Robb](/wiki/Samuel_Anderson_Robb "Samuel Anderson Robb")'s firm produced several of the museum's finest figures, including a caricature of Robb in his [National Guard](/wiki/United_States_National_Guard "United States National Guard") uniform. Inspired by the popular [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War")\-era song "Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines", Thomas White, Robb's partner of many years, created the caricature as a tobacconist figure.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, trade signs advertised the variety of goods and services that craftspeople, merchants, and inn and tavern keepers offered. Many early craftspeople promoted their wares with oversized, three\-dimensional metal or wooden representations of the objects they made or repaired. A [gunsmith](/wiki/Gunsmith "Gunsmith"), for example, might hang a large gun outside his shop, while a dentist might exhibit a tooth. Inn and tavern keepers tended to favor flat, wooden signs that hung at a right angle to the building. These two\-dimensional advertisements frequently combined a representational painting with the proprietor's name, and each side often displayed a different design.
Although a few craftsmen made their own signs, many turned to professional carvers and sign painters. During the nineteenth century most major cities supported dozens of woodcarvers and sign painters. In 1881, Samuel Robb of New York advertised his firm's services thus: "Manufacturing of show figures and lettered signs a specialty. [Tobacconist](/wiki/Tobacconist "Tobacconist") signs in great variety, on hand and made to any design. Ship and steamboat carvings, eagles, scroll heads, block letters, shoe, dentist, and druggist signs, etc."Shelburne Museum. 1993\. *Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections*. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.
### Weathervanes and whirligigs
Shelburne Museum's collection of 130 [weathervanes](/wiki/Weathervane "Weathervane") includes finely crafted vanes as well as commercially produced examples. The tradition of surmounting buildings with weathervanes extends to antiquity when, as early as 100 BCE, a vane crowned the Athenian [Tower of the Winds](/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds "Tower of the Winds"). Throughout the [Medieval period](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), European churches displayed roosters, symbols of vigilance, from their bell towers. By the seventeenth century, English settlers had brought the tradition to America. In the United States, weathervanes first decorated public buildings but soon appeared across the countryside. Farmers would mount a representation of a cow, pig, or rooster on top of their barns to symbolize their trade, while horse breeders might cap their stables with a finely crafted racehorse.
Early weathervanes were often handmade, and the museum's wooden [mermaid](/wiki/Mermaid "Mermaid"), carved by Warren Gould Roby of [Wayland, Massachusetts](/wiki/Wayland%2C_Massachusetts "Wayland, Massachusetts"), in about 1850, is a fine example of such hand\-carved figures. Other handcrafted weathervanes include a Native American archer, a streamlined goose in flight, and a wooden rooster that originally stood on a barn in [Bedford, Massachusetts](/wiki/Bedford%2C_Massachusetts "Bedford, Massachusetts").
In the second half of the nineteenth century, manufacturers began to sell commercially produced, copper weathervanes. Makers of these vanes would hammer copper sheeting into cast\-iron molds copied from carved\-wood patterns. Using a mold enabled manufacturers to reproduce each design many times. Shelburne's collection includes finished copper vanes, cast\-iron molds, and a unique wooden pattern for a [Lady Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_%28personification%29 "Liberty (personification)") weathervane. Many of the commercial weathervanes depict common barnyard animals, including roosters, horses, pigs, and cows. Others represent less familiar forms such as a [centaur](/wiki/Centaur "Centaur"), a [pouter](/wiki/Pouter "Pouter") pigeon, and an [anvil](/wiki/Anvil "Anvil"). One of the largest known commercial weathervanes is a highly detailed fire\-pumper pulled by a pair of horses, which originally topped a firehouse in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire "Manchester, New Hampshire").
[Whirligigs](/wiki/Whirligig "Whirligig"), which are closely related to weathervanes, most commonly represent a standing figure with paddled arms that flail in the wind. Some clever craftspeople built more complex whirligigs powered by a wind\-catching wheel. One of Shelburne's finest represents a woman seated at a [spinning wheel](/wiki/Spinning_wheel "Spinning wheel"); doubling as a trade\-sign, when the wind turned the spinning wheel, the woman's foot would move up and down on the treadle as if she were spinning yarn.Shelburne Museum. 1993\. *Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections*. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.
|
[
"Collection\n----------",
"### Trade and tavern signs",
"Shelburne Museum's collection of over 175 trade signs represents dozens of different trades using a variety of forms, such as oversized locksmith's keys, optometrist's eyeglasses and skate\\-maker's skates, as well as an enormous cobbler's boot, a haberdasher's hat, a clockmaker's watch, and an innkeeper's pineapple. [Samuel Anderson Robb](/wiki/Samuel_Anderson_Robb \"Samuel Anderson Robb\")'s firm produced several of the museum's finest figures, including a caricature of Robb in his [National Guard](/wiki/United_States_National_Guard \"United States National Guard\") uniform. Inspired by the popular [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\")\\-era song \"Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines\", Thomas White, Robb's partner of many years, created the caricature as a tobacconist figure.",
"During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, trade signs advertised the variety of goods and services that craftspeople, merchants, and inn and tavern keepers offered. Many early craftspeople promoted their wares with oversized, three\\-dimensional metal or wooden representations of the objects they made or repaired. A [gunsmith](/wiki/Gunsmith \"Gunsmith\"), for example, might hang a large gun outside his shop, while a dentist might exhibit a tooth. Inn and tavern keepers tended to favor flat, wooden signs that hung at a right angle to the building. These two\\-dimensional advertisements frequently combined a representational painting with the proprietor's name, and each side often displayed a different design.",
"Although a few craftsmen made their own signs, many turned to professional carvers and sign painters. During the nineteenth century most major cities supported dozens of woodcarvers and sign painters. In 1881, Samuel Robb of New York advertised his firm's services thus: \"Manufacturing of show figures and lettered signs a specialty. [Tobacconist](/wiki/Tobacconist \"Tobacconist\") signs in great variety, on hand and made to any design. Ship and steamboat carvings, eagles, scroll heads, block letters, shoe, dentist, and druggist signs, etc.\"Shelburne Museum. 1993\\. *Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections*. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.",
"### Weathervanes and whirligigs",
"Shelburne Museum's collection of 130 [weathervanes](/wiki/Weathervane \"Weathervane\") includes finely crafted vanes as well as commercially produced examples. The tradition of surmounting buildings with weathervanes extends to antiquity when, as early as 100 BCE, a vane crowned the Athenian [Tower of the Winds](/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds \"Tower of the Winds\"). Throughout the [Medieval period](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), European churches displayed roosters, symbols of vigilance, from their bell towers. By the seventeenth century, English settlers had brought the tradition to America. In the United States, weathervanes first decorated public buildings but soon appeared across the countryside. Farmers would mount a representation of a cow, pig, or rooster on top of their barns to symbolize their trade, while horse breeders might cap their stables with a finely crafted racehorse.",
"Early weathervanes were often handmade, and the museum's wooden [mermaid](/wiki/Mermaid \"Mermaid\"), carved by Warren Gould Roby of [Wayland, Massachusetts](/wiki/Wayland%2C_Massachusetts \"Wayland, Massachusetts\"), in about 1850, is a fine example of such hand\\-carved figures. Other handcrafted weathervanes include a Native American archer, a streamlined goose in flight, and a wooden rooster that originally stood on a barn in [Bedford, Massachusetts](/wiki/Bedford%2C_Massachusetts \"Bedford, Massachusetts\").",
"In the second half of the nineteenth century, manufacturers began to sell commercially produced, copper weathervanes. Makers of these vanes would hammer copper sheeting into cast\\-iron molds copied from carved\\-wood patterns. Using a mold enabled manufacturers to reproduce each design many times. Shelburne's collection includes finished copper vanes, cast\\-iron molds, and a unique wooden pattern for a [Lady Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_%28personification%29 \"Liberty (personification)\") weathervane. Many of the commercial weathervanes depict common barnyard animals, including roosters, horses, pigs, and cows. Others represent less familiar forms such as a [centaur](/wiki/Centaur \"Centaur\"), a [pouter](/wiki/Pouter \"Pouter\") pigeon, and an [anvil](/wiki/Anvil \"Anvil\"). One of the largest known commercial weathervanes is a highly detailed fire\\-pumper pulled by a pair of horses, which originally topped a firehouse in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\").",
"[Whirligigs](/wiki/Whirligig \"Whirligig\"), which are closely related to weathervanes, most commonly represent a standing figure with paddled arms that flail in the wind. Some clever craftspeople built more complex whirligigs powered by a wind\\-catching wheel. One of Shelburne's finest represents a woman seated at a [spinning wheel](/wiki/Spinning_wheel \"Spinning wheel\"); doubling as a trade\\-sign, when the wind turned the spinning wheel, the woman's foot would move up and down on the treadle as if she were spinning yarn.Shelburne Museum. 1993\\. *Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections*. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0619440\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715035220/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0619440\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Dogtown CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Dogtown had a population of 2,506\. The population density was {{convert\|192\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Dogtown was 2,040 (81\.4%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 15 (0\.6%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 23 (0\.9%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 57 (2\.3%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 2 (0\.1%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 253 (10\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 116 (4\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 638 persons (25\.5%).
The Census reported that 2,506 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 849 households, out of which 307 (36\.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 587 (69\.1%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 54 (6\.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 48 (5\.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 46 (5\.4%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 4 (0\.5%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 130 households (15\.3%) were made up of individuals, and 55 (6\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.95\. There were 689 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (81\.2% of all households); the average family size was 3\.24\.
The population was spread out, with 620 people (24\.7%) under the age of 18, 205 people (8\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 515 people (20\.6%) aged 25 to 44, 811 people (32\.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 355 people (14\.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\.8 males.
There were 924 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|71\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 681 (80\.2%) were owner\-occupied, and 168 (19\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5\.6%. 1,953 people (77\.9% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 553 people (22\.1%) lived in rental housing units.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0619440\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715035220/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0619440\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Dogtown CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Dogtown had a population of 2,506\\. The population density was {{convert\\|192\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Dogtown was 2,040 (81\\.4%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 15 (0\\.6%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 23 (0\\.9%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 57 (2\\.3%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 2 (0\\.1%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 253 (10\\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 116 (4\\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 638 persons (25\\.5%).",
"The Census reported that 2,506 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 849 households, out of which 307 (36\\.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 587 (69\\.1%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 54 (6\\.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 48 (5\\.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 46 (5\\.4%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 4 (0\\.5%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 130 households (15\\.3%) were made up of individuals, and 55 (6\\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.95\\. There were 689 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (81\\.2% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.24\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 620 people (24\\.7%) under the age of 18, 205 people (8\\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 515 people (20\\.6%) aged 25 to 44, 811 people (32\\.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 355 people (14\\.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\\.8 males.",
"There were 924 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|71\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 681 (80\\.2%) were owner\\-occupied, and 168 (19\\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2\\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5\\.6%. 1,953 people (77\\.9% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 553 people (22\\.1%) lived in rental housing units.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 132
\|1920\= 151
\|1930\= 164
\|1940\= 163
\|1950\= 151
\|1960\= 131
\|1970\= 308
\|1980\= 203
\|1990\= 167
\|2000\= 214
\|2010\= 193
\|2020\= 147
\|estyear\=2023
\|estimate\=138
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html \|date\=June 20, 2024\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=June 20, 2024}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=August 29, 2013}}
2020 Census
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"), there were 193 people, 88 households, and 56 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|410\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 114 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|242\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 90\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 3\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 8\.3% of the population.
There were 88 households, of which 26\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.4% were non\-families. 33\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.19 and the average family size was 2\.66\.
The median age in the city was 47\.8 years. 19\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\.1% were from 25 to 44; 43% were from 45 to 64; and 12\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53\.9% male and 46\.1% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 214 people, 89 households, and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was 523\.2 people per square mile (201\.5/km2). There were 113 housing units at an average density of 276\.3 per square mile (106\.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85\.05% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.93% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.93% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 9\.35% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 3\.27% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 11\.21% of the population.
There were 89 households, out of which 32\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\.7% were married couples living together, 11\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\.6% were non\-families. 36\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.40 and the average family size was 3\.10\.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27\.1% under the age of 18, 7\.5% from 18 to 24, 28\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\.1% from 45 to 64, and 10\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 132\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122\.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $38,958\. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $25,179 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $16,617\. About 11\.6% of families and 19\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 27\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 132\n\\|1920\\= 151\n\\|1930\\= 164\n\\|1940\\= 163\n\\|1950\\= 151\n\\|1960\\= 131\n\\|1970\\= 308\n\\|1980\\= 203\n\\|1990\\= 167\n\\|2000\\= 214\n\\|2010\\= 193\n\\|2020\\= 147\n\\|estyear\\=2023\n\\|estimate\\=138\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html \\|date\\=June 20, 2024\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=June 20, 2024}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=August 29, 2013}} \n2020 Census\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"), there were 193 people, 88 households, and 56 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|410\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 114 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|242\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 90\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 8\\.3% of the population.",
"There were 88 households, of which 26\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.4% were non\\-families. 33\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.19 and the average family size was 2\\.66\\.",
"The median age in the city was 47\\.8 years. 19\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 43% were from 45 to 64; and 12\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53\\.9% male and 46\\.1% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 214 people, 89 households, and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was 523\\.2 people per square mile (201\\.5/km2). There were 113 housing units at an average density of 276\\.3 per square mile (106\\.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85\\.05% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.93% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.93% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 9\\.35% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.27% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 11\\.21% of the population.",
"There were 89 households, out of which 32\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\\.7% were married couples living together, 11\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\\.6% were non\\-families. 36\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.40 and the average family size was 3\\.10\\.",
"In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27\\.1% under the age of 18, 7\\.5% from 18 to 24, 28\\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 10\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 132\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122\\.9 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $38,958\\. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $25,179 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $16,617\\. About 11\\.6% of families and 19\\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 27\\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Stackhouse was born Houston Goff in [Wesson, Mississippi](/wiki/Wesson%2C_Mississippi "Wesson, Mississippi"). He was the son of Garfield Goff and was raised by James Wade Stackhouse on the Randall Ford Plantation. He learned the details of his parentage only when he applied for a passport later in life.
In his teenage years he relocated with his family to [Crystal Springs, Mississippi](/wiki/Crystal_Springs%2C_Mississippi "Crystal Springs, Mississippi"). He became inspired listening to local musicians and [records](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record") by [Blind Blake](/wiki/Blind_Blake "Blind Blake"), [Blind Lemon Jefferson](/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson "Blind Lemon Jefferson") and [Lonnie Johnson](/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 "Lonnie Johnson (musician)"). By the late 1930s, Stackhouse had played guitar around the Delta states and worked with members of the [Mississippi Sheiks](/wiki/Mississippi_Sheiks "Mississippi Sheiks"), [Robert Johnson](/wiki/Robert_Johnson_%28musician%29 "Robert Johnson (musician)"), [Charlie McCoy](/wiki/Charlie_McCoy "Charlie McCoy") and [Walter Vinson](/wiki/Walter_Vinson "Walter Vinson"). He also teamed up with his distant cousin [Robert Nighthawk](/wiki/Robert_Nighthawk "Robert Nighthawk"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cascadeblues.org/History/RobertNighthawk.htm \|title\=Robert Nighthawk \|author\=Johnson, Greg \|publisher\=Cascadeblues.org \|access\-date\=August 26, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214155054/http://cascadeblues.org/History/RobertNighthawk.htm \|archive\-date\=December 14, 2010 }} whom he taught to play the guitar.{{cite book\| first\= Gérard\| last\= Herzhaft\| year\= 1997\| title\= Encyclopedia of the Blues\| edition\= 2nd\| publisher\= University of Arkansas Press\| location\= Fayetteville\| isbn\= 1\-55728\-452\-0\| page\= \[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz/page/161 161]\| url\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz/page/161}} Originally a [fan](/wiki/Fan_%28person%29 "Fan (person)") of [Tommy Johnson](/wiki/Tommy_Johnson_%28blues_musician%29 "Tommy Johnson (blues musician)"), Stackhouse often [covered](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") his songs. In 1946, Stackhouse moved to [Helena, Arkansas](/wiki/Helena%2C_Arkansas "Helena, Arkansas"), to live near Nighthawk and for a time was a member of Nighthawk’s band, playing on [KFFA](/wiki/KFFA_%28AM%29 "KFFA (AM)") radio.
He split from Nighthawk in 1947 and performed on the KFFA radio program *[King Biscuit Time](/wiki/King_Biscuit_Time "King Biscuit Time")*,{{cite book\|title\=Deep Blues\|author\=Robert Palmer\|year\=1981\|authorlink\=Robert Palmer (American writer)\|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books]]\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/196 196]\|isbn\=978\-0\-14\-006223\-6\|url\=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/196}} with the [drummer](/wiki/Drummer "Drummer") James "Peck" Curtis, the guitarist [Joe Willie Wilkins](/wiki/Joe_Willie_Wilkins "Joe Willie Wilkins") and the pianists [Pinetop Perkins](/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins "Pinetop Perkins") and Robert Traylor. [Sonny Boy Williamson II](/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II "Sonny Boy Williamson II") then rejoined the program, and that combo performed across the Delta, using their radio presence to advertise their performances.
Stackhouse tutored [Jimmy Rogers](/wiki/Jimmy_Rogers "Jimmy Rogers") and [Sammy Lawhorn](/wiki/Sammy_Lawhorn "Sammy Lawhorn") in guitar techniques. Between 1948 and 1954, he worked during the day at the [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler") plant in [West Helena, Arkansas](/wiki/West_Helena%2C_Arkansas "West Helena, Arkansas"), and played the blues in his leisure time. He did not move from the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), unlike many of his contemporaries, and continued to perform locally into the 1960s with [Frank Frost](/wiki/Frank_Frost "Frank Frost"), [Boyd Gilmore](/wiki/Boyd_Gilmore "Boyd Gilmore") and Baby Face Turner. In May 1965, Sonny Boy Williamson II, who was by then back on *King Biscuit Time*, used Stackhouse as an accompanist when he was recorded in concert by [Chris Strachwitz](/wiki/Chris_Strachwitz "Chris Strachwitz") of [Arhoolie Records](/wiki/Arhoolie_Records "Arhoolie Records"). The recording, entitled *King Biscuit Time*, was issued under Williamson's name. Shortly afterwards, Williamson died. Stackhouse continued briefly on the radio program, back in tandem with Nighthawk.
[alt\=Houston Stackhouse performing with his guitar at the 1976 Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife, Washington, DC. Photo by Jeff Titon\|thumb\|Houston Stackhouse at the 1976 Smithsonian Festival.](/wiki/File:Houston_Stackhouse_FAF_1976_JT.jpg "Houston Stackhouse FAF 1976 JT.jpg")
In 1967, [George Mitchell](/wiki/George_Mitchell_%28music_historian%29 "George Mitchell (music historian)") recorded Stackhouse, Curtis and Nighthawk as the Blues Rhythm Boys in [Dundee, Mississippi](/wiki/Dundee%2C_Mississippi "Dundee, Mississippi"). Nighthawk died shortly after the recording was made. Another field researcher, [David Evans](/wiki/David_Evans_%28musicologist%29 "David Evans (musicologist)"), recorded Stackhouse in Crystal Springs. By 1970, following the deaths of Curtis and Mason, Stackhouse had moved to [Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"), where he resided with his old friend Wilkins and his wife, Carrie. At the height of the blues revival Stackhouse toured with Wilkins and with the Memphis Blues Caravan and performed at various [music festivals](/wiki/Music_festival "Music festival").
In February 1972, Stackhouse recorded the album *Cryin' Won't Help You* (released on [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") in 1994\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/cryin\-wont\-help\-you\-mw0000627479 \|title\=Houston Stackouse, ''Cryin Won't Help You'': Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards \|publisher\=AllMusic.com \|date\=1994\-11\-04 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-31}} In his sole trip overseas, in 1976, he performed in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria").
Stackhouse returned to Helena, where he died in September 1980, at the age of 69\. A son, Houston Stackhouse, Jr., survived him.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry\-detail.aspx?entryID\=4329 \|title\=Houston Stackhouse (1910–1980\) \|author\=Harris, Jeff \|publisher\=Encyclopediaofarkansas.net \|access\-date\=August 26, 2010}}
The [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_music "Acoustic music") stage at the annual [Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival](/wiki/Arkansas_Blues_and_Heritage_Festival "Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival") is named after Stackhouse.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Stackhouse was born Houston Goff in [Wesson, Mississippi](/wiki/Wesson%2C_Mississippi \"Wesson, Mississippi\"). He was the son of Garfield Goff and was raised by James Wade Stackhouse on the Randall Ford Plantation. He learned the details of his parentage only when he applied for a passport later in life.",
"In his teenage years he relocated with his family to [Crystal Springs, Mississippi](/wiki/Crystal_Springs%2C_Mississippi \"Crystal Springs, Mississippi\"). He became inspired listening to local musicians and [records](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\") by [Blind Blake](/wiki/Blind_Blake \"Blind Blake\"), [Blind Lemon Jefferson](/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\") and [Lonnie Johnson](/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 \"Lonnie Johnson (musician)\"). By the late 1930s, Stackhouse had played guitar around the Delta states and worked with members of the [Mississippi Sheiks](/wiki/Mississippi_Sheiks \"Mississippi Sheiks\"), [Robert Johnson](/wiki/Robert_Johnson_%28musician%29 \"Robert Johnson (musician)\"), [Charlie McCoy](/wiki/Charlie_McCoy \"Charlie McCoy\") and [Walter Vinson](/wiki/Walter_Vinson \"Walter Vinson\"). He also teamed up with his distant cousin [Robert Nighthawk](/wiki/Robert_Nighthawk \"Robert Nighthawk\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cascadeblues.org/History/RobertNighthawk.htm \\|title\\=Robert Nighthawk \\|author\\=Johnson, Greg \\|publisher\\=Cascadeblues.org \\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214155054/http://cascadeblues.org/History/RobertNighthawk.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2010 }} whom he taught to play the guitar.{{cite book\\| first\\= Gérard\\| last\\= Herzhaft\\| year\\= 1997\\| title\\= Encyclopedia of the Blues\\| edition\\= 2nd\\| publisher\\= University of Arkansas Press\\| location\\= Fayetteville\\| isbn\\= 1\\-55728\\-452\\-0\\| page\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz/page/161 161]\\| url\\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz/page/161}} Originally a [fan](/wiki/Fan_%28person%29 \"Fan (person)\") of [Tommy Johnson](/wiki/Tommy_Johnson_%28blues_musician%29 \"Tommy Johnson (blues musician)\"), Stackhouse often [covered](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") his songs. In 1946, Stackhouse moved to [Helena, Arkansas](/wiki/Helena%2C_Arkansas \"Helena, Arkansas\"), to live near Nighthawk and for a time was a member of Nighthawk’s band, playing on [KFFA](/wiki/KFFA_%28AM%29 \"KFFA (AM)\") radio.",
"He split from Nighthawk in 1947 and performed on the KFFA radio program *[King Biscuit Time](/wiki/King_Biscuit_Time \"King Biscuit Time\")*,{{cite book\\|title\\=Deep Blues\\|author\\=Robert Palmer\\|year\\=1981\\|authorlink\\=Robert Palmer (American writer)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books]]\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/196 196]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-14\\-006223\\-6\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/196}} with the [drummer](/wiki/Drummer \"Drummer\") James \"Peck\" Curtis, the guitarist [Joe Willie Wilkins](/wiki/Joe_Willie_Wilkins \"Joe Willie Wilkins\") and the pianists [Pinetop Perkins](/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins \"Pinetop Perkins\") and Robert Traylor. [Sonny Boy Williamson II](/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II \"Sonny Boy Williamson II\") then rejoined the program, and that combo performed across the Delta, using their radio presence to advertise their performances.",
"Stackhouse tutored [Jimmy Rogers](/wiki/Jimmy_Rogers \"Jimmy Rogers\") and [Sammy Lawhorn](/wiki/Sammy_Lawhorn \"Sammy Lawhorn\") in guitar techniques. Between 1948 and 1954, he worked during the day at the [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler \"Chrysler\") plant in [West Helena, Arkansas](/wiki/West_Helena%2C_Arkansas \"West Helena, Arkansas\"), and played the blues in his leisure time. He did not move from the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), unlike many of his contemporaries, and continued to perform locally into the 1960s with [Frank Frost](/wiki/Frank_Frost \"Frank Frost\"), [Boyd Gilmore](/wiki/Boyd_Gilmore \"Boyd Gilmore\") and Baby Face Turner. In May 1965, Sonny Boy Williamson II, who was by then back on *King Biscuit Time*, used Stackhouse as an accompanist when he was recorded in concert by [Chris Strachwitz](/wiki/Chris_Strachwitz \"Chris Strachwitz\") of [Arhoolie Records](/wiki/Arhoolie_Records \"Arhoolie Records\"). The recording, entitled *King Biscuit Time*, was issued under Williamson's name. Shortly afterwards, Williamson died. Stackhouse continued briefly on the radio program, back in tandem with Nighthawk.\n[alt\\=Houston Stackhouse performing with his guitar at the 1976 Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife, Washington, DC. Photo by Jeff Titon\\|thumb\\|Houston Stackhouse at the 1976 Smithsonian Festival.](/wiki/File:Houston_Stackhouse_FAF_1976_JT.jpg \"Houston Stackhouse FAF 1976 JT.jpg\")\nIn 1967, [George Mitchell](/wiki/George_Mitchell_%28music_historian%29 \"George Mitchell (music historian)\") recorded Stackhouse, Curtis and Nighthawk as the Blues Rhythm Boys in [Dundee, Mississippi](/wiki/Dundee%2C_Mississippi \"Dundee, Mississippi\"). Nighthawk died shortly after the recording was made. Another field researcher, [David Evans](/wiki/David_Evans_%28musicologist%29 \"David Evans (musicologist)\"), recorded Stackhouse in Crystal Springs. By 1970, following the deaths of Curtis and Mason, Stackhouse had moved to [Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\"), where he resided with his old friend Wilkins and his wife, Carrie. At the height of the blues revival Stackhouse toured with Wilkins and with the Memphis Blues Caravan and performed at various [music festivals](/wiki/Music_festival \"Music festival\").",
"In February 1972, Stackhouse recorded the album *Cryin' Won't Help You* (released on [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") in 1994\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/cryin\\-wont\\-help\\-you\\-mw0000627479 \\|title\\=Houston Stackouse, ''Cryin Won't Help You'': Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards \\|publisher\\=AllMusic.com \\|date\\=1994\\-11\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-31}} In his sole trip overseas, in 1976, he performed in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\").",
"Stackhouse returned to Helena, where he died in September 1980, at the age of 69\\. A son, Houston Stackhouse, Jr., survived him.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry\\-detail.aspx?entryID\\=4329 \\|title\\=Houston Stackhouse (1910–1980\\) \\|author\\=Harris, Jeff \\|publisher\\=Encyclopediaofarkansas.net \\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2010}}",
"The [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_music \"Acoustic music\") stage at the annual [Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival](/wiki/Arkansas_Blues_and_Heritage_Festival \"Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival\") is named after Stackhouse.",
""
] |
Doubles
-------
### 2008: ATP debut
Middelkoop made his [ATP Tour](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals "Association of Tennis Professionals") doubles debut at the [2008 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament](/wiki/2008_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2008 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Doubles") held on hard courts in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam"), Netherlands. He was granted a direct acceptance into the doubles draw alongside compatriot [Jesse Huta Galung](/wiki/Jesse_Huta_Galung "Jesse Huta Galung"), however they would be defeated in the first round by second seeds and eventual semi\-finalists [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle "Julian Knowle") and [Simon Aspelin](/wiki/Simon_Aspelin "Simon Aspelin") in straight sets *3–6, 5–7*.
### 2016–2017: First Major quarterfinal, Maiden title \& three more ATP 250 titles
Middelkoop won his maiden ATP tour doubles title at the [2016 Sofia Open](/wiki/2016_Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open "2016 Garanti Koza Sofia Open") on indoor hard courts in Bulgaria, partnering compatriot [Wesley Koolhof](/wiki/Wesley_Koolhof "Wesley Koolhof"). The pair defeated [Adil Shamasdin](/wiki/Adil_Shamasdin "Adil Shamasdin") and [Philipp Oswald](/wiki/Philipp_Oswald "Philipp Oswald") in a third set tie\-breaker 5–7, 7–6(11–9\), \[10–6] in the championship match to capture the title.
### 2018–2020: Five more titles \& ten finals, Top 30 career\-high
### 2021: Second Major quarterfinal, Masters semifinal, Three titles, top 30 return
2021 was the most successful year after 2018 on the ATP tour in Middelkoop's professional career. With his partner [Marcelo Arévalo](/wiki/Marcelo_Ar%C3%A9valo "Marcelo Arévalo"), the pair reached the quarterfinals of the [2021 Australian Open](/wiki/2021_Australian_Open "2021 Australian Open") and the semifinals of the [2021 Italian Open (tennis)](/wiki/2021_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2021 Italian Open (tennis)") defeating home favorites Fognini/Musetti in the round of 16 and Dutch pair Koolhof/Rojer in the quarterfinals. As a result, he returned to the top 40 in the doubles rankings.
At the [2021 Winston\-Salem Open](/wiki/2021_Winston-Salem_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2021 Winston-Salem Open – Doubles"), he won his tenth title partnering Arévalo when they defeated [Ivan Dodig](/wiki/Ivan_Dodig "Ivan Dodig") and [Austin Krajicek](/wiki/Austin_Krajicek "Austin Krajicek") in the final.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles\-winston\-salem\-open\-final\-2021\-friday\|title \= Marcelo Arévalo/Matwé Middelkoop Capture Winston\-Salem Trophy\|website\=ATP Tour}} As a result, he reentered the top 30 at a new career\-high of World No. 28 on 30 August 2021\.
### 2022: First ATP 500 title, French Open semifinalist, top 25 debut, 30th final
At the [2022 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament](/wiki/2022_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament "2022 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament") he won his first ATP 500 title with [Robin Haase](/wiki/Robin_Haase "Robin Haase").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles\-rotterdam\-2022\-final\-sunday\|title \= Robin Haase and Matwe Middelkoop Clinch Trophy in Rotterdam\|website\=ATP Tour}} As a result he reached a career\-high ranking of World No. 26 on 14 February 2022\.
At the [2022 French Open](/wiki/2022_French_Open "2022 French Open") he reached the semifinals for the first time at a Grand Slam in his career partnering [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna "Rohan Bopanna") defeating en route the second seeds, former World No. 1 pair and 2021 Wimbledon champions [Nikola Mektić](/wiki/Nikola_Mekti%C4%87 "Nikola Mektić")/[Mate Pavić](/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87 "Mate Pavić").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/rohan\-bopanna\-matwe\-middelkoop\-french\-open\-scores\-doubles\-quarter\-finals\-stun\-wimbledon\-champions\-1955406\-2022\-05\-28 \| title\=French Open: Rohan Bopanna and Matwé Middelkoop stun Wimbledon champions to reach men's doubles quarters }}{{cite news \| url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french\-open/french\-open\-rohan\-bopanna\-owns\-beautiful\-journey/articleshow/91925503\.cms \| title\=French Open: Rohan Bopanna owns 'beautiful journey' \| Tennis News – Times of India \| website\=\[\[The Times of India]] \| date\=31 May 2022 }}{{cite web \|title\=French Open tennis: Rohan Bopanna reaches maiden semis at Roland Garros \|url\=https://olympics.com/en/news/french\-open\-tennis\-2022\-india\-rohan\-bopanna\-men\-doubles\-quarter\-final\-result \|website\=\[\[International Olympic Committee]] \|date\=2022\-05\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601204245/https://olympics.com/en/news/french\-open\-tennis\-2022\-india\-rohan\-bopanna\-men\-doubles\-quarter\-final\-result \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-01 \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Ansari \|first1\=Aarish}}
He reached a career\-high in the top 25 on 27 June 2022 at the start of the [2022 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2022_Wimbledon_Championships "2022 Wimbledon Championships").
### 2023: Top 20 debut and ATP title, second French Open semifinal in doubles
He reached the top 20 in doubles at world No. 19 on 30 January 2023\.
At the [2023 Open Sud de France](/wiki/2023_Open_Sud_de_France "2023 Open Sud de France") reached his thirty first doubles final partnering compatriot Haase.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/matos\-vega\-hernandez\-cordoba\-2023\-friday\-doubles \| title\=Rafael Matos and David Vega Hernández Save MP in Córdoba QF Win\|website\=ATP Tour }} He won his fourteenth title defeating [Maxime Cressy](/wiki/Maxime_Cressy "Maxime Cressy")/[Albano Olivetti](/wiki/Albano_Olivetti "Albano Olivetti").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/montpellier\-2023\-doubles\-final \| title\=Robin Haase \& Matwé Middelkoop Triumph in Montpellier\|website\=ATP Tour }}
At the [2023 French Open](/wiki/2023_French_Open "2023 French Open") he reached back\-to\-back semifinals partnering [Andreas Mies](/wiki/Andreas_Mies "Andreas Mies") this time.
|
[
"Doubles\n-------",
"### 2008: ATP debut",
"Middelkoop made his [ATP Tour](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals \"Association of Tennis Professionals\") doubles debut at the [2008 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament](/wiki/2008_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2008 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Doubles\") held on hard courts in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\"), Netherlands. He was granted a direct acceptance into the doubles draw alongside compatriot [Jesse Huta Galung](/wiki/Jesse_Huta_Galung \"Jesse Huta Galung\"), however they would be defeated in the first round by second seeds and eventual semi\\-finalists [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle \"Julian Knowle\") and [Simon Aspelin](/wiki/Simon_Aspelin \"Simon Aspelin\") in straight sets *3–6, 5–7*.",
"### 2016–2017: First Major quarterfinal, Maiden title \\& three more ATP 250 titles",
"Middelkoop won his maiden ATP tour doubles title at the [2016 Sofia Open](/wiki/2016_Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open \"2016 Garanti Koza Sofia Open\") on indoor hard courts in Bulgaria, partnering compatriot [Wesley Koolhof](/wiki/Wesley_Koolhof \"Wesley Koolhof\"). The pair defeated [Adil Shamasdin](/wiki/Adil_Shamasdin \"Adil Shamasdin\") and [Philipp Oswald](/wiki/Philipp_Oswald \"Philipp Oswald\") in a third set tie\\-breaker 5–7, 7–6(11–9\\), \\[10–6] in the championship match to capture the title.",
"### 2018–2020: Five more titles \\& ten finals, Top 30 career\\-high",
"### 2021: Second Major quarterfinal, Masters semifinal, Three titles, top 30 return",
"2021 was the most successful year after 2018 on the ATP tour in Middelkoop's professional career. With his partner [Marcelo Arévalo](/wiki/Marcelo_Ar%C3%A9valo \"Marcelo Arévalo\"), the pair reached the quarterfinals of the [2021 Australian Open](/wiki/2021_Australian_Open \"2021 Australian Open\") and the semifinals of the [2021 Italian Open (tennis)](/wiki/2021_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2021 Italian Open (tennis)\") defeating home favorites Fognini/Musetti in the round of 16 and Dutch pair Koolhof/Rojer in the quarterfinals. As a result, he returned to the top 40 in the doubles rankings.",
"At the [2021 Winston\\-Salem Open](/wiki/2021_Winston-Salem_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2021 Winston-Salem Open – Doubles\"), he won his tenth title partnering Arévalo when they defeated [Ivan Dodig](/wiki/Ivan_Dodig \"Ivan Dodig\") and [Austin Krajicek](/wiki/Austin_Krajicek \"Austin Krajicek\") in the final.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles\\-winston\\-salem\\-open\\-final\\-2021\\-friday\\|title \\= Marcelo Arévalo/Matwé Middelkoop Capture Winston\\-Salem Trophy\\|website\\=ATP Tour}} As a result, he reentered the top 30 at a new career\\-high of World No. 28 on 30 August 2021\\.",
"### 2022: First ATP 500 title, French Open semifinalist, top 25 debut, 30th final",
"At the [2022 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament](/wiki/2022_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament \"2022 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament\") he won his first ATP 500 title with [Robin Haase](/wiki/Robin_Haase \"Robin Haase\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles\\-rotterdam\\-2022\\-final\\-sunday\\|title \\= Robin Haase and Matwe Middelkoop Clinch Trophy in Rotterdam\\|website\\=ATP Tour}} As a result he reached a career\\-high ranking of World No. 26 on 14 February 2022\\.",
"At the [2022 French Open](/wiki/2022_French_Open \"2022 French Open\") he reached the semifinals for the first time at a Grand Slam in his career partnering [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna \"Rohan Bopanna\") defeating en route the second seeds, former World No. 1 pair and 2021 Wimbledon champions [Nikola Mektić](/wiki/Nikola_Mekti%C4%87 \"Nikola Mektić\")/[Mate Pavić](/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87 \"Mate Pavić\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/rohan\\-bopanna\\-matwe\\-middelkoop\\-french\\-open\\-scores\\-doubles\\-quarter\\-finals\\-stun\\-wimbledon\\-champions\\-1955406\\-2022\\-05\\-28 \\| title\\=French Open: Rohan Bopanna and Matwé Middelkoop stun Wimbledon champions to reach men's doubles quarters }}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french\\-open/french\\-open\\-rohan\\-bopanna\\-owns\\-beautiful\\-journey/articleshow/91925503\\.cms \\| title\\=French Open: Rohan Bopanna owns 'beautiful journey' \\| Tennis News – Times of India \\| website\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| date\\=31 May 2022 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=French Open tennis: Rohan Bopanna reaches maiden semis at Roland Garros \\|url\\=https://olympics.com/en/news/french\\-open\\-tennis\\-2022\\-india\\-rohan\\-bopanna\\-men\\-doubles\\-quarter\\-final\\-result \\|website\\=\\[\\[International Olympic Committee]] \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601204245/https://olympics.com/en/news/french\\-open\\-tennis\\-2022\\-india\\-rohan\\-bopanna\\-men\\-doubles\\-quarter\\-final\\-result \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Ansari \\|first1\\=Aarish}}",
"He reached a career\\-high in the top 25 on 27 June 2022 at the start of the [2022 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2022_Wimbledon_Championships \"2022 Wimbledon Championships\").",
"### 2023: Top 20 debut and ATP title, second French Open semifinal in doubles",
"He reached the top 20 in doubles at world No. 19 on 30 January 2023\\.",
"At the [2023 Open Sud de France](/wiki/2023_Open_Sud_de_France \"2023 Open Sud de France\") reached his thirty first doubles final partnering compatriot Haase.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/matos\\-vega\\-hernandez\\-cordoba\\-2023\\-friday\\-doubles \\| title\\=Rafael Matos and David Vega Hernández Save MP in Córdoba QF Win\\|website\\=ATP Tour }} He won his fourteenth title defeating [Maxime Cressy](/wiki/Maxime_Cressy \"Maxime Cressy\")/[Albano Olivetti](/wiki/Albano_Olivetti \"Albano Olivetti\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/montpellier\\-2023\\-doubles\\-final \\| title\\=Robin Haase \\& Matwé Middelkoop Triumph in Montpellier\\|website\\=ATP Tour }}",
"At the [2023 French Open](/wiki/2023_French_Open \"2023 French Open\") he reached back\\-to\\-back semifinals partnering [Andreas Mies](/wiki/Andreas_Mies \"Andreas Mies\") this time.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Formation and *Hold Conversation* (2004–2008\)
The Getaway Plan were originally a five piece band. The original members met in 2002 whilst attending [Sandringham College](/wiki/Sandringham_College "Sandringham College") in the southern beachside suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Playing originally as a four piece pop\-punk/rock band under the name "Thirtyfivehours". Following the breakup of Thirtyfivehours, the remaining members met guitarist, Clint Ellis and new drummer, Aaron Barnett, and recruited them for a new heavier\-sounding project. The Getaway Plan's first gig was at a community hall in November '03\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/jtv/video/segment\_60SECS.htm?clip\=getawayplan\|title\=jtv: 60 second spotlight video \- The Getaway Plan\|publisher\=ABC\|access\-date\=28 December 2008\|archive\-date\=7 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207031845/http://www.abc.net.au/jtv/video/segment\_60SECS.htm?clip\=getawayplan\|url\-status\=live}}
Following a 2004 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)") recording, the band signed a record deal with [Boomtown Records](/wiki/Boomtown_Records "Boomtown Records"); Boomtown released the band's debut commercial release, an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") entitled, *[Hold Conversation](/wiki/Hold_Conversation "Hold Conversation")*. Tracks from the EP received airplay on Australian national youth radio station, [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J "Triple J"), including medium rotation for the track, "If The Suspense Doesn't Kill Us, Something Else Will..."
Their fellow fifth member, rhythm guitarist/backup singer and long time friend, Benny Chong left the band in 2006\.
### Commercial breakthrough and *Other Voices, Other Rooms* (2008–2009\)
In 2007, The Getaway Plan travelled to [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to record their debut album with James Paul Wisner.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ravemagazine.com.au/content/view/7840/30/ \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218201226/http://www.ravemagazine.com.au/content/view/7840/30/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2012 \|website\=Rave Magazine \|title\=The Getaway Plan \|date\=26 February 2008 \|first\=Cookie \|last\=Lee \|access\-date\=22 August 2022 \|url\-status\=dead }} They lived and worked together for over two months to complete the album, titled *[Other Voices, Other Rooms](/wiki/Other_Voices%2C_Other_Rooms_%28Getaway_Plan_album%29 "Other Voices, Other Rooms (Getaway Plan album)")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mp3\.com.au/Forms/FeaturedProfileView.aspx?FeatureId\=999 \|title\=Mp3\.com.au \|publisher\=Mp3\.com.au \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021702/http://www.mp3\.com.au/Forms/FeaturedProfileView.aspx?FeatureId\=999 \|url\-status\=live }} Lead vocalist Matthew Wright said of the work behind the album, "It’s the result of over three years touring and about three months of writing".
The band spent 12 weeks writing the album, in a little rehearsal room in Australia. Once enough material had been written, they began a search for a producer. The band opted not to use a local for the job, guitarist Clint Splattering explained, "We couldn’t really find anyone in Australia that we felt was on the same page as us, there are a lot of great producers in Australia but none that we felt were on the same level that we wanted them to be on." After sending out a "bunch of emails", they received a reply from James Paul Wisner, who had previously worked with the likes of [The Academy Is...](/wiki/The_Academy_Is... "The Academy Is..."), [Dashboard Confessional](/wiki/Dashboard_Confessional "Dashboard Confessional") and [Underoath](/wiki/Underoath "Underoath"). Wisner ended up producing the album.{{cite web\|url\=http://perthmusic.norg.com.au/2008/11/30/the\-getaway\-plan\-interview/\|title\=The Getaway Plan Interview\|publisher\=Perth Music\|access\-date\=28 December 2008\|archive\-date\=7 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207024101/http://perthmusic.norg.com.au/2008/11/30/the\-getaway\-plan\-interview/\|url\-status\=live}}
The Getaway Plan recorded their first ever [music video](/wiki/Music_video "Music video") for the single "Streetlight" in October 2007\. The song was released in the beginning of November 2007 through [Boomtown](/wiki/Boomtown_Records "Boomtown Records") and [Shock Records](/wiki/Shock_Records "Shock Records"), it was the first taste of new material for fans.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/events/ausmusicmonth\_07/next\_crop/getaway\_plan.htm \|title\=triple j: The Getaway Plan hearts Aus Music \|publisher\=Abc.net.au \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=6 February 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206161754/http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/events/ausmusicmonth\_07/next\_crop/getaway\_plan.htm \|url\-status\=live }} Following the successful release of "Streetlight" and significant radio airplay on [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J "Triple J"), the band supported American band [My Chemical Romance](/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance "My Chemical Romance") on their Australian arena tour and opened for [The Used](/wiki/The_Used "The Used") on their Australian tour in May 2007\.
The band's debut album was released in February 2008, achieving great success for an independent band. *Other Voices, Other Rooms* debuted at number 14 on the [ARIA charts](/wiki/ARIA_charts "ARIA charts") and number 1 on the Australian Independent charts. It was the number 3 Australian album on the ARIA chart. The second single from the album "Where the City Meets the Sea" was released in March 2008, bringing the band airplay on national radio station [Nova](/wiki/Nova_%28radio_network%29 "Nova (radio network)").
In July 2008 the band performed live nationally on *[Rove](/wiki/Rove_%28TV_series%29 "Rove (TV series)")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tv.com/rove\-live/show/3753/episode\_guide.html\|title\=Rove Episode Guide\|publisher\=TV.com\|access\-date\=28 December 2008\|archive\-date\=18 November 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118100106/http://www.tv.com/rove\-live/show/3753/episode\_guide.html\|url\-status\=live}} "Where the City Meets the Sea" was announced the Best Independent Single/EP at the annual [AIR Awards](/wiki/Australian_Independent_Record_Labels_Association "Australian Independent Record Labels Association").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/15985/AIR\-Awards\-winners\-decided.htm\|title\=AIR Awards winners decided\|publisher\=Fasterlouder.com.au\|access\-date\=3 January 2009\|archive\-date\=7 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207000732/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/15985/AIR\-Awards\-winners\-decided.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
### Hiatus (2009–2010\)
On 25 February 2009, The Getaway Plan announced in their MySpace blog that they would disband in 2009\. The band stated:
{{blockquote\|"There comes a point in everyone's lives where they must sit back and assess if everything is working the way it should be. We have come to a decision that The Getaway Plan will no longer continue to make music together. The past 5 years have been an incredible journey and we would never have been able to say that without the support of each and every one of you.
We are in the final stages of planning one last national tour. Please come along and party with TGP one last time. It would mean the world to us.
This is in no way the end of our careers as musicians. Music is and always will be the biggest part of our lives. Thank you all so much for everything; we are all eternally grateful for your support." \|Aaron, Clint, Dave \& Matthew\|{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction\=blog.view\&friendId\=3514282\&blogId\=472963750\|title\=The Getaway Plan Official Statement\|publisher\=Blogs.myspace.com\|date\=25 February 2009\|access\-date\=25 February 2009\|archive\-date\=28 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228074819/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction\=blog.view\&friendId\=3514282\&blogId\=472963750\|url\-status\=live}}}}
#### Post\-breakup projects
Shortly after the breakup of The Getaway Plan, all members had announced their own projects separately. Wright formed the indie duet [Young Heretics](/wiki/Young_Heretics "Young Heretics"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.myspace.com/youngheretics\|title\=Young Heretics MySpace page\|publisher\=MySpace\|access\-date\=5 June 2009\|archive\-date\=30 June 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630042448/http://www.myspace.com/youngheretics\|url\-status\=live}} with singer/songwriter Kitty Hart. The pair had a Jack and Meg White style mystery surrounding the particulars of their relationship, reported by the media to be brother and sister despite rumours the pair were, in fact, lovers. Young Heretics are now defunct. Ellis and Barnett formed another band called Avalanche for Aeris{{cite web\|url\=http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris\|title\=Avalanche for Aeris MySpace page\|publisher\=MySpace\|access\-date\=5 June 2009\|archive\-date\=3 August 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803072550/http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris\|url\-status\=live}} with Kevin Orr, which has since split up.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris \|title\=AVALANCHE for Aeris \| Free Music, Mixes, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos \|publisher\=Myspace.com \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=3 August 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803072550/http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris \|url\-status\=live }} Barnett was also in a band called, "Saskia"{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bmamag.com/articles/features/20120508\-getaway\-plan/ \|title\=Features the Getaway Plan \|first\=Peter \|last\=Krbavac \|date\=8 May 2012 \|website\=BMA Magazine \|location\=Canberra A.C.T. \|access\-date\=22 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192605/http://www.bmamag.com/articles/features/20120508\-getaway\-plan/ \|archive\-date\=23 September 2015 \|url\-status\=dead}} along with Anderson, ex\-Anastacia guitarist Jayszun Vandewerff, and Amanda Grafanakis who finished 13th in reality TV show *Australian Idol* 2008\. In 2009, guitarist Clint Ellis joined [The Amity Affliction](/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction "The Amity Affliction"). He left the band in 2011\. Aaron was also at one point in the live band for Melbourne hardcore band, [Deez Nuts](/wiki/Deez_Nuts_%28band%29 "Deez Nuts (band)").
### Reformation and *Requiem* (2010–2013\)
On 23 July 2010, it was announced on Facebook that the reality of youth depression had inspired The Getaway Plan to reunite for a one off music event, REVIVAL \- This Is Not The End of Your Story, in conjunction with [To Write Love on Her Arms](/wiki/To_Write_Love_on_Her_Arms "To Write Love on Her Arms"), a not for profit movement. The show took place on 24 September 2010 at Billboard The Venue in Melbourne and sold out within an hour of tickets going on sale.
Prior to this event appeared a strange countdown on the band's official site finishing on 27 September at 12:00pm AEST. When the countdown reached zero a picture of the band popped up to replace it. The picture appeared to be the band in a room with their instruments and what also appeared to be song names and BPM's written on a white board.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\|title\=Music News\|website\=Abc.net.au\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=1 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001235211/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\|url\-status\=live}} Also appearing were 8 other countdowns running simultaneously, all ending at different points in the future, with the last ending on 19 November. Every time a countdown finished, a short video was posted informing fans of the band's progress. The first video, "01", simply showed Matthew Wright playing a guitar and humming. The next four videos, "02" to "05", featured short interviews with the band members.
On 1 November 2010, the band played at Melbourne under age festival, Another World. The fans didn't know what to expect as the band didn't announce the show themselves and had no talk of it. The band opened with a brand new song never played before. The track was believed to be called "Move Along" as one of the videos on the band's website showed the matching lyrics to the song. The file with these lyrics was named "Move Along".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \|title\=The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=The Getaway Plan \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=31 December 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231082217/http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \|url\-status\=live }} A week later, at the end of one of the countdowns, another video was posted, "06", carrying footage of the band's sound check and setting up for the show.{{Cite web\|url\=https://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\-fame\-broke\-up\-the\-getaway\-plan/\|title\=/\|website\=The Music\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=13 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713022126/http://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\-fame\-broke\-up\-the\-getaway\-plan/\|url\-status\=live}} The fans watching also got a glimpse at the setlist and it was confirmed that the new track was named "Move Along". The final video, "07", showed Matthew confessing that he thought the band's break\-up had been beneficial, both for the band as a whole, and the band members themselves, as friends.
On 19 November 2010, the band announced through their website that they would officially be reforming. The band announced they would be heading off to Canada in April to record the new album with producer David Bottrill. Along with these two announcements they also announced a tour, dubbed "The Getaway Plan: Reclamation" tour, planned for February 2011 in celebration of their reformation. This marked the end of the countdowns sequenced on their website.
[thumb\|The band performing in 2011](/wiki/File:The_Getaway_Plan-27_%286428418179%29.jpg "The Getaway Plan-27 (6428418179).jpg")
On 14 April 2011, it was confirmed in a short video posted on the band's official website and tumblr that the new album marking their reformation will be called '[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 "Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)")' with a release of September 2011\.
During the months of April through September, the band continued to provide blog updates, including 7 webisodes, which featured interviews with band members, giving the public some insight into the recording process of 'Requiem'.
On 18 August 2011, The Getaway Plan released a song, "Phantoms" from their upcoming album, *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 "Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)")* on their official Facebook page.
On 4 November 2011, *Requiem* was released through [We Are Unified](/wiki/We_Are_Unified_company "We Are Unified company").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=DYBzNAviKLM\&feature\=player\_embedded \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/DYBzNAviKLM \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-22 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=The Getaway Plan: Requiem Episode 1 \|via\=YouTube \|date\=2011\-08\-28 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14}}{{cbignore}}
### Line\-up changes and departure from label (2013–2014\)
On 1 July 2013, The Getaway Plan announced that they had decided to part ways with bass player David Anderson and that they were also no longer with their long time record label/management, UNFD. Along with this announcement came the news of their new bass player, long\-time friend, Jase Clarke and their first ever fully independent release; A double A\-Sided single, entitled "[Lovesick/Mirrors](/wiki/Lovesick/Mirrors "Lovesick/Mirrors")". To support the release they also announced their broadest Australian tour in nearly five years.{{cite web \|url\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plan\-lose\-bassist\-go\-independent\-and\-announce\-new\-material/ \|title\=The Getaway Plan Lose Bassist, Go Independent And Announce New Material \- Music News, Reviews, Interviews and Culture \|date\=July 2013 \|publisher\=Music Feeds \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=6 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706070322/http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plan\-lose\-bassist\-go\-independent\-and\-announce\-new\-material/ \|url\-status\=live }}
"[Lovesick/Mirrors](/wiki/Lovesick/Mirrors "Lovesick/Mirrors")" was released digitally through iTunes on 12 August 2013\. The band also released a limited run of hand numbered, 7\-inch vinyl were sold on their online webstore.{{cite web \|url\=http://store.thegetawayplan.com/ \|title\=Home / The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=Store.thegetawayplan.com \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=29 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204016/http://store.thegetawayplan.com/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The Getaway Plan embarked on their third tour of Europe and the UK in September, 2013, supporting US band [Sleeping With Sirens](/wiki/Sleeping_with_Sirens "Sleeping with Sirens").{{cite web \|url\=http://alreadyheard.com/post/57431600492/the\-summer\-set\-hands\-like\-houses\-and\-the\-getaway\-plan \|title\=The Summer Set, Hands Like Houses and The Getaway Plan to Sleeping With Sirens on UK Tour \|publisher\=Already Heard \|date\=2013\-08\-05 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=1 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101215453/http://alreadyheard.com/post/57431600492/the\-summer\-set\-hands\-like\-houses\-and\-the\-getaway\-plan \|url\-status\=live }}
On 13 February 2014, The Getaway Plan announced on Facebook that they had decided to parted ways with drummer, Aaron Barnett. With this news also came the announcement of new drummer, Dan Maio.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/708009432576653?stream\_ref\=10 \|title\=Hello friends, As some of you may have... \- The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=Facebook \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000740/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F708009432576653%3Fstream\_ref%3D10 \|url\-status\=live }}
### *Dark Horses* (2014–present)
On 1 September 2014, The Getaway Plan announced their plans for their third LP, entitled [Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 "Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/810897335621195 \|title\=Hello friends. Today is a rather big... \- The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=Facebook \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000809/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F810897335621195 \|url\-status\=live }} The band chose to avoid record labels and remain independent and set up a crowd\-funding campaign through Pledgemusic.com.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pledgemusic.com/projects/thegetawayplan \|title\=The Getaway Plan: New Album on PledgeMusic \|publisher\=Pledgemusic.com \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220184407/http://www.pledgemusic.com/projects/thegetawayplan \|url\-status\=dead }} The band self\-recorded a 4 track EP entitled 'Journaux' which was made available as an exclusive to pledgers.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/816642171713378 \|title\=We recently self\-recorded a 4 track EP... \- The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=Facebook \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000740/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F816642171713378 \|url\-status\=live }}
[Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 "Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)") was the first album by The Getaway Plan to be fully written and recorded in Australia. They worked with producer, Sam K, creating the album between November 2014 and March 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plans\-dark\-horses\-album\-tour\-just\-got\-even\-more\-epic/\|title\=The Getaway Plan's 'Dark Horses' Album Tour Just Got Even More Epic\|date\=18 June 2015\|website\=Musicfeeds.com.au\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=31 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731044848/https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plans\-dark\-horses\-album\-tour\-just\-got\-even\-more\-epic/\|url\-status\=live}}
[Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 "Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)") was released on 3 July 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plan\-reveal\-dark\-horses\-release\-date\-and\-new\-tour\-dates/\|title\=The Getaway Plan Reveal 'Dark Horses' Release Date And New Tour Dates\|date\=29 April 2015\|website\=Musicfeeds.com.au\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=8 December 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184051/https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\-getaway\-plan\-reveal\-dark\-horses\-release\-date\-and\-new\-tour\-dates/\|url\-status\=live}} The album debuted at \#1 on the [AIR Charts](/wiki/AIR_Charts "AIR Charts"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.air.org.au/charts\|title\=Charts\|website\=Air.org.au\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=17 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017080718/https://www.air.org.au/charts\|url\-status\=live}} and \#10 on the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_charts "ARIA charts") making it the band's highest ever ARIA debut and their first ever entry in to the ARIA top ten.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Formation and *Hold Conversation* (2004–2008\\)",
"The Getaway Plan were originally a five piece band. The original members met in 2002 whilst attending [Sandringham College](/wiki/Sandringham_College \"Sandringham College\") in the southern beachside suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Playing originally as a four piece pop\\-punk/rock band under the name \"Thirtyfivehours\". Following the breakup of Thirtyfivehours, the remaining members met guitarist, Clint Ellis and new drummer, Aaron Barnett, and recruited them for a new heavier\\-sounding project. The Getaway Plan's first gig was at a community hall in November '03\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/jtv/video/segment\\_60SECS.htm?clip\\=getawayplan\\|title\\=jtv: 60 second spotlight video \\- The Getaway Plan\\|publisher\\=ABC\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207031845/http://www.abc.net.au/jtv/video/segment\\_60SECS.htm?clip\\=getawayplan\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Following a 2004 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\") recording, the band signed a record deal with [Boomtown Records](/wiki/Boomtown_Records \"Boomtown Records\"); Boomtown released the band's debut commercial release, an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") entitled, *[Hold Conversation](/wiki/Hold_Conversation \"Hold Conversation\")*. Tracks from the EP received airplay on Australian national youth radio station, [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J \"Triple J\"), including medium rotation for the track, \"If The Suspense Doesn't Kill Us, Something Else Will...\"",
"Their fellow fifth member, rhythm guitarist/backup singer and long time friend, Benny Chong left the band in 2006\\.",
"### Commercial breakthrough and *Other Voices, Other Rooms* (2008–2009\\)",
"In 2007, The Getaway Plan travelled to [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to record their debut album with James Paul Wisner.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ravemagazine.com.au/content/view/7840/30/ \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218201226/http://www.ravemagazine.com.au/content/view/7840/30/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2012 \\|website\\=Rave Magazine \\|title\\=The Getaway Plan \\|date\\=26 February 2008 \\|first\\=Cookie \\|last\\=Lee \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} They lived and worked together for over two months to complete the album, titled *[Other Voices, Other Rooms](/wiki/Other_Voices%2C_Other_Rooms_%28Getaway_Plan_album%29 \"Other Voices, Other Rooms (Getaway Plan album)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mp3\\.com.au/Forms/FeaturedProfileView.aspx?FeatureId\\=999 \\|title\\=Mp3\\.com.au \\|publisher\\=Mp3\\.com.au \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021702/http://www.mp3\\.com.au/Forms/FeaturedProfileView.aspx?FeatureId\\=999 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Lead vocalist Matthew Wright said of the work behind the album, \"It’s the result of over three years touring and about three months of writing\".",
"The band spent 12 weeks writing the album, in a little rehearsal room in Australia. Once enough material had been written, they began a search for a producer. The band opted not to use a local for the job, guitarist Clint Splattering explained, \"We couldn’t really find anyone in Australia that we felt was on the same page as us, there are a lot of great producers in Australia but none that we felt were on the same level that we wanted them to be on.\" After sending out a \"bunch of emails\", they received a reply from James Paul Wisner, who had previously worked with the likes of [The Academy Is...](/wiki/The_Academy_Is... \"The Academy Is...\"), [Dashboard Confessional](/wiki/Dashboard_Confessional \"Dashboard Confessional\") and [Underoath](/wiki/Underoath \"Underoath\"). Wisner ended up producing the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://perthmusic.norg.com.au/2008/11/30/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-interview/\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan Interview\\|publisher\\=Perth Music\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207024101/http://perthmusic.norg.com.au/2008/11/30/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-interview/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Getaway Plan recorded their first ever [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") for the single \"Streetlight\" in October 2007\\. The song was released in the beginning of November 2007 through [Boomtown](/wiki/Boomtown_Records \"Boomtown Records\") and [Shock Records](/wiki/Shock_Records \"Shock Records\"), it was the first taste of new material for fans.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/events/ausmusicmonth\\_07/next\\_crop/getaway\\_plan.htm \\|title\\=triple j: The Getaway Plan hearts Aus Music \\|publisher\\=Abc.net.au \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206161754/http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/events/ausmusicmonth\\_07/next\\_crop/getaway\\_plan.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Following the successful release of \"Streetlight\" and significant radio airplay on [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J \"Triple J\"), the band supported American band [My Chemical Romance](/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance \"My Chemical Romance\") on their Australian arena tour and opened for [The Used](/wiki/The_Used \"The Used\") on their Australian tour in May 2007\\.",
"The band's debut album was released in February 2008, achieving great success for an independent band. *Other Voices, Other Rooms* debuted at number 14 on the [ARIA charts](/wiki/ARIA_charts \"ARIA charts\") and number 1 on the Australian Independent charts. It was the number 3 Australian album on the ARIA chart. The second single from the album \"Where the City Meets the Sea\" was released in March 2008, bringing the band airplay on national radio station [Nova](/wiki/Nova_%28radio_network%29 \"Nova (radio network)\").",
"In July 2008 the band performed live nationally on *[Rove](/wiki/Rove_%28TV_series%29 \"Rove (TV series)\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tv.com/rove\\-live/show/3753/episode\\_guide.html\\|title\\=Rove Episode Guide\\|publisher\\=TV.com\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118100106/http://www.tv.com/rove\\-live/show/3753/episode\\_guide.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \"Where the City Meets the Sea\" was announced the Best Independent Single/EP at the annual [AIR Awards](/wiki/Australian_Independent_Record_Labels_Association \"Australian Independent Record Labels Association\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/15985/AIR\\-Awards\\-winners\\-decided.htm\\|title\\=AIR Awards winners decided\\|publisher\\=Fasterlouder.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207000732/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/15985/AIR\\-Awards\\-winners\\-decided.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Hiatus (2009–2010\\)",
"On 25 February 2009, The Getaway Plan announced in their MySpace blog that they would disband in 2009\\. The band stated:",
"{{blockquote\\|\"There comes a point in everyone's lives where they must sit back and assess if everything is working the way it should be. We have come to a decision that The Getaway Plan will no longer continue to make music together. The past 5 years have been an incredible journey and we would never have been able to say that without the support of each and every one of you.",
"We are in the final stages of planning one last national tour. Please come along and party with TGP one last time. It would mean the world to us.",
"This is in no way the end of our careers as musicians. Music is and always will be the biggest part of our lives. Thank you all so much for everything; we are all eternally grateful for your support.\" \\|Aaron, Clint, Dave \\& Matthew\\|{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction\\=blog.view\\&friendId\\=3514282\\&blogId\\=472963750\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan Official Statement\\|publisher\\=Blogs.myspace.com\\|date\\=25 February 2009\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228074819/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction\\=blog.view\\&friendId\\=3514282\\&blogId\\=472963750\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}}",
"#### Post\\-breakup projects",
"Shortly after the breakup of The Getaway Plan, all members had announced their own projects separately. Wright formed the indie duet [Young Heretics](/wiki/Young_Heretics \"Young Heretics\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.myspace.com/youngheretics\\|title\\=Young Heretics MySpace page\\|publisher\\=MySpace\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630042448/http://www.myspace.com/youngheretics\\|url\\-status\\=live}} with singer/songwriter Kitty Hart. The pair had a Jack and Meg White style mystery surrounding the particulars of their relationship, reported by the media to be brother and sister despite rumours the pair were, in fact, lovers. Young Heretics are now defunct. Ellis and Barnett formed another band called Avalanche for Aeris{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris\\|title\\=Avalanche for Aeris MySpace page\\|publisher\\=MySpace\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803072550/http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris\\|url\\-status\\=live}} with Kevin Orr, which has since split up.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris \\|title\\=AVALANCHE for Aeris \\| Free Music, Mixes, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos \\|publisher\\=Myspace.com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803072550/http://www.myspace.com/avalancheforaeris \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Barnett was also in a band called, \"Saskia\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bmamag.com/articles/features/20120508\\-getaway\\-plan/ \\|title\\=Features the Getaway Plan \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Krbavac \\|date\\=8 May 2012 \\|website\\=BMA Magazine \\|location\\=Canberra A.C.T. \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192605/http://www.bmamag.com/articles/features/20120508\\-getaway\\-plan/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} along with Anderson, ex\\-Anastacia guitarist Jayszun Vandewerff, and Amanda Grafanakis who finished 13th in reality TV show *Australian Idol* 2008\\. In 2009, guitarist Clint Ellis joined [The Amity Affliction](/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction \"The Amity Affliction\"). He left the band in 2011\\. Aaron was also at one point in the live band for Melbourne hardcore band, [Deez Nuts](/wiki/Deez_Nuts_%28band%29 \"Deez Nuts (band)\").",
"### Reformation and *Requiem* (2010–2013\\)",
"On 23 July 2010, it was announced on Facebook that the reality of youth depression had inspired The Getaway Plan to reunite for a one off music event, REVIVAL \\- This Is Not The End of Your Story, in conjunction with [To Write Love on Her Arms](/wiki/To_Write_Love_on_Her_Arms \"To Write Love on Her Arms\"), a not for profit movement. The show took place on 24 September 2010 at Billboard The Venue in Melbourne and sold out within an hour of tickets going on sale.",
"Prior to this event appeared a strange countdown on the band's official site finishing on 27 September at 12:00pm AEST. When the countdown reached zero a picture of the band popped up to replace it. The picture appeared to be the band in a room with their instruments and what also appeared to be song names and BPM's written on a white board.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\\|title\\=Music News\\|website\\=Abc.net.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001235211/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Also appearing were 8 other countdowns running simultaneously, all ending at different points in the future, with the last ending on 19 November. Every time a countdown finished, a short video was posted informing fans of the band's progress. The first video, \"01\", simply showed Matthew Wright playing a guitar and humming. The next four videos, \"02\" to \"05\", featured short interviews with the band members.",
"On 1 November 2010, the band played at Melbourne under age festival, Another World. The fans didn't know what to expect as the band didn't announce the show themselves and had no talk of it. The band opened with a brand new song never played before. The track was believed to be called \"Move Along\" as one of the videos on the band's website showed the matching lyrics to the song. The file with these lyrics was named \"Move Along\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|title\\=The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=The Getaway Plan \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231082217/http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A week later, at the end of one of the countdowns, another video was posted, \"06\", carrying footage of the band's sound check and setting up for the show.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\\-fame\\-broke\\-up\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan/\\|title\\=/\\|website\\=The Music\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713022126/http://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\\-fame\\-broke\\-up\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The fans watching also got a glimpse at the setlist and it was confirmed that the new track was named \"Move Along\". The final video, \"07\", showed Matthew confessing that he thought the band's break\\-up had been beneficial, both for the band as a whole, and the band members themselves, as friends.",
"On 19 November 2010, the band announced through their website that they would officially be reforming. The band announced they would be heading off to Canada in April to record the new album with producer David Bottrill. Along with these two announcements they also announced a tour, dubbed \"The Getaway Plan: Reclamation\" tour, planned for February 2011 in celebration of their reformation. This marked the end of the countdowns sequenced on their website.",
"[thumb\\|The band performing in 2011](/wiki/File:The_Getaway_Plan-27_%286428418179%29.jpg \"The Getaway Plan-27 (6428418179).jpg\")\nOn 14 April 2011, it was confirmed in a short video posted on the band's official website and tumblr that the new album marking their reformation will be called '[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 \"Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)\")' with a release of September 2011\\.",
"During the months of April through September, the band continued to provide blog updates, including 7 webisodes, which featured interviews with band members, giving the public some insight into the recording process of 'Requiem'.",
"On 18 August 2011, The Getaway Plan released a song, \"Phantoms\" from their upcoming album, *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 \"Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)\")* on their official Facebook page.",
"On 4 November 2011, *Requiem* was released through [We Are Unified](/wiki/We_Are_Unified_company \"We Are Unified company\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=DYBzNAviKLM\\&feature\\=player\\_embedded \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/DYBzNAviKLM \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan: Requiem Episode 1 \\|via\\=YouTube \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14}}{{cbignore}}",
"### Line\\-up changes and departure from label (2013–2014\\)",
"On 1 July 2013, The Getaway Plan announced that they had decided to part ways with bass player David Anderson and that they were also no longer with their long time record label/management, UNFD. Along with this announcement came the news of their new bass player, long\\-time friend, Jase Clarke and their first ever fully independent release; A double A\\-Sided single, entitled \"[Lovesick/Mirrors](/wiki/Lovesick/Mirrors \"Lovesick/Mirrors\")\". To support the release they also announced their broadest Australian tour in nearly five years.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-lose\\-bassist\\-go\\-independent\\-and\\-announce\\-new\\-material/ \\|title\\=The Getaway Plan Lose Bassist, Go Independent And Announce New Material \\- Music News, Reviews, Interviews and Culture \\|date\\=July 2013 \\|publisher\\=Music Feeds \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706070322/http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-lose\\-bassist\\-go\\-independent\\-and\\-announce\\-new\\-material/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"\"[Lovesick/Mirrors](/wiki/Lovesick/Mirrors \"Lovesick/Mirrors\")\" was released digitally through iTunes on 12 August 2013\\. The band also released a limited run of hand numbered, 7\\-inch vinyl were sold on their online webstore.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://store.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|title\\=Home / The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=Store.thegetawayplan.com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204016/http://store.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The Getaway Plan embarked on their third tour of Europe and the UK in September, 2013, supporting US band [Sleeping With Sirens](/wiki/Sleeping_with_Sirens \"Sleeping with Sirens\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://alreadyheard.com/post/57431600492/the\\-summer\\-set\\-hands\\-like\\-houses\\-and\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan \\|title\\=The Summer Set, Hands Like Houses and The Getaway Plan to Sleeping With Sirens on UK Tour \\|publisher\\=Already Heard \\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101215453/http://alreadyheard.com/post/57431600492/the\\-summer\\-set\\-hands\\-like\\-houses\\-and\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On 13 February 2014, The Getaway Plan announced on Facebook that they had decided to parted ways with drummer, Aaron Barnett. With this news also came the announcement of new drummer, Dan Maio.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/708009432576653?stream\\_ref\\=10 \\|title\\=Hello friends, As some of you may have... \\- The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000740/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F708009432576653%3Fstream\\_ref%3D10 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### *Dark Horses* (2014–present)",
"On 1 September 2014, The Getaway Plan announced their plans for their third LP, entitled [Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 \"Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/810897335621195 \\|title\\=Hello friends. Today is a rather big... \\- The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000809/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F810897335621195 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The band chose to avoid record labels and remain independent and set up a crowd\\-funding campaign through Pledgemusic.com.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pledgemusic.com/projects/thegetawayplan \\|title\\=The Getaway Plan: New Album on PledgeMusic \\|publisher\\=Pledgemusic.com \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220184407/http://www.pledgemusic.com/projects/thegetawayplan \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The band self\\-recorded a 4 track EP entitled 'Journaux' which was made available as an exclusive to pledgers.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thegetawayplan/posts/816642171713378 \\|title\\=We recently self\\-recorded a 4 track EP... \\- The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000740/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthegetawayplan%2Fposts%2F816642171713378 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 \"Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)\") was the first album by The Getaway Plan to be fully written and recorded in Australia. They worked with producer, Sam K, creating the album between November 2014 and March 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plans\\-dark\\-horses\\-album\\-tour\\-just\\-got\\-even\\-more\\-epic/\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan's 'Dark Horses' Album Tour Just Got Even More Epic\\|date\\=18 June 2015\\|website\\=Musicfeeds.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=31 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731044848/https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plans\\-dark\\-horses\\-album\\-tour\\-just\\-got\\-even\\-more\\-epic/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[Dark Horses](/wiki/Dark_Horses_%28The_Getaway_Plan_Album%29 \"Dark Horses (The Getaway Plan Album)\") was released on 3 July 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-reveal\\-dark\\-horses\\-release\\-date\\-and\\-new\\-tour\\-dates/\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan Reveal 'Dark Horses' Release Date And New Tour Dates\\|date\\=29 April 2015\\|website\\=Musicfeeds.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184051/https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the\\-getaway\\-plan\\-reveal\\-dark\\-horses\\-release\\-date\\-and\\-new\\-tour\\-dates/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album debuted at \\#1 on the [AIR Charts](/wiki/AIR_Charts \"AIR Charts\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.air.org.au/charts\\|title\\=Charts\\|website\\=Air.org.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017080718/https://www.air.org.au/charts\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and \\#10 on the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_charts \"ARIA charts\") making it the band's highest ever ARIA debut and their first ever entry in to the ARIA top ten.",
""
] |
### Reformation and *Requiem* (2010–2013\)
On 23 July 2010, it was announced on Facebook that the reality of youth depression had inspired The Getaway Plan to reunite for a one off music event, REVIVAL \- This Is Not The End of Your Story, in conjunction with [To Write Love on Her Arms](/wiki/To_Write_Love_on_Her_Arms "To Write Love on Her Arms"), a not for profit movement. The show took place on 24 September 2010 at Billboard The Venue in Melbourne and sold out within an hour of tickets going on sale.
Prior to this event appeared a strange countdown on the band's official site finishing on 27 September at 12:00pm AEST. When the countdown reached zero a picture of the band popped up to replace it. The picture appeared to be the band in a room with their instruments and what also appeared to be song names and BPM's written on a white board.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\|title\=Music News\|website\=Abc.net.au\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=1 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001235211/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\|url\-status\=live}} Also appearing were 8 other countdowns running simultaneously, all ending at different points in the future, with the last ending on 19 November. Every time a countdown finished, a short video was posted informing fans of the band's progress. The first video, "01", simply showed Matthew Wright playing a guitar and humming. The next four videos, "02" to "05", featured short interviews with the band members.
On 1 November 2010, the band played at Melbourne under age festival, Another World. The fans didn't know what to expect as the band didn't announce the show themselves and had no talk of it. The band opened with a brand new song never played before. The track was believed to be called "Move Along" as one of the videos on the band's website showed the matching lyrics to the song. The file with these lyrics was named "Move Along".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \|title\=The Getaway Plan \|publisher\=The Getaway Plan \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14 \|archive\-date\=31 December 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231082217/http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \|url\-status\=live }} A week later, at the end of one of the countdowns, another video was posted, "06", carrying footage of the band's sound check and setting up for the show.{{Cite web\|url\=https://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\-fame\-broke\-up\-the\-getaway\-plan/\|title\=/\|website\=The Music\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\|archive\-date\=13 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713022126/http://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\-fame\-broke\-up\-the\-getaway\-plan/\|url\-status\=live}} The fans watching also got a glimpse at the setlist and it was confirmed that the new track was named "Move Along". The final video, "07", showed Matthew confessing that he thought the band's break\-up had been beneficial, both for the band as a whole, and the band members themselves, as friends.
On 19 November 2010, the band announced through their website that they would officially be reforming. The band announced they would be heading off to Canada in April to record the new album with producer David Bottrill. Along with these two announcements they also announced a tour, dubbed "The Getaway Plan: Reclamation" tour, planned for February 2011 in celebration of their reformation. This marked the end of the countdowns sequenced on their website.
[thumb\|The band performing in 2011](/wiki/File:The_Getaway_Plan-27_%286428418179%29.jpg "The Getaway Plan-27 (6428418179).jpg")
On 14 April 2011, it was confirmed in a short video posted on the band's official website and tumblr that the new album marking their reformation will be called '[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 "Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)")' with a release of September 2011\.
During the months of April through September, the band continued to provide blog updates, including 7 webisodes, which featured interviews with band members, giving the public some insight into the recording process of 'Requiem'.
On 18 August 2011, The Getaway Plan released a song, "Phantoms" from their upcoming album, *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 "Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)")* on their official Facebook page.
On 4 November 2011, *Requiem* was released through [We Are Unified](/wiki/We_Are_Unified_company "We Are Unified company").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=DYBzNAviKLM\&feature\=player\_embedded \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/DYBzNAviKLM \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-22 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=The Getaway Plan: Requiem Episode 1 \|via\=YouTube \|date\=2011\-08\-28 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-14}}{{cbignore}}
|
[
"### Reformation and *Requiem* (2010–2013\\)",
"On 23 July 2010, it was announced on Facebook that the reality of youth depression had inspired The Getaway Plan to reunite for a one off music event, REVIVAL \\- This Is Not The End of Your Story, in conjunction with [To Write Love on Her Arms](/wiki/To_Write_Love_on_Her_Arms \"To Write Love on Her Arms\"), a not for profit movement. The show took place on 24 September 2010 at Billboard The Venue in Melbourne and sold out within an hour of tickets going on sale.",
"Prior to this event appeared a strange countdown on the band's official site finishing on 27 September at 12:00pm AEST. When the countdown reached zero a picture of the band popped up to replace it. The picture appeared to be the band in a room with their instruments and what also appeared to be song names and BPM's written on a white board.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\\|title\\=Music News\\|website\\=Abc.net.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001235211/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Also appearing were 8 other countdowns running simultaneously, all ending at different points in the future, with the last ending on 19 November. Every time a countdown finished, a short video was posted informing fans of the band's progress. The first video, \"01\", simply showed Matthew Wright playing a guitar and humming. The next four videos, \"02\" to \"05\", featured short interviews with the band members.",
"On 1 November 2010, the band played at Melbourne under age festival, Another World. The fans didn't know what to expect as the band didn't announce the show themselves and had no talk of it. The band opened with a brand new song never played before. The track was believed to be called \"Move Along\" as one of the videos on the band's website showed the matching lyrics to the song. The file with these lyrics was named \"Move Along\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|title\\=The Getaway Plan \\|publisher\\=The Getaway Plan \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231082217/http://www.thegetawayplan.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A week later, at the end of one of the countdowns, another video was posted, \"06\", carrying footage of the band's sound check and setting up for the show.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\\-fame\\-broke\\-up\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan/\\|title\\=/\\|website\\=The Music\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713022126/http://themusic.com.au/news/all/2013/04/07/how\\-fame\\-broke\\-up\\-the\\-getaway\\-plan/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The fans watching also got a glimpse at the setlist and it was confirmed that the new track was named \"Move Along\". The final video, \"07\", showed Matthew confessing that he thought the band's break\\-up had been beneficial, both for the band as a whole, and the band members themselves, as friends.",
"On 19 November 2010, the band announced through their website that they would officially be reforming. The band announced they would be heading off to Canada in April to record the new album with producer David Bottrill. Along with these two announcements they also announced a tour, dubbed \"The Getaway Plan: Reclamation\" tour, planned for February 2011 in celebration of their reformation. This marked the end of the countdowns sequenced on their website.",
"[thumb\\|The band performing in 2011](/wiki/File:The_Getaway_Plan-27_%286428418179%29.jpg \"The Getaway Plan-27 (6428418179).jpg\")\nOn 14 April 2011, it was confirmed in a short video posted on the band's official website and tumblr that the new album marking their reformation will be called '[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 \"Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)\")' with a release of September 2011\\.",
"During the months of April through September, the band continued to provide blog updates, including 7 webisodes, which featured interviews with band members, giving the public some insight into the recording process of 'Requiem'.",
"On 18 August 2011, The Getaway Plan released a song, \"Phantoms\" from their upcoming album, *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28The_Getaway_Plan_album%29 \"Requiem (The Getaway Plan album)\")* on their official Facebook page.",
"On 4 November 2011, *Requiem* was released through [We Are Unified](/wiki/We_Are_Unified_company \"We Are Unified company\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=DYBzNAviKLM\\&feature\\=player\\_embedded \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/DYBzNAviKLM \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=The Getaway Plan: Requiem Episode 1 \\|via\\=YouTube \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-14}}{{cbignore}}",
""
] |
Examples
--------
{{original research\|section\=1\|date\=July 2020}}
Examples of objects in free fall include:
* A [spacecraft](/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft") (in space) with propulsion off (e.g. in a continuous orbit, or on a suborbital trajectory ([ballistics](/wiki/Ballistics "Ballistics")) going up for some minutes, and then down).
* An object dropped at the top of a [drop tube](/wiki/Drop_tube "Drop tube").
* An object thrown upward or a person jumping off the ground at low speed (i.e. as long as air resistance is negligible in comparison to weight).
Technically, an object is in free fall even when moving upwards or instantaneously at rest at the top of its motion. If gravity is the only influence acting, then the acceleration{{cite web \| url\=https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I\_08\.html\#8\-5\_acceleration \| title\=The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 8: Motion }} is always downward and has the same magnitude for all bodies, commonly denoted g.
Since all objects fall at the same rate in the absence of other forces, objects and people will experience [weightlessness](/wiki/Weightlessness "Weightlessness") in these situations.
Examples of objects not in free\-fall:
* Flying in an aircraft: there is also an additional force of [lift](/wiki/Lift_%28force%29 "Lift (force)").
* Standing on the ground: the gravitational force is counteracted by the [normal force](/wiki/Normal_force "Normal force") from the ground.
* Descending to the Earth using a parachute, which balances the force of gravity with an aerodynamic drag force (and with some parachutes, an additional lift force).
The example of a falling skydiver who has not yet deployed a parachute is not considered free fall from a physics perspective, since they experience a [drag force](/wiki/Drag_force "Drag force") that equals their weight once they have achieved [terminal velocity](/wiki/Terminal_velocity "Terminal velocity") (see below).
[thumb\|Measured fall time of a small steel sphere falling from various heights. The data is in good agreement with the predicted fall time of \\sqrt{2h/g}, where h is the height and g is the free\-fall acceleration due to gravity.](/wiki/File:Drop_time.jpg "Drop time.jpg")
Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9\.8 m/s2, independent of its [mass](/wiki/Mass "Mass"). With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m/s (190 km/h or 118 mph) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, [drag coefficient](/wiki/Drag_coefficient "Drag coefficient"), and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread\-eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time they will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.greenharbor.com/fffolder/speedtime.pdf \| title\=Free fall graph \| publisher\=Green Harbor Publications \| date\=2010 \| access\-date\=14 March 2016}}
Free fall was demonstrated on the Moon by astronaut [David Scott](/wiki/David_Scott "David Scott") on August 2, 1971\. He simultaneously released a hammer and a feather from the same height above the Moon's surface. The hammer and the feather both fell at the same rate and hit the surface at the same time. This demonstrated Galileo's discovery that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects experience the same acceleration due to gravity. On the Moon, however, the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration "Gravitational acceleration") is approximately 1\.63 m/s2, or only about 1⁄6 that on Earth.
|
[
"Examples\n--------",
"{{original research\\|section\\=1\\|date\\=July 2020}}",
"",
"Examples of objects in free fall include:\n* A [spacecraft](/wiki/Spacecraft \"Spacecraft\") (in space) with propulsion off (e.g. in a continuous orbit, or on a suborbital trajectory ([ballistics](/wiki/Ballistics \"Ballistics\")) going up for some minutes, and then down).\n* An object dropped at the top of a [drop tube](/wiki/Drop_tube \"Drop tube\").\n* An object thrown upward or a person jumping off the ground at low speed (i.e. as long as air resistance is negligible in comparison to weight).\nTechnically, an object is in free fall even when moving upwards or instantaneously at rest at the top of its motion. If gravity is the only influence acting, then the acceleration{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I\\_08\\.html\\#8\\-5\\_acceleration \\| title\\=The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 8: Motion }} is always downward and has the same magnitude for all bodies, commonly denoted g.",
"Since all objects fall at the same rate in the absence of other forces, objects and people will experience [weightlessness](/wiki/Weightlessness \"Weightlessness\") in these situations.",
"Examples of objects not in free\\-fall:\n* Flying in an aircraft: there is also an additional force of [lift](/wiki/Lift_%28force%29 \"Lift (force)\").\n* Standing on the ground: the gravitational force is counteracted by the [normal force](/wiki/Normal_force \"Normal force\") from the ground.\n* Descending to the Earth using a parachute, which balances the force of gravity with an aerodynamic drag force (and with some parachutes, an additional lift force).",
"The example of a falling skydiver who has not yet deployed a parachute is not considered free fall from a physics perspective, since they experience a [drag force](/wiki/Drag_force \"Drag force\") that equals their weight once they have achieved [terminal velocity](/wiki/Terminal_velocity \"Terminal velocity\") (see below).",
"[thumb\\|Measured fall time of a small steel sphere falling from various heights. The data is in good agreement with the predicted fall time of \\\\sqrt{2h/g}, where h is the height and g is the free\\-fall acceleration due to gravity.](/wiki/File:Drop_time.jpg \"Drop time.jpg\")",
"Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9\\.8 m/s2, independent of its [mass](/wiki/Mass \"Mass\"). With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m/s (190 km/h or 118 mph) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, [drag coefficient](/wiki/Drag_coefficient \"Drag coefficient\"), and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread\\-eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time they will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.greenharbor.com/fffolder/speedtime.pdf \\| title\\=Free fall graph \\| publisher\\=Green Harbor Publications \\| date\\=2010 \\| access\\-date\\=14 March 2016}}",
"Free fall was demonstrated on the Moon by astronaut [David Scott](/wiki/David_Scott \"David Scott\") on August 2, 1971\\. He simultaneously released a hammer and a feather from the same height above the Moon's surface. The hammer and the feather both fell at the same rate and hit the surface at the same time. This demonstrated Galileo's discovery that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects experience the same acceleration due to gravity. On the Moon, however, the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration \"Gravitational acceleration\") is approximately 1\\.63 m/s2, or only about 1⁄6 that on Earth.",
""
] |
Fundamental themes of the work
------------------------------
### Virtue
Ursule is conspicuously virtuous, and Balzac was acutely aware of the difficulty of presenting a virtuous heroine in a novel. “Goodness has just one form, evil has a thousand”, he believed:Honoré de Balzac, *Traité de la Vie élégante* \[Treatise on Fashionable Life, 1830], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. XII, 1981, p. 237\. “to be able to portray many virgins, you need to be like [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael "Raphael")”Honoré de Balzac, *Avant\-Propos* \[Foreword, 1842], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. I, 1976, p. 17\. He hoped that *Ursule Mirouët* would win the annual Prix Montyon for the book which had rendered the greatest service to mankind; but in this he was disappointed.
According to Balzac in his *Avant\-propos* (Foreword) to *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")*, it is in capital cities that “the extremes of good and evil are to be found”.Honoré de Balzac, *Avant\-Propos* \[Foreword, 1842], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. I, 1976, p. 18\. However, the extreme polarization of good and evil in this novel is to be found in the provinces.
### Inheritance and the Law
*Ursule Mirouët* is the second of Balzac's four inheritance novels (i.e., *[Eugénie Grandet](/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet "Eugénie Grandet")*, *Ursule Mirouët*, *[La Rabouilleuse](/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse "La Rabouilleuse")* and *[Le Cousin Pons](/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons "Le Cousin Pons")*). As in all of the first three of these novels, the struggle for the inheritance is played out in a provincial town.
In no other inheritance novel of *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")* are the complexities of French inheritance law so coolly and analytically explored, and never more so than when the notary's clerk Goupil explains the inheritance situation to the “heirs”. Legally speaking, Ursule Mirouët is no relation whatever of Dr Minoret: this is in stark contrast to the emotional situation, where she is everything to him! There is therefore no possibility that Ursule could obtain the whole of Dr Minoret's wealth – unless, at nineteen years of age, she were to marry the eighty\-seven\-year\-old doctor, which, as he is neither a blood relation of hers nor any sort of relation in law, he could legally do: and this is what the “heirs” fear.
Dr Minoret is moved by a profound sense of [natural justice](/wiki/Natural_justice "Natural justice"). For this reason he rules out any thought of a marriage of convenience with Ursule. And it is implied by Balzac that this sense of natural justice was just as strong within him in the days when he was an atheist.
Furthermore, though the law can be manipulated by calculating people for their own self\-advancement, it does roughly approximate to justice. Désiré Minoret\-Levrault, a lawyer himself, realizes this. Balzac, in *Ursule Mirouët*,Honoré de Balzac, *La Comédie humaine*, vol. III, 1976, p. 948\. seems to be of the opinion that justice “has a power of omniscience, a collective memory and a capacity for eventual action which far transcend the law’s imperfect machinery”[Donald Adamson](/wiki/Donald_Adamson "Donald Adamson"), *Ursule Mirouët*, [Penguin Classics](/wiki/Penguin_Classics "Penguin Classics") (Harmondsworth: 1976\), p. 10\. – though allowance should be made for [free indirect discourse](/wiki/Free_indirect_discourse "Free indirect discourse"). Nowhere else in *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")* is this opinion so categorically stated.
### The Supernatural
*Ursule Mirouët* embodies important philosophical statements of Balzac's view of life, in particular his belief in [Mesmer](/wiki/Mesmer "Mesmer")’s theory of [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism "Animal magnetism"). Through Dr Minoret's experience of the [occult](/wiki/Occult "Occult"), his séance with the mysterious hypnotist and the elderly female medium, he becomes a Christian believer: here in *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine "La Comédie humaine")* the finite is seen as being embedded within the infinite; [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism "Animal magnetism") underpins a belief in God. Balzac views Dr Minoret's rejection of religious indifference as the necessary accompaniment of his rejection of his earlier denial of [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism "Animal magnetism").Honoré de Balzac, *La Comédie humaine*, vol. III, 1976, p. 837\.
Not only is Dr Minoret converted to Christianity by a séance, he also makes five dream\-like appearances from the dead; and the supernatural also seems to intervene in the fatal accident that befalls Désiré Minoret\-Levrault. It is because of this supernatural, cosmic dimension that – very unusually for Balzac's novels – *Ursule Mirouët* has a happy ending. It is one of the most joyful of his novels.
|
[
"Fundamental themes of the work\n------------------------------",
"### Virtue",
"Ursule is conspicuously virtuous, and Balzac was acutely aware of the difficulty of presenting a virtuous heroine in a novel. “Goodness has just one form, evil has a thousand”, he believed:Honoré de Balzac, *Traité de la Vie élégante* \\[Treatise on Fashionable Life, 1830], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. XII, 1981, p. 237\\. “to be able to portray many virgins, you need to be like [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\")”Honoré de Balzac, *Avant\\-Propos* \\[Foreword, 1842], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. I, 1976, p. 17\\. He hoped that *Ursule Mirouët* would win the annual Prix Montyon for the book which had rendered the greatest service to mankind; but in this he was disappointed.",
"According to Balzac in his *Avant\\-propos* (Foreword) to *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")*, it is in capital cities that “the extremes of good and evil are to be found”.Honoré de Balzac, *Avant\\-Propos* \\[Foreword, 1842], *La Comédie humaine*, vol. I, 1976, p. 18\\. However, the extreme polarization of good and evil in this novel is to be found in the provinces.",
"### Inheritance and the Law",
"*Ursule Mirouët* is the second of Balzac's four inheritance novels (i.e., *[Eugénie Grandet](/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet \"Eugénie Grandet\")*, *Ursule Mirouët*, *[La Rabouilleuse](/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse \"La Rabouilleuse\")* and *[Le Cousin Pons](/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons \"Le Cousin Pons\")*). As in all of the first three of these novels, the struggle for the inheritance is played out in a provincial town.",
"In no other inheritance novel of *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")* are the complexities of French inheritance law so coolly and analytically explored, and never more so than when the notary's clerk Goupil explains the inheritance situation to the “heirs”. Legally speaking, Ursule Mirouët is no relation whatever of Dr Minoret: this is in stark contrast to the emotional situation, where she is everything to him! There is therefore no possibility that Ursule could obtain the whole of Dr Minoret's wealth – unless, at nineteen years of age, she were to marry the eighty\\-seven\\-year\\-old doctor, which, as he is neither a blood relation of hers nor any sort of relation in law, he could legally do: and this is what the “heirs” fear.",
"Dr Minoret is moved by a profound sense of [natural justice](/wiki/Natural_justice \"Natural justice\"). For this reason he rules out any thought of a marriage of convenience with Ursule. And it is implied by Balzac that this sense of natural justice was just as strong within him in the days when he was an atheist.",
"Furthermore, though the law can be manipulated by calculating people for their own self\\-advancement, it does roughly approximate to justice. Désiré Minoret\\-Levrault, a lawyer himself, realizes this. Balzac, in *Ursule Mirouët*,Honoré de Balzac, *La Comédie humaine*, vol. III, 1976, p. 948\\. seems to be of the opinion that justice “has a power of omniscience, a collective memory and a capacity for eventual action which far transcend the law’s imperfect machinery”[Donald Adamson](/wiki/Donald_Adamson \"Donald Adamson\"), *Ursule Mirouët*, [Penguin Classics](/wiki/Penguin_Classics \"Penguin Classics\") (Harmondsworth: 1976\\), p. 10\\. – though allowance should be made for [free indirect discourse](/wiki/Free_indirect_discourse \"Free indirect discourse\"). Nowhere else in *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")* is this opinion so categorically stated.",
"### The Supernatural",
"*Ursule Mirouët* embodies important philosophical statements of Balzac's view of life, in particular his belief in [Mesmer](/wiki/Mesmer \"Mesmer\")’s theory of [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism \"Animal magnetism\"). Through Dr Minoret's experience of the [occult](/wiki/Occult \"Occult\"), his séance with the mysterious hypnotist and the elderly female medium, he becomes a Christian believer: here in *[La Comédie humaine](/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine \"La Comédie humaine\")* the finite is seen as being embedded within the infinite; [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism \"Animal magnetism\") underpins a belief in God. Balzac views Dr Minoret's rejection of religious indifference as the necessary accompaniment of his rejection of his earlier denial of [animal magnetism](/wiki/Animal_magnetism \"Animal magnetism\").Honoré de Balzac, *La Comédie humaine*, vol. III, 1976, p. 837\\.",
"Not only is Dr Minoret converted to Christianity by a séance, he also makes five dream\\-like appearances from the dead; and the supernatural also seems to intervene in the fatal accident that befalls Désiré Minoret\\-Levrault. It is because of this supernatural, cosmic dimension that – very unusually for Balzac's novels – *Ursule Mirouët* has a happy ending. It is one of the most joyful of his novels.",
""
] |
Female clothing
---------------
In India, women's clothing varies widely and is closely associated with the [local culture](/wiki/Indian_culture "Indian culture"), [religion](/wiki/Indian_religions "Indian religions") and [climate](/wiki/Climate_of_India "Climate of India").
Traditional Indian clothing for women across the country in Indian includes [saris](/wiki/Sari "Sari") worn with [choli](/wiki/Choli "Choli") tops; a skirt called a [lehenga](/wiki/Lehenga "Lehenga") or [chaniya](/wiki/Chaniya "Chaniya") worn with choli and a [dupatta](/wiki/Dupatta "Dupatta") scarf to create an ensemble called a [ghagra choli](/wiki/Ghagra_choli "Ghagra choli"); while many south Indian children traditionally wear *[Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni "Langa voni")*.{{citation needed\| date\=July 2012}}. Across India, saris are traditionally worn by married women although in areas such as [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat"), for example, the [chaniya choli](/wiki/Ghagra_choli "Ghagra choli") (as it is called there) is worn by all ages. In many rural parts of India, traditional clothing is still worn today due to ease of materials, comfort and accessibility. Jewellery is hugely significant for Indian men and women. Men traditionally wear rings with stones or necklaces, and for women, there is an assortment of jewellery that includes [maang\-tikka](/wiki/Maang_tikka "Maang tikka"), earrings, nose rings, necklaces, bangles, waist chains, anklets and toe\-rings \- these all form part of the traditional [Solah Shringaar](/wiki/Jewellery_of_India "Jewellery of India") for married Hindu women. A Hindu religious mark called a [tilak](/wiki/Tilaka "Tilaka") is usually applied with sandalwood or vermillion between the eyebrows \- and as such the modern iteration of the tilak known as a bindi is also worn. {{citation needed\| date\=July 2012}} [Indo\-Western clothing](/wiki/Indo-Western_clothing "Indo-Western clothing") is the fusion of [Western](/wiki/Western_culture "Western culture") and [Subcontinental](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") fashion. Other clothing includes the [churidar](/wiki/Churidar "Churidar"), [gamucha](/wiki/Gamucha "Gamucha"), [kurti](/wiki/Kurti_top "Kurti top") and [kurta](/wiki/Kurta "Kurta"), [dhoti](/wiki/Dhoti "Dhoti"), [lungi](/wiki/Lungi "Lungi") and [sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani "Sherwani").
The traditional style of clothing in India varies with male or female distinctions. This is still followed in rural areas, though is changing in the urban areas.
### Traditional clothing
#### Sari and wrapped garments
{{Main\| Sari}}
[thumb\|left\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg "Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg")
[thumb\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg "Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg")
A *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \|last\=Kalman \|first\=Bobbie \|title\=India: The Culture \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=Crabtree Publishing Company \|isbn\=978\-0\-7787\-9287\-1 \|page\=17 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Banerjee \|first1\=Mukulika \|last2\=Miller \|first2\=Daniel \|title\=The Sari \|url\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\_p8w9 \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Berg Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1\-84788\-314\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree "Sambalpuri Saree") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani "Paithani") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi "Banarasi") from North among others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|title\=Indian Sari \- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \|access\-date\=3 July 2012 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|url\-status\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat "Petticoat").{{cite book \|author\=Chantal Boulanger \|title\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|access\-date\=15 July 2012 \|date\=December 1997 \|publisher\=Shakti Press International \|isbn\=9780966149616 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|url\-status\=live }} Blouse may be "backless" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\-sarees, a three\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 "Stole (shawl)") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari "Wedding sari") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\-modern history.{{cite book \|last1\=Ramdya \|first1\=Kavita \|title\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Lexington Books \|location\=Lanham \|isbn\=9780739138540 \|page\=45 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|url\-status\=live }}
Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\|author\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\|title\=Environmental Education\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|access\-date\=15 July 2012\|publisher\=Frank Brothers\|isbn\=978\-81\-7170\-946\-5\|page\=31\|archive\-date\=7 July 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|url\-status\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree "Handloom saree") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\|last1\=Shailaja\|first1\=D. N.\|title\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\|journal\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\|date\=April 2009\|volume\=5\|issue\=2\|pages\=173–176\|url\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|access\-date\=14 December 2015\|archive\-date\=22 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\|last\=Mathew\|first\=Elizabeth\|date\=2017\-10\-27\|title\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\|language\=en\-IN\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-21\|issn\=0971\-751X\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|url\-status\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.
Mundum Neriyathum
{{Main\|Mundum Neriyathum}}
[thumb\|right\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma "Raja Ravi Varma"), c. 1900\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg "Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg")
*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree "Saree") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\|0\-9661496\-1\-0}}Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay)
The basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu "Mundu")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.
Mekhela Sador
{{Main\|Mekhela chador}}
[thumb\|left\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg "DWIJEN (43).jpg")
Mekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.
There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.
The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela "Mekhela") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.
The top portion of the three\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.
The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.
Rignai
{{main\|Rignai}}
[thumb\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg "Tripuri bride.jpg")
**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with "Rikutu" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
The most significant rignai is called the "Chamathwi bar" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The "Chamathwi bar" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.
#### Salwar Kameez
{{Main\|Shalwar kameez}}
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The salwar is a generic description of the lower garment incorporating the Punjabi salwar, Sindhi suthan, Dogri pajama (also called suthan), and the Kashmiri suthan. The *salwar kameez* has been traditionally worn by the women of the [Punjab region](/wiki/Punjab_region "Punjab region") and neighbouring areas, including [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), Haryana, [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh "Himachal Pradesh") and Jammu and Kashmir, where the ensemble has been called the *Punjabi suit*, *salwar suit* or simply *suit*. The Punjabi suit also includes the "churidaar" and "kurta" ensemble which is also popular in Southern India where it is known as the "churidaar".{{cite book\|last\=Tarlo\|first\=Emma\|title\=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8wyM5heEc9gC\&pg\=PA9\|year\=1996\|publisher\=Hurst\|isbn\=978\-1\-85065\-176\-5\|page\=9\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=23 July 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015648/https://books.google.com/books?id\=8wyM5heEc9gC\&pg\=PA9\|url\-status\=live}}
The material for the *dupatta* usually depends upon that of the suit and is generally of cotton, [georgette](/wiki/Georgette_%28fabric%29 "Georgette (fabric)"), silk, [chiffon](/wiki/Chiffon_%28fabric%29 "Chiffon (fabric)") among others. {{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
The suthan, similar to the salwar is common in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") where it is worn with the [cholo](/wiki/Sindhi_dress "Sindhi dress"){{cite book\|author\=Lise Winer\|title\=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \& Tobago: On Historical Principles\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_n82hsbDJBMC\&pg\=PA808\|access\-date\=8 July 2012\|date\=16 January 2009\|publisher\=McGill\-Queen's Press – MQUP\|isbn\=978\-0\-7735\-3406\-3\|page\=808\|archive\-date\=31 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212603/http://books.google.com/books?id\=\_n82hsbDJBMC\&pg\=PA808\|url\-status\=live}} and [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") where it is worn with the [Phiran](/wiki/Phiran "Phiran").Kapur, Manohar Lal (1992\) Social and economic history of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1885\-1925 A.D. [https://books.google.com/books?id\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\&q\=suthan](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ecbAAAAIAAJ&q=suthan) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321054830/https://books.google.com/books?ei\=ADmDVfeOMML4ygPY4YP4Dw\&id\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\&dq\=jammu\+suthan\&focus\=searchwithinvolume\&q\=suthan\|date\=21 March 2017}} The Kashmiri phiran is similar to the [Dogri pajama](/wiki/Jammu_dress "Jammu dress"). The [patiala salwar](/wiki/Patiala_salwar "Patiala salwar") is an exaggeratedly wide version of the salwar, its loose pleats stitched together at the bottom.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Ghose \|editor1\-first\=Anna \|editor2\-last\=Mohapatra \|editor2\-first\=Madhuita \|editor3\-last\=Mohindra \|editor3\-first\=Vandana \|editor4\-last\=Saklani \|editor4\-first\=Ranjana \|editor5\-last\=Sheth \|editor5\-first\=Alissa \|title\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=Dorling Kindersley Ltd \|isbn\=9781405369367 \|page\=102 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\&pg\=PA102 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150827/https://books.google.com/books?id\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\&pg\=PA102 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Sandhu \|first1\=Arti \|title\=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Bloomsbury \|isbn\=9781472590855 \|page\=16 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT16 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143900/https://books.google.com/books?id\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT16 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Churidaar
{{Main\|Churidar}}
*Churidaar* is a variation on the Punjabi suit which is worn by women across India as casual attire or dressed up for occasions as an alternative to the sari or lehenga choli.
The Punjabi suit trouser, called the salwar and worn in the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan and across Pakistan generally, is baggy and caught in at the ankle.
However the churidaar is tightly fitted especially below the knees. The material for the leg length below the knee is exaggerated so that the material can bunch together at the ankle with horizontal gathers resembling a stack of bangles which are known as ‘churi’ or ‘churiya’.{{cite book\|title\=The Times of India annual\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\|year\=1954\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=19 May 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519070756/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\|url\-status\=live}} The *churidaar* is worn with an upper garment such as a *kurta* top and the length of this may vary depending on the wearer's choice. In India, many churidaar tops resemble the traditional choli as they include a tight\-fitting bodice and ties at the back however extra material is added from the end of the choli at the midriff to make a knee\-length top, for example. Churidaars are also worn with dupattas, also known as chunnaris.
Anarkali Suit
{{Main\|Anarkali Salwar Suit}}
[thumb\|left\|[Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra "Priyanka Chopra"), a Bollywood actress, in an Anarkali suit.](/wiki/File:Priyanka_Chopra_walks_for_Manish_Malhotra_%26_Shaina_NC%27s_show_for_CPAA_02.jpg "Priyanka Chopra walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 02.jpg")
The Anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock\-style top and features a leggings style bottom. The Anarkali is worn by some women in Northern India and mostly found in Pakistan, and the Middle East. The Anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length Anarkali styles. Many women will also opt for heavier embroidered Anarkali suits on wedding functions and events.
Some Indian women wear Anarkali suits on occasions as well such as parties, casual lunches, etc. In India, the Anarkali is sleeveless or with sleeves ranging from cap\- to elbow\-length.{{Cite web \|url\=http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\-anarkali\-myth\-mystery\-and\-history/ \|title\=Legend: Anarkali: Myth, mystery and history \|date\=11 February 2012 \|access\-date\=18 September 2015 \|archive\-date\=16 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216050404/http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\-anarkali\-myth\-mystery\-and\-history/ \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Lehenga Choli (skirt and blouse)
{{Main\|Ghagra choli}}
A *Ghagra Choli* or a *Lehenga Choli* is the traditional clothing of women in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat").{{citation needed\| date\=July 2012}} Some Punjabis also wear them and they are used in some of their folk dances. It is a combination of *lehenga*, a tight *choli* and an *odhani*. A *lehenga* is a form of a long skirt that is pleated. It is usually embroidered or has a thick border at the bottom. A *choli* is a blouse which is cut to fit the body; it is cropped exposing the midriff and is tied at the back with naaris or ties made from the same cloth.
Different styles of *ghagra cholis* are worn by Indian women, ranging from a simple cotton lehenga choli as daily wear, a traditional ghagra with mirrors embellished usually worn during Navratri for the *garba* dance or a fully embroidered lehenga worn during the traditional Hindu and Sikh wedding ceremonies.
Popular among unmarried women other than [Gagra choli](/wiki/Gagra_choli "Gagra choli") and [Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni "Langa voni") are kurta tops worn over jeans or light cotton [trousers](/wiki/Trousers "Trousers").{{cite book\|last\=Kelting\|first\=Mary Whitney\|author\-link\=Mary Whitney Kelting\|title\=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\&pg\=PA226\|year\=2001\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-514011\-8\|page\=226\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=29 July 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045424/https://books.google.com/books?id\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\&pg\=PA226\|url\-status\=live}}
Pattu Pavadai/Reshme Langa
{{Main\|Pattu pavadai}}
[thumb\|left\|Two girls wearing Pattu Pavadai.](/wiki/File:Langa_Dhavani.jpg "Langa Dhavani.jpg")
*Pattu Pavadai* or *Langa davani* is a traditional dress in south India, usually worn by teenage and small girls. The *pavada* is a cone\-shaped skirt, usually of silk, that hangs down from the waist to the toes. It normally has a golden border at the bottom.
Girls in south India often wear *pattu pavadai* or *Langa davani* during traditional functions.
A version of this is worn by girls in Rajasthan before marriage (and after marriage with sight modification in certain sections of society.)
Langa \- Voni/Dhavani
{{Main\|Langa voni}}
This is a type of South Indian dress mainly worn in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in some parts of Kerala. This dress is a three\-piece garment where the langa is the cone\-shaped long flowing skirt.
{{clear}}
|
[
"Female clothing\n---------------",
"In India, women's clothing varies widely and is closely associated with the [local culture](/wiki/Indian_culture \"Indian culture\"), [religion](/wiki/Indian_religions \"Indian religions\") and [climate](/wiki/Climate_of_India \"Climate of India\").",
"Traditional Indian clothing for women across the country in Indian includes [saris](/wiki/Sari \"Sari\") worn with [choli](/wiki/Choli \"Choli\") tops; a skirt called a [lehenga](/wiki/Lehenga \"Lehenga\") or [chaniya](/wiki/Chaniya \"Chaniya\") worn with choli and a [dupatta](/wiki/Dupatta \"Dupatta\") scarf to create an ensemble called a [ghagra choli](/wiki/Ghagra_choli \"Ghagra choli\"); while many south Indian children traditionally wear *[Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni \"Langa voni\")*.{{citation needed\\| date\\=July 2012}}. Across India, saris are traditionally worn by married women although in areas such as [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\"), for example, the [chaniya choli](/wiki/Ghagra_choli \"Ghagra choli\") (as it is called there) is worn by all ages. In many rural parts of India, traditional clothing is still worn today due to ease of materials, comfort and accessibility. Jewellery is hugely significant for Indian men and women. Men traditionally wear rings with stones or necklaces, and for women, there is an assortment of jewellery that includes [maang\\-tikka](/wiki/Maang_tikka \"Maang tikka\"), earrings, nose rings, necklaces, bangles, waist chains, anklets and toe\\-rings \\- these all form part of the traditional [Solah Shringaar](/wiki/Jewellery_of_India \"Jewellery of India\") for married Hindu women. A Hindu religious mark called a [tilak](/wiki/Tilaka \"Tilaka\") is usually applied with sandalwood or vermillion between the eyebrows \\- and as such the modern iteration of the tilak known as a bindi is also worn. {{citation needed\\| date\\=July 2012}} [Indo\\-Western clothing](/wiki/Indo-Western_clothing \"Indo-Western clothing\") is the fusion of [Western](/wiki/Western_culture \"Western culture\") and [Subcontinental](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\") fashion. Other clothing includes the [churidar](/wiki/Churidar \"Churidar\"), [gamucha](/wiki/Gamucha \"Gamucha\"), [kurti](/wiki/Kurti_top \"Kurti top\") and [kurta](/wiki/Kurta \"Kurta\"), [dhoti](/wiki/Dhoti \"Dhoti\"), [lungi](/wiki/Lungi \"Lungi\") and [sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani \"Sherwani\").",
"The traditional style of clothing in India varies with male or female distinctions. This is still followed in rural areas, though is changing in the urban areas.",
"### Traditional clothing",
"#### Sari and wrapped garments",
"{{Main\\| Sari}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg \"Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg \"Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg\")\nA *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \\|last\\=Kalman \\|first\\=Bobbie \\|title\\=India: The Culture \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Crabtree Publishing Company \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7787\\-9287\\-1 \\|page\\=17 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Banerjee \\|first1\\=Mukulika \\|last2\\=Miller \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|title\\=The Sari \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\\_p8w9 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Berg Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84788\\-314\\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent \"Indian subcontinent\").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\\) \"Ancient Indian costume\", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree \"Sambalpuri Saree\") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani \"Paithani\") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi \"Banarasi\") from North among others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|title\\=Indian Sari \\- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat \"Petticoat\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Chantal Boulanger \\|title\\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\|date\\=December 1997 \\|publisher\\=Shakti Press International \\|isbn\\=9780966149616 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Blouse may be \"backless\" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\\-sarees, a three\\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 \"Stole (shawl)\") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari \"Wedding sari\") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\\-modern history.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ramdya \\|first1\\=Kavita \\|title\\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Lexington Books \\|location\\=Lanham \\|isbn\\=9780739138540 \\|page\\=45 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\\|title\\=Environmental Education\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012\\|publisher\\=Frank Brothers\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7170\\-946\\-5\\|page\\=31\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree \"Handloom saree\") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Shailaja\\|first1\\=D. N.\\|title\\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\\|journal\\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\\|date\\=April 2009\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=173–176\\|url\\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\\|last\\=Mathew\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-27\\|title\\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-21\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.",
"Mundum Neriyathum\n{{Main\\|Mundum Neriyathum}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma \"Raja Ravi Varma\"), c. 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg \"Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg\")\n*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree \"Saree\") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\\|0\\-9661496\\-1\\-0}}Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay)\nThe basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu \"Mundu\")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam \"Malayalam\") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.\nMekhela Sador\n{{Main\\|Mekhela chador}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg \"DWIJEN (43).jpg\")\nMekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.",
"There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.",
"The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela \"Mekhela\") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.",
"The top portion of the three\\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.",
"The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.",
"Rignai\n{{main\\|Rignai}}\n[thumb\\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg \"Tripuri bride.jpg\")\n**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with \"Rikutu\" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"The most significant rignai is called the \"Chamathwi bar\" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The \"Chamathwi bar\" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.",
"#### Salwar Kameez",
"{{Main\\|Shalwar kameez}}\n{{multiple image\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|image1\\=Pilgrims inside the Hari Mandir Sahib (Darbar Sahib) \\- Golden Temple (9693313454\\).jpg\n\\|width1\\=200\n\\|image2\\=Women of Puducherry.jpg\n\\|width2\\=180\n\\|footer\\=Sikh pilgrims in ''salwar kameez'' at the ''\\[\\[Harmandir Sahib]]'' in Punjab (left); Four women wearing Salwar Kameez in Puducherry, 2006 (right)\n}}",
"The salwar is a generic description of the lower garment incorporating the Punjabi salwar, Sindhi suthan, Dogri pajama (also called suthan), and the Kashmiri suthan. The *salwar kameez* has been traditionally worn by the women of the [Punjab region](/wiki/Punjab_region \"Punjab region\") and neighbouring areas, including [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), Haryana, [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\") and Jammu and Kashmir, where the ensemble has been called the *Punjabi suit*, *salwar suit* or simply *suit*. The Punjabi suit also includes the \"churidaar\" and \"kurta\" ensemble which is also popular in Southern India where it is known as the \"churidaar\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Tarlo\\|first\\=Emma\\|title\\=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8wyM5heEc9gC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|year\\=1996\\|publisher\\=Hurst\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85065\\-176\\-5\\|page\\=9\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015648/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8wyM5heEc9gC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The material for the *dupatta* usually depends upon that of the suit and is generally of cotton, [georgette](/wiki/Georgette_%28fabric%29 \"Georgette (fabric)\"), silk, [chiffon](/wiki/Chiffon_%28fabric%29 \"Chiffon (fabric)\") among others. {{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"The suthan, similar to the salwar is common in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") where it is worn with the [cholo](/wiki/Sindhi_dress \"Sindhi dress\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Lise Winer\\|title\\=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \\& Tobago: On Historical Principles\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_n82hsbDJBMC\\&pg\\=PA808\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2012\\|date\\=16 January 2009\\|publisher\\=McGill\\-Queen's Press – MQUP\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7735\\-3406\\-3\\|page\\=808\\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212603/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_n82hsbDJBMC\\&pg\\=PA808\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") where it is worn with the [Phiran](/wiki/Phiran \"Phiran\").Kapur, Manohar Lal (1992\\) Social and economic history of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1885\\-1925 A.D. [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=suthan](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ecbAAAAIAAJ&q=suthan) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321054830/https://books.google.com/books?ei\\=ADmDVfeOMML4ygPY4YP4Dw\\&id\\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\\&dq\\=jammu\\+suthan\\&focus\\=searchwithinvolume\\&q\\=suthan\\|date\\=21 March 2017}} The Kashmiri phiran is similar to the [Dogri pajama](/wiki/Jammu_dress \"Jammu dress\"). The [patiala salwar](/wiki/Patiala_salwar \"Patiala salwar\") is an exaggeratedly wide version of the salwar, its loose pleats stitched together at the bottom.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Ghose \\|editor1\\-first\\=Anna \\|editor2\\-last\\=Mohapatra \\|editor2\\-first\\=Madhuita \\|editor3\\-last\\=Mohindra \\|editor3\\-first\\=Vandana \\|editor4\\-last\\=Saklani \\|editor4\\-first\\=Ranjana \\|editor5\\-last\\=Sheth \\|editor5\\-first\\=Alissa \\|title\\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Dorling Kindersley Ltd \\|isbn\\=9781405369367 \\|page\\=102 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\\&pg\\=PA102 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150827/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\\&pg\\=PA102 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sandhu \\|first1\\=Arti \\|title\\=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury \\|isbn\\=9781472590855 \\|page\\=16 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT16 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143900/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT16 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Churidaar",
"{{Main\\|Churidar}}\n*Churidaar* is a variation on the Punjabi suit which is worn by women across India as casual attire or dressed up for occasions as an alternative to the sari or lehenga choli.",
"The Punjabi suit trouser, called the salwar and worn in the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan and across Pakistan generally, is baggy and caught in at the ankle.",
"However the churidaar is tightly fitted especially below the knees. The material for the leg length below the knee is exaggerated so that the material can bunch together at the ankle with horizontal gathers resembling a stack of bangles which are known as ‘churi’ or ‘churiya’.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Times of India annual\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\\|year\\=1954\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519070756/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The *churidaar* is worn with an upper garment such as a *kurta* top and the length of this may vary depending on the wearer's choice. In India, many churidaar tops resemble the traditional choli as they include a tight\\-fitting bodice and ties at the back however extra material is added from the end of the choli at the midriff to make a knee\\-length top, for example. Churidaars are also worn with dupattas, also known as chunnaris.",
"Anarkali Suit\n{{Main\\|Anarkali Salwar Suit}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra \"Priyanka Chopra\"), a Bollywood actress, in an Anarkali suit.](/wiki/File:Priyanka_Chopra_walks_for_Manish_Malhotra_%26_Shaina_NC%27s_show_for_CPAA_02.jpg \"Priyanka Chopra walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 02.jpg\")\nThe Anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock\\-style top and features a leggings style bottom. The Anarkali is worn by some women in Northern India and mostly found in Pakistan, and the Middle East. The Anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length Anarkali styles. Many women will also opt for heavier embroidered Anarkali suits on wedding functions and events.\nSome Indian women wear Anarkali suits on occasions as well such as parties, casual lunches, etc. In India, the Anarkali is sleeveless or with sleeves ranging from cap\\- to elbow\\-length.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\\-anarkali\\-myth\\-mystery\\-and\\-history/ \\|title\\=Legend: Anarkali: Myth, mystery and history \\|date\\=11 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216050404/http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\\-anarkali\\-myth\\-mystery\\-and\\-history/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Lehenga Choli (skirt and blouse)",
"{{Main\\|Ghagra choli}}",
"A *Ghagra Choli* or a *Lehenga Choli* is the traditional clothing of women in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\").{{citation needed\\| date\\=July 2012}} Some Punjabis also wear them and they are used in some of their folk dances. It is a combination of *lehenga*, a tight *choli* and an *odhani*. A *lehenga* is a form of a long skirt that is pleated. It is usually embroidered or has a thick border at the bottom. A *choli* is a blouse which is cut to fit the body; it is cropped exposing the midriff and is tied at the back with naaris or ties made from the same cloth.",
"Different styles of *ghagra cholis* are worn by Indian women, ranging from a simple cotton lehenga choli as daily wear, a traditional ghagra with mirrors embellished usually worn during Navratri for the *garba* dance or a fully embroidered lehenga worn during the traditional Hindu and Sikh wedding ceremonies.",
"Popular among unmarried women other than [Gagra choli](/wiki/Gagra_choli \"Gagra choli\") and [Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni \"Langa voni\") are kurta tops worn over jeans or light cotton [trousers](/wiki/Trousers \"Trousers\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Kelting\\|first\\=Mary Whitney\\|author\\-link\\=Mary Whitney Kelting\\|title\\=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\\&pg\\=PA226\\|year\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-514011\\-8\\|page\\=226\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045424/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\\&pg\\=PA226\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Pattu Pavadai/Reshme Langa\n{{Main\\|Pattu pavadai}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Two girls wearing Pattu Pavadai.](/wiki/File:Langa_Dhavani.jpg \"Langa Dhavani.jpg\")\n*Pattu Pavadai* or *Langa davani* is a traditional dress in south India, usually worn by teenage and small girls. The *pavada* is a cone\\-shaped skirt, usually of silk, that hangs down from the waist to the toes. It normally has a golden border at the bottom.",
"Girls in south India often wear *pattu pavadai* or *Langa davani* during traditional functions.",
"A version of this is worn by girls in Rajasthan before marriage (and after marriage with sight modification in certain sections of society.)",
"Langa \\- Voni/Dhavani\n{{Main\\|Langa voni}}\nThis is a type of South Indian dress mainly worn in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in some parts of Kerala. This dress is a three\\-piece garment where the langa is the cone\\-shaped long flowing skirt.\n{{clear}}"
] |
### Traditional clothing
#### Sari and wrapped garments
{{Main\| Sari}}
[thumb\|left\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg "Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg")
[thumb\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg "Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg")
A *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \|last\=Kalman \|first\=Bobbie \|title\=India: The Culture \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=Crabtree Publishing Company \|isbn\=978\-0\-7787\-9287\-1 \|page\=17 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Banerjee \|first1\=Mukulika \|last2\=Miller \|first2\=Daniel \|title\=The Sari \|url\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\_p8w9 \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Berg Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1\-84788\-314\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree "Sambalpuri Saree") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani "Paithani") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi "Banarasi") from North among others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|title\=Indian Sari \- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \|access\-date\=3 July 2012 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|url\-status\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat "Petticoat").{{cite book \|author\=Chantal Boulanger \|title\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|access\-date\=15 July 2012 \|date\=December 1997 \|publisher\=Shakti Press International \|isbn\=9780966149616 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|url\-status\=live }} Blouse may be "backless" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\-sarees, a three\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 "Stole (shawl)") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari "Wedding sari") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\-modern history.{{cite book \|last1\=Ramdya \|first1\=Kavita \|title\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Lexington Books \|location\=Lanham \|isbn\=9780739138540 \|page\=45 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|url\-status\=live }}
Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\|author\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\|title\=Environmental Education\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|access\-date\=15 July 2012\|publisher\=Frank Brothers\|isbn\=978\-81\-7170\-946\-5\|page\=31\|archive\-date\=7 July 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|url\-status\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree "Handloom saree") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\|last1\=Shailaja\|first1\=D. N.\|title\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\|journal\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\|date\=April 2009\|volume\=5\|issue\=2\|pages\=173–176\|url\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|access\-date\=14 December 2015\|archive\-date\=22 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\|last\=Mathew\|first\=Elizabeth\|date\=2017\-10\-27\|title\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\|language\=en\-IN\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-21\|issn\=0971\-751X\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|url\-status\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.
Mundum Neriyathum
{{Main\|Mundum Neriyathum}}
[thumb\|right\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma "Raja Ravi Varma"), c. 1900\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg "Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg")
*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree "Saree") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\|0\-9661496\-1\-0}}Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay)
The basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu "Mundu")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.
Mekhela Sador
{{Main\|Mekhela chador}}
[thumb\|left\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg "DWIJEN (43).jpg")
Mekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.
There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.
The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela "Mekhela") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.
The top portion of the three\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.
The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.
Rignai
{{main\|Rignai}}
[thumb\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg "Tripuri bride.jpg")
**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with "Rikutu" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
The most significant rignai is called the "Chamathwi bar" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The "Chamathwi bar" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.
#### Salwar Kameez
{{Main\|Shalwar kameez}}
{{multiple image
\|align\=right
\|image1\=Pilgrims inside the Hari Mandir Sahib (Darbar Sahib) \- Golden Temple (9693313454\).jpg
\|width1\=200
\|image2\=Women of Puducherry.jpg
\|width2\=180
\|footer\=Sikh pilgrims in ''salwar kameez'' at the ''\[\[Harmandir Sahib]]'' in Punjab (left); Four women wearing Salwar Kameez in Puducherry, 2006 (right)
}}
The salwar is a generic description of the lower garment incorporating the Punjabi salwar, Sindhi suthan, Dogri pajama (also called suthan), and the Kashmiri suthan. The *salwar kameez* has been traditionally worn by the women of the [Punjab region](/wiki/Punjab_region "Punjab region") and neighbouring areas, including [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), Haryana, [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh "Himachal Pradesh") and Jammu and Kashmir, where the ensemble has been called the *Punjabi suit*, *salwar suit* or simply *suit*. The Punjabi suit also includes the "churidaar" and "kurta" ensemble which is also popular in Southern India where it is known as the "churidaar".{{cite book\|last\=Tarlo\|first\=Emma\|title\=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8wyM5heEc9gC\&pg\=PA9\|year\=1996\|publisher\=Hurst\|isbn\=978\-1\-85065\-176\-5\|page\=9\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=23 July 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015648/https://books.google.com/books?id\=8wyM5heEc9gC\&pg\=PA9\|url\-status\=live}}
The material for the *dupatta* usually depends upon that of the suit and is generally of cotton, [georgette](/wiki/Georgette_%28fabric%29 "Georgette (fabric)"), silk, [chiffon](/wiki/Chiffon_%28fabric%29 "Chiffon (fabric)") among others. {{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
The suthan, similar to the salwar is common in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") where it is worn with the [cholo](/wiki/Sindhi_dress "Sindhi dress"){{cite book\|author\=Lise Winer\|title\=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \& Tobago: On Historical Principles\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_n82hsbDJBMC\&pg\=PA808\|access\-date\=8 July 2012\|date\=16 January 2009\|publisher\=McGill\-Queen's Press – MQUP\|isbn\=978\-0\-7735\-3406\-3\|page\=808\|archive\-date\=31 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212603/http://books.google.com/books?id\=\_n82hsbDJBMC\&pg\=PA808\|url\-status\=live}} and [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") where it is worn with the [Phiran](/wiki/Phiran "Phiran").Kapur, Manohar Lal (1992\) Social and economic history of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1885\-1925 A.D. [https://books.google.com/books?id\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\&q\=suthan](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ecbAAAAIAAJ&q=suthan) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321054830/https://books.google.com/books?ei\=ADmDVfeOMML4ygPY4YP4Dw\&id\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\&dq\=jammu\+suthan\&focus\=searchwithinvolume\&q\=suthan\|date\=21 March 2017}} The Kashmiri phiran is similar to the [Dogri pajama](/wiki/Jammu_dress "Jammu dress"). The [patiala salwar](/wiki/Patiala_salwar "Patiala salwar") is an exaggeratedly wide version of the salwar, its loose pleats stitched together at the bottom.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Ghose \|editor1\-first\=Anna \|editor2\-last\=Mohapatra \|editor2\-first\=Madhuita \|editor3\-last\=Mohindra \|editor3\-first\=Vandana \|editor4\-last\=Saklani \|editor4\-first\=Ranjana \|editor5\-last\=Sheth \|editor5\-first\=Alissa \|title\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=Dorling Kindersley Ltd \|isbn\=9781405369367 \|page\=102 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\&pg\=PA102 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150827/https://books.google.com/books?id\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\&pg\=PA102 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Sandhu \|first1\=Arti \|title\=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Bloomsbury \|isbn\=9781472590855 \|page\=16 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT16 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143900/https://books.google.com/books?id\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT16 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Churidaar
{{Main\|Churidar}}
*Churidaar* is a variation on the Punjabi suit which is worn by women across India as casual attire or dressed up for occasions as an alternative to the sari or lehenga choli.
The Punjabi suit trouser, called the salwar and worn in the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan and across Pakistan generally, is baggy and caught in at the ankle.
However the churidaar is tightly fitted especially below the knees. The material for the leg length below the knee is exaggerated so that the material can bunch together at the ankle with horizontal gathers resembling a stack of bangles which are known as ‘churi’ or ‘churiya’.{{cite book\|title\=The Times of India annual\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\|year\=1954\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=19 May 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519070756/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\|url\-status\=live}} The *churidaar* is worn with an upper garment such as a *kurta* top and the length of this may vary depending on the wearer's choice. In India, many churidaar tops resemble the traditional choli as they include a tight\-fitting bodice and ties at the back however extra material is added from the end of the choli at the midriff to make a knee\-length top, for example. Churidaars are also worn with dupattas, also known as chunnaris.
Anarkali Suit
{{Main\|Anarkali Salwar Suit}}
[thumb\|left\|[Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra "Priyanka Chopra"), a Bollywood actress, in an Anarkali suit.](/wiki/File:Priyanka_Chopra_walks_for_Manish_Malhotra_%26_Shaina_NC%27s_show_for_CPAA_02.jpg "Priyanka Chopra walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 02.jpg")
The Anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock\-style top and features a leggings style bottom. The Anarkali is worn by some women in Northern India and mostly found in Pakistan, and the Middle East. The Anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length Anarkali styles. Many women will also opt for heavier embroidered Anarkali suits on wedding functions and events.
Some Indian women wear Anarkali suits on occasions as well such as parties, casual lunches, etc. In India, the Anarkali is sleeveless or with sleeves ranging from cap\- to elbow\-length.{{Cite web \|url\=http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\-anarkali\-myth\-mystery\-and\-history/ \|title\=Legend: Anarkali: Myth, mystery and history \|date\=11 February 2012 \|access\-date\=18 September 2015 \|archive\-date\=16 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216050404/http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\-anarkali\-myth\-mystery\-and\-history/ \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Lehenga Choli (skirt and blouse)
{{Main\|Ghagra choli}}
A *Ghagra Choli* or a *Lehenga Choli* is the traditional clothing of women in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat").{{citation needed\| date\=July 2012}} Some Punjabis also wear them and they are used in some of their folk dances. It is a combination of *lehenga*, a tight *choli* and an *odhani*. A *lehenga* is a form of a long skirt that is pleated. It is usually embroidered or has a thick border at the bottom. A *choli* is a blouse which is cut to fit the body; it is cropped exposing the midriff and is tied at the back with naaris or ties made from the same cloth.
Different styles of *ghagra cholis* are worn by Indian women, ranging from a simple cotton lehenga choli as daily wear, a traditional ghagra with mirrors embellished usually worn during Navratri for the *garba* dance or a fully embroidered lehenga worn during the traditional Hindu and Sikh wedding ceremonies.
Popular among unmarried women other than [Gagra choli](/wiki/Gagra_choli "Gagra choli") and [Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni "Langa voni") are kurta tops worn over jeans or light cotton [trousers](/wiki/Trousers "Trousers").{{cite book\|last\=Kelting\|first\=Mary Whitney\|author\-link\=Mary Whitney Kelting\|title\=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\&pg\=PA226\|year\=2001\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-514011\-8\|page\=226\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=29 July 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045424/https://books.google.com/books?id\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\&pg\=PA226\|url\-status\=live}}
Pattu Pavadai/Reshme Langa
{{Main\|Pattu pavadai}}
[thumb\|left\|Two girls wearing Pattu Pavadai.](/wiki/File:Langa_Dhavani.jpg "Langa Dhavani.jpg")
*Pattu Pavadai* or *Langa davani* is a traditional dress in south India, usually worn by teenage and small girls. The *pavada* is a cone\-shaped skirt, usually of silk, that hangs down from the waist to the toes. It normally has a golden border at the bottom.
Girls in south India often wear *pattu pavadai* or *Langa davani* during traditional functions.
A version of this is worn by girls in Rajasthan before marriage (and after marriage with sight modification in certain sections of society.)
Langa \- Voni/Dhavani
{{Main\|Langa voni}}
This is a type of South Indian dress mainly worn in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in some parts of Kerala. This dress is a three\-piece garment where the langa is the cone\-shaped long flowing skirt.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Traditional clothing",
"#### Sari and wrapped garments",
"{{Main\\| Sari}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg \"Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg \"Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg\")\nA *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \\|last\\=Kalman \\|first\\=Bobbie \\|title\\=India: The Culture \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Crabtree Publishing Company \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7787\\-9287\\-1 \\|page\\=17 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Banerjee \\|first1\\=Mukulika \\|last2\\=Miller \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|title\\=The Sari \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\\_p8w9 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Berg Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84788\\-314\\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent \"Indian subcontinent\").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\\) \"Ancient Indian costume\", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree \"Sambalpuri Saree\") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani \"Paithani\") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi \"Banarasi\") from North among others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|title\\=Indian Sari \\- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat \"Petticoat\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Chantal Boulanger \\|title\\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\|date\\=December 1997 \\|publisher\\=Shakti Press International \\|isbn\\=9780966149616 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Blouse may be \"backless\" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\\-sarees, a three\\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 \"Stole (shawl)\") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari \"Wedding sari\") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\\-modern history.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ramdya \\|first1\\=Kavita \\|title\\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Lexington Books \\|location\\=Lanham \\|isbn\\=9780739138540 \\|page\\=45 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\\|title\\=Environmental Education\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012\\|publisher\\=Frank Brothers\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7170\\-946\\-5\\|page\\=31\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree \"Handloom saree\") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Shailaja\\|first1\\=D. N.\\|title\\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\\|journal\\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\\|date\\=April 2009\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=173–176\\|url\\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\\|last\\=Mathew\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-27\\|title\\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-21\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.",
"Mundum Neriyathum\n{{Main\\|Mundum Neriyathum}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma \"Raja Ravi Varma\"), c. 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg \"Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg\")\n*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree \"Saree\") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\\|0\\-9661496\\-1\\-0}}Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay)\nThe basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu \"Mundu\")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam \"Malayalam\") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.\nMekhela Sador\n{{Main\\|Mekhela chador}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg \"DWIJEN (43).jpg\")\nMekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.",
"There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.",
"The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela \"Mekhela\") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.",
"The top portion of the three\\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.",
"The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.",
"Rignai\n{{main\\|Rignai}}\n[thumb\\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg \"Tripuri bride.jpg\")\n**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with \"Rikutu\" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"The most significant rignai is called the \"Chamathwi bar\" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The \"Chamathwi bar\" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.",
"#### Salwar Kameez",
"{{Main\\|Shalwar kameez}}\n{{multiple image\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|image1\\=Pilgrims inside the Hari Mandir Sahib (Darbar Sahib) \\- Golden Temple (9693313454\\).jpg\n\\|width1\\=200\n\\|image2\\=Women of Puducherry.jpg\n\\|width2\\=180\n\\|footer\\=Sikh pilgrims in ''salwar kameez'' at the ''\\[\\[Harmandir Sahib]]'' in Punjab (left); Four women wearing Salwar Kameez in Puducherry, 2006 (right)\n}}",
"The salwar is a generic description of the lower garment incorporating the Punjabi salwar, Sindhi suthan, Dogri pajama (also called suthan), and the Kashmiri suthan. The *salwar kameez* has been traditionally worn by the women of the [Punjab region](/wiki/Punjab_region \"Punjab region\") and neighbouring areas, including [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), Haryana, [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\") and Jammu and Kashmir, where the ensemble has been called the *Punjabi suit*, *salwar suit* or simply *suit*. The Punjabi suit also includes the \"churidaar\" and \"kurta\" ensemble which is also popular in Southern India where it is known as the \"churidaar\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Tarlo\\|first\\=Emma\\|title\\=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8wyM5heEc9gC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|year\\=1996\\|publisher\\=Hurst\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85065\\-176\\-5\\|page\\=9\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015648/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8wyM5heEc9gC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The material for the *dupatta* usually depends upon that of the suit and is generally of cotton, [georgette](/wiki/Georgette_%28fabric%29 \"Georgette (fabric)\"), silk, [chiffon](/wiki/Chiffon_%28fabric%29 \"Chiffon (fabric)\") among others. {{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"The suthan, similar to the salwar is common in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") where it is worn with the [cholo](/wiki/Sindhi_dress \"Sindhi dress\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Lise Winer\\|title\\=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \\& Tobago: On Historical Principles\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_n82hsbDJBMC\\&pg\\=PA808\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2012\\|date\\=16 January 2009\\|publisher\\=McGill\\-Queen's Press – MQUP\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7735\\-3406\\-3\\|page\\=808\\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212603/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_n82hsbDJBMC\\&pg\\=PA808\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") where it is worn with the [Phiran](/wiki/Phiran \"Phiran\").Kapur, Manohar Lal (1992\\) Social and economic history of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1885\\-1925 A.D. [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=suthan](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ecbAAAAIAAJ&q=suthan) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321054830/https://books.google.com/books?ei\\=ADmDVfeOMML4ygPY4YP4Dw\\&id\\=3ecbAAAAIAAJ\\&dq\\=jammu\\+suthan\\&focus\\=searchwithinvolume\\&q\\=suthan\\|date\\=21 March 2017}} The Kashmiri phiran is similar to the [Dogri pajama](/wiki/Jammu_dress \"Jammu dress\"). The [patiala salwar](/wiki/Patiala_salwar \"Patiala salwar\") is an exaggeratedly wide version of the salwar, its loose pleats stitched together at the bottom.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Ghose \\|editor1\\-first\\=Anna \\|editor2\\-last\\=Mohapatra \\|editor2\\-first\\=Madhuita \\|editor3\\-last\\=Mohindra \\|editor3\\-first\\=Vandana \\|editor4\\-last\\=Saklani \\|editor4\\-first\\=Ranjana \\|editor5\\-last\\=Sheth \\|editor5\\-first\\=Alissa \\|title\\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Dorling Kindersley Ltd \\|isbn\\=9781405369367 \\|page\\=102 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\\&pg\\=PA102 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150827/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PJJxZoQ7hKsC\\&pg\\=PA102 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sandhu \\|first1\\=Arti \\|title\\=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury \\|isbn\\=9781472590855 \\|page\\=16 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT16 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143900/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gn0eBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT16 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Churidaar",
"{{Main\\|Churidar}}\n*Churidaar* is a variation on the Punjabi suit which is worn by women across India as casual attire or dressed up for occasions as an alternative to the sari or lehenga choli.",
"The Punjabi suit trouser, called the salwar and worn in the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan and across Pakistan generally, is baggy and caught in at the ankle.",
"However the churidaar is tightly fitted especially below the knees. The material for the leg length below the knee is exaggerated so that the material can bunch together at the ankle with horizontal gathers resembling a stack of bangles which are known as ‘churi’ or ‘churiya’.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Times of India annual\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\\|year\\=1954\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519070756/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q3pDAAAAYAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The *churidaar* is worn with an upper garment such as a *kurta* top and the length of this may vary depending on the wearer's choice. In India, many churidaar tops resemble the traditional choli as they include a tight\\-fitting bodice and ties at the back however extra material is added from the end of the choli at the midriff to make a knee\\-length top, for example. Churidaars are also worn with dupattas, also known as chunnaris.",
"Anarkali Suit\n{{Main\\|Anarkali Salwar Suit}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra \"Priyanka Chopra\"), a Bollywood actress, in an Anarkali suit.](/wiki/File:Priyanka_Chopra_walks_for_Manish_Malhotra_%26_Shaina_NC%27s_show_for_CPAA_02.jpg \"Priyanka Chopra walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 02.jpg\")\nThe Anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock\\-style top and features a leggings style bottom. The Anarkali is worn by some women in Northern India and mostly found in Pakistan, and the Middle East. The Anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length Anarkali styles. Many women will also opt for heavier embroidered Anarkali suits on wedding functions and events.\nSome Indian women wear Anarkali suits on occasions as well such as parties, casual lunches, etc. In India, the Anarkali is sleeveless or with sleeves ranging from cap\\- to elbow\\-length.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\\-anarkali\\-myth\\-mystery\\-and\\-history/ \\|title\\=Legend: Anarkali: Myth, mystery and history \\|date\\=11 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216050404/http://dawn.com/2012/02/12/legend\\-anarkali\\-myth\\-mystery\\-and\\-history/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Lehenga Choli (skirt and blouse)",
"{{Main\\|Ghagra choli}}",
"A *Ghagra Choli* or a *Lehenga Choli* is the traditional clothing of women in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") and [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\").{{citation needed\\| date\\=July 2012}} Some Punjabis also wear them and they are used in some of their folk dances. It is a combination of *lehenga*, a tight *choli* and an *odhani*. A *lehenga* is a form of a long skirt that is pleated. It is usually embroidered or has a thick border at the bottom. A *choli* is a blouse which is cut to fit the body; it is cropped exposing the midriff and is tied at the back with naaris or ties made from the same cloth.",
"Different styles of *ghagra cholis* are worn by Indian women, ranging from a simple cotton lehenga choli as daily wear, a traditional ghagra with mirrors embellished usually worn during Navratri for the *garba* dance or a fully embroidered lehenga worn during the traditional Hindu and Sikh wedding ceremonies.",
"Popular among unmarried women other than [Gagra choli](/wiki/Gagra_choli \"Gagra choli\") and [Langa voni](/wiki/Langa_voni \"Langa voni\") are kurta tops worn over jeans or light cotton [trousers](/wiki/Trousers \"Trousers\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Kelting\\|first\\=Mary Whitney\\|author\\-link\\=Mary Whitney Kelting\\|title\\=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\\&pg\\=PA226\\|year\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-514011\\-8\\|page\\=226\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045424/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=elcn1IEJ3CEC\\&pg\\=PA226\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Pattu Pavadai/Reshme Langa\n{{Main\\|Pattu pavadai}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Two girls wearing Pattu Pavadai.](/wiki/File:Langa_Dhavani.jpg \"Langa Dhavani.jpg\")\n*Pattu Pavadai* or *Langa davani* is a traditional dress in south India, usually worn by teenage and small girls. The *pavada* is a cone\\-shaped skirt, usually of silk, that hangs down from the waist to the toes. It normally has a golden border at the bottom.",
"Girls in south India often wear *pattu pavadai* or *Langa davani* during traditional functions.",
"A version of this is worn by girls in Rajasthan before marriage (and after marriage with sight modification in certain sections of society.)",
"Langa \\- Voni/Dhavani\n{{Main\\|Langa voni}}\nThis is a type of South Indian dress mainly worn in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in some parts of Kerala. This dress is a three\\-piece garment where the langa is the cone\\-shaped long flowing skirt.\n{{clear}}"
] |
#### Sari and wrapped garments
{{Main\| Sari}}
[thumb\|left\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg "Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg")
[thumb\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg "Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg")
A *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \|last\=Kalman \|first\=Bobbie \|title\=India: The Culture \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=Crabtree Publishing Company \|isbn\=978\-0\-7787\-9287\-1 \|page\=17 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\&pg\=PA17 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Banerjee \|first1\=Mukulika \|last2\=Miller \|first2\=Daniel \|title\=The Sari \|url\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\_p8w9 \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=6 July 2012 \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Berg Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1\-84788\-314\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree "Sambalpuri Saree") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani "Paithani") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi "Banarasi") from North among others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|title\=Indian Sari \- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \|access\-date\=3 July 2012 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\-clothing/sari.html \|url\-status\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat "Petticoat").{{cite book \|author\=Chantal Boulanger \|title\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|access\-date\=15 July 2012 \|date\=December 1997 \|publisher\=Shakti Press International \|isbn\=9780966149616 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \|url\-status\=live }} Blouse may be "backless" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\-sarees, a three\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 "Stole (shawl)") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari "Wedding sari") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\-modern history.{{cite book \|last1\=Ramdya \|first1\=Kavita \|title\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Lexington Books \|location\=Lanham \|isbn\=9780739138540 \|page\=45 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\&pg\=PA45 \|url\-status\=live }}
Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\|author\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\|title\=Environmental Education\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|access\-date\=15 July 2012\|publisher\=Frank Brothers\|isbn\=978\-81\-7170\-946\-5\|page\=31\|archive\-date\=7 July 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\=9RxBTLdFn\-QC\&pg\=PA31\|url\-status\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree "Handloom saree") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\|last1\=Shailaja\|first1\=D. N.\|title\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\|journal\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\|date\=April 2009\|volume\=5\|issue\=2\|pages\=173–176\|url\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|access\-date\=14 December 2015\|archive\-date\=22 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\-176\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\|last\=Mathew\|first\=Elizabeth\|date\=2017\-10\-27\|title\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\|language\=en\-IN\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-21\|issn\=0971\-751X\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\-and\-style/fashion/the\-sari\-series\-one\-country\-83\-ways\-to\-drape\-it/article19932078\.ece\|url\-status\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.
Mundum Neriyathum
{{Main\|Mundum Neriyathum}}
[thumb\|right\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma "Raja Ravi Varma"), c. 1900\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg "Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg")
*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree "Saree") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\|0\-9661496\-1\-0}}Ghurye (1951\) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay)
The basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu "Mundu")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.
Mekhela Sador
{{Main\|Mekhela chador}}
[thumb\|left\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg "DWIJEN (43).jpg")
Mekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.
There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.
The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela "Mekhela") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.
The top portion of the three\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.
The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.
Rignai
{{main\|Rignai}}
[thumb\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg "Tripuri bride.jpg")
**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with "Rikutu" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
The most significant rignai is called the "Chamathwi bar" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The "Chamathwi bar" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.
|
[
"#### Sari and wrapped garments",
"{{Main\\| Sari}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Purple silk sari worn by [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\").](/wiki/File:Vidya_Balan_at_Esha_Deol%27s_wedding_reception_09.jpg \"Vidya Balan at Esha Deol's wedding reception 09.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.](/wiki/File:Women_in_Karnataka_wearing_Kodagu_style_sari.jpg \"Women in Karnataka wearing Kodagu style sari.jpg\")\nA *saree* or *sari*{{cite book \\|last\\=Kalman \\|first\\=Bobbie \\|title\\=India: The Culture \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Crabtree Publishing Company \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7787\\-9287\\-1 \\|page\\=17 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201757/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=UuDBEsOF6G4C\\&pg\\=PA17 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Banerjee \\|first1\\=Mukulika \\|last2\\=Miller \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|title\\=The Sari \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane\\_p8w9 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012 \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Berg Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84788\\-314\\-8}} is a female garment in the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent \"Indian subcontinent\").Alkazi, Roshan (1983\\) \"Ancient Indian costume\", Art Heritage; Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay); Boulanger, Chantal; (1997\\) A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine meters in length, that is draped over the body in various styles. These include: [Sambalpuri Saree](/wiki/Sambalpuri_Saree \"Sambalpuri Saree\") from East, Mysore silk and Ilkal of Karnataka and, [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\") of Tamil Nadu from South, [Paithani](/wiki/Paithani \"Paithani\") from [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") and [Banarasi](/wiki/Banarasi \"Banarasi\") from North among others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|title\\=Indian Sari \\- How to Wear a Sari, How to Wrap a Sari, Indian Sari Fabric, Saree Design, Sari Fashion, Indian Dress Saree \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230344/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian\\-clothing/sari.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. The sari is usually worn over a [petticoat](/wiki/Petticoat \"Petticoat\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Chantal Boulanger \\|title\\=Saris: an illustrated guide to the Indian art of draping \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\|date\\=December 1997 \\|publisher\\=Shakti Press International \\|isbn\\=9780966149616 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195325/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1pEAAAAYAAJ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Blouse may be \"backless\" or of a halter neck style. These are usually more dressy with a lot of embellishments such as mirrors or embroidery and may be worn on special occasions. Women in the armed forces, when wearing a sari uniform, don a half\\-sleeve shirt tucked in at the waist. Teenage girls may wear half\\-sarees, a three\\-piece set consisting of a langa, a choli and a [stole](/wiki/Stole_%28shawl%29 \"Stole (shawl)\") wrapped over it like a saree. Women usually wear full sarees. Indian [wedding saris](/wiki/Wedding_sari \"Wedding sari\") are typically red or pink, a tradition that goes back to India's pre\\-modern history.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ramdya \\|first1\\=Kavita \\|title\\=Bollywood weddings : dating, engagement, and marriage in Hindu America \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Lexington Books \\|location\\=Lanham \\|isbn\\=9780739138540 \\|page\\=45 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142325/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC\\&pg\\=PA45 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Saris are usually known by different names in different places. In [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), white saris with golden borders, are known as *kavanis* and are worn on special occasions. A simple white sari, worn as a daily wear, is called a *mundu*. Saris are called *pudavai* in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). In [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), saris are called *Seere*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Geeta Kochhar, Radha Seethapalli\\|title\\=Environmental Education\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012\\|publisher\\=Frank Brothers\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7170\\-946\\-5\\|page\\=31\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707191030/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=9RxBTLdFn\\-QC\\&pg\\=PA31\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The traditional production of [handloom sarees](/wiki/Handloom_saree \"Handloom saree\") is important to economic development in rural communities.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Shailaja\\|first1\\=D. N.\\|title\\=An insight into the traditional handloom of Kinnal, Karnataka\\|journal\\=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge\\|date\\=April 2009\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=173–176\\|url\\=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110827/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/IJTK%205%282%29%20%282006%29%20173\\-176\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Sari Series{{Cite news\\|last\\=Mathew\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-27\\|title\\=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-21\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060737/https://www.thehindu.com/life\\-and\\-style/fashion/the\\-sari\\-series\\-one\\-country\\-83\\-ways\\-to\\-drape\\-it/article19932078\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}} provides a documented resource of over 80 different regional drapes of India.",
"Mundum Neriyathum\n{{Main\\|Mundum Neriyathum}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Malayalee lady wearing mundum neriyathum. Painted by [Raja Ravi Varma](/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma \"Raja Ravi Varma\"), c. 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Malayalee_Lady.jpg \"Raja Ravi Varma, Malayalee Lady.jpg\")\n*Mundum Neriyathum* is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the [saree](/wiki/Saree \"Saree\") which covered only the lower part of the body. It is the traditional dress of women in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), a state in the southwestern part of India.Boulanger, C (1997\\) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN\\|0\\-9661496\\-1\\-0}}Ghurye (1951\\) \"Indian costume\", Popular book depot (Bombay)\nThe basic traditional piece is the *[mundu](/wiki/Mundu \"Mundu\")* or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam \"Malayalam\") as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the *neriyathu* forms the upper garment the mundu.\nMekhela Sador\n{{Main\\|Mekhela chador}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|An Assamese girl wearing mekhela sador, 2010](/wiki/File:DWIJEN_%2843%29.jpg \"DWIJEN (43).jpg\")\nMekhela Sador (Assamese: মেখেলা চাদৰ) is the traditional Assamese dress worn by women. It is worn by women of all ages.",
"There are three main pieces of cloth that are draped around the body.",
"The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards is called the *Mekhela* (Assamese: মেখেলা). It is in the form of a sarong—a very wide cylinder of cloth—that is folded into pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The folds are to the right, as opposed to the pleats in the Nivi style of the saree, which are folded to the left. Strings are never used to tie the [mekhela](/wiki/Mekhela \"Mekhela\") around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.",
"The top portion of the three\\-piece dress, called the *Sador* (Assamese: চাদৰ), is a long length of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the Mekhela and the rest draped over and around the rest of the body. The Sador is tucked in triangular folds. A fitted blouse is worn to cover the breasts.",
"The third piece is called a *Riha*, which is worn under the Sador. It is narrow in width. This traditional dress of the Assamese women is very famous for their exclusive patterns on the body and the border. Women wear them during important religious and ceremonious occasions of marriage. Riha is worn exactly like a Sador and is used as *Orni*.",
"Rignai\n{{main\\|Rignai}}\n[thumb\\|Tripuri bride in Rignai and Rikutu](/wiki/File:Tripuri_bride.jpg \"Tripuri bride.jpg\")\n**Rignai** is the traditional dress of Tripuri women, the native inhabitants of Tripura. It is worn by wrapping it around the waist. It's worn with \"Rikutu\" which covers the upper half of the body. It is worn by every Tripuri woman in Tripura.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"The most significant rignai is called the \"Chamathwi bar\" and comprises white cloth bordered by maroon or other colors. The \"Chamathwi bar\" is worn during important occasions like wedding ceremonies and festivals like Goria Puja and Hangrai.",
""
] |
Male clothing
-------------
[thumb\|An Indian model in [Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani "Sherwani")](/wiki/File:PrateikBabbar.jpg "PrateikBabbar.jpg")
[thumb\|A man wearing a dhoti.](/wiki/File:Achan-dhoti-tipu-sultan-fort.jpg "Achan-dhoti-tipu-sultan-fort.jpg")
### Traditional clothing
For men, traditional clothes are the [Achkan](/wiki/Achkan "Achkan")/[Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani "Sherwani"), [Bandhgala](/wiki/Bandhgala "Bandhgala"), [Lungi](/wiki/Lungi "Lungi"), [Kurta](/wiki/Kurta "Kurta"), [Angarkha](/wiki/Angarkha "Angarkha"), [Jama](/wiki/Jama_costume "Jama costume"), [Dhoti](/wiki/Dhoti "Dhoti") or [Kurta](/wiki/Kurta "Kurta") [Pajama](/wiki/Pajama "Pajama"). Additionally, recently western clothing such as [trousers](/wiki/Trousers "Trousers") and [shirts](/wiki/Shirt "Shirt") have been accepted as traditional Indian dress by the Government of India.{{cite book\|title\=Social Science a Textbook i History for Class IX as per New Syllabus\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=W7c8TBQhoAIC\&pg\=PA149\|access\-date\=1 July 2012\|publisher\=FK Publications\|pages\=149–\|id\=GGKEY:PSTUKL4X874\|archive\-date\=3 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103072921/http://books.google.com/books?id\=W7c8TBQhoAIC\&pg\=PA149\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Undergarments
{{Main\| Kaupinam \| Langota }}
A kaupinam is unsewn while the langota is a sewn [loincloth](/wiki/Loincloth "Loincloth") typically worn as [underwear](/wiki/Underwear "Underwear") in [dangal](/wiki/Akhara%23Dangal "Akhara#Dangal") held in [akharas](/wiki/Akhara "Akhara"), especially [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling_in_India "Wrestling in India"), in order to prevent [hernias](/wiki/Hernias "Hernias") and [hydrocele](/wiki/Hydrocele "Hydrocele").{{cite book\|author\=Raman Das Mahatyagi\|title\=Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IjpmZ3ysHTsC\&pg\=PA33\|year\=2007\|publisher\=YATAN Ayurvedics\|isbn\=978\-0\-9803761\-0\-4\|page\=33\|access\-date\=17 April 2018\|archive\-date\=29 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142505/https://books.google.com/books?id\=IjpmZ3ysHTsC\&pg\=PA33\|url\-status\=live}}
It is mandatory for [Sikhs](/wiki/Sikhs "Sikhs") to wear [kacchera](/wiki/Kacchera "Kacchera").
{{cite book\|author\=Michael Dahl\|title\=India\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JW653gAa1T0C\&pg\=PA13\|date\=January 2006\|publisher\=Capstone Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-7368\-8374\-0\|page\=13\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=26 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426083913/https://books.google.com/books?id\=JW653gAa1T0C\&pg\=PA13\|url\-status\=live}} It is held in place by a style of wrapping and sometimes with the help of a belt, either as an ornamental and embroidered piece or a flat and simple one, secured around the waist.{{cite book\|last\=Sarina Singh\|title\=India\|date\=1 September 2009\|publisher\=Lonely Planet\|isbn\=978\-1\-74179\-151\-8\|pages\=63–\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vK88ktao7pIC\&pg\=PA63\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=30 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430061036/https://books.google.com/books?id\=vK88ktao7pIC\&pg\=PA63\|url\-status\=live}}
Owing to its widespread popularity throughout India, different languages have different terms to describe dhotis. In [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language "Marathi language"), it is called *dhotar*. In [Punjabi](/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language"), it is known as a *chadra.* In [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_language "Gujarati language"), it's known as "Dhotiyu", while in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language") they are called *Pancha.* In [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language"), they are called *veyti,* and over the dhoti, men wear shirts or kurtas.
#### Panche or Lungi
[thumb\|right\|A *[Chakravartin](/wiki/Chakravartin "Chakravartin")* wearing a *pancha*. [Amaravathi](/wiki/Amaravathi_%28village%29%2C_Guntur_district "Amaravathi (village), Guntur district"), Andhra Pradesh; first century BCE. ([Musee Guimet](/wiki/Musee_Guimet "Musee Guimet"))](/wiki/File:Indian_Relief_of_Ashoka%2C_circa_1st_century_BC%2C_from_the_Amaravathi_village%2C_Guntur_district%2C_Andhra_Pradesh_%28India%29%2C_in_the_Guimet_Museum_%28Paris%29.jpg "Indian Relief of Ashoka, circa 1st century BC, from the Amaravathi village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh (India), in the Guimet Museum (Paris).jpg")
A *Lungi* is another traditional garment of India. A *[Mundu](/wiki/Mundu "Mundu")* is a lungi, except that it is always white. It is either tucked in, over the waist, up to knee\-length, or is allowed to lie over and reach up to the ankle. It is usually tucked in when the person is working, in fields or workshops, and left open usually as a mark of respect, in worship places, or when the person is around dignitaries.
Lungis, generally, are of two types: the open lungi and the stitched lungi. The open lungi is a plain sheet of cotton or silk, whereas the stitched one has both of its open ends stitched together to form a tube\-like structure.
Though mostly worn by men, elderly women also prefer lungi to other garments owing to its good aeration.{{cite web\|last\=Encyclopedia\|title\=Lungi and Dhoti\|url\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\-3425500051\.html\|work\=Description about Lungi and Dhoti\|publisher\=HighBeam Research Inc\|access\-date\=13 July 2012\|archive\-date\=14 June 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614045715/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\-3425500051\.html\|url\-status\=live}} It is most popular in south India, though people of Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Somalia also can be seen in lungis, because of the heat and humidity, which create an unpleasant climate for trousers, though trousers have now become common outside the house.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/lungi.html \|title\=Indian Lungi \|work\=Indian Mirror \|access\-date\=19 July 2012 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016054723/http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/lungi.html \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Achkan
{{Main\|Achkan}}
[thumbnail\|*[Achkan](/wiki/Achkan "Achkan")* sherwani and *[churidar](/wiki/Churidar "Churidar")* (lower body) worn by [Arvind Singh Mewar](/wiki/Arvind_Singh_Mewar "Arvind Singh Mewar") and his kin during a [Hindu wedding](/wiki/Hindu_wedding "Hindu wedding") in Rajasthan, India.](/wiki/File:Rajput_Sherwani_2014-04-23_04-27.JPG "Rajput Sherwani 2014-04-23 04-27.JPG")
Achkan is a small jacket that usually sports exposed buttons throughout the length of the jacket. The length is usually just at the knees and the jacket ends just below the knee. Achkan is very similar to the [Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani "Sherwani") which is a much longer coat\-jacket dress. The jacket has a [Nehru collar](/wiki/Nehru_collar "Nehru collar").{{cite book\|last\=Armilla\|first\=Jose\|title\=Negotiate With Feng Shui: Enhance Your Skills in Diplomacy, Business, and Relationships\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sWVVBvbUWKcC\&pg\=PA78\|year\=2001\|publisher\=Llewellyn Worldwide\|isbn\=978\-1\-56718\-038\-1\|page\=78\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-date\=30 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430231319/https://books.google.com/books?id\=sWVVBvbUWKcC\&pg\=PA78\|url\-status\=live}} The Achkan was mostly worn with tight\-fitting pants or trousers called [churidars](/wiki/Churidar "Churidar"). Achkan is made from various fabrics for both formal and informal occasions. The achkan features traditional Indian embroidery like gota and badla. Achkan was commonly worn by the grooms during wedding ceremonies{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tehelka.com/2016/01/nehrus\-style\-statement/ \|title\=Nehru's style statement \|access\-date\=5 June 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701091856/http://www.tehelka.com/2016/01/nehrus\-style\-statement/ \|archive\-date\=1 July 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }} or other formal festive occasions in the Indian subcontinent but when it evolved into the Nehru Jacket, the achkan became less worn. It was used by men. In India, the achkan is generally worn for formal occasions in winter, especially by those from [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan"), [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), Uttar Pradesh and [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Telangana "Hyderabad, Telangana"). The achkan later evolved into the [Nehru Jacket](/wiki/Nehru_Jacket "Nehru Jacket"), which is now popular in India. It may be embroidered with gold or silver. A scarf called a dupatta is sometimes added to the achkan.
#### Bandhgala
{{Main\|Jodhpuri}}
A *Jodhpuri* or a *Bandhgala* is a formal evening suit from India. It originated in the [Jodhpur State](/wiki/Jodhpur_State "Jodhpur State"), and was popularized during the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") in India. Also known as *Jodhpuri Suit*,{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} it is a western style suit product, with a [coat](/wiki/Coat_%28clothing%29 "Coat (clothing)") and a [trouser](/wiki/Trouser "Trouser"), at times accompanied by a [vest](/wiki/Vest "Vest"). It brings together the western cut with Indian hand\-[embroidery](/wiki/Embroidery "Embroidery") escorted by the [Waist coat](/wiki/Waist_coat "Waist coat").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Now\-bandhgala\-in\-a\-casual\-look/Article1\-556306\.aspx \|title\=Now, ''bandhgala'' in a casual look \|author\=Veenu Singh \|work\=Hindustan Times \|date\=12 June 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830085539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Now\-bandhgala\-in\-a\-casual\-look/Article1\-556306\.aspx \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011 }} It is suitable for occasions such as weddings and formal gatherings.
The material can be silk or any other suiting material. Normally, the material is lined at the collar and at the buttons with embroidery. This can be plain, jacquard, or *jamewari* material. Normally, the trousers match that of the coat. There is also a trend now to wear contrasting trousers to match the coat colour. Bandhgala quickly became a popular formal and semi\-formal uniform across [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") and eventually throughout India.{{Cite web\|title\=Behold the Bandhgala\|url\=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt\-more/fashion/fashion\-trend\-for\-men\-bandhgala\-designer\-raghavendra\-rathore/story/209723\.html\|author\=Raghavendra Rathore\|date\=11 September 2014 \|author\-link\=Raghavendra Rathore\|access\-date\=31 May 2016\|archive\-date\=14 May 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514235011/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt\-more/fashion/fashion\-trend\-for\-men\-bandhgala\-designer\-raghavendra\-rathore/story/209723\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Angarkha
[thumb\|right\|[Garba](/wiki/Garba_%28dance%29 "Garba (dance)") dancers, [Ahmedabad](/wiki/Ahmedabad "Ahmedabad"). On the left, a male dancer in a Gujarati Angarakha](/wiki/File:Navratri_Garba.jpg "Navratri Garba.jpg")
The term angarkha is derived from the [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") word {{IAST\|Aṅgarakṣaka}}, which means protection of the body.Zaira Mis, Marcel Mis (2001\) Asian Costumes and Textiles: From the Bosphorus to Fujiama [https://books.google.com/books?id\=V\-wcAQAAIAAJ\&q\=angarkha\+\+sanskrit](https://books.google.com/books?id=V-wcAQAAIAAJ&q=angarkha++sanskrit) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729161924/https://books.google.com/books?id\=V\-wcAQAAIAAJ\&q\=angarkha\+\+sanskrit\&dq\=angarkha\+\+sanskrit\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIiIfj\-e3dxgIVqhbbCh1dWgDU\|date\=29 July 2020}} The angarkha was worn in various parts of the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent"), but while the basic cut remained the same, styles and lengths varied from region to region. Angarakha is a traditional upper garment worn in the Indian subcontinent which overlaps and is tied to the left or right shoulder. Historically, the Angrakha was a court outfit that a person could wrap around himself, offering flexible ease with the knots and ties appropriate for wearing in the various principalities of ancient India.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qYK1AAAAIAAJ\&q\=angarkha \|title\=Kumar, Ritu (2006\) Costumes and textiles of royal India \|isbn\=9781851495092 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144123/https://books.google.com/books?id\=qYK1AAAAIAAJ\&q\=angarkha\&dq\=angarkha\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMI9PzF2\_jdxgIV6QfbCh0zwArh \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Kumar \|first1\=Ritu \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=Antique Collectors' Club }}
#### Jama
The [jama](/wiki/Jama_%28coat%29 "Jama (coat)") is a long coat that was popular during the [Mughal period](/wiki/Mughal_Empire "Mughal Empire"). There are many types of jama costumes which were worn in various regions of [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), the use of which began to wane by the end of the 19th century A.D.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=irh9dvlLz3MC\&dq\=jama\+dress\+gujarat\&pg\=PA154 \|title\=Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1966\) Indian Costume \|isbn\=9788171544035 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729141240/https://books.google.com/books?id\=irh9dvlLz3MC\&pg\=PA154\&lpg\=PA154\&dq\=jama\+dress\+gujarat\&source\=bl\&ots\=CkZu8NBJvV\&sig\=WUKd3Z5Rfzv7WHhA3wOnbd7cYs4\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=0CCgQ6AEwAWoVChMIycDnoNK3xwIVipgaCh1VbAxa\#v\=onepage\&q\=jama%20dress%20gujarat\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Ghurye \|first1\=Govind Sadashiv \|year\=1966 \|publisher\=Popular Prakashan }} However, men in parts of Kutch still wear the *jama* also known as the [angarkha](/wiki/Angarkha "Angarkha"){{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hdOsQadR9\_cC\&dq\=angharka\&pg\=PA4 \|title\=Tierney, Tom (2013\) Fashions from India \|isbn\=9780486430409 \|access\-date\=30 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144046/https://books.google.com/books?id\=hdOsQadR9\_cC\&pg\=PA4\&dq\=kurta\+mens\+punjab\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ei\=i\_1xVbCXLIv3UMmHg8AP\&ved\=0CGIQ6AEwCTgK\#v\=onepage\&q\=angharka\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Tierney \|first1\=Tom \|date\=17 July 2013 \|publisher\=Courier Corporation }} which has an asymmetric opening with the skirt flaring out to around the hips.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000902/windows/main7\.htm \|title\=Sarosh Medhora (02\.09\.2000\) The Tribune. Focus on men's formals \|access\-date\=20 August 2015 \|archive\-date\=10 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222131/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000902/windows/main7\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} However, some styles fall to below the knees.
### Headgear
The Indian turban or the *[pagri](/wiki/Pagri_%28turban%29 "Pagri (turban)")* is worn in many regions in the country, incorporating various styles and designs depending on the place. Other types of headgear such as the [Taqiyah](/wiki/Taqiyah_%28cap%29 "Taqiyah (cap)") and [Gandhi cap](/wiki/Gandhi_cap "Gandhi cap") are worn by different communities within the country to signify a common ideology or interest.
#### Dastar
{{Main\| Dastar}}
[thumb\|Sikh man and women wearing [Turban](/wiki/Turban "Turban")](/wiki/File:Its_relatives_from_sikh_community_weddings.png "Its relatives from sikh community weddings.png")
The [Dastar](/wiki/Dastar "Dastar"), also known as a [pagri](/wiki/Pagri_%28turban%29 "Pagri (turban)"), is a turban worn by the [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh "Sikh") community of India. Is a symbol of faith representing values such as valour, honour and spirituality among others. It is worn to protect the Sikh's long, uncut hair, the [Kesh](/wiki/Kesh_%28Sikhism%29 "Kesh (Sikhism)") which is one of [the Five Ks](/wiki/The_Five_Ks "The Five Ks") of [Sikhism](/wiki/Sikhism "Sikhism").{{cite book \|first1\=Mark \|last1\=Cobb \|first2\=Christina M \|last2\=Puchalski \|first3\=Bruce \|last3\=Rumbold \|title\=Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in healthcare \| year\=2012 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \| pages\=91 \| isbn\=978\-0\-19\-957139\-0}} Over the years, the dastar has evolved into different styles pertaining to the various sects of Sikhism such as the [Nihang](/wiki/Nihang "Nihang") and the [Namdhari](/wiki/Namdhari "Namdhari").{{cite book \| title\=Sikhs in the Diaspora \| publisher\=Sikh publishing house \| author\=Surinder Singh Bakshi \| pages\=222 \| isbn\=9780956072801\| date\=July 2009 }}
#### Pheta
{{Main\|Pheta}}
*Pheta* is the [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language "Marathi language") name for turbans worn in the state of [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"). Its usually worn during traditional ceremonies and occasions. It was a mandatory part of clothing in the past and have evolved into various styles in different regions.{{cite web \| url\=http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html \| title\=Kolhapur pheta \| publisher\=kolhapurworld.com \| access\-date\=15 July 2012 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233839/http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html \| archive\-date\=2 October 2012}} The main types are the [Puneri Pagadi](/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi "Puneri Pagadi"), Kolhapuri and Mawali *pheta*.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/from\-baseball\-caps\-to\-phetas/475803/0 \| title\=Types of pheta \| work\=Indian Express \| date\=13 June 2009 \| access\-date\=15 July 2012}}
#### Mysore Peta
{{Main\|Mysore peta}}
[thumb\|left\|Traditional Mysore Peta on a bust of [M. Visvesvaraya](/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya "M. Visvesvaraya")](/wiki/File:Sir_M._Vishweswariah.JPG "Sir M. Vishweswariah.JPG")
Originally worn by the kings of [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore "Mysore") during formal meeting in [durbar](/wiki/Durbar_%28court%29 "Durbar (court)") and in ceremonial processions during festivals, and meeting with foreign dignitaries, the Mysore peta has come to signify the cultural tradition of the Mysore and [Kodagu district](/wiki/Kodagu_district "Kodagu district").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.mapsofindia.com/mysore/peta\-turban.html \| title\=Mysore Peta \| publisher\=mapsofindia.com \| access\-date\=15 July 2012 \| archive\-date\=14 February 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214084745/http://www.mapsofindia.com/mysore/peta\-turban.html \| url\-status\=live }} The [Mysore University](/wiki/Mysore_University "Mysore University") replaced the conventional [mortarboard](/wiki/Mortarboard "Mortarboard") used in graduation ceremonies with the traditional *peta*.{{cite news \| url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Mysore\-peta\-in\-graduation\-cap\-out/articleshow/1670080\.cms \| title\=Mysore peta in university \| date\=23 February 2007 \| access\-date\=15 July 2012 \| archive\-date\=21 October 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007\-02\-23/bangalore/27886111\_1\_caps\-mysore\-peta\-convocation \| work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \| url\-status\=live }}
#### Rajasthani safa
Turbans in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan") are called *pagari* or "safa". They are distinctive in style and colour, and indicate the caste, social class and region of the wearer. In the hot and dry regions, turbans are large and loose. The *paggar* is traditional in [Mewar](/wiki/Mewar "Mewar") while the *safa* is to [Marwar](/wiki/Marwar "Marwar").{{cite web \| url\=http://rajasthanfoundation.gov.in/culture\-lifestyle.htm \| title\=Paggar and safa \| publisher\=rajasthanfoundation.gov.in \| access\-date\=15 July 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727083438/http://www.rajasthanfoundation.gov.in/culture\-lifestyle.htm \| archive\-date\=27 July 2012 \| url\-status\=dead }} The colour of the *pagaris* have special importance and so does the *pagari* itself. In the past, saffron stood for valour and chivalry. A white turban stood for mourning. The exchange of a turban meant undying friendship.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/artandcraft/turban.html \| title\=Pagaris \| publisher\=rajasthanunlimited.com \| access\-date\=15 July 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507021557/http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/artandcraft/turban.html \| archive\-date\=7 May 2012 \| url\-status\=dead }}{{cite book \| title\=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A glimpse into medieval Rajasthan \| publisher\=APH Publishing \| author\=M.S. Naravane \| pages\=41 \| isbn\=8176481181\| year\=1999 }}[thumb\|[Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru "Jawaharlal Nehru") wearing the Gandhi cap, 1946](/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_1946.jpg "Jawaharlal Nehru 1946.jpg")
#### Gandhi topi
{{Main\|Gandhi topi}}
The Gandhi cap, a white coloured cap made of [khadi](/wiki/Khadi "Khadi") was popularised by [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") during the [Indian independence movement](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement "Indian independence movement"). The practice of wearing a Gandhi cap was carried on even after independence and became a symbolic tradition for politicians and social activists. The cap has been worn throughout history in many states such as [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"), [Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh "Uttar Pradesh") and [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal "West Bengal") and is still worn by many people without political significance. In 2013, the cap regained its political symbolism through the [Aam Aadmi Party](/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party "Aam Aadmi Party"), which flaunted Gandhi caps with "I am a Common Man" written over it. This was partly influenced by the "I Am Anna" caps used during [Anna Hazare](/wiki/Anna_Hazare "Anna Hazare")'s Lokpal movement. During the [2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election](/wiki/2013_Delhi_Legislative_Assembly_election "2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election"), these caps led to a scuffle between Aam Aadmi Party and Congress workers, based on the reasoning that Gandhi caps were being used for political benefits.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\-delhi\-polls\-aap\-congress\-workers\-scuffle\-over\-gandhi\-caps\-1929488 \| title\=Delhi polls: AAP, Congress workers scuffle over Gandhi caps \| publisher\=DNA India \| access\-date\=3 December 2013 \| archive\-date\=6 December 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206142141/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\-delhi\-polls\-aap\-congress\-workers\-scuffle\-over\-gandhi\-caps\-1929488 \| url\-status\=live }}
#### The Kashmir shawl
{{Main\|Kashmir shawl}}
One of India's most famous exports was the Kashmir shawl, distinctive for its Kashmiri weave, and traditionally made of *[shahtoosh](/wiki/Shahtoosh "Shahtoosh")* or *[pashmina](/wiki/Pashmina "Pashmina")* wool. Valued for its warmth, lightweight, and characteristic [*buta*](/wiki/Buta_%28ornament%29 "Buta (ornament)") design, the Kashmir shawl was originally used by Mughal royalty and nobility. In the late 18th century, it arrived in Europe, where its use by [Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") and [Empress Joséphine of France](/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine "Empress Joséphine") popularised it as a symbol of exotic luxury and status. It became a toponym for the [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") region itself (as [cashmere](/wiki/Cashmere_wool "Cashmere wool")), inspiring mass\-produced imitation industries in Europe, and popularising the *buta*, today known as the [Paisley motif](/wiki/Paisley_%28design%29 "Paisley (design)"). Today, it continues to be a symbol of luxury in the Western world, commonly used as a gift to visiting dignitaries and used by public figures.
|
[
"Male clothing\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|An Indian model in [Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani \"Sherwani\")](/wiki/File:PrateikBabbar.jpg \"PrateikBabbar.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A man wearing a dhoti.](/wiki/File:Achan-dhoti-tipu-sultan-fort.jpg \"Achan-dhoti-tipu-sultan-fort.jpg\")",
"### Traditional clothing",
"For men, traditional clothes are the [Achkan](/wiki/Achkan \"Achkan\")/[Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani \"Sherwani\"), [Bandhgala](/wiki/Bandhgala \"Bandhgala\"), [Lungi](/wiki/Lungi \"Lungi\"), [Kurta](/wiki/Kurta \"Kurta\"), [Angarkha](/wiki/Angarkha \"Angarkha\"), [Jama](/wiki/Jama_costume \"Jama costume\"), [Dhoti](/wiki/Dhoti \"Dhoti\") or [Kurta](/wiki/Kurta \"Kurta\") [Pajama](/wiki/Pajama \"Pajama\"). Additionally, recently western clothing such as [trousers](/wiki/Trousers \"Trousers\") and [shirts](/wiki/Shirt \"Shirt\") have been accepted as traditional Indian dress by the Government of India.{{cite book\\|title\\=Social Science a Textbook i History for Class IX as per New Syllabus\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=W7c8TBQhoAIC\\&pg\\=PA149\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2012\\|publisher\\=FK Publications\\|pages\\=149–\\|id\\=GGKEY:PSTUKL4X874\\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103072921/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=W7c8TBQhoAIC\\&pg\\=PA149\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Undergarments",
"{{Main\\| Kaupinam \\| Langota }}\nA kaupinam is unsewn while the langota is a sewn [loincloth](/wiki/Loincloth \"Loincloth\") typically worn as [underwear](/wiki/Underwear \"Underwear\") in [dangal](/wiki/Akhara%23Dangal \"Akhara#Dangal\") held in [akharas](/wiki/Akhara \"Akhara\"), especially [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling_in_India \"Wrestling in India\"), in order to prevent [hernias](/wiki/Hernias \"Hernias\") and [hydrocele](/wiki/Hydrocele \"Hydrocele\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Raman Das Mahatyagi\\|title\\=Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IjpmZ3ysHTsC\\&pg\\=PA33\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=YATAN Ayurvedics\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9803761\\-0\\-4\\|page\\=33\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142505/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IjpmZ3ysHTsC\\&pg\\=PA33\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"It is mandatory for [Sikhs](/wiki/Sikhs \"Sikhs\") to wear [kacchera](/wiki/Kacchera \"Kacchera\").",
"{{cite book\\|author\\=Michael Dahl\\|title\\=India\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JW653gAa1T0C\\&pg\\=PA13\\|date\\=January 2006\\|publisher\\=Capstone Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7368\\-8374\\-0\\|page\\=13\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426083913/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JW653gAa1T0C\\&pg\\=PA13\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is held in place by a style of wrapping and sometimes with the help of a belt, either as an ornamental and embroidered piece or a flat and simple one, secured around the waist.{{cite book\\|last\\=Sarina Singh\\|title\\=India\\|date\\=1 September 2009\\|publisher\\=Lonely Planet\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-74179\\-151\\-8\\|pages\\=63–\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vK88ktao7pIC\\&pg\\=PA63\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430061036/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vK88ktao7pIC\\&pg\\=PA63\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Owing to its widespread popularity throughout India, different languages have different terms to describe dhotis. In [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\"), it is called *dhotar*. In [Punjabi](/wiki/Punjabi_language \"Punjabi language\"), it is known as a *chadra.* In [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_language \"Gujarati language\"), it's known as \"Dhotiyu\", while in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\") they are called *Pancha.* In [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\"), they are called *veyti,* and over the dhoti, men wear shirts or kurtas.",
"#### Panche or Lungi",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A *[Chakravartin](/wiki/Chakravartin \"Chakravartin\")* wearing a *pancha*. [Amaravathi](/wiki/Amaravathi_%28village%29%2C_Guntur_district \"Amaravathi (village), Guntur district\"), Andhra Pradesh; first century BCE. ([Musee Guimet](/wiki/Musee_Guimet \"Musee Guimet\"))](/wiki/File:Indian_Relief_of_Ashoka%2C_circa_1st_century_BC%2C_from_the_Amaravathi_village%2C_Guntur_district%2C_Andhra_Pradesh_%28India%29%2C_in_the_Guimet_Museum_%28Paris%29.jpg \"Indian Relief of Ashoka, circa 1st century BC, from the Amaravathi village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh (India), in the Guimet Museum (Paris).jpg\")",
"A *Lungi* is another traditional garment of India. A *[Mundu](/wiki/Mundu \"Mundu\")* is a lungi, except that it is always white. It is either tucked in, over the waist, up to knee\\-length, or is allowed to lie over and reach up to the ankle. It is usually tucked in when the person is working, in fields or workshops, and left open usually as a mark of respect, in worship places, or when the person is around dignitaries.",
"Lungis, generally, are of two types: the open lungi and the stitched lungi. The open lungi is a plain sheet of cotton or silk, whereas the stitched one has both of its open ends stitched together to form a tube\\-like structure.",
"Though mostly worn by men, elderly women also prefer lungi to other garments owing to its good aeration.{{cite web\\|last\\=Encyclopedia\\|title\\=Lungi and Dhoti\\|url\\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\\-3425500051\\.html\\|work\\=Description about Lungi and Dhoti\\|publisher\\=HighBeam Research Inc\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614045715/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\\-3425500051\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is most popular in south India, though people of Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Somalia also can be seen in lungis, because of the heat and humidity, which create an unpleasant climate for trousers, though trousers have now become common outside the house.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/lungi.html \\|title\\=Indian Lungi \\|work\\=Indian Mirror \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016054723/http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/lungi.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Achkan",
"{{Main\\|Achkan}}\n[thumbnail\\|*[Achkan](/wiki/Achkan \"Achkan\")* sherwani and *[churidar](/wiki/Churidar \"Churidar\")* (lower body) worn by [Arvind Singh Mewar](/wiki/Arvind_Singh_Mewar \"Arvind Singh Mewar\") and his kin during a [Hindu wedding](/wiki/Hindu_wedding \"Hindu wedding\") in Rajasthan, India.](/wiki/File:Rajput_Sherwani_2014-04-23_04-27.JPG \"Rajput Sherwani 2014-04-23 04-27.JPG\")\nAchkan is a small jacket that usually sports exposed buttons throughout the length of the jacket. The length is usually just at the knees and the jacket ends just below the knee. Achkan is very similar to the [Sherwani](/wiki/Sherwani \"Sherwani\") which is a much longer coat\\-jacket dress. The jacket has a [Nehru collar](/wiki/Nehru_collar \"Nehru collar\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Armilla\\|first\\=Jose\\|title\\=Negotiate With Feng Shui: Enhance Your Skills in Diplomacy, Business, and Relationships\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sWVVBvbUWKcC\\&pg\\=PA78\\|year\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Llewellyn Worldwide\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56718\\-038\\-1\\|page\\=78\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430231319/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sWVVBvbUWKcC\\&pg\\=PA78\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Achkan was mostly worn with tight\\-fitting pants or trousers called [churidars](/wiki/Churidar \"Churidar\"). Achkan is made from various fabrics for both formal and informal occasions. The achkan features traditional Indian embroidery like gota and badla. Achkan was commonly worn by the grooms during wedding ceremonies{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tehelka.com/2016/01/nehrus\\-style\\-statement/ \\|title\\=Nehru's style statement \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701091856/http://www.tehelka.com/2016/01/nehrus\\-style\\-statement/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} or other formal festive occasions in the Indian subcontinent but when it evolved into the Nehru Jacket, the achkan became less worn. It was used by men. In India, the achkan is generally worn for formal occasions in winter, especially by those from [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\"), [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), Uttar Pradesh and [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Telangana \"Hyderabad, Telangana\"). The achkan later evolved into the [Nehru Jacket](/wiki/Nehru_Jacket \"Nehru Jacket\"), which is now popular in India. It may be embroidered with gold or silver. A scarf called a dupatta is sometimes added to the achkan.",
"#### Bandhgala",
"{{Main\\|Jodhpuri}}\nA *Jodhpuri* or a *Bandhgala* is a formal evening suit from India. It originated in the [Jodhpur State](/wiki/Jodhpur_State \"Jodhpur State\"), and was popularized during the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") in India. Also known as *Jodhpuri Suit*,{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} it is a western style suit product, with a [coat](/wiki/Coat_%28clothing%29 \"Coat (clothing)\") and a [trouser](/wiki/Trouser \"Trouser\"), at times accompanied by a [vest](/wiki/Vest \"Vest\"). It brings together the western cut with Indian hand\\-[embroidery](/wiki/Embroidery \"Embroidery\") escorted by the [Waist coat](/wiki/Waist_coat \"Waist coat\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Now\\-bandhgala\\-in\\-a\\-casual\\-look/Article1\\-556306\\.aspx \\|title\\=Now, ''bandhgala'' in a casual look \\|author\\=Veenu Singh \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=12 June 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830085539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Now\\-bandhgala\\-in\\-a\\-casual\\-look/Article1\\-556306\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011 }} It is suitable for occasions such as weddings and formal gatherings.",
"The material can be silk or any other suiting material. Normally, the material is lined at the collar and at the buttons with embroidery. This can be plain, jacquard, or *jamewari* material. Normally, the trousers match that of the coat. There is also a trend now to wear contrasting trousers to match the coat colour. Bandhgala quickly became a popular formal and semi\\-formal uniform across [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") and eventually throughout India.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Behold the Bandhgala\\|url\\=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt\\-more/fashion/fashion\\-trend\\-for\\-men\\-bandhgala\\-designer\\-raghavendra\\-rathore/story/209723\\.html\\|author\\=Raghavendra Rathore\\|date\\=11 September 2014 \\|author\\-link\\=Raghavendra Rathore\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514235011/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt\\-more/fashion/fashion\\-trend\\-for\\-men\\-bandhgala\\-designer\\-raghavendra\\-rathore/story/209723\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Angarkha",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Garba](/wiki/Garba_%28dance%29 \"Garba (dance)\") dancers, [Ahmedabad](/wiki/Ahmedabad \"Ahmedabad\"). On the left, a male dancer in a Gujarati Angarakha](/wiki/File:Navratri_Garba.jpg \"Navratri Garba.jpg\")\nThe term angarkha is derived from the [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") word {{IAST\\|Aṅgarakṣaka}}, which means protection of the body.Zaira Mis, Marcel Mis (2001\\) Asian Costumes and Textiles: From the Bosphorus to Fujiama [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V\\-wcAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=angarkha\\+\\+sanskrit](https://books.google.com/books?id=V-wcAQAAIAAJ&q=angarkha++sanskrit) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729161924/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V\\-wcAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=angarkha\\+\\+sanskrit\\&dq\\=angarkha\\+\\+sanskrit\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIiIfj\\-e3dxgIVqhbbCh1dWgDU\\|date\\=29 July 2020}} The angarkha was worn in various parts of the [Indian subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent \"Indian subcontinent\"), but while the basic cut remained the same, styles and lengths varied from region to region. Angarakha is a traditional upper garment worn in the Indian subcontinent which overlaps and is tied to the left or right shoulder. Historically, the Angrakha was a court outfit that a person could wrap around himself, offering flexible ease with the knots and ties appropriate for wearing in the various principalities of ancient India.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qYK1AAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=angarkha \\|title\\=Kumar, Ritu (2006\\) Costumes and textiles of royal India \\|isbn\\=9781851495092 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144123/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qYK1AAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=angarkha\\&dq\\=angarkha\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMI9PzF2\\_jdxgIV6QfbCh0zwArh \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Kumar \\|first1\\=Ritu \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Antique Collectors' Club }}",
"#### Jama",
"The [jama](/wiki/Jama_%28coat%29 \"Jama (coat)\") is a long coat that was popular during the [Mughal period](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\"). There are many types of jama costumes which were worn in various regions of [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), the use of which began to wane by the end of the 19th century A.D.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=irh9dvlLz3MC\\&dq\\=jama\\+dress\\+gujarat\\&pg\\=PA154 \\|title\\=Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1966\\) Indian Costume \\|isbn\\=9788171544035 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729141240/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=irh9dvlLz3MC\\&pg\\=PA154\\&lpg\\=PA154\\&dq\\=jama\\+dress\\+gujarat\\&source\\=bl\\&ots\\=CkZu8NBJvV\\&sig\\=WUKd3Z5Rfzv7WHhA3wOnbd7cYs4\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=0CCgQ6AEwAWoVChMIycDnoNK3xwIVipgaCh1VbAxa\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=jama%20dress%20gujarat\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Ghurye \\|first1\\=Govind Sadashiv \\|year\\=1966 \\|publisher\\=Popular Prakashan }} However, men in parts of Kutch still wear the *jama* also known as the [angarkha](/wiki/Angarkha \"Angarkha\"){{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hdOsQadR9\\_cC\\&dq\\=angharka\\&pg\\=PA4 \\|title\\=Tierney, Tom (2013\\) Fashions from India \\|isbn\\=9780486430409 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144046/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hdOsQadR9\\_cC\\&pg\\=PA4\\&dq\\=kurta\\+mens\\+punjab\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ei\\=i\\_1xVbCXLIv3UMmHg8AP\\&ved\\=0CGIQ6AEwCTgK\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=angharka\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Tierney \\|first1\\=Tom \\|date\\=17 July 2013 \\|publisher\\=Courier Corporation }} which has an asymmetric opening with the skirt flaring out to around the hips.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000902/windows/main7\\.htm \\|title\\=Sarosh Medhora (02\\.09\\.2000\\) The Tribune. Focus on men's formals \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222131/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000902/windows/main7\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, some styles fall to below the knees.",
"### Headgear",
"The Indian turban or the *[pagri](/wiki/Pagri_%28turban%29 \"Pagri (turban)\")* is worn in many regions in the country, incorporating various styles and designs depending on the place. Other types of headgear such as the [Taqiyah](/wiki/Taqiyah_%28cap%29 \"Taqiyah (cap)\") and [Gandhi cap](/wiki/Gandhi_cap \"Gandhi cap\") are worn by different communities within the country to signify a common ideology or interest.",
"#### Dastar",
"{{Main\\| Dastar}}\n[thumb\\|Sikh man and women wearing [Turban](/wiki/Turban \"Turban\")](/wiki/File:Its_relatives_from_sikh_community_weddings.png \"Its relatives from sikh community weddings.png\")\nThe [Dastar](/wiki/Dastar \"Dastar\"), also known as a [pagri](/wiki/Pagri_%28turban%29 \"Pagri (turban)\"), is a turban worn by the [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh \"Sikh\") community of India. Is a symbol of faith representing values such as valour, honour and spirituality among others. It is worn to protect the Sikh's long, uncut hair, the [Kesh](/wiki/Kesh_%28Sikhism%29 \"Kesh (Sikhism)\") which is one of [the Five Ks](/wiki/The_Five_Ks \"The Five Ks\") of [Sikhism](/wiki/Sikhism \"Sikhism\").{{cite book \\|first1\\=Mark \\|last1\\=Cobb \\|first2\\=Christina M \\|last2\\=Puchalski \\|first3\\=Bruce \\|last3\\=Rumbold \\|title\\=Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in healthcare \\| year\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\| pages\\=91 \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-957139\\-0}} Over the years, the dastar has evolved into different styles pertaining to the various sects of Sikhism such as the [Nihang](/wiki/Nihang \"Nihang\") and the [Namdhari](/wiki/Namdhari \"Namdhari\").{{cite book \\| title\\=Sikhs in the Diaspora \\| publisher\\=Sikh publishing house \\| author\\=Surinder Singh Bakshi \\| pages\\=222 \\| isbn\\=9780956072801\\| date\\=July 2009 }}",
"#### Pheta",
"{{Main\\|Pheta}}\n*Pheta* is the [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\") name for turbans worn in the state of [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"). Its usually worn during traditional ceremonies and occasions. It was a mandatory part of clothing in the past and have evolved into various styles in different regions.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html \\| title\\=Kolhapur pheta \\| publisher\\=kolhapurworld.com \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233839/http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html \\| archive\\-date\\=2 October 2012}} The main types are the [Puneri Pagadi](/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi \"Puneri Pagadi\"), Kolhapuri and Mawali *pheta*.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/from\\-baseball\\-caps\\-to\\-phetas/475803/0 \\| title\\=Types of pheta \\| work\\=Indian Express \\| date\\=13 June 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012}}",
"#### Mysore Peta",
"{{Main\\|Mysore peta}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Traditional Mysore Peta on a bust of [M. Visvesvaraya](/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya \"M. Visvesvaraya\")](/wiki/File:Sir_M._Vishweswariah.JPG \"Sir M. Vishweswariah.JPG\")\nOriginally worn by the kings of [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore \"Mysore\") during formal meeting in [durbar](/wiki/Durbar_%28court%29 \"Durbar (court)\") and in ceremonial processions during festivals, and meeting with foreign dignitaries, the Mysore peta has come to signify the cultural tradition of the Mysore and [Kodagu district](/wiki/Kodagu_district \"Kodagu district\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.mapsofindia.com/mysore/peta\\-turban.html \\| title\\=Mysore Peta \\| publisher\\=mapsofindia.com \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=14 February 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214084745/http://www.mapsofindia.com/mysore/peta\\-turban.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }} The [Mysore University](/wiki/Mysore_University \"Mysore University\") replaced the conventional [mortarboard](/wiki/Mortarboard \"Mortarboard\") used in graduation ceremonies with the traditional *peta*.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Mysore\\-peta\\-in\\-graduation\\-cap\\-out/articleshow/1670080\\.cms \\| title\\=Mysore peta in university \\| date\\=23 February 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\| archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007\\-02\\-23/bangalore/27886111\\_1\\_caps\\-mysore\\-peta\\-convocation \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Rajasthani safa",
"Turbans in [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\") are called *pagari* or \"safa\". They are distinctive in style and colour, and indicate the caste, social class and region of the wearer. In the hot and dry regions, turbans are large and loose. The *paggar* is traditional in [Mewar](/wiki/Mewar \"Mewar\") while the *safa* is to [Marwar](/wiki/Marwar \"Marwar\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://rajasthanfoundation.gov.in/culture\\-lifestyle.htm \\| title\\=Paggar and safa \\| publisher\\=rajasthanfoundation.gov.in \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727083438/http://www.rajasthanfoundation.gov.in/culture\\-lifestyle.htm \\| archive\\-date\\=27 July 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} The colour of the *pagaris* have special importance and so does the *pagari* itself. In the past, saffron stood for valour and chivalry. A white turban stood for mourning. The exchange of a turban meant undying friendship.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/artandcraft/turban.html \\| title\\=Pagaris \\| publisher\\=rajasthanunlimited.com \\| access\\-date\\=15 July 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507021557/http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/artandcraft/turban.html \\| archive\\-date\\=7 May 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite book \\| title\\=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A glimpse into medieval Rajasthan \\| publisher\\=APH Publishing \\| author\\=M.S. Naravane \\| pages\\=41 \\| isbn\\=8176481181\\| year\\=1999 }}[thumb\\|[Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru \"Jawaharlal Nehru\") wearing the Gandhi cap, 1946](/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_1946.jpg \"Jawaharlal Nehru 1946.jpg\")",
"#### Gandhi topi",
"{{Main\\|Gandhi topi}}\nThe Gandhi cap, a white coloured cap made of [khadi](/wiki/Khadi \"Khadi\") was popularised by [Mahatma Gandhi](/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi \"Mahatma Gandhi\") during the [Indian independence movement](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement \"Indian independence movement\"). The practice of wearing a Gandhi cap was carried on even after independence and became a symbolic tradition for politicians and social activists. The cap has been worn throughout history in many states such as [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"), [Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh \"Uttar Pradesh\") and [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\") and is still worn by many people without political significance. In 2013, the cap regained its political symbolism through the [Aam Aadmi Party](/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party \"Aam Aadmi Party\"), which flaunted Gandhi caps with \"I am a Common Man\" written over it. This was partly influenced by the \"I Am Anna\" caps used during [Anna Hazare](/wiki/Anna_Hazare \"Anna Hazare\")'s Lokpal movement. During the [2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election](/wiki/2013_Delhi_Legislative_Assembly_election \"2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election\"), these caps led to a scuffle between Aam Aadmi Party and Congress workers, based on the reasoning that Gandhi caps were being used for political benefits.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\\-delhi\\-polls\\-aap\\-congress\\-workers\\-scuffle\\-over\\-gandhi\\-caps\\-1929488 \\| title\\=Delhi polls: AAP, Congress workers scuffle over Gandhi caps \\| publisher\\=DNA India \\| access\\-date\\=3 December 2013 \\| archive\\-date\\=6 December 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206142141/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\\-delhi\\-polls\\-aap\\-congress\\-workers\\-scuffle\\-over\\-gandhi\\-caps\\-1929488 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### The Kashmir shawl",
"{{Main\\|Kashmir shawl}}\nOne of India's most famous exports was the Kashmir shawl, distinctive for its Kashmiri weave, and traditionally made of *[shahtoosh](/wiki/Shahtoosh \"Shahtoosh\")* or *[pashmina](/wiki/Pashmina \"Pashmina\")* wool. Valued for its warmth, lightweight, and characteristic [*buta*](/wiki/Buta_%28ornament%29 \"Buta (ornament)\") design, the Kashmir shawl was originally used by Mughal royalty and nobility. In the late 18th century, it arrived in Europe, where its use by [Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") and [Empress Joséphine of France](/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine \"Empress Joséphine\") popularised it as a symbol of exotic luxury and status. It became a toponym for the [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") region itself (as [cashmere](/wiki/Cashmere_wool \"Cashmere wool\")), inspiring mass\\-produced imitation industries in Europe, and popularising the *buta*, today known as the [Paisley motif](/wiki/Paisley_%28design%29 \"Paisley (design)\"). Today, it continues to be a symbol of luxury in the Western world, commonly used as a gift to visiting dignitaries and used by public figures.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film begins in 1944, [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), taking place after the events of *[Puppet Master III: Toulon's Revenge](/wiki/Puppet_Master_III:Toulon%27s_Revenge "Toulon's Revenge")*. [Toulon](/wiki/Andre_Toulon "Andre Toulon") and his little friends are still on the run, and decide to hide in the [Kolewige](/wiki/Kolewige "Kolewige"), an [inn](/wiki/Inn "Inn") {{convert\|4\|mi\|abbr\=on}} from the Swiss [border](/wiki/Border "Border"). Blade finds the wooden head of an old puppet named Cyclops in their trunk, and when Toulon sees it, he then tells his puppets the adventures he had with the woman he loves, and his retro puppets, starting in [Cairo, Egypt](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Egypt "Cairo, Egypt"), in 1902\.
A 3,000\-year\-old [Egyptian](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") [sorcerer](/wiki/Magician_%28paranormal%29 "Magician (paranormal)"), named Afzel, has stolen the [secret of life](/wiki/Immortality "Immortality"), and is fleeing the servants of an evil [Egyptian god](/wiki/Egyptian_god "Egyptian god"), named [Sutekh](/wiki/Set_%28deity%29 "Set (deity)"). Two servants, imbued with magical power from Sutekh, attack him, but are killed easily by Afzel and his own magical power. After dispatching the two servants he begins his journey to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris").
Meanwhile, Sutekh has given life to three of his oldest servants—Egyptian mummies. After they rise from their chamber they too begin to pursue Afzel. Cut to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), where a young André Toulon is putting on a puppet show of [Dante's Divine Comedy](/wiki/Dante%27s_Divine_Comedy "Dante's Divine Comedy"). Watching from the crowd is Elsa, who has left her cruel, cold\-hearted, abusive, ambassador father and harmless mother to view the wonders of the country and has decided to see the play. In the sewers nearby the three mummies have hired two thugs to kill Afzel. The thugs are necessary since Afzel has the power to sense the coming of the mummies.
Afzel is beaten brutally until Elsa, leaving the theater, sees them and cries for help. The thugs then scatter, leaving Toulon and Elsa to pick Afzel up and bring him inside. Later, when he stirs from his sleep, he talks with Toulon and reveals that he knows the secret of life, and it's the only thing that can protect humankind when the elder gods rise up in 100\-1,000 years, and needs to pass it on to Toulon. Toulon is skeptical until Afzel begins to make the puppets move. Now Toulon realizes he is genuine and begins to learn his powers. Then Afzel starts to make the puppets draw a barrier that's supposed to protect him if the servants come back.
While stepping outside for a brief moment, Toulon begins to talk to a beggar who has sat on the steps since the beginning of the movie. However, he is dead, and when Andre becomes aware of this he begins to mourn. Afzel tells him to bring him inside to teach him the true secret of life. After bringing him inside they use a ring to transfer the soul of the beggar to the puppet, "*Pinhead*". The puppet starts to move but, after a few questions the puppet runs away into the theater. Later on, Elsa returns to talk to Toulon, until her father's rude servants come by, and they take Elsa and Toulon back to her house, and after Toulon talks to the father, he gets knocked out, and is then thrown into the woods.
The next day, back at the theater, Valentin storms in as the barrier written on paper falls off the wall. The three mummies see their chance to attack and begin their rampage through the theater. Valentin finishes repairing the door as two of the mummies break in and kill him. Vigo runs backstage to Duval and Latour and falls dead. Duval stabs the lead mummy in his hand as the mummy kills him with his other hand. Latuor gets out a gun and shoots the lead mummy three times as the other mummy comes in through the back door and all three of them use their magic to kill him. Afzel appears and says Sutekh shall not claim his life, and kills himself with his own magic. Satisfied with victory, the mummies begin to leave. Once Toulon returns from the woods, he sees what has happened and acts quickly by putting their souls inside his puppets.
The men return, having sensed someone with the knowledge of the secret of life, and try to kill Toulon. Six\-Shooter, however, kills one of the mummies by shooting the chandelier chains, causing it to crush the servant. The two henchmen retreat in order to plot the capture of Elsa to lure Toulon into a trap.
Feeling that he had won the battle, André and his puppets go to a train station to leave [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") to [Calais, France](/wiki/Calais%2C_France "Calais, France") before things start to get bad, not realizing they had already begun. The servants killed her father, the guards and capture Elsa, and then send a dream to Toulon that shows Elsa tied up, and a train. Knowing the meaning, he quickly changes trains to [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") and gets his puppets ready for the showdown. When the train leaves, André looks around, having released his puppets and letting them follow him throughout the train, until finally coming to the last car and finding Elsa tied up like in his dream. The two men appear and ask for the secret of life. André displays the scroll where the secret is written and asks, "*How do you know I haven't copied it?*" to which the leader states he did not have enough time to do so, but still is doubtful he hadn't. André, noticing he is distracted, attacks the leader while his puppets attack the other. A large struggle breaks out, and the other henchman is killed with the final leader of the three being thrown from the car. Freeing Elsa, the group rides away in the train, beginning their adventure. After telling the story, the puppets wonder what happened to the other puppets. Andre tells them that's another story, which he will tell them in the future.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film begins in 1944, [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), taking place after the events of *[Puppet Master III: Toulon's Revenge](/wiki/Puppet_Master_III:Toulon%27s_Revenge \"Toulon's Revenge\")*. [Toulon](/wiki/Andre_Toulon \"Andre Toulon\") and his little friends are still on the run, and decide to hide in the [Kolewige](/wiki/Kolewige \"Kolewige\"), an [inn](/wiki/Inn \"Inn\") {{convert\\|4\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} from the Swiss [border](/wiki/Border \"Border\"). Blade finds the wooden head of an old puppet named Cyclops in their trunk, and when Toulon sees it, he then tells his puppets the adventures he had with the woman he loves, and his retro puppets, starting in [Cairo, Egypt](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Egypt \"Cairo, Egypt\"), in 1902\\.",
"A 3,000\\-year\\-old [Egyptian](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") [sorcerer](/wiki/Magician_%28paranormal%29 \"Magician (paranormal)\"), named Afzel, has stolen the [secret of life](/wiki/Immortality \"Immortality\"), and is fleeing the servants of an evil [Egyptian god](/wiki/Egyptian_god \"Egyptian god\"), named [Sutekh](/wiki/Set_%28deity%29 \"Set (deity)\"). Two servants, imbued with magical power from Sutekh, attack him, but are killed easily by Afzel and his own magical power. After dispatching the two servants he begins his journey to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\").",
"Meanwhile, Sutekh has given life to three of his oldest servants—Egyptian mummies. After they rise from their chamber they too begin to pursue Afzel. Cut to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), where a young André Toulon is putting on a puppet show of [Dante's Divine Comedy](/wiki/Dante%27s_Divine_Comedy \"Dante's Divine Comedy\"). Watching from the crowd is Elsa, who has left her cruel, cold\\-hearted, abusive, ambassador father and harmless mother to view the wonders of the country and has decided to see the play. In the sewers nearby the three mummies have hired two thugs to kill Afzel. The thugs are necessary since Afzel has the power to sense the coming of the mummies.",
"Afzel is beaten brutally until Elsa, leaving the theater, sees them and cries for help. The thugs then scatter, leaving Toulon and Elsa to pick Afzel up and bring him inside. Later, when he stirs from his sleep, he talks with Toulon and reveals that he knows the secret of life, and it's the only thing that can protect humankind when the elder gods rise up in 100\\-1,000 years, and needs to pass it on to Toulon. Toulon is skeptical until Afzel begins to make the puppets move. Now Toulon realizes he is genuine and begins to learn his powers. Then Afzel starts to make the puppets draw a barrier that's supposed to protect him if the servants come back.",
"While stepping outside for a brief moment, Toulon begins to talk to a beggar who has sat on the steps since the beginning of the movie. However, he is dead, and when Andre becomes aware of this he begins to mourn. Afzel tells him to bring him inside to teach him the true secret of life. After bringing him inside they use a ring to transfer the soul of the beggar to the puppet, \"*Pinhead*\". The puppet starts to move but, after a few questions the puppet runs away into the theater. Later on, Elsa returns to talk to Toulon, until her father's rude servants come by, and they take Elsa and Toulon back to her house, and after Toulon talks to the father, he gets knocked out, and is then thrown into the woods.",
"The next day, back at the theater, Valentin storms in as the barrier written on paper falls off the wall. The three mummies see their chance to attack and begin their rampage through the theater. Valentin finishes repairing the door as two of the mummies break in and kill him. Vigo runs backstage to Duval and Latour and falls dead. Duval stabs the lead mummy in his hand as the mummy kills him with his other hand. Latuor gets out a gun and shoots the lead mummy three times as the other mummy comes in through the back door and all three of them use their magic to kill him. Afzel appears and says Sutekh shall not claim his life, and kills himself with his own magic. Satisfied with victory, the mummies begin to leave. Once Toulon returns from the woods, he sees what has happened and acts quickly by putting their souls inside his puppets.",
"The men return, having sensed someone with the knowledge of the secret of life, and try to kill Toulon. Six\\-Shooter, however, kills one of the mummies by shooting the chandelier chains, causing it to crush the servant. The two henchmen retreat in order to plot the capture of Elsa to lure Toulon into a trap.",
"Feeling that he had won the battle, André and his puppets go to a train station to leave [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") to [Calais, France](/wiki/Calais%2C_France \"Calais, France\") before things start to get bad, not realizing they had already begun. The servants killed her father, the guards and capture Elsa, and then send a dream to Toulon that shows Elsa tied up, and a train. Knowing the meaning, he quickly changes trains to [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") and gets his puppets ready for the showdown. When the train leaves, André looks around, having released his puppets and letting them follow him throughout the train, until finally coming to the last car and finding Elsa tied up like in his dream. The two men appear and ask for the secret of life. André displays the scroll where the secret is written and asks, \"*How do you know I haven't copied it?*\" to which the leader states he did not have enough time to do so, but still is doubtful he hadn't. André, noticing he is distracted, attacks the leader while his puppets attack the other. A large struggle breaks out, and the other henchman is killed with the final leader of the three being thrown from the car. Freeing Elsa, the group rides away in the train, beginning their adventure. After telling the story, the puppets wonder what happened to the other puppets. Andre tells them that's another story, which he will tell them in the future.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|Zahid Malik in his study](/wiki/File:Journalist_zahid_malik_in_his_study.jpg "Journalist zahid malik in his study.jpg")
### Early life
Born on October 5, 1937, in a small village of [Sialkot](/wiki/Sialkot "Sialkot") District,{{Cite book\|title\=Zahid\-e\- Pakistan\|publisher\=Hurmat Publications}} Malik belonged to a well\-educated family. After he completed his graduation from Jinnah Islamia College Sialkot, Malik started his career as a civil servant. After his retirement as a joint secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Malik launched a monthly [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu_language "Urdu language") news and views magazine *Hurmat* in 1980 and later started the [English language](/wiki/English_language "English language") daily *Pakistan Observer*. He was the Editor\-in\-Chief and publisher of the newspaper.{{Cite news\|title\=Obituary: Journalist Zahid Malik passes away\|newspaper\=The Express Tribune newspaper\|url\= https://tribune.com.pk/story/1174461/obituary\-journalist\-zahid\-malik\-passes\-away \|date\=2 September 2016\|access\-date\=14 January 2024}}
### Religious views
Malik was a devout Muslim; his daily routine started by offering [fajr prayers](/wiki/Fajr_prayer "Fajr prayer") in the morning and he recited the Quran several times a day.
### Family
Malik has four children; three sons and one daughter; they are all active in field of journalism.
### Prisoner \#2627
When he was arrested on charges of official secret act, he was labelled as prisoner number 2627\. He later used this as his [pen name](/wiki/Pen_name "Pen name") and used it to refer to himself in the books he wrote about [Dr. A.Q. Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan "Abdul Qadeer Khan").
### Patriotism
Malik considered himself a patriot, and only found himself at odds with his country on two occasions: once in 1971 when [Bangladesh was separated from Pakistan](/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War "Bangladesh Liberation War"), and again when he was arrested for writing the biography of Dr. A. Q. Khan, as he was wrongly being labelled as a traitor to the country (although he was officially pardoned by high court judge of that time).
Malik was patron\-in\-chief of the [Nazaria\-e\-Pakistan](/wiki/Nazaria-e-Pakistan "Nazaria-e-Pakistan") Council, chairman of the International Seerat Centre and the Foundation for Coexistence of Civilizations. He was also the founder\-chairman of the think tank '101 Friends of China', a non\-governmental organisation aimed towards improving Pak\-China ties.
### A.Q. Khan
[thumb\|Zahid Malik with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan](/wiki/File:Zahid_malik_And_AQ_khan.jpeg "Zahid malik And AQ khan.jpeg")
Malik was a close friend and the only biographer of Pakistani scientist [Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan "Abdul Qadeer Khan").{{Cite news\|title\=Zahid Malik and Nuclear Pakistan\|work\=Pakistan Observer\|url\=https://pakobserver.net/zahid\-malik\-and\-nuclear\-pakistan/}} He wrote several books about Khan, which include *Dr A.Q. Khan and the Islamic Bomb* (in English and Urdu) and *Mohsin\-e\-Pakistan ki Debriefing*.
When he completed writing the Khan's biography, he was arrested on 6 August 1989 on charges of violation of the Official Secrets Act. His arrest caused outrage in international media and among political leaders, so he was released on bail on 22 August 1989\.{{Cite book\|title\=Dr. A.Q. Khan aur Islami Bomb (urdu Version)\|publisher\=Hurmat\|year\=1999}}
He was put on trial for leaking government secrets in his book, but was found not guilty. Malik continued to support Khan as Khan was tried for selling nuclear secrets.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|Zahid Malik in his study](/wiki/File:Journalist_zahid_malik_in_his_study.jpg \"Journalist zahid malik in his study.jpg\")",
"### Early life",
"Born on October 5, 1937, in a small village of [Sialkot](/wiki/Sialkot \"Sialkot\") District,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Zahid\\-e\\- Pakistan\\|publisher\\=Hurmat Publications}} Malik belonged to a well\\-educated family. After he completed his graduation from Jinnah Islamia College Sialkot, Malik started his career as a civil servant. After his retirement as a joint secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Malik launched a monthly [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu_language \"Urdu language\") news and views magazine *Hurmat* in 1980 and later started the [English language](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") daily *Pakistan Observer*. He was the Editor\\-in\\-Chief and publisher of the newspaper.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Obituary: Journalist Zahid Malik passes away\\|newspaper\\=The Express Tribune newspaper\\|url\\= https://tribune.com.pk/story/1174461/obituary\\-journalist\\-zahid\\-malik\\-passes\\-away \\|date\\=2 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2024}}",
"### Religious views",
"Malik was a devout Muslim; his daily routine started by offering [fajr prayers](/wiki/Fajr_prayer \"Fajr prayer\") in the morning and he recited the Quran several times a day.",
"### Family",
"Malik has four children; three sons and one daughter; they are all active in field of journalism.",
"### Prisoner \\#2627",
"When he was arrested on charges of official secret act, he was labelled as prisoner number 2627\\. He later used this as his [pen name](/wiki/Pen_name \"Pen name\") and used it to refer to himself in the books he wrote about [Dr. A.Q. Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan \"Abdul Qadeer Khan\").",
"### Patriotism",
"Malik considered himself a patriot, and only found himself at odds with his country on two occasions: once in 1971 when [Bangladesh was separated from Pakistan](/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War \"Bangladesh Liberation War\"), and again when he was arrested for writing the biography of Dr. A. Q. Khan, as he was wrongly being labelled as a traitor to the country (although he was officially pardoned by high court judge of that time).",
"Malik was patron\\-in\\-chief of the [Nazaria\\-e\\-Pakistan](/wiki/Nazaria-e-Pakistan \"Nazaria-e-Pakistan\") Council, chairman of the International Seerat Centre and the Foundation for Coexistence of Civilizations. He was also the founder\\-chairman of the think tank '101 Friends of China', a non\\-governmental organisation aimed towards improving Pak\\-China ties.",
"### A.Q. Khan",
"[thumb\\|Zahid Malik with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan](/wiki/File:Zahid_malik_And_AQ_khan.jpeg \"Zahid malik And AQ khan.jpeg\")",
"Malik was a close friend and the only biographer of Pakistani scientist [Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan \"Abdul Qadeer Khan\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Zahid Malik and Nuclear Pakistan\\|work\\=Pakistan Observer\\|url\\=https://pakobserver.net/zahid\\-malik\\-and\\-nuclear\\-pakistan/}} He wrote several books about Khan, which include *Dr A.Q. Khan and the Islamic Bomb* (in English and Urdu) and *Mohsin\\-e\\-Pakistan ki Debriefing*.",
"When he completed writing the Khan's biography, he was arrested on 6 August 1989 on charges of violation of the Official Secrets Act. His arrest caused outrage in international media and among political leaders, so he was released on bail on 22 August 1989\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Dr. A.Q. Khan aur Islami Bomb (urdu Version)\\|publisher\\=Hurmat\\|year\\=1999}}",
"He was put on trial for leaking government secrets in his book, but was found not guilty. Malik continued to support Khan as Khan was tried for selling nuclear secrets.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Music of the convict era
European settlement of Australia began with the [transportation](/wiki/Penal_transportation "Penal transportation") of [convicts](/wiki/Convicts "Convicts") from Great Britain. These convicts brought songs with them which were rapidly adapted to Australian conditions. Songs such as [Moreton Bay](/wiki/Moreton_Bay_%28song%29 "Moreton Bay (song)") based on the Irish song [Boolavogue](/wiki/Boolavogue_%28song%29 "Boolavogue (song)") described the sufferings of the convicts.
The most notable songwriter of this era was Frank Macnamara, better known as [Frank the Poet](/wiki/Frank_the_Poet "Frank the Poet"), author of such well known songs as Bold Jack Donahue, which developed into [The Wild Colonial Boy](/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy "The Wild Colonial Boy").
The convict tradition also came to include songs popular in the English [music halls](/wiki/Music_halls "Music halls"), such as [Botany Bay](/wiki/Botany_Bay_%28song%29 "Botany Bay (song)"), and [broadsheet ballads](/wiki/Broadside_ballad "Broadside ballad") such as [The Black Velvet Band](/wiki/The_Black_Velvet_Band "The Black Velvet Band").
### 19th century
In the century following European settlement of Australia, a musical tradition developed in the bush, particularly among itinerant workers such as [shearers](/wiki/Sheep_shearer "Sheep shearer"). As in the convict era, most bush music was made by setting new words to well\-known traditional or popular songs. *[The Bulletin](/wiki/The_Bulletin_%28Australian_periodical%29 "The Bulletin (Australian periodical)")*, known as the 'Bushman's bible' played a prominent role in publishing and popularising new songs.
### 1900–1950
As in other countries, the spread of recorded music and the arrival of radio spelt the end of Australian bush music in its traditional form. American country music largely displaced traditional Australian music in the bush. However, traditional dance music proved more durable and retains a considerable number of adherents.
### 1950s to 70s
[thumb\|Babayaga Trio *(L to R)* Ray Gurney, Murray Uhlmann and Frank White on a [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland "Gold Coast, Queensland") Tour 1964](/wiki/File:Babayaga_Trio_performing_at_Surfers_Paradise_1964.JPG "Babayaga Trio performing at Surfers Paradise 1964.JPG") [thumb\|right\|1978 [Mucky Duck Bush Band](/wiki/Mucky_Duck_Bush_Band "Mucky Duck Bush Band") tour poster for the [Pilbara Region](/wiki/Pilbara "Pilbara")](/wiki/File:Mucky_Duck_poster_1978_Tour.jpg "Mucky Duck poster 1978 Tour.jpg") The rise of rock'n'roll and rock music in the 1950s and 60s saw the popularity of folk music decline, particularly among younger generations.
However, folk music continued to develop amongst small audiences. Bush bands experienced a revival in 1953 with the musical play *[Reedy River](/wiki/Reedy_River_%28musical%29 "Reedy River (musical)")*, which was first produced and published by the [New Theatre (Sydney)](/wiki/New_Theatre_%28Newtown%29 "New Theatre (Newtown)")Reedy river \[music]: the songs from the Australian musical drama / by Dick Diamond and most recently produced in 2002\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2014}} Written by [Dick Diamond](/wiki/Dick_Diamond "Dick Diamond"), the musical featured twelve or so Australian songs, which included [Doreen Jacobs](/wiki/Doreen_Bridges "Doreen Bridges")' setting of [Helen Palmer](/wiki/Helen_Palmer_%28publisher%29 "Helen Palmer (publisher)")'s "Ballad of 1891", as well as the title song, [Chris Kempster](/wiki/Chris_Kempster "Chris Kempster")'s setting of Lawson's "Reedy River". The backing band for this popular stage production was "[The Bushwhackers](/wiki/The_Bushwhackers_%28band%29 "The Bushwhackers (band)")", who had formed a year earlier in 1952\. As the musical was performed in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") and other Australian cities, local "bush bands" modeled on the Sydney group, such as Brisbane's "The Moreton Bay Bushwhackers" featuring Stan Arthur and [Bill Scott](/wiki/Bill_Scott_%28author%29 "Bill Scott (author)"), sprang up in each place; many of these remained together following the closing of the musical, and spawned other, similar groups.
This traditional period was superseded by a revival of [folk music](/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music") that featured more contemporary forms. The Australian band [The Seekers](/wiki/The_Seekers "The Seekers") emerged in 1963 and blended traditional music, and Lionel Long, with contemporary folk music and pop, an illustration of the rapid evolution and diversification of folk music that took place in the mid\-1960s.
In Brisbane, from 1962 until it closed in 1977, the Folk Centre (renting facilities on Ann Street, adjacent to the People's Palace hotel) served as a crucible for both established and emerging artists. Stan and Kathy Arthur ran it, and the Wayfarers (Stan Arthur, Garry Tooth, Bob Stewart \& Alistair Frazer) were the mainstay of the venue;The Folk Rag. Stan Arthur – an oldie but goodie. <https://archive.today/20150309152222/http://www.folkrag.org/profiles/stana.htm> accessed March 7, 2015 while emerging local groups included the Wildwood Trio and the Babayaga Trio.Malcolm J Turnbull. The early years of the folk revival in Brisbane (cont). {{cite web\|url\=http://www.warrenfahey.com/early\-brisbane\-2/ \|title\=Early Brisbane 2 \| Warrenfahey \|access\-date\=2015\-03\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121503/http://www.warrenfahey.com/early\-brisbane\-2/ \|archive\-date\=2 April 2015 \|df\=dmy }}Lucifer Canon. What a Crazy World We're Living In, Two Bellies. An Impromptu Pairing......Wildwood Trio (rep. Bob) and Babayaga (rep. Ray) Uploaded Nov 19, 2010 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3VDzGLDMG1Y](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VDzGLDMG1Y)Brisbane Folk History Project – preserving the folk history of southeast Queensland. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Rc\_rHc\-uL68](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc_rHc-uL68)
In Perth, W.A. in the early 70s, Stan Hastings ran a popular folk club called The Stables (a music venue in Malcolm Street) where Stan and his son Greg were instrumental in starting a Bush Band – *[Mucky Duck Bush Band](/wiki/Mucky_Duck_Bush_Band "Mucky Duck Bush Band")*. The 'Duck' turned professional in 1974, taking Australian bush music to many regional areas of W.A. Greg Hastings left the band in '79 to go solo and the band has kept going, with numerous different members throughout the years.
### 1970s to 90s
The popularity of international folk\-rock artists such as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"), [The Byrds](/wiki/The_Byrds "The Byrds"), and [The Band](/wiki/The_Band "The Band"), along with the rise of protest movements, inspired new folk and folk\-rock acts in Australia in the 1970s, such as [Eric Bogle](/wiki/Eric_Bogle "Eric Bogle"), [Judy Small](/wiki/Judy_Small "Judy Small"), [Redgum](/wiki/Redgum "Redgum"), and the folk\-punk band [Roaring Jack](/wiki/Roaring_Jack "Roaring Jack").
Many folk acts featured songs with political or social commentary. Bogle wrote the song '[And the band played Waltzing Matilda](/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda")' in 1971 as an oblique comment on the [Vietnam war](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") but instead referencing Australian involvement in Gallipoli. The song became a hit overseas in the mid 70s and has since won awards, been covered many times and been voted as one of the [Top 30 Australian songs](/wiki/APRA_Top_30_Australian_songs "APRA Top 30 Australian songs") of all time.
Redgum achieved mainstream chart success in 1983 with their \#1 hit '[I was only 19](/wiki/I_Was_Only_19 "I Was Only 19")' \- another political commentary on war.
In the 1980s and 90s Indigenous musicians such as [Kev Carmody](/wiki/Kev_Carmody "Kev Carmody"), [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach "Archie Roach") and [Tiddas](/wiki/Tiddas_%28band%29 "Tiddas (band)") gained a following combining acoustic folk songs with story\-telling, and occasionally incorporating traditional Aboriginal instruments.
As music festivals became more popular in the 1970s, festivals dedicated to folk music began. [Port Fairy folk festival](/wiki/Port_Fairy_Folk_Festival "Port Fairy Folk Festival") started in 1977 in Victoria, under the theme of 'Australian and traditional Irish music'. The festival has continued annually, expanding its focus to include folk music from around the world. Similarly, [Maleny folk festival](/wiki/Maleny_Folk_Festival "Maleny Folk Festival") which began in 1987 in Queensland, expanded to the [Woodford folk festival](/wiki/Woodford_Folk_Festival "Woodford Folk Festival") in 1994, and now encompasses a wide range of international folk and some rock music. Both these, and smaller festivals such as the Blue Mountains Music Festival of Folk, Roots \& Blues <https://www.bmff.org.au/>, have provided an outlet for folk and folk\-inspired music outside mainstream venues and radio.
### 2001\-Present
[thumb\|Greg Hastings at the [Moondyne Festival](/wiki/Moondyne_Festival "Moondyne Festival") 2013](/wiki/File:Moondyne_festival_2013_gnangarra-37.jpg "Moondyne festival 2013 gnangarra-37.jpg")
There has been somewhat of a revival of Australian folk music in recent years with many folk bands and musicians becoming quite successful. For example, [Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu](/wiki/Geoffrey_Gurrumul_Yunupingu "Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu") whose debut album *[Gurrumul](/wiki/Gurrumul_%28album%29 "Gurrumul (album)")* was nominated for four [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards "ARIA Music Awards") awards and reached 2× Platinum. Other Bands such as [Angus \& Julia Stone](/wiki/Angus_%26_Julia_Stone "Angus & Julia Stone") or [Boy \& Bear](/wiki/Boy_%26_Bear "Boy & Bear") have also heavily drawn on folk influences.
Known internationally, were the [Bushwackers](/wiki/The_Bushwackers_%28band%29 "The Bushwackers (band)") (spelt without the "h" as in the earlier Bushwhackers Band of the 1950s), who formed in Melbourne and were active from the early 1970s to 1984\. Their style was infused with Celtic music (i.e. reels and jigs) to a greater extent than previous bush bands, and they used an electric bass guitar in place of the more traditional bush bass. The period leading up to and following Australia's Bicentenary, 1988, saw a marked resurgence in bush music and bush dances that lasted for many years.
Many bands also bearing the rock influence and adding original music rode this Australiana wave. Examples are the Ants Bush Band, Eureka!, Rantan Bush Band and Bullamakanka. Few bands formed in the 1980s survive to this day. One exception, while seeing many player changes over the years, is [Currency Lads](/wiki/Currency_Lads "Currency Lads") (Sydney), which still performs regularly (2009\). Brisbane's Rantan Bush Band, formed in 1977, continues to perform commercially on at least a weekly basis (2010\) and still has three of its original line\-up.
In recent years the emergence of bands such as The Currency (Melbourne), The Handsome Young Strangers (Sydney) and [Sydney City Trash](/wiki/Sydney_City_Trash "Sydney City Trash") (Sydney) has moved bush music into rock and roll venues and major festival stages, with a blended style that includes rock drums and guitars whilst combining with Celtic influences. The Handsome Young Strangers lean more towards the traditional style of bands such as The Bushwackers, whilst The Currency and Sydney City Trash incorporate both punk and Celtic styles. Rantan Bush Band has maintained a folk/country blend as its trademark and performs both traditional Australian songs as well as Australian country music and a supporting repertoire of regular pop and rock music for dancing.
Bush bands play music for [bush dances](/wiki/Bush_dance "Bush dance"), in which the dance program is usually based on dances known to have been danced in Australia from [colonial times](/wiki/History_of_Australia%23History_of_Australia_before_1901 "History of Australia#History of Australia before 1901") to the [folk revival](/wiki/Folk_revival "Folk revival") in the 1950s. Contemporary dances, composed in the traditional style, are also featured at bush dances.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Music of the convict era",
"European settlement of Australia began with the [transportation](/wiki/Penal_transportation \"Penal transportation\") of [convicts](/wiki/Convicts \"Convicts\") from Great Britain. These convicts brought songs with them which were rapidly adapted to Australian conditions. Songs such as [Moreton Bay](/wiki/Moreton_Bay_%28song%29 \"Moreton Bay (song)\") based on the Irish song [Boolavogue](/wiki/Boolavogue_%28song%29 \"Boolavogue (song)\") described the sufferings of the convicts.",
"The most notable songwriter of this era was Frank Macnamara, better known as [Frank the Poet](/wiki/Frank_the_Poet \"Frank the Poet\"), author of such well known songs as Bold Jack Donahue, which developed into [The Wild Colonial Boy](/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy \"The Wild Colonial Boy\").",
"The convict tradition also came to include songs popular in the English [music halls](/wiki/Music_halls \"Music halls\"), such as [Botany Bay](/wiki/Botany_Bay_%28song%29 \"Botany Bay (song)\"), and [broadsheet ballads](/wiki/Broadside_ballad \"Broadside ballad\") such as [The Black Velvet Band](/wiki/The_Black_Velvet_Band \"The Black Velvet Band\").",
"### 19th century",
"In the century following European settlement of Australia, a musical tradition developed in the bush, particularly among itinerant workers such as [shearers](/wiki/Sheep_shearer \"Sheep shearer\"). As in the convict era, most bush music was made by setting new words to well\\-known traditional or popular songs. *[The Bulletin](/wiki/The_Bulletin_%28Australian_periodical%29 \"The Bulletin (Australian periodical)\")*, known as the 'Bushman's bible' played a prominent role in publishing and popularising new songs.",
"### 1900–1950",
"As in other countries, the spread of recorded music and the arrival of radio spelt the end of Australian bush music in its traditional form. American country music largely displaced traditional Australian music in the bush. However, traditional dance music proved more durable and retains a considerable number of adherents.",
"### 1950s to 70s",
"[thumb\\|Babayaga Trio *(L to R)* Ray Gurney, Murray Uhlmann and Frank White on a [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland \"Gold Coast, Queensland\") Tour 1964](/wiki/File:Babayaga_Trio_performing_at_Surfers_Paradise_1964.JPG \"Babayaga Trio performing at Surfers Paradise 1964.JPG\") [thumb\\|right\\|1978 [Mucky Duck Bush Band](/wiki/Mucky_Duck_Bush_Band \"Mucky Duck Bush Band\") tour poster for the [Pilbara Region](/wiki/Pilbara \"Pilbara\")](/wiki/File:Mucky_Duck_poster_1978_Tour.jpg \"Mucky Duck poster 1978 Tour.jpg\") The rise of rock'n'roll and rock music in the 1950s and 60s saw the popularity of folk music decline, particularly among younger generations.",
"However, folk music continued to develop amongst small audiences. Bush bands experienced a revival in 1953 with the musical play *[Reedy River](/wiki/Reedy_River_%28musical%29 \"Reedy River (musical)\")*, which was first produced and published by the [New Theatre (Sydney)](/wiki/New_Theatre_%28Newtown%29 \"New Theatre (Newtown)\")Reedy river \\[music]: the songs from the Australian musical drama / by Dick Diamond and most recently produced in 2002\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2014}} Written by [Dick Diamond](/wiki/Dick_Diamond \"Dick Diamond\"), the musical featured twelve or so Australian songs, which included [Doreen Jacobs](/wiki/Doreen_Bridges \"Doreen Bridges\")' setting of [Helen Palmer](/wiki/Helen_Palmer_%28publisher%29 \"Helen Palmer (publisher)\")'s \"Ballad of 1891\", as well as the title song, [Chris Kempster](/wiki/Chris_Kempster \"Chris Kempster\")'s setting of Lawson's \"Reedy River\". The backing band for this popular stage production was \"[The Bushwhackers](/wiki/The_Bushwhackers_%28band%29 \"The Bushwhackers (band)\")\", who had formed a year earlier in 1952\\. As the musical was performed in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") and other Australian cities, local \"bush bands\" modeled on the Sydney group, such as Brisbane's \"The Moreton Bay Bushwhackers\" featuring Stan Arthur and [Bill Scott](/wiki/Bill_Scott_%28author%29 \"Bill Scott (author)\"), sprang up in each place; many of these remained together following the closing of the musical, and spawned other, similar groups.",
"This traditional period was superseded by a revival of [folk music](/wiki/Folk_music \"Folk music\") that featured more contemporary forms. The Australian band [The Seekers](/wiki/The_Seekers \"The Seekers\") emerged in 1963 and blended traditional music, and Lionel Long, with contemporary folk music and pop, an illustration of the rapid evolution and diversification of folk music that took place in the mid\\-1960s.",
"In Brisbane, from 1962 until it closed in 1977, the Folk Centre (renting facilities on Ann Street, adjacent to the People's Palace hotel) served as a crucible for both established and emerging artists. Stan and Kathy Arthur ran it, and the Wayfarers (Stan Arthur, Garry Tooth, Bob Stewart \\& Alistair Frazer) were the mainstay of the venue;The Folk Rag. Stan Arthur – an oldie but goodie. <https://archive.today/20150309152222/http://www.folkrag.org/profiles/stana.htm> accessed March 7, 2015 while emerging local groups included the Wildwood Trio and the Babayaga Trio.Malcolm J Turnbull. The early years of the folk revival in Brisbane (cont). {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.warrenfahey.com/early\\-brisbane\\-2/ \\|title\\=Early Brisbane 2 \\| Warrenfahey \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121503/http://www.warrenfahey.com/early\\-brisbane\\-2/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2015 \\|df\\=dmy }}Lucifer Canon. What a Crazy World We're Living In, Two Bellies. An Impromptu Pairing......Wildwood Trio (rep. Bob) and Babayaga (rep. Ray) Uploaded Nov 19, 2010 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3VDzGLDMG1Y](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VDzGLDMG1Y)Brisbane Folk History Project – preserving the folk history of southeast Queensland. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Rc\\_rHc\\-uL68](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc_rHc-uL68)",
"In Perth, W.A. in the early 70s, Stan Hastings ran a popular folk club called The Stables (a music venue in Malcolm Street) where Stan and his son Greg were instrumental in starting a Bush Band – *[Mucky Duck Bush Band](/wiki/Mucky_Duck_Bush_Band \"Mucky Duck Bush Band\")*. The 'Duck' turned professional in 1974, taking Australian bush music to many regional areas of W.A. Greg Hastings left the band in '79 to go solo and the band has kept going, with numerous different members throughout the years.",
"### 1970s to 90s",
"The popularity of international folk\\-rock artists such as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), [The Byrds](/wiki/The_Byrds \"The Byrds\"), and [The Band](/wiki/The_Band \"The Band\"), along with the rise of protest movements, inspired new folk and folk\\-rock acts in Australia in the 1970s, such as [Eric Bogle](/wiki/Eric_Bogle \"Eric Bogle\"), [Judy Small](/wiki/Judy_Small \"Judy Small\"), [Redgum](/wiki/Redgum \"Redgum\"), and the folk\\-punk band [Roaring Jack](/wiki/Roaring_Jack \"Roaring Jack\").",
"Many folk acts featured songs with political or social commentary. Bogle wrote the song '[And the band played Waltzing Matilda](/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\")' in 1971 as an oblique comment on the [Vietnam war](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") but instead referencing Australian involvement in Gallipoli. The song became a hit overseas in the mid 70s and has since won awards, been covered many times and been voted as one of the [Top 30 Australian songs](/wiki/APRA_Top_30_Australian_songs \"APRA Top 30 Australian songs\") of all time.",
"Redgum achieved mainstream chart success in 1983 with their \\#1 hit '[I was only 19](/wiki/I_Was_Only_19 \"I Was Only 19\")' \\- another political commentary on war.",
"In the 1980s and 90s Indigenous musicians such as [Kev Carmody](/wiki/Kev_Carmody \"Kev Carmody\"), [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach \"Archie Roach\") and [Tiddas](/wiki/Tiddas_%28band%29 \"Tiddas (band)\") gained a following combining acoustic folk songs with story\\-telling, and occasionally incorporating traditional Aboriginal instruments.",
"As music festivals became more popular in the 1970s, festivals dedicated to folk music began. [Port Fairy folk festival](/wiki/Port_Fairy_Folk_Festival \"Port Fairy Folk Festival\") started in 1977 in Victoria, under the theme of 'Australian and traditional Irish music'. The festival has continued annually, expanding its focus to include folk music from around the world. Similarly, [Maleny folk festival](/wiki/Maleny_Folk_Festival \"Maleny Folk Festival\") which began in 1987 in Queensland, expanded to the [Woodford folk festival](/wiki/Woodford_Folk_Festival \"Woodford Folk Festival\") in 1994, and now encompasses a wide range of international folk and some rock music. Both these, and smaller festivals such as the Blue Mountains Music Festival of Folk, Roots \\& Blues <https://www.bmff.org.au/>, have provided an outlet for folk and folk\\-inspired music outside mainstream venues and radio.",
"### 2001\\-Present",
"[thumb\\|Greg Hastings at the [Moondyne Festival](/wiki/Moondyne_Festival \"Moondyne Festival\") 2013](/wiki/File:Moondyne_festival_2013_gnangarra-37.jpg \"Moondyne festival 2013 gnangarra-37.jpg\")\nThere has been somewhat of a revival of Australian folk music in recent years with many folk bands and musicians becoming quite successful. For example, [Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu](/wiki/Geoffrey_Gurrumul_Yunupingu \"Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu\") whose debut album *[Gurrumul](/wiki/Gurrumul_%28album%29 \"Gurrumul (album)\")* was nominated for four [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards \"ARIA Music Awards\") awards and reached 2× Platinum. Other Bands such as [Angus \\& Julia Stone](/wiki/Angus_%26_Julia_Stone \"Angus & Julia Stone\") or [Boy \\& Bear](/wiki/Boy_%26_Bear \"Boy & Bear\") have also heavily drawn on folk influences.",
"Known internationally, were the [Bushwackers](/wiki/The_Bushwackers_%28band%29 \"The Bushwackers (band)\") (spelt without the \"h\" as in the earlier Bushwhackers Band of the 1950s), who formed in Melbourne and were active from the early 1970s to 1984\\. Their style was infused with Celtic music (i.e. reels and jigs) to a greater extent than previous bush bands, and they used an electric bass guitar in place of the more traditional bush bass. The period leading up to and following Australia's Bicentenary, 1988, saw a marked resurgence in bush music and bush dances that lasted for many years.",
"Many bands also bearing the rock influence and adding original music rode this Australiana wave. Examples are the Ants Bush Band, Eureka!, Rantan Bush Band and Bullamakanka. Few bands formed in the 1980s survive to this day. One exception, while seeing many player changes over the years, is [Currency Lads](/wiki/Currency_Lads \"Currency Lads\") (Sydney), which still performs regularly (2009\\). Brisbane's Rantan Bush Band, formed in 1977, continues to perform commercially on at least a weekly basis (2010\\) and still has three of its original line\\-up.",
"In recent years the emergence of bands such as The Currency (Melbourne), The Handsome Young Strangers (Sydney) and [Sydney City Trash](/wiki/Sydney_City_Trash \"Sydney City Trash\") (Sydney) has moved bush music into rock and roll venues and major festival stages, with a blended style that includes rock drums and guitars whilst combining with Celtic influences. The Handsome Young Strangers lean more towards the traditional style of bands such as The Bushwackers, whilst The Currency and Sydney City Trash incorporate both punk and Celtic styles. Rantan Bush Band has maintained a folk/country blend as its trademark and performs both traditional Australian songs as well as Australian country music and a supporting repertoire of regular pop and rock music for dancing.",
"Bush bands play music for [bush dances](/wiki/Bush_dance \"Bush dance\"), in which the dance program is usually based on dances known to have been danced in Australia from [colonial times](/wiki/History_of_Australia%23History_of_Australia_before_1901 \"History of Australia#History of Australia before 1901\") to the [folk revival](/wiki/Folk_revival \"Folk revival\") in the 1950s. Contemporary dances, composed in the traditional style, are also featured at bush dances.",
""
] |
### 1970s to 90s
The popularity of international folk\-rock artists such as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"), [The Byrds](/wiki/The_Byrds "The Byrds"), and [The Band](/wiki/The_Band "The Band"), along with the rise of protest movements, inspired new folk and folk\-rock acts in Australia in the 1970s, such as [Eric Bogle](/wiki/Eric_Bogle "Eric Bogle"), [Judy Small](/wiki/Judy_Small "Judy Small"), [Redgum](/wiki/Redgum "Redgum"), and the folk\-punk band [Roaring Jack](/wiki/Roaring_Jack "Roaring Jack").
Many folk acts featured songs with political or social commentary. Bogle wrote the song '[And the band played Waltzing Matilda](/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda")' in 1971 as an oblique comment on the [Vietnam war](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") but instead referencing Australian involvement in Gallipoli. The song became a hit overseas in the mid 70s and has since won awards, been covered many times and been voted as one of the [Top 30 Australian songs](/wiki/APRA_Top_30_Australian_songs "APRA Top 30 Australian songs") of all time.
Redgum achieved mainstream chart success in 1983 with their \#1 hit '[I was only 19](/wiki/I_Was_Only_19 "I Was Only 19")' \- another political commentary on war.
In the 1980s and 90s Indigenous musicians such as [Kev Carmody](/wiki/Kev_Carmody "Kev Carmody"), [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach "Archie Roach") and [Tiddas](/wiki/Tiddas_%28band%29 "Tiddas (band)") gained a following combining acoustic folk songs with story\-telling, and occasionally incorporating traditional Aboriginal instruments.
As music festivals became more popular in the 1970s, festivals dedicated to folk music began. [Port Fairy folk festival](/wiki/Port_Fairy_Folk_Festival "Port Fairy Folk Festival") started in 1977 in Victoria, under the theme of 'Australian and traditional Irish music'. The festival has continued annually, expanding its focus to include folk music from around the world. Similarly, [Maleny folk festival](/wiki/Maleny_Folk_Festival "Maleny Folk Festival") which began in 1987 in Queensland, expanded to the [Woodford folk festival](/wiki/Woodford_Folk_Festival "Woodford Folk Festival") in 1994, and now encompasses a wide range of international folk and some rock music. Both these, and smaller festivals such as the Blue Mountains Music Festival of Folk, Roots \& Blues <https://www.bmff.org.au/>, have provided an outlet for folk and folk\-inspired music outside mainstream venues and radio.
|
[
"### 1970s to 90s",
"The popularity of international folk\\-rock artists such as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), [The Byrds](/wiki/The_Byrds \"The Byrds\"), and [The Band](/wiki/The_Band \"The Band\"), along with the rise of protest movements, inspired new folk and folk\\-rock acts in Australia in the 1970s, such as [Eric Bogle](/wiki/Eric_Bogle \"Eric Bogle\"), [Judy Small](/wiki/Judy_Small \"Judy Small\"), [Redgum](/wiki/Redgum \"Redgum\"), and the folk\\-punk band [Roaring Jack](/wiki/Roaring_Jack \"Roaring Jack\").",
"Many folk acts featured songs with political or social commentary. Bogle wrote the song '[And the band played Waltzing Matilda](/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\")' in 1971 as an oblique comment on the [Vietnam war](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") but instead referencing Australian involvement in Gallipoli. The song became a hit overseas in the mid 70s and has since won awards, been covered many times and been voted as one of the [Top 30 Australian songs](/wiki/APRA_Top_30_Australian_songs \"APRA Top 30 Australian songs\") of all time.",
"Redgum achieved mainstream chart success in 1983 with their \\#1 hit '[I was only 19](/wiki/I_Was_Only_19 \"I Was Only 19\")' \\- another political commentary on war.",
"In the 1980s and 90s Indigenous musicians such as [Kev Carmody](/wiki/Kev_Carmody \"Kev Carmody\"), [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach \"Archie Roach\") and [Tiddas](/wiki/Tiddas_%28band%29 \"Tiddas (band)\") gained a following combining acoustic folk songs with story\\-telling, and occasionally incorporating traditional Aboriginal instruments.",
"As music festivals became more popular in the 1970s, festivals dedicated to folk music began. [Port Fairy folk festival](/wiki/Port_Fairy_Folk_Festival \"Port Fairy Folk Festival\") started in 1977 in Victoria, under the theme of 'Australian and traditional Irish music'. The festival has continued annually, expanding its focus to include folk music from around the world. Similarly, [Maleny folk festival](/wiki/Maleny_Folk_Festival \"Maleny Folk Festival\") which began in 1987 in Queensland, expanded to the [Woodford folk festival](/wiki/Woodford_Folk_Festival \"Woodford Folk Festival\") in 1994, and now encompasses a wide range of international folk and some rock music. Both these, and smaller festivals such as the Blue Mountains Music Festival of Folk, Roots \\& Blues <https://www.bmff.org.au/>, have provided an outlet for folk and folk\\-inspired music outside mainstream venues and radio.",
""
] |
Construction
------------
Construction involved the excavation of a large casting basin where the tunnel elements or pieces were constructed. After construction of elements was complete, the casting basin was filled with water and joined to the adjacent [River Lee](/wiki/River_Lee_%28Ireland%29 "River Lee (Ireland)"), each element was floated out and sunk into position into a carefully dredged river bed. The road surface was laid and the tunnel opened for traffic in 1999\.
### Construction techniques
The chosen method of construction was the [immersed tube](/wiki/Immersed_tube "Immersed tube") technique. In this method, a trench is dredged in the bed of the water channel. Tunnel sections are constructed in the dry, for example in a casting basin, a fabrication yard, on a ship\-lift platform or in a factory unit. The ends of the section are then temporarily sealed with bulkheads. Each tunnel section is transported to the tunnel site – usually floating, occasionally on a barge, or assisted by cranes. In the Jack Lynch Tunnel, the 610\-metre\-long reinforced concrete immersed tube tunnel is made up of five elements, each around 122 metres long, 24\.5 metres wide and 8\.5 metres high. The northern approach was formed by a 120\-metre\-long floated open 'boat' section – the first of its kind.
### Excavation and dredging
Dredging International was the chosen [dredging](/wiki/Dredging "Dredging") contractor, and the value of the dredging contract is stated by them at €12\.4 million. The scope of works consisted of dredging the main tunnel trench and subsequently backfilling the completed construction with sand and gravel. The contract provided also for restoration of the riverbed profile and the addition of a rock protection layer. Between May 1996 and March 1999, the company excavated 785,000 tonnes of silt and alluvium and 300,000 tonnes of sand and gravel.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.deme.be/projects/ireland\_riverlee.html \|title\=Ireland – Cork – River Lee Tunnel \|access\-date\=16 June 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008051556/http://www.deme.be/projects/ireland\_riverlee.html \|archive\-date\=8 October 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The trench was dredged primarily by a series of specialised vessels, in several stages and with different equipment. Much of the main trench for the Lee Tunnel was excavated by the backhoe dredger "Zenne". Two barges were used to transport the dredged material 19 km (12 mi) downriver and from there to a disposal site four miles offshore. The cutter dredger "Vlaanderen XIX" removed the underlying fluvioglacial material. A second cutter dredger, "Vlaanderen XV", was deployed to breach the casting basin perimeter, or "bund". A rock layer was encountered on part of the trench line, which was dealt with by the jack\-up platform "Zeebouwer". The "Big Boss" vessel was employed to remove the rock. This backhoe dredger was equipped with a "Backhoover" (in effect, a "mini" precision dredger). This system proved extremely effective in removing very thin layers of recently deposited material immediately prior to immersion of the tunnel elements.
### Constructing the immersed tube
Building the tunnel structure required the [pre\-casting](/wiki/Pre-cast_concrete "Pre-cast concrete") of 5 tunnel segments and an open boat unit. These were constructed in a casting basin located partially on the line of the tunnel south of the river at [Mahon](/wiki/Mahon%2C_Cork "Mahon, Cork"). Each segment weighed approx 27,000 tonnes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.iol.ie/\~cgta/cork.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313163211/http://www.iol.ie/\~cgta/cork.htm \|title\=Traffic Management in Cork \|archive\-date\=13 March 2008\|work\=CGTA }} Contractors Tarmac Walls JV engaged RMD Kwikform, a global construction formwork and shoring solutions company, for the formwork on the tunnel and open section elements of the river crossing.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rmdkwikform.net/rmd\_projects/river\_lee\_tunnel.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110445/http://www.rmdkwikform.net/rmd\_projects/river\_lee\_tunnel.html\|title\=River Lee Immersed Tunnel\|archive\-date\=29 September 2007\|work\=rmdkwikform.net}}
Each box section comprised two 9\.8\-metre\-wide dual lane traffic tubes and a 1\.35\-metre\-wide twin walled central tube for services and emergency access. The 1\.2\-metre\-thick base slab was cast first, followed by the 50\-centimetre\-thick central walls. The outer walls and roof were cast together in a single operation, in six nominal 20\-metre lengths, using special travelling [formwork](/wiki/Formwork "Formwork"). This was struck inside the formed section, moved along to the next length and then jacked up into position, each within a 72\-hour cycle. Each 1000\-cubic\-metre pour required approximately 1500 square metres of formwork. The inside shutters for the outer walls were vertical steel section panels and Alform Beam walers, which were attached to the top slab of the special steel traveller, while the outer shutters were crane handled vertical steel section panels with Alform Beam or steel channel walers.
The open top boat unit, measuring approx 40 metres wide (including two 7\.2\-metre wings at its widest point), 120 metres long, and up to 10 metres high, was cast in two operations using standard formwork. The boat unit and all the tunnel section elements were cast using grade 40N concrete with a percentage of ggbfs cement replacement, reinforcement being high strength and 16 to 40 mm diameter.
|
[
"Construction\n------------",
"Construction involved the excavation of a large casting basin where the tunnel elements or pieces were constructed. After construction of elements was complete, the casting basin was filled with water and joined to the adjacent [River Lee](/wiki/River_Lee_%28Ireland%29 \"River Lee (Ireland)\"), each element was floated out and sunk into position into a carefully dredged river bed. The road surface was laid and the tunnel opened for traffic in 1999\\.",
"### Construction techniques",
"The chosen method of construction was the [immersed tube](/wiki/Immersed_tube \"Immersed tube\") technique. In this method, a trench is dredged in the bed of the water channel. Tunnel sections are constructed in the dry, for example in a casting basin, a fabrication yard, on a ship\\-lift platform or in a factory unit. The ends of the section are then temporarily sealed with bulkheads. Each tunnel section is transported to the tunnel site – usually floating, occasionally on a barge, or assisted by cranes. In the Jack Lynch Tunnel, the 610\\-metre\\-long reinforced concrete immersed tube tunnel is made up of five elements, each around 122 metres long, 24\\.5 metres wide and 8\\.5 metres high. The northern approach was formed by a 120\\-metre\\-long floated open 'boat' section – the first of its kind.",
"### Excavation and dredging",
"Dredging International was the chosen [dredging](/wiki/Dredging \"Dredging\") contractor, and the value of the dredging contract is stated by them at €12\\.4 million. The scope of works consisted of dredging the main tunnel trench and subsequently backfilling the completed construction with sand and gravel. The contract provided also for restoration of the riverbed profile and the addition of a rock protection layer. Between May 1996 and March 1999, the company excavated 785,000 tonnes of silt and alluvium and 300,000 tonnes of sand and gravel.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.deme.be/projects/ireland\\_riverlee.html \\|title\\=Ireland – Cork – River Lee Tunnel \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008051556/http://www.deme.be/projects/ireland\\_riverlee.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The trench was dredged primarily by a series of specialised vessels, in several stages and with different equipment. Much of the main trench for the Lee Tunnel was excavated by the backhoe dredger \"Zenne\". Two barges were used to transport the dredged material 19 km (12 mi) downriver and from there to a disposal site four miles offshore. The cutter dredger \"Vlaanderen XIX\" removed the underlying fluvioglacial material. A second cutter dredger, \"Vlaanderen XV\", was deployed to breach the casting basin perimeter, or \"bund\". A rock layer was encountered on part of the trench line, which was dealt with by the jack\\-up platform \"Zeebouwer\". The \"Big Boss\" vessel was employed to remove the rock. This backhoe dredger was equipped with a \"Backhoover\" (in effect, a \"mini\" precision dredger). This system proved extremely effective in removing very thin layers of recently deposited material immediately prior to immersion of the tunnel elements.",
"### Constructing the immersed tube",
"Building the tunnel structure required the [pre\\-casting](/wiki/Pre-cast_concrete \"Pre-cast concrete\") of 5 tunnel segments and an open boat unit. These were constructed in a casting basin located partially on the line of the tunnel south of the river at [Mahon](/wiki/Mahon%2C_Cork \"Mahon, Cork\"). Each segment weighed approx 27,000 tonnes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.iol.ie/\\~cgta/cork.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313163211/http://www.iol.ie/\\~cgta/cork.htm \\|title\\=Traffic Management in Cork \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2008\\|work\\=CGTA }} Contractors Tarmac Walls JV engaged RMD Kwikform, a global construction formwork and shoring solutions company, for the formwork on the tunnel and open section elements of the river crossing.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rmdkwikform.net/rmd\\_projects/river\\_lee\\_tunnel.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110445/http://www.rmdkwikform.net/rmd\\_projects/river\\_lee\\_tunnel.html\\|title\\=River Lee Immersed Tunnel\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2007\\|work\\=rmdkwikform.net}}",
"Each box section comprised two 9\\.8\\-metre\\-wide dual lane traffic tubes and a 1\\.35\\-metre\\-wide twin walled central tube for services and emergency access. The 1\\.2\\-metre\\-thick base slab was cast first, followed by the 50\\-centimetre\\-thick central walls. The outer walls and roof were cast together in a single operation, in six nominal 20\\-metre lengths, using special travelling [formwork](/wiki/Formwork \"Formwork\"). This was struck inside the formed section, moved along to the next length and then jacked up into position, each within a 72\\-hour cycle. Each 1000\\-cubic\\-metre pour required approximately 1500 square metres of formwork. The inside shutters for the outer walls were vertical steel section panels and Alform Beam walers, which were attached to the top slab of the special steel traveller, while the outer shutters were crane handled vertical steel section panels with Alform Beam or steel channel walers.",
"The open top boat unit, measuring approx 40 metres wide (including two 7\\.2\\-metre wings at its widest point), 120 metres long, and up to 10 metres high, was cast in two operations using standard formwork. The boat unit and all the tunnel section elements were cast using grade 40N concrete with a percentage of ggbfs cement replacement, reinforcement being high strength and 16 to 40 mm diameter.",
""
] |
Tunnel operation
----------------
[thumb\|left\|Entrance to the northbound bore](/wiki/File:Lynch_tunnel_entrance.JPG "Lynch tunnel entrance.JPG")
The tunnel is currently operated and maintained by Egis Road and Tunnel Operation on behalf of [Transport Infrastructure Ireland](/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland "Transport Infrastructure Ireland").{{cite web\|url \= https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/toll\-fears\-as\-running\-of\-corks\-jack\-lynch\-tunnel\-to\-be\-outsourced\-297232\.html \| publisher \= Irish Examiner \| website \= irishexaminer.com \| title \= Toll fears as running of Cork's Jack Lynch Tunnel to be outsourced \| date \= 11 November 2014 }} Egis took on that role in 2015\. Prior to that it had been operated and maintained by Cork City Council.
The road surface was laid in 1998/1999 and the tunnel opened for traffic on 21 May 1999,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corkcity.ie/ourservices/roads/jack\_lynch\_tunnel.shtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216111025/http://www.corkcity.ie/ourservices/roads/jack\_lynch\_tunnel.shtml\|title\=Cork City Council \> Our Services: Roads \& Transportation Directorate: Jack Lynch Tunnel\|archive\-date\=16 February 2007\|work\=corkcity.ie}} roughly 20 years after the first formal studies had been prepared. The final cost of the whole scheme including feeder roads and not just the tunnel itself was IR£105 million (approx €133 million).{{cite web \|url\=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/05/22/ihead.htm \|title\=Jack Lynch Tunnel thrills the 'Real' Taoiseach \|publisher\=\[\[Irish Examiner]] \|date\=1999\-05\-22 \|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427071229/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/05/22/ihead.htm }} The tunnel has two separate two\-lane bores (each lane 3\.75 m wide). There is a service walkway about 1 metre across which doubles as an emergency escape route. During periods of maintenance, one tube may be closed and the other used for bi\-directional traffic.
The environment within the tunnel is controlled by a closed circuit TV system (CCTV), traffic control and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. External photometers linked to the SCADA system provide a level of tunnel lighting most compatible with ambient light levels outside. To assist drivers in adjusting their eyes, lighting gradually brightens as they approach an exit.
There are six emergency exits in each traffic bore for pedestrians that lead into the central bore (pedestrian exit), the exit doors are at each end of the central bore.
Pumping equipment, located inside the tunnel, pumps any run off water into the River Lee.{{fact\|date\=September 2024}} Jet fans also located within niches in the roof of the immersed tube sections provide longitudinal ventilation, and the tunnel is equipped with fire and life safety equipment.
The maximum height of vehicles that can use the tunnel is 4\.65 meters. Signage is displayed on the approaches and entrances to the tunnel warning users of the height restriction. Over\-height vehicle detection systems are positioned on the approach roads to detect over\-height vehicles. When an over\-height vehicle is detected, Variable Message Signs (VMS) at the tunnel entrance change to warn the driver that their vehicle is over\-height.{{fact\|date\=September 2024}}
Despite the cost of its construction and operation the tunnel is not [tolled](/wiki/Toll_road "Toll road"). The Feasibility Study for the tunnel envisaged that the crossing could have a toll of 30 pence (in 1981 IR£) (approximately €1\.07 in 2020\),{{cite web \|title\=CPI Inflation Calculator \|url\=https://www.cso.ie/en/interactivezone/visualisationtools/cpiinflationcalculator/ \|website\=CSO \|access\-date\=2 June 2020}} but the concept of a toll was dropped after political opposition. It was felt that, because of the proximity of the tunnel to the city, the imposition of tolls would tend to encourage some drivers to avoid the tunnel and continue using the city centre streets thus minimising the benefits of the tunnel.
An immersed tube tunnel of similar length has been constructed in Limerick,[Limerick Tunnel : What is the Limerick Tunnel?](http://www.limericktunnel.com/generalFaq.htm) as part of Limerick's south ring road. The [Limerick Tunnel](/wiki/Limerick_Tunnel "Limerick Tunnel") was constructed under a [Public\-Private Partnership](/wiki/Public-Private_Partnership "Public-Private Partnership") scheme signed with Direct Route (Limerick) Ltd. and is tolled (and has resulted in some political opposition in Limerick as the Jack Lynch Tunnel is also an inner city relief route but is not tolled).
|
[
"Tunnel operation\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Entrance to the northbound bore](/wiki/File:Lynch_tunnel_entrance.JPG \"Lynch tunnel entrance.JPG\")",
"The tunnel is currently operated and maintained by Egis Road and Tunnel Operation on behalf of [Transport Infrastructure Ireland](/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland \"Transport Infrastructure Ireland\").{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/toll\\-fears\\-as\\-running\\-of\\-corks\\-jack\\-lynch\\-tunnel\\-to\\-be\\-outsourced\\-297232\\.html \\| publisher \\= Irish Examiner \\| website \\= irishexaminer.com \\| title \\= Toll fears as running of Cork's Jack Lynch Tunnel to be outsourced \\| date \\= 11 November 2014 }} Egis took on that role in 2015\\. Prior to that it had been operated and maintained by Cork City Council.",
"The road surface was laid in 1998/1999 and the tunnel opened for traffic on 21 May 1999,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corkcity.ie/ourservices/roads/jack\\_lynch\\_tunnel.shtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216111025/http://www.corkcity.ie/ourservices/roads/jack\\_lynch\\_tunnel.shtml\\|title\\=Cork City Council \\> Our Services: Roads \\& Transportation Directorate: Jack Lynch Tunnel\\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2007\\|work\\=corkcity.ie}} roughly 20 years after the first formal studies had been prepared. The final cost of the whole scheme including feeder roads and not just the tunnel itself was IR£105 million (approx €133 million).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/05/22/ihead.htm \\|title\\=Jack Lynch Tunnel thrills the 'Real' Taoiseach \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]] \\|date\\=1999\\-05\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427071229/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/05/22/ihead.htm }} The tunnel has two separate two\\-lane bores (each lane 3\\.75 m wide). There is a service walkway about 1 metre across which doubles as an emergency escape route. During periods of maintenance, one tube may be closed and the other used for bi\\-directional traffic.\nThe environment within the tunnel is controlled by a closed circuit TV system (CCTV), traffic control and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. External photometers linked to the SCADA system provide a level of tunnel lighting most compatible with ambient light levels outside. To assist drivers in adjusting their eyes, lighting gradually brightens as they approach an exit.",
"There are six emergency exits in each traffic bore for pedestrians that lead into the central bore (pedestrian exit), the exit doors are at each end of the central bore.",
"Pumping equipment, located inside the tunnel, pumps any run off water into the River Lee.{{fact\\|date\\=September 2024}} Jet fans also located within niches in the roof of the immersed tube sections provide longitudinal ventilation, and the tunnel is equipped with fire and life safety equipment.",
"The maximum height of vehicles that can use the tunnel is 4\\.65 meters. Signage is displayed on the approaches and entrances to the tunnel warning users of the height restriction. Over\\-height vehicle detection systems are positioned on the approach roads to detect over\\-height vehicles. When an over\\-height vehicle is detected, Variable Message Signs (VMS) at the tunnel entrance change to warn the driver that their vehicle is over\\-height.{{fact\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"Despite the cost of its construction and operation the tunnel is not [tolled](/wiki/Toll_road \"Toll road\"). The Feasibility Study for the tunnel envisaged that the crossing could have a toll of 30 pence (in 1981 IR£) (approximately €1\\.07 in 2020\\),{{cite web \\|title\\=CPI Inflation Calculator \\|url\\=https://www.cso.ie/en/interactivezone/visualisationtools/cpiinflationcalculator/ \\|website\\=CSO \\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2020}} but the concept of a toll was dropped after political opposition. It was felt that, because of the proximity of the tunnel to the city, the imposition of tolls would tend to encourage some drivers to avoid the tunnel and continue using the city centre streets thus minimising the benefits of the tunnel.",
"An immersed tube tunnel of similar length has been constructed in Limerick,[Limerick Tunnel : What is the Limerick Tunnel?](http://www.limericktunnel.com/generalFaq.htm) as part of Limerick's south ring road. The [Limerick Tunnel](/wiki/Limerick_Tunnel \"Limerick Tunnel\") was constructed under a [Public\\-Private Partnership](/wiki/Public-Private_Partnership \"Public-Private Partnership\") scheme signed with Direct Route (Limerick) Ltd. and is tolled (and has resulted in some political opposition in Limerick as the Jack Lynch Tunnel is also an inner city relief route but is not tolled).",
""
] |
History
-------
[left\|thumb\|250px\|Adventure Island at night](/wiki/File:Adventure_Island.jpg "Adventure Island.jpg")
Adventure Island started out in 1918 as Sunken Gardens, a sea\-side garden that in the 1920s installed a few children's rides. It is known to have been originally owned and run by a Mr Maxwell, who also injected capital into and became one of the first co\-directors of the EKCO Company in Southend. In 1976, the land to the west of the pier was purchased by the Miller family. They developed the amusement park on the site from the rudimentary original and the entire site was redeveloped extensively.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.echo\-news.co.uk/news/23320163\.old\-pictures\-adventure\-island\-southend\-decades/\|title\=Old pictures of Adventure Island in Southend through the decades\|newspaper\=Southend Echo\|date\=14 February 2023\|accessdate\=19 April 2023}}
In 1995 the park was vastly expanded when the land to the east of the pier was purchased to form part of the park.
Complementing the park is Southend Pier, the longest pleasure pier in the world (built in 1830 as a wooden pier, rebuilt as a steel pier in 1889\); it extends more than a mile (1,34 miles/2,16 km) toward the ocean. The pier train runs the entire length of the pier to the Lifeboat Museum. The park runs both east and west sides of the pier. The park's mascots are called Snappy, Rage Man, Jakey and Jan.
In 1999, the park debuted the roller coaster *Green Scream*. It was once described as the park's signature ride, but this title has now been taken by *[Rage](/wiki/Rage_%28roller_coaster%29 "Rage (roller coaster)")*. The second roller coaster at the park is the *Barnstormer*, which opened in 2000\. The third roller coaster is named the *Mighty Mini Mega*, which opened in 2002\. *Kiddi Koasta*, a children's roller coaster, opened to the public on 30 April 2011\.
The fifth roller coaster, *Rage*, opened in February 2007\.{{cite RCDB\|coaster\_name\=Rage\|location\=Adventure Island\|url\=http://rcdb.com/3573\.htm\|accessdate\=24 August 2014\|rcdb\_number\=3573}} It is one of the biggest investments the park has ever made.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ptk82Uwd\_ikC\|title\=The Unofficial Guide to Britain's Best Days Out, Theme Parks and Attractions\|last\=Sehlinger\|first\=Bob\|date\=2011\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Son\|isbn\=1119971136\|location\=West Sussex, UK\|pages\=222–223\|access\-date\=24 August 2014}} The ride cost in the region of £3 million and is located on the former *Raging River* Log Flume site. The *Sky Drop* and *Vortex* rides were relocated to new positions in the park to make way. The ride is about {{Convert\|75\|ft}} in height and has a 97 degree drop, a vertical [lift hill](/wiki/Lift_hill "Lift hill"), a [vertical loop](/wiki/Vertical_loop "Vertical loop"), a [zero\-g roll](/wiki/Zero-g_roll "Zero-g roll") and tight turns. It was named *Rage* after a competition in the newspaper [Southend Echo](/wiki/The_Echo_%28Essex%29 "The Echo (Essex)") to decide a name for the ride. The slogan is "For Superheroes only!"
In 2014 Adventure Island demolished the *Pirate Boat*, which was one of their oldest attractions, to make way for *Adventure Inside* in spring 2015\.
In September 2016 the park retained a top five status in the "Friendliest Park in the World" category at the annual [Amusement Today](/wiki/Amusement_Today "Amusement Today") Golden Ticket Awards.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.echo\-news.co.uk/NEWS/14752918\.Adventure\_Island\_one\_of\_friendliest\_of\_world\_\_\_s\_parks/\|title\=Adventure Island one of friendliest of world’s parks\|website\=Echo\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-01}}
In September 2020, Adventure Island temporarily closed, following advice from [Essex Police](/wiki/Essex_Police "Essex Police") after a [traveller encampment](/wiki/Irish_Travellers%23United_Kingdom "Irish Travellers#United Kingdom") was set up in the nearby Kursaal car park.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/south\_essex\_news/18703706\.southend\-seafront\-attractions\-close\-early\-amid\-traveller\-invasion/\|title\=Southend seafront: attractions close early amid 'traveller encampment'\|last\=Jennings\|first\=Ryan\|date\=7 September 2020\|work\=Clacton and Frinton Gazette\|access\-date\=25 September 2020}} In an update on the company's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page, Adventure Island told visitors that they had been "advised to close early due to traveller invasion!" and that it was "best to be safe than sorry!".{{cite news \|date\=9 September 2020 \|title\="Not much of an apology" – Adventure Island still under fire for 'traveller invasion' FB post \|url\=https://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/news/2020/09/not\-much\-apology\-adventure\-island\-still\-under\-fire\-traveller\-invasion\-fb\-post \|access\-date\=25 September 2020 \|work\=Travellers' Times}} The language used in the post was criticised by Traveller Rights organisations as reinforcing [negative stereotypes](/wiki/Irish_Travellers%23Discrimination_and_prejudice "Irish Travellers#Discrimination and prejudice") about Traveller communities. The post was later deleted, and the company apologised for any offence caused.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/18705678\.adventure\-island\-apologies\-offensive\-post\-travellers/\|title\=Adventure Island apologises for 'offensive' post on travellers\|last\=Whitehouse\|first\=Ellis\|date\=8 September 2020\|work\=Southend Standard\|access\-date\=25 September 2020}}
In 2021, the park hosted the first Pride event to celebrate the LGBTQ\+ community, that hosted local drag queens performing. They also hosted their first annual Islandfest that celebrates local talented artists and musicians by showcasing their talents. Their yearly events include Fairy\-tale weekend, Superhero weekend, a Halloween themed week, a Christmas Grotto, pride and Islandfest.
On 17 July 2023, Adventure Island decided not to host future Pride events after a controversial performance by drag queen [Crystal](/wiki/Crystal_%28drag_queen%29 "Crystal (drag queen)"). The drag queen expressed disappointment, accusing corporations of exploiting Pride for profit. Crystal defended the act, involving an angle grinder, stating it was similar to performances on shows like Britain's Got Talent or by pop stars like Lady Gaga. However, theme park owner Philip Miller cited confusion over acceptable content and emphasized the park's family\-friendly focus. Miller apologized for any offense caused and announced the park's decision not to participate in future Pride celebrations.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-07\-19 \|title\=Southend Adventure Island says Pride 'not for us' over drag act \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-essex\-66239091 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-12 \|publisher\=BBC News}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Adventure Island at night](/wiki/File:Adventure_Island.jpg \"Adventure Island.jpg\")\nAdventure Island started out in 1918 as Sunken Gardens, a sea\\-side garden that in the 1920s installed a few children's rides. It is known to have been originally owned and run by a Mr Maxwell, who also injected capital into and became one of the first co\\-directors of the EKCO Company in Southend. In 1976, the land to the west of the pier was purchased by the Miller family. They developed the amusement park on the site from the rudimentary original and the entire site was redeveloped extensively.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.echo\\-news.co.uk/news/23320163\\.old\\-pictures\\-adventure\\-island\\-southend\\-decades/\\|title\\=Old pictures of Adventure Island in Southend through the decades\\|newspaper\\=Southend Echo\\|date\\=14 February 2023\\|accessdate\\=19 April 2023}}",
"In 1995 the park was vastly expanded when the land to the east of the pier was purchased to form part of the park.",
"Complementing the park is Southend Pier, the longest pleasure pier in the world (built in 1830 as a wooden pier, rebuilt as a steel pier in 1889\\); it extends more than a mile (1,34 miles/2,16 km) toward the ocean. The pier train runs the entire length of the pier to the Lifeboat Museum. The park runs both east and west sides of the pier. The park's mascots are called Snappy, Rage Man, Jakey and Jan.",
"In 1999, the park debuted the roller coaster *Green Scream*. It was once described as the park's signature ride, but this title has now been taken by *[Rage](/wiki/Rage_%28roller_coaster%29 \"Rage (roller coaster)\")*. The second roller coaster at the park is the *Barnstormer*, which opened in 2000\\. The third roller coaster is named the *Mighty Mini Mega*, which opened in 2002\\. *Kiddi Koasta*, a children's roller coaster, opened to the public on 30 April 2011\\.",
"The fifth roller coaster, *Rage*, opened in February 2007\\.{{cite RCDB\\|coaster\\_name\\=Rage\\|location\\=Adventure Island\\|url\\=http://rcdb.com/3573\\.htm\\|accessdate\\=24 August 2014\\|rcdb\\_number\\=3573}} It is one of the biggest investments the park has ever made.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ptk82Uwd\\_ikC\\|title\\=The Unofficial Guide to Britain's Best Days Out, Theme Parks and Attractions\\|last\\=Sehlinger\\|first\\=Bob\\|date\\=2011\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Son\\|isbn\\=1119971136\\|location\\=West Sussex, UK\\|pages\\=222–223\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2014}} The ride cost in the region of £3 million and is located on the former *Raging River* Log Flume site. The *Sky Drop* and *Vortex* rides were relocated to new positions in the park to make way. The ride is about {{Convert\\|75\\|ft}} in height and has a 97 degree drop, a vertical [lift hill](/wiki/Lift_hill \"Lift hill\"), a [vertical loop](/wiki/Vertical_loop \"Vertical loop\"), a [zero\\-g roll](/wiki/Zero-g_roll \"Zero-g roll\") and tight turns. It was named *Rage* after a competition in the newspaper [Southend Echo](/wiki/The_Echo_%28Essex%29 \"The Echo (Essex)\") to decide a name for the ride. The slogan is \"For Superheroes only!\"",
"In 2014 Adventure Island demolished the *Pirate Boat*, which was one of their oldest attractions, to make way for *Adventure Inside* in spring 2015\\.",
"In September 2016 the park retained a top five status in the \"Friendliest Park in the World\" category at the annual [Amusement Today](/wiki/Amusement_Today \"Amusement Today\") Golden Ticket Awards.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.echo\\-news.co.uk/NEWS/14752918\\.Adventure\\_Island\\_one\\_of\\_friendliest\\_of\\_world\\_\\_\\_s\\_parks/\\|title\\=Adventure Island one of friendliest of world’s parks\\|website\\=Echo\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-01}}",
"In September 2020, Adventure Island temporarily closed, following advice from [Essex Police](/wiki/Essex_Police \"Essex Police\") after a [traveller encampment](/wiki/Irish_Travellers%23United_Kingdom \"Irish Travellers#United Kingdom\") was set up in the nearby Kursaal car park.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/south\\_essex\\_news/18703706\\.southend\\-seafront\\-attractions\\-close\\-early\\-amid\\-traveller\\-invasion/\\|title\\=Southend seafront: attractions close early amid 'traveller encampment'\\|last\\=Jennings\\|first\\=Ryan\\|date\\=7 September 2020\\|work\\=Clacton and Frinton Gazette\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2020}} In an update on the company's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page, Adventure Island told visitors that they had been \"advised to close early due to traveller invasion!\" and that it was \"best to be safe than sorry!\".{{cite news \\|date\\=9 September 2020 \\|title\\=\"Not much of an apology\" – Adventure Island still under fire for 'traveller invasion' FB post \\|url\\=https://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/news/2020/09/not\\-much\\-apology\\-adventure\\-island\\-still\\-under\\-fire\\-traveller\\-invasion\\-fb\\-post \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2020 \\|work\\=Travellers' Times}} The language used in the post was criticised by Traveller Rights organisations as reinforcing [negative stereotypes](/wiki/Irish_Travellers%23Discrimination_and_prejudice \"Irish Travellers#Discrimination and prejudice\") about Traveller communities. The post was later deleted, and the company apologised for any offence caused.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/18705678\\.adventure\\-island\\-apologies\\-offensive\\-post\\-travellers/\\|title\\=Adventure Island apologises for 'offensive' post on travellers\\|last\\=Whitehouse\\|first\\=Ellis\\|date\\=8 September 2020\\|work\\=Southend Standard\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2020}}",
"In 2021, the park hosted the first Pride event to celebrate the LGBTQ\\+ community, that hosted local drag queens performing. They also hosted their first annual Islandfest that celebrates local talented artists and musicians by showcasing their talents. Their yearly events include Fairy\\-tale weekend, Superhero weekend, a Halloween themed week, a Christmas Grotto, pride and Islandfest.",
"On 17 July 2023, Adventure Island decided not to host future Pride events after a controversial performance by drag queen [Crystal](/wiki/Crystal_%28drag_queen%29 \"Crystal (drag queen)\"). The drag queen expressed disappointment, accusing corporations of exploiting Pride for profit. Crystal defended the act, involving an angle grinder, stating it was similar to performances on shows like Britain's Got Talent or by pop stars like Lady Gaga. However, theme park owner Philip Miller cited confusion over acceptable content and emphasized the park's family\\-friendly focus. Miller apologized for any offense caused and announced the park's decision not to participate in future Pride celebrations.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\|title\\=Southend Adventure Island says Pride 'not for us' over drag act \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-essex\\-66239091 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-12 \\|publisher\\=BBC News}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Modeling
Oliveira began modeling at age 16, after the death of her father in 1980\. She moved to [Niterói](/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i "Niterói") and her brother Mem became her guardian, agent and manager. She worked in Japan, France and Germany, but her biggest success was in Brazil.
Luma de Oliveira promoted the *Clarity* line of cosmetics, marketed through FLX Consultancy and Franchising.["CLARITY / Luma de Oliveira"](http://www.behance.net/gallery/CLARITY--Luma-de-Oliveira/52615) Behance Network, Beto Lima
She also appeared in commercials for [Havaianas flip\-flops](/wiki/Flip-flops "Flip-flops")Moura, Yana Manoela: ["Tupiniquim of the world"](http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp%3Fcod%3D469OPP001) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712204635/http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp?cod\=469OPP001 \|date\=2015\-07\-12 }} Observatorio da Imprensa, January 22, 2008 and [Danone yogurt](/wiki/Groupe_Danone "Groupe Danone"),Ripard, Sergio: ["Danone chooses Paulo Zulu campaign after controversy with Anthony"](http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u89522.shtml) FOLHA Online, September 30, 2004
and on the cover of numerous Brazilian magazines: *Fitness*, *Guys*, *Headline*, *Look*, and *Who's That Guy*.
She caught the attention of [Brazilian *Playboy*](/wiki/Playboy_magazine_%28Brazilian_issue%29 "Playboy magazine (Brazilian issue)") in 1984 as the younger sister of television actress Isis de Oliveira, who was herself featured on the magazine's cover in 1983 and 1991\.
Luma was the covergirl in 1987, 1988, 1990, 2001 and 2005; she was named Miss Playboy International in 1999\.Murphy, Ryan: [Luma de Oliveira](http://au.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment_250/252b_top_10_list.html) Askmen, Top 10 Playboy Brazil Centerfolds
Her five cover appearances, including her most recent at age 40, are the most of any person in the magazine's history and those issues generated record magazine sales. The January 2005 issue commemorated the magazine's 50th anniversary.
Oliveira appeared on the cover of **VIP**, a popular Brazilian men's magazine, in January 2000\. In their annual reader poll, she was included in their list of the world's 100 sexiest women for the years 1998 through 2003, and 2006\. Her highest ranking was in 2001, when she placed eighth.
### Television
She appeared on three television shows:
* 1986 "Hypertension" (Mark's girlfriend)
* 1987 "The Other" (Dede)
* 1990 "[My Good, My Evil](/wiki/Meu_Bem%2C_Meu_Mal "Meu Bem, Meu Mal")" (Ana Maria)
During the late 1980s, she turned down roles in four successful Brazilian soap operas, including *Top Model*, *Eye for an Eye*, *Japan Kananga* and *Pantanal*. In 2007, she declined an invitation to star in a Brazilian version of [Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives") because it would be filmed in Argentina, and require too much time away from her children.
### Movies
Her acting career included five films:
* 1988 "The Heroes Trapalhões \- A Jungle Adventure" (Maya)
* 1989 "Loneliness, a Beautiful Love Story"
* 1990 "Golden mouth" (Heavenly)
* 1994 "Boca" (Heavenly)
* 1997 "The Sound of Music" (Tereza)
She refused to do a remake of the popular [Nelson Rodrigues](/wiki/Nelson_Rodrigues "Nelson Rodrigues") work, [Lady on the Bus](/wiki/Lady_on_the_Bus "Lady on the Bus"), originally starring [Sônia Braga](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga "Sônia Braga") in 1978\. Oliveira claimed the "R" rated film would embarrass her adolescent children.
### Carnival
{{Empty section\|date\=August 2016}}
### Recent work
{{Empty section\|date\=January 2011}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Modeling",
"Oliveira began modeling at age 16, after the death of her father in 1980\\. She moved to [Niterói](/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i \"Niterói\") and her brother Mem became her guardian, agent and manager. She worked in Japan, France and Germany, but her biggest success was in Brazil.",
"Luma de Oliveira promoted the *Clarity* line of cosmetics, marketed through FLX Consultancy and Franchising.[\"CLARITY / Luma de Oliveira\"](http://www.behance.net/gallery/CLARITY--Luma-de-Oliveira/52615) Behance Network, Beto Lima\nShe also appeared in commercials for [Havaianas flip\\-flops](/wiki/Flip-flops \"Flip-flops\")Moura, Yana Manoela: [\"Tupiniquim of the world\"](http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp%3Fcod%3D469OPP001) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712204635/http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp?cod\\=469OPP001 \\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-12 }} Observatorio da Imprensa, January 22, 2008 and [Danone yogurt](/wiki/Groupe_Danone \"Groupe Danone\"),Ripard, Sergio: [\"Danone chooses Paulo Zulu campaign after controversy with Anthony\"](http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u89522.shtml) FOLHA Online, September 30, 2004\nand on the cover of numerous Brazilian magazines: *Fitness*, *Guys*, *Headline*, *Look*, and *Who's That Guy*.",
"She caught the attention of [Brazilian *Playboy*](/wiki/Playboy_magazine_%28Brazilian_issue%29 \"Playboy magazine (Brazilian issue)\") in 1984 as the younger sister of television actress Isis de Oliveira, who was herself featured on the magazine's cover in 1983 and 1991\\.\nLuma was the covergirl in 1987, 1988, 1990, 2001 and 2005; she was named Miss Playboy International in 1999\\.Murphy, Ryan: [Luma de Oliveira](http://au.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment_250/252b_top_10_list.html) Askmen, Top 10 Playboy Brazil Centerfolds\nHer five cover appearances, including her most recent at age 40, are the most of any person in the magazine's history and those issues generated record magazine sales. The January 2005 issue commemorated the magazine's 50th anniversary.",
"Oliveira appeared on the cover of **VIP**, a popular Brazilian men's magazine, in January 2000\\. In their annual reader poll, she was included in their list of the world's 100 sexiest women for the years 1998 through 2003, and 2006\\. Her highest ranking was in 2001, when she placed eighth.",
"### Television",
"She appeared on three television shows:\n* 1986 \"Hypertension\" (Mark's girlfriend)\n* 1987 \"The Other\" (Dede)\n* 1990 \"[My Good, My Evil](/wiki/Meu_Bem%2C_Meu_Mal \"Meu Bem, Meu Mal\")\" (Ana Maria)",
"During the late 1980s, she turned down roles in four successful Brazilian soap operas, including *Top Model*, *Eye for an Eye*, *Japan Kananga* and *Pantanal*. In 2007, she declined an invitation to star in a Brazilian version of [Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\") because it would be filmed in Argentina, and require too much time away from her children.",
"### Movies",
"Her acting career included five films:\n* 1988 \"The Heroes Trapalhões \\- A Jungle Adventure\" (Maya)\n* 1989 \"Loneliness, a Beautiful Love Story\"\n* 1990 \"Golden mouth\" (Heavenly)\n* 1994 \"Boca\" (Heavenly)\n* 1997 \"The Sound of Music\" (Tereza)",
"She refused to do a remake of the popular [Nelson Rodrigues](/wiki/Nelson_Rodrigues \"Nelson Rodrigues\") work, [Lady on the Bus](/wiki/Lady_on_the_Bus \"Lady on the Bus\"), originally starring [Sônia Braga](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga \"Sônia Braga\") in 1978\\. Oliveira claimed the \"R\" rated film would embarrass her adolescent children.",
"### Carnival",
"{{Empty section\\|date\\=August 2016}}",
"### Recent work",
"{{Empty section\\|date\\=January 2011}}",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
### Marriage
Oliveira met Brazilian businessman [Eike Batista](/wiki/Eike_Batista "Eike Batista") in 1990, and he invited her to accompany him to an [offshore powerboat racing](/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing "Offshore powerboat racing") event in which he was competing. They continued to see each other and she was pregnant when they eloped on January 31, 1991\. However, he was engaged to marry Brazilian socialite Patricia Leal in a civil ceremony one week later, and had already completed the religious ceremony. Oliveira was unaware of the situation and stated, "I just knew he had a girlfriend, but not suspected who it was."Honor, Rosângela: ["Luma de Oliveira and pleasure to lead"](http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/07/reportagens/rep_luma.htm) This is People Magazine 7, September 23, 1999
Leal eventually married wealthy heir Antenor Mayrink Veiga, a prior boyfriend of Oliveira.
She stopped modelling but continued parading during Carnival and created a controversy in 1998 when she wore a collar with the name of her husband. Feminists claimed she was supporting the attitude that women should be submissive. Oliveira countered that submissive women do not parade in competitive samba.Côrtes, Celina: ["She wants a parceirão"](http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=BVNav&from=pt&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoe.com.br%2Freportagens%2F9205_ELA%2BQUER%2BUM%2BPARCEIRAO) ISTOÉ Independent, September 10, 2004
During Carnaval the following year, she wore a pair of handcuffs draped around her neck to make fun of the controversy the previous year.
The marriage produced two sons. Thor Batista de Oliveira was born August 1, 1991, and Olin Batista de Oliveira was born in December, 1995\. Oliveira recovered her figure after her pregnancies and wanted to resume her career in 1999 by again posing for Playboy. Her brother revealed that Batista convinced his wife to change her mind and he compensated Playboy for Oliveira's breach of contract. Two years later, Oliveira posed for and appeared on Playboy's cover in May, 2001\. Batista still opposed his wife's decision and the tabloids covered the story, but Oliveira began working again. She was photographed for *Angels of Brazil*, a calendar sponsored by Rio de Janeiro's Fire Department, and several men's magazines.
Oliveira was with her husband on stage at the dedication of Termoceará, a power plant in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza "Fortaleza") on May 1, 2002\. During the ceremony, she was noticed 'displaying her assets' while adjusting her nylons. Batista was annoyed, but many in the audience were delighted. The facility was subsequently nicknamed *TermoLuma*.Lily, Sergio: ["Plants for Money"](https://archive.today/20120721150837/http://www.eletrosul.gov.br/gdi/gdi/index.php?pg=cl_abre&cd=ikodZb7@%60Tk) Eletrosul, February 8, 2004
In January 2004, Oliveira stated that she was pregnant and would not dance during Carnival. A few weeks later, her lawyer announced that the couple was separating, and the divorce was final on March 22, 2004\. Oliveira received no spousal support, but an undisclosed property settlement, rumored to be $250 million. When asked, she commented that her husband had always been generous.
Batista agreed to pay $20,000 per month in child support and he purchased a home for his children next door to his own which Oliveira could occupy for two years. Batista often dropped by for morning coffee and quality time with their sons. Oliveira insisted that she and her former spouse have remained good friends.
### Unattached
Two months after her divorce became final, Oliveira's mother Maria suffered a heart attack and died.
Oliveira sued [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent") after the newspaper published a photograph of her to illustrate an article that exposed German politicians and [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") employees consorting with prostitutes at Carnaval.Haidar, Rodrigo: ["Luma de Oliveira is to sue British newspaper The Independent"](/wiki/Luma_de_Oliveira "Luma de Oliveira") Counsel Journal, July 21, 2005{{Better source needed\|date\=November 2015\|reason\=\[\[WP:CIRCULAR]]}} The paper published a retraction two days later on page 28, which stated:
> "In an article published Thursday on the VW case was illustrated with a picture of a samba dancer. The picture, in fact, is the Brazilian actress and model Luma de Oliveira. We had not intended to suggest that Ms. Oliveira is linked in any way with the case and VW are sorry for any misunderstanding."["Independent apologizes for using photo Luma"](/wiki/Luma_de_Oliveira "Luma de Oliveira") BBC Brazil, July 23, 2005{{Better source needed\|date\=November 2015\|reason\=\[\[WP:CIRCULAR]]}}
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"### Marriage",
"Oliveira met Brazilian businessman [Eike Batista](/wiki/Eike_Batista \"Eike Batista\") in 1990, and he invited her to accompany him to an [offshore powerboat racing](/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing \"Offshore powerboat racing\") event in which he was competing. They continued to see each other and she was pregnant when they eloped on January 31, 1991\\. However, he was engaged to marry Brazilian socialite Patricia Leal in a civil ceremony one week later, and had already completed the religious ceremony. Oliveira was unaware of the situation and stated, \"I just knew he had a girlfriend, but not suspected who it was.\"Honor, Rosângela: [\"Luma de Oliveira and pleasure to lead\"](http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/07/reportagens/rep_luma.htm) This is People Magazine 7, September 23, 1999\nLeal eventually married wealthy heir Antenor Mayrink Veiga, a prior boyfriend of Oliveira.",
"She stopped modelling but continued parading during Carnival and created a controversy in 1998 when she wore a collar with the name of her husband. Feminists claimed she was supporting the attitude that women should be submissive. Oliveira countered that submissive women do not parade in competitive samba.Côrtes, Celina: [\"She wants a parceirão\"](http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=BVNav&from=pt&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoe.com.br%2Freportagens%2F9205_ELA%2BQUER%2BUM%2BPARCEIRAO) ISTOÉ Independent, September 10, 2004\nDuring Carnaval the following year, she wore a pair of handcuffs draped around her neck to make fun of the controversy the previous year.",
"The marriage produced two sons. Thor Batista de Oliveira was born August 1, 1991, and Olin Batista de Oliveira was born in December, 1995\\. Oliveira recovered her figure after her pregnancies and wanted to resume her career in 1999 by again posing for Playboy. Her brother revealed that Batista convinced his wife to change her mind and he compensated Playboy for Oliveira's breach of contract. Two years later, Oliveira posed for and appeared on Playboy's cover in May, 2001\\. Batista still opposed his wife's decision and the tabloids covered the story, but Oliveira began working again. She was photographed for *Angels of Brazil*, a calendar sponsored by Rio de Janeiro's Fire Department, and several men's magazines.",
"Oliveira was with her husband on stage at the dedication of Termoceará, a power plant in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza \"Fortaleza\") on May 1, 2002\\. During the ceremony, she was noticed 'displaying her assets' while adjusting her nylons. Batista was annoyed, but many in the audience were delighted. The facility was subsequently nicknamed *TermoLuma*.Lily, Sergio: [\"Plants for Money\"](https://archive.today/20120721150837/http://www.eletrosul.gov.br/gdi/gdi/index.php?pg=cl_abre&cd=ikodZb7@%60Tk) Eletrosul, February 8, 2004",
"In January 2004, Oliveira stated that she was pregnant and would not dance during Carnival. A few weeks later, her lawyer announced that the couple was separating, and the divorce was final on March 22, 2004\\. Oliveira received no spousal support, but an undisclosed property settlement, rumored to be $250 million. When asked, she commented that her husband had always been generous.",
"Batista agreed to pay $20,000 per month in child support and he purchased a home for his children next door to his own which Oliveira could occupy for two years. Batista often dropped by for morning coffee and quality time with their sons. Oliveira insisted that she and her former spouse have remained good friends.",
"### Unattached",
"Two months after her divorce became final, Oliveira's mother Maria suffered a heart attack and died.",
"Oliveira sued [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\") after the newspaper published a photograph of her to illustrate an article that exposed German politicians and [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") employees consorting with prostitutes at Carnaval.Haidar, Rodrigo: [\"Luma de Oliveira is to sue British newspaper The Independent\"](/wiki/Luma_de_Oliveira \"Luma de Oliveira\") Counsel Journal, July 21, 2005{{Better source needed\\|date\\=November 2015\\|reason\\=\\[\\[WP:CIRCULAR]]}} The paper published a retraction two days later on page 28, which stated:",
"> \"In an article published Thursday on the VW case was illustrated with a picture of a samba dancer. The picture, in fact, is the Brazilian actress and model Luma de Oliveira. We had not intended to suggest that Ms. Oliveira is linked in any way with the case and VW are sorry for any misunderstanding.\"[\"Independent apologizes for using photo Luma\"](/wiki/Luma_de_Oliveira \"Luma de Oliveira\") BBC Brazil, July 23, 2005{{Better source needed\\|date\\=November 2015\\|reason\\=\\[\\[WP:CIRCULAR]]}}",
"",
""
] |
### Marriage
Oliveira met Brazilian businessman [Eike Batista](/wiki/Eike_Batista "Eike Batista") in 1990, and he invited her to accompany him to an [offshore powerboat racing](/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing "Offshore powerboat racing") event in which he was competing. They continued to see each other and she was pregnant when they eloped on January 31, 1991\. However, he was engaged to marry Brazilian socialite Patricia Leal in a civil ceremony one week later, and had already completed the religious ceremony. Oliveira was unaware of the situation and stated, "I just knew he had a girlfriend, but not suspected who it was."Honor, Rosângela: ["Luma de Oliveira and pleasure to lead"](http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/07/reportagens/rep_luma.htm) This is People Magazine 7, September 23, 1999
Leal eventually married wealthy heir Antenor Mayrink Veiga, a prior boyfriend of Oliveira.
She stopped modelling but continued parading during Carnival and created a controversy in 1998 when she wore a collar with the name of her husband. Feminists claimed she was supporting the attitude that women should be submissive. Oliveira countered that submissive women do not parade in competitive samba.Côrtes, Celina: ["She wants a parceirão"](http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=BVNav&from=pt&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoe.com.br%2Freportagens%2F9205_ELA%2BQUER%2BUM%2BPARCEIRAO) ISTOÉ Independent, September 10, 2004
During Carnaval the following year, she wore a pair of handcuffs draped around her neck to make fun of the controversy the previous year.
The marriage produced two sons. Thor Batista de Oliveira was born August 1, 1991, and Olin Batista de Oliveira was born in December, 1995\. Oliveira recovered her figure after her pregnancies and wanted to resume her career in 1999 by again posing for Playboy. Her brother revealed that Batista convinced his wife to change her mind and he compensated Playboy for Oliveira's breach of contract. Two years later, Oliveira posed for and appeared on Playboy's cover in May, 2001\. Batista still opposed his wife's decision and the tabloids covered the story, but Oliveira began working again. She was photographed for *Angels of Brazil*, a calendar sponsored by Rio de Janeiro's Fire Department, and several men's magazines.
Oliveira was with her husband on stage at the dedication of Termoceará, a power plant in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza "Fortaleza") on May 1, 2002\. During the ceremony, she was noticed 'displaying her assets' while adjusting her nylons. Batista was annoyed, but many in the audience were delighted. The facility was subsequently nicknamed *TermoLuma*.Lily, Sergio: ["Plants for Money"](https://archive.today/20120721150837/http://www.eletrosul.gov.br/gdi/gdi/index.php?pg=cl_abre&cd=ikodZb7@%60Tk) Eletrosul, February 8, 2004
In January 2004, Oliveira stated that she was pregnant and would not dance during Carnival. A few weeks later, her lawyer announced that the couple was separating, and the divorce was final on March 22, 2004\. Oliveira received no spousal support, but an undisclosed property settlement, rumored to be $250 million. When asked, she commented that her husband had always been generous.
Batista agreed to pay $20,000 per month in child support and he purchased a home for his children next door to his own which Oliveira could occupy for two years. Batista often dropped by for morning coffee and quality time with their sons. Oliveira insisted that she and her former spouse have remained good friends.
|
[
"### Marriage",
"Oliveira met Brazilian businessman [Eike Batista](/wiki/Eike_Batista \"Eike Batista\") in 1990, and he invited her to accompany him to an [offshore powerboat racing](/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing \"Offshore powerboat racing\") event in which he was competing. They continued to see each other and she was pregnant when they eloped on January 31, 1991\\. However, he was engaged to marry Brazilian socialite Patricia Leal in a civil ceremony one week later, and had already completed the religious ceremony. Oliveira was unaware of the situation and stated, \"I just knew he had a girlfriend, but not suspected who it was.\"Honor, Rosângela: [\"Luma de Oliveira and pleasure to lead\"](http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/07/reportagens/rep_luma.htm) This is People Magazine 7, September 23, 1999\nLeal eventually married wealthy heir Antenor Mayrink Veiga, a prior boyfriend of Oliveira.",
"She stopped modelling but continued parading during Carnival and created a controversy in 1998 when she wore a collar with the name of her husband. Feminists claimed she was supporting the attitude that women should be submissive. Oliveira countered that submissive women do not parade in competitive samba.Côrtes, Celina: [\"She wants a parceirão\"](http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=BVNav&from=pt&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoe.com.br%2Freportagens%2F9205_ELA%2BQUER%2BUM%2BPARCEIRAO) ISTOÉ Independent, September 10, 2004\nDuring Carnaval the following year, she wore a pair of handcuffs draped around her neck to make fun of the controversy the previous year.",
"The marriage produced two sons. Thor Batista de Oliveira was born August 1, 1991, and Olin Batista de Oliveira was born in December, 1995\\. Oliveira recovered her figure after her pregnancies and wanted to resume her career in 1999 by again posing for Playboy. Her brother revealed that Batista convinced his wife to change her mind and he compensated Playboy for Oliveira's breach of contract. Two years later, Oliveira posed for and appeared on Playboy's cover in May, 2001\\. Batista still opposed his wife's decision and the tabloids covered the story, but Oliveira began working again. She was photographed for *Angels of Brazil*, a calendar sponsored by Rio de Janeiro's Fire Department, and several men's magazines.",
"Oliveira was with her husband on stage at the dedication of Termoceará, a power plant in [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza \"Fortaleza\") on May 1, 2002\\. During the ceremony, she was noticed 'displaying her assets' while adjusting her nylons. Batista was annoyed, but many in the audience were delighted. The facility was subsequently nicknamed *TermoLuma*.Lily, Sergio: [\"Plants for Money\"](https://archive.today/20120721150837/http://www.eletrosul.gov.br/gdi/gdi/index.php?pg=cl_abre&cd=ikodZb7@%60Tk) Eletrosul, February 8, 2004",
"In January 2004, Oliveira stated that she was pregnant and would not dance during Carnival. A few weeks later, her lawyer announced that the couple was separating, and the divorce was final on March 22, 2004\\. Oliveira received no spousal support, but an undisclosed property settlement, rumored to be $250 million. When asked, she commented that her husband had always been generous.",
"Batista agreed to pay $20,000 per month in child support and he purchased a home for his children next door to his own which Oliveira could occupy for two years. Batista often dropped by for morning coffee and quality time with their sons. Oliveira insisted that she and her former spouse have remained good friends.",
""
] |
History
-------
Adventure Con was founded by Marcus Wollack, and was first held June 1–2, 2002, at the Knoxville Expo Center (5441 Clinton Highway, Knoxville, Tennessee). 2003 saw two shows, a late spring event and a fall event. The spring 2003 show was held at the Gatlinburg Convention Center in [Gatlinburg, Tennessee](/wiki/Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee "Gatlinburg, Tennessee"). Beginning in 2005, the show moved to the [Knoxville Convention Center](/wiki/Knoxville_Convention_Center "Knoxville Convention Center") (701 Henley Street, Knoxville, Tennessee), which features nearly 50,000 square feet of exhibitor space. The 2005 show featured two full days of gaming events and tournaments. The 2006 show featured a replica of the *[Back to the Future](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future "Back to the Future")* [Delorean](/wiki/DeLorean_time_machine "DeLorean time machine").
In 2007 Adventure Con was acquired by Las Vegas Autographs, LLC. The new owners vowed to increase the emphasis on comic books and attract 10,000 visitors. The 2007 show made national news for a *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars "Star Wars")*\-themed wedding, which on June 2 was featured on nearly every local news broadcast in the nation that evening.["Love written in the 'Stars'"](http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/local_news/article/0,1406,KNS_347_5568216,00.html), June 3, 2007, *[Knoxville News Sentinel](/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel "Knoxville News Sentinel")* The 2008 show included a special concert by [Smith \& Pyle](/wiki/Smith_%26_Pyle "Smith & Pyle"), and a "birthday party" for [Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 "Friday the 13th (franchise)")'s [Jason Voorhees](/wiki/Jason_Voorhees "Jason Voorhees").
In 2009, Adventure Con again featured two events, a summer and a fall show. For the fall show, Adventure Con moved to the [Pigeon Forge](/wiki/Pigeon_Forge%2C_Tennessee "Pigeon Forge, Tennessee") Convention Center located at the Grand Hotel. The 2010 show, also held at the Pigeon Forge Convention Center, was half the size of the previous year, disorganized, and many dealers complained about the poor lighting.["Con Reports: Adventure Con 2010, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee,"](http://www.cbgxtra.com/knowledge-base/con-reports/adventure-con-2010-pigeon-forge-tennessee) CBGXtra (June 26, 2010\).
Adventure Con 2011, the tenth anniversary show, was originally going to be held July 10–12, 2011, back in Knoxville. However, on May 6, 2011, the home page of the Adventure Con website was updated, notifying fans that the show was being pushed back to a later date. The Celebrity Guests and Comic Book Industry Guests pages were deleted. The original celebrity guests included [Erika Eleniak](/wiki/Erika_Eleniak "Erika Eleniak"), [Tony Todd](/wiki/Tony_Todd "Tony Todd"), [Tara (wrestler)](/wiki/Tara_%28wrestler%29 "Tara (wrestler)"), [Lee Arenberg](/wiki/Lee_Arenberg "Lee Arenberg"), [Valerie Perrine](/wiki/Valerie_Perrine "Valerie Perrine"), [Barbara Nedeljakova](/wiki/Barbara_Nedeljakova "Barbara Nedeljakova"), Nalini Krishan, [Cindy Morgan](/wiki/Cindy_Morgan "Cindy Morgan"), [Richard LeParmentier](/wiki/Richard_LeParmentier "Richard LeParmentier"), and [Tony Curran](/wiki/Tony_Curran "Tony Curran"). There was originally no information on comic book industry guests.
The tenth anniversary show was rescheduled for October 12–13, 2012, back in Knoxville. As of June 27, 2012, it had not been specified whether the original guests would still be appearing at the show.
### Dates and locations
| Date | Location | Attendance | Official guests | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| June 1–2, 2002 | Knoxville Expo Center | | [Yvonne Craig](/wiki/Yvonne_Craig "Yvonne Craig"), [Richard Kiel](/wiki/Richard_Kiel "Richard Kiel"), [Peter Mayhew](/wiki/Peter_Mayhew_%28actor%29 "Peter Mayhew (actor)"), [Dick Durock](/wiki/Dick_Durock "Dick Durock"), [Julie Newmar](/wiki/Julie_Newmar "Julie Newmar") and [Dick Warlock](/wiki/Dick_Warlock "Dick Warlock").[Knoxville Expo Center](http://www.knoxvilleexpocenter.com/) | |
| May 31\-June 1, 2003 | Knoxville Expo Center | | [Warwick Davis](/wiki/Warwick_Davis "Warwick Davis"), artist Steve Stanley, actor [James MacArthur](/wiki/James_MacArthur "James MacArthur"), actress [Linda Harrison](/wiki/Linda_Harrison_%28actress%29 "Linda Harrison (actress)"), actor [Gunnar Hansen](/wiki/Gunnar_Hansen "Gunnar Hansen"), actor [Dirk Benedict](/wiki/Dirk_Benedict "Dirk Benedict"), plus *[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century](/wiki/Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_%28TV_series%29 "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)")* actors [Gil Gerard](/wiki/Gil_Gerard "Gil Gerard"), [Erin Gray](/wiki/Erin_Gray "Erin Gray") and [Felix Silla](/wiki/Felix_Silla "Felix Silla"). | Known as **Adventure Con 2** |
| October 3–5, 2003 | Gatlinburg Convention Center | | Actors [Jeremy Bulloch](/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch "Jeremy Bulloch"), [Dawn Wells](/wiki/Dawn_Wells "Dawn Wells"), [Yvonne Craig](/wiki/Yvonne_Craig "Yvonne Craig"), [Danielle Harris](/wiki/Danielle_Harris "Danielle Harris"), and one\-time [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond") actor [George Lazenby](/wiki/George_Lazenby "George Lazenby").[The Astounding B\-Monster Bulletin, October 2003](http://www.bmonster.com/oct2003.shtml){{Cite web \|url\=http://www.gatlinburg\-tennessee.com/conventions/center.html \|title\=Gatlinburg Department of Tourism \- Gatlinburg Convention Center \|access\-date\=2007\-09\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928113445/http://www.gatlinburg\-tennessee.com/conventions/center.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-28 \|url\-status\=dead }} | Known as **Adventure Con 2\.5** |
| June 5–6, 2004 | Knoxville Expo Center | 3000\+[Dollmaker's Internet Community News article](http://www.dollmaking.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=17) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101902/http://www.dollmaking.org/index.php?name\=News\&file\=article\&sid\=17 \|date\=September 30, 2007 }} | [David Prowse](/wiki/David_Prowse "David Prowse"), [Anthony Daniels](/wiki/Anthony_Daniels "Anthony Daniels"), [Tanya Roberts](/wiki/Tanya_Roberts "Tanya Roberts"), [Felix Silla](/wiki/Felix_Silla "Felix Silla"), [Brad Dourif](/wiki/Brad_Dourif "Brad Dourif"), [Catherine Bach](/wiki/Catherine_Bach "Catherine Bach"), [Richard Hatch](/wiki/Richard_Hatch_%28actor%29 "Richard Hatch (actor)"), [Kathy Garver](/wiki/Kathy_Garver "Kathy Garver"), [Dick Durock](/wiki/Dick_Durock "Dick Durock"), [Jackson Bostwick](/wiki/Jackson_Bostwick "Jackson Bostwick") and [Alex Vincent](/wiki/Alex_Vincent_%28actor%29 "Alex Vincent (actor)"). Other guests included actors from horror films, models, and professional wrestlers.[The Astounding B\-Monster Bulletin, June 2004](http://www.bmonster.com/jun2004.shtml)[Shots Across the Bow: Adventure Con 2004](http://shotsacrossthebow.com/archives/002031.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142842/http://shotsacrossthebow.com/archives/002031\.html \|date\=September 28, 2007 }} | Known as **Adventure Con 3** |
| June 18–19, 2005 | [Knoxville Convention Center](/wiki/Knoxville_Convention_Center "Knoxville Convention Center") | | Actors [John Rhys\-Davies](/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies "John Rhys-Davies"), [Robert Englund](/wiki/Robert_Englund "Robert Englund"), [Kenny Baker](/wiki/Kenny_Baker_%28English_actor%29 "Kenny Baker (English actor)"), [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno "Lou Ferrigno") and [Adam West](/wiki/Adam_West "Adam West"). | Known as **Adventure Con 4** |
| June 24–25, 2006 | Knoxville Convention Center | 5000\+["Knoxville Hosts Adventure Con"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070319201739/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=12454&si=121), June 23, 2006, *Industry News*[ToyShow.org archive site](http://www.toyshow.org/) | Guest artists: Steve Stanley, Lin Workman, and Martheus Wade. Celebrity guests: [Verne Troyer](/wiki/Verne_Troyer "Verne Troyer"), [Erica Durance](/wiki/Erica_Durance "Erica Durance"), [Corey Feldman](/wiki/Corey_Feldman "Corey Feldman"), [Adam Baldwin](/wiki/Adam_Baldwin "Adam Baldwin"), [Lana Wood](/wiki/Lana_Wood "Lana Wood"), [Burt Ward](/wiki/Burt_Ward "Burt Ward"), [Hayley Mills](/wiki/Hayley_Mills "Hayley Mills"), [Clare Kramer](/wiki/Clare_Kramer "Clare Kramer") and [Ray Park](/wiki/Ray_Park "Ray Park"). | Known as **Adventure Con 5** |
| June 1–3, 2007 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: [Ethan Van Sciver](/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver "Ethan Van Sciver"). Other guests: artist [John Romita, Jr.](/wiki/John_Romita%2C_Jr. "John Romita, Jr."), director [Nina Kaczorowski](/wiki/Nina_Kaczorowski "Nina Kaczorowski"), *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* actors [Walter Koenig](/wiki/Walter_Koenig "Walter Koenig") and [Denise Crosby](/wiki/Denise_Crosby "Denise Crosby"), *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars "Star Wars")* actors [Peter Mayhew](/wiki/Peter_Mayhew_%28actor%29 "Peter Mayhew (actor)"), [Anthony Daniels](/wiki/Anthony_Daniels "Anthony Daniels"), [Jeremy Bulloch](/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch "Jeremy Bulloch") and [Matthew Wood](/wiki/Matthew_Wood_%28sound_editor%29 "Matthew Wood (sound editor)"), plus [Brian Harnois](/wiki/Brian_Harnois "Brian Harnois") of [Sci\-Fi Channel's](/wiki/Syfy "Syfy") *[Ghosthunters](/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_%28TV_series%29 "Ghost Hunters (TV series)")*, professional wrestlers [Jimmy Hart](/wiki/Jimmy_Hart "Jimmy Hart"), [Brutus Beefcake](/wiki/Brutus_Beefcake "Brutus Beefcake"), [Buff Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell "Buff Bagwell") and [Raven](/wiki/Raven_%28wrestler%29 "Raven (wrestler)"), plus former [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee") wide receiver [Anthony Miller](/wiki/Anthony_Miller_%28wide_receiver%2C_born_1965%29 "Anthony Miller (wide receiver, born 1965)") and many more.["More 'bells and whistles' at this year's Adventure Con"](http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jun/01/more-bells-and-whistles-at-this-years-adventure/), June 1, 2007, *[Knoxville News Sentinel](/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel "Knoxville News Sentinel")* | |
| June 13–15, 2008 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: writer and creator of [X\-Men](/wiki/X-Men "X-Men") character [Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%28comics%29 "Rogue (comics)"), [Michael Golden](/wiki/Michael_Golden_%28comics%29 "Michael Golden (comics)"). [John Romita, Jr.](/wiki/John_Romita%2C_Jr. "John Romita, Jr.") scheduled to appear but has to cancel at the last minute. Last\-minute surprise guest: [Arthur Suydam](/wiki/Arthur_Suydam "Arthur Suydam") of *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies "Marvel Zombies")* fame. Other guests: [Tony Moran](/wiki/Tony_Moran "Tony Moran") (*[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%281978_film%29 "Halloween (1978 film)")*), [Michael Biehn](/wiki/Michael_Biehn "Michael Biehn") (*[The Terminator](/wiki/The_Terminator "The Terminator")*, *[Aliens](/wiki/Aliens_%28film%29 "Aliens (film)")*, and *[Tombstone](/wiki/Tombstone_%28film%29 "Tombstone (film)")*), [Doug Jones](/wiki/Doug_Jones_%28actor%29 "Doug Jones (actor)") (*[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer "Silver Surfer")* and [Abe Sapien](/wiki/Abe_Sapien "Abe Sapien") from *[Hellboy](/wiki/Hellboy_%282004_film%29 "Hellboy (2004 film)")*), [Kevin Sorbo](/wiki/Kevin_Sorbo "Kevin Sorbo") (*[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%281998_TV_series%29 "Hercules (1998 TV series)")*) \[Sorbo canceled at the last moment], [Shawnee Smith](/wiki/Shawnee_Smith "Shawnee Smith") (*[Saw](/wiki/Saw_%282004_film%29 "Saw (2004 film)")*), [Missi Pyle](/wiki/Missi_Pyle "Missi Pyle") *([DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story](/wiki/DodgeBall:A_True_Underdog_Story "A True Underdog Story")*), wrestler [Roddy Piper](/wiki/Roddy_Piper "Roddy Piper"), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder "Kane Hodder") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%281980_film%29 "Friday the 13th (1980 film)")*), [Ernie Hudson](/wiki/Ernie_Hudson "Ernie Hudson") (*[Ghostbusters](/wiki/Ghostbusters "Ghostbusters")*), [Danielle Harris](/wiki/Danielle_Harris "Danielle Harris") (*[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%28franchise%29 "Halloween (franchise)")*), [Andrew Divoff](/wiki/Andrew_Divoff "Andrew Divoff") (*[Lost](/wiki/Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 "Lost (2004 TV series)")* and *[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull")*), [Mitchel Musso](/wiki/Mitchel_Musso "Mitchel Musso") (*[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana "Hannah Montana")*), and many more. | |
| June 12–14, 2009 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: [Arthur Suydam](/wiki/Arthur_Suydam "Arthur Suydam") of *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies "Marvel Zombies")* fame. Other guests: [Ray Park](/wiki/Ray_Park "Ray Park") ([Darth Maul](/wiki/Darth_Maul "Darth Maul") and [Snake Eyes](/wiki/Snake_Eyes_%28G.I._Joe%29 "Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe)")), [Margot Kidder](/wiki/Margot_Kidder "Margot Kidder") (*[Superman](/wiki/Superman_%281978_film%29 "Superman (1978 film)")*), [William Katt](/wiki/William_Katt "William Katt") (*[Greatest American Hero](/wiki/Greatest_American_Hero "Greatest American Hero")*), [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno "Lou Ferrigno") (*[The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%281978_TV_series%29 "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)")*), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder "Kane Hodder") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 "Friday the 13th (franchise)")*), wrestler [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"), [Jake Busey](/wiki/Jake_Busey "Jake Busey") (*[Starship Troopers](/wiki/Starship_Troopers_%28film%29 "Starship Troopers (film)")*), [America Olivo](/wiki/America_Olivo "America Olivo") (2009 *[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%282009_film%29 "Friday the 13th (2009 film)")*), wrestling diva [Christy Hemme](/wiki/Christy_Hemme "Christy Hemme"), [Todd Bridges](/wiki/Todd_Bridges "Todd Bridges") and [Gary Coleman](/wiki/Gary_Coleman "Gary Coleman") (*[Diff'rent Strokes](/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes "Diff'rent Strokes")*), James Dodd ([Johann Kraus](/wiki/Johann_Kraus "Johann Kraus") from *[Hellboy II](/wiki/Hellboy_II "Hellboy II")*), and many more. | Known as **Adventure Con 2009—Summer** |
| October 24–25, 2009 | Pigeon Forge Convention Center located at the Grand Hotel | | Guest of Honor: [John Schneider](/wiki/John_Schneider_%28screen_actor%29 "John Schneider (screen actor)") (*[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard "The Dukes of Hazzard")*). Other guests: [Doug Jones](/wiki/Doug_Jones_%28actor%29 "Doug Jones (actor)") ([Abe Sapien](/wiki/Abe_Sapien "Abe Sapien") and *[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer "Silver Surfer")*), David Barclay ([Yoda](/wiki/Yoda "Yoda") and [Jabba the Hutt](/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt "Jabba the Hutt") puppeteer), [Derek Mears](/wiki/Derek_Mears "Derek Mears") (2009 *[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%282009_film%29 "Friday the 13th (2009 film)")*), [Micky Dolenz](/wiki/Micky_Dolenz "Micky Dolenz") ([The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees "The Monkees")), [William Forsythe](/wiki/William_Forsythe_%28actor%29 "William Forsythe (actor)") (*[Rob Zombie's Halloween](/wiki/Rob_Zombie%27s_Halloween "Rob Zombie's Halloween")* and *[Dick Tracy](/wiki/Dick_Tracy_%281990_film%29 "Dick Tracy (1990 film)")*), wrestler [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash"), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder "Kane Hodder") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 "Friday the 13th (franchise)")*) and [TNA Knockouts](/wiki/TNA_Knockout "TNA Knockout") [Traci Brooks](/wiki/Traci_Brooks "Traci Brooks") and [SoCal Val](/wiki/SoCal_Val "SoCal Val"), plus a few more. | Known as **Adventure Con 2009—Fall** |
| May 28–30, 2010 | Pigeon Forge Convention Center | | Featured guest of honor: [Ghost Rider](/wiki/Ghost_Rider_%28Johnny_Blaze%29 "Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)") co\-creator [Gary Friedrich](/wiki/Gary_Friedrich "Gary Friedrich"). Other guests: [Billy Dee Williams](/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams "Billy Dee Williams") (*[Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back](/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_V:The_Empire_Strikes_Back "The Empire Strikes Back")* and *[Star Wars: Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VI:Return_of_the_Jedi "Return of the Jedi")*), [James Best](/wiki/James_Best "James Best") ([Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane](/wiki/Sheriff_Rosco_P._Coltrane "Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane") from *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard "The Dukes of Hazzard")*), [Byron Cherry](/wiki/Byron_Cherry "Byron Cherry") ([Coy Duke](/wiki/Coy_Duke "Coy Duke") from *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard "The Dukes of Hazzard")*). | |
| October 13–14, 2012 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guests: Kevin McNally (*Pirates of the Caribbean* franchise), Julian Glover, Jon Bernthal (*The Walking Dead*), [Chris Sarandon](/wiki/Chris_Sarandon "Chris Sarandon"), [Ioan Gruffudd](/wiki/Ioan_Gruffudd "Ioan Gruffudd"), Ian Whyte (*Alien vs. Predator* \& *Prometheus*), Alan Tudyk | |
|
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Adventure Con was founded by Marcus Wollack, and was first held June 1–2, 2002, at the Knoxville Expo Center (5441 Clinton Highway, Knoxville, Tennessee). 2003 saw two shows, a late spring event and a fall event. The spring 2003 show was held at the Gatlinburg Convention Center in [Gatlinburg, Tennessee](/wiki/Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee \"Gatlinburg, Tennessee\"). Beginning in 2005, the show moved to the [Knoxville Convention Center](/wiki/Knoxville_Convention_Center \"Knoxville Convention Center\") (701 Henley Street, Knoxville, Tennessee), which features nearly 50,000 square feet of exhibitor space. The 2005 show featured two full days of gaming events and tournaments. The 2006 show featured a replica of the *[Back to the Future](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future \"Back to the Future\")* [Delorean](/wiki/DeLorean_time_machine \"DeLorean time machine\").",
"In 2007 Adventure Con was acquired by Las Vegas Autographs, LLC. The new owners vowed to increase the emphasis on comic books and attract 10,000 visitors. The 2007 show made national news for a *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars \"Star Wars\")*\\-themed wedding, which on June 2 was featured on nearly every local news broadcast in the nation that evening.[\"Love written in the 'Stars'\"](http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/local_news/article/0,1406,KNS_347_5568216,00.html), June 3, 2007, *[Knoxville News Sentinel](/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel \"Knoxville News Sentinel\")* The 2008 show included a special concert by [Smith \\& Pyle](/wiki/Smith_%26_Pyle \"Smith & Pyle\"), and a \"birthday party\" for [Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 \"Friday the 13th (franchise)\")'s [Jason Voorhees](/wiki/Jason_Voorhees \"Jason Voorhees\").",
"In 2009, Adventure Con again featured two events, a summer and a fall show. For the fall show, Adventure Con moved to the [Pigeon Forge](/wiki/Pigeon_Forge%2C_Tennessee \"Pigeon Forge, Tennessee\") Convention Center located at the Grand Hotel. The 2010 show, also held at the Pigeon Forge Convention Center, was half the size of the previous year, disorganized, and many dealers complained about the poor lighting.[\"Con Reports: Adventure Con 2010, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee,\"](http://www.cbgxtra.com/knowledge-base/con-reports/adventure-con-2010-pigeon-forge-tennessee) CBGXtra (June 26, 2010\\).",
"Adventure Con 2011, the tenth anniversary show, was originally going to be held July 10–12, 2011, back in Knoxville. However, on May 6, 2011, the home page of the Adventure Con website was updated, notifying fans that the show was being pushed back to a later date. The Celebrity Guests and Comic Book Industry Guests pages were deleted. The original celebrity guests included [Erika Eleniak](/wiki/Erika_Eleniak \"Erika Eleniak\"), [Tony Todd](/wiki/Tony_Todd \"Tony Todd\"), [Tara (wrestler)](/wiki/Tara_%28wrestler%29 \"Tara (wrestler)\"), [Lee Arenberg](/wiki/Lee_Arenberg \"Lee Arenberg\"), [Valerie Perrine](/wiki/Valerie_Perrine \"Valerie Perrine\"), [Barbara Nedeljakova](/wiki/Barbara_Nedeljakova \"Barbara Nedeljakova\"), Nalini Krishan, [Cindy Morgan](/wiki/Cindy_Morgan \"Cindy Morgan\"), [Richard LeParmentier](/wiki/Richard_LeParmentier \"Richard LeParmentier\"), and [Tony Curran](/wiki/Tony_Curran \"Tony Curran\"). There was originally no information on comic book industry guests.",
"The tenth anniversary show was rescheduled for October 12–13, 2012, back in Knoxville. As of June 27, 2012, it had not been specified whether the original guests would still be appearing at the show.",
"### Dates and locations",
"",
"| Date | Location | Attendance | Official guests | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| June 1–2, 2002 | Knoxville Expo Center | | [Yvonne Craig](/wiki/Yvonne_Craig \"Yvonne Craig\"), [Richard Kiel](/wiki/Richard_Kiel \"Richard Kiel\"), [Peter Mayhew](/wiki/Peter_Mayhew_%28actor%29 \"Peter Mayhew (actor)\"), [Dick Durock](/wiki/Dick_Durock \"Dick Durock\"), [Julie Newmar](/wiki/Julie_Newmar \"Julie Newmar\") and [Dick Warlock](/wiki/Dick_Warlock \"Dick Warlock\").[Knoxville Expo Center](http://www.knoxvilleexpocenter.com/) | |\n| May 31\\-June 1, 2003 | Knoxville Expo Center | | [Warwick Davis](/wiki/Warwick_Davis \"Warwick Davis\"), artist Steve Stanley, actor [James MacArthur](/wiki/James_MacArthur \"James MacArthur\"), actress [Linda Harrison](/wiki/Linda_Harrison_%28actress%29 \"Linda Harrison (actress)\"), actor [Gunnar Hansen](/wiki/Gunnar_Hansen \"Gunnar Hansen\"), actor [Dirk Benedict](/wiki/Dirk_Benedict \"Dirk Benedict\"), plus *[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century](/wiki/Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_%28TV_series%29 \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)\")* actors [Gil Gerard](/wiki/Gil_Gerard \"Gil Gerard\"), [Erin Gray](/wiki/Erin_Gray \"Erin Gray\") and [Felix Silla](/wiki/Felix_Silla \"Felix Silla\"). | Known as **Adventure Con 2** |\n| October 3–5, 2003 | Gatlinburg Convention Center | | Actors [Jeremy Bulloch](/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch \"Jeremy Bulloch\"), [Dawn Wells](/wiki/Dawn_Wells \"Dawn Wells\"), [Yvonne Craig](/wiki/Yvonne_Craig \"Yvonne Craig\"), [Danielle Harris](/wiki/Danielle_Harris \"Danielle Harris\"), and one\\-time [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") actor [George Lazenby](/wiki/George_Lazenby \"George Lazenby\").[The Astounding B\\-Monster Bulletin, October 2003](http://www.bmonster.com/oct2003.shtml){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gatlinburg\\-tennessee.com/conventions/center.html \\|title\\=Gatlinburg Department of Tourism \\- Gatlinburg Convention Center \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928113445/http://www.gatlinburg\\-tennessee.com/conventions/center.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | Known as **Adventure Con 2\\.5** |\n| June 5–6, 2004 | Knoxville Expo Center | 3000\\+[Dollmaker's Internet Community News article](http://www.dollmaking.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=17) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101902/http://www.dollmaking.org/index.php?name\\=News\\&file\\=article\\&sid\\=17 \\|date\\=September 30, 2007 }} | [David Prowse](/wiki/David_Prowse \"David Prowse\"), [Anthony Daniels](/wiki/Anthony_Daniels \"Anthony Daniels\"), [Tanya Roberts](/wiki/Tanya_Roberts \"Tanya Roberts\"), [Felix Silla](/wiki/Felix_Silla \"Felix Silla\"), [Brad Dourif](/wiki/Brad_Dourif \"Brad Dourif\"), [Catherine Bach](/wiki/Catherine_Bach \"Catherine Bach\"), [Richard Hatch](/wiki/Richard_Hatch_%28actor%29 \"Richard Hatch (actor)\"), [Kathy Garver](/wiki/Kathy_Garver \"Kathy Garver\"), [Dick Durock](/wiki/Dick_Durock \"Dick Durock\"), [Jackson Bostwick](/wiki/Jackson_Bostwick \"Jackson Bostwick\") and [Alex Vincent](/wiki/Alex_Vincent_%28actor%29 \"Alex Vincent (actor)\"). Other guests included actors from horror films, models, and professional wrestlers.[The Astounding B\\-Monster Bulletin, June 2004](http://www.bmonster.com/jun2004.shtml)[Shots Across the Bow: Adventure Con 2004](http://shotsacrossthebow.com/archives/002031.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142842/http://shotsacrossthebow.com/archives/002031\\.html \\|date\\=September 28, 2007 }} | Known as **Adventure Con 3** |\n| June 18–19, 2005 | [Knoxville Convention Center](/wiki/Knoxville_Convention_Center \"Knoxville Convention Center\") | | Actors [John Rhys\\-Davies](/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies \"John Rhys-Davies\"), [Robert Englund](/wiki/Robert_Englund \"Robert Englund\"), [Kenny Baker](/wiki/Kenny_Baker_%28English_actor%29 \"Kenny Baker (English actor)\"), [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno \"Lou Ferrigno\") and [Adam West](/wiki/Adam_West \"Adam West\"). | Known as **Adventure Con 4** |\n| June 24–25, 2006 | Knoxville Convention Center | 5000\\+[\"Knoxville Hosts Adventure Con\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070319201739/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=12454&si=121), June 23, 2006, *Industry News*[ToyShow.org archive site](http://www.toyshow.org/) | Guest artists: Steve Stanley, Lin Workman, and Martheus Wade. Celebrity guests: [Verne Troyer](/wiki/Verne_Troyer \"Verne Troyer\"), [Erica Durance](/wiki/Erica_Durance \"Erica Durance\"), [Corey Feldman](/wiki/Corey_Feldman \"Corey Feldman\"), [Adam Baldwin](/wiki/Adam_Baldwin \"Adam Baldwin\"), [Lana Wood](/wiki/Lana_Wood \"Lana Wood\"), [Burt Ward](/wiki/Burt_Ward \"Burt Ward\"), [Hayley Mills](/wiki/Hayley_Mills \"Hayley Mills\"), [Clare Kramer](/wiki/Clare_Kramer \"Clare Kramer\") and [Ray Park](/wiki/Ray_Park \"Ray Park\"). | Known as **Adventure Con 5** |\n| June 1–3, 2007 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: [Ethan Van Sciver](/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver \"Ethan Van Sciver\"). Other guests: artist [John Romita, Jr.](/wiki/John_Romita%2C_Jr. \"John Romita, Jr.\"), director [Nina Kaczorowski](/wiki/Nina_Kaczorowski \"Nina Kaczorowski\"), *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* actors [Walter Koenig](/wiki/Walter_Koenig \"Walter Koenig\") and [Denise Crosby](/wiki/Denise_Crosby \"Denise Crosby\"), *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars \"Star Wars\")* actors [Peter Mayhew](/wiki/Peter_Mayhew_%28actor%29 \"Peter Mayhew (actor)\"), [Anthony Daniels](/wiki/Anthony_Daniels \"Anthony Daniels\"), [Jeremy Bulloch](/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch \"Jeremy Bulloch\") and [Matthew Wood](/wiki/Matthew_Wood_%28sound_editor%29 \"Matthew Wood (sound editor)\"), plus [Brian Harnois](/wiki/Brian_Harnois \"Brian Harnois\") of [Sci\\-Fi Channel's](/wiki/Syfy \"Syfy\") *[Ghosthunters](/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_%28TV_series%29 \"Ghost Hunters (TV series)\")*, professional wrestlers [Jimmy Hart](/wiki/Jimmy_Hart \"Jimmy Hart\"), [Brutus Beefcake](/wiki/Brutus_Beefcake \"Brutus Beefcake\"), [Buff Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell \"Buff Bagwell\") and [Raven](/wiki/Raven_%28wrestler%29 \"Raven (wrestler)\"), plus former [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\") wide receiver [Anthony Miller](/wiki/Anthony_Miller_%28wide_receiver%2C_born_1965%29 \"Anthony Miller (wide receiver, born 1965)\") and many more.[\"More 'bells and whistles' at this year's Adventure Con\"](http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jun/01/more-bells-and-whistles-at-this-years-adventure/), June 1, 2007, *[Knoxville News Sentinel](/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel \"Knoxville News Sentinel\")* | |\n| June 13–15, 2008 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: writer and creator of [X\\-Men](/wiki/X-Men \"X-Men\") character [Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_%28comics%29 \"Rogue (comics)\"), [Michael Golden](/wiki/Michael_Golden_%28comics%29 \"Michael Golden (comics)\"). [John Romita, Jr.](/wiki/John_Romita%2C_Jr. \"John Romita, Jr.\") scheduled to appear but has to cancel at the last minute. Last\\-minute surprise guest: [Arthur Suydam](/wiki/Arthur_Suydam \"Arthur Suydam\") of *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies \"Marvel Zombies\")* fame. Other guests: [Tony Moran](/wiki/Tony_Moran \"Tony Moran\") (*[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%281978_film%29 \"Halloween (1978 film)\")*), [Michael Biehn](/wiki/Michael_Biehn \"Michael Biehn\") (*[The Terminator](/wiki/The_Terminator \"The Terminator\")*, *[Aliens](/wiki/Aliens_%28film%29 \"Aliens (film)\")*, and *[Tombstone](/wiki/Tombstone_%28film%29 \"Tombstone (film)\")*), [Doug Jones](/wiki/Doug_Jones_%28actor%29 \"Doug Jones (actor)\") (*[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer \"Silver Surfer\")* and [Abe Sapien](/wiki/Abe_Sapien \"Abe Sapien\") from *[Hellboy](/wiki/Hellboy_%282004_film%29 \"Hellboy (2004 film)\")*), [Kevin Sorbo](/wiki/Kevin_Sorbo \"Kevin Sorbo\") (*[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%281998_TV_series%29 \"Hercules (1998 TV series)\")*) \\[Sorbo canceled at the last moment], [Shawnee Smith](/wiki/Shawnee_Smith \"Shawnee Smith\") (*[Saw](/wiki/Saw_%282004_film%29 \"Saw (2004 film)\")*), [Missi Pyle](/wiki/Missi_Pyle \"Missi Pyle\") *([DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story](/wiki/DodgeBall:A_True_Underdog_Story \"A True Underdog Story\")*), wrestler [Roddy Piper](/wiki/Roddy_Piper \"Roddy Piper\"), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder \"Kane Hodder\") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%281980_film%29 \"Friday the 13th (1980 film)\")*), [Ernie Hudson](/wiki/Ernie_Hudson \"Ernie Hudson\") (*[Ghostbusters](/wiki/Ghostbusters \"Ghostbusters\")*), [Danielle Harris](/wiki/Danielle_Harris \"Danielle Harris\") (*[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%28franchise%29 \"Halloween (franchise)\")*), [Andrew Divoff](/wiki/Andrew_Divoff \"Andrew Divoff\") (*[Lost](/wiki/Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 \"Lost (2004 TV series)\")* and *[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\")*), [Mitchel Musso](/wiki/Mitchel_Musso \"Mitchel Musso\") (*[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana \"Hannah Montana\")*), and many more. | |\n| June 12–14, 2009 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guest of Honor: [Arthur Suydam](/wiki/Arthur_Suydam \"Arthur Suydam\") of *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies \"Marvel Zombies\")* fame. Other guests: [Ray Park](/wiki/Ray_Park \"Ray Park\") ([Darth Maul](/wiki/Darth_Maul \"Darth Maul\") and [Snake Eyes](/wiki/Snake_Eyes_%28G.I._Joe%29 \"Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe)\")), [Margot Kidder](/wiki/Margot_Kidder \"Margot Kidder\") (*[Superman](/wiki/Superman_%281978_film%29 \"Superman (1978 film)\")*), [William Katt](/wiki/William_Katt \"William Katt\") (*[Greatest American Hero](/wiki/Greatest_American_Hero \"Greatest American Hero\")*), [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno \"Lou Ferrigno\") (*[The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%281978_TV_series%29 \"The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)\")*), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder \"Kane Hodder\") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 \"Friday the 13th (franchise)\")*), wrestler [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"), [Jake Busey](/wiki/Jake_Busey \"Jake Busey\") (*[Starship Troopers](/wiki/Starship_Troopers_%28film%29 \"Starship Troopers (film)\")*), [America Olivo](/wiki/America_Olivo \"America Olivo\") (2009 *[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%282009_film%29 \"Friday the 13th (2009 film)\")*), wrestling diva [Christy Hemme](/wiki/Christy_Hemme \"Christy Hemme\"), [Todd Bridges](/wiki/Todd_Bridges \"Todd Bridges\") and [Gary Coleman](/wiki/Gary_Coleman \"Gary Coleman\") (*[Diff'rent Strokes](/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes \"Diff'rent Strokes\")*), James Dodd ([Johann Kraus](/wiki/Johann_Kraus \"Johann Kraus\") from *[Hellboy II](/wiki/Hellboy_II \"Hellboy II\")*), and many more. | Known as **Adventure Con 2009—Summer** |\n| October 24–25, 2009 | Pigeon Forge Convention Center located at the Grand Hotel | | Guest of Honor: [John Schneider](/wiki/John_Schneider_%28screen_actor%29 \"John Schneider (screen actor)\") (*[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*). Other guests: [Doug Jones](/wiki/Doug_Jones_%28actor%29 \"Doug Jones (actor)\") ([Abe Sapien](/wiki/Abe_Sapien \"Abe Sapien\") and *[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer \"Silver Surfer\")*), David Barclay ([Yoda](/wiki/Yoda \"Yoda\") and [Jabba the Hutt](/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt \"Jabba the Hutt\") puppeteer), [Derek Mears](/wiki/Derek_Mears \"Derek Mears\") (2009 *[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%282009_film%29 \"Friday the 13th (2009 film)\")*), [Micky Dolenz](/wiki/Micky_Dolenz \"Micky Dolenz\") ([The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees \"The Monkees\")), [William Forsythe](/wiki/William_Forsythe_%28actor%29 \"William Forsythe (actor)\") (*[Rob Zombie's Halloween](/wiki/Rob_Zombie%27s_Halloween \"Rob Zombie's Halloween\")* and *[Dick Tracy](/wiki/Dick_Tracy_%281990_film%29 \"Dick Tracy (1990 film)\")*), wrestler [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\"), [Kane Hodder](/wiki/Kane_Hodder \"Kane Hodder\") (*[Friday the 13th](/wiki/Friday_the_13th_%28franchise%29 \"Friday the 13th (franchise)\")*) and [TNA Knockouts](/wiki/TNA_Knockout \"TNA Knockout\") [Traci Brooks](/wiki/Traci_Brooks \"Traci Brooks\") and [SoCal Val](/wiki/SoCal_Val \"SoCal Val\"), plus a few more. | Known as **Adventure Con 2009—Fall** |\n| May 28–30, 2010 | Pigeon Forge Convention Center | | Featured guest of honor: [Ghost Rider](/wiki/Ghost_Rider_%28Johnny_Blaze%29 \"Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)\") co\\-creator [Gary Friedrich](/wiki/Gary_Friedrich \"Gary Friedrich\"). Other guests: [Billy Dee Williams](/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams \"Billy Dee Williams\") (*[Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back](/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_V:The_Empire_Strikes_Back \"The Empire Strikes Back\")* and *[Star Wars: Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VI:Return_of_the_Jedi \"Return of the Jedi\")*), [James Best](/wiki/James_Best \"James Best\") ([Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane](/wiki/Sheriff_Rosco_P._Coltrane \"Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane\") from *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*), [Byron Cherry](/wiki/Byron_Cherry \"Byron Cherry\") ([Coy Duke](/wiki/Coy_Duke \"Coy Duke\") from *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*). | |\n| October 13–14, 2012 | Knoxville Convention Center | | Guests: Kevin McNally (*Pirates of the Caribbean* franchise), Julian Glover, Jon Bernthal (*The Walking Dead*), [Chris Sarandon](/wiki/Chris_Sarandon \"Chris Sarandon\"), [Ioan Gruffudd](/wiki/Ioan_Gruffudd \"Ioan Gruffudd\"), Ian Whyte (*Alien vs. Predator* \\& *Prometheus*), Alan Tudyk | |\n|",
""
] |
Career
------
At the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics"), Pärmäkoski finished 26th in the 30 km and 53rd in the 10 km event. At the [FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2009 "FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009") in [Liberec](/wiki/Liberec "Liberec"), she finished 37th in the 10 km event.
She won her first World Championship medals in Oslo 2011, a silver in the team sprint and a bronze in 4 × 5 km relay. Since then, she has amassed four other bronze medals in these events, the latest being a relay bronze in the 2021 championships in Oberstdorf.
At the [2014 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") in Sochi, Pärmäkoski placed 10th in the 10 km classical event and won her first Olympic medal when she anchored Finland into second place in the 4 x 5 km relay.
The 2017 World Championships on home soil in Lahti, Finland, saw Pärmäkoski win her first and to date only individual WCH medal, a silver in the 15 km skiathlon behind [Marit Bjørgen](/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen"). The 2016–17 season was also Pärmäkoski's big breakthrough in the World Cup; she reached the podium ten times, came in second at the [Tour de Ski](/wiki/Tour_de_Ski "Tour de Ski"), and placed 2nd in the overall World Cup.
The 2018 Olympics in Pyeongchang were also a remarkable success for Pärmäkoski, who won a medal in all three individual distance competitions. She won bronze both in the 15 km skiathlon and 10 km freestyle, the latter she shared with Bjørgen as their finishing times were the same. Pärmäkoski closed off the Olympics with a silver medal in the 30 km classical. Her good form from the Olympics continued for the rest of the season; among other podiums, she won the 10 km classical competitions in Lahti and Falun.
Pärmäkoski came close to another individual medal when she finished 4th in the 10 km classical in the 2019 World Championships in Seefeld, missing out on the bronze medal by only two seconds. She won her next medal at the next Olympics in Beijing in 2022, where she seized a bronze in 10 km classical after [Therese Johaug](/wiki/Therese_Johaug "Therese Johaug") and Finnish teammate [Kerttu Niskanen](/wiki/Kerttu_Niskanen "Kerttu Niskanen"), with only 0\.1 seconds separating her from [Natalia Nepryaeva](/wiki/Natalia_Nepryaeva "Natalia Nepryaeva") of the ROC who came in fourth. As the anchor for Finland in both the team sprint and relay, Pärmäkoski finished 4th, with bare seconds from medal placements. Pärmäkoski was Finland's flag bearer in the closing ceremony.
During her career, Pärmäkoski has amassed five wins and 36 World Cup podiums overall. She has enjoyed much success at the Tour de Ski, finishing 2nd and 3rd once alongside four 4th places. In terms of individual and team Olympic and World Championship medals and World Cup success, she is one of the most successful Finnish cross\-country skiers of the 21st century.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"At the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\"), Pärmäkoski finished 26th in the 30 km and 53rd in the 10 km event. At the [FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2009 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009\") in [Liberec](/wiki/Liberec \"Liberec\"), she finished 37th in the 10 km event.",
"She won her first World Championship medals in Oslo 2011, a silver in the team sprint and a bronze in 4 × 5 km relay. Since then, she has amassed four other bronze medals in these events, the latest being a relay bronze in the 2021 championships in Oberstdorf.",
"At the [2014 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics \"2014 Winter Olympics\") in Sochi, Pärmäkoski placed 10th in the 10 km classical event and won her first Olympic medal when she anchored Finland into second place in the 4 x 5 km relay.",
"The 2017 World Championships on home soil in Lahti, Finland, saw Pärmäkoski win her first and to date only individual WCH medal, a silver in the 15 km skiathlon behind [Marit Bjørgen](/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen \"Marit Bjørgen\"). The 2016–17 season was also Pärmäkoski's big breakthrough in the World Cup; she reached the podium ten times, came in second at the [Tour de Ski](/wiki/Tour_de_Ski \"Tour de Ski\"), and placed 2nd in the overall World Cup.",
"The 2018 Olympics in Pyeongchang were also a remarkable success for Pärmäkoski, who won a medal in all three individual distance competitions. She won bronze both in the 15 km skiathlon and 10 km freestyle, the latter she shared with Bjørgen as their finishing times were the same. Pärmäkoski closed off the Olympics with a silver medal in the 30 km classical. Her good form from the Olympics continued for the rest of the season; among other podiums, she won the 10 km classical competitions in Lahti and Falun.",
"Pärmäkoski came close to another individual medal when she finished 4th in the 10 km classical in the 2019 World Championships in Seefeld, missing out on the bronze medal by only two seconds. She won her next medal at the next Olympics in Beijing in 2022, where she seized a bronze in 10 km classical after [Therese Johaug](/wiki/Therese_Johaug \"Therese Johaug\") and Finnish teammate [Kerttu Niskanen](/wiki/Kerttu_Niskanen \"Kerttu Niskanen\"), with only 0\\.1 seconds separating her from [Natalia Nepryaeva](/wiki/Natalia_Nepryaeva \"Natalia Nepryaeva\") of the ROC who came in fourth. As the anchor for Finland in both the team sprint and relay, Pärmäkoski finished 4th, with bare seconds from medal placements. Pärmäkoski was Finland's flag bearer in the closing ceremony.",
"During her career, Pärmäkoski has amassed five wins and 36 World Cup podiums overall. She has enjoyed much success at the Tour de Ski, finishing 2nd and 3rd once alongside four 4th places. In terms of individual and team Olympic and World Championship medals and World Cup success, she is one of the most successful Finnish cross\\-country skiers of the 21st century.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
At age 11, Uicheon volunteered to become a Buddhist monk.[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ({{Korean\|hangul\=한국민족문화대백과사전\|labels\=no}}), entry for 의천.](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0043423) In 1065, he studied at the Yeongtong Temple ({{Korean\|hangul\=영통사\|hanja\=靈通寺\|labels\=no}}) under Buddhist monk [Nanwon](/wiki/Nanwon "Nanwon") ({{Korean\|hangul\=난원\|hanja\=爛圓\|labels\=no}}) who was his maternal relative and studied the Buddhist and Confucian canons. Uicheon displayed exceptional talents from a young age, and he dedicated himself to the extensive study of the [Chinese Buddhist canon](/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon "Chinese Buddhist canon"), the works of the various East Asian [Buddhist schools](/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism "Schools of Buddhism"), along with the [Chinese classics](/wiki/Chinese_classics "Chinese classics").
Uicheon lived at [Ryongtongsa](/wiki/Ryongtongsa "Ryongtongsa") in [Kaesong](/wiki/Kaesong "Kaesong") for much of his life and was buried there, where his tomb can be found. He was a prolific author, scholar and Buddhist teacher who specialized in [Huayan](/wiki/Huayan "Huayan") studies and the *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra "Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra"),* having studied in China with Huayan masters.{{Citation \|last\=McBride II \|first\=Richard D. \|title\=Uichon and the Golden Age of Koryo Buddhism \- Nam Center for Korean Studies Colloquium Series 1/12/2011 \|date\=9 February 2012 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VOAQ7ZICKVU \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-14 \|language\=en}} He is also known for introducing the works of the [Cheontae](/wiki/Cheontae "Cheontae") school to [Korean Buddhism](/wiki/Korean_Buddhism "Korean Buddhism").{{cite book \|title\=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Princeton University Press \|isbn\=9780691157863 \|editor1\-last\=Buswell \|editor1\-first\=Robert Jr \|editor1\-link\=Robert Buswell Jr. \|location\=Princeton, NJ \|pages\=912–913 \|editor2\-last\=Lopez \|editor2\-first\=Donald S. Jr. \|editor2\-link\=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}} He was also known by the title Daegak Guksa (大覺國師, "State Preceptor Great Awakening"{{efn\|''Guksa'' was his title ('National Preceptor'), while ''Daegak'' was his posthumous \[\[Dharma name]], meaning "Grand Enlightenment".}}).
Uicheon's reputation eventually reached China, and he eventually was patronized by Chinese [Emperor Zhezong](/wiki/Emperor_Zhezong "Emperor Zhezong"). Uicheon and his party eventually visited the Song Dynasty capital and met with Emperor Zhezong. Subsequently, they visited several prominent monasteries such as Jingyuan Monastery (淨源寺) and Yanglian Monastery (懹璉寺), where they engaged in discussions with over 50 eminent monks. Uicheon made many connections with Chinese masters during this time, particularly with scholars of Huayan sect such as Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源, 1011–1088\) with whom he continued to exchange letters after returning to Korea. Jingyuan also sent Uicheon Huayan texts.
Uicheon also visited the [Liao](/wiki/Liao_dynasty "Liao dynasty") dynasty, visiting various key sites and meeting with Liao monks. He even became a priest for [Emperor Daozong of Liao](/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao "Emperor Daozong of Liao") before returning to Korea.
Back in Korea, Uicheon's reputation had continued to grow and he was warmly welcomed. King Seonjong recognized the importance of reviving Buddhism and invited Uicheon to assume the position of head monk at [Heungwang Temple](/wiki/Heungwang_Temple "Heungwang Temple"). He established a repository for the scriptures at Heungwang Temple and also collected scriptures from China and Japan. He published the "Collection of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra" ({{Korean\|hangul\=화엄소초\|labels\=no}}), which consisted of more than 4,740 volumes.
From 1073 to 1090, Uicheon collected numerous Buddhist commentaries from Korea, China, the [Khitan Empire](/wiki/Liao_dynasty "Liao dynasty") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), which were published as the "Goryeo Catalog of Sutras" (or "Goryeo Supplement to the Canon").{{cite book \|author\=Sang\-jin Park \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pRZQBwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA23 \|title\=Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks \|date\=18 September 2014 \|publisher\=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-4438\-6732\-0 \|page\=23}}
In his later life, Uicheon continued his long distance engagement with Song Dynasty scholars while also teaching Korean disciples. His legacy includes compilations such as "New Compilation of the Teachings of the Seon Sect" ({{Korean\|hangul\=신편제종교장총록\|labels\=no}}), and "Songs and Trees of the Stone Garden" ({{Korean\|hangul\=석원사림\|labels\=no}}), among others.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"At age 11, Uicheon volunteered to become a Buddhist monk.[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=한국민족문화대백과사전\\|labels\\=no}}), entry for 의천.](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0043423) In 1065, he studied at the Yeongtong Temple ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=영통사\\|hanja\\=靈通寺\\|labels\\=no}}) under Buddhist monk [Nanwon](/wiki/Nanwon \"Nanwon\") ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=난원\\|hanja\\=爛圓\\|labels\\=no}}) who was his maternal relative and studied the Buddhist and Confucian canons. Uicheon displayed exceptional talents from a young age, and he dedicated himself to the extensive study of the [Chinese Buddhist canon](/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon \"Chinese Buddhist canon\"), the works of the various East Asian [Buddhist schools](/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism \"Schools of Buddhism\"), along with the [Chinese classics](/wiki/Chinese_classics \"Chinese classics\").",
"Uicheon lived at [Ryongtongsa](/wiki/Ryongtongsa \"Ryongtongsa\") in [Kaesong](/wiki/Kaesong \"Kaesong\") for much of his life and was buried there, where his tomb can be found. He was a prolific author, scholar and Buddhist teacher who specialized in [Huayan](/wiki/Huayan \"Huayan\") studies and the *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra \"Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra\"),* having studied in China with Huayan masters.{{Citation \\|last\\=McBride II \\|first\\=Richard D. \\|title\\=Uichon and the Golden Age of Koryo Buddhism \\- Nam Center for Korean Studies Colloquium Series 1/12/2011 \\|date\\=9 February 2012 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VOAQ7ZICKVU \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-14 \\|language\\=en}} He is also known for introducing the works of the [Cheontae](/wiki/Cheontae \"Cheontae\") school to [Korean Buddhism](/wiki/Korean_Buddhism \"Korean Buddhism\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\|isbn\\=9780691157863 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Buswell \\|editor1\\-first\\=Robert Jr \\|editor1\\-link\\=Robert Buswell Jr. \\|location\\=Princeton, NJ \\|pages\\=912–913 \\|editor2\\-last\\=Lopez \\|editor2\\-first\\=Donald S. Jr. \\|editor2\\-link\\=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}} He was also known by the title Daegak Guksa (大覺國師, \"State Preceptor Great Awakening\"{{efn\\|''Guksa'' was his title ('National Preceptor'), while ''Daegak'' was his posthumous \\[\\[Dharma name]], meaning \"Grand Enlightenment\".}}).",
"Uicheon's reputation eventually reached China, and he eventually was patronized by Chinese [Emperor Zhezong](/wiki/Emperor_Zhezong \"Emperor Zhezong\"). Uicheon and his party eventually visited the Song Dynasty capital and met with Emperor Zhezong. Subsequently, they visited several prominent monasteries such as Jingyuan Monastery (淨源寺) and Yanglian Monastery (懹璉寺), where they engaged in discussions with over 50 eminent monks. Uicheon made many connections with Chinese masters during this time, particularly with scholars of Huayan sect such as Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源, 1011–1088\\) with whom he continued to exchange letters after returning to Korea. Jingyuan also sent Uicheon Huayan texts.",
"Uicheon also visited the [Liao](/wiki/Liao_dynasty \"Liao dynasty\") dynasty, visiting various key sites and meeting with Liao monks. He even became a priest for [Emperor Daozong of Liao](/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao \"Emperor Daozong of Liao\") before returning to Korea.",
"Back in Korea, Uicheon's reputation had continued to grow and he was warmly welcomed. King Seonjong recognized the importance of reviving Buddhism and invited Uicheon to assume the position of head monk at [Heungwang Temple](/wiki/Heungwang_Temple \"Heungwang Temple\"). He established a repository for the scriptures at Heungwang Temple and also collected scriptures from China and Japan. He published the \"Collection of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra\" ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=화엄소초\\|labels\\=no}}), which consisted of more than 4,740 volumes.",
"From 1073 to 1090, Uicheon collected numerous Buddhist commentaries from Korea, China, the [Khitan Empire](/wiki/Liao_dynasty \"Liao dynasty\") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), which were published as the \"Goryeo Catalog of Sutras\" (or \"Goryeo Supplement to the Canon\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Sang\\-jin Park \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pRZQBwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA23 \\|title\\=Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks \\|date\\=18 September 2014 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4438\\-6732\\-0 \\|page\\=23}}",
"In his later life, Uicheon continued his long distance engagement with Song Dynasty scholars while also teaching Korean disciples. His legacy includes compilations such as \"New Compilation of the Teachings of the Seon Sect\" ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=신편제종교장총록\\|labels\\=no}}), and \"Songs and Trees of the Stone Garden\" ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=석원사림\\|labels\\=no}}), among others.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Péguy was born into poverty in [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans "Orléans").MacLeod, Catriona (1937\). "Charles Péguy (1873–1914\)," *The Irish Monthly*, Vol. 65, No. 770, pp. 529–541\. His mother Cécile, widowed when he was an infant, mended chairs for a living. His father Désiré Péguy was a cabinet maker, who died in 1874 as a result of combat wounds. Péguy studied at the [Lycée Lakanal](/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Lakanal "Lycée Lakanal") in [Sceaux](/wiki/Sceaux%2C_Hauts-de-Seine "Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine"), winning a scholarship at the [École normale supérieure (Paris)](/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_%28Paris%29 "École normale supérieure (Paris)"), where he attended notably the lectures of [Henri Bergson](/wiki/Henri_Bergson "Henri Bergson") and [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland "Romain Rolland"), whom he befriended. He formally left without graduating, in 1897, though he continued attending some lectures in 1898\. Influenced by [Lucien Herr](/wiki/Lucien_Herr "Lucien Herr"), librarian of the *École Normale Supérieure*, he became an ardent [Dreyfusard](/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair "Dreyfus Affair").
In 1897, Péguy married Charlotte\-Françoise Baudoin; they had one daughter and three sons, one of whom was born after Péguy's death. Around 1910 he fell deeply in love with Blanche Raphael, a young Jewish friend; however, he was faithful to his wife.
From his earliest years, he was influenced by socialism. He joined the [Socialist Party](/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_%281902%29 "French Socialist Party (1902)") in 1895\. From 1900 until his death in 1914, he was the main contributor to and the editor of the literary magazine *Les Cahiers de la Quinzaine*, which at first supported the Socialist Party director [Jean Jaurès](/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s "Jean Jaurès"). However, Péguy ultimately ended this support after he began viewing Jaurès as a traitor to the nation and to socialism. In the *Cahiers*, Péguy published not only his own essays and poetry, but also works by important contemporary authors such as [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland "Romain Rolland").
His free\-verse poem, "Portico of the Mystery of the Second Virtue", has gone through more than 60 editions in France. It was a favourite book of [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle").
When the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") broke out, Péguy became a lieutenant in the 19th company of the French 276th Infantry Regiment. He died in battle, shot in the forehead, near [Villeroy](/wiki/Villeroy%2C_Seine-et-Marne "Villeroy, Seine-et-Marne"), [Seine\-et\-Marne](/wiki/Seine-et-Marne "Seine-et-Marne") on the day before the beginning of the [Battle of the Marne](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne "First Battle of the Marne").Schmitt, Hans (1953\). "Charles Péguy: The Man and the Legend, 1873–1953," *Chicago Review*, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 24–37\. There is a memorial to Péguy near the field where he was killed.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Péguy was born into poverty in [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans \"Orléans\").MacLeod, Catriona (1937\\). \"Charles Péguy (1873–1914\\),\" *The Irish Monthly*, Vol. 65, No. 770, pp. 529–541\\. His mother Cécile, widowed when he was an infant, mended chairs for a living. His father Désiré Péguy was a cabinet maker, who died in 1874 as a result of combat wounds. Péguy studied at the [Lycée Lakanal](/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Lakanal \"Lycée Lakanal\") in [Sceaux](/wiki/Sceaux%2C_Hauts-de-Seine \"Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine\"), winning a scholarship at the [École normale supérieure (Paris)](/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_%28Paris%29 \"École normale supérieure (Paris)\"), where he attended notably the lectures of [Henri Bergson](/wiki/Henri_Bergson \"Henri Bergson\") and [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland \"Romain Rolland\"), whom he befriended. He formally left without graduating, in 1897, though he continued attending some lectures in 1898\\. Influenced by [Lucien Herr](/wiki/Lucien_Herr \"Lucien Herr\"), librarian of the *École Normale Supérieure*, he became an ardent [Dreyfusard](/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair \"Dreyfus Affair\").",
"In 1897, Péguy married Charlotte\\-Françoise Baudoin; they had one daughter and three sons, one of whom was born after Péguy's death. Around 1910 he fell deeply in love with Blanche Raphael, a young Jewish friend; however, he was faithful to his wife.",
"From his earliest years, he was influenced by socialism. He joined the [Socialist Party](/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_%281902%29 \"French Socialist Party (1902)\") in 1895\\. From 1900 until his death in 1914, he was the main contributor to and the editor of the literary magazine *Les Cahiers de la Quinzaine*, which at first supported the Socialist Party director [Jean Jaurès](/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s \"Jean Jaurès\"). However, Péguy ultimately ended this support after he began viewing Jaurès as a traitor to the nation and to socialism. In the *Cahiers*, Péguy published not only his own essays and poetry, but also works by important contemporary authors such as [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland \"Romain Rolland\").",
"His free\\-verse poem, \"Portico of the Mystery of the Second Virtue\", has gone through more than 60 editions in France. It was a favourite book of [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\").",
"When the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") broke out, Péguy became a lieutenant in the 19th company of the French 276th Infantry Regiment. He died in battle, shot in the forehead, near [Villeroy](/wiki/Villeroy%2C_Seine-et-Marne \"Villeroy, Seine-et-Marne\"), [Seine\\-et\\-Marne](/wiki/Seine-et-Marne \"Seine-et-Marne\") on the day before the beginning of the [Battle of the Marne](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne \"First Battle of the Marne\").Schmitt, Hans (1953\\). \"Charles Péguy: The Man and the Legend, 1873–1953,\" *Chicago Review*, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 24–37\\. There is a memorial to Péguy near the field where he was killed.",
""
] |
Europe
------
[thumb\|Cat cafe in [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana"), Slovenia.](/wiki/File:Cat_Cafe_%28Cat_Caffe%29.jpg "Cat Cafe (Cat Caffe).jpg")
### Austria
According to local legend, the world's first cat café opened in Vienna in the summer of 1912 and ceased operation approximately two years later. It is said that [Vladimir Lenin](/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin "Vladimir Lenin") was a regular for a period in 1913, finding the feline companionship a comfort during his time of exile. The cat café is known to have ceased operation shortly after the beginning of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), although the much repeated story that the closure was due to its patriotic owner's donating all the cats to a factory making fur\-lined boots for the war effort may be apocryphal.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\-oldie/20151209/282218009716840\|title\=\|via\=PressReader}} In 2012 cat café Neko was opened in Vienna.
### Belgium
Le Chat Touille was opened up in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") in 2014{{Cite web\|url\=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/meet\-the\-founder\-of\-brussels\-first\-cat\-cafe/\|title\=Meet The Founder Of Brussels' First Cat Cafe\|last\=Benoit\|first\=Stephanie\|website\=Culture Trip\|date\=3 November 2015 \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-20}} with DreamCATchers opened in [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent "Ghent") in 2017\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wearedreamcatchers.be\|title\=We Are DreamCATchers\|website\=wearedreamcatchers.be\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=2018\-01\-24}} The cats were rescued from shelters and rehabilitated, if necessary, with the aid of volunteers and a cat behavioural therapist. Customers can adopt these cats. It runs on donations and money customers spend in the café or on other products.
### Italy
The first Italian cat café was opened in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin") in March 2014; at first it hosted six cats. Its name was MiaGola Café,{{cite news \| title \= Sei gatti "seduti" al MiaGola Café a intrattenere i clienti \| first \= Antonella \| last \= Mariotti \| journal \= \[\[La Stampa]] \| date \= 21 March 2015 \| url \= http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/21/societa/lazampa/sei\-gatti\-seduti\-al\-miagola\-caf\-a\-intrattenere\-i\-clienti\-OC7GPfL46fd1WNj4WKaKLO/pagina.html \| language \= it \| access\-date \= 4 June 2015 \| archive\-date \= 31 August 2018 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211848/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/21/societa/lazampa/sei\-gatti\-seduti\-al\-miagola\-caf\-a\-intrattenere\-i\-clienti\-OC7GPfL46fd1WNj4WKaKLO/pagina.html \| url\-status \= dead }} which in Italian can be interpreted as a [language game](/wiki/Language_game "Language game"): literally *mia gola* can be translated *my gluttony*, while *miagola* ([stressed](/wiki/Stressed_syllable "Stressed syllable") on the first syllable: miàgola) means *(he or she) [meows](/wiki/Cat_communication%23Meow "Cat communication#Meow")*.
The café was shut down in February 2021 in response to the [financial crisis](/wiki/Financial_crisis "Financial crisis") that followed the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). The cats were given up for adoption.{{cite news \| title \= A Torino chiude il Miagola Cafè, il primo locale dove i gatti erano i padroni di casa \| first \= Fulvio \| last \= Cerutti \| journal \= \[\[La Stampa]] \| date \= 9 February 2021 \| url \= https://www.lastampa.it/la\-zampa/2021/02/09/news/a\_torino\_chiude\_il\_miagola\_cafe\_il\_primo\_locale\_dove\_i\_gatti\_erano\_i\_padroni\_di\_casa\-367900299/ \| language \= it}}
The Neko Cat Cafe was opened in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin") on 5 April 2014\.{{cite web\|title\=Get the Purrr\-fect Snack in These Cat Cafés Around the World\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/style/get\-the\-purrr\-fect\-snack\-in\-these\-cat\-cafes\-around\-the\-101432148032\.html\|publisher\=Yahoo Travel\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|date\=3 November 2014}}{{cite web\|author1\=Alessandra Magliaro\|title\=Cat cafe, from Japan to Italy was born the trend\|url\=http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/specializzati/lifestyle/2014/01/02/Cat\-cafe\-Giappone\-Italia\-nasce\-trend\_10231867\.html\|publisher\=ANSA Lifestyle\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} The resident cats were all adopted from animal welfare organizations. The café has since shut down.{{cite web\|title\=Il Caffè dei gatti di Torino chiude dopo aver subito un furto \| url \= https://www.quotidianopiemontese.it/2016/07/14/il\-caffe\-dei\-gatti\-di\-torino\-chiude\-dopo\-aver\-subito\-un\-furto/ \| publisher \= Quotidiano Piemontese \| date \= 14 July 2016 \| language \= it}}
### Lithuania
The cat café in Lithuania "Cat Cafe Kačių kavinė" opened in Vilnius in October 2014\. Cat Cafe is located in center at Gedimino pr. 5\. It is one of the biggest cafes with cats in the world; 15 cats live there in 2014\.{{cite news\|title\=Vilniaus centre kurs kačių kavinę\|url\=http://vz.lt/article/2014/2/6/vilniaus\-centre\-kurs\-ka..\|access\-date\=6 February 2014\|newspaper\=Time Out\|date\=6 February 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064000/http://vz.lt/article/2014/2/6/vilniaus\-centre\-kurs\-ka..\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}}
### Netherlands
The cat café *Kopjes* was opened in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") in April 2015\.{{cite news \|first\=Janene \|last\=Pieters \|url\=http://www.nltimes.nl/2015/04/22/amsterdam\-cat\-cafe\-opens\-today/ \|title\=Amsterdam Cat Cafe Opens Today \|newspaper\=NL Times \|date\=22 April 2015 }} In [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen "Groningen") *Kattencafé Op z'n Kop* opened in February 2016{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nu.nl/groningen/4212881/kattencafe\-opent\-deuren\-.html\|title\=Kattencafé opent de deuren\|work\=NU\|date\=11 February 2016\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} and cat café *Poeslief* opened in October 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dvhn.nl/groningen/Tweede\-kattencaf%C3%A9\-in\-Groningen\-opent\-deuren\-21714435\.html\|title\=Tweede Kattencafé in Groningen opent deuren\|work\=Dagblad van het Noorden\|date\=19 October 2016 \|access\-date\=19 October 2016}} The cat café *Miespoes* opened in [Den Bosch](/wiki/Den_Bosch "Den Bosch") in 2016, as did cat café *Katdeau* in [Hengelo](/wiki/Hengelo "Hengelo"). In August 2016 *kattencafé Ditjes \& Katjes* opened in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague").{{cite news\|title\=Kroelen bij opening nieuw kattencafé in Den Haag\|url\=http://www.ad.nl/den\-haag/kroelen\-bij\-opening\-nieuw\-kattencafe\-in\-den\-haag\~a837774f/\|access\-date\=26 March 2017\|publisher\=AD\|date\=9 August 2016}} Shortly afterwards Pebbles opened its doors as the first cat café in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam").{{cite news\|last1\=Post\|first1\=Ilja\|title\=Knuffels en cupcakes in Rotterdams eerste kattencafé\|url\=http://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/rotterdam/2016/09/eerste\-kattencafe\-van\-rotterdam\-opent\-deuren\|access\-date\=26 March 2017\|publisher\=Metro\|date\=24 September 2016}} In 2017, the cat cafe *Jippies* opened in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem "Haarlem").{{cite news\|last1\=Post\|first1\=Ilja\|title\=Nieuw in Haarlem: lunchen met 8 katten op schoot\|url\=https://haerlemsbodem.nl/nieuw\-haarlem\-lunchen\-8\-katten\-op\-schoot/\|access\-date\=24 April 2018\|publisher\=Haerlems Bodem\|date\=14 October 2017\|archive\-date\=1 March 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091114/https://haerlemsbodem.nl/nieuw\-haarlem\-lunchen\-8\-katten\-op\-schoot/\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2018, the cat cafe *De Familie Snorhaar* opened in [Breda](/wiki/Breda "Breda").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bndestem.nl/breda/kattencafe\-familie\-snorhaar\-in\-breda\-gaat\-nu\-echt\-open\~af1fb48d/\|title\=Kattencafé Familie Snorhaar in Breda gaat nu echt open\|date\=19 October 2018\|publisher\=\[\[BN DeStem]]\|access\-date\=15 July 2022}}
### Poland
"Kociarnia", the first cat café in Poland opened in [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") in June 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/594557637354587/photos/a.599527883524229\.1073741828\.594557637354587/678863572257326/\|title\=Timeline Photos \- Kocia Kawiarnia Kociarnia \- Facebook\|website\=\[\[Facebook]] \|access\-date\=7 January 2016}} The name is a combination of Polish words *kocia* (of a cat) and *kawiarnia* (a café).
A second cat café, "Miau Café", opened in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") in January 2016\.{{cite web\|title\=Miau Cafe\|url\=http://www.warsawinsider.pl/miau\-cafe/\|publisher\=Warsaw Insider\|access\-date\=17 June 2016\|date\=3 February 2016}} The café offers coffee, cakes and vegan items for guests while acting as a shelter for homeless cats.{{cite web\|title\=Miau Cafe\|url\=https://www.happycow.net/reviews/miau\-cafe\-warsaw\-71466\|website\=\[\[HappyCow]]\|access\-date\=17 June 2016}} The Miau Café came to life because of the crowdfunding campaign on the Polish platform, wspieram.to, where the 1,700 residents of Warsaw pulled in the financial resources to make the idea of the first cat café in Warsaw come true.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thealternativetravelguide.com/2016/07/11/when\-are\-you\-going\-for\-a\-coffee\-with\-cats\-cat\-cafe\-warsaw/\|title\=WHEN ARE YOU GOING FOR A COFFEE WITH CATS ? \- CAT CAFE WARSAW\|date\=11 July 2016\|access\-date\=16 November 2016}}
[thumb\|Signboard of Mrau Cafe, Lublin, Poland](/wiki/File:Kocia_Kawiarnia_Lublin.jpg "Kocia Kawiarnia Lublin.jpg")
In 2016, a cat café was opened in [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin "Lublin"). After one day of activity it was closed by sanitary inspectors. It was the subject of many controversies in the local media.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lublin112\.pl/wojna\-sanepidu\-z\-mrau\-cafe\-trwa\-zadna\-ze\-stron\-nie\-poddaje\-sie/\|title\=Wojna Sanepidu z Mrau Cafe trwa. Żadna ze stron nie poddaje się\|date\=2016\-01\-07\|work\=Lublin112\.pl Wiadomości z Lublina i regionu. Lublin, Lubelskie, Lubelszczyzna\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-09\|language\=pl\-PL}} Eventually the conflict was settled and the cafe remains open.
### Romania
*Miau Cafe* was opened in Spring 2015 in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.click.ro/news/bucuresti/aici\-vii\-sa\-bei\-cafeaua\-si\-pleci\-cu\-mata\-la\-pachet\-foto\-exclusiv \|title\=Aici vii să bei cafeaua şi pleci cu mâţa la pachet \|trans\-title\=You come to have a coffee, you leave with a cat to go \|work\=\[\[Click!]] \|publisher\=\[\[Adevărul Holding]] \|language\=ro \|date\=3 July 2015 \|access\-date\=26 March 2016}} The second cat café in Romania, *La Pisici Cafe* opened in September 2015 in Timișoara.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.romaniatv.net/idee\-inedita\-a\-doi\-tineri\-prima\-cafenea\-cu\-pisici\-a\-fost\-deschisa\-in\-romania\-video\_245572\.html\#n\|title\=Idee inedită a doi tineri. Prima cafenea cu PISICI a fost deschisă în România VIDEO\|date\=2015\-09\-19\|work\=romaniatv.net\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-05}} A coffee house named *Lady Cat* also opened in [Cluj\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca "Cluj-Napoca") in March 2016\.{{cite news \|url\=http://transilvaniareporter.ro/esential/nou\-in\-cluj\-lady\-cat\-o\-cafenea\-inchinata\-mariei\-sale\-pisica/ \|title\=Nou în Cluj: Lady Cat, o cafenea închinată Măriei Sale, pisica \|trans\-title\=New in Cluj: Lady Cat, a coffee house dedicated to Her Royal Highness, the cat \|work\=Transilvania Reporter \|first\=Radu \|last\=Hângănuț \|publisher\=Transilvania Reporter Media \|language\=ro \|date\=10 March 2016 \|access\-date\=26 March 2016}}
### Russia
[thumb\|Cat café in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk"), Russia.](/wiki/File:Murchim%2C_cat_caf%C3%A9_01.jpg "Murchim, cat café 01.jpg")
The first cat café in Europe and in Russia "Cats Republic" was opened in the center of [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") in 2011\. 25 cats live there.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}. A second "Cats Republic" café with a different name (Республика Котов) was opened in 2016\.
Other cat cafés in Russia include "Cats and People" (Котики и люди){{cite web \|title\=Cat café "Cats and People" opened on Sadovaya\-Samotechnaya \|url\=https://daily.afisha.ru/archive/news/gorod\-v\-moskve\-otkrylos\-kotokafe\-kotiki\-i\-lyudi/ \|website\=Afisha Daily \|date\=6 April 2015 \|access\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Kotokafe "Cats and People" \|url\=https://kotocafe.ru/ \|website\=Kotokafe \|access\-date\=28 March 2023}} in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), "Murchim" in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod "Nizhny Novgorod"), and many more in other major cities.
### Slovakia
The first cat café in Slovakia, *Pradúce klbko* (previously as "Cafe Cats klub") was opened in [Martin](/wiki/Martin%2C_Slovakia "Martin, Slovakia") in April 2015\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://myturiec.sme.sk/c/7726943/martin\-ma\-ako\-prvy\-na\-slovensku\-macaciu\-kaviaren.html\|title\=Martin má ako prvý na Slovensku mačaciu kaviareň\|last\=a.s.\|first\=Petit Press\|work\=myturiec.sme.sk\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-05\|language\=sk}} The next one, *Mačkafé* opened in [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava") in May 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.modrykocour.cz/kockocteni/zajimavosti/v\-kocici\-kavarne\-dil\-sesty\-mackafe\-bratislava\|title\=V kočičí kavárně, díl šestý: Mačkafé, Bratislava \- Zajímavosti \- Modrý kocouř.cz\|website\=www.modrykocour.cz\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-05}} The second one in Bratislava, *Mačinézy* opened in October 2015\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://refresher.sk/25953\-Prva\-macacia\-kaviaren\-v\-Bratislave\-pomoze\-aj\-opustenym\-zvieratkam\|title\=Prvá mačacia kaviareň v Bratislave pomôže aj opusteným zvieratkám\|last\=REFRESHER.sk\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-05\|language\=sk}} A cat café named *Mňaukafé* also opened in [Prešov](/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov "Prešov") in June 2017 as actually fourth in Slovakia.{{Cite news\|url\=http://presovskyden.sk/spolumajitelka\-prvej\-macacej\-kaviarne\-na\-vychodnom\-slovensku\-zakaznici\-u\-nas\-uz\-aj\-zaspali/\|title\=Spolumajiteľka prvej mačacej kaviarne na východnom Slovensku: Zákazníci u nás už aj zaspali \- presovskyden.sk\|date\=2017\-09\-12\|work\=presovskyden.sk\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-05\|language\=sk\-SK\|archive\-date\=7 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107050107/http://presovskyden.sk/spolumajitelka\-prvej\-macacej\-kaviarne\-na\-vychodnom\-slovensku\-zakaznici\-u\-nas\-uz\-aj\-zaspali/\|url\-status\=dead}} A *Cat Café Club* was opened in Poprad in February 2018\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www1\.pluska.sk/Regiony/Vychodne\-Slovensko/Kavickari\-tomto\-podniku\-zarucene\-oddychnete\-POZRITE\-kto\-vas\-tu\-bude\-rozmaznavat\|title\=Kávičkári, v tomto podniku si zaručene oddýchnete: POZRITE SA, kto vás tu bude rozmaznávať!\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-02\|language\=sk}}
### Sweden
The first cat café in Sweden was opened in Stockholm in 2019 named *Java Whiskers*, with all cats open for adoption.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-01\-24\|title\=Senaste konceptkaféet \- kaffe med kattmys på köpet\|url\=https://www.dn.se/sthlm/senaste\-konceptkafeet\-kaffe\-med\-kattmys\-pa\-kopet/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-24\|website\=DN.SE\|language\=sv}}
### Ukraine
The first cat café in Ukraine was opened in [Cherkasy](/wiki/Cherkasy "Cherkasy") in 2015\.{{cite web \|title\=CatCafe in Cherkasy \|url\=https://www.catcafe.ck.ua/ \|website\=CatCafe \|access\-date\=28 March 2023}} After that, more cat cafés were opened in [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") and [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv").{{cite web \|title\=In Cherkassy, you can drink coffee and calm your nerves in the company of a cat \|url\=https://ukraine.segodnya.ua/ukraine/v\-cherkassah\-mozhno\-vypit\-kofe\-i\-uspokoit\-nervy\-v\-koshachey\-kompanii\-637364\.html \|website\=ukraine.segodnya.ua \|date\=11 July 2022 \|access\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|last1\=Ghosh \|first1\=Poulomi \|title\='Who will feed our cats?': Ukraine's cat cafe still open; owners refuse to leave \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/our\-cats\-are\-brave\-ukraine\-s\-cat\-cafe\-still\-open\-owners\-refuse\-to\-leave\-101645855894410\.html \|website\=Hindustan Times \|date\=26 February 2022 \|access\-date\=28 March 2023}}
### United Kingdom
#### England
The first British cat café was opened in [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes "Totnes"), Devon in June 2013\.{{cite news\|title\=Purrfect! Britain's first cat cafe opens in England's 'Narnia'\|url\=http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/416380/Purrfect\-Britain\-s\-first\-cat\-cafe\-opens\-in\-England\-s\-Narnia\|access\-date\=14 September 2016\|work\=Express.co.uk\|date\=21 July 2013}} However it closed in May 2014\.{{cn\|date\=August 2024}}
[thumb\|The Manchester Cat Café](/wiki/File:Manchester_Cat_Cafe_2016_005.jpg "Manchester Cat Cafe 2016 005.jpg")
In 2014 Lady Dinah's Cat Emporium in [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green "Bethnal Green"), London, opened, with a two\-month waiting list.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.instyle.com/2014/03/12/lady\-dinahs\-cat\-emporium/\|title\=What's Right Meow: This London Café Has Us Feline Groovy \- InStyle.com\|work\=InStyle.com\|access\-date\=7 January 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://now\-here\-this.timeout.com/2013/02/18/funding\-secured\-for\-cat\-cafe\-to\-open\-in\-east\-london/\|title\=Funding secured for cat café to open in east London\|work\=Time Out Blog\|access\-date\=7 January 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cntraveller.com/news/2013/february/cat\-cafe\-london\|title\=Lady Dinah's Cat Emporium, Shoreditch \- London's cat café (Condé Nast Traveller)\|work\=Traveller\|date\=21 February 2013\|access\-date\=7 January 2016\|archive\-date\=29 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729215731/https://www.cntraveller.com/article/cat\-cafe\-london\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-london\-26437881 \| work\=BBC News \| title\=London cat cafe opens to two\-month waiting list \| date\=6 March 2014}} Newcastle upon Tyne is home to Mog on The Tyne Cat Café,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north\-east\-news/meet\-moggy\-family\-newcastle\-city\-9626443\|title\=Meet the moggy family at Newcastle city centre's new cat cafe Mog on the Tyne\|first\=Coreena \| last\=Ford\|date\=10 July 2015\|work\=nechronicle\|access\-date\=7 January 2016}} and Catpawcino.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business\-news/newcastle\-gets\-second\-cat\-cafe\-10135684\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926220939/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business\-news/newcastle\-gets\-second\-cat\-cafe\-10135684\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-26\|title\=Newcastle gets second cat cafe with opening of Catpawcino on the Quayside\|date\=25 September 2015}} Nottingham has a cat café called Kitty Café.{{cite web\|title\=Cat Café\|url\=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/cat\-caf\-/id/7350\|publisher\=Left Lion UK\|access\-date\=7 January 2016}} In 2015, several other UK cafes were in planning.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/food\-and\-drink/features/the\-rise\-of\-cat\-cafes\-the\-perfect\-solution\-for\-animal\-lovers\-who\-cant\-have\-pets\-10119850\.html \| location\=London \| work\=The Independent \| first\=Camilla \| last\=Brugrand \| title\=The rise of cat cafes: the perfect solution for animal lovers who can't have pets \| date\=20 March 2015}}
The Bag of Nails in [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol "Bristol") is a cat [pub](/wiki/Pub "Pub"), and has had as many as 24 cats.{{cite news \|first\=Lee \|last\=Moran \|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cat\-pub\-bristol\_5644b801e4b060377347ebec \|title\=Move Over Cat Cafes, This Cat Pub Is Taking Over \|website\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \|date\=12 November 2015 }}{{cite news \|first\=Daniel \|last\=Garrett \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-bristol\-34871580 \|title\=The pub full of cats bringing feline fans to Bristol \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=21 November 2015 }} You\&Meow, Bristol's first dedicated cat café, opened in February 2017 after a crowdfunding campaign.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bristol247\.com/news\-and\-features/people/interview\-ewa\-rukat\-bristol\-cat\-cafe/ \|title\=Meet The Woman Behind Bristol's Cat Cafe \|last\=Alexander \|first\=Meena \|date\=26 Jan 2016 \|website\=Bristol24/7}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.fundsurfer.com/project/first\-cat\-cafe\-in\-bristol \|title\=Bristol's First Cat Cafe \|website\=Fundsurfer\|date\=10 December 2015 }} It has 14 cats.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youandmeow.co.uk/our\-cats\|title\=Meet Our Zen Masters\|access\-date\=29 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829113718/https://www.youandmeow.co.uk/our\-cats\|archive\-date\=29 August 2019\|url\-status\=dead}}
A cat cafe opened in the Northern Quarter of Manchester on 30 July 2016\.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats\-on/whats\-on\-news/cat\-cafe\-manchester\-opening\-date\-11478159 \| title\=Cat Cafe Manchester announces opening date \- and you can book your visit NOW \| work\=\[\[Manchester Evening News]] \| date\=17 June 2016}}
The first cat café in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth "Bournemouth"), Pause Cat Café, was opened in 2016\. This was funded by a crowdfunding campaign and contains 12 resident rescue cats, in addition to promoting the rescuing of cats.{{cite web\|title\=World getting you down? Bournemouth's getting its first\-ever cat cafe to help you relax\|url\=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/14881099\.World\_getting\_you\_down\_\_Bournemouth\_s\_getting\_it\_s\_first\_ever\_cat\_cafe\_to\_help\_you\_relax/\|publisher\=Daily Echo\|access\-date\=16 November 2016\|date\=11 November 2016}}
Paws For Thought Cat Cafe, [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey "Romsey"), was opened in October 2018, and was the first cat café to open up in Hampshire. It has eight resident cats, which were rescued in the UK and in Romania.{{cite web \|last1\=Reddin \|first1\=Lorelei \|title\=Cat cafe Paws For Thought in Romsey has 8 feline residents \|url\=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/19905821\.cat\-cafe\-paws\-thought\-romsey\-8\-feline\-residents/ \|website\=Daily Echo \|date\=8 February 2022 \|access\-date\=7 February 2023}}
Kiko's Cat Cafe in [Rye, East Sussex](/wiki/Rye%2C_East_Sussex "Rye, East Sussex") opened in September 2023\.{{cite news \|last1\=Baker \|first1\=Megan \|title\=Cat cafe opens in East Sussex following partnership with animal rescue \|url\=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/cat\-cafe\-opens\-in\-east\-sussex\-following\-partnership\-with\-animal\-rescue\-4282848 \|access\-date\=19 August 2024 \|work\=Sussex World \|date\=6 September 2023}} They are a rescue and rehoming based cat cafe, with cats rescued from both the UK and abroad by their partner charity, People's Animal Welfare Society.
#### Scotland
Maison de Moggy in Edinburgh is the first cat café in Scotland and was opened in January 2015\.{{cite news \|first\=Sarah \|last\=Vesty \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/weird\-news/pictures\-scotlands\-first\-cat\-cafe\-4989909 \|title\=In pictures: Scotland's first cat cafe Maison de Moggy opens its doors in Edinburgh \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]] \|date\=16 January 2015 }}{{cite news \|first\=Claire \|last\=White \|url\=http://edinburgh.stv.tv/articles/316291\-edinburgh\-cat\-cafe\-maison\-de\-moggy\-opening\-permanently\-in\-west\-port/ \|title\=Cat cafe Maison de Moggy finds purr\-fect home in West Port \|publisher\=STV Edinburgh \|date\=7 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411030205/http://edinburgh.stv.tv/articles/316291\-edinburgh\-cat\-cafe\-maison\-de\-moggy\-opening\-permanently\-in\-west\-port \|archive\-date\=11 April 2015 }} Purrple Cat Cafe is planning to be Glasgow's first cat café, and was due to open in the summer of 2017 but was delayed due to prolonged works, until it was finally near the end of the year.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/whats\-on/food\-drink\-news/cat\-cafe\-opening\-glasgow\-heres\-12577514\|title\=There is a cat cafe opening in Glasgow \- here's everything we know so far\|last\=Loney\|first\=Gillian\|date\=8 February 2017\|work\=glasgowlive\|access\-date\=4 March 2017}} In early 2017, another cat café had opened called Cats Meow Kittea Café in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling "Stirling").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.stirlingnews.co.uk/news/15216805\.stirling\-cafe\-offers\-cake\-coffee\-and\-the\-company\-of\-cats/\|title\=Stirling café offers cake, coffee and the company of cats\|last\=Burns\|first\=Ashleigh\|access\-date\=11 April 2017}}
|
[
"Europe\n------",
"[thumb\\|Cat cafe in [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana \"Ljubljana\"), Slovenia.](/wiki/File:Cat_Cafe_%28Cat_Caffe%29.jpg \"Cat Cafe (Cat Caffe).jpg\")",
"### Austria",
"According to local legend, the world's first cat café opened in Vienna in the summer of 1912 and ceased operation approximately two years later. It is said that [Vladimir Lenin](/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin \"Vladimir Lenin\") was a regular for a period in 1913, finding the feline companionship a comfort during his time of exile. The cat café is known to have ceased operation shortly after the beginning of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), although the much repeated story that the closure was due to its patriotic owner's donating all the cats to a factory making fur\\-lined boots for the war effort may be apocryphal.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\\-oldie/20151209/282218009716840\\|title\\=\\|via\\=PressReader}} In 2012 cat café Neko was opened in Vienna.",
"### Belgium",
"Le Chat Touille was opened up in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") in 2014{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/meet\\-the\\-founder\\-of\\-brussels\\-first\\-cat\\-cafe/\\|title\\=Meet The Founder Of Brussels' First Cat Cafe\\|last\\=Benoit\\|first\\=Stephanie\\|website\\=Culture Trip\\|date\\=3 November 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-20}} with DreamCATchers opened in [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent \"Ghent\") in 2017\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wearedreamcatchers.be\\|title\\=We Are DreamCATchers\\|website\\=wearedreamcatchers.be\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-24}} The cats were rescued from shelters and rehabilitated, if necessary, with the aid of volunteers and a cat behavioural therapist. Customers can adopt these cats. It runs on donations and money customers spend in the café or on other products.",
"### Italy",
"The first Italian cat café was opened in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") in March 2014; at first it hosted six cats. Its name was MiaGola Café,{{cite news \\| title \\= Sei gatti \"seduti\" al MiaGola Café a intrattenere i clienti \\| first \\= Antonella \\| last \\= Mariotti \\| journal \\= \\[\\[La Stampa]] \\| date \\= 21 March 2015 \\| url \\= http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/21/societa/lazampa/sei\\-gatti\\-seduti\\-al\\-miagola\\-caf\\-a\\-intrattenere\\-i\\-clienti\\-OC7GPfL46fd1WNj4WKaKLO/pagina.html \\| language \\= it \\| access\\-date \\= 4 June 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 31 August 2018 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211848/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/21/societa/lazampa/sei\\-gatti\\-seduti\\-al\\-miagola\\-caf\\-a\\-intrattenere\\-i\\-clienti\\-OC7GPfL46fd1WNj4WKaKLO/pagina.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} which in Italian can be interpreted as a [language game](/wiki/Language_game \"Language game\"): literally *mia gola* can be translated *my gluttony*, while *miagola* ([stressed](/wiki/Stressed_syllable \"Stressed syllable\") on the first syllable: miàgola) means *(he or she) [meows](/wiki/Cat_communication%23Meow \"Cat communication#Meow\")*.\nThe café was shut down in February 2021 in response to the [financial crisis](/wiki/Financial_crisis \"Financial crisis\") that followed the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). The cats were given up for adoption.{{cite news \\| title \\= A Torino chiude il Miagola Cafè, il primo locale dove i gatti erano i padroni di casa \\| first \\= Fulvio \\| last \\= Cerutti \\| journal \\= \\[\\[La Stampa]] \\| date \\= 9 February 2021 \\| url \\= https://www.lastampa.it/la\\-zampa/2021/02/09/news/a\\_torino\\_chiude\\_il\\_miagola\\_cafe\\_il\\_primo\\_locale\\_dove\\_i\\_gatti\\_erano\\_i\\_padroni\\_di\\_casa\\-367900299/ \\| language \\= it}}",
"The Neko Cat Cafe was opened in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") on 5 April 2014\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Get the Purrr\\-fect Snack in These Cat Cafés Around the World\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/style/get\\-the\\-purrr\\-fect\\-snack\\-in\\-these\\-cat\\-cafes\\-around\\-the\\-101432148032\\.html\\|publisher\\=Yahoo Travel\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|date\\=3 November 2014}}{{cite web\\|author1\\=Alessandra Magliaro\\|title\\=Cat cafe, from Japan to Italy was born the trend\\|url\\=http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/specializzati/lifestyle/2014/01/02/Cat\\-cafe\\-Giappone\\-Italia\\-nasce\\-trend\\_10231867\\.html\\|publisher\\=ANSA Lifestyle\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} The resident cats were all adopted from animal welfare organizations. The café has since shut down.{{cite web\\|title\\=Il Caffè dei gatti di Torino chiude dopo aver subito un furto \\| url \\= https://www.quotidianopiemontese.it/2016/07/14/il\\-caffe\\-dei\\-gatti\\-di\\-torino\\-chiude\\-dopo\\-aver\\-subito\\-un\\-furto/ \\| publisher \\= Quotidiano Piemontese \\| date \\= 14 July 2016 \\| language \\= it}}",
"### Lithuania",
"The cat café in Lithuania \"Cat Cafe Kačių kavinė\" opened in Vilnius in October 2014\\. Cat Cafe is located in center at Gedimino pr. 5\\. It is one of the biggest cafes with cats in the world; 15 cats live there in 2014\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Vilniaus centre kurs kačių kavinę\\|url\\=http://vz.lt/article/2014/2/6/vilniaus\\-centre\\-kurs\\-ka..\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2014\\|newspaper\\=Time Out\\|date\\=6 February 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064000/http://vz.lt/article/2014/2/6/vilniaus\\-centre\\-kurs\\-ka..\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"### Netherlands",
"The cat café *Kopjes* was opened in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") in April 2015\\.{{cite news \\|first\\=Janene \\|last\\=Pieters \\|url\\=http://www.nltimes.nl/2015/04/22/amsterdam\\-cat\\-cafe\\-opens\\-today/ \\|title\\=Amsterdam Cat Cafe Opens Today \\|newspaper\\=NL Times \\|date\\=22 April 2015 }} In [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen \"Groningen\") *Kattencafé Op z'n Kop* opened in February 2016{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nu.nl/groningen/4212881/kattencafe\\-opent\\-deuren\\-.html\\|title\\=Kattencafé opent de deuren\\|work\\=NU\\|date\\=11 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} and cat café *Poeslief* opened in October 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dvhn.nl/groningen/Tweede\\-kattencaf%C3%A9\\-in\\-Groningen\\-opent\\-deuren\\-21714435\\.html\\|title\\=Tweede Kattencafé in Groningen opent deuren\\|work\\=Dagblad van het Noorden\\|date\\=19 October 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2016}} The cat café *Miespoes* opened in [Den Bosch](/wiki/Den_Bosch \"Den Bosch\") in 2016, as did cat café *Katdeau* in [Hengelo](/wiki/Hengelo \"Hengelo\"). In August 2016 *kattencafé Ditjes \\& Katjes* opened in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Kroelen bij opening nieuw kattencafé in Den Haag\\|url\\=http://www.ad.nl/den\\-haag/kroelen\\-bij\\-opening\\-nieuw\\-kattencafe\\-in\\-den\\-haag\\~a837774f/\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2017\\|publisher\\=AD\\|date\\=9 August 2016}} Shortly afterwards Pebbles opened its doors as the first cat café in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Post\\|first1\\=Ilja\\|title\\=Knuffels en cupcakes in Rotterdams eerste kattencafé\\|url\\=http://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/rotterdam/2016/09/eerste\\-kattencafe\\-van\\-rotterdam\\-opent\\-deuren\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2017\\|publisher\\=Metro\\|date\\=24 September 2016}} In 2017, the cat cafe *Jippies* opened in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem \"Haarlem\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Post\\|first1\\=Ilja\\|title\\=Nieuw in Haarlem: lunchen met 8 katten op schoot\\|url\\=https://haerlemsbodem.nl/nieuw\\-haarlem\\-lunchen\\-8\\-katten\\-op\\-schoot/\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2018\\|publisher\\=Haerlems Bodem\\|date\\=14 October 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091114/https://haerlemsbodem.nl/nieuw\\-haarlem\\-lunchen\\-8\\-katten\\-op\\-schoot/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2018, the cat cafe *De Familie Snorhaar* opened in [Breda](/wiki/Breda \"Breda\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bndestem.nl/breda/kattencafe\\-familie\\-snorhaar\\-in\\-breda\\-gaat\\-nu\\-echt\\-open\\~af1fb48d/\\|title\\=Kattencafé Familie Snorhaar in Breda gaat nu echt open\\|date\\=19 October 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BN DeStem]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2022}}",
"### Poland",
"\"Kociarnia\", the first cat café in Poland opened in [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") in June 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/594557637354587/photos/a.599527883524229\\.1073741828\\.594557637354587/678863572257326/\\|title\\=Timeline Photos \\- Kocia Kawiarnia Kociarnia \\- Facebook\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016}} The name is a combination of Polish words *kocia* (of a cat) and *kawiarnia* (a café).",
"A second cat café, \"Miau Café\", opened in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") in January 2016\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Miau Cafe\\|url\\=http://www.warsawinsider.pl/miau\\-cafe/\\|publisher\\=Warsaw Insider\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2016\\|date\\=3 February 2016}} The café offers coffee, cakes and vegan items for guests while acting as a shelter for homeless cats.{{cite web\\|title\\=Miau Cafe\\|url\\=https://www.happycow.net/reviews/miau\\-cafe\\-warsaw\\-71466\\|website\\=\\[\\[HappyCow]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2016}} The Miau Café came to life because of the crowdfunding campaign on the Polish platform, wspieram.to, where the 1,700 residents of Warsaw pulled in the financial resources to make the idea of the first cat café in Warsaw come true.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thealternativetravelguide.com/2016/07/11/when\\-are\\-you\\-going\\-for\\-a\\-coffee\\-with\\-cats\\-cat\\-cafe\\-warsaw/\\|title\\=WHEN ARE YOU GOING FOR A COFFEE WITH CATS ? \\- CAT CAFE WARSAW\\|date\\=11 July 2016\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2016}}\n[thumb\\|Signboard of Mrau Cafe, Lublin, Poland](/wiki/File:Kocia_Kawiarnia_Lublin.jpg \"Kocia Kawiarnia Lublin.jpg\")\nIn 2016, a cat café was opened in [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin \"Lublin\"). After one day of activity it was closed by sanitary inspectors. It was the subject of many controversies in the local media.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lublin112\\.pl/wojna\\-sanepidu\\-z\\-mrau\\-cafe\\-trwa\\-zadna\\-ze\\-stron\\-nie\\-poddaje\\-sie/\\|title\\=Wojna Sanepidu z Mrau Cafe trwa. Żadna ze stron nie poddaje się\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-07\\|work\\=Lublin112\\.pl Wiadomości z Lublina i regionu. Lublin, Lubelskie, Lubelszczyzna\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-09\\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} Eventually the conflict was settled and the cafe remains open.",
"### Romania",
"*Miau Cafe* was opened in Spring 2015 in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.click.ro/news/bucuresti/aici\\-vii\\-sa\\-bei\\-cafeaua\\-si\\-pleci\\-cu\\-mata\\-la\\-pachet\\-foto\\-exclusiv \\|title\\=Aici vii să bei cafeaua şi pleci cu mâţa la pachet \\|trans\\-title\\=You come to have a coffee, you leave with a cat to go \\|work\\=\\[\\[Click!]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Adevărul Holding]] \\|language\\=ro \\|date\\=3 July 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2016}} The second cat café in Romania, *La Pisici Cafe* opened in September 2015 in Timișoara.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.romaniatv.net/idee\\-inedita\\-a\\-doi\\-tineri\\-prima\\-cafenea\\-cu\\-pisici\\-a\\-fost\\-deschisa\\-in\\-romania\\-video\\_245572\\.html\\#n\\|title\\=Idee inedită a doi tineri. Prima cafenea cu PISICI a fost deschisă în România VIDEO\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-19\\|work\\=romaniatv.net\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-05}} A coffee house named *Lady Cat* also opened in [Cluj\\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca \"Cluj-Napoca\") in March 2016\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://transilvaniareporter.ro/esential/nou\\-in\\-cluj\\-lady\\-cat\\-o\\-cafenea\\-inchinata\\-mariei\\-sale\\-pisica/ \\|title\\=Nou în Cluj: Lady Cat, o cafenea închinată Măriei Sale, pisica \\|trans\\-title\\=New in Cluj: Lady Cat, a coffee house dedicated to Her Royal Highness, the cat \\|work\\=Transilvania Reporter \\|first\\=Radu \\|last\\=Hângănuț \\|publisher\\=Transilvania Reporter Media \\|language\\=ro \\|date\\=10 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2016}}",
"### Russia",
"[thumb\\|Cat café in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk \"Novosibirsk\"), Russia.](/wiki/File:Murchim%2C_cat_caf%C3%A9_01.jpg \"Murchim, cat café 01.jpg\")\nThe first cat café in Europe and in Russia \"Cats Republic\" was opened in the center of [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") in 2011\\. 25 cats live there.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}. A second \"Cats Republic\" café with a different name (Республика Котов) was opened in 2016\\.",
"Other cat cafés in Russia include \"Cats and People\" (Котики и люди){{cite web \\|title\\=Cat café \"Cats and People\" opened on Sadovaya\\-Samotechnaya \\|url\\=https://daily.afisha.ru/archive/news/gorod\\-v\\-moskve\\-otkrylos\\-kotokafe\\-kotiki\\-i\\-lyudi/ \\|website\\=Afisha Daily \\|date\\=6 April 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Kotokafe \"Cats and People\" \\|url\\=https://kotocafe.ru/ \\|website\\=Kotokafe \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2023}} in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), \"Murchim\" in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"), and many more in other major cities.",
"### Slovakia",
"The first cat café in Slovakia, *Pradúce klbko* (previously as \"Cafe Cats klub\") was opened in [Martin](/wiki/Martin%2C_Slovakia \"Martin, Slovakia\") in April 2015\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://myturiec.sme.sk/c/7726943/martin\\-ma\\-ako\\-prvy\\-na\\-slovensku\\-macaciu\\-kaviaren.html\\|title\\=Martin má ako prvý na Slovensku mačaciu kaviareň\\|last\\=a.s.\\|first\\=Petit Press\\|work\\=myturiec.sme.sk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-05\\|language\\=sk}} The next one, *Mačkafé* opened in [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava \"Bratislava\") in May 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.modrykocour.cz/kockocteni/zajimavosti/v\\-kocici\\-kavarne\\-dil\\-sesty\\-mackafe\\-bratislava\\|title\\=V kočičí kavárně, díl šestý: Mačkafé, Bratislava \\- Zajímavosti \\- Modrý kocouř.cz\\|website\\=www.modrykocour.cz\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-05}} The second one in Bratislava, *Mačinézy* opened in October 2015\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://refresher.sk/25953\\-Prva\\-macacia\\-kaviaren\\-v\\-Bratislave\\-pomoze\\-aj\\-opustenym\\-zvieratkam\\|title\\=Prvá mačacia kaviareň v Bratislave pomôže aj opusteným zvieratkám\\|last\\=REFRESHER.sk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-05\\|language\\=sk}} A cat café named *Mňaukafé* also opened in [Prešov](/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov \"Prešov\") in June 2017 as actually fourth in Slovakia.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://presovskyden.sk/spolumajitelka\\-prvej\\-macacej\\-kaviarne\\-na\\-vychodnom\\-slovensku\\-zakaznici\\-u\\-nas\\-uz\\-aj\\-zaspali/\\|title\\=Spolumajiteľka prvej mačacej kaviarne na východnom Slovensku: Zákazníci u nás už aj zaspali \\- presovskyden.sk\\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-12\\|work\\=presovskyden.sk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-05\\|language\\=sk\\-SK\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107050107/http://presovskyden.sk/spolumajitelka\\-prvej\\-macacej\\-kaviarne\\-na\\-vychodnom\\-slovensku\\-zakaznici\\-u\\-nas\\-uz\\-aj\\-zaspali/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} A *Cat Café Club* was opened in Poprad in February 2018\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www1\\.pluska.sk/Regiony/Vychodne\\-Slovensko/Kavickari\\-tomto\\-podniku\\-zarucene\\-oddychnete\\-POZRITE\\-kto\\-vas\\-tu\\-bude\\-rozmaznavat\\|title\\=Kávičkári, v tomto podniku si zaručene oddýchnete: POZRITE SA, kto vás tu bude rozmaznávať!\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-02\\|language\\=sk}}",
"### Sweden",
"The first cat café in Sweden was opened in Stockholm in 2019 named *Java Whiskers*, with all cats open for adoption.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-24\\|title\\=Senaste konceptkaféet \\- kaffe med kattmys på köpet\\|url\\=https://www.dn.se/sthlm/senaste\\-konceptkafeet\\-kaffe\\-med\\-kattmys\\-pa\\-kopet/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-24\\|website\\=DN.SE\\|language\\=sv}}",
"### Ukraine",
"The first cat café in Ukraine was opened in [Cherkasy](/wiki/Cherkasy \"Cherkasy\") in 2015\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=CatCafe in Cherkasy \\|url\\=https://www.catcafe.ck.ua/ \\|website\\=CatCafe \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2023}} After that, more cat cafés were opened in [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") and [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\").{{cite web \\|title\\=In Cherkassy, you can drink coffee and calm your nerves in the company of a cat \\|url\\=https://ukraine.segodnya.ua/ukraine/v\\-cherkassah\\-mozhno\\-vypit\\-kofe\\-i\\-uspokoit\\-nervy\\-v\\-koshachey\\-kompanii\\-637364\\.html \\|website\\=ukraine.segodnya.ua \\|date\\=11 July 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ghosh \\|first1\\=Poulomi \\|title\\='Who will feed our cats?': Ukraine's cat cafe still open; owners refuse to leave \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/our\\-cats\\-are\\-brave\\-ukraine\\-s\\-cat\\-cafe\\-still\\-open\\-owners\\-refuse\\-to\\-leave\\-101645855894410\\.html \\|website\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=26 February 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}",
"### United Kingdom",
"#### England",
"The first British cat café was opened in [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes \"Totnes\"), Devon in June 2013\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Purrfect! Britain's first cat cafe opens in England's 'Narnia'\\|url\\=http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/416380/Purrfect\\-Britain\\-s\\-first\\-cat\\-cafe\\-opens\\-in\\-England\\-s\\-Narnia\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2016\\|work\\=Express.co.uk\\|date\\=21 July 2013}} However it closed in May 2014\\.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"[thumb\\|The Manchester Cat Café](/wiki/File:Manchester_Cat_Cafe_2016_005.jpg \"Manchester Cat Cafe 2016 005.jpg\")\nIn 2014 Lady Dinah's Cat Emporium in [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green \"Bethnal Green\"), London, opened, with a two\\-month waiting list.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.instyle.com/2014/03/12/lady\\-dinahs\\-cat\\-emporium/\\|title\\=What's Right Meow: This London Café Has Us Feline Groovy \\- InStyle.com\\|work\\=InStyle.com\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://now\\-here\\-this.timeout.com/2013/02/18/funding\\-secured\\-for\\-cat\\-cafe\\-to\\-open\\-in\\-east\\-london/\\|title\\=Funding secured for cat café to open in east London\\|work\\=Time Out Blog\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cntraveller.com/news/2013/february/cat\\-cafe\\-london\\|title\\=Lady Dinah's Cat Emporium, Shoreditch \\- London's cat café (Condé Nast Traveller)\\|work\\=Traveller\\|date\\=21 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729215731/https://www.cntraveller.com/article/cat\\-cafe\\-london\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-london\\-26437881 \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=London cat cafe opens to two\\-month waiting list \\| date\\=6 March 2014}} Newcastle upon Tyne is home to Mog on The Tyne Cat Café,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north\\-east\\-news/meet\\-moggy\\-family\\-newcastle\\-city\\-9626443\\|title\\=Meet the moggy family at Newcastle city centre's new cat cafe Mog on the Tyne\\|first\\=Coreena \\| last\\=Ford\\|date\\=10 July 2015\\|work\\=nechronicle\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016}} and Catpawcino.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business\\-news/newcastle\\-gets\\-second\\-cat\\-cafe\\-10135684\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926220939/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business\\-news/newcastle\\-gets\\-second\\-cat\\-cafe\\-10135684\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-26\\|title\\=Newcastle gets second cat cafe with opening of Catpawcino on the Quayside\\|date\\=25 September 2015}} Nottingham has a cat café called Kitty Café.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cat Café\\|url\\=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/cat\\-caf\\-/id/7350\\|publisher\\=Left Lion UK\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2016}} In 2015, several other UK cafes were in planning.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/food\\-and\\-drink/features/the\\-rise\\-of\\-cat\\-cafes\\-the\\-perfect\\-solution\\-for\\-animal\\-lovers\\-who\\-cant\\-have\\-pets\\-10119850\\.html \\| location\\=London \\| work\\=The Independent \\| first\\=Camilla \\| last\\=Brugrand \\| title\\=The rise of cat cafes: the perfect solution for animal lovers who can't have pets \\| date\\=20 March 2015}}",
"The Bag of Nails in [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol \"Bristol\") is a cat [pub](/wiki/Pub \"Pub\"), and has had as many as 24 cats.{{cite news \\|first\\=Lee \\|last\\=Moran \\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cat\\-pub\\-bristol\\_5644b801e4b060377347ebec \\|title\\=Move Over Cat Cafes, This Cat Pub Is Taking Over \\|website\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\|date\\=12 November 2015 }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Daniel \\|last\\=Garrett \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-bristol\\-34871580 \\|title\\=The pub full of cats bringing feline fans to Bristol \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=21 November 2015 }} You\\&Meow, Bristol's first dedicated cat café, opened in February 2017 after a crowdfunding campaign.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bristol247\\.com/news\\-and\\-features/people/interview\\-ewa\\-rukat\\-bristol\\-cat\\-cafe/ \\|title\\=Meet The Woman Behind Bristol's Cat Cafe \\|last\\=Alexander \\|first\\=Meena \\|date\\=26 Jan 2016 \\|website\\=Bristol24/7}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.fundsurfer.com/project/first\\-cat\\-cafe\\-in\\-bristol \\|title\\=Bristol's First Cat Cafe \\|website\\=Fundsurfer\\|date\\=10 December 2015 }} It has 14 cats.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youandmeow.co.uk/our\\-cats\\|title\\=Meet Our Zen Masters\\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829113718/https://www.youandmeow.co.uk/our\\-cats\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"A cat cafe opened in the Northern Quarter of Manchester on 30 July 2016\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats\\-on/whats\\-on\\-news/cat\\-cafe\\-manchester\\-opening\\-date\\-11478159 \\| title\\=Cat Cafe Manchester announces opening date \\- and you can book your visit NOW \\| work\\=\\[\\[Manchester Evening News]] \\| date\\=17 June 2016}}",
"The first cat café in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth \"Bournemouth\"), Pause Cat Café, was opened in 2016\\. This was funded by a crowdfunding campaign and contains 12 resident rescue cats, in addition to promoting the rescuing of cats.{{cite web\\|title\\=World getting you down? Bournemouth's getting its first\\-ever cat cafe to help you relax\\|url\\=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/14881099\\.World\\_getting\\_you\\_down\\_\\_Bournemouth\\_s\\_getting\\_it\\_s\\_first\\_ever\\_cat\\_cafe\\_to\\_help\\_you\\_relax/\\|publisher\\=Daily Echo\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2016\\|date\\=11 November 2016}}",
"Paws For Thought Cat Cafe, [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey \"Romsey\"), was opened in October 2018, and was the first cat café to open up in Hampshire. It has eight resident cats, which were rescued in the UK and in Romania.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Reddin \\|first1\\=Lorelei \\|title\\=Cat cafe Paws For Thought in Romsey has 8 feline residents \\|url\\=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/19905821\\.cat\\-cafe\\-paws\\-thought\\-romsey\\-8\\-feline\\-residents/ \\|website\\=Daily Echo \\|date\\=8 February 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2023}}",
"Kiko's Cat Cafe in [Rye, East Sussex](/wiki/Rye%2C_East_Sussex \"Rye, East Sussex\") opened in September 2023\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Baker \\|first1\\=Megan \\|title\\=Cat cafe opens in East Sussex following partnership with animal rescue \\|url\\=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/cat\\-cafe\\-opens\\-in\\-east\\-sussex\\-following\\-partnership\\-with\\-animal\\-rescue\\-4282848 \\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2024 \\|work\\=Sussex World \\|date\\=6 September 2023}} They are a rescue and rehoming based cat cafe, with cats rescued from both the UK and abroad by their partner charity, People's Animal Welfare Society.",
"#### Scotland",
"Maison de Moggy in Edinburgh is the first cat café in Scotland and was opened in January 2015\\.{{cite news \\|first\\=Sarah \\|last\\=Vesty \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/weird\\-news/pictures\\-scotlands\\-first\\-cat\\-cafe\\-4989909 \\|title\\=In pictures: Scotland's first cat cafe Maison de Moggy opens its doors in Edinburgh \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]] \\|date\\=16 January 2015 }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Claire \\|last\\=White \\|url\\=http://edinburgh.stv.tv/articles/316291\\-edinburgh\\-cat\\-cafe\\-maison\\-de\\-moggy\\-opening\\-permanently\\-in\\-west\\-port/ \\|title\\=Cat cafe Maison de Moggy finds purr\\-fect home in West Port \\|publisher\\=STV Edinburgh \\|date\\=7 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411030205/http://edinburgh.stv.tv/articles/316291\\-edinburgh\\-cat\\-cafe\\-maison\\-de\\-moggy\\-opening\\-permanently\\-in\\-west\\-port \\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2015 }} Purrple Cat Cafe is planning to be Glasgow's first cat café, and was due to open in the summer of 2017 but was delayed due to prolonged works, until it was finally near the end of the year.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/whats\\-on/food\\-drink\\-news/cat\\-cafe\\-opening\\-glasgow\\-heres\\-12577514\\|title\\=There is a cat cafe opening in Glasgow \\- here's everything we know so far\\|last\\=Loney\\|first\\=Gillian\\|date\\=8 February 2017\\|work\\=glasgowlive\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2017}} In early 2017, another cat café had opened called Cats Meow Kittea Café in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling \"Stirling\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.stirlingnews.co.uk/news/15216805\\.stirling\\-cafe\\-offers\\-cake\\-coffee\\-and\\-the\\-company\\-of\\-cats/\\|title\\=Stirling café offers cake, coffee and the company of cats\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=Ashleigh\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2017}}",
""
] |
Ecology
-------
### Feeding
The Malagasy sacred ibis feeds on crustaceans, diverse invertebrates, vegetable refuse and more occasionally takes frogs, reptiles and young birds.Langrand O. 1990\. Guide to the birds of Madagascar. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. It forages mainly on mud in tidal areas, thrusting its bill into the mud up to the eyes. The *abbotti* race on the Seychelles feeds in coral pools and along lagoon shores (King, 1981 in Hancock). Feeding is often solitary, although some individuals have been observed foraging in pairs or threes.
### Breeding
Egg\-laying occurs at the beginning of the wet season in November and December. The clutch size is usually 2 eggs. Average egg measurements for *T.a. abbotti* have been reported as 59\.5mm long and 41\.3mm broad and weighing 55g.Schönwetter M. 1967\. Handbuch der Oologie (W. Meise, ed) Band I. Akademie – Verlag, Berlin.
This ibis nests colonially, sometimes with mixed heron species such as the [Humblot's heron](/wiki/Humblot%27s_heron "Humblot's heron") Razafindrajao F. 2015\. Waterbird survey of Loza, North West of Madagascar. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Programme Madagascar. or egret species such as [cattle egret](/wiki/Cattle_egret "Cattle egret") and [dimorphic egret](/wiki/Dimorphic_egret "Dimorphic egret"). The nest lies 2\-3m above the surface of the water in forks of *[Avicennia](/wiki/Avicennia "Avicennia")* and *[Rhizophora](/wiki/Rhizophora "Rhizophora")* trees and largely comprises twigs, some of which are still living with leaves attached. The nest is structurally sturdy and measures 450\-500mm across and 250mm deep. Other nests have been reported to be smaller, measuring approximately 250mm across.
### Threats and survival
The Madagascan population has been markedly declining mainly through unsustainable harvesting of eggs, nest site disturbance and wetland habitat degradation. Human interference and habitat loss also pose threats to the *abbotti* race.Byers O, Brouwer K, Coulter M, Seal US. 1995\. Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Conservation Assignment Management Plan: Working Document. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. Because nesting individuals are apparently fearless of humans, this species is an easy target for hunters. Habitat loss and degradation pose another serious threat to the population. Important areas of this species’ habitat are threatened with pollution, sedimentation and encroachment of alluvial sands. Such sedimentation is caused by soil erosion from slash and burn cultivation (Birdlife International, 2013\). Its mangrove habitat is also threatened with destruction for charcoal production.Perschke, M. 2006\. Voronosy: une association pour la sauvegarde de l'ibis sacré de Madagascar dans le
Baie de Bombetoka. CEPA Magazine: 13\-16\. This ibis may further be in competition for food with egret species such as the dimorphic egret.
Because this ibis has historically been widely considered conspecific with the African sacred ibis, no early separate conservation measures have been proposed for the former. Coastal sites are generally poorly protected in western Madagascar, although new [wetland conservation](/wiki/Wetland_conservation "Wetland conservation") initiatives now include the species as a conservation target. On the Seychelles, the Aldabra atoll has been designated a Special Reserve.
|
[
"Ecology\n-------",
"### Feeding",
"The Malagasy sacred ibis feeds on crustaceans, diverse invertebrates, vegetable refuse and more occasionally takes frogs, reptiles and young birds.Langrand O. 1990\\. Guide to the birds of Madagascar. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. It forages mainly on mud in tidal areas, thrusting its bill into the mud up to the eyes. The *abbotti* race on the Seychelles feeds in coral pools and along lagoon shores (King, 1981 in Hancock). Feeding is often solitary, although some individuals have been observed foraging in pairs or threes.",
"### Breeding",
"Egg\\-laying occurs at the beginning of the wet season in November and December. The clutch size is usually 2 eggs. Average egg measurements for *T.a. abbotti* have been reported as 59\\.5mm long and 41\\.3mm broad and weighing 55g.Schönwetter M. 1967\\. Handbuch der Oologie (W. Meise, ed) Band I. Akademie – Verlag, Berlin.",
"This ibis nests colonially, sometimes with mixed heron species such as the [Humblot's heron](/wiki/Humblot%27s_heron \"Humblot's heron\") Razafindrajao F. 2015\\. Waterbird survey of Loza, North West of Madagascar. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Programme Madagascar. or egret species such as [cattle egret](/wiki/Cattle_egret \"Cattle egret\") and [dimorphic egret](/wiki/Dimorphic_egret \"Dimorphic egret\"). The nest lies 2\\-3m above the surface of the water in forks of *[Avicennia](/wiki/Avicennia \"Avicennia\")* and *[Rhizophora](/wiki/Rhizophora \"Rhizophora\")* trees and largely comprises twigs, some of which are still living with leaves attached. The nest is structurally sturdy and measures 450\\-500mm across and 250mm deep. Other nests have been reported to be smaller, measuring approximately 250mm across.",
"### Threats and survival",
"The Madagascan population has been markedly declining mainly through unsustainable harvesting of eggs, nest site disturbance and wetland habitat degradation. Human interference and habitat loss also pose threats to the *abbotti* race.Byers O, Brouwer K, Coulter M, Seal US. 1995\\. Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Conservation Assignment Management Plan: Working Document. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. Because nesting individuals are apparently fearless of humans, this species is an easy target for hunters. Habitat loss and degradation pose another serious threat to the population. Important areas of this species’ habitat are threatened with pollution, sedimentation and encroachment of alluvial sands. Such sedimentation is caused by soil erosion from slash and burn cultivation (Birdlife International, 2013\\). Its mangrove habitat is also threatened with destruction for charcoal production.Perschke, M. 2006\\. Voronosy: une association pour la sauvegarde de l'ibis sacré de Madagascar dans le\nBaie de Bombetoka. CEPA Magazine: 13\\-16\\. This ibis may further be in competition for food with egret species such as the dimorphic egret.",
"Because this ibis has historically been widely considered conspecific with the African sacred ibis, no early separate conservation measures have been proposed for the former. Coastal sites are generally poorly protected in western Madagascar, although new [wetland conservation](/wiki/Wetland_conservation \"Wetland conservation\") initiatives now include the species as a conservation target. On the Seychelles, the Aldabra atoll has been designated a Special Reserve.",
""
] |
Work
----
In 1979, she wrote "The World's Greatest Fisherman",{{Cite web\|last\=Erdrich\|first\=Louise\|date\=\|title\="The World's Greatest Fisherman"\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The\-Worlds\-Greatest\-Fisherman\|access\-date\=October 4, 2020\|website\=Encyclopedia Britannica}} a short story about June Kashpaw, a divorced Ojibwe woman whose death by [hypothermia](/wiki/Hypothermia "Hypothermia") brought her relatives home to a fictional North Dakota reservation for her funeral. She wrote this while "barricaded in the kitchen." At her husband's urging, she submitted it to the Nelson Algren Short Fiction competition in 1982, for which it won the $5,000 prize, and eventually it became the first chapter of her debut novel, *[Love Medicine](/wiki/Love_Medicine "Love Medicine")*, published by [Holt, Rinehart, and Winston](/wiki/Holt%2C_Rinehart%2C_and_Winston "Holt, Rinehart, and Winston") in 1984\.
"When I found out about the prize I was living on a farm in New Hampshire near the college I'd attended," Erdrich told an interviewer. "I was nearly broke and driving a car with bald tires. My mother knitted my sweaters, and all else I bought at thrift stores ... The recognition dazzled me. Later, I became friends with [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel "Studs Terkel") and [Kay Boyle](/wiki/Kay_Boyle "Kay Boyle"), the judges, toward whom I carry a lifelong gratitude. This prize made an immense difference in my life."{{Cite web\|title\=A look back at winners of the Nelson Algren Short Story Award\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct\-books\-past\-algren\-winners\-0728\-20190721\-hspatf3w4ze73nmku6piiueruu\-story.html\|last\=Crowder\|first\=Courtney\|date\=July 21, 2019\|website\=Chicago Tribune\|access\-date\=July 21, 2019}}
*Love Medicine* won the 1984 National Book Critics Circle Award.{{cite web\|title\=Louise Erdrich: About the Author: HarperCollins Publishers\|url\=http://www.harpercollins.com/author/microsite/about.aspx?authorid\=2905\|date\=March 24, 2010\|publisher\=Harpercollins.com\|access\-date\=October 23, 2013}} It is the only debut novel ever to receive that honor.{{Cite news\|last\=Streitfeld\|first\=David\|date\=July 13, 1997\|title\="Sad Story"\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/07/13/sad\-story/b1344c1d\-3f2a\-455f\-8537\-cb4637888ffc/\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|volume\=\|pages\=\|via\=}} Erdrich later turned *Love Medicine* into a tetralogy that includes *The Beet Queen* (1986\), *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%28novel%29 "Tracks (novel)")* (1988\), and *[The Bingo Palace](/wiki/The_Bingo_Palace "The Bingo Palace")* (1994\). It has also been featured on the National [Advanced Placement](/wiki/Advanced_Placement "Advanced Placement") Test for Literature.{{cite web\|title\=AP Literature: Titles from Free Response Questions since 1971\|url\=http://mseffie.com/AP/APtitles.html\|date\=May 13, 2013\|publisher\=Mseffie.com\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130032924/http://mseffie.com/AP/APtitles.html\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2014\|access\-date\=October 23, 2013}}
In the early years of their marriage, Erdrich and Michael Dorris often collaborated on their work, saying they plotted the books together, "talk about them before any writing is done, and then we share almost every day, whatever it is we've written" but "the person whose name is on the books is the one who's done most of the primary writing." They got started with "domestic, romantic stuff" published under the shared pen name of "Milou North" (Michael \+ Louise \+ where they live).
During the publication of *Love Medicine*, Erdrich produced her first collection of poems, *Jacklight* (1984\), which highlights the struggles between Native and non\-Native cultures, as well as celebrating family, ties of kinship, autobiographical meditations, monologues, and love poetry. She incorporates elements of Ojibwe myths and legends. Erdrich continues to write poems, which have been included in her collections.
Erdrich is best known as a novelist, and has published a dozen award\-winning and best\-selling novels. She followed *Love Medicine* with *The Beet Queen* (1986\), which continued her technique of using [multiple narrators](/wiki/Multiperspectivity "Multiperspectivity"){{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/20/books/books\-of\-the\-times\-293786\.html\|title\=Books of the Times\|last\=Kakutani\|first\=Michiko\|date\=August 20, 1986\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} and expanded the fictional reservation universe of *Love Medicine* to include the nearby town of Argus, North Dakota. The action of the novel takes place mostly before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). [Leslie Marmon Silko](/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko "Leslie Marmon Silko") accused Erdrich's *The Beet Queen* of being more concerned with [postmodern](/wiki/Postmodern_literature "Postmodern literature") technique than with the political struggles of Native peoples.[Susan Castillo](/wiki/Susan_Castillo_%28academic%29 "Susan Castillo (academic)") "Postmodernism, Native American Literature, and the Real: The Silko\-Erdrich Controversy" in *Notes from the Periphery: Marginality in North American Literature and Culture* New York: Peter Lang, 1995\. 179–190\.
*[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%28novel%29 "Tracks (novel)")* (1988\) goes back to the early 20th century at the formation of the reservation. It introduces the [trickster](/wiki/Trickster "Trickster") figure of Nanapush, who owes a clear debt to Ojibwe figure [Nanabozho](/wiki/Nanabozho "Nanabozho").{{cite journal \|last\=Gross \|first\=Lawrence W. \|date\=Summer 2005 \|title\=The Trickster and World Maintenance: An Anishinaabe Reading of Louise Erdrich's Tracks \|url\=http://onCampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/173\.html \|journal\=Studies in American Indian Literatures \|volume\=17 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=48–66 \|doi\=10\.1353/ail.2005\.0070 \|s2cid\=161821098 \|issn\=1548\-9590 \|access\-date\= \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423103851/http://oncampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/173\.html \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2008}} There are many studies of the trickster figure in Erdrich's novels. *Tracks* shows early clashes between traditional ways and the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church"). *[The Bingo Palace](/wiki/The_Bingo_Palace_%28Novel%29 "The Bingo Palace (Novel)")* (1994\), set in the 1980s, describes the effects of a casino and a factory on the reservation community. *Tales of Burning Love* (1997\) finishes the story of Sister Leopolda, a recurring character from all the previous books, and introduces a new set of European\-American people into the reservation universe.
*The Antelope Wife* (1998\), Erdrich's first novel after her divorce from Dorris, was the first of her novels to be set outside the continuity of the previous books. Erdrich heavily revised the book in 2009 and published the revision as *The Antelope Woman* in 2016\.{{Cite web \|title\=Antelope Woman by Louise Erdrich \|url\=https://www.bookshopsantacruz.com/antelope\-woman\-louise\-erdrich \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-03 \|website\=Bookshop Santa Cruz \|language\=en}}
She subsequently returned to the reservation and nearby towns. She has published five novels since 1998 dealing with events in that fictional area. Among these are *[The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse](/wiki/Last_Report_on_the_Miracles_at_Little_No_Horse "Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse")* (2001\) and *[The Master Butchers Singing Club](/wiki/The_Master_Butchers_Singing_Club "The Master Butchers Singing Club")* (2003\). Both novels have geographic and character connections with *The Beet Queen*. In 2009, Erdrich was a [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction") finalist for *[The Plague of Doves](/wiki/The_Plague_of_Doves_%28novel%29 "The Plague of Doves (novel)")*{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/louise\-erdrich\|title\=Finalist: ''The Plague of Doves'', by Louise Erdrich (HarperCollins)\|website\=www.pulitzer.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019}} and a National Book Award finalist for *[The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse](/wiki/The_Last_Report_on_the_Miracles_at_Little_No_Horse "The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse")*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the\-last\-report\-on\-the\-miracle\-at\-little\-no\-horse/\|title\=The Last Report on the Miracle at Little No Horse\|website\=National Book Foundation\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019}} *The Plague of Doves* focuses on the historical lynching of four Native people wrongly accused of murdering a White family, and the effect of this injustice on the following generations. Her Pulitzer Prize–winning novel *[The Night Watchman](/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_%28novel%29 "The Night Watchman (novel)")*{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louise\-erdrich\|title\=The 2021 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction\|website\=www.pulitzer.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=September 22, 2021}} (2020\) concerns a campaign to defeat the 'termination bill' (introduced by Senator [Arthur Vivian Watkins](/wiki/Arthur_Vivian_Watkins "Arthur Vivian Watkins")), and Erdrich acknowledged her sources and its inspiration being her maternal grandfather's life.{{Cite web\|last\=Louise\|first\=Erdrich\|date\=\|title\=Louise Erdrich American author\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise\-Erdrich\#ref1164386\|access\-date\=October 4, 2020\|website\=Encyclopedia Britannica}} Her most recent novel, [The Sentence](/wiki/The_Sentence_%282021_novel%29 "The Sentence (2021 novel)"), tells the fictional story of a haunting at Erdrich's Minneapolis bookstore, set against the backdrop of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), [George Floyd's murder](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), and the [resulting protests](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/09/books/review/the\-sentence\-louise\-erdrich.html \| title\=A New Novel by Louise Erdrich Haunted by Covid and George Floyd's Death \| work\=The New York Times \| date\=November 9, 2021 \| last1\=Jones \| first1\=Malcolm }}
She also writes for younger audiences; she has a children's picture book *Grandmother's Pigeon,* and her children's book *[The Birchbark House](/wiki/The_Birchbark_House "The Birchbark House")*, was a National Book Award finalist.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the\-birchbark\-house/\|title\=The Birchbark House\|website\=National Book Foundation\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019}} She continued the series with *[The Game of Silence](/wiki/The_Game_of_Silence "The Game of Silence")*, winner of the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction,{{Cite web\|url\=https://scottodell.com/the\-scott\-odell\-award\|title\=Scott O'Dell\|last\=O'Dell\|first\=Scott\|website\=www.scottodell.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019}} *The Porcupine Year*, *[Chickadee](/wiki/Chickadee_%28novel%29 "Chickadee (novel)")*, and *Makoons*.
### Nonfiction and teaching
In addition to fiction and poetry, Erdrich has published nonfiction. *The Blue Jay's Dance* (1995\) is about her pregnancy and the birth of her third child.{{Cite web \|date\=n.d. \|title\=The Blue Jay's Dance: A Birth Year by Louise Erdrich \|url\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060171322 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-13 \|website\=www.publishersweekly.com}} *Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country* (2003\) traces her travels in northern Minnesota and Ontario's lakes following the birth of her youngest daughter.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a\_f/erdrich/about.htm\|title\=About Louise Erdrich\|author\= Department of English\|publisher\= University of Illinois\|date\=2001\|access\-date\=May 22, 2016}}
### Influence and style
Her heritage from both parents is influential in her life and prominent in her work.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/louise\-erdrich\|title\=Louise Erdrich\|date\=May 12, 2018\|publisher\=Poetry Foundation\|access\-date\=May 13, 2018}} Although many of Erdrich's works explore her Native American heritage, her novel *[The Master Butchers Singing Club](/wiki/The_Master_Butchers_Singing_Club "The Master Butchers Singing Club")* (2003\) featured the European, specifically German, side of her ancestry. The novel includes stories of a [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") veteran of the German Army and is set in a small North Dakota town.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/09/books/her\-own\-private\-north\-dakota.html\|title\=Her Own Private North Dakota\|last\=Allen\|first\=Brooke\|date\=February 9, 2003\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=November 6, 2019\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} The novel was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Erdrich's interwoven series of novels have drawn comparisons with [William Faulkner](/wiki/William_Faulkner "William Faulkner")'s [Yoknapatawpha](/wiki/Yoknapatawpha "Yoknapatawpha") novels. Like Faulkner's, Erdrich's successive novels created multiple narratives in the same fictional area and combined the tapestry of local history with current themes and modern consciousness.See, e.g., Powell's Books (book review), *The Christian Science Monitor*, August 2, 2004
|
[
"Work\n----",
"In 1979, she wrote \"The World's Greatest Fisherman\",{{Cite web\\|last\\=Erdrich\\|first\\=Louise\\|date\\=\\|title\\=\"The World's Greatest Fisherman\"\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The\\-Worlds\\-Greatest\\-Fisherman\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2020\\|website\\=Encyclopedia Britannica}} a short story about June Kashpaw, a divorced Ojibwe woman whose death by [hypothermia](/wiki/Hypothermia \"Hypothermia\") brought her relatives home to a fictional North Dakota reservation for her funeral. She wrote this while \"barricaded in the kitchen.\" At her husband's urging, she submitted it to the Nelson Algren Short Fiction competition in 1982, for which it won the $5,000 prize, and eventually it became the first chapter of her debut novel, *[Love Medicine](/wiki/Love_Medicine \"Love Medicine\")*, published by [Holt, Rinehart, and Winston](/wiki/Holt%2C_Rinehart%2C_and_Winston \"Holt, Rinehart, and Winston\") in 1984\\.",
"\"When I found out about the prize I was living on a farm in New Hampshire near the college I'd attended,\" Erdrich told an interviewer. \"I was nearly broke and driving a car with bald tires. My mother knitted my sweaters, and all else I bought at thrift stores ... The recognition dazzled me. Later, I became friends with [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel \"Studs Terkel\") and [Kay Boyle](/wiki/Kay_Boyle \"Kay Boyle\"), the judges, toward whom I carry a lifelong gratitude. This prize made an immense difference in my life.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=A look back at winners of the Nelson Algren Short Story Award\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct\\-books\\-past\\-algren\\-winners\\-0728\\-20190721\\-hspatf3w4ze73nmku6piiueruu\\-story.html\\|last\\=Crowder\\|first\\=Courtney\\|date\\=July 21, 2019\\|website\\=Chicago Tribune\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2019}}",
"*Love Medicine* won the 1984 National Book Critics Circle Award.{{cite web\\|title\\=Louise Erdrich: About the Author: HarperCollins Publishers\\|url\\=http://www.harpercollins.com/author/microsite/about.aspx?authorid\\=2905\\|date\\=March 24, 2010\\|publisher\\=Harpercollins.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2013}} It is the only debut novel ever to receive that honor.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Streitfeld\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=July 13, 1997\\|title\\=\"Sad Story\"\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/07/13/sad\\-story/b1344c1d\\-3f2a\\-455f\\-8537\\-cb4637888ffc/\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|volume\\=\\|pages\\=\\|via\\=}} Erdrich later turned *Love Medicine* into a tetralogy that includes *The Beet Queen* (1986\\), *[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%28novel%29 \"Tracks (novel)\")* (1988\\), and *[The Bingo Palace](/wiki/The_Bingo_Palace \"The Bingo Palace\")* (1994\\). It has also been featured on the National [Advanced Placement](/wiki/Advanced_Placement \"Advanced Placement\") Test for Literature.{{cite web\\|title\\=AP Literature: Titles from Free Response Questions since 1971\\|url\\=http://mseffie.com/AP/APtitles.html\\|date\\=May 13, 2013\\|publisher\\=Mseffie.com\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130032924/http://mseffie.com/AP/APtitles.html\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2013}}",
"In the early years of their marriage, Erdrich and Michael Dorris often collaborated on their work, saying they plotted the books together, \"talk about them before any writing is done, and then we share almost every day, whatever it is we've written\" but \"the person whose name is on the books is the one who's done most of the primary writing.\" They got started with \"domestic, romantic stuff\" published under the shared pen name of \"Milou North\" (Michael \\+ Louise \\+ where they live).",
"During the publication of *Love Medicine*, Erdrich produced her first collection of poems, *Jacklight* (1984\\), which highlights the struggles between Native and non\\-Native cultures, as well as celebrating family, ties of kinship, autobiographical meditations, monologues, and love poetry. She incorporates elements of Ojibwe myths and legends. Erdrich continues to write poems, which have been included in her collections.",
"Erdrich is best known as a novelist, and has published a dozen award\\-winning and best\\-selling novels. She followed *Love Medicine* with *The Beet Queen* (1986\\), which continued her technique of using [multiple narrators](/wiki/Multiperspectivity \"Multiperspectivity\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/20/books/books\\-of\\-the\\-times\\-293786\\.html\\|title\\=Books of the Times\\|last\\=Kakutani\\|first\\=Michiko\\|date\\=August 20, 1986\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} and expanded the fictional reservation universe of *Love Medicine* to include the nearby town of Argus, North Dakota. The action of the novel takes place mostly before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). [Leslie Marmon Silko](/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko \"Leslie Marmon Silko\") accused Erdrich's *The Beet Queen* of being more concerned with [postmodern](/wiki/Postmodern_literature \"Postmodern literature\") technique than with the political struggles of Native peoples.[Susan Castillo](/wiki/Susan_Castillo_%28academic%29 \"Susan Castillo (academic)\") \"Postmodernism, Native American Literature, and the Real: The Silko\\-Erdrich Controversy\" in *Notes from the Periphery: Marginality in North American Literature and Culture* New York: Peter Lang, 1995\\. 179–190\\.",
"*[Tracks](/wiki/Tracks_%28novel%29 \"Tracks (novel)\")* (1988\\) goes back to the early 20th century at the formation of the reservation. It introduces the [trickster](/wiki/Trickster \"Trickster\") figure of Nanapush, who owes a clear debt to Ojibwe figure [Nanabozho](/wiki/Nanabozho \"Nanabozho\").{{cite journal \\|last\\=Gross \\|first\\=Lawrence W. \\|date\\=Summer 2005 \\|title\\=The Trickster and World Maintenance: An Anishinaabe Reading of Louise Erdrich's Tracks \\|url\\=http://onCampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/173\\.html \\|journal\\=Studies in American Indian Literatures \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=48–66 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/ail.2005\\.0070 \\|s2cid\\=161821098 \\|issn\\=1548\\-9590 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423103851/http://oncampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/173\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2008}} There are many studies of the trickster figure in Erdrich's novels. *Tracks* shows early clashes between traditional ways and the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\"). *[The Bingo Palace](/wiki/The_Bingo_Palace_%28Novel%29 \"The Bingo Palace (Novel)\")* (1994\\), set in the 1980s, describes the effects of a casino and a factory on the reservation community. *Tales of Burning Love* (1997\\) finishes the story of Sister Leopolda, a recurring character from all the previous books, and introduces a new set of European\\-American people into the reservation universe.\n \n*The Antelope Wife* (1998\\), Erdrich's first novel after her divorce from Dorris, was the first of her novels to be set outside the continuity of the previous books. Erdrich heavily revised the book in 2009 and published the revision as *The Antelope Woman* in 2016\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Antelope Woman by Louise Erdrich \\|url\\=https://www.bookshopsantacruz.com/antelope\\-woman\\-louise\\-erdrich \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=Bookshop Santa Cruz \\|language\\=en}}",
"She subsequently returned to the reservation and nearby towns. She has published five novels since 1998 dealing with events in that fictional area. Among these are *[The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse](/wiki/Last_Report_on_the_Miracles_at_Little_No_Horse \"Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse\")* (2001\\) and *[The Master Butchers Singing Club](/wiki/The_Master_Butchers_Singing_Club \"The Master Butchers Singing Club\")* (2003\\). Both novels have geographic and character connections with *The Beet Queen*. In 2009, Erdrich was a [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction \"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction\") finalist for *[The Plague of Doves](/wiki/The_Plague_of_Doves_%28novel%29 \"The Plague of Doves (novel)\")*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/louise\\-erdrich\\|title\\=Finalist: ''The Plague of Doves'', by Louise Erdrich (HarperCollins)\\|website\\=www.pulitzer.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019}} and a National Book Award finalist for *[The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse](/wiki/The_Last_Report_on_the_Miracles_at_Little_No_Horse \"The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse\")*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the\\-last\\-report\\-on\\-the\\-miracle\\-at\\-little\\-no\\-horse/\\|title\\=The Last Report on the Miracle at Little No Horse\\|website\\=National Book Foundation\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019}} *The Plague of Doves* focuses on the historical lynching of four Native people wrongly accused of murdering a White family, and the effect of this injustice on the following generations. Her Pulitzer Prize–winning novel *[The Night Watchman](/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_%28novel%29 \"The Night Watchman (novel)\")*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louise\\-erdrich\\|title\\=The 2021 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction\\|website\\=www.pulitzer.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2021}} (2020\\) concerns a campaign to defeat the 'termination bill' (introduced by Senator [Arthur Vivian Watkins](/wiki/Arthur_Vivian_Watkins \"Arthur Vivian Watkins\")), and Erdrich acknowledged her sources and its inspiration being her maternal grandfather's life.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Louise\\|first\\=Erdrich\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Louise Erdrich American author\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise\\-Erdrich\\#ref1164386\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2020\\|website\\=Encyclopedia Britannica}} Her most recent novel, [The Sentence](/wiki/The_Sentence_%282021_novel%29 \"The Sentence (2021 novel)\"), tells the fictional story of a haunting at Erdrich's Minneapolis bookstore, set against the backdrop of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), [George Floyd's murder](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd \"Murder of George Floyd\"), and the [resulting protests](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests \"George Floyd protests\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/09/books/review/the\\-sentence\\-louise\\-erdrich.html \\| title\\=A New Novel by Louise Erdrich Haunted by Covid and George Floyd's Death \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| date\\=November 9, 2021 \\| last1\\=Jones \\| first1\\=Malcolm }}",
"She also writes for younger audiences; she has a children's picture book *Grandmother's Pigeon,* and her children's book *[The Birchbark House](/wiki/The_Birchbark_House \"The Birchbark House\")*, was a National Book Award finalist.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the\\-birchbark\\-house/\\|title\\=The Birchbark House\\|website\\=National Book Foundation\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019}} She continued the series with *[The Game of Silence](/wiki/The_Game_of_Silence \"The Game of Silence\")*, winner of the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://scottodell.com/the\\-scott\\-odell\\-award\\|title\\=Scott O'Dell\\|last\\=O'Dell\\|first\\=Scott\\|website\\=www.scottodell.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019}} *The Porcupine Year*, *[Chickadee](/wiki/Chickadee_%28novel%29 \"Chickadee (novel)\")*, and *Makoons*.",
"### Nonfiction and teaching",
"In addition to fiction and poetry, Erdrich has published nonfiction. *The Blue Jay's Dance* (1995\\) is about her pregnancy and the birth of her third child.{{Cite web \\|date\\=n.d. \\|title\\=The Blue Jay's Dance: A Birth Year by Louise Erdrich \\|url\\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060171322 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-13 \\|website\\=www.publishersweekly.com}} *Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country* (2003\\) traces her travels in northern Minnesota and Ontario's lakes following the birth of her youngest daughter.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a\\_f/erdrich/about.htm\\|title\\=About Louise Erdrich\\|author\\= Department of English\\|publisher\\= University of Illinois\\|date\\=2001\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2016}}",
"### Influence and style",
"Her heritage from both parents is influential in her life and prominent in her work.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/louise\\-erdrich\\|title\\=Louise Erdrich\\|date\\=May 12, 2018\\|publisher\\=Poetry Foundation\\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2018}} Although many of Erdrich's works explore her Native American heritage, her novel *[The Master Butchers Singing Club](/wiki/The_Master_Butchers_Singing_Club \"The Master Butchers Singing Club\")* (2003\\) featured the European, specifically German, side of her ancestry. The novel includes stories of a [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") veteran of the German Army and is set in a small North Dakota town.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/09/books/her\\-own\\-private\\-north\\-dakota.html\\|title\\=Her Own Private North Dakota\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Brooke\\|date\\=February 9, 2003\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2019\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} The novel was a finalist for the National Book Award. \n \nErdrich's interwoven series of novels have drawn comparisons with [William Faulkner](/wiki/William_Faulkner \"William Faulkner\")'s [Yoknapatawpha](/wiki/Yoknapatawpha \"Yoknapatawpha\") novels. Like Faulkner's, Erdrich's successive novels created multiple narratives in the same fictional area and combined the tapestry of local history with current themes and modern consciousness.See, e.g., Powell's Books (book review), *The Christian Science Monitor*, August 2, 2004",
""
] |
History
-------
The 14th Armored Division was constituted and added to the roll of the US Army on 28 August 1942; it was activated on 15 November in a ceremony at [Camp Chaffee](/wiki/Camp_Chaffee "Camp Chaffee"), Arkansas. It was organized initially as a heavy division with two armored regiments (the 47th and 48th) and one armored infantry regiment, the [62nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/62nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "62nd Infantry Regiment (United States)"). It was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division on 20 September 1943\. The reorganization saw the loss of two tank battalions from the Armored regiments, one battalion each. The 1st Battalion of the 47th Armor was redesignated as the 786th Tank Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the 48th Armor was redesignated as the 716th Tank Battalion.
The division departed Camp Chaffee in November to participate in the 2nd Army maneuvers in Tennessee from 17 November 1943 until 10 January 1944\. At the conclusion of the exercise, the division was assigned to [Camp Campbell](/wiki/Camp_Campbell "Camp Campbell"), Kentucky. The division remained at Camp Campbell until late September when it was alerted for movement to the ETO (European Theater of Operations) via [Camp Shanks](/wiki/Camp_Shanks "Camp Shanks"), New York where it went for final processing. Units departed Camp Campbell on 1 October and completed their arrival at Camp Shanks on the 6th of that month. After completing their processing, the division boarded four transport ships for deployment on 13 October 1944\.
### France and the Alsatian Plain
The 14th Armored Division landed at [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") in southern France, on 29 October 1944\. Within two weeks some of its elements were in combat, maintaining defensive positions along the Franco\-Italian frontier. The division was assigned to [US 6th Army Group](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army_Group "Sixth United States Army Group") on 1 November. On 10 November, the division was assigned to [US Seventh Army](/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army "Seventh United States Army"). On 12 November the [Combat Command](/wiki/Combat_Command "Combat Command") Reserve (CCR) was detached, and ordered to the Maritime Alps by 6th Army Group to relieve units in defensive positions there. On 15 November, Combat Command A moved north from the area of Marseille to [Epinal](/wiki/Epinal "Epinal") to take part in the VI Corps drive through the [Vosges Mountains](/wiki/Vosges_Mountains "Vosges Mountains"), and was followed by Combat Command B five days later. Hard fighting at [Gertwiller](/wiki/Gertwiller "Gertwiller"), [Benfeld](/wiki/Benfeld "Benfeld"), and [Barr](/wiki/Barr%2C_Bas-Rhin "Barr, Bas-Rhin") helped VI Corps to crack the German defenses, the division was on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain "Alsatian Plain") in early December. On 17 December the division attacked across the [Lauter River](/wiki/Lauter_%28Rhine%29 "Lauter (Rhine)") into Germany itself, along with the other units of VI Corps, it fought its way into a heavily defended portion of the German Westwall. Due to the growing crisis in the [Ardennes](/wiki/Ardennes "Ardennes"), [General Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"), the supreme commander, ordered the Seventh Army to stop its attack and withdraw from the Westwall, where its units assumed positions south of the Lauter River. The order was poorly timed as elements of the 14th Armored Division had penetrated deep into the German defenses, and were poised to break out into the enemy's rear.
### Operation Nordwind
#### Task Force Hudelson
On 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental\-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10\-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken"). The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of [Phalsbourg](/wiki/Phalsbourg "Phalsbourg") as a counter\-attacking force to stop and prevent a break\-through in the XV Corps area.
TF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched [Operation Nordwind](/wiki/Operation_Nordwind "Operation Nordwind"), the last major German counter\-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens. During the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported "enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry supported by five (5\) Mark IV tanks". [After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armored Division, Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS pg 15](http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3785/rec/1) The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day\-break. The Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter\-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to [Baerenthal](/wiki/Baerenthal "Baerenthal") to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.
The major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to [Hagenau](/wiki/Hagenau "Hagenau") and threaten [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg") and the [Saverne Gap](/wiki/Saverne_Gap "Saverne Gap") by attacks at [Hatten](/wiki/Hatten "Hatten") and [Rittershoffen](/wiki/Rittershoffen "Rittershoffen"), two small villages located side by side on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain "Alsatian Plain"). However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten\-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945\.
#### Hatten and Rittershoffen
As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "79th Infantry Division (United States)") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 "7th Parachute Division (Germany)"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\|last1\=Armored School Research Report\|first1\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\|title\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\-20 January 1945\|url\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|website\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\|access\-date\=28 November 2015\|location\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\|date\=1950\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|url\-status\=dead}}
The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.
Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.
The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.
The Division's 11\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River "Moder River"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.
Lieutenant\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\-Rittershoffen "was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war." The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)") for its actions at Hatten\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs "Panzer Commander" that the battle ".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front." These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps "Afrika Korps") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings "Normandy landings"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was "heroic."
After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line "Siegfried Line") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim "Germersheim") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main "Lohr am Main"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main "Gemünden am Main"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main "Neustadt am Main"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg "Hammelburg") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B "Oflag XIII-B").
### Capture of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC
After erecting a pontoon bridge near Worms across the Rhine on 1 April, the 14th attacked to the northeast with CCB in the lead. The initial task of CCB was to break through the Spessart Forest and into the rear of the German forces. The command advanced 75 miles on the first day with the lead elements reaching the town of Lohr. Approaching the town, the leading elements came under heavy small arms fire. As the infantry dismounted to clear the resistance, they and the tanks of the 47th Tank battalion experienced heavy antitank fire. The 47th lost three tanks due to the [Panzerfaust](/wiki/Panzerfaust "Panzerfaust").
Clearing the town, CCB continued its advance along the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River "Main River") through Sackenbach, Nantenbach (north east of Lohr) and Gemunden. As the columns continued along this route, they continued to receive heavy machine gun and mortar fire. On 6 April 1945, CCB's objective was the military layer south of Hammelburg and the POW camps to the south. The operational plan called for the 47th Tank battalion to advance from the north and the 19th Armored Infantry battalion to block and secure the roads to the south and east of the camps. As the units approached the camps, they came under sporadic fire from German machine guns. Entering the German lager, the infantrymen of the 19th found the prison gates and forced an opening into [Oflag XIII\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B "Oflag XIII-B") where they found a large contingent of Serbian and American officer prisoners.
Elements of the 47th Tank battalion and the 94th Armored Reconnaissance battalion continued to the south and liberated [Stalag XIII\-C](/wiki/Stalag_XIII-C "Stalag XIII-C") which held a large contingent of Allied enlisted men \- American, Australians, British and others.
### Capture of Stalag VII\-A
Following the [Battle of Nuremberg](/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_%281945%29 "Battle of Nuremberg (1945)"), the division raced to the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube"), crossing the river at [Ingolstadt](/wiki/Ingolstadt "Ingolstadt") and passed through the [86th Infantry Division](/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "86th Infantry Division (United States)"). Its mission was to secure crossings sites on the [Isar](/wiki/Isar "Isar") River and to push on to [Moosburg](/wiki/Moosburg "Moosburg") and [Landshut](/wiki/Landshut "Landshut"). Advancing on a south easterly axis, CCA was on the division's right with CCR on the left and CCB in reserve. Facing the division were remnants of the [17th SS Panzer Grenadier](/wiki/17th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen") and the [719th Infantry Divisions](/wiki/719th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "719th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)"). After fighting their way across the Isar and into Moosburg, CCA entered the town on 29 April, approached [Stalag VII\-A](/wiki/Stalag_VII-A "Stalag VII-A") and took the surrender of the camp garrison of over 200 men. Initial reports had listed the number of prisoners liberated as 27,000\. This was wrong, there were over 130,000 Allied prisoners liberated from Stalag VII\-A, the largest prisoner of war camp in Germany. The division rapidly moved eastward to the area of [Mühldorf am Inn](/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_am_Inn "Mühldorf am Inn") where it established two strong bridgeheads across the Inn River before being ordered to halt by III Corps. The division fired its last rounds on 2 May 1945\. It was processing prisoners of war and patrolling its area when the war in Europe ended on 8 May.
### Liberation of forced labor and concentration camps
During the divisions' advance into southern Germany, on 2 and 3 May, the 14th liberated several sub\-camps of the [Dachau concentration camp](/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp "Dachau concentration camp"). Upon entering the towns of Mühldorf and [Ampfing](/wiki/Ampfing "Ampfing"), units of the division discovered three large forced labor camps containing thousands of Polish and Soviet civilians. Units also liberated two additional camps nearby holding Jewish prisoners.
### CCR Rifle Company
As a result of the shortage of infantry replacements which the European Theater was facing in late 1944, a call for volunteers was distributed throughout the communication zone for those willing to retrain as infantry replacements. This call was accepted by over 4,000 African American soldiers serving in support units. By 1 February 1945, 2,800 of these volunteers received orders to report to a retraining center where they received basic instruction in infantry skills and tactics. In March 1945, the first contingent of soldiers, organized into 12 platoons, were assigned to the 7th Army which organized them into three companies of four platoons each. They were organized as 7th Army Provisional Rifle Companies 1, 2 and 3 and then assigned to the [12th Armored Division](/wiki/12th_Armored_Division "12th Armored Division"). In late March, the last contingent of four additional platoons were assigned to 7th Army which organized them as the 7th Army Provisional Rifle Company 4 and then assigned them to the 14th Armored Division.
This 240\-man company was assigned to the division without a command and control element, the division was also required to staff, arm and equip it. The division, with the assistance of Corps and Army support, was able to provide the company with its basic needs for future operations. Initially, the company was attached to the 19th Armored Infantry Battalion but it was then reassigned to CCR where it became known as the CCR Rifle Company. This outfit was mainly employed as an attachment to the 25th Tank Battalion. The company's first combat engagement took place near [Lichtenfels](/wiki/Lichtenfels%2C_Bavaria "Lichtenfels, Bavaria"), but it was near [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth "Bayreuth") that the company received the accolade of approval from those that fought within the 14th Armored Division. In small platoon\-size actions, CCR Rifle fought their way into [Gottsfeld](/wiki/Gottsfeld "Gottsfeld") and [Creussen](/wiki/Creussen "Creussen") helping to secure the towns. The company, when employed in less than company size, performed well. When employed as a company, the results were less satisfactory. This was a result of the way in which the companies were formed and trained, as platoons and not as a company. The unit remained with the division when it was reassigned to 3rd Army and ended the war with the 14th Armored. It was disbanded on 4 June 1945\.
"Liberators" is the official nickname of the US 14th Armored Division. The division became known by its nickname during the last days of World War II when it liberated some 200,000 Allied prisoners of war from German prison camps. Among those liberated were approximately 20,000 American soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as an estimated 40,000 troops from Great Britain and the Commonwealth.
The 14th Armored Division was inactivated on 16 September 1945 at [Camp Patrick Henry](/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry "Camp Patrick Henry"), Virginia.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The 14th Armored Division was constituted and added to the roll of the US Army on 28 August 1942; it was activated on 15 November in a ceremony at [Camp Chaffee](/wiki/Camp_Chaffee \"Camp Chaffee\"), Arkansas. It was organized initially as a heavy division with two armored regiments (the 47th and 48th) and one armored infantry regiment, the [62nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/62nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"62nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\"). It was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division on 20 September 1943\\. The reorganization saw the loss of two tank battalions from the Armored regiments, one battalion each. The 1st Battalion of the 47th Armor was redesignated as the 786th Tank Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the 48th Armor was redesignated as the 716th Tank Battalion.",
"The division departed Camp Chaffee in November to participate in the 2nd Army maneuvers in Tennessee from 17 November 1943 until 10 January 1944\\. At the conclusion of the exercise, the division was assigned to [Camp Campbell](/wiki/Camp_Campbell \"Camp Campbell\"), Kentucky. The division remained at Camp Campbell until late September when it was alerted for movement to the ETO (European Theater of Operations) via [Camp Shanks](/wiki/Camp_Shanks \"Camp Shanks\"), New York where it went for final processing. Units departed Camp Campbell on 1 October and completed their arrival at Camp Shanks on the 6th of that month. After completing their processing, the division boarded four transport ships for deployment on 13 October 1944\\.",
"### France and the Alsatian Plain",
"The 14th Armored Division landed at [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") in southern France, on 29 October 1944\\. Within two weeks some of its elements were in combat, maintaining defensive positions along the Franco\\-Italian frontier. The division was assigned to [US 6th Army Group](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army_Group \"Sixth United States Army Group\") on 1 November. On 10 November, the division was assigned to [US Seventh Army](/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army \"Seventh United States Army\"). On 12 November the [Combat Command](/wiki/Combat_Command \"Combat Command\") Reserve (CCR) was detached, and ordered to the Maritime Alps by 6th Army Group to relieve units in defensive positions there. On 15 November, Combat Command A moved north from the area of Marseille to [Epinal](/wiki/Epinal \"Epinal\") to take part in the VI Corps drive through the [Vosges Mountains](/wiki/Vosges_Mountains \"Vosges Mountains\"), and was followed by Combat Command B five days later. Hard fighting at [Gertwiller](/wiki/Gertwiller \"Gertwiller\"), [Benfeld](/wiki/Benfeld \"Benfeld\"), and [Barr](/wiki/Barr%2C_Bas-Rhin \"Barr, Bas-Rhin\") helped VI Corps to crack the German defenses, the division was on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain \"Alsatian Plain\") in early December. On 17 December the division attacked across the [Lauter River](/wiki/Lauter_%28Rhine%29 \"Lauter (Rhine)\") into Germany itself, along with the other units of VI Corps, it fought its way into a heavily defended portion of the German Westwall. Due to the growing crisis in the [Ardennes](/wiki/Ardennes \"Ardennes\"), [General Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"), the supreme commander, ordered the Seventh Army to stop its attack and withdraw from the Westwall, where its units assumed positions south of the Lauter River. The order was poorly timed as elements of the 14th Armored Division had penetrated deep into the German defenses, and were poised to break out into the enemy's rear.",
"### Operation Nordwind",
"#### Task Force Hudelson",
"On 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental\\-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10\\-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\"). The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of [Phalsbourg](/wiki/Phalsbourg \"Phalsbourg\") as a counter\\-attacking force to stop and prevent a break\\-through in the XV Corps area.",
"TF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched [Operation Nordwind](/wiki/Operation_Nordwind \"Operation Nordwind\"), the last major German counter\\-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens. During the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported \"enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry supported by five (5\\) Mark IV tanks\". [After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armored Division, Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS pg 15](http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3785/rec/1) The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day\\-break. The Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter\\-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to [Baerenthal](/wiki/Baerenthal \"Baerenthal\") to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.",
"The major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to [Hagenau](/wiki/Hagenau \"Hagenau\") and threaten [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") and the [Saverne Gap](/wiki/Saverne_Gap \"Saverne Gap\") by attacks at [Hatten](/wiki/Hatten \"Hatten\") and [Rittershoffen](/wiki/Rittershoffen \"Rittershoffen\"), two small villages located side by side on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain \"Alsatian Plain\"). However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten\\-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945\\.",
"#### Hatten and Rittershoffen",
"As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"79th Infantry Division (United States)\") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 \"7th Parachute Division (Germany)\"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Armored School Research Report\\|first1\\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\\|title\\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\\-20 January 1945\\|url\\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|website\\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015\\|location\\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\\|date\\=1950\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.",
"Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.",
"The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.",
"The Division's 11\\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River \"Moder River\"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.",
"Lieutenant\\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\\-Rittershoffen \"was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war.\" The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 \"Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\") for its actions at Hatten\\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs \"Panzer Commander\" that the battle \".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front.\" These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps \"Afrika Korps\") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings \"Normandy landings\"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was \"heroic.\"",
"After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line \"Siegfried Line\") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim \"Germersheim\") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main \"Lohr am Main\"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main \"Gemünden am Main\"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main \"Neustadt am Main\"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg \"Hammelburg\") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B \"Oflag XIII-B\").",
"### Capture of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC",
"After erecting a pontoon bridge near Worms across the Rhine on 1 April, the 14th attacked to the northeast with CCB in the lead. The initial task of CCB was to break through the Spessart Forest and into the rear of the German forces. The command advanced 75 miles on the first day with the lead elements reaching the town of Lohr. Approaching the town, the leading elements came under heavy small arms fire. As the infantry dismounted to clear the resistance, they and the tanks of the 47th Tank battalion experienced heavy antitank fire. The 47th lost three tanks due to the [Panzerfaust](/wiki/Panzerfaust \"Panzerfaust\").",
"Clearing the town, CCB continued its advance along the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River \"Main River\") through Sackenbach, Nantenbach (north east of Lohr) and Gemunden. As the columns continued along this route, they continued to receive heavy machine gun and mortar fire. On 6 April 1945, CCB's objective was the military layer south of Hammelburg and the POW camps to the south. The operational plan called for the 47th Tank battalion to advance from the north and the 19th Armored Infantry battalion to block and secure the roads to the south and east of the camps. As the units approached the camps, they came under sporadic fire from German machine guns. Entering the German lager, the infantrymen of the 19th found the prison gates and forced an opening into [Oflag XIII\\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B \"Oflag XIII-B\") where they found a large contingent of Serbian and American officer prisoners.",
"Elements of the 47th Tank battalion and the 94th Armored Reconnaissance battalion continued to the south and liberated [Stalag XIII\\-C](/wiki/Stalag_XIII-C \"Stalag XIII-C\") which held a large contingent of Allied enlisted men \\- American, Australians, British and others.",
"### Capture of Stalag VII\\-A",
"Following the [Battle of Nuremberg](/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_%281945%29 \"Battle of Nuremberg (1945)\"), the division raced to the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\"), crossing the river at [Ingolstadt](/wiki/Ingolstadt \"Ingolstadt\") and passed through the [86th Infantry Division](/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"86th Infantry Division (United States)\"). Its mission was to secure crossings sites on the [Isar](/wiki/Isar \"Isar\") River and to push on to [Moosburg](/wiki/Moosburg \"Moosburg\") and [Landshut](/wiki/Landshut \"Landshut\"). Advancing on a south easterly axis, CCA was on the division's right with CCR on the left and CCB in reserve. Facing the division were remnants of the [17th SS Panzer Grenadier](/wiki/17th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen \"17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen\") and the [719th Infantry Divisions](/wiki/719th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"719th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\"). After fighting their way across the Isar and into Moosburg, CCA entered the town on 29 April, approached [Stalag VII\\-A](/wiki/Stalag_VII-A \"Stalag VII-A\") and took the surrender of the camp garrison of over 200 men. Initial reports had listed the number of prisoners liberated as 27,000\\. This was wrong, there were over 130,000 Allied prisoners liberated from Stalag VII\\-A, the largest prisoner of war camp in Germany. The division rapidly moved eastward to the area of [Mühldorf am Inn](/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_am_Inn \"Mühldorf am Inn\") where it established two strong bridgeheads across the Inn River before being ordered to halt by III Corps. The division fired its last rounds on 2 May 1945\\. It was processing prisoners of war and patrolling its area when the war in Europe ended on 8 May.",
"### Liberation of forced labor and concentration camps",
"During the divisions' advance into southern Germany, on 2 and 3 May, the 14th liberated several sub\\-camps of the [Dachau concentration camp](/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp \"Dachau concentration camp\"). Upon entering the towns of Mühldorf and [Ampfing](/wiki/Ampfing \"Ampfing\"), units of the division discovered three large forced labor camps containing thousands of Polish and Soviet civilians. Units also liberated two additional camps nearby holding Jewish prisoners.",
"### CCR Rifle Company",
"As a result of the shortage of infantry replacements which the European Theater was facing in late 1944, a call for volunteers was distributed throughout the communication zone for those willing to retrain as infantry replacements. This call was accepted by over 4,000 African American soldiers serving in support units. By 1 February 1945, 2,800 of these volunteers received orders to report to a retraining center where they received basic instruction in infantry skills and tactics. In March 1945, the first contingent of soldiers, organized into 12 platoons, were assigned to the 7th Army which organized them into three companies of four platoons each. They were organized as 7th Army Provisional Rifle Companies 1, 2 and 3 and then assigned to the [12th Armored Division](/wiki/12th_Armored_Division \"12th Armored Division\"). In late March, the last contingent of four additional platoons were assigned to 7th Army which organized them as the 7th Army Provisional Rifle Company 4 and then assigned them to the 14th Armored Division.",
"This 240\\-man company was assigned to the division without a command and control element, the division was also required to staff, arm and equip it. The division, with the assistance of Corps and Army support, was able to provide the company with its basic needs for future operations. Initially, the company was attached to the 19th Armored Infantry Battalion but it was then reassigned to CCR where it became known as the CCR Rifle Company. This outfit was mainly employed as an attachment to the 25th Tank Battalion. The company's first combat engagement took place near [Lichtenfels](/wiki/Lichtenfels%2C_Bavaria \"Lichtenfels, Bavaria\"), but it was near [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth \"Bayreuth\") that the company received the accolade of approval from those that fought within the 14th Armored Division. In small platoon\\-size actions, CCR Rifle fought their way into [Gottsfeld](/wiki/Gottsfeld \"Gottsfeld\") and [Creussen](/wiki/Creussen \"Creussen\") helping to secure the towns. The company, when employed in less than company size, performed well. When employed as a company, the results were less satisfactory. This was a result of the way in which the companies were formed and trained, as platoons and not as a company. The unit remained with the division when it was reassigned to 3rd Army and ended the war with the 14th Armored. It was disbanded on 4 June 1945\\.",
"\"Liberators\" is the official nickname of the US 14th Armored Division. The division became known by its nickname during the last days of World War II when it liberated some 200,000 Allied prisoners of war from German prison camps. Among those liberated were approximately 20,000 American soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as an estimated 40,000 troops from Great Britain and the Commonwealth.",
"The 14th Armored Division was inactivated on 16 September 1945 at [Camp Patrick Henry](/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry \"Camp Patrick Henry\"), Virginia.",
""
] |
### Operation Nordwind
#### Task Force Hudelson
On 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental\-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10\-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken"). The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of [Phalsbourg](/wiki/Phalsbourg "Phalsbourg") as a counter\-attacking force to stop and prevent a break\-through in the XV Corps area.
TF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched [Operation Nordwind](/wiki/Operation_Nordwind "Operation Nordwind"), the last major German counter\-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens. During the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported "enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry supported by five (5\) Mark IV tanks". [After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armored Division, Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS pg 15](http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3785/rec/1) The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day\-break. The Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter\-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to [Baerenthal](/wiki/Baerenthal "Baerenthal") to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.
The major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to [Hagenau](/wiki/Hagenau "Hagenau") and threaten [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg") and the [Saverne Gap](/wiki/Saverne_Gap "Saverne Gap") by attacks at [Hatten](/wiki/Hatten "Hatten") and [Rittershoffen](/wiki/Rittershoffen "Rittershoffen"), two small villages located side by side on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain "Alsatian Plain"). However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten\-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945\.
#### Hatten and Rittershoffen
As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "79th Infantry Division (United States)") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 "7th Parachute Division (Germany)"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\|last1\=Armored School Research Report\|first1\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\|title\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\-20 January 1945\|url\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|website\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\|access\-date\=28 November 2015\|location\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\|date\=1950\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|url\-status\=dead}}
The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.
Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.
The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.
The Division's 11\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River "Moder River"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.
Lieutenant\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\-Rittershoffen "was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war." The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)") for its actions at Hatten\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs "Panzer Commander" that the battle ".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front." These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps "Afrika Korps") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings "Normandy landings"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was "heroic."
After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line "Siegfried Line") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim "Germersheim") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main "Lohr am Main"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main "Gemünden am Main"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main "Neustadt am Main"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg "Hammelburg") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B "Oflag XIII-B").
|
[
"### Operation Nordwind",
"#### Task Force Hudelson",
"On 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental\\-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10\\-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\"). The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of [Phalsbourg](/wiki/Phalsbourg \"Phalsbourg\") as a counter\\-attacking force to stop and prevent a break\\-through in the XV Corps area.",
"TF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched [Operation Nordwind](/wiki/Operation_Nordwind \"Operation Nordwind\"), the last major German counter\\-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens. During the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported \"enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry supported by five (5\\) Mark IV tanks\". [After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armored Division, Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS pg 15](http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3785/rec/1) The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day\\-break. The Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter\\-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to [Baerenthal](/wiki/Baerenthal \"Baerenthal\") to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.",
"The major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to [Hagenau](/wiki/Hagenau \"Hagenau\") and threaten [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") and the [Saverne Gap](/wiki/Saverne_Gap \"Saverne Gap\") by attacks at [Hatten](/wiki/Hatten \"Hatten\") and [Rittershoffen](/wiki/Rittershoffen \"Rittershoffen\"), two small villages located side by side on the [Alsatian Plain](/wiki/Alsatian_Plain \"Alsatian Plain\"). However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten\\-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945\\.",
"#### Hatten and Rittershoffen",
"As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"79th Infantry Division (United States)\") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 \"7th Parachute Division (Germany)\"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Armored School Research Report\\|first1\\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\\|title\\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\\-20 January 1945\\|url\\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|website\\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015\\|location\\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\\|date\\=1950\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.",
"Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.",
"The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.",
"The Division's 11\\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River \"Moder River\"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.",
"Lieutenant\\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\\-Rittershoffen \"was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war.\" The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 \"Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\") for its actions at Hatten\\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs \"Panzer Commander\" that the battle \".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front.\" These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps \"Afrika Korps\") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings \"Normandy landings\"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was \"heroic.\"",
"After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line \"Siegfried Line\") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim \"Germersheim\") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main \"Lohr am Main\"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main \"Gemünden am Main\"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main \"Neustadt am Main\"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg \"Hammelburg\") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B \"Oflag XIII-B\").",
""
] |
#### Hatten and Rittershoffen
As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "79th Infantry Division (United States)") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 "7th Parachute Division (Germany)"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\|last1\=Armored School Research Report\|first1\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\|title\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\-20 January 1945\|url\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|website\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\|access\-date\=28 November 2015\|location\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\|date\=1950\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\|url\-status\=dead}}
The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.
Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.
The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.
The Division's 11\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River "Moder River"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.
Lieutenant\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\-Rittershoffen "was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war." The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)") for its actions at Hatten\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs "Panzer Commander" that the battle ".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front." These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps "Afrika Korps") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings "Normandy landings"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was "heroic."
After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line "Siegfried Line") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim "Germersheim") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main "Lohr am Main"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main "Gemünden am Main"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main "Neustadt am Main"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg "Hammelburg") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B "Oflag XIII-B").
|
[
"#### Hatten and Rittershoffen",
"As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the [21st Panzer](/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\") and the [25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions](/wiki/25th_Panzergrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\") to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the [242nd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/242nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"242nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, [79th Infantry Division](/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"79th Infantry Division (United States)\") . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the [7th Parachute Division](/wiki/7th_Parachute_Division_%28Germany%29 \"7th Parachute Division (Germany)\"), and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the [47th Volksgrenadier Division](/wiki/47th_Volksgrenadier_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"47th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\"). As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Armored School Research Report\\|first1\\=Armored Officers Advanced Course\\|title\\=Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12\\-20 January 1945\\|url\\=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|website\\=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015\\|location\\=Fort Leavenworth, KS\\|date\\=1950\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151011/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3197/rec/2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G\\-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.",
"Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G\\-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.",
"The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.",
"The Division's 11\\-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the [Moder River](/wiki/Moder_River \"Moder River\"), the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.",
"Lieutenant\\-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten\\-Rittershoffen \"was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war.\" The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four [Presidential Unit Citations](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 \"Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\") for its actions at Hatten\\-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten\\-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs \"Panzer Commander\" that the battle \".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front.\" These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed [Afrika Korps](/wiki/Afrika_Korps \"Afrika Korps\") in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter\\-attack to be attempted against the [Allied beachhead in Normandy](/wiki/Normandy_landings \"Normandy landings\"). A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was \"heroic.\"",
"After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line \"Siegfried Line\") and by the end of the month, had captured [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim \"Germersheim\") on the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"), protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through [Lohr](/wiki/Lohr_am_Main \"Lohr am Main\"), [Gemunden](/wiki/Gem%C3%BCnden_am_Main \"Gemünden am Main\"), [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_am_Main \"Neustadt am Main\"), and [Hammelburg](/wiki/Hammelburg \"Hammelburg\") where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII\\-C and the more famous [Oflag XIII\\-B](/wiki/Oflag_XIII-B \"Oflag XIII-B\").",
""
] |
Details
-------
An alternative solution to clock gating is to use Clock Enable (CE) logic on synchronous data path employing the input multiplexer, e.g., for D type flip\-flops: using C / Verilog language notation: Dff\= CE? D: Q;
where: Dff is D\-input of D\-type flip\-flop, D is module information input (without CE input), Q is D\-type flip\-flop output. This type of clock gating is race condition free and is preferred for FPGA designs. For FPGAs every D\-type flip\-flop has an additional CE input signal.
Clock gating works by taking the enable conditions attached to registers, and uses them to gate the clocks. A design must contain these enable conditions in order to use and benefit from clock gating. This clock gating process can also save significant die area as well as power, since it removes large numbers of [muxes](/wiki/Multiplexer "Multiplexer") and replaces them with clock gating logic. This clock gating logic is generally in the form of "integrated clock gating" (ICG) cells. However, the clock gating logic will change the clock tree structure, since the clock gating logic will sit in the clock tree.
[thumb\|center\|700px\|Clock gating example](/wiki/Image:Gated_clk1.png "Gated clk1.png")
Clock gating logic can be added into a design in a variety of ways:
1. Coded into the [register transfer level](/wiki/Register_transfer_level "Register transfer level") (RTL) code as enable conditions that can be automatically translated into clock gating logic by synthesis tools (fine grain clock gating).
2. Inserted into the design manually by the RTL designers (typically as module level clock gating) by instantiating library specific integrated clock gating (ICG) cells to gate the clocks of specific modules or registers.
3. Semi\-automatically inserted into the RTL by automated clock gating tools. These tools either insert ICG cells into the RTL, or add enable conditions into the RTL code. These typically also offer sequential clock gating optimisations.
In general, clock gating applied at a coarser granularity leads to reduced resource overhead and greater power savings.
Any RTL modifications to improve clock gating will result in functional changes to the design (since the registers will now hold different values) which need to be verified.
Sequential clock gating is the process of extracting/propagating the enable conditions to the upstream/downstream sequential elements, so that additional registers can be clock gated.
Chips intended to run on batteries or with very low power such as those used in the mobile phones, wearable devices, etc. would implement several forms of clock gating together. At one end is the manual gating of clocks by software, where a driver enables or disables the various clocks used by a given idle controller. On the other end is automatic clock gating, where the hardware can be told to detect whether there's any work to do, and turn off a given clock if it is not needed. These forms interact with each other and may be part of the same enable tree. For example, an internal bridge or bus might use automatic gating so that it is gated off until the [CPU](/wiki/CPU "CPU") or a [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access "Direct memory access") engine needs to use it, while several of the peripherals on that bus might be permanently gated off if they are unused on that board.
|
[
"Details\n-------",
"An alternative solution to clock gating is to use Clock Enable (CE) logic on synchronous data path employing the input multiplexer, e.g., for D type flip\\-flops: using C / Verilog language notation: Dff\\= CE? D: Q; \nwhere: Dff is D\\-input of D\\-type flip\\-flop, D is module information input (without CE input), Q is D\\-type flip\\-flop output. This type of clock gating is race condition free and is preferred for FPGA designs. For FPGAs every D\\-type flip\\-flop has an additional CE input signal.",
"Clock gating works by taking the enable conditions attached to registers, and uses them to gate the clocks. A design must contain these enable conditions in order to use and benefit from clock gating. This clock gating process can also save significant die area as well as power, since it removes large numbers of [muxes](/wiki/Multiplexer \"Multiplexer\") and replaces them with clock gating logic. This clock gating logic is generally in the form of \"integrated clock gating\" (ICG) cells. However, the clock gating logic will change the clock tree structure, since the clock gating logic will sit in the clock tree.",
"[thumb\\|center\\|700px\\|Clock gating example](/wiki/Image:Gated_clk1.png \"Gated clk1.png\")",
"Clock gating logic can be added into a design in a variety of ways:\n1. Coded into the [register transfer level](/wiki/Register_transfer_level \"Register transfer level\") (RTL) code as enable conditions that can be automatically translated into clock gating logic by synthesis tools (fine grain clock gating).\n2. Inserted into the design manually by the RTL designers (typically as module level clock gating) by instantiating library specific integrated clock gating (ICG) cells to gate the clocks of specific modules or registers.\n3. Semi\\-automatically inserted into the RTL by automated clock gating tools. These tools either insert ICG cells into the RTL, or add enable conditions into the RTL code. These typically also offer sequential clock gating optimisations.",
"In general, clock gating applied at a coarser granularity leads to reduced resource overhead and greater power savings.",
"Any RTL modifications to improve clock gating will result in functional changes to the design (since the registers will now hold different values) which need to be verified.",
"Sequential clock gating is the process of extracting/propagating the enable conditions to the upstream/downstream sequential elements, so that additional registers can be clock gated.",
"Chips intended to run on batteries or with very low power such as those used in the mobile phones, wearable devices, etc. would implement several forms of clock gating together. At one end is the manual gating of clocks by software, where a driver enables or disables the various clocks used by a given idle controller. On the other end is automatic clock gating, where the hardware can be told to detect whether there's any work to do, and turn off a given clock if it is not needed. These forms interact with each other and may be part of the same enable tree. For example, an internal bridge or bus might use automatic gating so that it is gated off until the [CPU](/wiki/CPU \"CPU\") or a [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access \"Direct memory access\") engine needs to use it, while several of the peripherals on that bus might be permanently gated off if they are unused on that board.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 2015–2020: WTA Tour debut
Cristian made her [WTA Tour](/wiki/WTA_Tour "WTA Tour") main\-draw debut at the [2015 Bucharest Open](/wiki/2015_BRD_Bucharest_Open "2015 BRD Bucharest Open") in the doubles event, partnering [Elena\-Gabriela Ruse](/wiki/Elena-Gabriela_Ruse "Elena-Gabriela Ruse"). In March 2017, she received a qualifying wildcard for the [Miami Open](/wiki/2017_Miami_Open "2017 Miami Open").
Cristian reached her maiden WTA Tour final at the [2019 Bucharest Open](/wiki/2019_Bucharest_Open "2019 Bucharest Open") in the doubles event, again partnering Ruse.
### 2021: Breakthrough \& top 100
She reached the quarterfinals of a WTA event for the first time as a qualifier at the WTA 500 [St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy](/wiki/2021_St._Petersburg_Ladies%27_Trophy "2021 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy") where she lost to fourth seed [Svetlana Kuznetsova](/wiki/Svetlana_Kuznetsova "Svetlana Kuznetsova"). In September, she reached her first semifinal at a WTA tournament at the [Astana Open](/wiki/2021_Astana_Open "2021 Astana Open").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2274632/simona\-halep\-inspires\-fellow\-romanian\-jaqueline\-cristian\|title\=Simona Halep inspires fellow Romanian Jaqueline Cristian}} She reached the quarterfinals of the first edition of the [Transylvania Open](/wiki/2021_Transylvania_Open "2021 Transylvania Open") as a wildcard where she lost to top seed [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep "Simona Halep"). She began a tradition of wearing a [Dracula\-like](/wiki/Count_Dracula "Count Dracula") cape on court before or after her matches there.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/jacqueline\-cristian\-dracula\-cosplay\-cluj\-napoca\-victory\-romania\-transylvania\|title\=Jacqueline Cristian reprises Dracula cosplay after Cluj Napoca victory in Romania\|date\=2023\-10\-19\|website\=\[\[Tennis.com]]\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-19}} She reached the top 100 on 8 November 2021\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2346741/rankings\-watch\-badosa\-cracks\-top\-10\-raducanu\-enters\-top\-20\|title \= Rankings Watch: Badosa cracks Top 10, Raducanu enters Top 20}}
At the [Upper Austria Ladies Linz](/wiki/2021_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz "2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz"), she reached the final as a lucky loser following Halep's withdrawal due to injury from the semifinal{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2349009/riske\-cristian\-to\-meet\-in\-linz\-final\-after\-collins\-retires\-halep\-withdraws\|title \= Riske, Cristian to meet in Linz final after Collins retires, Halep withdraws}} but lost to [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske "Alison Riske") in three sets.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2349858/riske\-battles\-past\-lucky\-loser\-cristian\-in\-thriller\-to\-capture\-win\-linz\-title\|title \= Riske battles past lucky loser Cristian in thriller to capture Linz title}} As a result, she moved 29 positions up in the rankings, having been ranked world No. 100 at the beginning of the tournament.
### 2022: Major \& WTA 1000 debuts \& first wins, top 60, hiatus
She made her Grand Slam debut in Melbourne, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2022_Australian_Open "2022 Australian Open") where she recorded her first major win against [Greet Minnen](/wiki/Greet_Minnen "Greet Minnen").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2447639/introducing\-the\-2022\-australian\-open\-s\-grand\-slam\-debutantes \| title\=Introducing the 2022 Australian Open's Grand Slam debutantes }} As a result, she reached a new career\-high ranking of No. 58 on 31 January 2022\.
At the same event, she reached the third round of the doubles draw on her debut, partnering [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic "Andrea Petkovic").
She made her WTA 1000 debut at the [Qatar Ladies Open](/wiki/2022_Qatar_Total_Open "2022 Qatar Total Open") as a lucky loser and defeated 11th seed [Elena Rybakina](/wiki/Elena_Rybakina "Elena Rybakina") for her first win at this level.
She returned after six months of hiatus to make her debut at the [US Open](/wiki/2022_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2022 US Open (tennis)") where she lost to second seed [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit "Anett Kontaveit").
### 2023–2024: Three WTA 1000 third rounds, first top 10 win
She entered the [2023 Australian Open](/wiki/2023_Australian_Open "2023 Australian Open"), and the tournaments in [Hobart](/wiki/2023_Hobart_International "2023 Hobart International"), [Linz](/wiki/2023_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz "2023 Upper Austria Ladies Linz"), and [Madrid](/wiki/2023_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2023 Mutua Madrid Open"), and lastly at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships "2023 Wimbledon Championships") where she recorded her first win at this major on her debut, using protected ranking.
In the end of January 2024, she entered the WTA 500 [Linz Open](/wiki/2024_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz "2024 Upper Austria Ladies Linz") as a lucky loser and defeated [Nadia Podoroska](/wiki/Nadia_Podoroska "Nadia Podoroska"). At home in [Cluj\-Napoca](/wiki/2024_Transylvania_Open "2024 Transylvania Open"), she reached the semifinals for the first time in her career at the tournament. It was her first tour semifinal since July 2023 in [Prague](/wiki/2023_Prague_Open "2023 Prague Open").{{cite web\|url\=https://transylvaniaopen.ro/jaqueline\-cristian\-qualifies\-in\-the\-transylvania\-open\-semifinal\-for\-the\-first\-time\-in\-her\-career\-harriet\-dart\-continues\-her\-great\-journey\-in\-cluj/\|title\= Jaqueline Cristian qualifies in the Transylvania Open semifinal for the first time in her career}}
At the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2024_Credit_One_Charleston_Open "2024 Credit One Charleston Open"), she defeated three Americans\- [Sachia Vickery](/wiki/Sachia_Vickery "Sachia Vickery"), eighth seed [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys "Madison Keys"), and tenth seed [Emma Navarro](/wiki/Emma_Navarro "Emma Navarro")\- to reach the quarterfinals. {{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennis.com/news/videos/interview\-jaqueline\-cristian\-has\-ousted\-three\-straight\-americans\-en\-route\-to\-charleston\-quarterfinals\|title\= INTERVIEW: Jaqueline Cristian has ousted three straight Americans en route to Charleston quarterfinals \|date\=4 April 2024}} As a result, she moved back to the top 75 in the rankings.
She reached the third round at the WTA 1000 [2024 Madrid Open](/wiki/2024_Mutua_Madrid_Open "2024 Mutua Madrid Open") by defeating [Magdalena Fręch](/wiki/Magdalena_Fr%C4%99ch "Magdalena Fręch"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\-tour\-news/madrid\-open\-cristian\-advances\-to\-second\-round\-756943\.html\|title\=Madrid Open: Cristian too strong for Frech, advances to second round\|publisher\=Tennis Majors\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}} and 22nd seed [Barbora Krejčíková](/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1 "Barbora Krejčíková"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/3983723/cristian\-rallies\-past\-krejcikova\-in\-madrid\-second\-round\|title\=Cristian rallies past Krejcikova in Madrid second round\|publisher\=Women's Tennis Association\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}} and moved up in the top 70 in the rankings. At the next WTA 1000, the [Italian Open](/wiki/2024_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 "2024 Italian Open (tennis)"), she entered the main draw as a lucky loser replacing Barbora Krejčíková directly into the second round and defeated [Elina Avanesyan](/wiki/Elina_Avanesyan "Elina Avanesyan") to reach again the third round.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\-tour\-news/italian\-open\-cristian\-through\-to\-32\-759652\.html\|title\=Italian Open: Cristian through to third round\|publisher\=Tennis Majors\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}}
At the [Palermo Ladies Open](/wiki/2024_Palermo_Ladies_Open "2024 Palermo Ladies Open"), Cristian defeated [Lucia Bronzetti](/wiki/Lucia_Bronzetti "Lucia Bronzetti"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\-tour\-news/palermo\-open\-cristian\-reaches\-quarter\-finals\-774408\.html\|title\=Palermo Open: Cristian reaches quarter\-finals\|publisher\=Tennis Majors\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}} to make it through to the quarterfinals where she lost to top seed and eventual champion, [Zheng Qinwen](/wiki/Zheng_Qinwen "Zheng Qinwen").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\-tour\-news/palermo\-open\-zheng\-books\-spot\-in\-semi\-finals\-774587\.html\|title\=Palermo Open: Top seed Zheng sets up semis clash against Parry\|publisher\=Tennis Majors\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}} The following week she also reached the quarterfinals at the [Iași Open](/wiki/2024_Ia%C8%99i_Open "2024 Iași Open") but went out to Elina Avanesyan.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\-tour\-news/iasi\-open\-avanesyan\-reaches\-semi\-finals\-775711\.html\|title\=Iasi Open: Avanesyan reaches semi\-finals\|publisher\=Tennis Majors\|accessdate\=25 July 2024}}
In September 2024, at the WTA 1000 [China Open](/wiki/2024_China_Open_%28tennis%29 "2024 China Open (tennis)"), Cristian reached the third round for the third time at this level with her first career upset over a top 10 player, reigning Wimbledon champion Barbora Krejčíková, in three sets saving four match points.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4132124/cristian\-saves\-four\-match\-points\-upsets\-krejcikova\-for\-first\-top\-10\-win\|title\=2024 Beijing; Cristian saves four match points, upsets Krejcikova for first Top 10 win\|accessdate\=28 September 2024\|website\=WTATennis}}{{cite web\|url\=
https://www.wtatennis.com/photos/3847377/photos\-jaqueline\-cristian\-and\-all\-of\-2024\-s\-winners\-from\-match\-point\-down\|title\=2024 Match Point Saves; Photos: Jaqueline Cristian and all of 2024's winners from match point down\|accessdate\=28 September 2024\|website\=WTATennis}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2015–2020: WTA Tour debut",
"Cristian made her [WTA Tour](/wiki/WTA_Tour \"WTA Tour\") main\\-draw debut at the [2015 Bucharest Open](/wiki/2015_BRD_Bucharest_Open \"2015 BRD Bucharest Open\") in the doubles event, partnering [Elena\\-Gabriela Ruse](/wiki/Elena-Gabriela_Ruse \"Elena-Gabriela Ruse\"). In March 2017, she received a qualifying wildcard for the [Miami Open](/wiki/2017_Miami_Open \"2017 Miami Open\").",
"Cristian reached her maiden WTA Tour final at the [2019 Bucharest Open](/wiki/2019_Bucharest_Open \"2019 Bucharest Open\") in the doubles event, again partnering Ruse.",
"### 2021: Breakthrough \\& top 100",
"She reached the quarterfinals of a WTA event for the first time as a qualifier at the WTA 500 [St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy](/wiki/2021_St._Petersburg_Ladies%27_Trophy \"2021 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy\") where she lost to fourth seed [Svetlana Kuznetsova](/wiki/Svetlana_Kuznetsova \"Svetlana Kuznetsova\"). In September, she reached her first semifinal at a WTA tournament at the [Astana Open](/wiki/2021_Astana_Open \"2021 Astana Open\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2274632/simona\\-halep\\-inspires\\-fellow\\-romanian\\-jaqueline\\-cristian\\|title\\=Simona Halep inspires fellow Romanian Jaqueline Cristian}} She reached the quarterfinals of the first edition of the [Transylvania Open](/wiki/2021_Transylvania_Open \"2021 Transylvania Open\") as a wildcard where she lost to top seed [Simona Halep](/wiki/Simona_Halep \"Simona Halep\"). She began a tradition of wearing a [Dracula\\-like](/wiki/Count_Dracula \"Count Dracula\") cape on court before or after her matches there.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/jacqueline\\-cristian\\-dracula\\-cosplay\\-cluj\\-napoca\\-victory\\-romania\\-transylvania\\|title\\=Jacqueline Cristian reprises Dracula cosplay after Cluj Napoca victory in Romania\\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=\\[\\[Tennis.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-19}} She reached the top 100 on 8 November 2021\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2346741/rankings\\-watch\\-badosa\\-cracks\\-top\\-10\\-raducanu\\-enters\\-top\\-20\\|title \\= Rankings Watch: Badosa cracks Top 10, Raducanu enters Top 20}}",
"At the [Upper Austria Ladies Linz](/wiki/2021_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz \"2021 Upper Austria Ladies Linz\"), she reached the final as a lucky loser following Halep's withdrawal due to injury from the semifinal{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2349009/riske\\-cristian\\-to\\-meet\\-in\\-linz\\-final\\-after\\-collins\\-retires\\-halep\\-withdraws\\|title \\= Riske, Cristian to meet in Linz final after Collins retires, Halep withdraws}} but lost to [Alison Riske](/wiki/Alison_Riske \"Alison Riske\") in three sets.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2349858/riske\\-battles\\-past\\-lucky\\-loser\\-cristian\\-in\\-thriller\\-to\\-capture\\-win\\-linz\\-title\\|title \\= Riske battles past lucky loser Cristian in thriller to capture Linz title}} As a result, she moved 29 positions up in the rankings, having been ranked world No. 100 at the beginning of the tournament.",
"### 2022: Major \\& WTA 1000 debuts \\& first wins, top 60, hiatus",
"She made her Grand Slam debut in Melbourne, at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2022_Australian_Open \"2022 Australian Open\") where she recorded her first major win against [Greet Minnen](/wiki/Greet_Minnen \"Greet Minnen\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2447639/introducing\\-the\\-2022\\-australian\\-open\\-s\\-grand\\-slam\\-debutantes \\| title\\=Introducing the 2022 Australian Open's Grand Slam debutantes }} As a result, she reached a new career\\-high ranking of No. 58 on 31 January 2022\\.\nAt the same event, she reached the third round of the doubles draw on her debut, partnering [Andrea Petkovic](/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic \"Andrea Petkovic\").\nShe made her WTA 1000 debut at the [Qatar Ladies Open](/wiki/2022_Qatar_Total_Open \"2022 Qatar Total Open\") as a lucky loser and defeated 11th seed [Elena Rybakina](/wiki/Elena_Rybakina \"Elena Rybakina\") for her first win at this level.",
"She returned after six months of hiatus to make her debut at the [US Open](/wiki/2022_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2022 US Open (tennis)\") where she lost to second seed [Anett Kontaveit](/wiki/Anett_Kontaveit \"Anett Kontaveit\").",
"### 2023–2024: Three WTA 1000 third rounds, first top 10 win",
"She entered the [2023 Australian Open](/wiki/2023_Australian_Open \"2023 Australian Open\"), and the tournaments in [Hobart](/wiki/2023_Hobart_International \"2023 Hobart International\"), [Linz](/wiki/2023_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz \"2023 Upper Austria Ladies Linz\"), and [Madrid](/wiki/2023_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2023 Mutua Madrid Open\"), and lastly at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships \"2023 Wimbledon Championships\") where she recorded her first win at this major on her debut, using protected ranking.",
"In the end of January 2024, she entered the WTA 500 [Linz Open](/wiki/2024_Upper_Austria_Ladies_Linz \"2024 Upper Austria Ladies Linz\") as a lucky loser and defeated [Nadia Podoroska](/wiki/Nadia_Podoroska \"Nadia Podoroska\"). At home in [Cluj\\-Napoca](/wiki/2024_Transylvania_Open \"2024 Transylvania Open\"), she reached the semifinals for the first time in her career at the tournament. It was her first tour semifinal since July 2023 in [Prague](/wiki/2023_Prague_Open \"2023 Prague Open\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://transylvaniaopen.ro/jaqueline\\-cristian\\-qualifies\\-in\\-the\\-transylvania\\-open\\-semifinal\\-for\\-the\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-her\\-career\\-harriet\\-dart\\-continues\\-her\\-great\\-journey\\-in\\-cluj/\\|title\\= Jaqueline Cristian qualifies in the Transylvania Open semifinal for the first time in her career}}",
"At the [Charleston Open](/wiki/2024_Credit_One_Charleston_Open \"2024 Credit One Charleston Open\"), she defeated three Americans\\- [Sachia Vickery](/wiki/Sachia_Vickery \"Sachia Vickery\"), eighth seed [Madison Keys](/wiki/Madison_Keys \"Madison Keys\"), and tenth seed [Emma Navarro](/wiki/Emma_Navarro \"Emma Navarro\")\\- to reach the quarterfinals. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennis.com/news/videos/interview\\-jaqueline\\-cristian\\-has\\-ousted\\-three\\-straight\\-americans\\-en\\-route\\-to\\-charleston\\-quarterfinals\\|title\\= INTERVIEW: Jaqueline Cristian has ousted three straight Americans en route to Charleston quarterfinals \\|date\\=4 April 2024}} As a result, she moved back to the top 75 in the rankings.",
"She reached the third round at the WTA 1000 [2024 Madrid Open](/wiki/2024_Mutua_Madrid_Open \"2024 Mutua Madrid Open\") by defeating [Magdalena Fręch](/wiki/Magdalena_Fr%C4%99ch \"Magdalena Fręch\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\\-tour\\-news/madrid\\-open\\-cristian\\-advances\\-to\\-second\\-round\\-756943\\.html\\|title\\=Madrid Open: Cristian too strong for Frech, advances to second round\\|publisher\\=Tennis Majors\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}} and 22nd seed [Barbora Krejčíková](/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1 \"Barbora Krejčíková\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/3983723/cristian\\-rallies\\-past\\-krejcikova\\-in\\-madrid\\-second\\-round\\|title\\=Cristian rallies past Krejcikova in Madrid second round\\|publisher\\=Women's Tennis Association\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}} and moved up in the top 70 in the rankings. At the next WTA 1000, the [Italian Open](/wiki/2024_Italian_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2024 Italian Open (tennis)\"), she entered the main draw as a lucky loser replacing Barbora Krejčíková directly into the second round and defeated [Elina Avanesyan](/wiki/Elina_Avanesyan \"Elina Avanesyan\") to reach again the third round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\\-tour\\-news/italian\\-open\\-cristian\\-through\\-to\\-32\\-759652\\.html\\|title\\=Italian Open: Cristian through to third round\\|publisher\\=Tennis Majors\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}}",
"At the [Palermo Ladies Open](/wiki/2024_Palermo_Ladies_Open \"2024 Palermo Ladies Open\"), Cristian defeated [Lucia Bronzetti](/wiki/Lucia_Bronzetti \"Lucia Bronzetti\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\\-tour\\-news/palermo\\-open\\-cristian\\-reaches\\-quarter\\-finals\\-774408\\.html\\|title\\=Palermo Open: Cristian reaches quarter\\-finals\\|publisher\\=Tennis Majors\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}} to make it through to the quarterfinals where she lost to top seed and eventual champion, [Zheng Qinwen](/wiki/Zheng_Qinwen \"Zheng Qinwen\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\\-tour\\-news/palermo\\-open\\-zheng\\-books\\-spot\\-in\\-semi\\-finals\\-774587\\.html\\|title\\=Palermo Open: Top seed Zheng sets up semis clash against Parry\\|publisher\\=Tennis Majors\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}} The following week she also reached the quarterfinals at the [Iași Open](/wiki/2024_Ia%C8%99i_Open \"2024 Iași Open\") but went out to Elina Avanesyan.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta\\-tour\\-news/iasi\\-open\\-avanesyan\\-reaches\\-semi\\-finals\\-775711\\.html\\|title\\=Iasi Open: Avanesyan reaches semi\\-finals\\|publisher\\=Tennis Majors\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2024}}",
"In September 2024, at the WTA 1000 [China Open](/wiki/2024_China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2024 China Open (tennis)\"), Cristian reached the third round for the third time at this level with her first career upset over a top 10 player, reigning Wimbledon champion Barbora Krejčíková, in three sets saving four match points.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4132124/cristian\\-saves\\-four\\-match\\-points\\-upsets\\-krejcikova\\-for\\-first\\-top\\-10\\-win\\|title\\=2024 Beijing; Cristian saves four match points, upsets Krejcikova for first Top 10 win\\|accessdate\\=28 September 2024\\|website\\=WTATennis}}{{cite web\\|url\\=\nhttps://www.wtatennis.com/photos/3847377/photos\\-jaqueline\\-cristian\\-and\\-all\\-of\\-2024\\-s\\-winners\\-from\\-match\\-point\\-down\\|title\\=2024 Match Point Saves; Photos: Jaqueline Cristian and all of 2024's winners from match point down\\|accessdate\\=28 September 2024\\|website\\=WTATennis}}",
""
] |
History
-------
This area was long controlled by the [Seneca people](/wiki/Seneca_people "Seneca people"), one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, or *[Haudenosaunee](/wiki/Haudenosaunee "Haudenosaunee")*. They were forced to cede most of their land to the United States after the American Revolutionary War.
When the English established counties in New York Province in 1683, they designated [Albany County](/wiki/Albany_County%2C_New_York "Albany County, New York") as including all the northern part of New York State, the present State of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont"), and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On July 3, 1766 [Cumberland County](/wiki/Cumberland_County%2C_New_York "Cumberland County, New York") was organized, and on March 16, 1770 [Gloucester County](/wiki/Gloucester_County%2C_New_York "Gloucester County, New York") was founded, both containing territory now included in the state of Vermont. The English claims were their assertion; the Five and then Six Nations of the Iroquois occupied and controlled most of the territory in central and western New York until after the Revolutionary War.
As New York was more heavily settled in the 18th century, the colonial government organized additional counties, but European settlement did not proceed very far west past [Little Falls, New York](/wiki/Little_Falls%2C_New_York "Little Falls, New York"), about halfway through the Mohawk Valley, until after the revolutionary war. This area was ostensibly part of Montgomery County, renamed after the war for an American officer. [Seth Read](/wiki/Seth_Read "Seth Read"), a Colonel in the [Battle of Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill "Battle of Bunker Hill"), moved here with his family as a pioneer between 1787 and 1795\. See also [Geneva (town), New York](/wiki/Geneva_%28town%29%2C_New_York "Geneva (town), New York").Turner, p.319
Land\-hungry settlers from New England swept into upstate and western New York after the Revolution, as nearly five million acres of new lands were available for purchase since the Iroquois were forced to cede most of their territories to the United States. Four tribes had allied with the British and were mostly resettled in Canada: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca and Cayuga.
Transfer of what is now Ontario County to New York formally took effect in 1789, when native title was extinguished, and the county was formally established to govern the lands of the [Phelps and Gorham Purchase](/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase "Phelps and Gorham Purchase") the year prior. The territory first organized as Ontario County was much larger than at present and ran south from the shore of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario"). As the area was settled, new counties were organized. The following counties were rapidly organized from this territory in the first decades after the war: [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_New_York "Allegany County, New York"), [Cattaraugus](/wiki/Cattaraugus_County%2C_New_York "Cattaraugus County, New York"), [Chautauqua](/wiki/Chautauqua_County%2C_New_York "Chautauqua County, New York"), [Erie](/wiki/Erie_County%2C_New_York "Erie County, New York"), [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York "Genesee County, New York"), [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York "Livingston County, New York"), [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York "Monroe County, New York"), [Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York "Niagara County, New York"), [Orleans](/wiki/Orleans_County%2C_New_York "Orleans County, New York"), [Steuben](/wiki/Steuben_County%2C_New_York "Steuben County, New York"), [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming_County%2C_New_York "Wyoming County, New York"), and [Yates](/wiki/Yates_County%2C_New_York "Yates County, New York") counties, and parts of [Schuyler](/wiki/Schuyler_County%2C_New_York "Schuyler County, New York") and [Wayne](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_New_York "Wayne County, New York") counties.
In 1796, Ontario County was divided and [Steuben County](/wiki/Steuben_County%2C_New_York "Steuben County, New York") was organized. In 1802, Ontario County was reduced when [Genesee County](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York "Genesee County, New York") was split off. The new county was originally very large, including the present [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_New_York "Allegany County, New York"), [Cattaraugus](/wiki/Cattaraugus_County%2C_New_York "Cattaraugus County, New York"), [Chautauqua](/wiki/Chautauqua_County%2C_New_York "Chautauqua County, New York"), [Erie](/wiki/Erie_County%2C_New_York "Erie County, New York"), [Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York "Niagara County, New York"), [Orleans](/wiki/Orleans_County%2C_New_York "Orleans County, New York") and [Wyoming Counties](/wiki/Wyoming_County%2C_New_York "Wyoming County, New York") and parts of [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York "Livingston County, New York") and [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York "Monroe County, New York") counties.
In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York "Livingston County, New York") and [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York "Monroe County, New York") counties.
In 1823, a portion of Seneca County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to create [Wayne County](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_New_York "Wayne County, New York"). The same year, a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to create [Yates County](/wiki/Yates_County%2C_New_York "Yates County, New York").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"This area was long controlled by the [Seneca people](/wiki/Seneca_people \"Seneca people\"), one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, or *[Haudenosaunee](/wiki/Haudenosaunee \"Haudenosaunee\")*. They were forced to cede most of their land to the United States after the American Revolutionary War.",
"When the English established counties in New York Province in 1683, they designated [Albany County](/wiki/Albany_County%2C_New_York \"Albany County, New York\") as including all the northern part of New York State, the present State of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"), and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On July 3, 1766 [Cumberland County](/wiki/Cumberland_County%2C_New_York \"Cumberland County, New York\") was organized, and on March 16, 1770 [Gloucester County](/wiki/Gloucester_County%2C_New_York \"Gloucester County, New York\") was founded, both containing territory now included in the state of Vermont. The English claims were their assertion; the Five and then Six Nations of the Iroquois occupied and controlled most of the territory in central and western New York until after the Revolutionary War.",
"As New York was more heavily settled in the 18th century, the colonial government organized additional counties, but European settlement did not proceed very far west past [Little Falls, New York](/wiki/Little_Falls%2C_New_York \"Little Falls, New York\"), about halfway through the Mohawk Valley, until after the revolutionary war. This area was ostensibly part of Montgomery County, renamed after the war for an American officer. [Seth Read](/wiki/Seth_Read \"Seth Read\"), a Colonel in the [Battle of Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\"), moved here with his family as a pioneer between 1787 and 1795\\. See also [Geneva (town), New York](/wiki/Geneva_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Geneva (town), New York\").Turner, p.319",
"Land\\-hungry settlers from New England swept into upstate and western New York after the Revolution, as nearly five million acres of new lands were available for purchase since the Iroquois were forced to cede most of their territories to the United States. Four tribes had allied with the British and were mostly resettled in Canada: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca and Cayuga.",
"Transfer of what is now Ontario County to New York formally took effect in 1789, when native title was extinguished, and the county was formally established to govern the lands of the [Phelps and Gorham Purchase](/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase \"Phelps and Gorham Purchase\") the year prior. The territory first organized as Ontario County was much larger than at present and ran south from the shore of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\"). As the area was settled, new counties were organized. The following counties were rapidly organized from this territory in the first decades after the war: [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_New_York \"Allegany County, New York\"), [Cattaraugus](/wiki/Cattaraugus_County%2C_New_York \"Cattaraugus County, New York\"), [Chautauqua](/wiki/Chautauqua_County%2C_New_York \"Chautauqua County, New York\"), [Erie](/wiki/Erie_County%2C_New_York \"Erie County, New York\"), [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York \"Genesee County, New York\"), [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York \"Livingston County, New York\"), [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York \"Monroe County, New York\"), [Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York \"Niagara County, New York\"), [Orleans](/wiki/Orleans_County%2C_New_York \"Orleans County, New York\"), [Steuben](/wiki/Steuben_County%2C_New_York \"Steuben County, New York\"), [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming_County%2C_New_York \"Wyoming County, New York\"), and [Yates](/wiki/Yates_County%2C_New_York \"Yates County, New York\") counties, and parts of [Schuyler](/wiki/Schuyler_County%2C_New_York \"Schuyler County, New York\") and [Wayne](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_New_York \"Wayne County, New York\") counties.",
"In 1796, Ontario County was divided and [Steuben County](/wiki/Steuben_County%2C_New_York \"Steuben County, New York\") was organized. In 1802, Ontario County was reduced when [Genesee County](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York \"Genesee County, New York\") was split off. The new county was originally very large, including the present [Allegany](/wiki/Allegany_County%2C_New_York \"Allegany County, New York\"), [Cattaraugus](/wiki/Cattaraugus_County%2C_New_York \"Cattaraugus County, New York\"), [Chautauqua](/wiki/Chautauqua_County%2C_New_York \"Chautauqua County, New York\"), [Erie](/wiki/Erie_County%2C_New_York \"Erie County, New York\"), [Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York \"Niagara County, New York\"), [Orleans](/wiki/Orleans_County%2C_New_York \"Orleans County, New York\") and [Wyoming Counties](/wiki/Wyoming_County%2C_New_York \"Wyoming County, New York\") and parts of [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York \"Livingston County, New York\") and [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York \"Monroe County, New York\") counties.",
"In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_County%2C_New_York \"Livingston County, New York\") and [Monroe](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_New_York \"Monroe County, New York\") counties.",
"In 1823, a portion of Seneca County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to create [Wayne County](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_New_York \"Wayne County, New York\"). The same year, a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to create [Yates County](/wiki/Yates_County%2C_New_York \"Yates County, New York\").",
""
] |
History
-------
Until the end of the 19th century, the Brunnbach's source was near Bad Brunnthal in the lower Bogenhausen and, like today, reaches the Isar river at St. Emmeram. From the 10th to the 19th century, in Grüntal and St. Emmeram the Brunnbach powered four mills.
At the time the Herzogpark was covered with buildings the Brunnbach was filled up north of the street Montgelaßstraße. The former upper course in the {{ill\|Maximiliansanlagen\|de}} park is now a river of its own called [Brunnthaler Quellbach](/wiki/Brunnthaler_Quellbach "Brunnthaler Quellbach").
Because of its purity, the water was regarded as curative water. In the 17th century, Brunnthal became a well\-known spa, and its operation was continued until 1914\. Even today, the springs of Brunnbach have drinking water quality.
In the course of the uncoverage of the Munich rivers, a renaturation of the Brunnbach was also discussed in the 1990s. Not earlier than 10 years later, the section between the Abacostraße and the Opitzstraße was relocated into a new bed within the municipal green area.
The Brunnbach served [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann") as a model for the river in his novella *[A Man and His Dog](/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Dog_%28narrative%29 "A Man and His Dog (narrative)")* ({{Lang\|de\|Herr und Hund}}).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Until the end of the 19th century, the Brunnbach's source was near Bad Brunnthal in the lower Bogenhausen and, like today, reaches the Isar river at St. Emmeram. From the 10th to the 19th century, in Grüntal and St. Emmeram the Brunnbach powered four mills.",
"At the time the Herzogpark was covered with buildings the Brunnbach was filled up north of the street Montgelaßstraße. The former upper course in the {{ill\\|Maximiliansanlagen\\|de}} park is now a river of its own called [Brunnthaler Quellbach](/wiki/Brunnthaler_Quellbach \"Brunnthaler Quellbach\").",
"Because of its purity, the water was regarded as curative water. In the 17th century, Brunnthal became a well\\-known spa, and its operation was continued until 1914\\. Even today, the springs of Brunnbach have drinking water quality.",
"In the course of the uncoverage of the Munich rivers, a renaturation of the Brunnbach was also discussed in the 1990s. Not earlier than 10 years later, the section between the Abacostraße and the Opitzstraße was relocated into a new bed within the municipal green area.",
"The Brunnbach served [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann \"Thomas Mann\") as a model for the river in his novella *[A Man and His Dog](/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Dog_%28narrative%29 \"A Man and His Dog (narrative)\")* ({{Lang\\|de\\|Herr und Hund}}).",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Cannon outside the Garrison Church of St Peter and St Paul, Horseshoe Barracks](/wiki/File:Garrison_Cannon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308580.jpg "Garrison Cannon - geograph.org.uk - 308580.jpg")
In 1849, the [Board of Ordnance](/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance "Board of Ordnance") purchased land at South Shoebury with a view to setting up an artillery testing and practice range (until then, [Plumstead Common](/wiki/Plumstead_Common "Plumstead Common") and [Woolwich Common](/wiki/Woolwich_Common "Woolwich Common") had been used, but these were no longer viable due to the increasing power and range of the weapons.){{cite web\|title\=A History of Shoebury Garrison\|url\=https://www.southend.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/1843/detailed\_history\_of\_shoebury\_garrison\|publisher\=Southend Council\|accessdate\=12 March 2016}}
### The 'Old Ranges'
Initially, the range was only used in the summer, but its use grew significantly during the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") and from 1854 it was established as a permanent station. The officers' mess was set up in a former [Coastguard](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard "Her Majesty's Coastguard") station on what is now Mess Road, facing the sea; officers were accommodated in the terrace of coastguard cottages, to which a library and dining room were added in 1852\. A simple 'hut barracks' was also built on the seafront, to the north\-east (on what is now Parade Walk); and in 1856 a garrison hospital was established nearby. The ranges and practice areas were laid out to the west.
### RA School of Gunnery
[thumb\|left\|Delivery by [barge](/wiki/Barge "Barge") of an [Armstrong](/wiki/Sir_WG_Armstrong_Mitchell_%26_Company "Sir WG Armstrong Mitchell & Company") [110\-ton gun](/wiki/BL_16.25_inch_Mk_I_naval_gun "BL 16.25 inch Mk I naval gun") to the Old Ranges in 1888](/wiki/File:BL_16.25_inch_110_ton_gun_Photo.jpg "BL 16.25 inch 110 ton gun Photo.jpg")
In the wake of the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War"), the Royal Artillery School of Gunnery was established at Shoeburyness in 1859 'for individual improvement as well as for the advancement of artillery science in general'.{{cite book\|last1\=Skentlebery\|first1\=Norman\|title\=Arrows to atom bombs: a history of the Ordnance Board\|date\=1975\|publisher\=Ordnance Board\|location\=London}} Horseshoe Barracks and various other amenities were added not long afterwards and the site was extended to cover some 200 acres lying between Ness Road and the coast.
Over the years that followed Shoeburyness was integral to the development of new and improved artillery weapons.{{cite web\|title\=MOD Shoeburyness\|url\=http://www.shoeburyness.qinetiq.com/about/Pages/mod\-shoeburyness\-timeline.aspx\|publisher\=Qinetiq\|accessdate\=12 March 2016}} Alongside its use as a training facility, the ranges were used for experimental trials of guns, rockets and explosives and for the testing of armour and defensive works. As the scale of these experiments began to outgrow the site, its gun emplacements were adapted for seaward firing and it later specialized in [coastal artillery](/wiki/Coastal_artillery "Coastal artillery") training.
A branch of the School was opened in Woolwich, in the 1870s, which took over the training of [Militia](/wiki/Militia_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Militia (United Kingdom)") and [Volunteer](/wiki/Volunteer_Force "Volunteer Force") Artillery (with a view to ensuring a standardisation of training across both the [Reserve](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)") and the [Regular](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28UK%29 "Regular Army (UK)") forces).{{cite journal \|title\=Army Appropriation Account, 1871–72 \|journal\=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons \|date\=1873 \|volume\=40 \|page\=28}}
[thumb\|Memorial plaque unveiled in 1985](/wiki/File:Memorial_Plaque_%28geograph_2242090%29.jpg "Memorial Plaque (geograph 2242090).jpg")
An [accidental explosion in February 1885](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_explosion_Shoeburyness_Essex_1885 "Royal Artillery explosion Shoeburyness Essex 1885") killed seven Royal Artillery personnel including the Commandant and his deputy.Glennie, p. 24\-25
After 1889, experimentation and testing was progressively moved on to 'New Ranges' to the north\-east, but the 'Old Ranges' remained in active use as a training area.
### The 'New Ranges'
As early as 1865 the Ordnance Select Committee was recommending the purchase of additional land at Shoeburyness, to accommodate the increasing power and range of artillery then in development. In due course land was acquired to the north\-east, and from 1889 the establishment expanded on to a 'New Range', which encompassed [Foulness](/wiki/Foulness "Foulness") and [Havengore](/wiki/Havengore_Island "Havengore Island").
### Proof and Experimental Establishment
[thumb\|Experimental firing of an [Ordnance QF 25\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder "Ordnance QF 25-pounder") gun by women of the [ATS](/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service "Auxiliary Territorial Service") in 1943; the shell is fired through apparatus that measures its velocity](/wiki/File:Girl_Gunners-_the_work_of_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Experimental_Station%2C_Shoeburyness%2C_Essex%2C_England%2C_1943_D12697.jpg "Girl Gunners- the work of the Auxiliary Territorial Service at An Experimental Station, Shoeburyness, Essex, England, 1943 D12697.jpg")
The Experimental Branch (part of the School of Gunnery since 1859\) became an independent operation in 1905 (it was renamed the Experimental Establishment in 1920, and the Proof and Experimental Establishment (P\&EE) in 1948, before becoming part of the [Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation](/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency "Defence Evaluation and Research Agency") (DTEO) in 1995\).{{National Heritage List for England\|num\=1112693\|desc\=Proof and Experimental Establishment, Shoeburyness Garrison, Old ranges, heavy quick\-firing battery}}
### The Coast Artillery School
In 1920 the School of Gunnery was redesignated as the 'Coast Artillery School' of the [Royal Garrison Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery "Royal Garrison Artillery"), following the move of the [Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery "Royal Field Artillery") and [Horse Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery "Royal Horse Artillery") equivalents to a new establishment (the [School of Instruction for Royal Horse and Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery "Royal School of Artillery")) at [Larkhill](/wiki/Larkhill "Larkhill"). In 1940 the Coast Artillery School was moved from Shoebury to [Great Orme](/wiki/Great_Orme%23Second_World_War "Great Orme#Second World War"), [Llandudno](/wiki/Llandudno "Llandudno"),{{Coflein\|num\=410231 \|desc\=Trwynygogarth Gunnery Range, Great Orme's Head;former Royal Artillery Coast Artillery School \|access\-date\=29 September 2021}} where it remained for the rest of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), before relocating to [Plymouth](/wiki/Royal_Citadel%2C_Plymouth "Royal Citadel, Plymouth").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mxK\-BAAAQBAJ\&q\=%22Coast\+Artillery\+School%22\+plymouth\&pg\=PA276\|page\=276\|title\=The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army\|first\= Colonel K. W. \|last\=Maurice\-Jones\|publisher\=Naval and Military Press\|year\=2009\|isbn\=978\-1845740313}}
### Shoebury Garrison
[thumb\|left\|280px\|Horseshoe Barracks, now converted for use as private housing](/wiki/File:Horseshoe_Crescent_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311248.jpg "Horseshoe Crescent - geograph.org.uk - 311248.jpg")
After the war, artillery and other regiments continued to be garrisoned at Shoebury until 1976 when the garrison headquarters closed. At the same time, the number of military personnel on the staff of the P\&EE was reduced, especially in the 1980s, as civilian contractors increasingly took over the running of the Establishment.
Following the closure of the Old Ranges in 1998 the old garrison land and buildings were sold and converted for housing. The New Ranges remain in use, however; the work of the Experimental Establishment, begun in 1859, continues today under the auspices of [Qinetiq](/wiki/Qinetiq "Qinetiq"). The site is known as MoD Shoeburyness.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Cannon outside the Garrison Church of St Peter and St Paul, Horseshoe Barracks](/wiki/File:Garrison_Cannon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308580.jpg \"Garrison Cannon - geograph.org.uk - 308580.jpg\")\nIn 1849, the [Board of Ordnance](/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance \"Board of Ordnance\") purchased land at South Shoebury with a view to setting up an artillery testing and practice range (until then, [Plumstead Common](/wiki/Plumstead_Common \"Plumstead Common\") and [Woolwich Common](/wiki/Woolwich_Common \"Woolwich Common\") had been used, but these were no longer viable due to the increasing power and range of the weapons.){{cite web\\|title\\=A History of Shoebury Garrison\\|url\\=https://www.southend.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/1843/detailed\\_history\\_of\\_shoebury\\_garrison\\|publisher\\=Southend Council\\|accessdate\\=12 March 2016}}",
"### The 'Old Ranges'",
"Initially, the range was only used in the summer, but its use grew significantly during the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") and from 1854 it was established as a permanent station. The officers' mess was set up in a former [Coastguard](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard \"Her Majesty's Coastguard\") station on what is now Mess Road, facing the sea; officers were accommodated in the terrace of coastguard cottages, to which a library and dining room were added in 1852\\. A simple 'hut barracks' was also built on the seafront, to the north\\-east (on what is now Parade Walk); and in 1856 a garrison hospital was established nearby. The ranges and practice areas were laid out to the west.",
"### RA School of Gunnery",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Delivery by [barge](/wiki/Barge \"Barge\") of an [Armstrong](/wiki/Sir_WG_Armstrong_Mitchell_%26_Company \"Sir WG Armstrong Mitchell & Company\") [110\\-ton gun](/wiki/BL_16.25_inch_Mk_I_naval_gun \"BL 16.25 inch Mk I naval gun\") to the Old Ranges in 1888](/wiki/File:BL_16.25_inch_110_ton_gun_Photo.jpg \"BL 16.25 inch 110 ton gun Photo.jpg\")\nIn the wake of the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\"), the Royal Artillery School of Gunnery was established at Shoeburyness in 1859 'for individual improvement as well as for the advancement of artillery science in general'.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Skentlebery\\|first1\\=Norman\\|title\\=Arrows to atom bombs: a history of the Ordnance Board\\|date\\=1975\\|publisher\\=Ordnance Board\\|location\\=London}} Horseshoe Barracks and various other amenities were added not long afterwards and the site was extended to cover some 200 acres lying between Ness Road and the coast.",
"Over the years that followed Shoeburyness was integral to the development of new and improved artillery weapons.{{cite web\\|title\\=MOD Shoeburyness\\|url\\=http://www.shoeburyness.qinetiq.com/about/Pages/mod\\-shoeburyness\\-timeline.aspx\\|publisher\\=Qinetiq\\|accessdate\\=12 March 2016}} Alongside its use as a training facility, the ranges were used for experimental trials of guns, rockets and explosives and for the testing of armour and defensive works. As the scale of these experiments began to outgrow the site, its gun emplacements were adapted for seaward firing and it later specialized in [coastal artillery](/wiki/Coastal_artillery \"Coastal artillery\") training.",
"A branch of the School was opened in Woolwich, in the 1870s, which took over the training of [Militia](/wiki/Militia_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Militia (United Kingdom)\") and [Volunteer](/wiki/Volunteer_Force \"Volunteer Force\") Artillery (with a view to ensuring a standardisation of training across both the [Reserve](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\") and the [Regular](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28UK%29 \"Regular Army (UK)\") forces).{{cite journal \\|title\\=Army Appropriation Account, 1871–72 \\|journal\\=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons \\|date\\=1873 \\|volume\\=40 \\|page\\=28}}",
"[thumb\\|Memorial plaque unveiled in 1985](/wiki/File:Memorial_Plaque_%28geograph_2242090%29.jpg \"Memorial Plaque (geograph 2242090).jpg\")\nAn [accidental explosion in February 1885](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_explosion_Shoeburyness_Essex_1885 \"Royal Artillery explosion Shoeburyness Essex 1885\") killed seven Royal Artillery personnel including the Commandant and his deputy.Glennie, p. 24\\-25",
"After 1889, experimentation and testing was progressively moved on to 'New Ranges' to the north\\-east, but the 'Old Ranges' remained in active use as a training area.",
"### The 'New Ranges'",
"As early as 1865 the Ordnance Select Committee was recommending the purchase of additional land at Shoeburyness, to accommodate the increasing power and range of artillery then in development. In due course land was acquired to the north\\-east, and from 1889 the establishment expanded on to a 'New Range', which encompassed [Foulness](/wiki/Foulness \"Foulness\") and [Havengore](/wiki/Havengore_Island \"Havengore Island\").",
"### Proof and Experimental Establishment",
"[thumb\\|Experimental firing of an [Ordnance QF 25\\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder \"Ordnance QF 25-pounder\") gun by women of the [ATS](/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service \"Auxiliary Territorial Service\") in 1943; the shell is fired through apparatus that measures its velocity](/wiki/File:Girl_Gunners-_the_work_of_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Experimental_Station%2C_Shoeburyness%2C_Essex%2C_England%2C_1943_D12697.jpg \"Girl Gunners- the work of the Auxiliary Territorial Service at An Experimental Station, Shoeburyness, Essex, England, 1943 D12697.jpg\")\nThe Experimental Branch (part of the School of Gunnery since 1859\\) became an independent operation in 1905 (it was renamed the Experimental Establishment in 1920, and the Proof and Experimental Establishment (P\\&EE) in 1948, before becoming part of the [Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation](/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency \"Defence Evaluation and Research Agency\") (DTEO) in 1995\\).{{National Heritage List for England\\|num\\=1112693\\|desc\\=Proof and Experimental Establishment, Shoeburyness Garrison, Old ranges, heavy quick\\-firing battery}}",
"### The Coast Artillery School",
"In 1920 the School of Gunnery was redesignated as the 'Coast Artillery School' of the [Royal Garrison Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"Royal Garrison Artillery\"), following the move of the [Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery \"Royal Field Artillery\") and [Horse Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery \"Royal Horse Artillery\") equivalents to a new establishment (the [School of Instruction for Royal Horse and Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery \"Royal School of Artillery\")) at [Larkhill](/wiki/Larkhill \"Larkhill\"). In 1940 the Coast Artillery School was moved from Shoebury to [Great Orme](/wiki/Great_Orme%23Second_World_War \"Great Orme#Second World War\"), [Llandudno](/wiki/Llandudno \"Llandudno\"),{{Coflein\\|num\\=410231 \\|desc\\=Trwynygogarth Gunnery Range, Great Orme's Head;former Royal Artillery Coast Artillery School \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2021}} where it remained for the rest of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), before relocating to [Plymouth](/wiki/Royal_Citadel%2C_Plymouth \"Royal Citadel, Plymouth\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mxK\\-BAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22Coast\\+Artillery\\+School%22\\+plymouth\\&pg\\=PA276\\|page\\=276\\|title\\=The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army\\|first\\= Colonel K. W. \\|last\\=Maurice\\-Jones\\|publisher\\=Naval and Military Press\\|year\\=2009\\|isbn\\=978\\-1845740313}}",
"### Shoebury Garrison",
"[thumb\\|left\\|280px\\|Horseshoe Barracks, now converted for use as private housing](/wiki/File:Horseshoe_Crescent_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311248.jpg \"Horseshoe Crescent - geograph.org.uk - 311248.jpg\")\nAfter the war, artillery and other regiments continued to be garrisoned at Shoebury until 1976 when the garrison headquarters closed. At the same time, the number of military personnel on the staff of the P\\&EE was reduced, especially in the 1980s, as civilian contractors increasingly took over the running of the Establishment.",
"Following the closure of the Old Ranges in 1998 the old garrison land and buildings were sold and converted for housing. The New Ranges remain in use, however; the work of the Experimental Establishment, begun in 1859, continues today under the auspices of [Qinetiq](/wiki/Qinetiq \"Qinetiq\"). The site is known as MoD Shoeburyness.",
""
] |
Redesign
--------
Meanwhile, M\-228 was redesigned to improve its security. Only five inputs, rather than thirteen, were energized. The five output contacts, instead of being used as the five output bits directly, were instead connected by three leads, each connected to different output point. That meant that an output bit could be energized by any of three different outputs from the rotor maze, making analysis of the machine more complex. The reduced number of inputs ensured that the generated key would not be biased.
The rotor stepping was also made more complex. The slowest two rotors, which originally were unlikely to step during the course of an encipherment, were redesigned so that they stepped depending on the output of the previous key output. One rotor, designated the "fast bump" rotor, would step if the fourth and fifth bits of the previous output were both true; and similarly the "slow bump" rotor would do the same for the first, second and third bits.
Certain of the rotor stepping arrangements were discovered to be weaker than others, and so these were ruled out for key lists.
This redesigned version of the M\-228 was put into service by April 1943\. However, the machine was judged to be only secure enough to handle traffic up to SECRET by landline, and CONFIDENTIAL by radio. The machine was also shared with the United Kingdom for joint communications.
A further\-modified version of the M\-228 that could be used for the highest level traffic, was designated **M\-228\-M**, or **SIGHUAD**.
From that point on, the Army monitored the communications of its high\-level systems to ensure that good operational procedure was being followed, even for highly secure devices such as the SIGABA and SIGTOT devices. As a result, poor operator practices, such as transmitting messages in depth, were largely eliminated.
|
[
"Redesign\n--------",
"Meanwhile, M\\-228 was redesigned to improve its security. Only five inputs, rather than thirteen, were energized. The five output contacts, instead of being used as the five output bits directly, were instead connected by three leads, each connected to different output point. That meant that an output bit could be energized by any of three different outputs from the rotor maze, making analysis of the machine more complex. The reduced number of inputs ensured that the generated key would not be biased.",
"The rotor stepping was also made more complex. The slowest two rotors, which originally were unlikely to step during the course of an encipherment, were redesigned so that they stepped depending on the output of the previous key output. One rotor, designated the \"fast bump\" rotor, would step if the fourth and fifth bits of the previous output were both true; and similarly the \"slow bump\" rotor would do the same for the first, second and third bits.",
"Certain of the rotor stepping arrangements were discovered to be weaker than others, and so these were ruled out for key lists.",
"This redesigned version of the M\\-228 was put into service by April 1943\\. However, the machine was judged to be only secure enough to handle traffic up to SECRET by landline, and CONFIDENTIAL by radio. The machine was also shared with the United Kingdom for joint communications.",
"A further\\-modified version of the M\\-228 that could be used for the highest level traffic, was designated **M\\-228\\-M**, or **SIGHUAD**.",
"From that point on, the Army monitored the communications of its high\\-level systems to ensure that good operational procedure was being followed, even for highly secure devices such as the SIGABA and SIGTOT devices. As a result, poor operator practices, such as transmitting messages in depth, were largely eliminated.",
""
] |
Definition
----------
Let {{math\|''X''}} be a [convex subset](/wiki/Convex_set "Convex set") of a [real](/wiki/Real_numbers "Real numbers") [vector space](/wiki/Vector_space "Vector space"), and let {{math\|''f'' : ''X'' → '''R'''}} be a function taking [non\-negative](/wiki/Negative_and_positive_numbers "Negative and positive numbers") values. Then {{math\|''f''}} is:
* **Logarithmically convex** if {\\log} \\circ f is convex, and
* **Strictly logarithmically convex** if {\\log} \\circ f is strictly convex.
Here we interpret \\log 0 as \-\\infty.
Explicitly, {{math\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all {{math\|''x''1, ''x''2 ∈ ''X''}} and all {{math\|''t'' ∈ \[0, 1]}}, the two following equivalent conditions hold:
\\begin{align}
\\log f(tx\_1 \+ (1 \- t)x\_2\) \&\\le t\\log f(x\_1\) \+ (1 \- t)\\log f(x\_2\), \\\\
f(tx\_1 \+ (1 \- t)x\_2\) \&\\le f(x\_1\)^tf(x\_2\)^{1\-t}.
\\end{align}
Similarly, {{math\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all {{math\|''t'' ∈ (0, 1\)}}.
The above definition permits {{math\|''f''}} to be zero, but if {{math\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in {{math\|''X''}}, then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of {{math\|''X''}}.
### Equivalent conditions
If {{math\|''f''}} is a differentiable function defined on an interval {{math\|''I'' ⊆ '''R'''}}, then {{math\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all {{math\|''x''}} and {{math\|''y''}} in {{math\|''I''}}:
\\log f(x) \\ge \\log f(y) \+ \\frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}(x \- y).
This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever {{math\|''x''}} and {{math\|''y''}} are in {{math\|''I''}} and {{math\|''x'' \> ''y''}},
\\left(\\frac{f(x)}{f(y)}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{x \- y}} \\ge \\exp\\left(\\frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}\\right).
Moreover, {{math\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.
If {{math\|''f''}} is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all {{math\|''x''}} in {{math\|''I''}},
f''(x)f(x) \\ge f'(x)^2\.
If the inequality is always strict, then {{math\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that {{math\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some {{math\|''x''}}, we have f''(x)f(x) \= f'(x)^2. For example, if f(x) \= \\exp(x^4\), then {{math\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex, but f''(0\)f(0\) \= 0 \= f'(0\)^2.
Furthermore, f\\colon I \\to (0, \\infty) is logarithmically convex if and only if e^{\\alpha x}f(x) is convex for all \\alpha\\in\\mathbb R.{{harvnb\|Montel\|1928}}.{{harvnb\|NiculescuPersson\|2006\|p\=70}}.
|
[
"Definition\n----------",
"Let {{math\\|''X''}} be a [convex subset](/wiki/Convex_set \"Convex set\") of a [real](/wiki/Real_numbers \"Real numbers\") [vector space](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\"), and let {{math\\|''f'' : ''X'' → '''R'''}} be a function taking [non\\-negative](/wiki/Negative_and_positive_numbers \"Negative and positive numbers\") values. Then {{math\\|''f''}} is:\n* **Logarithmically convex** if {\\\\log} \\\\circ f is convex, and\n* **Strictly logarithmically convex** if {\\\\log} \\\\circ f is strictly convex.\nHere we interpret \\\\log 0 as \\-\\\\infty.",
"Explicitly, {{math\\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all {{math\\|''x''1, ''x''2 ∈ ''X''}} and all {{math\\|''t'' ∈ \\[0, 1]}}, the two following equivalent conditions hold:\n\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\log f(tx\\_1 \\+ (1 \\- t)x\\_2\\) \\&\\\\le t\\\\log f(x\\_1\\) \\+ (1 \\- t)\\\\log f(x\\_2\\), \\\\\\\\\nf(tx\\_1 \\+ (1 \\- t)x\\_2\\) \\&\\\\le f(x\\_1\\)^tf(x\\_2\\)^{1\\-t}.\n\\\\end{align}\nSimilarly, {{math\\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all {{math\\|''t'' ∈ (0, 1\\)}}.",
"The above definition permits {{math\\|''f''}} to be zero, but if {{math\\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in {{math\\|''X''}}, then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of {{math\\|''X''}}.",
"### Equivalent conditions",
"If {{math\\|''f''}} is a differentiable function defined on an interval {{math\\|''I'' ⊆ '''R'''}}, then {{math\\|''f''}} is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all {{math\\|''x''}} and {{math\\|''y''}} in {{math\\|''I''}}:\n\\\\log f(x) \\\\ge \\\\log f(y) \\+ \\\\frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}(x \\- y).\nThis is equivalent to the condition that, whenever {{math\\|''x''}} and {{math\\|''y''}} are in {{math\\|''I''}} and {{math\\|''x'' \\> ''y''}},\n\\\\left(\\\\frac{f(x)}{f(y)}\\\\right)^{\\\\frac{1}{x \\- y}} \\\\ge \\\\exp\\\\left(\\\\frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}\\\\right).\nMoreover, {{math\\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.",
"If {{math\\|''f''}} is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all {{math\\|''x''}} in {{math\\|''I''}},\nf''(x)f(x) \\\\ge f'(x)^2\\.\nIf the inequality is always strict, then {{math\\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that {{math\\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some {{math\\|''x''}}, we have f''(x)f(x) \\= f'(x)^2. For example, if f(x) \\= \\\\exp(x^4\\), then {{math\\|''f''}} is strictly logarithmically convex, but f''(0\\)f(0\\) \\= 0 \\= f'(0\\)^2.",
"Furthermore, f\\\\colon I \\\\to (0, \\\\infty) is logarithmically convex if and only if e^{\\\\alpha x}f(x) is convex for all \\\\alpha\\\\in\\\\mathbb R.{{harvnb\\|Montel\\|1928}}.{{harvnb\\|NiculescuPersson\\|2006\\|p\\=70}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
### The Original Bellingham Bells
The Bells take their name from the original Bellingham Bells who played at Battersby Field off and on from the 1930s to 1988\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/770448847/ \|work\=The Bellingham Herald \|location\=(Washington) \|last\=Jorgensen \|first\=Eric \|title\=Bellingham Bells fold after long successful, run\|date\=June 20, 1989 \|page\=17}} The original Bells came to prominence under the leadership of Joe Martin (the namesake of the ballpark of the current incarnation of the Bells), who helped lead the Bells to 20 [National Baseball Congress](/wiki/National_Baseball_Congress "National Baseball Congress") Washington State titles and multiple top five finishes at the NBC World Series during the height of their semi\-pro prominence from 1946 to 1972, when the [Bellingham Dodgers](/wiki/Bellingham_Dodgers "Bellingham Dodgers") brought minor league baseball to Bellingham.{{cite news\|last\=Carver\|first\=Jack\|newspaper\=The Whatcom Museum\|title\=Close Play at First, May 8, 1949\|date\=17 April 2020 \|url\=https://www.whatcommuseum.org/archives\-sports\-photos\-through\-years/ \|access\-date\=7 August 2022}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/769564639/ \|work\=The Bellingham Herald \|location\=(Washington) \|last\=Sherwood \|first\=Kent \|title\=Inner\-view with Joe Martin\|date\=March 25, 1976 \|page\=9}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/537198394/ \|work\=The Bellingham Herald \|location\=(Washington) \|last\=Lindsley \|first\=Wallie \|title\=Schulmerich was favorite of old Chinook fans\|date\=July 29, 1973 \|page\=34}} The original Bells played in [leagues](/wiki/Western_Baseball_Association_%281967%E2%80%9372%29 "Western Baseball Association (1967–72)") with the [Alaska Goldpanners](/wiki/Alaska_Goldpanners "Alaska Goldpanners"), [Humboldt Crabs](/wiki/Humboldt_Crabs "Humboldt Crabs"), [Grand Junction Eagles](/wiki/Grand_Junction_Eagles "Grand Junction Eagles"), [Anchorage Glacier Pilots](/wiki/Anchorage_Glacier_Pilots "Anchorage Glacier Pilots"), and Wichita Service Auto Glass.
### 1999
Seeking to put a team together to compete in the Pacific International League, former Skagit Valley College Head Coach, Rob Crawford chose to pay homage to the baseball heroes of the past and name the team the Bells. Wanting to create a "minor league feel', George Daniels (an Attorney from Philadelphia) joined forces with Crawford to bring a team into the PIL. The PIL was a member of the National Baseball Congress (NBC). the 1999 Bells started the season with a surprising 19 wins in a row and eventually went on to win the 11\-team PIL and participated in the NBC World Series held in Wichita. The Bells of 1999 heralded local players from Bellingham, Skagit as well as a few players from across the US. Kevin Richardson (Bellingham High School) won MVP honors and set a PIL record for homeruns (19\). Sehome Standouts, Ben Demond, Paul Lockhart, Adam Kim, Josh Turell were among local players who made the historic run for the Bells in 1999\.
### 2010
The Bells improved on their 22\-26 record from the previous season posting a 25\-22 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Pitcher and Infielder Ben Ruff finished tied for third in the league with three home runs hit. Pitcher Cody Fassold finished second with 55 strikeouts and tied for third with a 1\.75 ERA. Pitcher James Wise finished tied for second with five wins.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 11,488 fans attended the Bells' 23 home games for an average of 499\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
### 2011
The Bells failed to improve on their 25\-22 record from the previous season posting a 21\-32 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Adrian Sampson threw 71 strikeouts and finished with an ERA of 1\.71\. Andrew Pulido was second in the league with an ERA of 1\.57\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Andy Fortuna finished with a perfect batting average of 1\.000 in the one non league game the Bells played.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=2366](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=2366) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 16,556 total fans attended for an average of 613 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells failed to make the postseason for the sixth straight year. This was the first season under head coach Gary Hatch.
### 2012
The Bells improved on their 21\-32 record from the previous season posting a 32\-22 record and finishing second in the east division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Infielder Johnny Farrington finished the regular season with 28 runs batted in.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 26,073 fans attended games for an average of 1,043 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells finished with an undefeated 2\-0 record in non\-league play.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Michael Leach finished with a batting average of .571 while Grant Fink batted in four runs. Randy Button picked up one win.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 2,125 fans attended the two non\-league games for an average of 1,063\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells made the postseason for the first time since 2005 but fell to the eventual champion AppleSox in three games.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Kai Hatch lead the league with a batting average of .500 with Joe Winterburn finishing with one home run and a batting average of .400\. Adam Gunn finished on the mound with an ERA of 0\.000 in the Bells' one win in the postseason.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 811 total fans attended the Bells one home playoff game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
### 2013
The Bells failed to improve on their 32\-22 record from previous season posting a 27\-27 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=22900](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=22900) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Third Baseman Alex Calbick (University of Maine Orono) lead the league with a .384 batting average and also finished five home runs. Pitchers Nate Cole (Abilene Christian University) and Andrew Olson (Seattle University) finished with ERA's of 1\.63 and 1\.84 respectively.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=22900](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=22900) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 30,641 fans attended league games for an average of 1,135 per game.
The Bells finished in non\-league play with a perfect 3\-0 record with pitcher John Albert finishing with one win and pitcher Chris VanDyke finishing with a perfect ERA of 0\.000\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} 3,870 fans attended the Bells' three non\-league games for an average of 1,290 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells were unable to qualify for the postseason.
### 2014
The Bellingham Bells became the 4th team in WCL history to win a championship, going 37\-17 for the season. David Bigelow set a WCL record for most games played, with 29 games in the season. As a whole team, the Bells had 20 saves on the season setting the record for the most saves by any team in WCL history. Their 0\.202 opponents' batting average as a team tied the record set by the 2005 Aloha Knights. Bellingham saw 47,307 fans in the seats at Joe Martin Field in just 32 home games, with an average of 1,478 people per night.
### 2015
Following the WCL Championship Season, the Bells were looking to defend their title. Though they went 33\-21 on the season, they were unable to make it back to the playoffs. The highlight of the season though was the 2015 WCL All\-Star Game, hosted by the Bells at Joe Martin Field. The Bells were able to represent themselves at the game by having six players in the All\-Star Game. These players include Justin Calomeni (now with the Colorado Rockies organization), Andrew Kemmerer, Bronson Larsen, Andrew Reichenbach, Dustin Breshears, and Aaron Stroosma. The Bells finished the 2015 season fourth in attendance, with 34,435 attendees to Joe Martin Field.
### 2016
The Bells made it back to the WCL Championship Series after going 32\-22 in the regular season. The North Division Champs faced the Corvallis Knights of the South Division for the title in a hard\-fought three\-game series. Even though the Knights ended up winning the title (2 games to 1\), the Bells still had a very successful season overall. Shane Hanon ([Marshall University](/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd "Marshall Thundering Herd")) was crowned WCL Batting Champ, finishing the season with a .331 batting average. The Bells also had one of their standout pitchers from the 2015 and 2016 season, Spencer Howard, drafted 45th overall in the 2016 MLB Draft to the Philadelphia Phillies and is \#20 on their Top 30 prospect list.
### 2017
Despite falling one game short of the playoffs in 2017 after going 31\-23 on the season, the fight for the post season provided a variety of very dramatic endings. Kyle Stowers ([Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal "Stanford Cardinal")) provided two occasions where he was responsible for the walk\-off hit to win the game. A non\-league game ended in a Home Run Derby tie\-breaker after extra innings, including an exciting finish and game\-winning dinger by Chase Illig ([West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers "West Virginia Mountaineers")). Illig also was awarded Player of the Week mid\-season, set the record for most home runs during the WCL season at 15 and was awarded WCL Player of the Year Honors. Hometown kid, and 2019 [5th round draft pick](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_draft "Major League Baseball draft") Austin Shenton, was the WCL Batting Champ, finishing the season with a .409 batting average.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/draft/tracker\|title\=MLB Draft Tracker\|website\=MLB.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-29}} The attendance at Bells games also grew in 2017, finishing third in overall attendance, 36,569, which averages to 1,407 fans per game.
### 2018
The Bells dominated the WCL north in 2018 going 35\-19 and winning both the first and second half titles for their division. The Bells had many stand out performers on their squad, including [Matt McLain](/wiki/Matt_McLain "Matt McLain") ([UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball "UCLA Bruins baseball")) who was named the WCL top prospect as an incoming freshman.{{Cite web\|url\=https://westcoastleague.com/history/\|title\=History – West Coast League\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-29}} The Bells were well represented in the WCL All Star Game with Justin Armbruester ([PLU](/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_University "Pacific Lutheran University")) being the winning pitcher, Taylor Davis ([Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_University "Gonzaga University")), Bellingham local Ernie Yake (Gonzaga), and team homerun leader Matt James ([Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish "Notre Dame Fighting Irish")) all representing the team. The team also boasted 3 1st team (Ernie Yake SS, Nick Nastrini SP (UCLA), and Theron Kay RP ([Cal\-State Northridge](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Northridge "California State University, Northridge")), and 3 2nd team All WCL players (Zach Needham 1B ([Lewis\-Clark State](/wiki/Lewis%E2%80%93Clark_State_College "Lewis–Clark State College")), Taylor Davis RP, and Justin Armbruester SP). The first round of the playoffs featured a matchup between the Bells and the Kelowna Falcons, where the Bells were defeated in the deciding third game of the series. There was a large spike in attendance as the Bells saw a rise in popularity in 2018, with 51,635 fans making it to 35 for an average crowd of 1,475, good for third in the WCL.
### 2019
The 2019 season proved to be an up and down campaign for the team. The Bells came within one game of winning the first half WCL north crown to put them in the playoffs, losing a heartbreaker to WCL North champion Victoria in the final game of the first half. The team's first half performance produced 5 all stars with Guthrie Morrison OF ([Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_baseball "Gonzaga Bulldogs baseball")), Jack Machtolf OF (Gonzaga), Troy Viola 3B ([San Jose St](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_baseball "San Jose State Spartans baseball")), Jimmy Chatfield RP ([Yale](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs")), and Nick Proctor SP ([Cal \- Berkeley](/wiki/California_Golden_Bears "California Golden Bears")) all representing the squad. Troy was also invited to participate in the home run derby and ended up leading the team with 8 homers on the year. The second half saw many new faces on a Bells squad that fought hard, but in the end was not able to make the WCL playoffs. Nick Proctor was a member the All WCL first team, while Jimmy Chatfield was named to the All WCL second team. The community in Bellingham rallied around the Bells, packing Joe Martin with 50,344 fans in 28 games for an average of almost 1,800 fans a game.
### 2020
The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID\-19 pandemic.
### 2021
The Bells introduced new branding prior to the start of the season. The color scheme was updated with Northwest Green being removed.{{cite web \| url\=https://ketchup\-and\-mustard.com/bells/ \| title\=Bellingham Bells Brand Update }}
The West Coast League and Bells returned for the 2021 season after [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") shut down the league the previous season. The Bells finished second in the North Division with a 24–24 record.{{cite web \| url\=https://pointstreak.com/baseball/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=32634 \| title\=West Coast League \- standings }} The Bells made it back to the postseason but fell in the division series to the Pippins 1\-2\. {{cite web \| url\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33195 \| title\=West Coast League \- schedule }} The Bells finished third in league attendance with 51,248 total tickets sold for an average of 1,464 fans per game.{{cite web \| url\=https://pointstreak.com/baseball/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=32634 \| title\=West Coast League \- attendance }}
### 2022
The 2022 Bells finished first in the WCL North division with 33 wins and 20 losses.{{cite web \| url\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33339 \| title\=West Coast League \- standings }} Pitcher and "Bell of the Year" Trevin Hope led the league with an ERA of 2\.64 while Ryan Beitel threw a 3\.57 ERA and won five games on the mound.{{cite web \| url\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33339 \| title\=West Coast League \- leaders }} The Bells saw 62,979 total fans for an average of 1,968 per game, third overall in the league.{{cite web \| url\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33339 \| title\=West Coast League \- attendance }}
The Bells swept the HarbourCats in the divisional series and defeated the AppleSox in the division championship game 5\-2 to make the championship for the first time since 2016\.{{cite web \| url\=https://westcoastleague.com/bells\-and\-knights\-to\-meet\-in\-wcl\-championship\-game/ \| title\=Bells and Knights to Meet Monday in WCL Championship Game \| date\=14 August 2022 }} The Bells were shut out by the Corvallis Knights 0\-5 in the championship.
After the season, Hope was named WCL Pitcher of the Year.{{cite web \| url\=https://bellinghambells.com/trevin\-hope\-named\-wcl\-pitcher\-of\-the\-year/ \| title\=Trevin Hope Named WCL Pitcher of the Year }} Christopher Campos who played for the Bells in the first half of the season was drafted by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers").{{cite web \| url\=https://smcgaels.com/news/2022/7/18/baseball\-base\-campos\-selected\-in\-7th\-round\-by\-home\-town\-dodgers.aspx \| title\=BASE \| Campos Selected in 7th Round by Home\-Town Dodgers \| date\=18 July 2022 }} Former Bell Seth Martinez won the World Series that fall as part of the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros").
### 2023
On August 25, 2022, former Bells coach Jim Clem was announced as the team manager for the 2023 season.{{cite web \| url\=https://bellinghambells.com/jim\-clem\-named\-head\-coach\-for\-2023\-season/ \| title\=Jim Clem Named Head Coach for 2023 Season }}
Former Bell [Matt McLain](/wiki/Matt_McLain "Matt McLain") made his debut for the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") on May 15\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://westcoastleague.com/mclain\-set\-for\-mlb\-debut/\|title\=McLain Set for MLB Debut\|first\=Chris\|last\=King\|date\=May 15, 2023}}
On June 19, Jack Erdman was honored by the league as one of the two selected players of the week. Erdman was on the mound for five innings against the Kelowna Falcons allowing no runs, ten strikeouts, and only two base hits.{{cite web \| url\=https://westcoastleague.com/amundson\-and\-erdman\-earn\-wcls\-moss\-adams\-weekly\-honors/ \| title\=Amundson and Erdman Earn WCL's Moss Adams Weekly Honors \| date\=19 June 2023 }}
On July 6th, the Bells clinched their second consecutive north division first half championship and third consecutive playoff berth following their 7\-5 comeback win against the NorthPaws.{{Cite web\|url\=https://westcoastleague.com/bells\-secure\-postseason\-bid\-second\-half\-race\-starts/\|title\=Bells Secure Postseason Bid, Second\-Half Race Starts\|first\=Chris\|last\=King\|date\=July 7, 2023}}
Four former Bells were selected in the 2023 MLB Draft. The Detroit Tigers drafted 2021 Bell of the Year Bennett Lee while the Houston Astros drafted Joey Dixon. Will Simpson and Diego Barrera were picked up by the Oakland Athletics. Will McGillis who went undrafted signed with the Los Angeles Angels.{{Cite web\|url\=https://westcoastleague.com/40\-wcl\-alumni\-selected\-in\-2023\-mlb\-draft/\|title\=40 WCL Alumni Selected in 2023 MLB Draft\|first\=Chris\|last\=King\|date\=July 11, 2023}}
The Bells improved on their 32\-20 record from the previous season finishing 35\-18, but they struggled in the second half and finished third in the North after winning the First Half with the league's best 20–7 record.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Ryan Beitel finished with five wins on the mound while Daniel Paret threw 43 strikeouts.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} The Bells saw 58,220 total fans for an average of 2,156 per game.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells swept the Falcons in the division series but fell on the road against the HarbourCats 6\-7 after leading 5\-0\. Coleman Schmidt and Daryl Ruiz each hit one home run while Andrew Valdez brought in four runs. Sheldon Egger and Ryan Beitel finished the postseason with one win on the mound. Beitel also threw seven strikeouts and finished with an ERA of 0\.00 alongside Trevor Moore.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33782](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33782) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Despite only hosting one home playoff game (game 2 of the division series), the Bells finished third in attendance for the playoffs with 2,612 total fans attending.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33782](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33782) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
### 2024
On September 21st, 2023, the team announced Jim Clem would retire from his role as head coach after twelve seasons with the team [https://bellinghambells.com/jim\-clem\-retires\-after\-12\-seasons\-with\-bells/](https://bellinghambells.com/jim-clem-retires-after-12-seasons-with-bells/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Bob Ralston was announced as the new manager on October 19th.[https://bellinghambells.com/bells\-name\-bob\-ralston\-head\-coach\-ahead\-of\-2024\-season/](https://bellinghambells.com/bells-name-bob-ralston-head-coach-ahead-of-2024-season/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
On February 17th, it was announced that the 2024 WCL All Star Game would be hosted by the Bells. This is the first time the Bells have hosted the All Star Game since 2015\.[https://bellinghambells.com/west\-coast\-league\-and\-bellingham\-bells\-announce\-return\-of\-all\-star\-game\-in\-summer\-2024/](https://bellinghambells.com/west-coast-league-and-bellingham-bells-announce-return-of-all-star-game-in-summer-2024/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
On July 9th, Josh Flaugher, Nate Kirkpatrick, Roman Martin, Jacob Meija, Conner Smith, and Tyler Van Dyke were selected to represent the Bells in the All Star Game.[https://westcoastleague.com/wcl\-all\-star\-game\-rosters\-announced/](https://westcoastleague.com/wcl-all-star-game-rosters-announced/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
On July 14th, Tyler Van Dyke (Stetson University) was named the league's pitcher of the week. Van Dyke threw for six innings and only allowed two base hits against the NightOwls the previous Friday.[https://westcoastleague.com/kane\-and\-van\-dyke\-receive\-wcls\-moss\-adams\-weekly\-accolades/](https://westcoastleague.com/kane-and-van-dyke-receive-wcls-moss-adams-weekly-accolades/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} That same day, former Bell Malcolm Moore was drafted by the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") in the first round.[https://westcoastleague.com/bazzana\-selected\-first\-overall\-in\-2024\-mlb\-draf/](https://westcoastleague.com/bazzana-selected-first-overall-in-2024-mlb-draf/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells failed to improve on their 35\-18 record from the previous season posting a 32\-22 record and finishing second in the north division 2\.5 games behind the AppleSox.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Nate Kirkpatrick (Virginia Commonwealth) finished with a .327 batting average and with 35 runs batted in. Jacob Mejia (Cal State San Bernardino) hit six home runs and was responsible for 40 runs batted in.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} The Bells were fourth in league attendance with 67,147 attending for an average of 2,487 fans per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
The Bells qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season as a wildcard. The Bells faced the Riverhawks in the North Divisional Series winning in two games. The Bells travelled to Wenatchee to face the AppleSox in the North Division Championship Game losing in a 0\-1 shutout.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33877](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33877) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Pitcher Lathan Haywood (Edmonds Community College) threw for an ERA of 0\.000 and picked up the win in his one appearance in the playoffs while pitcher Nic Pederson (UC Santa Barbara) earned seven strikeouts.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\=145\&seasonid\=33877](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33877)
On September 19th, Ralston stepped down for personal reasons.[https://bellinghambells.com/bellingham\-bells\-announce\-departure\-of\-head\-coach\-bob\-ralston/](https://bellinghambells.com/bellingham-bells-announce-departure-of-head-coach-bob-ralston/) Five days later, the team announced that former AppleSox coach Ed Knaggs had taken the helm for the 2025 season. Knaggs coached the AppleSox from 2001 to 2014 and also had two stints as assistant coach for the Corvallis Knights. Knaggs won six championships with Wenatchee and four with Corvallis. The Bells also announced that Jim Clem would be returning as the team's pitching coach.[https://bellinghambells.com/bells\-hire\-new\-head\-coach\-and\-pitching\-coach\-for\-2025/](https://bellinghambells.com/bells-hire-new-head-coach-and-pitching-coach-for-2025/)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### The Original Bellingham Bells",
"The Bells take their name from the original Bellingham Bells who played at Battersby Field off and on from the 1930s to 1988\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/770448847/ \\|work\\=The Bellingham Herald \\|location\\=(Washington) \\|last\\=Jorgensen \\|first\\=Eric \\|title\\=Bellingham Bells fold after long successful, run\\|date\\=June 20, 1989 \\|page\\=17}} The original Bells came to prominence under the leadership of Joe Martin (the namesake of the ballpark of the current incarnation of the Bells), who helped lead the Bells to 20 [National Baseball Congress](/wiki/National_Baseball_Congress \"National Baseball Congress\") Washington State titles and multiple top five finishes at the NBC World Series during the height of their semi\\-pro prominence from 1946 to 1972, when the [Bellingham Dodgers](/wiki/Bellingham_Dodgers \"Bellingham Dodgers\") brought minor league baseball to Bellingham.{{cite news\\|last\\=Carver\\|first\\=Jack\\|newspaper\\=The Whatcom Museum\\|title\\=Close Play at First, May 8, 1949\\|date\\=17 April 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.whatcommuseum.org/archives\\-sports\\-photos\\-through\\-years/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2022}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/769564639/ \\|work\\=The Bellingham Herald \\|location\\=(Washington) \\|last\\=Sherwood \\|first\\=Kent \\|title\\=Inner\\-view with Joe Martin\\|date\\=March 25, 1976 \\|page\\=9}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/537198394/ \\|work\\=The Bellingham Herald \\|location\\=(Washington) \\|last\\=Lindsley \\|first\\=Wallie \\|title\\=Schulmerich was favorite of old Chinook fans\\|date\\=July 29, 1973 \\|page\\=34}} The original Bells played in [leagues](/wiki/Western_Baseball_Association_%281967%E2%80%9372%29 \"Western Baseball Association (1967–72)\") with the [Alaska Goldpanners](/wiki/Alaska_Goldpanners \"Alaska Goldpanners\"), [Humboldt Crabs](/wiki/Humboldt_Crabs \"Humboldt Crabs\"), [Grand Junction Eagles](/wiki/Grand_Junction_Eagles \"Grand Junction Eagles\"), [Anchorage Glacier Pilots](/wiki/Anchorage_Glacier_Pilots \"Anchorage Glacier Pilots\"), and Wichita Service Auto Glass.",
"### 1999",
"Seeking to put a team together to compete in the Pacific International League, former Skagit Valley College Head Coach, Rob Crawford chose to pay homage to the baseball heroes of the past and name the team the Bells. Wanting to create a \"minor league feel', George Daniels (an Attorney from Philadelphia) joined forces with Crawford to bring a team into the PIL. The PIL was a member of the National Baseball Congress (NBC). the 1999 Bells started the season with a surprising 19 wins in a row and eventually went on to win the 11\\-team PIL and participated in the NBC World Series held in Wichita. The Bells of 1999 heralded local players from Bellingham, Skagit as well as a few players from across the US. Kevin Richardson (Bellingham High School) won MVP honors and set a PIL record for homeruns (19\\). Sehome Standouts, Ben Demond, Paul Lockhart, Adam Kim, Josh Turell were among local players who made the historic run for the Bells in 1999\\.",
"### 2010",
"The Bells improved on their 22\\-26 record from the previous season posting a 25\\-22 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Pitcher and Infielder Ben Ruff finished tied for third in the league with three home runs hit. Pitcher Cody Fassold finished second with 55 strikeouts and tied for third with a 1\\.75 ERA. Pitcher James Wise finished tied for second with five wins.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 11,488 fans attended the Bells' 23 home games for an average of 499\\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=150](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=150) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### 2011",
"The Bells failed to improve on their 25\\-22 record from the previous season posting a 21\\-32 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Adrian Sampson threw 71 strikeouts and finished with an ERA of 1\\.71\\. Andrew Pulido was second in the league with an ERA of 1\\.57\\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Andy Fortuna finished with a perfect batting average of 1\\.000 in the one non league game the Bells played.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=2366](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=2366) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 16,556 total fans attended for an average of 613 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=500](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=500) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells failed to make the postseason for the sixth straight year. This was the first season under head coach Gary Hatch.",
"### 2012",
"The Bells improved on their 21\\-32 record from the previous season posting a 32\\-22 record and finishing second in the east division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Infielder Johnny Farrington finished the regular season with 28 runs batted in.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 26,073 fans attended games for an average of 1,043 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11467](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11467) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells finished with an undefeated 2\\-0 record in non\\-league play.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Michael Leach finished with a batting average of .571 while Grant Fink batted in four runs. Randy Button picked up one win.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 2,125 fans attended the two non\\-league games for an average of 1,063\\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=11468](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=11468) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells made the postseason for the first time since 2005 but fell to the eventual champion AppleSox in three games.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Kai Hatch lead the league with a batting average of .500 with Joe Winterburn finishing with one home run and a batting average of .400\\. Adam Gunn finished on the mound with an ERA of 0\\.000 in the Bells' one win in the postseason.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 811 total fans attended the Bells one home playoff game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=18276](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=18276) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### 2013",
"The Bells failed to improve on their 32\\-22 record from previous season posting a 27\\-27 record and finishing third in the north division.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=22900](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=22900) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Third Baseman Alex Calbick (University of Maine Orono) lead the league with a .384 batting average and also finished five home runs. Pitchers Nate Cole (Abilene Christian University) and Andrew Olson (Seattle University) finished with ERA's of 1\\.63 and 1\\.84 respectively.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=22900](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=22900) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 30,641 fans attended league games for an average of 1,135 per game.",
"The Bells finished in non\\-league play with a perfect 3\\-0 record with pitcher John Albert finishing with one win and pitcher Chris VanDyke finishing with a perfect ERA of 0\\.000\\.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} 3,870 fans attended the Bells' three non\\-league games for an average of 1,290 per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=24209](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=24209) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells were unable to qualify for the postseason.",
"### 2014",
"The Bellingham Bells became the 4th team in WCL history to win a championship, going 37\\-17 for the season. David Bigelow set a WCL record for most games played, with 29 games in the season. As a whole team, the Bells had 20 saves on the season setting the record for the most saves by any team in WCL history. Their 0\\.202 opponents' batting average as a team tied the record set by the 2005 Aloha Knights. Bellingham saw 47,307 fans in the seats at Joe Martin Field in just 32 home games, with an average of 1,478 people per night.",
"### 2015",
"Following the WCL Championship Season, the Bells were looking to defend their title. Though they went 33\\-21 on the season, they were unable to make it back to the playoffs. The highlight of the season though was the 2015 WCL All\\-Star Game, hosted by the Bells at Joe Martin Field. The Bells were able to represent themselves at the game by having six players in the All\\-Star Game. These players include Justin Calomeni (now with the Colorado Rockies organization), Andrew Kemmerer, Bronson Larsen, Andrew Reichenbach, Dustin Breshears, and Aaron Stroosma. The Bells finished the 2015 season fourth in attendance, with 34,435 attendees to Joe Martin Field.",
"### 2016",
"The Bells made it back to the WCL Championship Series after going 32\\-22 in the regular season. The North Division Champs faced the Corvallis Knights of the South Division for the title in a hard\\-fought three\\-game series. Even though the Knights ended up winning the title (2 games to 1\\), the Bells still had a very successful season overall. Shane Hanon ([Marshall University](/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd \"Marshall Thundering Herd\")) was crowned WCL Batting Champ, finishing the season with a .331 batting average. The Bells also had one of their standout pitchers from the 2015 and 2016 season, Spencer Howard, drafted 45th overall in the 2016 MLB Draft to the Philadelphia Phillies and is \\#20 on their Top 30 prospect list.",
"### 2017",
"Despite falling one game short of the playoffs in 2017 after going 31\\-23 on the season, the fight for the post season provided a variety of very dramatic endings. Kyle Stowers ([Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal \"Stanford Cardinal\")) provided two occasions where he was responsible for the walk\\-off hit to win the game. A non\\-league game ended in a Home Run Derby tie\\-breaker after extra innings, including an exciting finish and game\\-winning dinger by Chase Illig ([West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers \"West Virginia Mountaineers\")). Illig also was awarded Player of the Week mid\\-season, set the record for most home runs during the WCL season at 15 and was awarded WCL Player of the Year Honors. Hometown kid, and 2019 [5th round draft pick](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_draft \"Major League Baseball draft\") Austin Shenton, was the WCL Batting Champ, finishing the season with a .409 batting average.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/draft/tracker\\|title\\=MLB Draft Tracker\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-29}} The attendance at Bells games also grew in 2017, finishing third in overall attendance, 36,569, which averages to 1,407 fans per game.",
"### 2018",
"The Bells dominated the WCL north in 2018 going 35\\-19 and winning both the first and second half titles for their division. The Bells had many stand out performers on their squad, including [Matt McLain](/wiki/Matt_McLain \"Matt McLain\") ([UCLA](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball \"UCLA Bruins baseball\")) who was named the WCL top prospect as an incoming freshman.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/history/\\|title\\=History – West Coast League\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-29}} The Bells were well represented in the WCL All Star Game with Justin Armbruester ([PLU](/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_University \"Pacific Lutheran University\")) being the winning pitcher, Taylor Davis ([Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_University \"Gonzaga University\")), Bellingham local Ernie Yake (Gonzaga), and team homerun leader Matt James ([Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish\")) all representing the team. The team also boasted 3 1st team (Ernie Yake SS, Nick Nastrini SP (UCLA), and Theron Kay RP ([Cal\\-State Northridge](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Northridge \"California State University, Northridge\")), and 3 2nd team All WCL players (Zach Needham 1B ([Lewis\\-Clark State](/wiki/Lewis%E2%80%93Clark_State_College \"Lewis–Clark State College\")), Taylor Davis RP, and Justin Armbruester SP). The first round of the playoffs featured a matchup between the Bells and the Kelowna Falcons, where the Bells were defeated in the deciding third game of the series. There was a large spike in attendance as the Bells saw a rise in popularity in 2018, with 51,635 fans making it to 35 for an average crowd of 1,475, good for third in the WCL.",
"### 2019",
"The 2019 season proved to be an up and down campaign for the team. The Bells came within one game of winning the first half WCL north crown to put them in the playoffs, losing a heartbreaker to WCL North champion Victoria in the final game of the first half. The team's first half performance produced 5 all stars with Guthrie Morrison OF ([Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_baseball \"Gonzaga Bulldogs baseball\")), Jack Machtolf OF (Gonzaga), Troy Viola 3B ([San Jose St](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_baseball \"San Jose State Spartans baseball\")), Jimmy Chatfield RP ([Yale](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs \"Yale Bulldogs\")), and Nick Proctor SP ([Cal \\- Berkeley](/wiki/California_Golden_Bears \"California Golden Bears\")) all representing the squad. Troy was also invited to participate in the home run derby and ended up leading the team with 8 homers on the year. The second half saw many new faces on a Bells squad that fought hard, but in the end was not able to make the WCL playoffs. Nick Proctor was a member the All WCL first team, while Jimmy Chatfield was named to the All WCL second team. The community in Bellingham rallied around the Bells, packing Joe Martin with 50,344 fans in 28 games for an average of almost 1,800 fans a game.",
"### 2020",
"The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic.",
"### 2021",
"The Bells introduced new branding prior to the start of the season. The color scheme was updated with Northwest Green being removed.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://ketchup\\-and\\-mustard.com/bells/ \\| title\\=Bellingham Bells Brand Update }}",
"The West Coast League and Bells returned for the 2021 season after [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") shut down the league the previous season. The Bells finished second in the North Division with a 24–24 record.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://pointstreak.com/baseball/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=32634 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- standings }} The Bells made it back to the postseason but fell in the division series to the Pippins 1\\-2\\. {{cite web \\| url\\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33195 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- schedule }} The Bells finished third in league attendance with 51,248 total tickets sold for an average of 1,464 fans per game.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://pointstreak.com/baseball/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=32634 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- attendance }}",
"### 2022",
"The 2022 Bells finished first in the WCL North division with 33 wins and 20 losses.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33339 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- standings }} Pitcher and \"Bell of the Year\" Trevin Hope led the league with an ERA of 2\\.64 while Ryan Beitel threw a 3\\.57 ERA and won five games on the mound.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33339 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- leaders }} The Bells saw 62,979 total fans for an average of 1,968 per game, third overall in the league.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33339 \\| title\\=West Coast League \\- attendance }}",
"The Bells swept the HarbourCats in the divisional series and defeated the AppleSox in the division championship game 5\\-2 to make the championship for the first time since 2016\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/bells\\-and\\-knights\\-to\\-meet\\-in\\-wcl\\-championship\\-game/ \\| title\\=Bells and Knights to Meet Monday in WCL Championship Game \\| date\\=14 August 2022 }} The Bells were shut out by the Corvallis Knights 0\\-5 in the championship.",
"After the season, Hope was named WCL Pitcher of the Year.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://bellinghambells.com/trevin\\-hope\\-named\\-wcl\\-pitcher\\-of\\-the\\-year/ \\| title\\=Trevin Hope Named WCL Pitcher of the Year }} Christopher Campos who played for the Bells in the first half of the season was drafted by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://smcgaels.com/news/2022/7/18/baseball\\-base\\-campos\\-selected\\-in\\-7th\\-round\\-by\\-home\\-town\\-dodgers.aspx \\| title\\=BASE \\| Campos Selected in 7th Round by Home\\-Town Dodgers \\| date\\=18 July 2022 }} Former Bell Seth Martinez won the World Series that fall as part of the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\").",
"### 2023",
"On August 25, 2022, former Bells coach Jim Clem was announced as the team manager for the 2023 season.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://bellinghambells.com/jim\\-clem\\-named\\-head\\-coach\\-for\\-2023\\-season/ \\| title\\=Jim Clem Named Head Coach for 2023 Season }}",
"Former Bell [Matt McLain](/wiki/Matt_McLain \"Matt McLain\") made his debut for the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") on May 15\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/mclain\\-set\\-for\\-mlb\\-debut/\\|title\\=McLain Set for MLB Debut\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=King\\|date\\=May 15, 2023}}",
"On June 19, Jack Erdman was honored by the league as one of the two selected players of the week. Erdman was on the mound for five innings against the Kelowna Falcons allowing no runs, ten strikeouts, and only two base hits.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/amundson\\-and\\-erdman\\-earn\\-wcls\\-moss\\-adams\\-weekly\\-honors/ \\| title\\=Amundson and Erdman Earn WCL's Moss Adams Weekly Honors \\| date\\=19 June 2023 }}",
"On July 6th, the Bells clinched their second consecutive north division first half championship and third consecutive playoff berth following their 7\\-5 comeback win against the NorthPaws.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/bells\\-secure\\-postseason\\-bid\\-second\\-half\\-race\\-starts/\\|title\\=Bells Secure Postseason Bid, Second\\-Half Race Starts\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=King\\|date\\=July 7, 2023}}",
"Four former Bells were selected in the 2023 MLB Draft. The Detroit Tigers drafted 2021 Bell of the Year Bennett Lee while the Houston Astros drafted Joey Dixon. Will Simpson and Diego Barrera were picked up by the Oakland Athletics. Will McGillis who went undrafted signed with the Los Angeles Angels.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://westcoastleague.com/40\\-wcl\\-alumni\\-selected\\-in\\-2023\\-mlb\\-draft/\\|title\\=40 WCL Alumni Selected in 2023 MLB Draft\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=King\\|date\\=July 11, 2023}}",
"The Bells improved on their 32\\-20 record from the previous season finishing 35\\-18, but they struggled in the second half and finished third in the North after winning the First Half with the league's best 20–7 record.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Ryan Beitel finished with five wins on the mound while Daniel Paret threw 43 strikeouts.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} The Bells saw 58,220 total fans for an average of 2,156 per game.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33635](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33635) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells swept the Falcons in the division series but fell on the road against the HarbourCats 6\\-7 after leading 5\\-0\\. Coleman Schmidt and Daryl Ruiz each hit one home run while Andrew Valdez brought in four runs. Sheldon Egger and Ryan Beitel finished the postseason with one win on the mound. Beitel also threw seven strikeouts and finished with an ERA of 0\\.00 alongside Trevor Moore.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33782](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33782) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Despite only hosting one home playoff game (game 2 of the division series), the Bells finished third in attendance for the playoffs with 2,612 total fans attending.[http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33782](http://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33782) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### 2024",
"On September 21st, 2023, the team announced Jim Clem would retire from his role as head coach after twelve seasons with the team [https://bellinghambells.com/jim\\-clem\\-retires\\-after\\-12\\-seasons\\-with\\-bells/](https://bellinghambells.com/jim-clem-retires-after-12-seasons-with-bells/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Bob Ralston was announced as the new manager on October 19th.[https://bellinghambells.com/bells\\-name\\-bob\\-ralston\\-head\\-coach\\-ahead\\-of\\-2024\\-season/](https://bellinghambells.com/bells-name-bob-ralston-head-coach-ahead-of-2024-season/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"On February 17th, it was announced that the 2024 WCL All Star Game would be hosted by the Bells. This is the first time the Bells have hosted the All Star Game since 2015\\.[https://bellinghambells.com/west\\-coast\\-league\\-and\\-bellingham\\-bells\\-announce\\-return\\-of\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-in\\-summer\\-2024/](https://bellinghambells.com/west-coast-league-and-bellingham-bells-announce-return-of-all-star-game-in-summer-2024/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"On July 9th, Josh Flaugher, Nate Kirkpatrick, Roman Martin, Jacob Meija, Conner Smith, and Tyler Van Dyke were selected to represent the Bells in the All Star Game.[https://westcoastleague.com/wcl\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-rosters\\-announced/](https://westcoastleague.com/wcl-all-star-game-rosters-announced/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"On July 14th, Tyler Van Dyke (Stetson University) was named the league's pitcher of the week. Van Dyke threw for six innings and only allowed two base hits against the NightOwls the previous Friday.[https://westcoastleague.com/kane\\-and\\-van\\-dyke\\-receive\\-wcls\\-moss\\-adams\\-weekly\\-accolades/](https://westcoastleague.com/kane-and-van-dyke-receive-wcls-moss-adams-weekly-accolades/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} That same day, former Bell Malcolm Moore was drafted by the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") in the first round.[https://westcoastleague.com/bazzana\\-selected\\-first\\-overall\\-in\\-2024\\-mlb\\-draf/](https://westcoastleague.com/bazzana-selected-first-overall-in-2024-mlb-draf/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells failed to improve on their 35\\-18 record from the previous season posting a 32\\-22 record and finishing second in the north division 2\\.5 games behind the AppleSox.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/standings.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Nate Kirkpatrick (Virginia Commonwealth) finished with a .327 batting average and with 35 runs batted in. Jacob Mejia (Cal State San Bernardino) hit six home runs and was responsible for 40 runs batted in.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} The Bells were fourth in league attendance with 67,147 attending for an average of 2,487 fans per game.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33874](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33874) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The Bells qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season as a wildcard. The Bells faced the Riverhawks in the North Divisional Series winning in two games. The Bells travelled to Wenatchee to face the AppleSox in the North Division Championship Game losing in a 0\\-1 shutout.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33877](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/schedule.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33877) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} Pitcher Lathan Haywood (Edmonds Community College) threw for an ERA of 0\\.000 and picked up the win in his one appearance in the playoffs while pitcher Nic Pederson (UC Santa Barbara) earned seven strikeouts.[https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid\\=145\\&seasonid\\=33877](https://baseball.pointstreak.com/leaders.html?leagueid=145&seasonid=33877)",
"On September 19th, Ralston stepped down for personal reasons.[https://bellinghambells.com/bellingham\\-bells\\-announce\\-departure\\-of\\-head\\-coach\\-bob\\-ralston/](https://bellinghambells.com/bellingham-bells-announce-departure-of-head-coach-bob-ralston/) Five days later, the team announced that former AppleSox coach Ed Knaggs had taken the helm for the 2025 season. Knaggs coached the AppleSox from 2001 to 2014 and also had two stints as assistant coach for the Corvallis Knights. Knaggs won six championships with Wenatchee and four with Corvallis. The Bells also announced that Jim Clem would be returning as the team's pitching coach.[https://bellinghambells.com/bells\\-hire\\-new\\-head\\-coach\\-and\\-pitching\\-coach\\-for\\-2025/](https://bellinghambells.com/bells-hire-new-head-coach-and-pitching-coach-for-2025/)",
""
] |
Scientific results
------------------
Images showed Halley's nucleus to be a dark peanut\-shaped body, 15 km long, 7 km to 10 km wide. Only 10% of the surface was active, with at least three outgassing jets seen on the sunlit side. Analysis showed the comet formed 4\.5 billion years ago from volatiles (mainly ice) that had condensed onto interstellar dust particles. It had remained practically unaltered since its formation.
Measured volume of material ejected by Halley:
* 80% [water](/wiki/Water "Water"),
* 10% [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide")
* 2\.5% a mix of [methane](/wiki/Methane "Methane") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia").
* other [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon"), [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron"), and [sodium](/wiki/Sodium "Sodium") were detected in trace amounts.
*Giotto* found Halley's nucleus was dark, which suggested a thick covering of dust.{{cite web\|title\=ESA Science \& Technology: Halley \|publisher\=\[\[ESA]] \|url\=http://sci.esa.int/science\-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid\=31878 \|date\=10 March 2006 \|access\-date\=22 February 2009}}
The nucleus's surface was rough and of a porous quality, with the density of the whole nucleus as low as 0\.3 g/cm3. Sagdeev's team estimated a density of
0\.6 g/cm3,{{Cite journal\|title\=Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?\|volume\= 331\|issue\= 6153\|pages\= 240\|author\= RZ Sagdeev\|author2\= PE Elyasberg\|author3\= VI Moroz\|journal\=Nature\|bibcode\=1988Natur.331\..240S\|year\=1988\|doi\= 10\.1038/331240a0\|s2cid\= 4335780}} but S. J. Peale warned that all estimates had error bars too large to be informative.{{cite journal \|title\=On the density of Halley's comet \|author\=S. J. Peale \|journal\=\[\[Icarus (journal)\|Icarus]] \|volume\=82 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=36–49 \|date \= November 1989\|doi\=10\.1016/0019\-1035(89\)90021\-3 \|bibcode\=1989Icar...82\...36P}}
The quantity of material ejected was found to be three tonnes per second{{cite journal \|title\=Dust density and mass distribution near comet Halley from Giotto observations \|author\=J. A. M. McDonnell \|display\-authors\=etal \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=321 \|issue\=6067s \|pages\=338–341 \|date\=15 May 1986 \|doi\=10\.1038/321338a0 \|bibcode \= 1986Natur.321\..338M \|s2cid\=122092751 }} for seven jets, and these caused the comet to wobble over long time periods.
The dust ejected was mostly only the size of cigarette smoke particles, with [masses ranging from](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28mass%29 "Orders of magnitude (mass)") 10 ag to 0\.4 g. (See [Orders of magnitude (mass)](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28mass%29 "Orders of magnitude (mass)").) The mass of the particle that impacted *Giotto* and sent it spinning was not measured, but from its effects—it also probably broke off a piece of *Giotto*—the mass has been estimated to lie between 0\.1 g and 1 g.
Two kinds of dust were seen: one with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen; the other with calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon and sodium.
The ratio of abundances of the comet's light elements excluding nitrogen (i.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) were the same as the Sun's. The implication is that the constituents of Halley are among the most primitive in the Solar System.
The plasma and ion mass spectrometer instruments showed Halley has a carbon\-rich surface.
### Spacecraft achievements
* *Giotto* made the closest approach to Halley's Comet and provided the best data for this comet.
* *Giotto* was the first spacecraft:
* to provide detailed pictures of a cometary nucleus.
* to make a close flyby of two comets. Young and active comet [Halley](/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet "Halley's Comet") could be compared to old comet [Grigg–Skjellerup](/wiki/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup "Grigg–Skjellerup").
* to return from interplanetary space and perform an Earth swing\-by.
* to be re\-activated from hibernation mode.
* to use Earth for a gravity assist.
|
[
"Scientific results\n------------------",
"Images showed Halley's nucleus to be a dark peanut\\-shaped body, 15 km long, 7 km to 10 km wide. Only 10% of the surface was active, with at least three outgassing jets seen on the sunlit side. Analysis showed the comet formed 4\\.5 billion years ago from volatiles (mainly ice) that had condensed onto interstellar dust particles. It had remained practically unaltered since its formation.",
"Measured volume of material ejected by Halley:",
"* 80% [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\"),\n* 10% [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide \"Carbon monoxide\")\n* 2\\.5% a mix of [methane](/wiki/Methane \"Methane\") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\").\n* other [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon \"Hydrocarbon\"), [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\"), and [sodium](/wiki/Sodium \"Sodium\") were detected in trace amounts.",
"*Giotto* found Halley's nucleus was dark, which suggested a thick covering of dust.{{cite web\\|title\\=ESA Science \\& Technology: Halley \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESA]] \\|url\\=http://sci.esa.int/science\\-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid\\=31878 \\|date\\=10 March 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2009}}",
"The nucleus's surface was rough and of a porous quality, with the density of the whole nucleus as low as 0\\.3 g/cm3. Sagdeev's team estimated a density of\n0\\.6 g/cm3,{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?\\|volume\\= 331\\|issue\\= 6153\\|pages\\= 240\\|author\\= RZ Sagdeev\\|author2\\= PE Elyasberg\\|author3\\= VI Moroz\\|journal\\=Nature\\|bibcode\\=1988Natur.331\\..240S\\|year\\=1988\\|doi\\= 10\\.1038/331240a0\\|s2cid\\= 4335780}} but S. J. Peale warned that all estimates had error bars too large to be informative.{{cite journal \\|title\\=On the density of Halley's comet \\|author\\=S. J. Peale \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Icarus (journal)\\|Icarus]] \\|volume\\=82 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=36–49 \\|date \\= November 1989\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0019\\-1035(89\\)90021\\-3 \\|bibcode\\=1989Icar...82\\...36P}}",
"The quantity of material ejected was found to be three tonnes per second{{cite journal \\|title\\=Dust density and mass distribution near comet Halley from Giotto observations \\|author\\=J. A. M. McDonnell \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=321 \\|issue\\=6067s \\|pages\\=338–341 \\|date\\=15 May 1986 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/321338a0 \\|bibcode \\= 1986Natur.321\\..338M \\|s2cid\\=122092751 }} for seven jets, and these caused the comet to wobble over long time periods.",
"The dust ejected was mostly only the size of cigarette smoke particles, with [masses ranging from](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28mass%29 \"Orders of magnitude (mass)\") 10 ag to 0\\.4 g. (See [Orders of magnitude (mass)](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28mass%29 \"Orders of magnitude (mass)\").) The mass of the particle that impacted *Giotto* and sent it spinning was not measured, but from its effects—it also probably broke off a piece of *Giotto*—the mass has been estimated to lie between 0\\.1 g and 1 g.",
"Two kinds of dust were seen: one with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen; the other with calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon and sodium.",
"The ratio of abundances of the comet's light elements excluding nitrogen (i.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) were the same as the Sun's. The implication is that the constituents of Halley are among the most primitive in the Solar System.",
"The plasma and ion mass spectrometer instruments showed Halley has a carbon\\-rich surface.",
"### Spacecraft achievements",
"* *Giotto* made the closest approach to Halley's Comet and provided the best data for this comet.\n* *Giotto* was the first spacecraft:",
"* to provide detailed pictures of a cometary nucleus.\n* to make a close flyby of two comets. Young and active comet [Halley](/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet \"Halley's Comet\") could be compared to old comet [Grigg–Skjellerup](/wiki/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup \"Grigg–Skjellerup\").\n* to return from interplanetary space and perform an Earth swing\\-by.\n* to be re\\-activated from hibernation mode.\n* to use Earth for a gravity assist."
] |
Plot
----
Bugs Bunny emerges from his burrow, begins to clear snow and avows his affinity for winter festivities, thereby diverging from the traditional rabbit archetype associated with Easter. Concurrently, Daffy Duck, embodying an Ebenezer Scrooge\-esque persona, narrowly avoids colliding with Bugs in his gas\-guzzling SUV, emblematic of his role as proprietor of the expansive Lucky Duck Superstore. Consistent with his Scrooge\-like disposition, Daffy's disdainful treatment of his employees underscores his contemptuous demeanor.
Despite admonishments from Bugs regarding his mistreatment of employees, Daffy remains obstinate, endeavoring to appropriate charitable funds collected by Priscilla Pig, Egghead Jr., Henery Hawk, and Barnyard Dawg Jr. Yet, Daffy's hubris is met with comical comeuppance, as he grapples with technical mishaps and incurs the ire of both employees and patrons alike.
Subsequent to coercing his employees into labor on Christmas Eve, Daffy adamantly expects their return at dawn on Christmas Day to cater to last\-minute shoppers, callously disregarding their familial obligations.
That evening, there is a spectral appearance of Sylvester the Investor (reminiscent of Jacob Marley), who imparts dire warnings to Daffy, juxtaposing his own fate as punishment for greed with the prospect of redemption. Despite initial skepticism, Daffy is confronted by the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future, each compelling him to confront the consequences of his actions and fostering a gradual transformation from callousness to empathy.
Ultimately, Daffy's epiphany culminates in acts of contrition, including the promotion of Porky to store manager and granting his employees' requests for vacation time and familial reunions. His redemptive journey and thorough metamorphosis is symbolized by Priscilla's heartfelt gesture of familial affection, signaling Daffy's embrace of compassion and kinship.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Bugs Bunny emerges from his burrow, begins to clear snow and avows his affinity for winter festivities, thereby diverging from the traditional rabbit archetype associated with Easter. Concurrently, Daffy Duck, embodying an Ebenezer Scrooge\\-esque persona, narrowly avoids colliding with Bugs in his gas\\-guzzling SUV, emblematic of his role as proprietor of the expansive Lucky Duck Superstore. Consistent with his Scrooge\\-like disposition, Daffy's disdainful treatment of his employees underscores his contemptuous demeanor.",
"Despite admonishments from Bugs regarding his mistreatment of employees, Daffy remains obstinate, endeavoring to appropriate charitable funds collected by Priscilla Pig, Egghead Jr., Henery Hawk, and Barnyard Dawg Jr. Yet, Daffy's hubris is met with comical comeuppance, as he grapples with technical mishaps and incurs the ire of both employees and patrons alike.",
"Subsequent to coercing his employees into labor on Christmas Eve, Daffy adamantly expects their return at dawn on Christmas Day to cater to last\\-minute shoppers, callously disregarding their familial obligations.",
"That evening, there is a spectral appearance of Sylvester the Investor (reminiscent of Jacob Marley), who imparts dire warnings to Daffy, juxtaposing his own fate as punishment for greed with the prospect of redemption. Despite initial skepticism, Daffy is confronted by the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future, each compelling him to confront the consequences of his actions and fostering a gradual transformation from callousness to empathy.",
"Ultimately, Daffy's epiphany culminates in acts of contrition, including the promotion of Porky to store manager and granting his employees' requests for vacation time and familial reunions. His redemptive journey and thorough metamorphosis is symbolized by Priscilla's heartfelt gesture of familial affection, signaling Daffy's embrace of compassion and kinship.",
""
] |
Main characters
---------------
### Natsumi Tsujimoto
{{Infobox animanga character
\| name \= Natsumi Tsujimoto
\| series \= \[\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\|You're Under Arrest]]
\| image \=
\| image\_size \=
\| caption \= Natsumi Tsujimoto
\| first \= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1
\| creator \= \[\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]
\| voice \= '''Japanese'''
\[\[Sakiko Tamagawa]]
'''English'''
Tamara Burnham Mercer
\| lbl1 \= Portrayed by
\| data1 \= \[\[Misaki Ito]]
\| occupation \= \[\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer
\| home \= \[\[Okayama Prefecture]]
\| nationality \= Japanese
\| alias \= \[\[Home run\|Home\-Run]] WomanCommon nickname by Strikeman.
\| relatives \= Kazuhiro Tsujimoto (Father)
Hiromi Tsujimoto (Mother)
}}
The voice of {{nihongo\|Natsumi Tsujimoto\|辻本 夏実\|Tsujimoto Natsumi}} was provided by [Sakiko Tamagawa](/wiki/Sakiko_Tamagawa "Sakiko Tamagawa") and her English voice by Tamara Burnham Mercer. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action") version, she was portrayed by actress [Misaki Ito](/wiki/Misaki_Ito "Misaki Ito").
#### Fictional biography
Natsumi is an officer stationed at the fictional Bokuto Station in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo")'s [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo "Sumida, Tokyo"). She is very outgoing as well as very laid back. She often demonstrates superhuman strength second only to [Shoji Tokairin](/wiki/List_of_You%27re_Under_Arrest_characters%23Shoji_Tokairin "List of You're Under Arrest characters#Shoji Tokairin") and is a motorcycle enthusiast, capable of high\-risk maneuvers on both bikes and mopeds. Natsumi has a prodigious appetite for food and alcohol, and has been known to show up at work with a hangover. She is also a chronic late sleeper. Despite having many bad habits, she is a very capable police officer and does her job seriously when needed. She keeps a mini\-moped, a [Honda Motocompo](/wiki/Honda_Motocompo "Honda Motocompo") (JR\-2\) in Miyuki's Honda Today squad car and uses it when a flanking strategy is required. It is prominently labeled "NATSUMI" (in the [Nihon\-shiki](/wiki/Nihon-shiki "Nihon-shiki") transliteration system) before her first day at Bokuto in the beginning of the first [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime"), later re\-coloured and re\-labeled "POLICE" in the later appearances and on the Bandai Model kit of the Honda Today. When off\-duty, she operates a Yamaha RZV motorbike until it is damaged beyond repair during later part of the first season. She is subsequently tricked into buying a [Subaru R\-2](/wiki/Subaru_R-2 "Subaru R-2"), which is in a near\-non\-functioning state. This car is then thoroughly renovated and heavily modified by Miyuki into a patrol car. She uses the wrecked motorbike's engine, modifying the car to make its operation follow closely to that of a motorbike. In the manga version, this car operates with double engines.
Natsumi is also familiar with judo and kendo, being able to defeat her opponents during training sessions. Her strength and her familiarity with hand\-to\-hand combat complement Miyuki's brilliant mind in creating devices or modifying known vehicles very well, making her and Miyuki famous throughout Bokuto Station. She is also the only person in this series able to consistently defeat Strikeman's fastballs and is called [Home\-Run](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") Girl by Strikeman for this very reason.
#### History
According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 "You're Under Arrest! (manga)")* series, Natsumi was born on August 12, 1975\. Not much information is revealed in the story, though she had lived in [Asakusa](/wiki/Asakusa "Asakusa") before enrolling in the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and became classmates with [Miyuki Kobayakawa](/wiki/Miyuki_Kobayakawa "Miyuki Kobayakawa") before being dispatched elsewhere in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area "Greater Tokyo Area").Provided by [Natsumi Tsujimoto fan\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=91) Retrieved on December 9, 2007
The two eventually met by accident when Natsumi was late for work during her first day on duty with the Bokuto Station. She was partnered with Miyuki for a number of years. But for a short time, Natsumi was scouted by [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") Headquarters to be part of a prototype female motorbike unit before declining an invitation to train further with them.See Episode 4, OVA: On the road, AGAIN. She was known to be infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou of the Traffic Division before meeting Shoji Tokairin, who became her rival and love interest.In the manga, Tokairin doesn't exist and instead, Natsumi was infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou. In the drama version, her love interest was Detective Shunsuke Okabayashi. Natsumi and Miyuki, later on in the series, broke the back of a car smuggling syndicate that operated by stealing luxury vehicles, leading to the group's disbanding. Due to her actions, Assistant Kaoruko Kinoshita moved her to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") with Miyuki as part of her specialized training program in enhancing officer's skills related to police work.In the movie, it is revealed by Natsumi after her first day back in Bokuto Station that she was deployed in the MPD's Traffic Bureau. During the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), she and Miyuki proved themselves as law enforcers when they apprehended renegade police officer Tadashi Emoto as he tried to commit suicide by trying to jump from the top floors of the [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower "Tokyo Tower"). She was also sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") with Miyuki as part of a foreign officer exchange program with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department").As depicted in the "No Mercy" OVA special.
At the end of the series, Natsumi is recruited to serve in the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team") and was an operative stationed with the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") branch. Her partnership with Miyuki and subsequent transfer to the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team") had then ended nearly on bad terms, almost destroying their friendship until coming to terms with reality.See Season 2, Episode 22: A Dissolution of Partnership!?. She was replaced in Bokuto Station by Saori Saga, an ex\-student who she and Miyuki saved during her police officer days before Saori was dispatched to the said station.See Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way.
She had been temporarily been at Bokuto againSee Season 2, Episode 25: The Bridge Built For Tomorrow before being transferred out to be trained under the [JGSDF's](/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force "Japan Ground Self-Defense Force") [Ranger Platoon](/wiki/Western_Army_Infantry_Regiment "Western Army Infantry Regiment") before being reassigned again to Bokuto Station, serving as Miyuki's partner again after Saori had left Bokuto to be relocated in another station.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.
#### Reception
A character that is parodied after Natsumi is shown in the first episode of *[Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu](/wiki/Full_Metal_Panic%3F_Fumoffu "Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu")*. She is depicted as a wild policewoman who chases the two main character in a police car. Though, in *YUA*, Miyuki is the car driver of the duo, not Natsumi.
### Miyuki Kobayakawa
{{Infobox animanga character
\| name \= Miyuki Kobayakawa
\| series \= \[\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\|You're Under Arrest]]
\| image \= Miyuki Kobayakawa.jpg
\| image\_size \= 200px
\| caption \= Miyuki Kobayakawa
\| first \= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1
\| creator \= \[\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]
\| voice \= '''Japanese'''
\[\[Akiko Hiramatsu]]
'''English'''
\[\[Juliet Cesario]]
Jo Ann Luzzatto (OVA)
'''Filipino'''
Kathyin Masilungan
'''Spanish'''
Susana Damas; Alicia Laorden (OVA)
Rosario Zamora (Latin America)
'''French'''
Laurence Sacquet, Marie\-Madeleine Le Doze\-Burguet (OVA), Brigitte Aubry (film)
'''Italian'''
Emanuela Amato
\| lbl1 \= Portrayed by
\| data1 \= \[\[Sachie Hara]]
\| occupation \= \[\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer
\| home \= \[\[Okayama Prefecture]]
\| nationality \= Japanese
}}
The voice of {{nihongo\|Miyuki Kobayakawa\|小早川 美幸\|Kobayakawa Miyuki}} was provided by [Akiko Hiramatsu](/wiki/Akiko_Hiramatsu "Akiko Hiramatsu") (Japanese), and Jo Ann Luzzatto (English; OVA) \& [Juliet Cesario](/wiki/Juliet_Cesario "Juliet Cesario") (English; onward) (Filipino) Kathyin Masilungan. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action") version, she was portrayed by actress [Sachie Hara](/wiki/Sachie_Hara "Sachie Hara").
#### Fictional biography
Miyuki is Natsumi's partner and roommate. Miyuki is not as physically challenging as Natsumi, but she is much more thoughtful and more polite. A technical genius, Miyuki frequently performs custom vehicle modifications for various people at the precinct and is an expert with computers. Miyuki is a superb driver, almost as daring as Natsumi, and very difficult to shake in a pursuit. She is also punctual, shy, and diligent – in contrast, Natsumi is tardy, bold, and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a [Honda Today](/wiki/Honda_Today "Honda Today"), is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with Today's [545 cc EH engine](/wiki/Honda_E_engine%23EH "Honda E engine#EH"), Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC "DOHC"). Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later [656 cc MTREC engine](/wiki/Honda_E07A_engine%23E07A "Honda E07A engine#E07A") (although still having a yellow number plate for K\-cars), also with twin cams, a [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger "Turbocharger"), an intercooler, and [nitrous oxide boost](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"). She also has a blue [Toyota Sports 800](/wiki/Toyota_Sports_800 "Toyota Sports 800") as her car.
Unlike Natsumi's infatuation towards the chief (Kachou) of Traffic Division, Miyuki admires and respects him because of his dedication in working with the division. During situations where force was the only solution, Miyuki uses airsoft guns with paintball bullets in order to incapacitate or to leave a homing beacon on the opponents. Her love interest happens to be with the "White Hawk" Ken Nakajima but has initial difficulty in telling him until the end of the series.See Season 2, Episode 26: A Hot Spring, A Yukata, A Confession. Her feelings for Ken were driven to the point when she pointed an air gun on Natsumi's head when she joked that she would have to marry Ken in the future.See Season 1, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.
Miyuki is fearful of anything that cannot be explained by science, such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal"), [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural") or anything that was similar to science fiction. She is also afraid of reptiles.See Full Throttle, Episode 3: Bokuto Station Snake Panic.
Her character design was also used as the template for a goddess whom the characters prayed to in a four panel gag strip added to a version of *YUA* who eventually became [Belldandy](/wiki/Belldandy "Belldandy") when the strip proved popular and was developed into *[Oh! My Goddess](/wiki/Oh%21_My_Goddess "Oh! My Goddess")*.[You're Under Arrest TV Series FAQ](http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325092102/http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php \|date\=2006\-03\-25}}. Retrieved on March 16, 2007\.
#### History
According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 "You're Under Arrest! (manga)")* series, Miyuki was born on April 7, 1976\. She had previously lived in the [Okayama Prefecture](/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture "Okayama Prefecture") before moving to the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area "Greater Tokyo Area") and entered the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and was classmates with [Natsumi Tsujimoto](/wiki/Natsumi_Tsujimoto "Natsumi Tsujimoto") before being transferred to Bokuto Station. She resides currently in [Kōtō, Tokyo](/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo "Kōtō, Tokyo") alongside Natsumi.Provided by [Miyuki Kobayakawa fan\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=83) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724002730/http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page\_id\=83 \|date\=2011\-07\-24 }} Retrieved on December 9, 2007
When she was trying to pick up Natsumi, she met with her instead by luck when seeing her breaking some of traffic violation rules (to the point that her driving license can be suspended) but she knew at once that she's Natsumi, her partner to be. Eventually catching up with her, Miyuki made a first impression with her and after Natsumi's transfer to Bokuto Station was complete, Miyuki and Natsumi became partners in the station's Traffic Division. The two became famous with Miyuki's brains and Natsumi's fists in solving various cases involving either themselves or with their colleagues. Miyuki was the other half of the duo responsible for ground breaking work in dismantling a mysterious car smuggling syndicate operation in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), resulting in her subsequent transfer to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department")'s Criminal Investigation BureauThe *You're Under Arrest* movie states that it is the Criminal Affairs Division. It's unknown whether this is a mistake or is intentionally done. under its Scientific Investigations Laboratory. The Lab invited her to permanently transfer to the department, but she refused the offer.
In the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go (蜂一号) crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), Miyuki's expertise in computers and in electronics have managed to gain breakwork during initial investigations over the mysterious power outages in the [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo "Sumida, Tokyo"), but was not able to secure any details regarding them. Nearing the end of the movie, she and Natsumi apprehend renegade officer Tadashi Emoto after wounding Kachou as a means of "proving" that he acted alone throughout the crisis. Miyuki was sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") with Natsumi as part of a foreign police officer exchange program for a short time with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department").As depicted in the "No Mercy" OVA special.
Nearing the end of the series, Miyuki nearly broke her friendship with Natsumi after learning that the latter was being recruited into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team"). The two patched up their differences when Miyuki told Natsumi that she wasn't open enough for her to accept Natsumi's recruitment into the SAT**Miyuki**: "Time really passes by fast. From becoming a policewoman, to partners with Natsumi at Bokuto Station. It seems like it just happened yesterday." (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) since the two had acted like real friends, even like sisters when Miyuki explained that Natsumi's SAT recruitment happened so fast without her realizing it all along, which forced her to shield herself from seeing reality as it was.**Miyuki**: "But time is really passing by. Saori\-chan has grown up. But I was the only one that didn't open up. I didn't even know how I felt. I got furious when Natsumi said it. I don't want to be dumped like that. I have to go on." (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) Miyuki also renewed her "friendship" with Nakajima, further opening their relationship to other possibilities.
Her partner is Saori Saga, who took over Natsumi's position after she was permanently stationed in the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") branch as part of her duties as an SAT operativeSee Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way. before being transferred to the United States to conduct forensic training.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.
#### Reception
Miyuki was among the Top 10 Most Popular Female Characters in the August 2001 issue of *[Newtype](/wiki/Newtype "Newtype")* magazine.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001\-08\-12/newtype\-top\-10\-anime\|title\=Newtype top 10 Anime\|accessdate\=2009\-10\-12\|publisher\=\[\[Anime News Network]]\|date\=2001\-08\-12}}
### Ken Nakajima
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Bin Shimada]]\|Marc Matney}}
{{nihongo\|Ken Nakajima\|中嶋 剣\|Nakajima Ken}} is a motorcycle patrol officer stationed in Bokuto Precinct who is such a gifted rider that he might have a successful racing career if he wanted it. Ken is strong, tough and handsome but at the same time, was terribly shy. He and Miyuki share strong feelings for each other, but have difficulties expressing them. He is the only son of Daimaru Nakajima (who manages a motorbike shop called ZAPPER) and the stepson of his teenaged stepmom Sena Wakabayashi. Details on his mother were not revealed, but it is known that his father became a widower before the OVA and first season series started.Not much further details are known beyond this. His peers call him "White Hawk" for his skills as a motorbike officer in chasing down various offenders. His family was from the [Mie Prefecture](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture "Mie Prefecture").
Ken, through the anime and live action versions, uses various motorbikes in and out of police work. He uses a [Suzuki GSX\-R750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750 "Suzuki GSX-R750") fitted with sirens and horns meant for police use in the TV series and a [Kawasaki ZX\-9R](/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-9R "Kawasaki ZX-9R") in the movie . He used a [Kawasaki KLE\-500](/wiki/Kawasaki_KLE500 "Kawasaki KLE500") when he tried to chase down a high\-speeding offender in the OVA. When off\-duty, he uses a [Yamaha V\-Max](/wiki/Yamaha_V-Max "Yamaha V-Max"). The only exception is in the drama version when Ken is seen using a Honda motorbike.
He is portrayed in the live action by actor [Kazushige Nagashima](/wiki/Kazushige_Nagashima "Kazushige Nagashima").
### Yoriko Nikaidou
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Etsuko Kozakura]]\|Pamela Weidner}}
{{nihongo\|Yoriko Nikaidou\|二階堂 頼子\|Nikaidō Yoriko}} is a dispatcher at Bokuto Station who later becomes a patrol officer and partner of Aoi Futaba. She is an incorrigible gossip who pokes her nose into everything that happens at the precinct. Unfortunately, she frequently misinterprets things she sees and hears about, resulting in embarrassment and complications. She keeps an especially close eye on Miyuki and Ken. Yoriko also enjoys heckling her colleagues, especially when she talks about anything [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural") or [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal").
She is also clumsy in anything she does but always can somehow cover the trouble created with her luck, which made her the top in class during her years in the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy "Metropolitan Police Department Academy") and earned the ire of her classmate Chie Sagamiono, who had aspired to become valedictorian back in their academy days.See 1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko. She is also insecure about her job for a short period of time when she saved an elementary student from [Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza "Yakuza") thugs.See Full Throttle, Episode 9: Yoriko Nikaido's Age.
She is portrayed in the live action by actress Otoha.
{{Clear}}
### Aoi Futaba
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Rica Matsumoto]]\|\[\[Amy Tipton]]}}
{{nihongo\|Aoi Futaba\|葵 双葉\|Futaba Aoi}} is a [transgender woman](/wiki/Transgender_woman "Transgender woman") officer who joins Bokuto Station in the first season. The Japanese version explains that she came from the Anti\-[Chikan](/wiki/Chikan_%28body_contact%29 "Chikan (body contact)") Unit. Chikan refers to men who molest women. Aoi "went native" and now is more feminine in appearance and personality than most of the other female officers. In *Second Season*. Her colleagues treat her as a woman, although they speculate on her romantic preferences. In a story where actor Mr. Kitakoji proposes to her, she turns him down and wears men's clothes for the only time in the series. In another episode, she gets involved in an [Internet romance](/wiki/Internet_romance "Internet romance") and is torn about meeting this man and revealing her secret. Prior to entering the force, Aoi played golf and attracted many female admirers. In the anime, Aoi played basketball. In the *Full Throttle* episode "Aoi\-chan Becomes a Man!?", Aoi meets her ex\-superior Udamura Kumanosuke who had headed the sting operation.{{cite episode \| title\=Aoi\-chan Becomes a Man!? \| series\=You're Under Arrest: Full Throttle \| series\-link\=List\_of\_You%27re\_Under\_Arrest\_episodes\#You.27re\_Under\_Arrest:\_Full\_Throttle \| number\=6}}
### Saori Saga
*Voiced by*: [Sakura Tange](/wiki/Sakura_Tange "Sakura Tange") (Japanese)/[Mayumi Iizuka](/wiki/Mayumi_Iizuka "Mayumi Iizuka") (2nd Season) (Japanese), Megan Hancock (English)
{{nihongo\|Saori Saga\|佐賀 沙織\|Saga Saori}} is introduced as a high school student who had trouble with the law during the first series. After reforming herself, Saori graduated from high school and studied in the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy "Metropolitan Police Department Academy") since she admired Natsumi and Miyuki for their hard work in the force and was assigned to Bokuto Station's Traffic Division. On her first day, she got into trouble with them after trying to make a big impression by making the Traffic Division office neat (unwittingly getting rid of many personal belongings from others while she is at it). In the first few days of work, she scorned her colleagues and superior for being lax in their duties in the office and constantly reminds them of their responsibilities as police officers,**Saori**: "We police officers, carrying the burden of justice, have no time to be infatuated with things like [Go\-kon](/wiki/Go-kon "Go-kon") or love!!" (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 2: Goukon Victory Equation) even though Natsumi and Miyuki advised her to relax a bit since she was taking police work too personal.**Natsumi**: "Going to [Go\-kon](/wiki/Go-kon "Go-kon") is fine. Even police officers are human. Just one or two lovers doesn't matter."
**Saori**: "No way. My lover is my work."
**Miyuki**: "Oh dear."
**Natsumi**: "Newbies always say that." (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 2: Goukon Victory Equation) As time went on, Saori had learned to accept them and became fast friends with her Bokuto station co\-workers, especially with Natsumi and Miyuki.
When she noticed that Miyuki wanted to break up her partnership with Natsumi, Saori was the only persistent one in convincing her to amend their ties since she couldn't bear to see her get depressed over Natsumi's supposed selection into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team"). She is Miyuki's new partner before being transferred to a different station.,See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue. which was Johoku Station as a cyber crimes division officer.See Full Throttle, Episode 18: Beach Run.
She is portrayed in the live action by actress Miho Yoshioka.
### Kaori Takano
{{anchor\|Kaori Takano}}
*Voiced by*: [Haruka Tomatsu](/wiki/Haruka_Tomatsu "Haruka Tomatsu") Season 3 Full Throttle
{{nihongo\|'''Kaori Takano'''\|高野 香織\|Takano Kaori}} She Debute in the Final Season 3 Full Throttle Episode 24 (わたしたちの居る場所 Watashi\-tachi no Iru Basho) Where we Stand. Bokuto station's newest recruits Rookie Police Officer, who are teamed up with Sakura Fujieda, a fellow recruit. She is taken on an introductory journey through the city (courtesy of Miyuki Kobayakawa \& Natsumi Tsujimoto.) so that she and Sakura Fujieda can familiarize themselves with the tasks expected of them as police officers.
First impressions portray Kaori as a fairly straightforward girl who isn't afraid to voice her concerns clearly, though she is as uncertain about her abilities as a police officer as Sakura, at least at first.
### Fujieda Sakura
{{anchor\|Sakura Fujieda}}
*Voice by*: [Kana Hanazawa](/wiki/Kana_Hanazawa "Kana Hanazawa") Season 3 Full Throttle
{{nihongo\|'''Fujieda Sakura'''\|藤枝 櫻\|Fujieda Sakura}} Also Same Debute in the Final Season 3 Full Throttle Episode 24 (わたしたちの居る場所 Watashi\-tachi no Iru Basho) Where we Stand. One of Bokuto station's newest recruits Rookie Police Officer, who, together with the other recruit; Kaori Takano, is taken on an introductory round in the city (courtesy of Miyuki Kobayakawa \& Natsumi Tsujimoto.) The two of them will most likely become partners.
First impressions indicate that Sakura is a generally gentle and quiet girl, but dependable enough in a situation of crisis, even when she's underestimating her own abilities.
### Chief
{{anchor\|Kachou}}
{{Anime voices\|Issei Masamune\|\[\[Dave Underwood]]}}
{{nihongo\|'''Kachou'''\|花蝶\|Kachō\|lit. "flower butterfly"}} is the head of the Bokuto Station's Traffic Control Department. His name is pronounced the same as the {{nihongo\|"chief"\|課長\|kachō}} position he holds, but the spelling is revealed in second season by his monk uncle (a.k.a. Fox). He is a stern, but fair leader who uses a relaxed touch to keep his team of misfit officers in line. Natsumi had a long\-standing crush on him before she met Toukairin.In the manga, this was the case until the last volume. Though he allows his subordinates to do as they normally please in the station, he reminds them of their priorities as police officers.
In the movie, he got in trouble with Superintendent Arizuka when he was linked to Emoto, who was suspected of starting the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go (Bee Number 1\) crisis in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area "Greater Tokyo Area"). First stripped off his command and thrown into a cell by Arizuka due to suspicion of coercing with Emoto, he eventually disclosed details regarding both Emoto and Project "Hachi\-Ichi\-Go", as well as the fact that Emoto severed connections with him as well. During the final confrontation in [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower "Tokyo Tower"), Emoto shot him in the leg, reinforcing the fact that he was not Emoto's accomplice.
He uses a [Honda NSX](/wiki/Honda_NSX "Honda NSX") as his personal car when doing police work in the OVA. In the rest of the series, He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend").
|
[
"Main characters\n---------------",
"### Natsumi Tsujimoto",
"{{Infobox animanga character\n\\| name \\= Natsumi Tsujimoto\n\\| series \\= \\[\\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\\|You're Under Arrest]]\n\\| image \\= \n\\| image\\_size \\= \n\\| caption \\= Natsumi Tsujimoto\n\\| first \\= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1\n\\| creator \\= \\[\\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]\n\\| voice \\= '''Japanese''' \n\\[\\[Sakiko Tamagawa]] \n'''English''' \nTamara Burnham Mercer\n\\| lbl1 \\= Portrayed by\n\\| data1 \\= \\[\\[Misaki Ito]]\n\\| occupation \\= \\[\\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer\n\\| home \\= \\[\\[Okayama Prefecture]] \n\\| nationality \\= Japanese\n\\| alias \\= \\[\\[Home run\\|Home\\-Run]] WomanCommon nickname by Strikeman.\n\\| relatives \\= Kazuhiro Tsujimoto (Father) \nHiromi Tsujimoto (Mother)\n}}\nThe voice of {{nihongo\\|Natsumi Tsujimoto\\|辻本 夏実\\|Tsujimoto Natsumi}} was provided by [Sakiko Tamagawa](/wiki/Sakiko_Tamagawa \"Sakiko Tamagawa\") and her English voice by Tamara Burnham Mercer. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\") version, she was portrayed by actress [Misaki Ito](/wiki/Misaki_Ito \"Misaki Ito\").",
"#### Fictional biography",
"Natsumi is an officer stationed at the fictional Bokuto Station in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\")'s [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo \"Sumida, Tokyo\"). She is very outgoing as well as very laid back. She often demonstrates superhuman strength second only to [Shoji Tokairin](/wiki/List_of_You%27re_Under_Arrest_characters%23Shoji_Tokairin \"List of You're Under Arrest characters#Shoji Tokairin\") and is a motorcycle enthusiast, capable of high\\-risk maneuvers on both bikes and mopeds. Natsumi has a prodigious appetite for food and alcohol, and has been known to show up at work with a hangover. She is also a chronic late sleeper. Despite having many bad habits, she is a very capable police officer and does her job seriously when needed. She keeps a mini\\-moped, a [Honda Motocompo](/wiki/Honda_Motocompo \"Honda Motocompo\") (JR\\-2\\) in Miyuki's Honda Today squad car and uses it when a flanking strategy is required. It is prominently labeled \"NATSUMI\" (in the [Nihon\\-shiki](/wiki/Nihon-shiki \"Nihon-shiki\") transliteration system) before her first day at Bokuto in the beginning of the first [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\"), later re\\-coloured and re\\-labeled \"POLICE\" in the later appearances and on the Bandai Model kit of the Honda Today. When off\\-duty, she operates a Yamaha RZV motorbike until it is damaged beyond repair during later part of the first season. She is subsequently tricked into buying a [Subaru R\\-2](/wiki/Subaru_R-2 \"Subaru R-2\"), which is in a near\\-non\\-functioning state. This car is then thoroughly renovated and heavily modified by Miyuki into a patrol car. She uses the wrecked motorbike's engine, modifying the car to make its operation follow closely to that of a motorbike. In the manga version, this car operates with double engines.",
"Natsumi is also familiar with judo and kendo, being able to defeat her opponents during training sessions. Her strength and her familiarity with hand\\-to\\-hand combat complement Miyuki's brilliant mind in creating devices or modifying known vehicles very well, making her and Miyuki famous throughout Bokuto Station. She is also the only person in this series able to consistently defeat Strikeman's fastballs and is called [Home\\-Run](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") Girl by Strikeman for this very reason.",
"#### History",
"According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 \"You're Under Arrest! (manga)\")* series, Natsumi was born on August 12, 1975\\. Not much information is revealed in the story, though she had lived in [Asakusa](/wiki/Asakusa \"Asakusa\") before enrolling in the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and became classmates with [Miyuki Kobayakawa](/wiki/Miyuki_Kobayakawa \"Miyuki Kobayakawa\") before being dispatched elsewhere in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area \"Greater Tokyo Area\").Provided by [Natsumi Tsujimoto fan\\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=91) Retrieved on December 9, 2007",
"The two eventually met by accident when Natsumi was late for work during her first day on duty with the Bokuto Station. She was partnered with Miyuki for a number of years. But for a short time, Natsumi was scouted by [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") Headquarters to be part of a prototype female motorbike unit before declining an invitation to train further with them.See Episode 4, OVA: On the road, AGAIN. She was known to be infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou of the Traffic Division before meeting Shoji Tokairin, who became her rival and love interest.In the manga, Tokairin doesn't exist and instead, Natsumi was infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou. In the drama version, her love interest was Detective Shunsuke Okabayashi. Natsumi and Miyuki, later on in the series, broke the back of a car smuggling syndicate that operated by stealing luxury vehicles, leading to the group's disbanding. Due to her actions, Assistant Kaoruko Kinoshita moved her to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") with Miyuki as part of her specialized training program in enhancing officer's skills related to police work.In the movie, it is revealed by Natsumi after her first day back in Bokuto Station that she was deployed in the MPD's Traffic Bureau. During the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), she and Miyuki proved themselves as law enforcers when they apprehended renegade police officer Tadashi Emoto as he tried to commit suicide by trying to jump from the top floors of the [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower \"Tokyo Tower\"). She was also sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") with Miyuki as part of a foreign officer exchange program with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\").As depicted in the \"No Mercy\" OVA special.",
"At the end of the series, Natsumi is recruited to serve in the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\") and was an operative stationed with the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") branch. Her partnership with Miyuki and subsequent transfer to the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\") had then ended nearly on bad terms, almost destroying their friendship until coming to terms with reality.See Season 2, Episode 22: A Dissolution of Partnership!?. She was replaced in Bokuto Station by Saori Saga, an ex\\-student who she and Miyuki saved during her police officer days before Saori was dispatched to the said station.See Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way.",
"She had been temporarily been at Bokuto againSee Season 2, Episode 25: The Bridge Built For Tomorrow before being transferred out to be trained under the [JGSDF's](/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force \"Japan Ground Self-Defense Force\") [Ranger Platoon](/wiki/Western_Army_Infantry_Regiment \"Western Army Infantry Regiment\") before being reassigned again to Bokuto Station, serving as Miyuki's partner again after Saori had left Bokuto to be relocated in another station.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.",
"#### Reception",
"A character that is parodied after Natsumi is shown in the first episode of *[Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu](/wiki/Full_Metal_Panic%3F_Fumoffu \"Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu\")*. She is depicted as a wild policewoman who chases the two main character in a police car. Though, in *YUA*, Miyuki is the car driver of the duo, not Natsumi.",
"### Miyuki Kobayakawa",
"{{Infobox animanga character\n\\| name \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa\n\\| series \\= \\[\\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\\|You're Under Arrest]]\n\\| image \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa.jpg\n\\| image\\_size \\= 200px\n\\| caption \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa\n\\| first \\= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1\n\\| creator \\= \\[\\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]\n\\| voice \\= '''Japanese''' \n\\[\\[Akiko Hiramatsu]] \n'''English''' \n\\[\\[Juliet Cesario]] \nJo Ann Luzzatto (OVA) \n'''Filipino''' \nKathyin Masilungan \n'''Spanish''' \nSusana Damas; Alicia Laorden (OVA) \nRosario Zamora (Latin America) \n'''French''' \nLaurence Sacquet, Marie\\-Madeleine Le Doze\\-Burguet (OVA), Brigitte Aubry (film) \n'''Italian''' \nEmanuela Amato\n\\| lbl1 \\= Portrayed by\n\\| data1 \\= \\[\\[Sachie Hara]]\n\\| occupation \\= \\[\\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer\n\\| home \\= \\[\\[Okayama Prefecture]] \n\\| nationality \\= Japanese\n}}\nThe voice of {{nihongo\\|Miyuki Kobayakawa\\|小早川 美幸\\|Kobayakawa Miyuki}} was provided by [Akiko Hiramatsu](/wiki/Akiko_Hiramatsu \"Akiko Hiramatsu\") (Japanese), and Jo Ann Luzzatto (English; OVA) \\& [Juliet Cesario](/wiki/Juliet_Cesario \"Juliet Cesario\") (English; onward) (Filipino) Kathyin Masilungan. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\") version, she was portrayed by actress [Sachie Hara](/wiki/Sachie_Hara \"Sachie Hara\").",
"#### Fictional biography",
"Miyuki is Natsumi's partner and roommate. Miyuki is not as physically challenging as Natsumi, but she is much more thoughtful and more polite. A technical genius, Miyuki frequently performs custom vehicle modifications for various people at the precinct and is an expert with computers. Miyuki is a superb driver, almost as daring as Natsumi, and very difficult to shake in a pursuit. She is also punctual, shy, and diligent – in contrast, Natsumi is tardy, bold, and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a [Honda Today](/wiki/Honda_Today \"Honda Today\"), is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with Today's [545 cc EH engine](/wiki/Honda_E_engine%23EH \"Honda E engine#EH\"), Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC \"DOHC\"). Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later [656 cc MTREC engine](/wiki/Honda_E07A_engine%23E07A \"Honda E07A engine#E07A\") (although still having a yellow number plate for K\\-cars), also with twin cams, a [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger \"Turbocharger\"), an intercooler, and [nitrous oxide boost](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"). She also has a blue [Toyota Sports 800](/wiki/Toyota_Sports_800 \"Toyota Sports 800\") as her car.",
"Unlike Natsumi's infatuation towards the chief (Kachou) of Traffic Division, Miyuki admires and respects him because of his dedication in working with the division. During situations where force was the only solution, Miyuki uses airsoft guns with paintball bullets in order to incapacitate or to leave a homing beacon on the opponents. Her love interest happens to be with the \"White Hawk\" Ken Nakajima but has initial difficulty in telling him until the end of the series.See Season 2, Episode 26: A Hot Spring, A Yukata, A Confession. Her feelings for Ken were driven to the point when she pointed an air gun on Natsumi's head when she joked that she would have to marry Ken in the future.See Season 1, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.",
"Miyuki is fearful of anything that cannot be explained by science, such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal \"Paranormal\"), [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural \"Supernatural\") or anything that was similar to science fiction. She is also afraid of reptiles.See Full Throttle, Episode 3: Bokuto Station Snake Panic.",
"Her character design was also used as the template for a goddess whom the characters prayed to in a four panel gag strip added to a version of *YUA* who eventually became [Belldandy](/wiki/Belldandy \"Belldandy\") when the strip proved popular and was developed into *[Oh! My Goddess](/wiki/Oh%21_My_Goddess \"Oh! My Goddess\")*.[You're Under Arrest TV Series FAQ](http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325092102/http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php \\|date\\=2006\\-03\\-25}}. Retrieved on March 16, 2007\\.",
"#### History",
"According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 \"You're Under Arrest! (manga)\")* series, Miyuki was born on April 7, 1976\\. She had previously lived in the [Okayama Prefecture](/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture \"Okayama Prefecture\") before moving to the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area \"Greater Tokyo Area\") and entered the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and was classmates with [Natsumi Tsujimoto](/wiki/Natsumi_Tsujimoto \"Natsumi Tsujimoto\") before being transferred to Bokuto Station. She resides currently in [Kōtō, Tokyo](/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo \"Kōtō, Tokyo\") alongside Natsumi.Provided by [Miyuki Kobayakawa fan\\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=83) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724002730/http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page\\_id\\=83 \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-24 }} Retrieved on December 9, 2007",
"When she was trying to pick up Natsumi, she met with her instead by luck when seeing her breaking some of traffic violation rules (to the point that her driving license can be suspended) but she knew at once that she's Natsumi, her partner to be. Eventually catching up with her, Miyuki made a first impression with her and after Natsumi's transfer to Bokuto Station was complete, Miyuki and Natsumi became partners in the station's Traffic Division. The two became famous with Miyuki's brains and Natsumi's fists in solving various cases involving either themselves or with their colleagues. Miyuki was the other half of the duo responsible for ground breaking work in dismantling a mysterious car smuggling syndicate operation in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), resulting in her subsequent transfer to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\")'s Criminal Investigation BureauThe *You're Under Arrest* movie states that it is the Criminal Affairs Division. It's unknown whether this is a mistake or is intentionally done. under its Scientific Investigations Laboratory. The Lab invited her to permanently transfer to the department, but she refused the offer.",
"In the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go (蜂一号) crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), Miyuki's expertise in computers and in electronics have managed to gain breakwork during initial investigations over the mysterious power outages in the [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo \"Sumida, Tokyo\"), but was not able to secure any details regarding them. Nearing the end of the movie, she and Natsumi apprehend renegade officer Tadashi Emoto after wounding Kachou as a means of \"proving\" that he acted alone throughout the crisis. Miyuki was sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") with Natsumi as part of a foreign police officer exchange program for a short time with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\").As depicted in the \"No Mercy\" OVA special.",
"Nearing the end of the series, Miyuki nearly broke her friendship with Natsumi after learning that the latter was being recruited into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\"). The two patched up their differences when Miyuki told Natsumi that she wasn't open enough for her to accept Natsumi's recruitment into the SAT**Miyuki**: \"Time really passes by fast. From becoming a policewoman, to partners with Natsumi at Bokuto Station. It seems like it just happened yesterday.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) since the two had acted like real friends, even like sisters when Miyuki explained that Natsumi's SAT recruitment happened so fast without her realizing it all along, which forced her to shield herself from seeing reality as it was.**Miyuki**: \"But time is really passing by. Saori\\-chan has grown up. But I was the only one that didn't open up. I didn't even know how I felt. I got furious when Natsumi said it. I don't want to be dumped like that. I have to go on.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) Miyuki also renewed her \"friendship\" with Nakajima, further opening their relationship to other possibilities.",
"Her partner is Saori Saga, who took over Natsumi's position after she was permanently stationed in the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") branch as part of her duties as an SAT operativeSee Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way. before being transferred to the United States to conduct forensic training.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.",
"#### Reception",
"Miyuki was among the Top 10 Most Popular Female Characters in the August 2001 issue of *[Newtype](/wiki/Newtype \"Newtype\")* magazine.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001\\-08\\-12/newtype\\-top\\-10\\-anime\\|title\\=Newtype top 10 Anime\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-10\\-12\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anime News Network]]\\|date\\=2001\\-08\\-12}}",
"### Ken Nakajima",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Bin Shimada]]\\|Marc Matney}}\n{{nihongo\\|Ken Nakajima\\|中嶋 剣\\|Nakajima Ken}} is a motorcycle patrol officer stationed in Bokuto Precinct who is such a gifted rider that he might have a successful racing career if he wanted it. Ken is strong, tough and handsome but at the same time, was terribly shy. He and Miyuki share strong feelings for each other, but have difficulties expressing them. He is the only son of Daimaru Nakajima (who manages a motorbike shop called ZAPPER) and the stepson of his teenaged stepmom Sena Wakabayashi. Details on his mother were not revealed, but it is known that his father became a widower before the OVA and first season series started.Not much further details are known beyond this. His peers call him \"White Hawk\" for his skills as a motorbike officer in chasing down various offenders. His family was from the [Mie Prefecture](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture \"Mie Prefecture\").",
"Ken, through the anime and live action versions, uses various motorbikes in and out of police work. He uses a [Suzuki GSX\\-R750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750 \"Suzuki GSX-R750\") fitted with sirens and horns meant for police use in the TV series and a [Kawasaki ZX\\-9R](/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-9R \"Kawasaki ZX-9R\") in the movie . He used a [Kawasaki KLE\\-500](/wiki/Kawasaki_KLE500 \"Kawasaki KLE500\") when he tried to chase down a high\\-speeding offender in the OVA. When off\\-duty, he uses a [Yamaha V\\-Max](/wiki/Yamaha_V-Max \"Yamaha V-Max\"). The only exception is in the drama version when Ken is seen using a Honda motorbike.",
"He is portrayed in the live action by actor [Kazushige Nagashima](/wiki/Kazushige_Nagashima \"Kazushige Nagashima\").",
"### Yoriko Nikaidou",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Etsuko Kozakura]]\\|Pamela Weidner}}\n{{nihongo\\|Yoriko Nikaidou\\|二階堂 頼子\\|Nikaidō Yoriko}} is a dispatcher at Bokuto Station who later becomes a patrol officer and partner of Aoi Futaba. She is an incorrigible gossip who pokes her nose into everything that happens at the precinct. Unfortunately, she frequently misinterprets things she sees and hears about, resulting in embarrassment and complications. She keeps an especially close eye on Miyuki and Ken. Yoriko also enjoys heckling her colleagues, especially when she talks about anything [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural \"Supernatural\") or [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal \"Paranormal\").",
"She is also clumsy in anything she does but always can somehow cover the trouble created with her luck, which made her the top in class during her years in the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy \"Metropolitan Police Department Academy\") and earned the ire of her classmate Chie Sagamiono, who had aspired to become valedictorian back in their academy days.See 1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko. She is also insecure about her job for a short period of time when she saved an elementary student from [Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza \"Yakuza\") thugs.See Full Throttle, Episode 9: Yoriko Nikaido's Age.",
"She is portrayed in the live action by actress Otoha.\n{{Clear}}",
"### Aoi Futaba",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Rica Matsumoto]]\\|\\[\\[Amy Tipton]]}}",
"{{nihongo\\|Aoi Futaba\\|葵 双葉\\|Futaba Aoi}} is a [transgender woman](/wiki/Transgender_woman \"Transgender woman\") officer who joins Bokuto Station in the first season. The Japanese version explains that she came from the Anti\\-[Chikan](/wiki/Chikan_%28body_contact%29 \"Chikan (body contact)\") Unit. Chikan refers to men who molest women. Aoi \"went native\" and now is more feminine in appearance and personality than most of the other female officers. In *Second Season*. Her colleagues treat her as a woman, although they speculate on her romantic preferences. In a story where actor Mr. Kitakoji proposes to her, she turns him down and wears men's clothes for the only time in the series. In another episode, she gets involved in an [Internet romance](/wiki/Internet_romance \"Internet romance\") and is torn about meeting this man and revealing her secret. Prior to entering the force, Aoi played golf and attracted many female admirers. In the anime, Aoi played basketball. In the *Full Throttle* episode \"Aoi\\-chan Becomes a Man!?\", Aoi meets her ex\\-superior Udamura Kumanosuke who had headed the sting operation.{{cite episode \\| title\\=Aoi\\-chan Becomes a Man!? \\| series\\=You're Under Arrest: Full Throttle \\| series\\-link\\=List\\_of\\_You%27re\\_Under\\_Arrest\\_episodes\\#You.27re\\_Under\\_Arrest:\\_Full\\_Throttle \\| number\\=6}}",
"### Saori Saga",
"*Voiced by*: [Sakura Tange](/wiki/Sakura_Tange \"Sakura Tange\") (Japanese)/[Mayumi Iizuka](/wiki/Mayumi_Iizuka \"Mayumi Iizuka\") (2nd Season) (Japanese), Megan Hancock (English)\n{{nihongo\\|Saori Saga\\|佐賀 沙織\\|Saga Saori}} is introduced as a high school student who had trouble with the law during the first series. After reforming herself, Saori graduated from high school and studied in the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy \"Metropolitan Police Department Academy\") since she admired Natsumi and Miyuki for their hard work in the force and was assigned to Bokuto Station's Traffic Division. On her first day, she got into trouble with them after trying to make a big impression by making the Traffic Division office neat (unwittingly getting rid of many personal belongings from others while she is at it). In the first few days of work, she scorned her colleagues and superior for being lax in their duties in the office and constantly reminds them of their responsibilities as police officers,**Saori**: \"We police officers, carrying the burden of justice, have no time to be infatuated with things like [Go\\-kon](/wiki/Go-kon \"Go-kon\") or love!!\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 2: Goukon Victory Equation) even though Natsumi and Miyuki advised her to relax a bit since she was taking police work too personal.**Natsumi**: \"Going to [Go\\-kon](/wiki/Go-kon \"Go-kon\") is fine. Even police officers are human. Just one or two lovers doesn't matter.\" \n**Saori**: \"No way. My lover is my work.\" \n**Miyuki**: \"Oh dear.\" \n**Natsumi**: \"Newbies always say that.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 2: Goukon Victory Equation) As time went on, Saori had learned to accept them and became fast friends with her Bokuto station co\\-workers, especially with Natsumi and Miyuki.",
"When she noticed that Miyuki wanted to break up her partnership with Natsumi, Saori was the only persistent one in convincing her to amend their ties since she couldn't bear to see her get depressed over Natsumi's supposed selection into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\"). She is Miyuki's new partner before being transferred to a different station.,See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue. which was Johoku Station as a cyber crimes division officer.See Full Throttle, Episode 18: Beach Run.",
"She is portrayed in the live action by actress Miho Yoshioka.",
"### Kaori Takano",
"{{anchor\\|Kaori Takano}}\n*Voiced by*: [Haruka Tomatsu](/wiki/Haruka_Tomatsu \"Haruka Tomatsu\") Season 3 Full Throttle\n{{nihongo\\|'''Kaori Takano'''\\|高野 香織\\|Takano Kaori}} She Debute in the Final Season 3 Full Throttle Episode 24 (わたしたちの居る場所 Watashi\\-tachi no Iru Basho) Where we Stand. Bokuto station's newest recruits Rookie Police Officer, who are teamed up with Sakura Fujieda, a fellow recruit. She is taken on an introductory journey through the city (courtesy of Miyuki Kobayakawa \\& Natsumi Tsujimoto.) so that she and Sakura Fujieda can familiarize themselves with the tasks expected of them as police officers.",
"First impressions portray Kaori as a fairly straightforward girl who isn't afraid to voice her concerns clearly, though she is as uncertain about her abilities as a police officer as Sakura, at least at first.",
"### Fujieda Sakura",
"{{anchor\\|Sakura Fujieda}}\n*Voice by*: [Kana Hanazawa](/wiki/Kana_Hanazawa \"Kana Hanazawa\") Season 3 Full Throttle\n{{nihongo\\|'''Fujieda Sakura'''\\|藤枝 櫻\\|Fujieda Sakura}} Also Same Debute in the Final Season 3 Full Throttle Episode 24 (わたしたちの居る場所 Watashi\\-tachi no Iru Basho) Where we Stand. One of Bokuto station's newest recruits Rookie Police Officer, who, together with the other recruit; Kaori Takano, is taken on an introductory round in the city (courtesy of Miyuki Kobayakawa \\& Natsumi Tsujimoto.) The two of them will most likely become partners.\nFirst impressions indicate that Sakura is a generally gentle and quiet girl, but dependable enough in a situation of crisis, even when she's underestimating her own abilities.",
"### Chief",
"{{anchor\\|Kachou}}",
"{{Anime voices\\|Issei Masamune\\|\\[\\[Dave Underwood]]}}",
"{{nihongo\\|'''Kachou'''\\|花蝶\\|Kachō\\|lit. \"flower butterfly\"}} is the head of the Bokuto Station's Traffic Control Department. His name is pronounced the same as the {{nihongo\\|\"chief\"\\|課長\\|kachō}} position he holds, but the spelling is revealed in second season by his monk uncle (a.k.a. Fox). He is a stern, but fair leader who uses a relaxed touch to keep his team of misfit officers in line. Natsumi had a long\\-standing crush on him before she met Toukairin.In the manga, this was the case until the last volume. Though he allows his subordinates to do as they normally please in the station, he reminds them of their priorities as police officers.",
"In the movie, he got in trouble with Superintendent Arizuka when he was linked to Emoto, who was suspected of starting the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go (Bee Number 1\\) crisis in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area \"Greater Tokyo Area\"). First stripped off his command and thrown into a cell by Arizuka due to suspicion of coercing with Emoto, he eventually disclosed details regarding both Emoto and Project \"Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go\", as well as the fact that Emoto severed connections with him as well. During the final confrontation in [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower \"Tokyo Tower\"), Emoto shot him in the leg, reinforcing the fact that he was not Emoto's accomplice.",
"He uses a [Honda NSX](/wiki/Honda_NSX \"Honda NSX\") as his personal car when doing police work in the OVA. In the rest of the series, He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\").",
""
] |
### Natsumi Tsujimoto
{{Infobox animanga character
\| name \= Natsumi Tsujimoto
\| series \= \[\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\|You're Under Arrest]]
\| image \=
\| image\_size \=
\| caption \= Natsumi Tsujimoto
\| first \= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1
\| creator \= \[\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]
\| voice \= '''Japanese'''
\[\[Sakiko Tamagawa]]
'''English'''
Tamara Burnham Mercer
\| lbl1 \= Portrayed by
\| data1 \= \[\[Misaki Ito]]
\| occupation \= \[\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer
\| home \= \[\[Okayama Prefecture]]
\| nationality \= Japanese
\| alias \= \[\[Home run\|Home\-Run]] WomanCommon nickname by Strikeman.
\| relatives \= Kazuhiro Tsujimoto (Father)
Hiromi Tsujimoto (Mother)
}}
The voice of {{nihongo\|Natsumi Tsujimoto\|辻本 夏実\|Tsujimoto Natsumi}} was provided by [Sakiko Tamagawa](/wiki/Sakiko_Tamagawa "Sakiko Tamagawa") and her English voice by Tamara Burnham Mercer. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action") version, she was portrayed by actress [Misaki Ito](/wiki/Misaki_Ito "Misaki Ito").
#### Fictional biography
Natsumi is an officer stationed at the fictional Bokuto Station in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo")'s [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo "Sumida, Tokyo"). She is very outgoing as well as very laid back. She often demonstrates superhuman strength second only to [Shoji Tokairin](/wiki/List_of_You%27re_Under_Arrest_characters%23Shoji_Tokairin "List of You're Under Arrest characters#Shoji Tokairin") and is a motorcycle enthusiast, capable of high\-risk maneuvers on both bikes and mopeds. Natsumi has a prodigious appetite for food and alcohol, and has been known to show up at work with a hangover. She is also a chronic late sleeper. Despite having many bad habits, she is a very capable police officer and does her job seriously when needed. She keeps a mini\-moped, a [Honda Motocompo](/wiki/Honda_Motocompo "Honda Motocompo") (JR\-2\) in Miyuki's Honda Today squad car and uses it when a flanking strategy is required. It is prominently labeled "NATSUMI" (in the [Nihon\-shiki](/wiki/Nihon-shiki "Nihon-shiki") transliteration system) before her first day at Bokuto in the beginning of the first [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime"), later re\-coloured and re\-labeled "POLICE" in the later appearances and on the Bandai Model kit of the Honda Today. When off\-duty, she operates a Yamaha RZV motorbike until it is damaged beyond repair during later part of the first season. She is subsequently tricked into buying a [Subaru R\-2](/wiki/Subaru_R-2 "Subaru R-2"), which is in a near\-non\-functioning state. This car is then thoroughly renovated and heavily modified by Miyuki into a patrol car. She uses the wrecked motorbike's engine, modifying the car to make its operation follow closely to that of a motorbike. In the manga version, this car operates with double engines.
Natsumi is also familiar with judo and kendo, being able to defeat her opponents during training sessions. Her strength and her familiarity with hand\-to\-hand combat complement Miyuki's brilliant mind in creating devices or modifying known vehicles very well, making her and Miyuki famous throughout Bokuto Station. She is also the only person in this series able to consistently defeat Strikeman's fastballs and is called [Home\-Run](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") Girl by Strikeman for this very reason.
#### History
According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 "You're Under Arrest! (manga)")* series, Natsumi was born on August 12, 1975\. Not much information is revealed in the story, though she had lived in [Asakusa](/wiki/Asakusa "Asakusa") before enrolling in the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and became classmates with [Miyuki Kobayakawa](/wiki/Miyuki_Kobayakawa "Miyuki Kobayakawa") before being dispatched elsewhere in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area "Greater Tokyo Area").Provided by [Natsumi Tsujimoto fan\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=91) Retrieved on December 9, 2007
The two eventually met by accident when Natsumi was late for work during her first day on duty with the Bokuto Station. She was partnered with Miyuki for a number of years. But for a short time, Natsumi was scouted by [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") Headquarters to be part of a prototype female motorbike unit before declining an invitation to train further with them.See Episode 4, OVA: On the road, AGAIN. She was known to be infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou of the Traffic Division before meeting Shoji Tokairin, who became her rival and love interest.In the manga, Tokairin doesn't exist and instead, Natsumi was infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou. In the drama version, her love interest was Detective Shunsuke Okabayashi. Natsumi and Miyuki, later on in the series, broke the back of a car smuggling syndicate that operated by stealing luxury vehicles, leading to the group's disbanding. Due to her actions, Assistant Kaoruko Kinoshita moved her to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") with Miyuki as part of her specialized training program in enhancing officer's skills related to police work.In the movie, it is revealed by Natsumi after her first day back in Bokuto Station that she was deployed in the MPD's Traffic Bureau. During the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), she and Miyuki proved themselves as law enforcers when they apprehended renegade police officer Tadashi Emoto as he tried to commit suicide by trying to jump from the top floors of the [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower "Tokyo Tower"). She was also sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") with Miyuki as part of a foreign officer exchange program with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department").As depicted in the "No Mercy" OVA special.
At the end of the series, Natsumi is recruited to serve in the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team") and was an operative stationed with the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") branch. Her partnership with Miyuki and subsequent transfer to the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team") had then ended nearly on bad terms, almost destroying their friendship until coming to terms with reality.See Season 2, Episode 22: A Dissolution of Partnership!?. She was replaced in Bokuto Station by Saori Saga, an ex\-student who she and Miyuki saved during her police officer days before Saori was dispatched to the said station.See Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way.
She had been temporarily been at Bokuto againSee Season 2, Episode 25: The Bridge Built For Tomorrow before being transferred out to be trained under the [JGSDF's](/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force "Japan Ground Self-Defense Force") [Ranger Platoon](/wiki/Western_Army_Infantry_Regiment "Western Army Infantry Regiment") before being reassigned again to Bokuto Station, serving as Miyuki's partner again after Saori had left Bokuto to be relocated in another station.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.
#### Reception
A character that is parodied after Natsumi is shown in the first episode of *[Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu](/wiki/Full_Metal_Panic%3F_Fumoffu "Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu")*. She is depicted as a wild policewoman who chases the two main character in a police car. Though, in *YUA*, Miyuki is the car driver of the duo, not Natsumi.
|
[
"### Natsumi Tsujimoto",
"{{Infobox animanga character\n\\| name \\= Natsumi Tsujimoto\n\\| series \\= \\[\\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\\|You're Under Arrest]]\n\\| image \\= \n\\| image\\_size \\= \n\\| caption \\= Natsumi Tsujimoto\n\\| first \\= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1\n\\| creator \\= \\[\\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]\n\\| voice \\= '''Japanese''' \n\\[\\[Sakiko Tamagawa]] \n'''English''' \nTamara Burnham Mercer\n\\| lbl1 \\= Portrayed by\n\\| data1 \\= \\[\\[Misaki Ito]]\n\\| occupation \\= \\[\\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer\n\\| home \\= \\[\\[Okayama Prefecture]] \n\\| nationality \\= Japanese\n\\| alias \\= \\[\\[Home run\\|Home\\-Run]] WomanCommon nickname by Strikeman.\n\\| relatives \\= Kazuhiro Tsujimoto (Father) \nHiromi Tsujimoto (Mother)\n}}\nThe voice of {{nihongo\\|Natsumi Tsujimoto\\|辻本 夏実\\|Tsujimoto Natsumi}} was provided by [Sakiko Tamagawa](/wiki/Sakiko_Tamagawa \"Sakiko Tamagawa\") and her English voice by Tamara Burnham Mercer. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\") version, she was portrayed by actress [Misaki Ito](/wiki/Misaki_Ito \"Misaki Ito\").",
"#### Fictional biography",
"Natsumi is an officer stationed at the fictional Bokuto Station in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\")'s [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo \"Sumida, Tokyo\"). She is very outgoing as well as very laid back. She often demonstrates superhuman strength second only to [Shoji Tokairin](/wiki/List_of_You%27re_Under_Arrest_characters%23Shoji_Tokairin \"List of You're Under Arrest characters#Shoji Tokairin\") and is a motorcycle enthusiast, capable of high\\-risk maneuvers on both bikes and mopeds. Natsumi has a prodigious appetite for food and alcohol, and has been known to show up at work with a hangover. She is also a chronic late sleeper. Despite having many bad habits, she is a very capable police officer and does her job seriously when needed. She keeps a mini\\-moped, a [Honda Motocompo](/wiki/Honda_Motocompo \"Honda Motocompo\") (JR\\-2\\) in Miyuki's Honda Today squad car and uses it when a flanking strategy is required. It is prominently labeled \"NATSUMI\" (in the [Nihon\\-shiki](/wiki/Nihon-shiki \"Nihon-shiki\") transliteration system) before her first day at Bokuto in the beginning of the first [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\"), later re\\-coloured and re\\-labeled \"POLICE\" in the later appearances and on the Bandai Model kit of the Honda Today. When off\\-duty, she operates a Yamaha RZV motorbike until it is damaged beyond repair during later part of the first season. She is subsequently tricked into buying a [Subaru R\\-2](/wiki/Subaru_R-2 \"Subaru R-2\"), which is in a near\\-non\\-functioning state. This car is then thoroughly renovated and heavily modified by Miyuki into a patrol car. She uses the wrecked motorbike's engine, modifying the car to make its operation follow closely to that of a motorbike. In the manga version, this car operates with double engines.",
"Natsumi is also familiar with judo and kendo, being able to defeat her opponents during training sessions. Her strength and her familiarity with hand\\-to\\-hand combat complement Miyuki's brilliant mind in creating devices or modifying known vehicles very well, making her and Miyuki famous throughout Bokuto Station. She is also the only person in this series able to consistently defeat Strikeman's fastballs and is called [Home\\-Run](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") Girl by Strikeman for this very reason.",
"#### History",
"According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 \"You're Under Arrest! (manga)\")* series, Natsumi was born on August 12, 1975\\. Not much information is revealed in the story, though she had lived in [Asakusa](/wiki/Asakusa \"Asakusa\") before enrolling in the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and became classmates with [Miyuki Kobayakawa](/wiki/Miyuki_Kobayakawa \"Miyuki Kobayakawa\") before being dispatched elsewhere in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area \"Greater Tokyo Area\").Provided by [Natsumi Tsujimoto fan\\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=91) Retrieved on December 9, 2007",
"The two eventually met by accident when Natsumi was late for work during her first day on duty with the Bokuto Station. She was partnered with Miyuki for a number of years. But for a short time, Natsumi was scouted by [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") Headquarters to be part of a prototype female motorbike unit before declining an invitation to train further with them.See Episode 4, OVA: On the road, AGAIN. She was known to be infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou of the Traffic Division before meeting Shoji Tokairin, who became her rival and love interest.In the manga, Tokairin doesn't exist and instead, Natsumi was infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou. In the drama version, her love interest was Detective Shunsuke Okabayashi. Natsumi and Miyuki, later on in the series, broke the back of a car smuggling syndicate that operated by stealing luxury vehicles, leading to the group's disbanding. Due to her actions, Assistant Kaoruko Kinoshita moved her to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") with Miyuki as part of her specialized training program in enhancing officer's skills related to police work.In the movie, it is revealed by Natsumi after her first day back in Bokuto Station that she was deployed in the MPD's Traffic Bureau. During the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), she and Miyuki proved themselves as law enforcers when they apprehended renegade police officer Tadashi Emoto as he tried to commit suicide by trying to jump from the top floors of the [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower \"Tokyo Tower\"). She was also sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") with Miyuki as part of a foreign officer exchange program with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\").As depicted in the \"No Mercy\" OVA special.",
"At the end of the series, Natsumi is recruited to serve in the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\") and was an operative stationed with the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") branch. Her partnership with Miyuki and subsequent transfer to the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\") had then ended nearly on bad terms, almost destroying their friendship until coming to terms with reality.See Season 2, Episode 22: A Dissolution of Partnership!?. She was replaced in Bokuto Station by Saori Saga, an ex\\-student who she and Miyuki saved during her police officer days before Saori was dispatched to the said station.See Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way.",
"She had been temporarily been at Bokuto againSee Season 2, Episode 25: The Bridge Built For Tomorrow before being transferred out to be trained under the [JGSDF's](/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force \"Japan Ground Self-Defense Force\") [Ranger Platoon](/wiki/Western_Army_Infantry_Regiment \"Western Army Infantry Regiment\") before being reassigned again to Bokuto Station, serving as Miyuki's partner again after Saori had left Bokuto to be relocated in another station.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.",
"#### Reception",
"A character that is parodied after Natsumi is shown in the first episode of *[Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu](/wiki/Full_Metal_Panic%3F_Fumoffu \"Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu\")*. She is depicted as a wild policewoman who chases the two main character in a police car. Though, in *YUA*, Miyuki is the car driver of the duo, not Natsumi.",
""
] |
### Miyuki Kobayakawa
{{Infobox animanga character
\| name \= Miyuki Kobayakawa
\| series \= \[\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\|You're Under Arrest]]
\| image \= Miyuki Kobayakawa.jpg
\| image\_size \= 200px
\| caption \= Miyuki Kobayakawa
\| first \= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1
\| creator \= \[\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]
\| voice \= '''Japanese'''
\[\[Akiko Hiramatsu]]
'''English'''
\[\[Juliet Cesario]]
Jo Ann Luzzatto (OVA)
'''Filipino'''
Kathyin Masilungan
'''Spanish'''
Susana Damas; Alicia Laorden (OVA)
Rosario Zamora (Latin America)
'''French'''
Laurence Sacquet, Marie\-Madeleine Le Doze\-Burguet (OVA), Brigitte Aubry (film)
'''Italian'''
Emanuela Amato
\| lbl1 \= Portrayed by
\| data1 \= \[\[Sachie Hara]]
\| occupation \= \[\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer
\| home \= \[\[Okayama Prefecture]]
\| nationality \= Japanese
}}
The voice of {{nihongo\|Miyuki Kobayakawa\|小早川 美幸\|Kobayakawa Miyuki}} was provided by [Akiko Hiramatsu](/wiki/Akiko_Hiramatsu "Akiko Hiramatsu") (Japanese), and Jo Ann Luzzatto (English; OVA) \& [Juliet Cesario](/wiki/Juliet_Cesario "Juliet Cesario") (English; onward) (Filipino) Kathyin Masilungan. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action") version, she was portrayed by actress [Sachie Hara](/wiki/Sachie_Hara "Sachie Hara").
#### Fictional biography
Miyuki is Natsumi's partner and roommate. Miyuki is not as physically challenging as Natsumi, but she is much more thoughtful and more polite. A technical genius, Miyuki frequently performs custom vehicle modifications for various people at the precinct and is an expert with computers. Miyuki is a superb driver, almost as daring as Natsumi, and very difficult to shake in a pursuit. She is also punctual, shy, and diligent – in contrast, Natsumi is tardy, bold, and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a [Honda Today](/wiki/Honda_Today "Honda Today"), is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with Today's [545 cc EH engine](/wiki/Honda_E_engine%23EH "Honda E engine#EH"), Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC "DOHC"). Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later [656 cc MTREC engine](/wiki/Honda_E07A_engine%23E07A "Honda E07A engine#E07A") (although still having a yellow number plate for K\-cars), also with twin cams, a [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger "Turbocharger"), an intercooler, and [nitrous oxide boost](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"). She also has a blue [Toyota Sports 800](/wiki/Toyota_Sports_800 "Toyota Sports 800") as her car.
Unlike Natsumi's infatuation towards the chief (Kachou) of Traffic Division, Miyuki admires and respects him because of his dedication in working with the division. During situations where force was the only solution, Miyuki uses airsoft guns with paintball bullets in order to incapacitate or to leave a homing beacon on the opponents. Her love interest happens to be with the "White Hawk" Ken Nakajima but has initial difficulty in telling him until the end of the series.See Season 2, Episode 26: A Hot Spring, A Yukata, A Confession. Her feelings for Ken were driven to the point when she pointed an air gun on Natsumi's head when she joked that she would have to marry Ken in the future.See Season 1, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.
Miyuki is fearful of anything that cannot be explained by science, such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal"), [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural") or anything that was similar to science fiction. She is also afraid of reptiles.See Full Throttle, Episode 3: Bokuto Station Snake Panic.
Her character design was also used as the template for a goddess whom the characters prayed to in a four panel gag strip added to a version of *YUA* who eventually became [Belldandy](/wiki/Belldandy "Belldandy") when the strip proved popular and was developed into *[Oh! My Goddess](/wiki/Oh%21_My_Goddess "Oh! My Goddess")*.[You're Under Arrest TV Series FAQ](http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325092102/http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php \|date\=2006\-03\-25}}. Retrieved on March 16, 2007\.
#### History
According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 "You're Under Arrest! (manga)")* series, Miyuki was born on April 7, 1976\. She had previously lived in the [Okayama Prefecture](/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture "Okayama Prefecture") before moving to the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area "Greater Tokyo Area") and entered the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and was classmates with [Natsumi Tsujimoto](/wiki/Natsumi_Tsujimoto "Natsumi Tsujimoto") before being transferred to Bokuto Station. She resides currently in [Kōtō, Tokyo](/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo "Kōtō, Tokyo") alongside Natsumi.Provided by [Miyuki Kobayakawa fan\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=83) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724002730/http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page\_id\=83 \|date\=2011\-07\-24 }} Retrieved on December 9, 2007
When she was trying to pick up Natsumi, she met with her instead by luck when seeing her breaking some of traffic violation rules (to the point that her driving license can be suspended) but she knew at once that she's Natsumi, her partner to be. Eventually catching up with her, Miyuki made a first impression with her and after Natsumi's transfer to Bokuto Station was complete, Miyuki and Natsumi became partners in the station's Traffic Division. The two became famous with Miyuki's brains and Natsumi's fists in solving various cases involving either themselves or with their colleagues. Miyuki was the other half of the duo responsible for ground breaking work in dismantling a mysterious car smuggling syndicate operation in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), resulting in her subsequent transfer to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department")'s Criminal Investigation BureauThe *You're Under Arrest* movie states that it is the Criminal Affairs Division. It's unknown whether this is a mistake or is intentionally done. under its Scientific Investigations Laboratory. The Lab invited her to permanently transfer to the department, but she refused the offer.
In the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go (蜂一号) crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), Miyuki's expertise in computers and in electronics have managed to gain breakwork during initial investigations over the mysterious power outages in the [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo "Sumida, Tokyo"), but was not able to secure any details regarding them. Nearing the end of the movie, she and Natsumi apprehend renegade officer Tadashi Emoto after wounding Kachou as a means of "proving" that he acted alone throughout the crisis. Miyuki was sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") with Natsumi as part of a foreign police officer exchange program for a short time with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department").As depicted in the "No Mercy" OVA special.
Nearing the end of the series, Miyuki nearly broke her friendship with Natsumi after learning that the latter was being recruited into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team "Special Assault Team"). The two patched up their differences when Miyuki told Natsumi that she wasn't open enough for her to accept Natsumi's recruitment into the SAT**Miyuki**: "Time really passes by fast. From becoming a policewoman, to partners with Natsumi at Bokuto Station. It seems like it just happened yesterday." (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) since the two had acted like real friends, even like sisters when Miyuki explained that Natsumi's SAT recruitment happened so fast without her realizing it all along, which forced her to shield herself from seeing reality as it was.**Miyuki**: "But time is really passing by. Saori\-chan has grown up. But I was the only one that didn't open up. I didn't even know how I felt. I got furious when Natsumi said it. I don't want to be dumped like that. I have to go on." (Live\-eviL \- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) Miyuki also renewed her "friendship" with Nakajima, further opening their relationship to other possibilities.
Her partner is Saori Saga, who took over Natsumi's position after she was permanently stationed in the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") branch as part of her duties as an SAT operativeSee Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way. before being transferred to the United States to conduct forensic training.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.
#### Reception
Miyuki was among the Top 10 Most Popular Female Characters in the August 2001 issue of *[Newtype](/wiki/Newtype "Newtype")* magazine.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001\-08\-12/newtype\-top\-10\-anime\|title\=Newtype top 10 Anime\|accessdate\=2009\-10\-12\|publisher\=\[\[Anime News Network]]\|date\=2001\-08\-12}}
|
[
"### Miyuki Kobayakawa",
"{{Infobox animanga character\n\\| name \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa\n\\| series \\= \\[\\[You're Under Arrest (manga)\\|You're Under Arrest]]\n\\| image \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa.jpg\n\\| image\\_size \\= 200px\n\\| caption \\= Miyuki Kobayakawa\n\\| first \\= ''You're Under Arrest'' OVA, Episode 1\n\\| creator \\= \\[\\[Kōsuke Fujishima]]\n\\| voice \\= '''Japanese''' \n\\[\\[Akiko Hiramatsu]] \n'''English''' \n\\[\\[Juliet Cesario]] \nJo Ann Luzzatto (OVA) \n'''Filipino''' \nKathyin Masilungan \n'''Spanish''' \nSusana Damas; Alicia Laorden (OVA) \nRosario Zamora (Latin America) \n'''French''' \nLaurence Sacquet, Marie\\-Madeleine Le Doze\\-Burguet (OVA), Brigitte Aubry (film) \n'''Italian''' \nEmanuela Amato\n\\| lbl1 \\= Portrayed by\n\\| data1 \\= \\[\\[Sachie Hara]]\n\\| occupation \\= \\[\\[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] officer\n\\| home \\= \\[\\[Okayama Prefecture]] \n\\| nationality \\= Japanese\n}}\nThe voice of {{nihongo\\|Miyuki Kobayakawa\\|小早川 美幸\\|Kobayakawa Miyuki}} was provided by [Akiko Hiramatsu](/wiki/Akiko_Hiramatsu \"Akiko Hiramatsu\") (Japanese), and Jo Ann Luzzatto (English; OVA) \\& [Juliet Cesario](/wiki/Juliet_Cesario \"Juliet Cesario\") (English; onward) (Filipino) Kathyin Masilungan. In the [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\") version, she was portrayed by actress [Sachie Hara](/wiki/Sachie_Hara \"Sachie Hara\").",
"#### Fictional biography",
"Miyuki is Natsumi's partner and roommate. Miyuki is not as physically challenging as Natsumi, but she is much more thoughtful and more polite. A technical genius, Miyuki frequently performs custom vehicle modifications for various people at the precinct and is an expert with computers. Miyuki is a superb driver, almost as daring as Natsumi, and very difficult to shake in a pursuit. She is also punctual, shy, and diligent – in contrast, Natsumi is tardy, bold, and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a [Honda Today](/wiki/Honda_Today \"Honda Today\"), is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with Today's [545 cc EH engine](/wiki/Honda_E_engine%23EH \"Honda E engine#EH\"), Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC \"DOHC\"). Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later [656 cc MTREC engine](/wiki/Honda_E07A_engine%23E07A \"Honda E07A engine#E07A\") (although still having a yellow number plate for K\\-cars), also with twin cams, a [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger \"Turbocharger\"), an intercooler, and [nitrous oxide boost](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"). She also has a blue [Toyota Sports 800](/wiki/Toyota_Sports_800 \"Toyota Sports 800\") as her car.",
"Unlike Natsumi's infatuation towards the chief (Kachou) of Traffic Division, Miyuki admires and respects him because of his dedication in working with the division. During situations where force was the only solution, Miyuki uses airsoft guns with paintball bullets in order to incapacitate or to leave a homing beacon on the opponents. Her love interest happens to be with the \"White Hawk\" Ken Nakajima but has initial difficulty in telling him until the end of the series.See Season 2, Episode 26: A Hot Spring, A Yukata, A Confession. Her feelings for Ken were driven to the point when she pointed an air gun on Natsumi's head when she joked that she would have to marry Ken in the future.See Season 1, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.",
"Miyuki is fearful of anything that cannot be explained by science, such as the [paranormal](/wiki/Paranormal \"Paranormal\"), [supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural \"Supernatural\") or anything that was similar to science fiction. She is also afraid of reptiles.See Full Throttle, Episode 3: Bokuto Station Snake Panic.",
"Her character design was also used as the template for a goddess whom the characters prayed to in a four panel gag strip added to a version of *YUA* who eventually became [Belldandy](/wiki/Belldandy \"Belldandy\") when the strip proved popular and was developed into *[Oh! My Goddess](/wiki/Oh%21_My_Goddess \"Oh! My Goddess\")*.[You're Under Arrest TV Series FAQ](http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325092102/http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php \\|date\\=2006\\-03\\-25}}. Retrieved on March 16, 2007\\.",
"#### History",
"According to the information in the *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest%21_%28manga%29 \"You're Under Arrest! (manga)\")* series, Miyuki was born on April 7, 1976\\. She had previously lived in the [Okayama Prefecture](/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture \"Okayama Prefecture\") before moving to the [Greater Tokyo Area](/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area \"Greater Tokyo Area\") and entered the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and was classmates with [Natsumi Tsujimoto](/wiki/Natsumi_Tsujimoto \"Natsumi Tsujimoto\") before being transferred to Bokuto Station. She resides currently in [Kōtō, Tokyo](/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo \"Kōtō, Tokyo\") alongside Natsumi.Provided by [Miyuki Kobayakawa fan\\-compiled profile](http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page_id=83) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724002730/http://keinet.paperchimes.net/?page\\_id\\=83 \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-24 }} Retrieved on December 9, 2007",
"When she was trying to pick up Natsumi, she met with her instead by luck when seeing her breaking some of traffic violation rules (to the point that her driving license can be suspended) but she knew at once that she's Natsumi, her partner to be. Eventually catching up with her, Miyuki made a first impression with her and after Natsumi's transfer to Bokuto Station was complete, Miyuki and Natsumi became partners in the station's Traffic Division. The two became famous with Miyuki's brains and Natsumi's fists in solving various cases involving either themselves or with their colleagues. Miyuki was the other half of the duo responsible for ground breaking work in dismantling a mysterious car smuggling syndicate operation in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), resulting in her subsequent transfer to the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\")'s Criminal Investigation BureauThe *You're Under Arrest* movie states that it is the Criminal Affairs Division. It's unknown whether this is a mistake or is intentionally done. under its Scientific Investigations Laboratory. The Lab invited her to permanently transfer to the department, but she refused the offer.",
"In the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go (蜂一号) crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You're Under Arrest: The Movie*), Miyuki's expertise in computers and in electronics have managed to gain breakwork during initial investigations over the mysterious power outages in the [Sumida Ward](/wiki/Sumida%2C_Tokyo \"Sumida, Tokyo\"), but was not able to secure any details regarding them. Nearing the end of the movie, she and Natsumi apprehend renegade officer Tadashi Emoto after wounding Kachou as a means of \"proving\" that he acted alone throughout the crisis. Miyuki was sent to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") with Natsumi as part of a foreign police officer exchange program for a short time with the [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\").As depicted in the \"No Mercy\" OVA special.",
"Nearing the end of the series, Miyuki nearly broke her friendship with Natsumi after learning that the latter was being recruited into the [Special Assault Team](/wiki/Special_Assault_Team \"Special Assault Team\"). The two patched up their differences when Miyuki told Natsumi that she wasn't open enough for her to accept Natsumi's recruitment into the SAT**Miyuki**: \"Time really passes by fast. From becoming a policewoman, to partners with Natsumi at Bokuto Station. It seems like it just happened yesterday.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) since the two had acted like real friends, even like sisters when Miyuki explained that Natsumi's SAT recruitment happened so fast without her realizing it all along, which forced her to shield herself from seeing reality as it was.**Miyuki**: \"But time is really passing by. Saori\\-chan has grown up. But I was the only one that didn't open up. I didn't even know how I felt. I got furious when Natsumi said it. I don't want to be dumped like that. I have to go on.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- 2nd Season, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way) Miyuki also renewed her \"friendship\" with Nakajima, further opening their relationship to other possibilities.",
"Her partner is Saori Saga, who took over Natsumi's position after she was permanently stationed in the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") branch as part of her duties as an SAT operativeSee Season 2, Episode 24: To Each His Own Way. before being transferred to the United States to conduct forensic training.See Full Throttle, Episode 1: Intense Chase Prologue.",
"#### Reception",
"Miyuki was among the Top 10 Most Popular Female Characters in the August 2001 issue of *[Newtype](/wiki/Newtype \"Newtype\")* magazine.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001\\-08\\-12/newtype\\-top\\-10\\-anime\\|title\\=Newtype top 10 Anime\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-10\\-12\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anime News Network]]\\|date\\=2001\\-08\\-12}}",
""
] |
Secondary characters
--------------------
### Officers
#### Takao Arizuka
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Takeshi Watabe]]\|Andrew Masset}}
{{nihongo\|Takao Arizuka\|蟻塚 貴男\|Arizuka Takao}} is a superintendent from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") with the rank of Superintendent; he is feared by low\-ranking officers since his mere presence in a police station during inspection would mean the end of someone's career as he always bring a notebook with him.**Yoriko**: "... he carries his *Arizuka File* with him all over the country and he's sometimes called the Inspector from Hell. Once he sets his sights on you, you're finished." (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka) However, in reality, he is lenient and willing to make arrangements (even if he has to make personal sacrifices to make such an arrangement possible as is) to accommodate the need of his subordinates so long as they get the job done in the end. On the other hand, Arizuka is strict and always reminds his subordinates to follow the guidelines set by their superiors while doing their best according to their capabilities. For this, Yoriko dubbed Arizuka as the king of Hades.**Yoriko**: "None of you know about the King of Hades. We must do something quickly, or we'll end up being banished." (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka)
In the movie, Arizuka realized that he, as a Superintendent, knew less about the disappearance of Tadashi Emoto as well as the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go paper that Emoto made for the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") than the Chief of the Bokuto Precinct Traffic Division and temporarily stripped Kachou off his rank and command when the latter refused to provide details regarding them.
#### Kaoruko Kinoshita
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]\|Shiela Brothers}}
{{nihongo\|'''Kaoruko Kinoshita'''\|木下 薫子\|Kinoshita Kaoruko\|Furigana\=きのした かおるこ}} is an {{nihongo\|assistant inspector\|警部補\|keibuho}} from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department who appears in the anime series near the end of the first series in a car theft case. A strict, no\-nonsense kind of person, she initially comes off as cold\-hearted, but beneath that imposing demeanor is actually a woman who is selflessly dedicated to her duties and those that fall under her command. She is ready to help the females of Bokuto Station and is approachable whenever she is around at the station.
During the course of her career, Kaoruko had participated in at least one [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") Color Guard parade.See Season 2, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival
#### Chie Sagamiōno
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Michiko Neya]]\|Courtney Wright}}
The only daughter of the rich Sagamiono family, {{nihongo\|Chie Sagamiōno\|相模大野 千恵\|Sagamiōno Chie}} entered the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy "Metropolitan Police Department Academy") in hopes of winning a suitable, preferably rich, husband**Chie**: "A girl needs Mister Rich, not Mister Right." (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) and making herself a bit more popular to society, earning questions from some of the officers as to why a rich girl would join the police force.**Chie**: "To make my grand debut into society."
**Natsumi**: "A society girl?" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) She had lost her chance to graduate on top of her class when Yoriko earned it via luck, marking her as Chie's rival. She uses her family's financial position to use a modified [Porsche 911](/wiki/Porsche_911 "Porsche 911") outfitted with sirens and a radio for police use.
The two had been at odds with each other from catching crooks in a contest, to playing wargamesSee 1st Season, Episode 15: Game! Sagamiono Chie's Rematch to a Color Guard parade contest.See 2nd Season, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival
#### Shouji Toukairin
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|\[\[Cullen Moss]]}}
A mountain rescue specialist from Toyama Prefecture Mountain Rescue \& lieutenant or Police Officer, {{nihongo\|Shouji Toukairin\|東海林 将司\|Tōkairin Shōji}} is an {{nihongo\|lieutenant\|巡査長\|Junsa\-chō}} he met Natsumi during a rescue mission at the Tokyo Tower. They would later encounter each other once again when Shouji is temporarily stationed at Bokuto Precinct as an instructor for rescue courses. It is then discovered that Shouji is the only character that has the physical strength and appetite to surpass Natsumi's. Although Natsumi initially views him as a nuisance and a rival, they eventually fall in love. Despite being frequently absent in places like the Himalayas, he and Natsumi have a strong relationship. Later on, Shoji named a monkey he befriended as *Natsumi*.See Season 2, Episode 3: Tokyo Wild\-Beast Dragnet He enjoys eating bananas.
Shouji is an expert in mountain climbing and rappelling and he uses his time in Bokuto Station to practice these two techniques (often a night, which once scared the other officers who believed him to be a ghost).
He is also an expert in [Kendo](/wiki/Kendo "Kendo"), being able to cut a banana in half with a [Shinai](/wiki/Shinai "Shinai") with extreme concentration (self\-proclaiming that he can only do it at a 50% success rate) but admitted defeat against Kachou at his challenge against him despite Kachou was not in his best shape.
#### Inspector Tokuno
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Ikuya Sawaki]]\|\[\[Joe Gallison]]}}
Stationed at Bokuto Police Station's Investigations Division, {{nihongo\|Inspector Tokuno\|徳野警部\|Tokuno Keibu}} happens to be the only known officer in Bokuto be married and with a family and an old veteran at the station since it was established. Most of the younger officers in the station look up to him as a mentor whenever they need help or advise from him. Like Kachou, Natsumi was infatuated with him since she liked older men before meeting with Shoji. Tokuno is partnered up with a younger detective named Sugihara when attending to cases in the field. Like Kachou, he appears to be lenient with most of the officers in their capacity to be good officers in their speciality.
He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend") as his personal police vehicle whenever he is conducting detective work.
#### Shunsuke Okabayashi
{{nihongo\|Shunsuke Okabayashi\|岡林 俊介\|Okabayashi Shunsuke}}
Shunsuke is played by actor Noboru Kaneko, he is depicted to have similar characteristics to Shouji Toukairin, though he is a suit\-wearing, slightly uptight detective.
### Civilians
#### Daimaru Nakajima
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Takeshi Aono]]\|Marc Matney}}
{{nihongo\|Daimaru Nakajima\|中嶋 大丸\|Nakajima Daimaru}} is Ken's father, and the owner of the ZAPPER motorbike shop in Sumida's Bokuto district, he is an old man who is an expert on motorcycles and was an excellent rider in his younger days. Now widowed, he is currently remarried to his second wife, Sena Wakabayashi. Though he is senile at certain times and his unthoughtful on certain matters, Daimaru still cares about Ken and Sena as they are his only remaining family left. He had a good impression on Miyuki when she kindly called him father, indicating that he still liked the younger generation to appreciate him like a caring parent.**Daimaru**: "It's nice to be called Father. Especially by this young woman. (1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double)
He has a [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") motorcycle that he uses personally. During his first encounter with Miyuki and Natsumi, Daimaru initially thought that Natsumi was Ken's girlfriend until realizing Miyuki was the better choice.See 1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.
Due to his knowledge of motorbike handling, Daimaru tries to teach Ken techniques to befit his duties as a motorbike officer, to the point of "breaking him."**Ken**: "I've had enough of this, Dad. Let's stop! We've been at it for two hours already. I'm so hungry, I'm starting to get dizzy!
**Daimaru**: "We're not quitting. If you can't take the heat, I can't teach you all of my stunts." (1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double) He has a scar over his left eyebrow.
#### Sena Wakabayashi
*Voiced by*: [Hiroko Konishi](/wiki/Hiroko_Konishi "Hiroko Konishi") (1st Season)/[Fumiko Orikasa](/wiki/Fumiko_Orikasa "Fumiko Orikasa") (2nd Season) (Japanese), Ashley McDaid (English)
{{nihongo\|Sena Wakabayashi\|若林 瀬奈\|Wakabayashi Sena}} is introduced as a 20\-year\-old woman who owns a [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_Cars "Lotus Cars") [Super Seven](/wiki/Lotus_Seven "Lotus Seven") racer vehicle, she was married to Daimaru after meeting him in a highway where she usually drives around**Sena**: "That was the first time. That mountain pass was as familiar as my own yard and I'd yet lose to anyone. And he was on a motorbike to boot!" (1st Season, Episode 17: The 20\-year\-old is his Mother) before being in love with him.**Sena**: "I knew then that he was a man of substance. And I've given my heart to him ever since." (1st Season, Episode 17: The 20\-year\-old is his Mother) Sena was soon married to Daimaru and was also the co\-owner of the ZAPPER motorbike shop. She manages the place if Daimaru is not around.
Though she and Ken had their differences, mostly in age, Sena truly cares for him like he was her own son.
#### Strikeman
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Hideyuki Hori]]\|\[\[Jason Hatfield]]}}
A costumed vigilante who calls himself a superhero, {{nihongo\|Strikeman\|ストライク男\|Sutoraiku Otoko}} uses baseballs and related items to punish offenders such as public drunks, flashers, and parking violators. He has come to the attention of Bokuto Precinct on several occasions, earning notoriety as a major nuisance and complete loon. He seems to have a fixation on Natsumi, considering her both his nemesis and his sidekick while referring to her as "Home\-Run Woman." As of Full Throttle, there has been no clue so as to who the identity of Strikeman is. At one time during the 1st season, Nakajima was even suspected by his colleagues to be Strikeman, due to some events and a very similar appearance, but was found to be not the case.
Many attempts were placed to apprehend him, but Strikeman escapes due to the various fastball pitches that he uses as weapons. When he tries to enact "proper justice" on the offender's property such as their cars, Strikeman uses baseballs with sharp spikes on them and in fact, has used them against Miyuki and Saori as a means of distraction. He uses a [Harley\-Davidson Softail motorbike](/wiki/Softail "Softail"), designated FLSTF.See Season 2, Episode 7: Strike Otoko's Back! He had recently returned after months of self\-exile into the mountains to defeat Natsumi in another game of baseball.**Strikeman**: "Since then, I've retreated into the mountains for deep training. I was cleansing my heart of justice." (Live\-eviL \- Full Throttle, Episode 12: Showdown! Criminal Affairs Division vs Traffic Division)
#### 50 C.C. Old Lady
{{anchor\|Scooter Lady\|Gentuki Obasan}}
{{Anime voice\|\[\[Kujira]]}}
{{nihongo\|'''50 C.C. Old Lady'''\|原付おばさん\|Gentuki Obasan}} is an old woman who spends the majority of her time going after discounts and sale events. To the annoyance of every Traffic Division officer in the Bokuto Precinct, she does so relentlessly and is perfectly willing to commit any traffic violation in order to get to the sales location faster, having proven herself just as aggressive on the road as Natsumi or Nakajima (except that she does it all the time) and counting on the reflexes of people or vehicles she was about to collide with rather than her skills in operating a scooter to avoid accidents. However, another situation would intervene (such as repeating motorcycle thefts or bomb threats against a department store) whenever there's an attempt to apprehend her, allowing her to go off the hook. Her name was never revealed.
For transportation she uses a motor scooter (with a 50cc engine, hence her nickname), which tends to be overloaded with groceries and other merchandises that she purchased during discount events.
Most fans of the show have named her Scooter Lady and Scooter Mama as well.
|
[
"Secondary characters\n--------------------",
"### Officers",
"#### Takao Arizuka",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Takeshi Watabe]]\\|Andrew Masset}}",
"{{nihongo\\|Takao Arizuka\\|蟻塚 貴男\\|Arizuka Takao}} is a superintendent from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") with the rank of Superintendent; he is feared by low\\-ranking officers since his mere presence in a police station during inspection would mean the end of someone's career as he always bring a notebook with him.**Yoriko**: \"... he carries his *Arizuka File* with him all over the country and he's sometimes called the Inspector from Hell. Once he sets his sights on you, you're finished.\" (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka) However, in reality, he is lenient and willing to make arrangements (even if he has to make personal sacrifices to make such an arrangement possible as is) to accommodate the need of his subordinates so long as they get the job done in the end. On the other hand, Arizuka is strict and always reminds his subordinates to follow the guidelines set by their superiors while doing their best according to their capabilities. For this, Yoriko dubbed Arizuka as the king of Hades.**Yoriko**: \"None of you know about the King of Hades. We must do something quickly, or we'll end up being banished.\" (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka)",
"In the movie, Arizuka realized that he, as a Superintendent, knew less about the disappearance of Tadashi Emoto as well as the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go paper that Emoto made for the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") than the Chief of the Bokuto Precinct Traffic Division and temporarily stripped Kachou off his rank and command when the latter refused to provide details regarding them.",
"#### Kaoruko Kinoshita",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]\\|Shiela Brothers}}",
"{{nihongo\\|'''Kaoruko Kinoshita'''\\|木下 薫子\\|Kinoshita Kaoruko\\|Furigana\\=きのした かおるこ}} is an {{nihongo\\|assistant inspector\\|警部補\\|keibuho}} from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department who appears in the anime series near the end of the first series in a car theft case. A strict, no\\-nonsense kind of person, she initially comes off as cold\\-hearted, but beneath that imposing demeanor is actually a woman who is selflessly dedicated to her duties and those that fall under her command. She is ready to help the females of Bokuto Station and is approachable whenever she is around at the station.",
"During the course of her career, Kaoruko had participated in at least one [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") Color Guard parade.See Season 2, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival",
"#### Chie Sagamiōno",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Michiko Neya]]\\|Courtney Wright}}",
"The only daughter of the rich Sagamiono family, {{nihongo\\|Chie Sagamiōno\\|相模大野 千恵\\|Sagamiōno Chie}} entered the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy \"Metropolitan Police Department Academy\") in hopes of winning a suitable, preferably rich, husband**Chie**: \"A girl needs Mister Rich, not Mister Right.\" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) and making herself a bit more popular to society, earning questions from some of the officers as to why a rich girl would join the police force.**Chie**: \"To make my grand debut into society.\" \n **Natsumi**: \"A society girl?\" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) She had lost her chance to graduate on top of her class when Yoriko earned it via luck, marking her as Chie's rival. She uses her family's financial position to use a modified [Porsche 911](/wiki/Porsche_911 \"Porsche 911\") outfitted with sirens and a radio for police use.",
"The two had been at odds with each other from catching crooks in a contest, to playing wargamesSee 1st Season, Episode 15: Game! Sagamiono Chie's Rematch to a Color Guard parade contest.See 2nd Season, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival",
"#### Shouji Toukairin",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|\\[\\[Cullen Moss]]}}",
"A mountain rescue specialist from Toyama Prefecture Mountain Rescue \\& lieutenant or Police Officer, {{nihongo\\|Shouji Toukairin\\|東海林 将司\\|Tōkairin Shōji}} is an {{nihongo\\|lieutenant\\|巡査長\\|Junsa\\-chō}} he met Natsumi during a rescue mission at the Tokyo Tower. They would later encounter each other once again when Shouji is temporarily stationed at Bokuto Precinct as an instructor for rescue courses. It is then discovered that Shouji is the only character that has the physical strength and appetite to surpass Natsumi's. Although Natsumi initially views him as a nuisance and a rival, they eventually fall in love. Despite being frequently absent in places like the Himalayas, he and Natsumi have a strong relationship. Later on, Shoji named a monkey he befriended as *Natsumi*.See Season 2, Episode 3: Tokyo Wild\\-Beast Dragnet He enjoys eating bananas.",
"Shouji is an expert in mountain climbing and rappelling and he uses his time in Bokuto Station to practice these two techniques (often a night, which once scared the other officers who believed him to be a ghost).",
"He is also an expert in [Kendo](/wiki/Kendo \"Kendo\"), being able to cut a banana in half with a [Shinai](/wiki/Shinai \"Shinai\") with extreme concentration (self\\-proclaiming that he can only do it at a 50% success rate) but admitted defeat against Kachou at his challenge against him despite Kachou was not in his best shape.",
"#### Inspector Tokuno",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Ikuya Sawaki]]\\|\\[\\[Joe Gallison]]}}",
"Stationed at Bokuto Police Station's Investigations Division, {{nihongo\\|Inspector Tokuno\\|徳野警部\\|Tokuno Keibu}} happens to be the only known officer in Bokuto be married and with a family and an old veteran at the station since it was established. Most of the younger officers in the station look up to him as a mentor whenever they need help or advise from him. Like Kachou, Natsumi was infatuated with him since she liked older men before meeting with Shoji. Tokuno is partnered up with a younger detective named Sugihara when attending to cases in the field. Like Kachou, he appears to be lenient with most of the officers in their capacity to be good officers in their speciality.",
"He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\") as his personal police vehicle whenever he is conducting detective work.",
"#### Shunsuke Okabayashi",
"{{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Okabayashi\\|岡林 俊介\\|Okabayashi Shunsuke}} \nShunsuke is played by actor Noboru Kaneko, he is depicted to have similar characteristics to Shouji Toukairin, though he is a suit\\-wearing, slightly uptight detective.",
"### Civilians",
"#### Daimaru Nakajima",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Takeshi Aono]]\\|Marc Matney}}",
"{{nihongo\\|Daimaru Nakajima\\|中嶋 大丸\\|Nakajima Daimaru}} is Ken's father, and the owner of the ZAPPER motorbike shop in Sumida's Bokuto district, he is an old man who is an expert on motorcycles and was an excellent rider in his younger days. Now widowed, he is currently remarried to his second wife, Sena Wakabayashi. Though he is senile at certain times and his unthoughtful on certain matters, Daimaru still cares about Ken and Sena as they are his only remaining family left. He had a good impression on Miyuki when she kindly called him father, indicating that he still liked the younger generation to appreciate him like a caring parent.**Daimaru**: \"It's nice to be called Father. Especially by this young woman. (1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double)",
"He has a [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati \"Ducati\") motorcycle that he uses personally. During his first encounter with Miyuki and Natsumi, Daimaru initially thought that Natsumi was Ken's girlfriend until realizing Miyuki was the better choice.See 1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double.",
"Due to his knowledge of motorbike handling, Daimaru tries to teach Ken techniques to befit his duties as a motorbike officer, to the point of \"breaking him.\"**Ken**: \"I've had enough of this, Dad. Let's stop! We've been at it for two hours already. I'm so hungry, I'm starting to get dizzy! \n **Daimaru**: \"We're not quitting. If you can't take the heat, I can't teach you all of my stunts.\" (1st Season, Episode 16: Mystery! Nakajima's Double) He has a scar over his left eyebrow.",
"#### Sena Wakabayashi",
"*Voiced by*: [Hiroko Konishi](/wiki/Hiroko_Konishi \"Hiroko Konishi\") (1st Season)/[Fumiko Orikasa](/wiki/Fumiko_Orikasa \"Fumiko Orikasa\") (2nd Season) (Japanese), Ashley McDaid (English)",
"{{nihongo\\|Sena Wakabayashi\\|若林 瀬奈\\|Wakabayashi Sena}} is introduced as a 20\\-year\\-old woman who owns a [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_Cars \"Lotus Cars\") [Super Seven](/wiki/Lotus_Seven \"Lotus Seven\") racer vehicle, she was married to Daimaru after meeting him in a highway where she usually drives around**Sena**: \"That was the first time. That mountain pass was as familiar as my own yard and I'd yet lose to anyone. And he was on a motorbike to boot!\" (1st Season, Episode 17: The 20\\-year\\-old is his Mother) before being in love with him.**Sena**: \"I knew then that he was a man of substance. And I've given my heart to him ever since.\" (1st Season, Episode 17: The 20\\-year\\-old is his Mother) Sena was soon married to Daimaru and was also the co\\-owner of the ZAPPER motorbike shop. She manages the place if Daimaru is not around.",
"Though she and Ken had their differences, mostly in age, Sena truly cares for him like he was her own son.",
"#### Strikeman",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Hideyuki Hori]]\\|\\[\\[Jason Hatfield]]}}",
"A costumed vigilante who calls himself a superhero, {{nihongo\\|Strikeman\\|ストライク男\\|Sutoraiku Otoko}} uses baseballs and related items to punish offenders such as public drunks, flashers, and parking violators. He has come to the attention of Bokuto Precinct on several occasions, earning notoriety as a major nuisance and complete loon. He seems to have a fixation on Natsumi, considering her both his nemesis and his sidekick while referring to her as \"Home\\-Run Woman.\" As of Full Throttle, there has been no clue so as to who the identity of Strikeman is. At one time during the 1st season, Nakajima was even suspected by his colleagues to be Strikeman, due to some events and a very similar appearance, but was found to be not the case.",
"Many attempts were placed to apprehend him, but Strikeman escapes due to the various fastball pitches that he uses as weapons. When he tries to enact \"proper justice\" on the offender's property such as their cars, Strikeman uses baseballs with sharp spikes on them and in fact, has used them against Miyuki and Saori as a means of distraction. He uses a [Harley\\-Davidson Softail motorbike](/wiki/Softail \"Softail\"), designated FLSTF.See Season 2, Episode 7: Strike Otoko's Back! He had recently returned after months of self\\-exile into the mountains to defeat Natsumi in another game of baseball.**Strikeman**: \"Since then, I've retreated into the mountains for deep training. I was cleansing my heart of justice.\" (Live\\-eviL \\- Full Throttle, Episode 12: Showdown! Criminal Affairs Division vs Traffic Division)",
"#### 50 C.C. Old Lady",
"{{anchor\\|Scooter Lady\\|Gentuki Obasan}}\n{{Anime voice\\|\\[\\[Kujira]]}}",
"{{nihongo\\|'''50 C.C. Old Lady'''\\|原付おばさん\\|Gentuki Obasan}} is an old woman who spends the majority of her time going after discounts and sale events. To the annoyance of every Traffic Division officer in the Bokuto Precinct, she does so relentlessly and is perfectly willing to commit any traffic violation in order to get to the sales location faster, having proven herself just as aggressive on the road as Natsumi or Nakajima (except that she does it all the time) and counting on the reflexes of people or vehicles she was about to collide with rather than her skills in operating a scooter to avoid accidents. However, another situation would intervene (such as repeating motorcycle thefts or bomb threats against a department store) whenever there's an attempt to apprehend her, allowing her to go off the hook. Her name was never revealed.\nFor transportation she uses a motor scooter (with a 50cc engine, hence her nickname), which tends to be overloaded with groceries and other merchandises that she purchased during discount events.",
"Most fans of the show have named her Scooter Lady and Scooter Mama as well.",
"",
"",
""
] |
### Officers
#### Takao Arizuka
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Takeshi Watabe]]\|Andrew Masset}}
{{nihongo\|Takao Arizuka\|蟻塚 貴男\|Arizuka Takao}} is a superintendent from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") with the rank of Superintendent; he is feared by low\-ranking officers since his mere presence in a police station during inspection would mean the end of someone's career as he always bring a notebook with him.**Yoriko**: "... he carries his *Arizuka File* with him all over the country and he's sometimes called the Inspector from Hell. Once he sets his sights on you, you're finished." (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka) However, in reality, he is lenient and willing to make arrangements (even if he has to make personal sacrifices to make such an arrangement possible as is) to accommodate the need of his subordinates so long as they get the job done in the end. On the other hand, Arizuka is strict and always reminds his subordinates to follow the guidelines set by their superiors while doing their best according to their capabilities. For this, Yoriko dubbed Arizuka as the king of Hades.**Yoriko**: "None of you know about the King of Hades. We must do something quickly, or we'll end up being banished." (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka)
In the movie, Arizuka realized that he, as a Superintendent, knew less about the disappearance of Tadashi Emoto as well as the Hachi\-Ichi\-Go paper that Emoto made for the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") than the Chief of the Bokuto Precinct Traffic Division and temporarily stripped Kachou off his rank and command when the latter refused to provide details regarding them.
#### Kaoruko Kinoshita
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]\|Shiela Brothers}}
{{nihongo\|'''Kaoruko Kinoshita'''\|木下 薫子\|Kinoshita Kaoruko\|Furigana\=きのした かおるこ}} is an {{nihongo\|assistant inspector\|警部補\|keibuho}} from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department who appears in the anime series near the end of the first series in a car theft case. A strict, no\-nonsense kind of person, she initially comes off as cold\-hearted, but beneath that imposing demeanor is actually a woman who is selflessly dedicated to her duties and those that fall under her command. She is ready to help the females of Bokuto Station and is approachable whenever she is around at the station.
During the course of her career, Kaoruko had participated in at least one [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department") Color Guard parade.See Season 2, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival
#### Chie Sagamiōno
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Michiko Neya]]\|Courtney Wright}}
The only daughter of the rich Sagamiono family, {{nihongo\|Chie Sagamiōno\|相模大野 千恵\|Sagamiōno Chie}} entered the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy "Metropolitan Police Department Academy") in hopes of winning a suitable, preferably rich, husband**Chie**: "A girl needs Mister Rich, not Mister Right." (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) and making herself a bit more popular to society, earning questions from some of the officers as to why a rich girl would join the police force.**Chie**: "To make my grand debut into society."
**Natsumi**: "A society girl?" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) She had lost her chance to graduate on top of her class when Yoriko earned it via luck, marking her as Chie's rival. She uses her family's financial position to use a modified [Porsche 911](/wiki/Porsche_911 "Porsche 911") outfitted with sirens and a radio for police use.
The two had been at odds with each other from catching crooks in a contest, to playing wargamesSee 1st Season, Episode 15: Game! Sagamiono Chie's Rematch to a Color Guard parade contest.See 2nd Season, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival
#### Shouji Toukairin
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|\[\[Cullen Moss]]}}
A mountain rescue specialist from Toyama Prefecture Mountain Rescue \& lieutenant or Police Officer, {{nihongo\|Shouji Toukairin\|東海林 将司\|Tōkairin Shōji}} is an {{nihongo\|lieutenant\|巡査長\|Junsa\-chō}} he met Natsumi during a rescue mission at the Tokyo Tower. They would later encounter each other once again when Shouji is temporarily stationed at Bokuto Precinct as an instructor for rescue courses. It is then discovered that Shouji is the only character that has the physical strength and appetite to surpass Natsumi's. Although Natsumi initially views him as a nuisance and a rival, they eventually fall in love. Despite being frequently absent in places like the Himalayas, he and Natsumi have a strong relationship. Later on, Shoji named a monkey he befriended as *Natsumi*.See Season 2, Episode 3: Tokyo Wild\-Beast Dragnet He enjoys eating bananas.
Shouji is an expert in mountain climbing and rappelling and he uses his time in Bokuto Station to practice these two techniques (often a night, which once scared the other officers who believed him to be a ghost).
He is also an expert in [Kendo](/wiki/Kendo "Kendo"), being able to cut a banana in half with a [Shinai](/wiki/Shinai "Shinai") with extreme concentration (self\-proclaiming that he can only do it at a 50% success rate) but admitted defeat against Kachou at his challenge against him despite Kachou was not in his best shape.
#### Inspector Tokuno
{{Anime voices\|\[\[Ikuya Sawaki]]\|\[\[Joe Gallison]]}}
Stationed at Bokuto Police Station's Investigations Division, {{nihongo\|Inspector Tokuno\|徳野警部\|Tokuno Keibu}} happens to be the only known officer in Bokuto be married and with a family and an old veteran at the station since it was established. Most of the younger officers in the station look up to him as a mentor whenever they need help or advise from him. Like Kachou, Natsumi was infatuated with him since she liked older men before meeting with Shoji. Tokuno is partnered up with a younger detective named Sugihara when attending to cases in the field. Like Kachou, he appears to be lenient with most of the officers in their capacity to be good officers in their speciality.
He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend") as his personal police vehicle whenever he is conducting detective work.
#### Shunsuke Okabayashi
{{nihongo\|Shunsuke Okabayashi\|岡林 俊介\|Okabayashi Shunsuke}}
Shunsuke is played by actor Noboru Kaneko, he is depicted to have similar characteristics to Shouji Toukairin, though he is a suit\-wearing, slightly uptight detective.
|
[
"### Officers",
"#### Takao Arizuka",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Takeshi Watabe]]\\|Andrew Masset}}",
"{{nihongo\\|Takao Arizuka\\|蟻塚 貴男\\|Arizuka Takao}} is a superintendent from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") with the rank of Superintendent; he is feared by low\\-ranking officers since his mere presence in a police station during inspection would mean the end of someone's career as he always bring a notebook with him.**Yoriko**: \"... he carries his *Arizuka File* with him all over the country and he's sometimes called the Inspector from Hell. Once he sets his sights on you, you're finished.\" (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka) However, in reality, he is lenient and willing to make arrangements (even if he has to make personal sacrifices to make such an arrangement possible as is) to accommodate the need of his subordinates so long as they get the job done in the end. On the other hand, Arizuka is strict and always reminds his subordinates to follow the guidelines set by their superiors while doing their best according to their capabilities. For this, Yoriko dubbed Arizuka as the king of Hades.**Yoriko**: \"None of you know about the King of Hades. We must do something quickly, or we'll end up being banished.\" (1st Season, Episode 6: Frightening Judge from Hell, Superintendent Arizuka)",
"In the movie, Arizuka realized that he, as a Superintendent, knew less about the disappearance of Tadashi Emoto as well as the Hachi\\-Ichi\\-Go paper that Emoto made for the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") than the Chief of the Bokuto Precinct Traffic Division and temporarily stripped Kachou off his rank and command when the latter refused to provide details regarding them.",
"#### Kaoruko Kinoshita",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]\\|Shiela Brothers}}",
"{{nihongo\\|'''Kaoruko Kinoshita'''\\|木下 薫子\\|Kinoshita Kaoruko\\|Furigana\\=きのした かおるこ}} is an {{nihongo\\|assistant inspector\\|警部補\\|keibuho}} from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department who appears in the anime series near the end of the first series in a car theft case. A strict, no\\-nonsense kind of person, she initially comes off as cold\\-hearted, but beneath that imposing demeanor is actually a woman who is selflessly dedicated to her duties and those that fall under her command. She is ready to help the females of Bokuto Station and is approachable whenever she is around at the station.",
"During the course of her career, Kaoruko had participated in at least one [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\") Color Guard parade.See Season 2, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival",
"#### Chie Sagamiōno",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Michiko Neya]]\\|Courtney Wright}}",
"The only daughter of the rich Sagamiono family, {{nihongo\\|Chie Sagamiōno\\|相模大野 千恵\\|Sagamiōno Chie}} entered the [Metropolitan Police Department Academy](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_Academy \"Metropolitan Police Department Academy\") in hopes of winning a suitable, preferably rich, husband**Chie**: \"A girl needs Mister Rich, not Mister Right.\" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) and making herself a bit more popular to society, earning questions from some of the officers as to why a rich girl would join the police force.**Chie**: \"To make my grand debut into society.\" \n **Natsumi**: \"A society girl?\" (1st Season, Episode 8: Big Duel for Lucky Yoriko) She had lost her chance to graduate on top of her class when Yoriko earned it via luck, marking her as Chie's rival. She uses her family's financial position to use a modified [Porsche 911](/wiki/Porsche_911 \"Porsche 911\") outfitted with sirens and a radio for police use.",
"The two had been at odds with each other from catching crooks in a contest, to playing wargamesSee 1st Season, Episode 15: Game! Sagamiono Chie's Rematch to a Color Guard parade contest.See 2nd Season, Episode 9: The Fight of Women! The Reappearance of a Rival",
"#### Shouji Toukairin",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|\\[\\[Cullen Moss]]}}",
"A mountain rescue specialist from Toyama Prefecture Mountain Rescue \\& lieutenant or Police Officer, {{nihongo\\|Shouji Toukairin\\|東海林 将司\\|Tōkairin Shōji}} is an {{nihongo\\|lieutenant\\|巡査長\\|Junsa\\-chō}} he met Natsumi during a rescue mission at the Tokyo Tower. They would later encounter each other once again when Shouji is temporarily stationed at Bokuto Precinct as an instructor for rescue courses. It is then discovered that Shouji is the only character that has the physical strength and appetite to surpass Natsumi's. Although Natsumi initially views him as a nuisance and a rival, they eventually fall in love. Despite being frequently absent in places like the Himalayas, he and Natsumi have a strong relationship. Later on, Shoji named a monkey he befriended as *Natsumi*.See Season 2, Episode 3: Tokyo Wild\\-Beast Dragnet He enjoys eating bananas.",
"Shouji is an expert in mountain climbing and rappelling and he uses his time in Bokuto Station to practice these two techniques (often a night, which once scared the other officers who believed him to be a ghost).",
"He is also an expert in [Kendo](/wiki/Kendo \"Kendo\"), being able to cut a banana in half with a [Shinai](/wiki/Shinai \"Shinai\") with extreme concentration (self\\-proclaiming that he can only do it at a 50% success rate) but admitted defeat against Kachou at his challenge against him despite Kachou was not in his best shape.",
"#### Inspector Tokuno",
"{{Anime voices\\|\\[\\[Ikuya Sawaki]]\\|\\[\\[Joe Gallison]]}}",
"Stationed at Bokuto Police Station's Investigations Division, {{nihongo\\|Inspector Tokuno\\|徳野警部\\|Tokuno Keibu}} happens to be the only known officer in Bokuto be married and with a family and an old veteran at the station since it was established. Most of the younger officers in the station look up to him as a mentor whenever they need help or advise from him. Like Kachou, Natsumi was infatuated with him since she liked older men before meeting with Shoji. Tokuno is partnered up with a younger detective named Sugihara when attending to cases in the field. Like Kachou, he appears to be lenient with most of the officers in their capacity to be good officers in their speciality.",
"He uses a [Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\") as his personal police vehicle whenever he is conducting detective work.",
"#### Shunsuke Okabayashi",
"{{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Okabayashi\\|岡林 俊介\\|Okabayashi Shunsuke}} \nShunsuke is played by actor Noboru Kaneko, he is depicted to have similar characteristics to Shouji Toukairin, though he is a suit\\-wearing, slightly uptight detective.",
""
] |
Findings
--------
[right\|upright\|thumb\|The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster field joint assembly (from the Rogers Commission report)](/wiki/Image:RogersCommission-v1p57.jpg "RogersCommission-v1p57.jpg")
The commission found that the immediate cause of the *Challenger* accident was a failure in the [O\-rings](/wiki/O-ring "O-ring") sealing the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster, causing pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to "blow by" the O\-ring and contact the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O\-rings was attributed to a design flaw, as their performance could be too easily compromised by factors including the low temperature on the day of launch.{{cite web\| author\=Rogers Commission report\| title\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident\| page\=72\| volume\=1\| date\=1986\| url\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch4\.htm}}
### "An accident rooted in history"
More broadly, the report also determined the contributing causes of the accident. Most salient was the failure of both NASA and its contractor, [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Morton_Thiokol "Morton Thiokol"), to respond adequately to the design flaw. The Commission found that as early as 1977, NASA managers had not only known about the flawed O\-ring, but that it had the potential for catastrophe. This led the Rogers Commission to conclude that the *Challenger* disaster was "an accident rooted in history".{{cite web \|author\=Rogers Commission report \|title\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident \|volume\=1 \|date\=1986 \|url\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch6\.htm}}
### Flawed launch decision
The report also strongly criticized the [decision\-making process that led to the launch of *Challenger*](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_launch_decision "Space Shuttle Challenger launch decision"), saying that it was seriously flawed. Morton Thiokol called a meeting the night before the launch to raise concerns over the forecast temperature in regards to the O\-rings. During the meeting, Morton Thiokol's engineers issued a recommendation "not to launch below 53F", the previous lowest temperature of a launch ([STS\-51C](/wiki/STS-51C "STS-51C"), a year earlier). The NASA managers challenged this and after a 30 minute offline caucus, Morton Thiokol's senior management overruled their engineers' decision and gave the launch the go\-ahead. The concerns were not communicated beyond the Level III Flight Readiness Review (FRR). It is certain that even though members of higher FRR teams knew about the issues, there were plenty of members who could have stopped the launch but decided not to. This was done in large part because of the management structure at NASA and the lack of major checks and balances, which proved to be fatal in this scenario.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}}United States Government Accountability Office The report concluded that:
{{blockquote\|... failures in communication ... resulted in a decision to launch 51\-L based on incomplete and sometimes misleading information, a conflict between engineering data and management judgments, and a NASA management structure that permitted internal flight safety problems to bypass key Shuttle managers.{{cite web\| author\=Rogers Commission report\| title\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident\| volume\=1\| date\=1986\| url\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch5\.htm \| access\-date\=2007\-01\-01}}}}
### Role of Richard Feynman
{{Very long\|section\|date\=September 2021}}
{{Rquote\|right\|I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees \[\[\[Fahrenheit]]]. I believe that has some significance to our problem.\|Richard Feynman\|}}
One of the commission's best\-known members was theoretical physicist [Richard Feynman](/wiki/Richard_Feynman "Richard Feynman"). His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, "Feynman is becoming a real pain."*Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman* (1992\) by James Gleick, p. 423 During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O\-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water.
{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/feynman\-obit.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin \|title\=Richard Feynman dead at 69; Leading theoretical physicist \|department\=Obituary \|access\-date\=January 28, 2007 \|author\=Gleick, James \|date\=February 17, 1988 \|newspaper\=\[\[New York Times]] }} Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high\-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept was the determination of a [safety factor](/wiki/Safety_factor "Safety factor").{{cite web \|last1\=Feynman \|first1\=R. P. \|author1\-link\=Richard Feynman \|title\=Volume 2: Appendix F \- Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle \|url\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \|website\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident \|publisher\=NASA \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817001214/https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2022 \|date\=June 6, 1986 \|url\-status\=live}}
In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's [O\-rings](/wiki/O-ring "O-ring") burning a third of the way through. These O\-rings provided the gas\-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O\-rings had a "safety factor" of 3\. Feynman incredulously explains the magnitude of this error: A "safety factor" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3\. If a 1,000\-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse.
Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe a part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 105, i.e. 1 in 100,000\. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was [risible](/wiki/Risible "Risible") on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch a shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 105 figure was stating what they claimed the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components.
Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned a probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 108, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was "necessarily" 1 in 105. As the figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what "necessarily" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit.
Feynman suspected that the 1 in 105 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100\. He then decided to poll the engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67\.5\). Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions. When describing these wildly differing estimates, Feynman briefly lapses from his damaging but dispassionate detailing of NASA's flaws to recognize the moral failing that resulted from a scientific failing: he was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe "Christa McAuliffe"), to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a {{frac\|1\|100}} risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved.
Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of the *Challenger* disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O\-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that despite NASA's claims, the O\-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain a tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by [General Kutyna](/wiki/Donald_Kutyna "Donald Kutyna"), also on the commission, who cunningly{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393320923 \|at\=Afterthoughts}} provided Feynman with a broad hint by asking about the effect of cold on O\-ring seals after mentioning that the temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches: below freezing at {{convert\|28\|to\|29\|°F\|°C\|1}}; previously, the coldest launch had been at {{convert\|53\|°F\|°C\|abbr\=on}}. In 2013, the BBC film *[The Challenger](/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster "The Challenger Disaster")* revealed that the O\-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member [Sally Ride](/wiki/Sally_Ride "Sally Ride"), who had secretly provided him with NASA test results showing the O\-rings became stiff when they were too cold.{{cite web \|title\=An Oral History of the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster \|url\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a18616/an\-oral\-history\-of\-the\-space\-shuttle\-challenger\-disaster/ \|website\=Popular Mechanics \|date\=January 28, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 }}
Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O\-ring seals by engineers at [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Thiokol "Thiokol"), which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that the tests had always been passed.{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393320923 \|at\=An Inflamed Appendix}}
Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the *Challenger* disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such a deeply flawed organization as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's "safety culture" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as *Appendix F*.{{cite book \|last1\=Feynman \|first1\=Richard P. \|first2\=Ralph \|last2\=Leighton \|title\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? \|publisher\=\[\[Bantam Books]] \|date\=1989 \|location\=New York \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 204] \|isbn\=0553347845 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 }} In the appendix, he stated: {{blockquote\|It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000\. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put a Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask "What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy.}}
"For a successful technology," Feynman concluded, "reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."
Feynman later wrote about the investigation in his 1988 book *[What Do You Care What Other People Think?](/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3F "What Do You Care What Other People Think?")*.{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393026597}} The second half of the book covers the investigation and the issues between science and politics, and includes the appendix he wrote.
Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to the evidence which would support the conclusions on which he would later report.{{cite AV media \|title\=The Best Mind Since Einstein \|publisher\=\[\[WGBH\-TV\|WGBH]] \& \[\[BBC]]\-TV \|location\=Boston, MA \& London \|series\=\[\[Nova (American TV program)\|NOVA]] \|year\=1993 \|medium\=video documentary}}
|
[
"Findings\n--------",
"[right\\|upright\\|thumb\\|The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster field joint assembly (from the Rogers Commission report)](/wiki/Image:RogersCommission-v1p57.jpg \"RogersCommission-v1p57.jpg\")",
"The commission found that the immediate cause of the *Challenger* accident was a failure in the [O\\-rings](/wiki/O-ring \"O-ring\") sealing the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster, causing pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to \"blow by\" the O\\-ring and contact the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O\\-rings was attributed to a design flaw, as their performance could be too easily compromised by factors including the low temperature on the day of launch.{{cite web\\| author\\=Rogers Commission report\\| title\\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident\\| page\\=72\\| volume\\=1\\| date\\=1986\\| url\\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch4\\.htm}}",
"### \"An accident rooted in history\"",
"More broadly, the report also determined the contributing causes of the accident. Most salient was the failure of both NASA and its contractor, [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Morton_Thiokol \"Morton Thiokol\"), to respond adequately to the design flaw. The Commission found that as early as 1977, NASA managers had not only known about the flawed O\\-ring, but that it had the potential for catastrophe. This led the Rogers Commission to conclude that the *Challenger* disaster was \"an accident rooted in history\".{{cite web \\|author\\=Rogers Commission report \\|title\\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident \\|volume\\=1 \\|date\\=1986 \\|url\\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch6\\.htm}}",
"### Flawed launch decision",
"The report also strongly criticized the [decision\\-making process that led to the launch of *Challenger*](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_launch_decision \"Space Shuttle Challenger launch decision\"), saying that it was seriously flawed. Morton Thiokol called a meeting the night before the launch to raise concerns over the forecast temperature in regards to the O\\-rings. During the meeting, Morton Thiokol's engineers issued a recommendation \"not to launch below 53F\", the previous lowest temperature of a launch ([STS\\-51C](/wiki/STS-51C \"STS-51C\"), a year earlier). The NASA managers challenged this and after a 30 minute offline caucus, Morton Thiokol's senior management overruled their engineers' decision and gave the launch the go\\-ahead. The concerns were not communicated beyond the Level III Flight Readiness Review (FRR). It is certain that even though members of higher FRR teams knew about the issues, there were plenty of members who could have stopped the launch but decided not to. This was done in large part because of the management structure at NASA and the lack of major checks and balances, which proved to be fatal in this scenario.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}}United States Government Accountability Office The report concluded that:",
"{{blockquote\\|... failures in communication ... resulted in a decision to launch 51\\-L based on incomplete and sometimes misleading information, a conflict between engineering data and management judgments, and a NASA management structure that permitted internal flight safety problems to bypass key Shuttle managers.{{cite web\\| author\\=Rogers Commission report\\| title\\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Accident\\| volume\\=1\\| date\\=1986\\| url\\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch5\\.htm \\| access\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-01}}}}",
"### Role of Richard Feynman",
"{{Very long\\|section\\|date\\=September 2021}}",
"{{Rquote\\|right\\|I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees \\[\\[\\[Fahrenheit]]]. I believe that has some significance to our problem.\\|Richard Feynman\\|}}",
"One of the commission's best\\-known members was theoretical physicist [Richard Feynman](/wiki/Richard_Feynman \"Richard Feynman\"). His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, \"Feynman is becoming a real pain.\"*Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman* (1992\\) by James Gleick, p. 423 During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O\\-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water.\n{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/feynman\\-obit.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin \\|title\\=Richard Feynman dead at 69; Leading theoretical physicist \\|department\\=Obituary \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2007 \\|author\\=Gleick, James \\|date\\=February 17, 1988 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Times]] }} Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\")'s engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high\\-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept was the determination of a [safety factor](/wiki/Safety_factor \"Safety factor\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Feynman \\|first1\\=R. P. \\|author1\\-link\\=Richard Feynman \\|title\\=Volume 2: Appendix F \\- Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle \\|url\\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \\|website\\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident \\|publisher\\=NASA \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817001214/https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2022 \\|date\\=June 6, 1986 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's [O\\-rings](/wiki/O-ring \"O-ring\") burning a third of the way through. These O\\-rings provided the gas\\-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O\\-rings had a \"safety factor\" of 3\\. Feynman incredulously explains the magnitude of this error: A \"safety factor\" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3\\. If a 1,000\\-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse.",
"Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe a part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 105, i.e. 1 in 100,000\\. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was [risible](/wiki/Risible \"Risible\") on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch a shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 105 figure was stating what they claimed the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components.",
"Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned a probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 108, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was \"necessarily\" 1 in 105. As the figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what \"necessarily\" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit.",
"Feynman suspected that the 1 in 105 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100\\. He then decided to poll the engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67\\.5\\). Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions. When describing these wildly differing estimates, Feynman briefly lapses from his damaging but dispassionate detailing of NASA's flaws to recognize the moral failing that resulted from a scientific failing: he was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe \"Christa McAuliffe\"), to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a {{frac\\|1\\|100}} risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved.",
"Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of the *Challenger* disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O\\-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that despite NASA's claims, the O\\-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain a tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by [General Kutyna](/wiki/Donald_Kutyna \"Donald Kutyna\"), also on the commission, who cunningly{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393320923 \\|at\\=Afterthoughts}} provided Feynman with a broad hint by asking about the effect of cold on O\\-ring seals after mentioning that the temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches: below freezing at {{convert\\|28\\|to\\|29\\|°F\\|°C\\|1}}; previously, the coldest launch had been at {{convert\\|53\\|°F\\|°C\\|abbr\\=on}}. In 2013, the BBC film *[The Challenger](/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster \"The Challenger Disaster\")* revealed that the O\\-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member [Sally Ride](/wiki/Sally_Ride \"Sally Ride\"), who had secretly provided him with NASA test results showing the O\\-rings became stiff when they were too cold.{{cite web \\|title\\=An Oral History of the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster \\|url\\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a18616/an\\-oral\\-history\\-of\\-the\\-space\\-shuttle\\-challenger\\-disaster/ \\|website\\=Popular Mechanics \\|date\\=January 28, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 }}",
"Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O\\-ring seals by engineers at [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Thiokol \"Thiokol\"), which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that the tests had always been passed.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393320923 \\|at\\=An Inflamed Appendix}}",
"Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the *Challenger* disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such a deeply flawed organization as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's \"safety culture\" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as *Appendix F*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Feynman \\|first1\\=Richard P. \\|first2\\=Ralph \\|last2\\=Leighton \\|title\\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bantam Books]] \\|date\\=1989 \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 204] \\|isbn\\=0553347845 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 }} In the appendix, he stated: {{blockquote\\|It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000\\. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put a Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask \"What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy.}}",
"\"For a successful technology,\" Feynman concluded, \"reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.\"",
"Feynman later wrote about the investigation in his 1988 book *[What Do You Care What Other People Think?](/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3F \"What Do You Care What Other People Think?\")*.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393026597}} The second half of the book covers the investigation and the issues between science and politics, and includes the appendix he wrote.",
"Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to the evidence which would support the conclusions on which he would later report.{{cite AV media \\|title\\=The Best Mind Since Einstein \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WGBH\\-TV\\|WGBH]] \\& \\[\\[BBC]]\\-TV \\|location\\=Boston, MA \\& London \\|series\\=\\[\\[Nova (American TV program)\\|NOVA]] \\|year\\=1993 \\|medium\\=video documentary}}",
""
] |
### Role of Richard Feynman
{{Very long\|section\|date\=September 2021}}
{{Rquote\|right\|I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees \[\[\[Fahrenheit]]]. I believe that has some significance to our problem.\|Richard Feynman\|}}
One of the commission's best\-known members was theoretical physicist [Richard Feynman](/wiki/Richard_Feynman "Richard Feynman"). His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, "Feynman is becoming a real pain."*Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman* (1992\) by James Gleick, p. 423 During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O\-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water.
{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/feynman\-obit.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin \|title\=Richard Feynman dead at 69; Leading theoretical physicist \|department\=Obituary \|access\-date\=January 28, 2007 \|author\=Gleick, James \|date\=February 17, 1988 \|newspaper\=\[\[New York Times]] }} Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high\-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept was the determination of a [safety factor](/wiki/Safety_factor "Safety factor").{{cite web \|last1\=Feynman \|first1\=R. P. \|author1\-link\=Richard Feynman \|title\=Volume 2: Appendix F \- Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle \|url\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \|website\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident \|publisher\=NASA \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817001214/https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2022 \|date\=June 6, 1986 \|url\-status\=live}}
In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's [O\-rings](/wiki/O-ring "O-ring") burning a third of the way through. These O\-rings provided the gas\-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O\-rings had a "safety factor" of 3\. Feynman incredulously explains the magnitude of this error: A "safety factor" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3\. If a 1,000\-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse.
Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe a part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 105, i.e. 1 in 100,000\. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was [risible](/wiki/Risible "Risible") on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch a shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 105 figure was stating what they claimed the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components.
Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned a probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 108, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was "necessarily" 1 in 105. As the figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what "necessarily" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit.
Feynman suspected that the 1 in 105 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100\. He then decided to poll the engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67\.5\). Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions. When describing these wildly differing estimates, Feynman briefly lapses from his damaging but dispassionate detailing of NASA's flaws to recognize the moral failing that resulted from a scientific failing: he was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe "Christa McAuliffe"), to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a {{frac\|1\|100}} risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved.
Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of the *Challenger* disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O\-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that despite NASA's claims, the O\-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain a tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by [General Kutyna](/wiki/Donald_Kutyna "Donald Kutyna"), also on the commission, who cunningly{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393320923 \|at\=Afterthoughts}} provided Feynman with a broad hint by asking about the effect of cold on O\-ring seals after mentioning that the temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches: below freezing at {{convert\|28\|to\|29\|°F\|°C\|1}}; previously, the coldest launch had been at {{convert\|53\|°F\|°C\|abbr\=on}}. In 2013, the BBC film *[The Challenger](/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster "The Challenger Disaster")* revealed that the O\-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member [Sally Ride](/wiki/Sally_Ride "Sally Ride"), who had secretly provided him with NASA test results showing the O\-rings became stiff when they were too cold.{{cite web \|title\=An Oral History of the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster \|url\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a18616/an\-oral\-history\-of\-the\-space\-shuttle\-challenger\-disaster/ \|website\=Popular Mechanics \|date\=January 28, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 }}
Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O\-ring seals by engineers at [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Thiokol "Thiokol"), which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that the tests had always been passed.{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393320923 \|at\=An Inflamed Appendix}}
Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the *Challenger* disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such a deeply flawed organization as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's "safety culture" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as *Appendix F*.{{cite book \|last1\=Feynman \|first1\=Richard P. \|first2\=Ralph \|last2\=Leighton \|title\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? \|publisher\=\[\[Bantam Books]] \|date\=1989 \|location\=New York \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 204] \|isbn\=0553347845 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 }} In the appendix, he stated: {{blockquote\|It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000\. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put a Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask "What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy.}}
"For a successful technology," Feynman concluded, "reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."
Feynman later wrote about the investigation in his 1988 book *[What Do You Care What Other People Think?](/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3F "What Do You Care What Other People Think?")*.{{cite book \|author1\=Feynman, Richard P. \|author2\=Leighton, Ralph \|title\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0393026597}} The second half of the book covers the investigation and the issues between science and politics, and includes the appendix he wrote.
Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to the evidence which would support the conclusions on which he would later report.{{cite AV media \|title\=The Best Mind Since Einstein \|publisher\=\[\[WGBH\-TV\|WGBH]] \& \[\[BBC]]\-TV \|location\=Boston, MA \& London \|series\=\[\[Nova (American TV program)\|NOVA]] \|year\=1993 \|medium\=video documentary}}
|
[
"### Role of Richard Feynman",
"{{Very long\\|section\\|date\\=September 2021}}",
"{{Rquote\\|right\\|I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees \\[\\[\\[Fahrenheit]]]. I believe that has some significance to our problem.\\|Richard Feynman\\|}}",
"One of the commission's best\\-known members was theoretical physicist [Richard Feynman](/wiki/Richard_Feynman \"Richard Feynman\"). His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, \"Feynman is becoming a real pain.\"*Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman* (1992\\) by James Gleick, p. 423 During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O\\-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water.\n{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/feynman\\-obit.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin \\|title\\=Richard Feynman dead at 69; Leading theoretical physicist \\|department\\=Obituary \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2007 \\|author\\=Gleick, James \\|date\\=February 17, 1988 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Times]] }} Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\")'s engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high\\-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept was the determination of a [safety factor](/wiki/Safety_factor \"Safety factor\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Feynman \\|first1\\=R. P. \\|author1\\-link\\=Richard Feynman \\|title\\=Volume 2: Appendix F \\- Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle \\|url\\=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \\|website\\=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident \\|publisher\\=NASA \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817001214/https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v2appf.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2022 \\|date\\=June 6, 1986 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's [O\\-rings](/wiki/O-ring \"O-ring\") burning a third of the way through. These O\\-rings provided the gas\\-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O\\-rings had a \"safety factor\" of 3\\. Feynman incredulously explains the magnitude of this error: A \"safety factor\" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3\\. If a 1,000\\-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse.",
"Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe a part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 105, i.e. 1 in 100,000\\. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was [risible](/wiki/Risible \"Risible\") on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch a shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 105 figure was stating what they claimed the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components.",
"Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned a probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 108, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was \"necessarily\" 1 in 105. As the figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what \"necessarily\" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit.",
"Feynman suspected that the 1 in 105 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100\\. He then decided to poll the engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67\\.5\\). Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions. When describing these wildly differing estimates, Feynman briefly lapses from his damaging but dispassionate detailing of NASA's flaws to recognize the moral failing that resulted from a scientific failing: he was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe \"Christa McAuliffe\"), to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a {{frac\\|1\\|100}} risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved.",
"Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of the *Challenger* disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O\\-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that despite NASA's claims, the O\\-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain a tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by [General Kutyna](/wiki/Donald_Kutyna \"Donald Kutyna\"), also on the commission, who cunningly{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393320923 \\|at\\=Afterthoughts}} provided Feynman with a broad hint by asking about the effect of cold on O\\-ring seals after mentioning that the temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches: below freezing at {{convert\\|28\\|to\\|29\\|°F\\|°C\\|1}}; previously, the coldest launch had been at {{convert\\|53\\|°F\\|°C\\|abbr\\=on}}. In 2013, the BBC film *[The Challenger](/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster \"The Challenger Disaster\")* revealed that the O\\-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member [Sally Ride](/wiki/Sally_Ride \"Sally Ride\"), who had secretly provided him with NASA test results showing the O\\-rings became stiff when they were too cold.{{cite web \\|title\\=An Oral History of the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster \\|url\\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a18616/an\\-oral\\-history\\-of\\-the\\-space\\-shuttle\\-challenger\\-disaster/ \\|website\\=Popular Mechanics \\|date\\=January 28, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 }}",
"Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O\\-ring seals by engineers at [Morton Thiokol](/wiki/Thiokol \"Thiokol\"), which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that the tests had always been passed.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393320923 \\|at\\=An Inflamed Appendix}}",
"Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the *Challenger* disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such a deeply flawed organization as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's \"safety culture\" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as *Appendix F*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Feynman \\|first1\\=Richard P. \\|first2\\=Ralph \\|last2\\=Leighton \\|title\\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bantam Books]] \\|date\\=1989 \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 204] \\|isbn\\=0553347845 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/whatdoyoucarewha00rich/page/204 }} In the appendix, he stated: {{blockquote\\|It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000\\. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put a Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask \"What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy.}}",
"\"For a successful technology,\" Feynman concluded, \"reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.\"",
"Feynman later wrote about the investigation in his 1988 book *[What Do You Care What Other People Think?](/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3F \"What Do You Care What Other People Think?\")*.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Feynman, Richard P. \\|author2\\=Leighton, Ralph \\|title\\=What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0393026597}} The second half of the book covers the investigation and the issues between science and politics, and includes the appendix he wrote.",
"Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to the evidence which would support the conclusions on which he would later report.{{cite AV media \\|title\\=The Best Mind Since Einstein \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WGBH\\-TV\\|WGBH]] \\& \\[\\[BBC]]\\-TV \\|location\\=Boston, MA \\& London \\|series\\=\\[\\[Nova (American TV program)\\|NOVA]] \\|year\\=1993 \\|medium\\=video documentary}}",
""
] |
Later career
------------
In 1969, he returned to New York City. He worked as an arranger and musical director for [CTI Records](/wiki/CTI_Records "CTI Records")' Kudu label, collaborating with artists like [George Benson](/wiki/George_Benson "George Benson"), [Hank Crawford](/wiki/Hank_Crawford "Hank Crawford") and [Esther Phillips](/wiki/Esther_Phillips "Esther Phillips"). In the late 1970s, he moved to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") and formed a band with former [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") sideman [David Liebman](/wiki/David_Liebman "David Liebman"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.peewee\-ellis.com/biography.htm \|title\=Pee Wee Ellis biography \|publisher\=peewee\-ellis.com \|access\-date\=July 22, 2009\|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211022000/http://www.peewee\-ellis.com/biography.htm \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2009 }} with whom he recorded "[The Chicken](/wiki/The_Chicken_%28music%29 "The Chicken (music)")", that was to become a favourite of [Jaco Pastorius](/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius "Jaco Pastorius").
The trumpeter [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham "Mark Isham") asked Ellis to perform on a track for [Van Morrison](/wiki/Van_Morrison "Van Morrison"). He wrote a funky arrangement of "You Make Me Feel So Free" for Morrison leading to his involvement in creating all of the tracks on *[Into the Music](/wiki/Into_the_Music "Into the Music")* (1979\). An association between the two musicians endured. He toured with Morrison many times and recorded another dozen albums with him over the next 20 years. Until 1986, he worked with Morrison's band as an arranger and musical director and then again from 1995 through 1999\. He also gave occasional performances in 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2006 as [guest appearances](/wiki/Guest_appearance "Guest appearance").{{cite web\|url\=http://ivan.vanomatic.de/\|title\=Van Morrison song database\|publisher\=ivan.vanomatic.de\|access\-date\=July 22, 2009}}
In the late 1980s, Ellis regrouped with some musicians he worked with during his time with [James Brown](/wiki/James_Brown "James Brown") to form the [JB Horns](/wiki/JB_Horns "JB Horns"). With [Fred Wesley](/wiki/Fred_Wesley "Fred Wesley") and [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker "Maceo Parker") he recorded albums that defined a version of [jazz\-funk](/wiki/Jazz-funk "Jazz-funk"). The group also toured in Europe. In 1992 he resumed his solo recording career. Ellis also appeared alongside [Bobby Byrd](/wiki/Bobby_Byrd "Bobby Byrd") in the J.B. All Stars.
In 1995, showing the diversity of his musical interests and talents, Ellis played tenor sax and arranged the horns for the album *Worotan*, by Mali's [Oumou Sangare](/wiki/Oumou_Sangare "Oumou Sangare"), the so\-called "Songbird of Wassoulou" and worked with many other artists on the World Circuit label including [Ali Farka Toure](/wiki/Ali_Farka_Toure "Ali Farka Toure"), [Cheikh Lo](/wiki/Cheikh_Lo "Cheikh Lo"), [Anga Diaz](/wiki/Anga_Diaz "Anga Diaz") and renowned Cuban bassist [Cachao](/wiki/Cachao "Cachao").
His own group The Pee Wee Ellis Assembly continued to work consistently from 1992, and Ellis was always busy guesting with multi various artists, arranging and recording both his own albums and as a respected session player and teaching.
Between 2009 and 2011, Ellis toured an African tribute to James Brown, "Still Black Still Proud", to much acclaim in the U.S. and Europe. Special guests in the project included [Vusi Mahlasela](/wiki/Vusi_Mahlasela "Vusi Mahlasela"), [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker "Maceo Parker"), Cheikh Lo, [Mahotella Queens](/wiki/Mahotella_Queens "Mahotella Queens") and Ghanaian rapper Ty.
From 2012, Ellis toured with the Ginger Baker Jazz Confusion, a quartet comprising Ellis, drummer [Ginger Baker](/wiki/Ginger_Baker "Ginger Baker"), bassist [Alec Dankworth](/wiki/Alec_Dankworth "Alec Dankworth") and percussionist Abass Dodoo.
In July 2014, Pee Wee Ellis was honored with a doctorate by [Bath Spa University](/wiki/Bath_Spa_University "Bath Spa University"), and he continued to support local music as patron (and a principal performer) of the Bristol International Blues and Jazz Festival. He died on September 23, 2021, at the age of 80\.{{cite web\|title\=Pee Wee Ellis, Legendary Saxophonist for James Brown, Van Morrison, Dead at 80\|periodical\=\|publisher\=Rolling Stone\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/pee\-wee\-ellis\-obit\-dead\-1232060/\|url\-status\=\|format\=\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|last\=\|date\=September 25, 2021\|language\=en\|pages\=\|quote\=}}
|
[
"Later career\n------------",
"In 1969, he returned to New York City. He worked as an arranger and musical director for [CTI Records](/wiki/CTI_Records \"CTI Records\")' Kudu label, collaborating with artists like [George Benson](/wiki/George_Benson \"George Benson\"), [Hank Crawford](/wiki/Hank_Crawford \"Hank Crawford\") and [Esther Phillips](/wiki/Esther_Phillips \"Esther Phillips\"). In the late 1970s, he moved to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") and formed a band with former [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") sideman [David Liebman](/wiki/David_Liebman \"David Liebman\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.peewee\\-ellis.com/biography.htm \\|title\\=Pee Wee Ellis biography \\|publisher\\=peewee\\-ellis.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211022000/http://www.peewee\\-ellis.com/biography.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2009 }} with whom he recorded \"[The Chicken](/wiki/The_Chicken_%28music%29 \"The Chicken (music)\")\", that was to become a favourite of [Jaco Pastorius](/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius \"Jaco Pastorius\").",
"The trumpeter [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham \"Mark Isham\") asked Ellis to perform on a track for [Van Morrison](/wiki/Van_Morrison \"Van Morrison\"). He wrote a funky arrangement of \"You Make Me Feel So Free\" for Morrison leading to his involvement in creating all of the tracks on *[Into the Music](/wiki/Into_the_Music \"Into the Music\")* (1979\\). An association between the two musicians endured. He toured with Morrison many times and recorded another dozen albums with him over the next 20 years. Until 1986, he worked with Morrison's band as an arranger and musical director and then again from 1995 through 1999\\. He also gave occasional performances in 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2006 as [guest appearances](/wiki/Guest_appearance \"Guest appearance\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ivan.vanomatic.de/\\|title\\=Van Morrison song database\\|publisher\\=ivan.vanomatic.de\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2009}}",
"In the late 1980s, Ellis regrouped with some musicians he worked with during his time with [James Brown](/wiki/James_Brown \"James Brown\") to form the [JB Horns](/wiki/JB_Horns \"JB Horns\"). With [Fred Wesley](/wiki/Fred_Wesley \"Fred Wesley\") and [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker \"Maceo Parker\") he recorded albums that defined a version of [jazz\\-funk](/wiki/Jazz-funk \"Jazz-funk\"). The group also toured in Europe. In 1992 he resumed his solo recording career. Ellis also appeared alongside [Bobby Byrd](/wiki/Bobby_Byrd \"Bobby Byrd\") in the J.B. All Stars.",
"In 1995, showing the diversity of his musical interests and talents, Ellis played tenor sax and arranged the horns for the album *Worotan*, by Mali's [Oumou Sangare](/wiki/Oumou_Sangare \"Oumou Sangare\"), the so\\-called \"Songbird of Wassoulou\" and worked with many other artists on the World Circuit label including [Ali Farka Toure](/wiki/Ali_Farka_Toure \"Ali Farka Toure\"), [Cheikh Lo](/wiki/Cheikh_Lo \"Cheikh Lo\"), [Anga Diaz](/wiki/Anga_Diaz \"Anga Diaz\") and renowned Cuban bassist [Cachao](/wiki/Cachao \"Cachao\").",
"His own group The Pee Wee Ellis Assembly continued to work consistently from 1992, and Ellis was always busy guesting with multi various artists, arranging and recording both his own albums and as a respected session player and teaching.",
"Between 2009 and 2011, Ellis toured an African tribute to James Brown, \"Still Black Still Proud\", to much acclaim in the U.S. and Europe. Special guests in the project included [Vusi Mahlasela](/wiki/Vusi_Mahlasela \"Vusi Mahlasela\"), [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker \"Maceo Parker\"), Cheikh Lo, [Mahotella Queens](/wiki/Mahotella_Queens \"Mahotella Queens\") and Ghanaian rapper Ty.",
"From 2012, Ellis toured with the Ginger Baker Jazz Confusion, a quartet comprising Ellis, drummer [Ginger Baker](/wiki/Ginger_Baker \"Ginger Baker\"), bassist [Alec Dankworth](/wiki/Alec_Dankworth \"Alec Dankworth\") and percussionist Abass Dodoo.",
"In July 2014, Pee Wee Ellis was honored with a doctorate by [Bath Spa University](/wiki/Bath_Spa_University \"Bath Spa University\"), and he continued to support local music as patron (and a principal performer) of the Bristol International Blues and Jazz Festival. He died on September 23, 2021, at the age of 80\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Pee Wee Ellis, Legendary Saxophonist for James Brown, Van Morrison, Dead at 80\\|periodical\\=\\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/pee\\-wee\\-ellis\\-obit\\-dead\\-1232060/\\|url\\-status\\=\\|format\\=\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|last\\=\\|date\\=September 25, 2021\\|language\\=en\\|pages\\=\\|quote\\=}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Designed by the architectural firm [Kaberry and Chard](/wiki/Kaberry_and_Chard "Kaberry and Chard"),{{cite web\|title\=Enfield Savoy Cinema\|url\=https://strathfieldheritage.org/recreation\-and\-shops/enfield\-savoy\-cinema/\|website\=Strathfield Heritage\|accessdate\=12 February 2018\|date\=15 August 2010}} the theatre was opened on 16 November 1927, with a seating capacity of 1,878\.{{cite web\|last1\=Roe\|first1\=Ken\|title\=Hoyts Savoy Theatre in Sydney, AU \- Cinema Treasures\|url\=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/35280\#\|website\=cinematreasures.org\|accessdate\=12 February 2018}} In 1928 Enfield Council valued the building at [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound "Australian pound")17,000\.
In 1930 there was an armed hold up at the theatre.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126204629 \|title\=SHOTS FIRED. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Maitland Daily Mercury]] \|issue\=18,534 \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=1 September 1930 \|accessdate\=13 February 2018 \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} In 1932, Western Suburbs Cinemas Ltd, a company which also operated the *Strathfield Melba* and *Homebush Theatre* in Sydney’s western suburbs took over management of the Enfield Savoy.
The theatre was redesigned in the [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco%23Australia_and_New_Zealand "Art Deco#Australia and New Zealand") style in 1938\.{{cite web\|title\=Savoy Cinema/Quality House/Whitewood Warehouse/Poliak Building Supply Co. – Enfield, NSW\|url\=https://pastlivesofthenearfuture.com/2012/03/21/savoy\-cinemawhitewood\-warehousepoliak\-building\-supply\-co\-enfield\-nsw/\|website\=Past/Lives of the Near Future\|accessdate\=12 February 2018\|date\=20 March 2012}} The façade and interior were rebuilt under guidance of architect [G N Kentworthy](/wiki/George_Newton_Kenworthy "George Newton Kenworthy") who also designed *Cremorne Orpheum* Theatre and a Christie organ was added and was opened by organist Dennis Palmistra. The instrument was originally installed in the Hoyts De Luxe Theatre, Melbourne, then the Hoyts Plaza Theatre, Sydney. The cinema was renamed the *Savoy* and reopened by the Mayor of Enfield in July 1938\.
In 1944 Western Suburbs Cinemas Ltd was taken over by [Hoyts](/wiki/Hoyts "Hoyts") resulting in a name change to the *Hoyts Savoy Theatre*.
The last film shown at the cinema was *[Some Like It Hot](/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot "Some Like It Hot")* in 1960\.
It was converted into a carpet \& furniture shop in 1981, and continues today as a plumbing \& bathroom company.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Hoyts Savoy Theatre\|url\=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/35280\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=23 July 2020\|website\=cinema treasures}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Designed by the architectural firm [Kaberry and Chard](/wiki/Kaberry_and_Chard \"Kaberry and Chard\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Enfield Savoy Cinema\\|url\\=https://strathfieldheritage.org/recreation\\-and\\-shops/enfield\\-savoy\\-cinema/\\|website\\=Strathfield Heritage\\|accessdate\\=12 February 2018\\|date\\=15 August 2010}} the theatre was opened on 16 November 1927, with a seating capacity of 1,878\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Roe\\|first1\\=Ken\\|title\\=Hoyts Savoy Theatre in Sydney, AU \\- Cinema Treasures\\|url\\=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/35280\\#\\|website\\=cinematreasures.org\\|accessdate\\=12 February 2018}} In 1928 Enfield Council valued the building at [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound \"Australian pound\")17,000\\.",
"In 1930 there was an armed hold up at the theatre.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126204629 \\|title\\=SHOTS FIRED. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Maitland Daily Mercury]] \\|issue\\=18,534 \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=1 September 1930 \\|accessdate\\=13 February 2018 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} In 1932, Western Suburbs Cinemas Ltd, a company which also operated the *Strathfield Melba* and *Homebush Theatre* in Sydney’s western suburbs took over management of the Enfield Savoy.",
"The theatre was redesigned in the [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco%23Australia_and_New_Zealand \"Art Deco#Australia and New Zealand\") style in 1938\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Savoy Cinema/Quality House/Whitewood Warehouse/Poliak Building Supply Co. – Enfield, NSW\\|url\\=https://pastlivesofthenearfuture.com/2012/03/21/savoy\\-cinemawhitewood\\-warehousepoliak\\-building\\-supply\\-co\\-enfield\\-nsw/\\|website\\=Past/Lives of the Near Future\\|accessdate\\=12 February 2018\\|date\\=20 March 2012}} The façade and interior were rebuilt under guidance of architect [G N Kentworthy](/wiki/George_Newton_Kenworthy \"George Newton Kenworthy\") who also designed *Cremorne Orpheum* Theatre and a Christie organ was added and was opened by organist Dennis Palmistra. The instrument was originally installed in the Hoyts De Luxe Theatre, Melbourne, then the Hoyts Plaza Theatre, Sydney. The cinema was renamed the *Savoy* and reopened by the Mayor of Enfield in July 1938\\.",
"In 1944 Western Suburbs Cinemas Ltd was taken over by [Hoyts](/wiki/Hoyts \"Hoyts\") resulting in a name change to the *Hoyts Savoy Theatre*.",
"The last film shown at the cinema was *[Some Like It Hot](/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot \"Some Like It Hot\")* in 1960\\.",
"It was converted into a carpet \\& furniture shop in 1981, and continues today as a plumbing \\& bathroom company.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Hoyts Savoy Theatre\\|url\\=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/35280\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2020\\|website\\=cinema treasures}}",
""
] |
Mission highlights
------------------
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=April 2024}}[thumb\|left\|Launch of STS\-94](/wiki/File:Sts-94_launch.jpg "Sts-94 launch.jpg")
This was a reflight of the [STS\-83](/wiki/STS-83 "STS-83") Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. MSL was originally launched on 4 April 1997 at 2:20 pm EST and was intended to be on orbit for 15 days, 16 hours. The mission was cut short due to a problem with Fuel Cell \#2 and *Columbia* landed on 8 April 1997 after 3 days 23 hours.
The primary payload on STS\-83 was the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL). MSL was a collection of microgravity experiments housed inside a European Spacelab Long Module (LM). It built on the cooperative and scientific foundation of the International Microgravity Laboratory missions (IML\-1 on [STS\-42](/wiki/STS-42 "STS-42") and IML\-2 on [STS\-65](/wiki/STS-65 "STS-65")), the United States Microgravity Laboratory missions (USML\-1 on [STS\-50](/wiki/STS-50 "STS-50") and USML\-2 on [STS\-73](/wiki/STS-73 "STS-73")), the Japanese Spacelab mission (Spacelab\-J on [STS\-47](/wiki/STS-47 "STS-47")), the Spacelab Life and Microgravity Science Mission (LMS on [STS\-78](/wiki/STS-78 "STS-78")) and the German Spacelab missions (D\-1 on [STS\-61\-A](/wiki/STS-61-A "STS-61-A") and D\-2 on [STS\-55](/wiki/STS-55 "STS-55")).
MSL featured 19 materials science investigations in 4 major facilities. These facilities were the Large Isothermal Furnace, the EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to the Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack, the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) and the Coarsening in Solid\-Liquid Mixtures (CSLM) facility, the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) and the Combustion Module\-1 Facility. Additional technology experiments were to be performed in the Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) developed by the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the High\-Packed Digital Television (HI\-PAC DTV) system was used to provide multi\-channel real\-time analog science video.
The Large Isothermal Furnace was developed by the [Japanese Space Agency](/wiki/Japanese_Space_Agency "Japanese Space Agency") (NASDA) for the STS\-47 Spacelab\-J mission and was also flown on STS\-65 IML\-2 mission. It housed the Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient by Shear Cell Method Experiment, the Diffusion of Liquid Metals and Alloys Experiment, the Diffusion in Liquid Led\-Tin\-Telluride Experiment, the Impurity Diffusion in Ionic Melts Experiment, the Liquid Phase Sintering II Experiment (LIF), and the Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors Experiment (DPIMS).
The Combustion Module\-1 (CM\-1\) facility from the NASA Lewis Research Center housed experiments on Laminar Soot Processes Experiment and the Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis\-number Experiment (SOFBALL).
The Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) is designed to investigate the fundamental combustion aspects of single, isolated droplets under different pressures and ambient oxygen concentrations for a range of droplet sizes varying between {{convert\|2\|mm}} and {{convert\|5\|mm}}. The DCE apparatus is integrated into a single width MSL Spacelab rack in the cargo bay.
[thumb\|STS\-94 crew on orbit](/wiki/File:Sts-94_crew.jpg "Sts-94 crew.jpg")
The EXPRESS rack replaces a Spacelab Double rack and special hardware will provide the same structural and resource connections the rack will have on the Space Station. It will house the Physics of Hard Spheres (PHaSE) experiment and the Astro/PGBA Experiment.
The Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) is used for the Experiments on Nucleation in Different Flow Regimes, Thermophysical Properties of Advanced Materials in the Undercooled Liquid State Experiment, Measurements of the Surface Tension of Liquid and Undercooled Metallic Alloys by Oscillating Drop Technique Experiment, Alloy Undercooling Experiments, the Study of the Morphological Stability of Growing Dendrites by Comparative Dendrite Velocity Measurements on Pure Ni and Dilute Ni–C Alloy in the Earth and Space Laboratory Experiment, the Undercooled Melts of Alloys with Polytetrahedral Short\-Range Order Experiment, the Thermal Expansion of Glass Forming Metallic Alloys in the Undercooled State Experiment, the AC Calorimetry and Thermophysical Properties of Bulk Glass\-Forming Metallic Liquids experiment and the Measurement of Surface Tension and Viscosity of Undercooled Liquid Metals experiment.
There were also experiments on measuring microgravity. They included the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), the Microgravity Measurement Assembly (MMA), the Quasi\-Steady Acceleration Measurement System and the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE).
The Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) facility supported the Bubble and Drop Nonlinear Dynamics (BDND) Experiment, the Study of the Fundamental Operation of a Capillary\-driven Heat Transfer (CHT) Device in Microgravity Experiment, the Internal Flows in a Free Drop (IFFD) experiment and the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion experiment (FSDC\-2\).
|
[
"Mission highlights\n------------------",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=April 2024}}[thumb\\|left\\|Launch of STS\\-94](/wiki/File:Sts-94_launch.jpg \"Sts-94 launch.jpg\")\nThis was a reflight of the [STS\\-83](/wiki/STS-83 \"STS-83\") Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. MSL was originally launched on 4 April 1997 at 2:20 pm EST and was intended to be on orbit for 15 days, 16 hours. The mission was cut short due to a problem with Fuel Cell \\#2 and *Columbia* landed on 8 April 1997 after 3 days 23 hours.",
"The primary payload on STS\\-83 was the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL). MSL was a collection of microgravity experiments housed inside a European Spacelab Long Module (LM). It built on the cooperative and scientific foundation of the International Microgravity Laboratory missions (IML\\-1 on [STS\\-42](/wiki/STS-42 \"STS-42\") and IML\\-2 on [STS\\-65](/wiki/STS-65 \"STS-65\")), the United States Microgravity Laboratory missions (USML\\-1 on [STS\\-50](/wiki/STS-50 \"STS-50\") and USML\\-2 on [STS\\-73](/wiki/STS-73 \"STS-73\")), the Japanese Spacelab mission (Spacelab\\-J on [STS\\-47](/wiki/STS-47 \"STS-47\")), the Spacelab Life and Microgravity Science Mission (LMS on [STS\\-78](/wiki/STS-78 \"STS-78\")) and the German Spacelab missions (D\\-1 on [STS\\-61\\-A](/wiki/STS-61-A \"STS-61-A\") and D\\-2 on [STS\\-55](/wiki/STS-55 \"STS-55\")).",
"MSL featured 19 materials science investigations in 4 major facilities. These facilities were the Large Isothermal Furnace, the EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to the Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack, the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) and the Coarsening in Solid\\-Liquid Mixtures (CSLM) facility, the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) and the Combustion Module\\-1 Facility. Additional technology experiments were to be performed in the Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) developed by the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the High\\-Packed Digital Television (HI\\-PAC DTV) system was used to provide multi\\-channel real\\-time analog science video.",
"The Large Isothermal Furnace was developed by the [Japanese Space Agency](/wiki/Japanese_Space_Agency \"Japanese Space Agency\") (NASDA) for the STS\\-47 Spacelab\\-J mission and was also flown on STS\\-65 IML\\-2 mission. It housed the Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient by Shear Cell Method Experiment, the Diffusion of Liquid Metals and Alloys Experiment, the Diffusion in Liquid Led\\-Tin\\-Telluride Experiment, the Impurity Diffusion in Ionic Melts Experiment, the Liquid Phase Sintering II Experiment (LIF), and the Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors Experiment (DPIMS).",
"The Combustion Module\\-1 (CM\\-1\\) facility from the NASA Lewis Research Center housed experiments on Laminar Soot Processes Experiment and the Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis\\-number Experiment (SOFBALL).",
"The Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) is designed to investigate the fundamental combustion aspects of single, isolated droplets under different pressures and ambient oxygen concentrations for a range of droplet sizes varying between {{convert\\|2\\|mm}} and {{convert\\|5\\|mm}}. The DCE apparatus is integrated into a single width MSL Spacelab rack in the cargo bay.",
"[thumb\\|STS\\-94 crew on orbit](/wiki/File:Sts-94_crew.jpg \"Sts-94 crew.jpg\")\nThe EXPRESS rack replaces a Spacelab Double rack and special hardware will provide the same structural and resource connections the rack will have on the Space Station. It will house the Physics of Hard Spheres (PHaSE) experiment and the Astro/PGBA Experiment.",
"The Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) is used for the Experiments on Nucleation in Different Flow Regimes, Thermophysical Properties of Advanced Materials in the Undercooled Liquid State Experiment, Measurements of the Surface Tension of Liquid and Undercooled Metallic Alloys by Oscillating Drop Technique Experiment, Alloy Undercooling Experiments, the Study of the Morphological Stability of Growing Dendrites by Comparative Dendrite Velocity Measurements on Pure Ni and Dilute Ni–C Alloy in the Earth and Space Laboratory Experiment, the Undercooled Melts of Alloys with Polytetrahedral Short\\-Range Order Experiment, the Thermal Expansion of Glass Forming Metallic Alloys in the Undercooled State Experiment, the AC Calorimetry and Thermophysical Properties of Bulk Glass\\-Forming Metallic Liquids experiment and the Measurement of Surface Tension and Viscosity of Undercooled Liquid Metals experiment.",
"There were also experiments on measuring microgravity. They included the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), the Microgravity Measurement Assembly (MMA), the Quasi\\-Steady Acceleration Measurement System and the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE).",
"The Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) facility supported the Bubble and Drop Nonlinear Dynamics (BDND) Experiment, the Study of the Fundamental Operation of a Capillary\\-driven Heat Transfer (CHT) Device in Microgravity Experiment, the Internal Flows in a Free Drop (IFFD) experiment and the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion experiment (FSDC\\-2\\).",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
[thumb\|Charlie Cox's [1995 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship "1995 British Touring Car Championship") [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_%28first_generation%29 "Ford Mondeo (first generation)").Cox](/wiki/File:Charlie_Cox_-_Ford_Mondeo_in_the_paddock_at_the_British_GP_support_round_of_the_BTCC_1995_%2849772276683%29.jpg "Charlie Cox - Ford Mondeo in the paddock at the British GP support round of the BTCC 1995 (49772276683).jpg")'s earliest exposure to racing was in Australia in the late 1980s in the Production car\-based "Street Sedans", raced on tracks in the Sydney area.
Cox raced a [Ford Escort RS Cosworth](/wiki/Ford_Escort_RS_Cosworth "Ford Escort RS Cosworth") in the 1993 National Saloon Car Cup in [Britain](/wiki/UK "UK"), winning six races, including the [Willhire 24 Hour](/wiki/Willhire_24_Hour "Willhire 24 Hour") at [Snetterton](/wiki/Snetterton_Circuit "Snetterton Circuit"), to clinch the Class A championship. Cox retained his title the following year, taking five wins during the season. He also claimed the Class A title in the 1993 BRDC National Sports GT Challenge{{Cite web \|title\=Charlie Cox \|url\=http://www.brdc.co.uk/Charlie\-Cox \|access\-date\=14 October 2024 \|website\=The British Racing Drivers' Club}}.
For 1995 Cox moved up to the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship "British Touring Car Championship") in a [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo "Ford Mondeo") for his recently formed Thames Ford Dealers team with sponsorship from the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")* newspaper.
He caused a sensation in a wet race early in the season by finishing 5th, although behind both works Fords, choosing the correct tyres and recovering from an early spin.
However, a huge barrel\-rolling crash at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit "Thruxton Circuit") left him with concussion, and caused him to miss several races. When he returned it was in a hatchback Mondeo, making him the first driver to race one in the BTCC.
He subsequently raced internationally in [Sportscars](/wiki/Sportscar "Sportscar") as well as three appearances at the [Bathurst 1000](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 "Bathurst 1000").driving the Vittoria Coffee Commodore.
From 1996 to 2001, Cox raced International Class GT sports cars in the UK, South Africa and across Europe. Notably, Cox raced a GT1 Factory Harrier in the 1997 British GT Championship.
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|Charlie Cox's [1995 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship \"1995 British Touring Car Championship\") [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_%28first_generation%29 \"Ford Mondeo (first generation)\").Cox](/wiki/File:Charlie_Cox_-_Ford_Mondeo_in_the_paddock_at_the_British_GP_support_round_of_the_BTCC_1995_%2849772276683%29.jpg \"Charlie Cox - Ford Mondeo in the paddock at the British GP support round of the BTCC 1995 (49772276683).jpg\")'s earliest exposure to racing was in Australia in the late 1980s in the Production car\\-based \"Street Sedans\", raced on tracks in the Sydney area.",
"Cox raced a [Ford Escort RS Cosworth](/wiki/Ford_Escort_RS_Cosworth \"Ford Escort RS Cosworth\") in the 1993 National Saloon Car Cup in [Britain](/wiki/UK \"UK\"), winning six races, including the [Willhire 24 Hour](/wiki/Willhire_24_Hour \"Willhire 24 Hour\") at [Snetterton](/wiki/Snetterton_Circuit \"Snetterton Circuit\"), to clinch the Class A championship. Cox retained his title the following year, taking five wins during the season. He also claimed the Class A title in the 1993 BRDC National Sports GT Challenge{{Cite web \\|title\\=Charlie Cox \\|url\\=http://www.brdc.co.uk/Charlie\\-Cox \\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2024 \\|website\\=The British Racing Drivers' Club}}.",
"For 1995 Cox moved up to the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship \"British Touring Car Championship\") in a [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo \"Ford Mondeo\") for his recently formed Thames Ford Dealers team with sponsorship from the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")* newspaper.",
"He caused a sensation in a wet race early in the season by finishing 5th, although behind both works Fords, choosing the correct tyres and recovering from an early spin.",
"However, a huge barrel\\-rolling crash at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit \"Thruxton Circuit\") left him with concussion, and caused him to miss several races. When he returned it was in a hatchback Mondeo, making him the first driver to race one in the BTCC.",
"He subsequently raced internationally in [Sportscars](/wiki/Sportscar \"Sportscar\") as well as three appearances at the [Bathurst 1000](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 \"Bathurst 1000\").driving the Vittoria Coffee Commodore.",
"From 1996 to 2001, Cox raced International Class GT sports cars in the UK, South Africa and across Europe. Notably, Cox raced a GT1 Factory Harrier in the 1997 British GT Championship.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The episode starts inside the office of the Acme Credit Union. A young credit union teller{{cite web\| title\=A Substantial Gift (The Broken Promise)\| website\=TV.com\| url\=http://www.tv.com/police\-squad!/a\-substantial\-gift\-the\-broken\-promise/episode/236146/summary.html?tag\=ep\_list;ep\_title;0\| accessdate\=January 13, 2008\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2009\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804211436/http://www.tv.com/police\-squad!/a\-substantial\-gift\-the\-broken\-promise/episode/236146/summary.html?tag\=ep\_list;ep\_title;0\| url\-status\=dead}} named Sally Decker (played by [Kathryn Leigh Scott](/wiki/Kathryn_Leigh_Scott "Kathryn Leigh Scott")) is arguing with her boss, Jim Johnson, over a loan of money. Sally needs the money to pay a debt to her [orthodontist](/wiki/Orthodontist "Orthodontist"). Johnson declines, saying that due to an upcoming [audit](/wiki/Audit "Audit"), he has to balance the credit union's books and can't loan her any more money. The argument ends as customer Ralph Twice, recently laid off from the Lorman Tire Company, arrives to cash his last payroll check. During the extended identification process, Sally devises a scheme to solve her money problems: she shoots her boss and Mr. Twice, making it look like Twice was trying to rob the credit union by planting a gun on him. She pilfers the cash drawer and then begins screaming to attract attention. In a sight gag reminiscent of the toll booth scene in "[Blazing Saddles](/wiki/Blazing_Saddles "Blazing Saddles")", while the teller's cage has the usual heavy security set\-up (mesh wire, bars, etc.) when seen straight on from the point of view of Twice, the camera then pans back, showing that Sally Decker's desk, placed side\-by\-side with the teller's window, is entirely open space and that any would\-be robber could easily sidestep the security and enter the teller's cage from the side, which is entirely unprotected.
We then see Frank park his car in front of the credit union, avoiding an absurdly long [stretcher](/wiki/Stretcher "Stretcher") removing a body of one of the victims as he enters. He inquires of his boss, Ed Hocken, about the case. Ed tells Frank that the alleged robber, Ralph Twice, is a good family man with no prior record. They both question Sally, who makes a really complicated statement (in the manner of [Abbott and Costello](/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello "Abbott and Costello")'s "[Who's on First?](/wiki/Who%27s_on_First%3F "Who's on First?")" routine) in which she makes clear that Twice shot Jim Johnson twice, and then she shot Twice once. As Frank and Ed depart, Sally continues sobbing falsely, believing that they have bought her story.
Frank leaves to go see scientist Ted Olson at the Police Squad crime lab. Ted tells Frank that if the shooter stood where Sally said, the bullet which killed Johnson should have penetrated deeper. Ted demonstrates this by shooting into a shelf of videotapes containing [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters "Barbara Walters") interviews. Ed and Frank then go a neighborhood in the city called [Little Italy](/wiki/Little_Italy "Little Italy") (and sure enough, as they drive there, we see Rome's [Colosseum](/wiki/Colosseum "Colosseum") in the background) to question Ralph Twice's widow ("We're sorry to bother you at a time like this, Mrs. Twice. We would have come earlier, but your husband wasn't dead then") (continuing the "Little Italy" gag, her apartment apparently has a direct view onto the [Leaning Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa "Leaning Tower of Pisa")). She tells them that Ralph didn't have any enemies, although the [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") didn't like him. Mrs. Twice claims that Ralph was a good man and laments how she's going to break the news of his death to her daughter. Frank and Ed suggest preposterous lies such as: "he was killed by left\-wing insurgents from [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay")", or that "he threw himself on a grenade and saved a battalion", and ultimately that "he was traded to the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") for [Reggie Jackson](/wiki/Reggie_Jackson "Reggie Jackson")". They leave Mrs. Twice in more grief than when they found her. No further progress is made in the next ten hours, so the following morning Frank reports back to Police Squad. While Sally is giving a "formal" statement (wearing an evening dress with a stenographer wearing a tuxedo), Ed and Frank receive the lab reports, brought to them by Al. The lab reports contradict Sally's version of the events, suggesting that the shooter was really much further away from the victims than she claimed.
### Act II: Yankees One
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Act II: [Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") One](/wiki/Image:ActII-YankeesOne.jpg "ActII-YankeesOne.jpg")
Frank tries to discover the position in which Mr. Twice and Jim Johnson stood, by using real people as test subjects and firing real guns. After several hours Frank has a couple of interesting theories, but still nothing conclusive (other than a pile of dead bodies). Frank needs answers, and he knows where he can get them: Johnny the Snitch.
Johnny tells Frank that Ralph would have gotten his job back in two weeks, while Sally used to be Joe Surlov's girlfriend and she got mixed up in penny\-ante [bunko](/wiki/Confidence_trick "Confidence trick") scams. Frank finds Surlov working at "one of those [all night wicker places](/wiki/Pier_One_Imports "Pier One Imports")." Surlov, who has gone clean, leads Frank to Dr. Zubatski, the orthodontist who treated Sally. Visiting Dr. Zubatski's office, Frank learns that Sally was chronically in arrears with her payments to Zubatski, but that she paid him in full the day after the credit union holdup. Setting up the final confrontation, Frank calls Sally, claiming that he is Zubatski (perfectly imitating his voice merely by placing a [handkerchief](/wiki/Handkerchief "Handkerchief") over the telephone mouthpiece), and threatens her with blackmail in order to arrange a clandestine meeting. As Frank is leaving for the meeting, Ed warns that Sally has already killed two men, so he'd better watch his step. Entering the hallway, Frank immediately steps on something that flips him over by his feet, and we see his silhouette dangling upside down through the frosted glass window.
When Sally sees that the meeting is really with Frank and not Dr. Zubatski, she tries to leave, but Frank tells her what he has discovered. Before Sally was Sally, she was Babs Caltrane, a notorious gun runner in [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"). But Frank notes that "Babs has red hair!" He grabs Sally's blonde hair, revealing it to be a wig with red hair underneath, showing that Sally is indeed Babs Caltrane. The joke continues as Frank then says before *that* she was a brunette hitman named [ZaSu Pitts](/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts "ZaSu Pitts"), and pulls off yet another wig. He then reveals that before *that* she sang back up for [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin "Aretha Franklin"), and removes the brunette wig to reveal a large [afro](/wiki/Afro "Afro") hairstyle. Sally then pulls this wig off, showing a military style [buzz cut](/wiki/Buzz_cut "Buzz cut") and claiming before *that* to have been in the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/U.S._Marines "U.S. Marines"). Sally throws the red wig into Frank's face, momentarily incapacitating him (a joke that was re\-used in *[The Naked Gun](/wiki/The_Naked_Gun "The Naked Gun")* with a pillow instead of a wig). Sally runs away and hides behind some trash cans, and Frank takes cover behind a bench. Frank and Sally start shooting at each other, but we later see that they are really close to each other, a joke that was re\-used in *[The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear](/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:The_Smell_of_Fear "The Smell of Fear")*. Eventually they run out of ammunition and start throwing guns at each other. Sally runs out of things to throw and attempts to flee. Just when Sally tries to run away, Ed, Sergeant Take\-Her\-Away and Sergeant Booker arrive to take her away and book her.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The episode starts inside the office of the Acme Credit Union. A young credit union teller{{cite web\\| title\\=A Substantial Gift (The Broken Promise)\\| website\\=TV.com\\| url\\=http://www.tv.com/police\\-squad!/a\\-substantial\\-gift\\-the\\-broken\\-promise/episode/236146/summary.html?tag\\=ep\\_list;ep\\_title;0\\| accessdate\\=January 13, 2008\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804211436/http://www.tv.com/police\\-squad!/a\\-substantial\\-gift\\-the\\-broken\\-promise/episode/236146/summary.html?tag\\=ep\\_list;ep\\_title;0\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} named Sally Decker (played by [Kathryn Leigh Scott](/wiki/Kathryn_Leigh_Scott \"Kathryn Leigh Scott\")) is arguing with her boss, Jim Johnson, over a loan of money. Sally needs the money to pay a debt to her [orthodontist](/wiki/Orthodontist \"Orthodontist\"). Johnson declines, saying that due to an upcoming [audit](/wiki/Audit \"Audit\"), he has to balance the credit union's books and can't loan her any more money. The argument ends as customer Ralph Twice, recently laid off from the Lorman Tire Company, arrives to cash his last payroll check. During the extended identification process, Sally devises a scheme to solve her money problems: she shoots her boss and Mr. Twice, making it look like Twice was trying to rob the credit union by planting a gun on him. She pilfers the cash drawer and then begins screaming to attract attention. In a sight gag reminiscent of the toll booth scene in \"[Blazing Saddles](/wiki/Blazing_Saddles \"Blazing Saddles\")\", while the teller's cage has the usual heavy security set\\-up (mesh wire, bars, etc.) when seen straight on from the point of view of Twice, the camera then pans back, showing that Sally Decker's desk, placed side\\-by\\-side with the teller's window, is entirely open space and that any would\\-be robber could easily sidestep the security and enter the teller's cage from the side, which is entirely unprotected.",
"We then see Frank park his car in front of the credit union, avoiding an absurdly long [stretcher](/wiki/Stretcher \"Stretcher\") removing a body of one of the victims as he enters. He inquires of his boss, Ed Hocken, about the case. Ed tells Frank that the alleged robber, Ralph Twice, is a good family man with no prior record. They both question Sally, who makes a really complicated statement (in the manner of [Abbott and Costello](/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello \"Abbott and Costello\")'s \"[Who's on First?](/wiki/Who%27s_on_First%3F \"Who's on First?\")\" routine) in which she makes clear that Twice shot Jim Johnson twice, and then she shot Twice once. As Frank and Ed depart, Sally continues sobbing falsely, believing that they have bought her story.",
"Frank leaves to go see scientist Ted Olson at the Police Squad crime lab. Ted tells Frank that if the shooter stood where Sally said, the bullet which killed Johnson should have penetrated deeper. Ted demonstrates this by shooting into a shelf of videotapes containing [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters \"Barbara Walters\") interviews. Ed and Frank then go a neighborhood in the city called [Little Italy](/wiki/Little_Italy \"Little Italy\") (and sure enough, as they drive there, we see Rome's [Colosseum](/wiki/Colosseum \"Colosseum\") in the background) to question Ralph Twice's widow (\"We're sorry to bother you at a time like this, Mrs. Twice. We would have come earlier, but your husband wasn't dead then\") (continuing the \"Little Italy\" gag, her apartment apparently has a direct view onto the [Leaning Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa \"Leaning Tower of Pisa\")). She tells them that Ralph didn't have any enemies, although the [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") didn't like him. Mrs. Twice claims that Ralph was a good man and laments how she's going to break the news of his death to her daughter. Frank and Ed suggest preposterous lies such as: \"he was killed by left\\-wing insurgents from [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\")\", or that \"he threw himself on a grenade and saved a battalion\", and ultimately that \"he was traded to the [Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") for [Reggie Jackson](/wiki/Reggie_Jackson \"Reggie Jackson\")\". They leave Mrs. Twice in more grief than when they found her. No further progress is made in the next ten hours, so the following morning Frank reports back to Police Squad. While Sally is giving a \"formal\" statement (wearing an evening dress with a stenographer wearing a tuxedo), Ed and Frank receive the lab reports, brought to them by Al. The lab reports contradict Sally's version of the events, suggesting that the shooter was really much further away from the victims than she claimed.",
"### Act II: Yankees One",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Act II: [Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") One](/wiki/Image:ActII-YankeesOne.jpg \"ActII-YankeesOne.jpg\")\nFrank tries to discover the position in which Mr. Twice and Jim Johnson stood, by using real people as test subjects and firing real guns. After several hours Frank has a couple of interesting theories, but still nothing conclusive (other than a pile of dead bodies). Frank needs answers, and he knows where he can get them: Johnny the Snitch.",
"Johnny tells Frank that Ralph would have gotten his job back in two weeks, while Sally used to be Joe Surlov's girlfriend and she got mixed up in penny\\-ante [bunko](/wiki/Confidence_trick \"Confidence trick\") scams. Frank finds Surlov working at \"one of those [all night wicker places](/wiki/Pier_One_Imports \"Pier One Imports\").\" Surlov, who has gone clean, leads Frank to Dr. Zubatski, the orthodontist who treated Sally. Visiting Dr. Zubatski's office, Frank learns that Sally was chronically in arrears with her payments to Zubatski, but that she paid him in full the day after the credit union holdup. Setting up the final confrontation, Frank calls Sally, claiming that he is Zubatski (perfectly imitating his voice merely by placing a [handkerchief](/wiki/Handkerchief \"Handkerchief\") over the telephone mouthpiece), and threatens her with blackmail in order to arrange a clandestine meeting. As Frank is leaving for the meeting, Ed warns that Sally has already killed two men, so he'd better watch his step. Entering the hallway, Frank immediately steps on something that flips him over by his feet, and we see his silhouette dangling upside down through the frosted glass window.",
"When Sally sees that the meeting is really with Frank and not Dr. Zubatski, she tries to leave, but Frank tells her what he has discovered. Before Sally was Sally, she was Babs Caltrane, a notorious gun runner in [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\"). But Frank notes that \"Babs has red hair!\" He grabs Sally's blonde hair, revealing it to be a wig with red hair underneath, showing that Sally is indeed Babs Caltrane. The joke continues as Frank then says before *that* she was a brunette hitman named [ZaSu Pitts](/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts \"ZaSu Pitts\"), and pulls off yet another wig. He then reveals that before *that* she sang back up for [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin \"Aretha Franklin\"), and removes the brunette wig to reveal a large [afro](/wiki/Afro \"Afro\") hairstyle. Sally then pulls this wig off, showing a military style [buzz cut](/wiki/Buzz_cut \"Buzz cut\") and claiming before *that* to have been in the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/U.S._Marines \"U.S. Marines\"). Sally throws the red wig into Frank's face, momentarily incapacitating him (a joke that was re\\-used in *[The Naked Gun](/wiki/The_Naked_Gun \"The Naked Gun\")* with a pillow instead of a wig). Sally runs away and hides behind some trash cans, and Frank takes cover behind a bench. Frank and Sally start shooting at each other, but we later see that they are really close to each other, a joke that was re\\-used in *[The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear](/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:The_Smell_of_Fear \"The Smell of Fear\")*. Eventually they run out of ammunition and start throwing guns at each other. Sally runs out of things to throw and attempts to flee. Just when Sally tries to run away, Ed, Sergeant Take\\-Her\\-Away and Sergeant Booker arrive to take her away and book her.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### New York Mets
#### Minor league
Muno hit .355 with 23 doubles, 45 runs scored, 43 walks (to only 39 strikeouts) and 9 stolen bases in 59 games for the [Brooklyn Cyclones](/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones "Brooklyn Cyclones") in his first professional season, 2011\. He led the [New York–Penn League](/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Penn_League "New York–Penn League") in batting average, on\-base percentage and OPS. *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America "Baseball America")* named him the 18th\-best prospect in the New York–Penn League, the 30th\-best prospect in the Mets system and the player with the best strike zone discipline in the Mets organization following the season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/statistics/players/cards/94704\|title\=BaseballAmerica.com: Stats: Danny Muno\|work\=baseballamerica.com\|access\-date\=December 4, 2014}} He was also a New York–Penn League Mid\-Season All\-Star and an [MiLB.com](/wiki/MiLB.com "MiLB.com") Organization All\-Star.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid\=milb\&t\=p\_pbp\&pid\=594940\|title\=Daniel Muno Stats, Highlights, Bio – \|work\=MiLB.com\|access\-date\=December 4, 2014}}
With the [St. Lucie Mets](/wiki/St._Lucie_Mets "St. Lucie Mets") in 2012 Muno hit .280 with 19 stolen bases in 22 tries, 50 walks and 6 home runs in 81 games. He was suspended 50 games for testing positive for performance\-enhancing drugs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/7947793/two\-minor\-leaguers\-daniel\-muno\-luis\-rojas\-get\-50\-game\-suspensions\|title\=Two minor leaguers, Daniel Muno and Luis Rojas, get 50\-game suspensions\|work\=ESPN.com\|date\=19 May 2012\|access\-date\=December 4, 2014}} *Baseball America* again said he had the best strike zone discipline in the Mets system. He hit .249 with 86 runs, 27 doubles, 15 stolen bases in 26 tries and 92 walks for the [Binghamton Mets](/wiki/Binghamton_Mets "Binghamton Mets") in 2013\. He began 2014 with the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s "Las Vegas 51s").
#### Major leagues
[250px\|right\|thumb\|Muno during his tenure with the [New York Mets in 2015 Spring Training](/wiki/2015_New_York_Mets_season "2015 New York Mets season")](/wiki/File:Daniel_Muno_%2816754190816%29.jpg "Daniel Muno (16754190816).jpg")
Muno made his major\-league debut on April 17, 2015 as a pinch\-hitter, recording a single off Marlins' reliever [Sam Dyson](/wiki/Sam_Dyson "Sam Dyson") for his first major league hit. He then stole second base. In 2015 Muno tied a Mets record with three errors in one game. He was outrighted off the Mets roster on August 31, 2015\. He began 2016 with the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s "Las Vegas 51s") before being released on June 28\.
### Chicago White Sox
On July 1, 2016, Muno signed a minor league contract with the White Sox. After batting .211 in 33 games for the [Charlotte Knights](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights "Charlotte Knights"), he was released on August 17, 2016\.
### Miami Marlins
On August 20, 2016, Muno signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins").{{cite web\|url\=http://wtop.com/news/2016/08/saturdays\-sports\-transactions\-290/\|title\=Saturday's Sports Transactions\|work\=wtop.com\|date\=August 20, 2016\|access\-date\=August 27, 2016}}{{Dead link\|date\=January 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In 8 games for the Double–A [Jacksonville Suns](/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns "Jacksonville Suns"), he batted .222/.364/.222 with no home runs or RBI. Muno elected free agency following the season on November 7\.{{Cite web\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2016\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2016/\|access\-date\=July 25, 2024\|website\=baseballamerica.com\|language\=en}}
### Southern Maryland Blue Crabs
On February 20, 2017, Muno signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.fantasyalarm.com/player\-news/653871/danny\-muno\-heads\-to\-tigers\-on\-milb\-deal/\|title\=NFL News \| Fantasy Alarm}} He was released prior to the start of the season on March 25\.
On April 6, 2017, Muno signed with the [Southern Maryland Blue Crabs](/wiki/Southern_Maryland_Blue_Crabs "Southern Maryland Blue Crabs") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball").
### Seattle Mariners
On May 11, 2017, Muno had his contract purchased by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners").
Muno re–signed with the Mariners organization on a minor league contract on October 30, 2017\. He played in 62 games for the Triple–A [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers "Tacoma Rainiers"), hitting .195/.321/.265 with one home run and 23 RBI. Muno elected free agency following the season on November 2, 2018\.{{Cite web\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2018\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2018/\|access\-date\=May 20, 2024\|website\=baseballamerica.com\|date\=6 November 2018 \|language\=en}}
Muno joined the [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers "Tacoma Rainiers") front office as a sales manager following the 2018 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.milb.com/milb/news/danny\-muno\-at\-home\-in\-tacoma\-rainiers\-front\-office\-role/c\-302489658\|title\=Muno making his pitch off the field\|website\=MiLB.com\|author\=Michael Avallone\|date\=January 9, 2019\|access\-date\=October 22, 2019}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### New York Mets",
"#### Minor league",
"Muno hit .355 with 23 doubles, 45 runs scored, 43 walks (to only 39 strikeouts) and 9 stolen bases in 59 games for the [Brooklyn Cyclones](/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones \"Brooklyn Cyclones\") in his first professional season, 2011\\. He led the [New York–Penn League](/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Penn_League \"New York–Penn League\") in batting average, on\\-base percentage and OPS. *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America \"Baseball America\")* named him the 18th\\-best prospect in the New York–Penn League, the 30th\\-best prospect in the Mets system and the player with the best strike zone discipline in the Mets organization following the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/statistics/players/cards/94704\\|title\\=BaseballAmerica.com: Stats: Danny Muno\\|work\\=baseballamerica.com\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2014}} He was also a New York–Penn League Mid\\-Season All\\-Star and an [MiLB.com](/wiki/MiLB.com \"MiLB.com\") Organization All\\-Star.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid\\=milb\\&t\\=p\\_pbp\\&pid\\=594940\\|title\\=Daniel Muno Stats, Highlights, Bio – \\|work\\=MiLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2014}}",
"With the [St. Lucie Mets](/wiki/St._Lucie_Mets \"St. Lucie Mets\") in 2012 Muno hit .280 with 19 stolen bases in 22 tries, 50 walks and 6 home runs in 81 games. He was suspended 50 games for testing positive for performance\\-enhancing drugs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/7947793/two\\-minor\\-leaguers\\-daniel\\-muno\\-luis\\-rojas\\-get\\-50\\-game\\-suspensions\\|title\\=Two minor leaguers, Daniel Muno and Luis Rojas, get 50\\-game suspensions\\|work\\=ESPN.com\\|date\\=19 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2014}} *Baseball America* again said he had the best strike zone discipline in the Mets system. He hit .249 with 86 runs, 27 doubles, 15 stolen bases in 26 tries and 92 walks for the [Binghamton Mets](/wiki/Binghamton_Mets \"Binghamton Mets\") in 2013\\. He began 2014 with the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s \"Las Vegas 51s\").",
"#### Major leagues",
"[250px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Muno during his tenure with the [New York Mets in 2015 Spring Training](/wiki/2015_New_York_Mets_season \"2015 New York Mets season\")](/wiki/File:Daniel_Muno_%2816754190816%29.jpg \"Daniel Muno (16754190816).jpg\")\nMuno made his major\\-league debut on April 17, 2015 as a pinch\\-hitter, recording a single off Marlins' reliever [Sam Dyson](/wiki/Sam_Dyson \"Sam Dyson\") for his first major league hit. He then stole second base. In 2015 Muno tied a Mets record with three errors in one game. He was outrighted off the Mets roster on August 31, 2015\\. He began 2016 with the [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s \"Las Vegas 51s\") before being released on June 28\\.",
"### Chicago White Sox",
"On July 1, 2016, Muno signed a minor league contract with the White Sox. After batting .211 in 33 games for the [Charlotte Knights](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights \"Charlotte Knights\"), he was released on August 17, 2016\\.",
"### Miami Marlins",
"On August 20, 2016, Muno signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wtop.com/news/2016/08/saturdays\\-sports\\-transactions\\-290/\\|title\\=Saturday's Sports Transactions\\|work\\=wtop.com\\|date\\=August 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2016}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In 8 games for the Double–A [Jacksonville Suns](/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns \"Jacksonville Suns\"), he batted .222/.364/.222 with no home runs or RBI. Muno elected free agency following the season on November 7\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2016\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2016/\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2024\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Southern Maryland Blue Crabs",
"On February 20, 2017, Muno signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fantasyalarm.com/player\\-news/653871/danny\\-muno\\-heads\\-to\\-tigers\\-on\\-milb\\-deal/\\|title\\=NFL News \\| Fantasy Alarm}} He was released prior to the start of the season on March 25\\.",
"On April 6, 2017, Muno signed with the [Southern Maryland Blue Crabs](/wiki/Southern_Maryland_Blue_Crabs \"Southern Maryland Blue Crabs\") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\").",
"### Seattle Mariners",
"On May 11, 2017, Muno had his contract purchased by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\").",
"Muno re–signed with the Mariners organization on a minor league contract on October 30, 2017\\. He played in 62 games for the Triple–A [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers \"Tacoma Rainiers\"), hitting .195/.321/.265 with one home run and 23 RBI. Muno elected free agency following the season on November 2, 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2018\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2018/\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2024\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\|date\\=6 November 2018 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Muno joined the [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers \"Tacoma Rainiers\") front office as a sales manager following the 2018 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/milb/news/danny\\-muno\\-at\\-home\\-in\\-tacoma\\-rainiers\\-front\\-office\\-role/c\\-302489658\\|title\\=Muno making his pitch off the field\\|website\\=MiLB.com\\|author\\=Michael Avallone\\|date\\=January 9, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2019}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Cremorne was named after the [Cremorne Gardens](/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens%2C_London "Cremorne Gardens, London") in [London](/wiki/London "London"), a popular pleasure ground in [England](/wiki/England "England"), which derived its name from the [Old Irish](/wiki/Old_Irish "Old Irish") words *Crích Mugdornd* (modern [Irish](/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"): *Críoch Mhúrn*), meaning 'boundary' or 'chieftain' of Mugdornd.<https://web.archive.org/web/20130501212105/http://about.nsw.gov.au/view/suburb/Cremorne/%27%27> {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} [Cremorne](/wiki/Cremorne_%28barony%29 "Cremorne (barony)"), the Anglicisation of the Gaelic name *Críoch Mhúrn*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.logainm.ie/en/199 \|title\=Críoch Mhúrn/Cremorne \|publisher\=logainm.ie \|date\=2014\-05\-15 \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-03}} roughly meaning the '[Bounds of Mourne](/wiki/Cremorne_%28barony%29 "Cremorne (barony)")', was a [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 "Barony (Ireland)") in [County Monaghan](/wiki/County_Monaghan "County Monaghan") from which an Irish peer, [The 1st Viscount Cremorne](/wiki/Thomas_Dawson%2C_1st_Viscount_Cremorne "Thomas Dawson, 1st Viscount Cremorne"), took his title. Lord Cremorne gave his name to his London residence in what became the [Cremorne Gardens](/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens%2C_London "Cremorne Gardens, London"). Other sources claim{{Cite journal\|title \= The Medieval Kingdom of Mugdorna\|jstor \= 27695659\|journal \= Clogher Record\|date \= 1971\-01\-01\|pages \= 432–446\|volume \= 7\|issue \= 3\|doi \= 10\.2307/27695659\|first \= Pilip Ó\|last \= Mórdha}} that rather than referring to a Chieftain, it refers to the territorial area of an ancient tribal group in [County Monaghan](/wiki/County_Monaghan "County Monaghan").
[thumb\|right\|300px\|Lithograph of Cremorne Gardens in 1862](/wiki/File:Cremorne_gardens_in_1862.jpg "Cremorne gardens in 1862.jpg")
Cremorne was established as six allotments of crown land in 1839 only 5 years after the subdivision of Melbourne's CBD by [John Batman](/wiki/John_Batman "John Batman"). Originally it was used for farming estates, with large villas reminiscent of English estates. It was subdivided in linear strips running from Swan Street (leading to the CBD's then fishmarket) to the Yarra River.{{Cite book\|last\=Cassaignau\|first\=Maud\|title\=Building Mixity! Cremorne 2025/37\.83°S/144\.993°E\|last2\=Jung\|first2\=Markus\|last3\=Xue\|first3\=Matthew\|publisher\=Monash University Publishing\|year\=2018\|isbn\=978\-1\-925523\-51\-5\|location\=Melbourne\|pages\=50}} and Cremorne Gardens occupied a river\-front location in the western half of Cremorne for a brief period in the mid 19th century. They were established in 1853 by James Ellis(b:1874/01/09 \- d. circa 1876\),{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110896432 \|title\=History of gardens \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=52 \|issue\=15,632 \|location\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \|date\=10 July 1978 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=9 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article166750623 \|title\=MUMMER MEMOIRS. \|newspaper\=\[\[Sydney Sportsman]] \|volume\=IX \|issue\=518 \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=11 May 1910 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article60606095 \|title\=OLD MELBOURNE : THE SALLE DE VALENTINO. \|newspaper\=\[\[Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil]] \|volume\=IV \|issue\=40 \|location\=Victoria, Australia \|date\=15 April 1876 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=10 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} *...James Ellis, the inventor, of Cremorne\-gardens both in London and Melbourne, and who only recently passed away...* who had earlier managed gardens of the same name on the banks of the [Thames](/wiki/Thames "Thames"), at [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London "Chelsea, London"), in [London](/wiki/London "London").{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article12940786 \|title\=THE Sydney Morning Herald. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1852\. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|volume\=XXXIII \|issue\=4812 \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=15 October 1852 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=2 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article203378833 \|title\=Cremorne Gardens and George Coppin \|newspaper\=\[\[The Age]] \|issue\=24,602 \|location\=Victoria, Australia \|date\=17 February 1934 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=5 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Entrepreneur [George Coppin](/wiki/George_Coppin "George Coppin") later acquired and expanded the Gardens which became a major Melbourne attraction at the time, with patrons arriving by train or boat to see wild animals, dancers and other entertainment.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article244294172 \|title\=THE LAST OF CREMORNE. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Herald (Melbourne)\|The Herald]] \|volume\=LXXIII \|issue\=5309 \|location\=Victoria, Australia \|date\=10 February 1863 \|access\-date\=6 June 2018 \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} However the Gardens closed in 1863 and the land was sold for housing and an [asylum](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital "Psychiatric hospital").
Although Cremorne was a largely residential area in its early history, the banks of the Yarra became home to many so\-called noxious industries, such as tanneries and soap makers, as well as the [Richmond Power Station](/wiki/Richmond_Power_Station "Richmond Power Station"), which opened in 1891\. In the 20th century Cremorne became increasingly industrial. Large manufacturing complexes were built, including the Bryant and May and Rosella factories. In the mid 20th century light industry flooded into the area, with the construction of hundreds of small to medium\-sizes factories which were occupied by the [rag trade](/wiki/Rag_trade "Rag trade"), mechanics, printers and small engineering businesses.
The residential areas increasingly became [slums](/wiki/Slum "Slum"), and some parts were threatened with clearance. Well\-known Melbourne criminal [Dennis Allen](/wiki/Dennis_Allen_%28criminal%29 "Dennis Allen (criminal)") owned about a dozen homes in Cremorne, which were used for a variety of illicit purposes. One was demolished in 1989 by [police](/wiki/Victoria_Police "Victoria Police") searching for evidence in the [Walsh Street police shootings](/wiki/Walsh_Street_police_shootings "Walsh Street police shootings"). It had earlier been seized by the [Australian Taxation Office](/wiki/Australian_Taxation_Office "Australian Taxation Office"). Other shadowy businesses in Cremorne Street in the 1970s included a brothel, a door\-to\-door business selling fraudulent oil paintings, and clothing sweatshops.
Things started to change in the 1990s however. The inner city became a desirable residential location again and large industries found it uneconomic to operate in inner urban areas. The Richmond Power Station, and the Bryant and May and Rosella factories, were all converted to office space. Businesses such as [Just Jeans](/wiki/Just_Jeans "Just Jeans"), [Country Road](/wiki/Country_Road_%28retailer%29 "Country Road (retailer)"), [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel "Mattel") and [John Wiley \& Sons](/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons "John Wiley & Sons") established offices in the suburb. The small Victorian terraces and cottages which abound in Cremorne were snapped up in a renovation boom. Cremorne is now a mixture of period and modern housing, offices, art galleries, bars, and a diminishing light industrial sector. Currently Cremorne has been coined as ['Australian Silicon Valley'](https://theurbandeveloper.com/articles/tech-centric-cremorne-the-most-talked-about-office-precincts-in-the-country) due to a concentration of tech industries such as [Seek](/wiki/Seek_Limited "Seek Limited"), [Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") and [Carsales](/wiki/Carsales "Carsales") in the precinct.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Cremorne was named after the [Cremorne Gardens](/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens%2C_London \"Cremorne Gardens, London\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), a popular pleasure ground in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), which derived its name from the [Old Irish](/wiki/Old_Irish \"Old Irish\") words *Crích Mugdornd* (modern [Irish](/wiki/Irish_language \"Irish language\"): *Críoch Mhúrn*), meaning 'boundary' or 'chieftain' of Mugdornd.<https://web.archive.org/web/20130501212105/http://about.nsw.gov.au/view/suburb/Cremorne/%27%27> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} [Cremorne](/wiki/Cremorne_%28barony%29 \"Cremorne (barony)\"), the Anglicisation of the Gaelic name *Críoch Mhúrn*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.logainm.ie/en/199 \\|title\\=Críoch Mhúrn/Cremorne \\|publisher\\=logainm.ie \\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-03}} roughly meaning the '[Bounds of Mourne](/wiki/Cremorne_%28barony%29 \"Cremorne (barony)\")', was a [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 \"Barony (Ireland)\") in [County Monaghan](/wiki/County_Monaghan \"County Monaghan\") from which an Irish peer, [The 1st Viscount Cremorne](/wiki/Thomas_Dawson%2C_1st_Viscount_Cremorne \"Thomas Dawson, 1st Viscount Cremorne\"), took his title. Lord Cremorne gave his name to his London residence in what became the [Cremorne Gardens](/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens%2C_London \"Cremorne Gardens, London\"). Other sources claim{{Cite journal\\|title \\= The Medieval Kingdom of Mugdorna\\|jstor \\= 27695659\\|journal \\= Clogher Record\\|date \\= 1971\\-01\\-01\\|pages \\= 432–446\\|volume \\= 7\\|issue \\= 3\\|doi \\= 10\\.2307/27695659\\|first \\= Pilip Ó\\|last \\= Mórdha}} that rather than referring to a Chieftain, it refers to the territorial area of an ancient tribal group in [County Monaghan](/wiki/County_Monaghan \"County Monaghan\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Lithograph of Cremorne Gardens in 1862](/wiki/File:Cremorne_gardens_in_1862.jpg \"Cremorne gardens in 1862.jpg\")",
"Cremorne was established as six allotments of crown land in 1839 only 5 years after the subdivision of Melbourne's CBD by [John Batman](/wiki/John_Batman \"John Batman\"). Originally it was used for farming estates, with large villas reminiscent of English estates. It was subdivided in linear strips running from Swan Street (leading to the CBD's then fishmarket) to the Yarra River.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Cassaignau\\|first\\=Maud\\|title\\=Building Mixity! Cremorne 2025/37\\.83°S/144\\.993°E\\|last2\\=Jung\\|first2\\=Markus\\|last3\\=Xue\\|first3\\=Matthew\\|publisher\\=Monash University Publishing\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-925523\\-51\\-5\\|location\\=Melbourne\\|pages\\=50}} and Cremorne Gardens occupied a river\\-front location in the western half of Cremorne for a brief period in the mid 19th century. They were established in 1853 by James Ellis(b:1874/01/09 \\- d. circa 1876\\),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110896432 \\|title\\=History of gardens \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=15,632 \\|location\\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \\|date\\=10 July 1978 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=9 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article166750623 \\|title\\=MUMMER MEMOIRS. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sydney Sportsman]] \\|volume\\=IX \\|issue\\=518 \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=11 May 1910 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article60606095 \\|title\\=OLD MELBOURNE : THE SALLE DE VALENTINO. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil]] \\|volume\\=IV \\|issue\\=40 \\|location\\=Victoria, Australia \\|date\\=15 April 1876 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=10 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} *...James Ellis, the inventor, of Cremorne\\-gardens both in London and Melbourne, and who only recently passed away...* who had earlier managed gardens of the same name on the banks of the [Thames](/wiki/Thames \"Thames\"), at [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London \"Chelsea, London\"), in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article12940786 \\|title\\=THE Sydney Morning Herald. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1852\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|volume\\=XXXIII \\|issue\\=4812 \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=15 October 1852 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article203378833 \\|title\\=Cremorne Gardens and George Coppin \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Age]] \\|issue\\=24,602 \\|location\\=Victoria, Australia \\|date\\=17 February 1934 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} Entrepreneur [George Coppin](/wiki/George_Coppin \"George Coppin\") later acquired and expanded the Gardens which became a major Melbourne attraction at the time, with patrons arriving by train or boat to see wild animals, dancers and other entertainment.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article244294172 \\|title\\=THE LAST OF CREMORNE. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Melbourne)\\|The Herald]] \\|volume\\=LXXIII \\|issue\\=5309 \\|location\\=Victoria, Australia \\|date\\=10 February 1863 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2018 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} However the Gardens closed in 1863 and the land was sold for housing and an [asylum](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital \"Psychiatric hospital\").",
"Although Cremorne was a largely residential area in its early history, the banks of the Yarra became home to many so\\-called noxious industries, such as tanneries and soap makers, as well as the [Richmond Power Station](/wiki/Richmond_Power_Station \"Richmond Power Station\"), which opened in 1891\\. In the 20th century Cremorne became increasingly industrial. Large manufacturing complexes were built, including the Bryant and May and Rosella factories. In the mid 20th century light industry flooded into the area, with the construction of hundreds of small to medium\\-sizes factories which were occupied by the [rag trade](/wiki/Rag_trade \"Rag trade\"), mechanics, printers and small engineering businesses.",
"The residential areas increasingly became [slums](/wiki/Slum \"Slum\"), and some parts were threatened with clearance. Well\\-known Melbourne criminal [Dennis Allen](/wiki/Dennis_Allen_%28criminal%29 \"Dennis Allen (criminal)\") owned about a dozen homes in Cremorne, which were used for a variety of illicit purposes. One was demolished in 1989 by [police](/wiki/Victoria_Police \"Victoria Police\") searching for evidence in the [Walsh Street police shootings](/wiki/Walsh_Street_police_shootings \"Walsh Street police shootings\"). It had earlier been seized by the [Australian Taxation Office](/wiki/Australian_Taxation_Office \"Australian Taxation Office\"). Other shadowy businesses in Cremorne Street in the 1970s included a brothel, a door\\-to\\-door business selling fraudulent oil paintings, and clothing sweatshops.",
"Things started to change in the 1990s however. The inner city became a desirable residential location again and large industries found it uneconomic to operate in inner urban areas. The Richmond Power Station, and the Bryant and May and Rosella factories, were all converted to office space. Businesses such as [Just Jeans](/wiki/Just_Jeans \"Just Jeans\"), [Country Road](/wiki/Country_Road_%28retailer%29 \"Country Road (retailer)\"), [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel \"Mattel\") and [John Wiley \\& Sons](/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons \"John Wiley & Sons\") established offices in the suburb. The small Victorian terraces and cottages which abound in Cremorne were snapped up in a renovation boom. Cremorne is now a mixture of period and modern housing, offices, art galleries, bars, and a diminishing light industrial sector. Currently Cremorne has been coined as ['Australian Silicon Valley'](https://theurbandeveloper.com/articles/tech-centric-cremorne-the-most-talked-about-office-precincts-in-the-country) due to a concentration of tech industries such as [Seek](/wiki/Seek_Limited \"Seek Limited\"), [Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\") and [Carsales](/wiki/Carsales \"Carsales\") in the precinct.",
""
] |
Types of actuators
------------------
### Mechanical
An actuator can be just a [mechanism](/wiki/Mechanism_%28engineering%29 "Mechanism (engineering)") that is directly driven by the motions or forces of other parts of the system. An example is the [camshafts](/wiki/Camshaft "Camshaft") that drive the intake and exhaust valves in [internal combustion engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine"), driven by the engine itself. Another example is the mechanism that strikes the hours in a traditional [grandfather clock](/wiki/Grandfather_clock "Grandfather clock") or [cuckoo clock](/wiki/Cuckoo_clock "Cuckoo clock").
### Hydraulic
A [hydraulic actuator](/wiki/Hydraulic_actuator "Hydraulic actuator") typically uses the pressure of a liquid (usually oil) to cause a piston to slide inside a hollow cylindrical tube linear, rotatory or [oscillatory](/wiki/Oscillation "Oscillation") motion. In a *single acting* actuator the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston, so that it applies useful force in only one direction. The opposite motion may be effected by a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28part%29 "Spring (part)"), by gravity, or by other forces present in the system. In a *double acting* actuator, the return stroke is driven by fluid pressure applied to the opposite side of the piston.{{Cite web\|url\=http://machinedesign.com/linear\-motion/what\-s\-difference\-between\-pneumatic\-hydraulic\-and\-electrical\-actuators\|title\=What's the Difference Between Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Electrical Actuators?\|website\=machinedesign.com\|access\-date\=2016\-04\-26\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423135110/http://machinedesign.com/linear\-motion/what\-s\-difference\-between\-pneumatic\-hydraulic\-and\-electrical\-actuators\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-23}}
Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert a large force. The drawback of this approach is its limited acceleration. They respond quickly to input changes, have little inertia, can operate continuously over a relatively large working range, and can hold their position without any significant energy input.
A hydraulic actuator can be used to displace the rack of a [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion "Rack and pinion") mechanism, causing the pinion to turn. This arrangement is used, for example, to operate valves in [pipelines](/wiki/Pipeline_transport "Pipeline transport") and other industrial fluid transport installations.{{cite journal\|title\=The Role of Rack and Pinion Actuators in On\-Off \& Modulating Controls\|journal\=Valve Magazine\|issue\=Spring 2010\|publisher\=Valve Manufacturers Association}}
### Pneumatic
[thumb\|Pneumatic actuator operating a valve through a rack\-and\-pinion mechanism.{{cite web\|title\=Automax SuperNova Series Pneumatic Rack \& Pinion Actuators\|url\=http://www.flowserve.com/files/Files/Literature/ProductLiterature/FlowControl/Automax/AXENBR1001\.pdf\|publisher\=Flowserve Corporation\|access\-date\=7 July 2014}}](/wiki/File:Pneumatic_Rack_and_Pinion_Actuators.JPG "Pneumatic Rack and Pinion Actuators.JPG")
A [pneumatic actuator](/wiki/Pneumatic_actuator "Pneumatic actuator") is similar to a hydraulic one but uses a gas (usually air) instead of a liquid.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tech\-faq.com/what\-is\-a\-pneumatic\-actuator.html\|title\=What is a Pneumatic Actuator?\|website\=www.tech\-faq.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-20\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035530/http://www.tech\-faq.com/what\-is\-a\-pneumatic\-actuator.html\|archive\-date\=2018\-02\-21}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow\_transfer\_control/valve\_actuators\_positioners/pneumatic\_valve\_actuators\|title\=Pneumatic Valve Actuators Information \- IHS Engineering360\|website\=www.globalspec.com\|access\-date\=2016\-04\-26\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202732/http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow\_transfer\_control/valve\_actuators\_positioners/pneumatic\_valve\_actuators\|archive\-date\=2016\-06\-24}} Compared to hydraulic actuators, pneumatic ones are less complicated because they do not need pipes for the return and recycling of the working fluid. On the other hand, they still need external infrastructure such as compressors, reservoirs, filters, and air treatment subsystems, which often makes them less convenient that electrical and electromechanical actuators.
In the first [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engine "Steam engine") and in all [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive"), steam pressure is used to drive pneumatic actuators to produce a reciprocating motion, which is converted to rotary motion by some sort of [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft") mechanism.
### Electric
[thumb\|Electric valve actuator controlling a **½** needle valve.](/wiki/File:Compact_and_electric_valve_actuator.jpg "Compact and electric valve actuator.jpg")
Since 1960, several actuator technologies have been developed. Electric actuators can be classified in the following groups:
#### Electromechanical
An electromechanical actuator (EMA) uses mechanical means to convert the rotational force of an ordinary (rotary) electric motor into a linear movement. The mechanism may be a [toothed belt](/wiki/Toothed_belt "Toothed belt") or a [screw](/wiki/Screw "Screw") (either a ball or a lead screw or planetary roller screw).
The main advantages of electromechanical actuators are their relatively good level of accuracy with respect to pneumatics, their possible long lifecycle and the little maintenance effort required (might require grease). It is possible to reach relatively high force, on the order of 100 kN.
The main limitation of these actuators are the reachable speed, the important dimensions and weight they require.
The main application of such actuators is mainly seen in health care devices and factory automation.
#### Electrohydraulic
Another approach is an [electrohydraulic](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve "Electrohydraulic servo valve") [actuator](/wiki/Linear_actuator "Linear actuator"), where the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor "Electric motor") remains the prime mover but provides torque to operate a [hydraulic accumulator](/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator "Hydraulic accumulator") that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel [engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery "Hydraulic machinery").
[Electrical energy](/wiki/Electrical_energy "Electrical energy") is used to actuate equipment such as multi\-turn valves, or [electric\-powered](/wiki/Electric_power "Electric power") construction and excavation equipment.
When used to control the flow of fluid through a valve, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the fluid pressure from forcing open the valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator gets activated to reclose the valve, which is slowly forced open again. This sets up an oscillation (open, close, open ...) and the motor and actuator will eventually become damaged.{{Cite news\|last\=Tisserand\|first\=Olivier\|title\=How does an electric actuator work?\|language\=en\|url\=http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\-does\-an\-electric\-actuator\-work\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095934/http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\-does\-an\-electric\-actuator\-work\|archive\-date\=2018\-02\-21}}
#### Rotary
Electric rotary actuators use a [rotary motor](/wiki/Rotary_motor "Rotary motor") to turn the target part over a certain angle.{{Cite web\|title\=What Are the Differences Between Linear and Rotary Actuators?\|url\=https://roboticstomorrow.com/article/2021/12/what\-are\-the\-differences\-between\-linear\-and\-rotary\-actuators/17982\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13\|website\=RoboticsTomorrow\|language\=en\-US}} Rotary actuators can have up to a rotation of 360 degrees. This allows it to differ from a linear motor as the linear is bound to a set distance compared to the rotary motor. Rotary motors have the ability to be set at any given degree in a field making the device easier to set up still with durability and a set torque.
Rotary motors can be powered by 3 different techniques such as Electric, Fluid, or Manual.{{Cite web\|title\=Rotary Actuator \- an overview\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary\-actuator\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13\|website\=ScienceDirect Topics\|language\=en}} However, Fluid powered rotary actuators have 5 sub\-sections of actuators such as Scotch Yoke, Vane, Rack\-and\-Pinion, Helical, and Electrohydraulic. All forms have their own specific design and use allowing the ability to choose multiple angles of degree.
Applications for the rotary actuators are just about endless but, will more than likely be found dealing with mostly hydraulic pressured devices and industries. Rotary actuators are even used in the robotics field when seeing robotic arms in industry lines. Anything you see that deals with motion control systems to perform a task in technology is a good chance to be a rotary actuator.
#### Linear
A linear electric actuator uses a [linear motor](/wiki/Linear_motor "Linear motor"), which can be thought as a rotary electric motor which has been cut and unrolled. Thus, instead of producing a rotational movement, it produces a linear force along their length. Because it generally has lower friction losses than the alternatives, a linear electric actuator can last over a hundred million cycles.
Linear motors are divided in 3 basic categories: flat linear motor (classic), U\-Channel linear motors and Tubular linear motors.
Linear motor technology is the best solution in the context of a low load (up to 30Kgs) because it provides the highest level of speed, control and accuracy.
In fact, it represents the most desired and versatile technology. Due to the limitations of pneumatics, the current electric actuator technology is a viable solution for specific industry applications and it has been successfully introduced in market segments such as the watchmaking, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries (as high as 60% of the applications. The growing interest for this technology, can be explained by the following characteristics:
* High precision (equal or less than 0,1 mm);
* High cycling rate (greater than 100 cycles/min);
* Possible usage in clean and highly\-regulated environments (no leakages of air, humidity or lubricants allowed);
* Need for programmable motion in the situation of complex operations
The main disadvantages of linear motors are:
* They are expensive respect to pneumatics and other electric technologies.
* They are not easy to integrate in standard machineries due to their important size and high weight.
* They have a low force density respect to pneumatic and electromechanical actuators.
### Thermal
An actuator may be driven by heat through the expansion that most solid material exhibit when the temperaure increases. This principle is commonly used, for example, to operate electric [switches](/wiki/Switch "Switch") in [thermostats](/wiki/Thermostat "Thermostat"). Typically, a (non\-electronic) thermostat contains a strip with two layers of different metals, that will bend when heated.
Thermal actuators may also exploit the properties of [shape\-memory alloys](/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy "Shape-memory alloy").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gesundheitsindustrie\-bw.de/en/article/news/ultra\-compact\-valves\-shape\-memory\-actuators\|title\=Ultra\-compact: Valves with shape memory actuators\|date\=24 March 2021\|language\=en}}
### Magnetic
Some actuators are driven by externally applied [magnetic fields](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field"). They typically contain parts made of [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetism "Ferromagnetism") materials that are strongly attracted to each other when they are magnetized by the external field. An example are the [reed switches](/wiki/Reed_switch "Reed switch") that may be used as door opening sensors in a [building security](/wiki/Security_alarm "Security alarm") system.
Alternatively, magnetic actuators can use [magnetic shape\-memory alloys](/wiki/Magnetic_shape-memory_alloy "Magnetic shape-memory alloy").
[thumb\|Thermal actuators](/wiki/File:Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg "Thermische Stellantriebe, Thermische Antriebe, Fussbodenheizung, thermal actuator, actuateur thermique.jpg")
### Soft actuators
A soft actuator is made of a flexible material that changes its shape in response to stimuli including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, and electrical. Soft actuators mainly deal with the robotics of humans rather than industry which is what most of the actuators are used for. For most actuators they are mechanically durable yet do not have an ability to adapt compared to soft actuators. The soft actuators apply to mainly safety and healthcare for humans which is why they are able to adapt to environments by disassembling their parts.{{Cite journal\|last1\=El\-Atab\|first1\=Nazek\|last2\=Mishra\|first2\=Rishabh B.\|last3\=Al\-Modaf\|first3\=Fhad\|last4\=Joharji\|first4\=Lana\|last5\=Alsharif\|first5\=Aljohara A.\|last6\=Alamoudi\|first6\=Haneen\|last7\=Diaz\|first7\=Marlon\|last8\=Qaiser\|first8\=Nadeem\|last9\=Hussain\|first9\=Muhammad Mustafa\|date\=October 2020\|title\=Soft Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications: A Review\|journal\=Advanced Intelligent Systems\|language\=en\|volume\=2\|issue\=10\|pages\=2000128\|doi\=10\.1002/aisy.202000128\|s2cid\=224805628\|issn\=2640\-4567\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=10754/664810\|hdl\-access\=free}} This is why the driven energy behind soft actuators deal with flexible materials like certain polymers and liquids that are harmless
The majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated using multistep low yield processes such as micro\-moulding,{{cite book\|doi\=10\.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2015\.7181316\|chapter\=Micromanipulation tool replaceable soft actuator with gripping force enhancing and output motion converting mechanisms\|title\=2015 Transducers \- 2015 18th International Conference on Solid\-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS)\|pages\=1877–80\|year\=2015\|last1\=Feng\|first1\=Guo\-Hua\|last2\=Yen\|first2\=Shih\-Chieh\|isbn\=978\-1\-4799\-8955\-3\|s2cid\=7243537}} solid freeform fabrication,{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1108/13552540610707004\|title\=Freeform fabrication of ionomeric polymer\-metal composite actuators\|journal\=Rapid Prototyping Journal\|volume\=12\|issue\=5\|pages\=244–53\|year\=2006\|last1\=Malone\|first1\=Evan\|last2\=Lipson\|first2\=Hod\|s2cid\=1172362}} and mask lithography.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1007/s00542\-013\-1816\-x\|title\=Fabrication of electrostatic MEMS microactuator based on X\-ray lithography with Pb\-based X\-ray mask and dry\-film\-transfer\-to\-PCB process\|journal\=Microsystem Technologies\|volume\=20\|pages\=127–35\|year\=2013\|last1\=Kerdlapee\|first1\=Pongsak\|last2\=Wisitsoraat\|first2\=Anurat\|last3\=Phokaratkul\|first3\=Ditsayuth\|last4\=Leksakul\|first4\=Komgrit\|last5\=Phatthanakun\|first5\=Rungreung\|last6\=Tuantranont\|first6\=Adisorn\|s2cid\=110234049}} However, these methods require manual fabrication of devices, post processing/assembly, and lengthy iterations until maturity in the fabrication is achieved. To avoid the tedious and time\-consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes, researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for effective fabrication of soft actuators. Therefore, special soft systems that can be fabricated in a single step by rapid prototyping methods, such as [3D printing](/wiki/3D_printing "3D printing"), are utilized to narrow the gap between the design and implementation of soft actuators, making the process faster, less expensive, and simpler. They also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external [joints](/wiki/Joint "Joint"), [adhesives](/wiki/Adhesive "Adhesive"), and [fasteners](/wiki/Fastener "Fastener").
[Shape memory polymer](/wiki/Shape-memory_polymer "Shape-memory polymer") (SMP) actuators are the most similar to our muscles, providing a response to a range of [stimuli](/wiki/Stimulus_%28physiology%29 "Stimulus (physiology)") such as light, electrical, magnetic, heat, pH, and moisture changes. They have some deficiencies including fatigue and high response time that have been improved through the introduction of [smart materials](/wiki/Smart_material "Smart material") and combination of different materials by means of advanced fabrication technology. The advent of 3D printers has made a new pathway for fabricating low\-cost and fast response SMP actuators. The process of receiving external stimuli like heat, moisture, electrical input, light or magnetic field by SMP is referred to as shape memory effect (SME). SMP exhibits some rewarding features such a low density, high strain recovery, biocompatibility, and [biodegradability](/wiki/Biodegradability "Biodegradability").
[Photopolymers](/wiki/Photopolymer "Photopolymer") or light activated polymers (LAP) are another type of SMP that are activated by light stimuli. The LAP actuators can be controlled remotely with instant response and, without any physical contact, only with the variation of light frequency or intensity.
A need for soft, lightweight and [biocompatible](/wiki/Biocompatibility "Biocompatibility") soft actuators in soft robotics has influenced researchers for devising pneumatic soft actuators because of their intrinsic compliance nature and ability to produce muscle tension.
Polymers such as [dielectric elastomers](/wiki/Dielectric_elastomers "Dielectric elastomers") (DE), [ionic polymer–metal composites](/wiki/Ionic_polymer%E2%80%93metal_composites "Ionic polymer–metal composites") (IPMC), ionic electroactive polymers, [polyelectrolyte](/wiki/Polyelectrolyte "Polyelectrolyte") gels, and gel\-metal composites are common materials to form 3D layered structures that can be tailored to work as soft actuators. EAP actuators are categorized as 3D printed soft actuators that respond to electrical excitation as [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29 "Deformation (engineering)") in their shape.
|
[
"Types of actuators\n------------------",
"### Mechanical",
"An actuator can be just a [mechanism](/wiki/Mechanism_%28engineering%29 \"Mechanism (engineering)\") that is directly driven by the motions or forces of other parts of the system. An example is the [camshafts](/wiki/Camshaft \"Camshaft\") that drive the intake and exhaust valves in [internal combustion engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\"), driven by the engine itself. Another example is the mechanism that strikes the hours in a traditional [grandfather clock](/wiki/Grandfather_clock \"Grandfather clock\") or [cuckoo clock](/wiki/Cuckoo_clock \"Cuckoo clock\").",
"### Hydraulic",
"A [hydraulic actuator](/wiki/Hydraulic_actuator \"Hydraulic actuator\") typically uses the pressure of a liquid (usually oil) to cause a piston to slide inside a hollow cylindrical tube linear, rotatory or [oscillatory](/wiki/Oscillation \"Oscillation\") motion. In a *single acting* actuator the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston, so that it applies useful force in only one direction. The opposite motion may be effected by a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28part%29 \"Spring (part)\"), by gravity, or by other forces present in the system. In a *double acting* actuator, the return stroke is driven by fluid pressure applied to the opposite side of the piston.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://machinedesign.com/linear\\-motion/what\\-s\\-difference\\-between\\-pneumatic\\-hydraulic\\-and\\-electrical\\-actuators\\|title\\=What's the Difference Between Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Electrical Actuators?\\|website\\=machinedesign.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423135110/http://machinedesign.com/linear\\-motion/what\\-s\\-difference\\-between\\-pneumatic\\-hydraulic\\-and\\-electrical\\-actuators\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-23}}",
"Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert a large force. The drawback of this approach is its limited acceleration. They respond quickly to input changes, have little inertia, can operate continuously over a relatively large working range, and can hold their position without any significant energy input.",
"A hydraulic actuator can be used to displace the rack of a [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion \"Rack and pinion\") mechanism, causing the pinion to turn. This arrangement is used, for example, to operate valves in [pipelines](/wiki/Pipeline_transport \"Pipeline transport\") and other industrial fluid transport installations.{{cite journal\\|title\\=The Role of Rack and Pinion Actuators in On\\-Off \\& Modulating Controls\\|journal\\=Valve Magazine\\|issue\\=Spring 2010\\|publisher\\=Valve Manufacturers Association}}",
"### Pneumatic",
"[thumb\\|Pneumatic actuator operating a valve through a rack\\-and\\-pinion mechanism.{{cite web\\|title\\=Automax SuperNova Series Pneumatic Rack \\& Pinion Actuators\\|url\\=http://www.flowserve.com/files/Files/Literature/ProductLiterature/FlowControl/Automax/AXENBR1001\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Flowserve Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2014}}](/wiki/File:Pneumatic_Rack_and_Pinion_Actuators.JPG \"Pneumatic Rack and Pinion Actuators.JPG\")\nA [pneumatic actuator](/wiki/Pneumatic_actuator \"Pneumatic actuator\") is similar to a hydraulic one but uses a gas (usually air) instead of a liquid.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tech\\-faq.com/what\\-is\\-a\\-pneumatic\\-actuator.html\\|title\\=What is a Pneumatic Actuator?\\|website\\=www.tech\\-faq.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035530/http://www.tech\\-faq.com/what\\-is\\-a\\-pneumatic\\-actuator.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-21}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow\\_transfer\\_control/valve\\_actuators\\_positioners/pneumatic\\_valve\\_actuators\\|title\\=Pneumatic Valve Actuators Information \\- IHS Engineering360\\|website\\=www.globalspec.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202732/http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow\\_transfer\\_control/valve\\_actuators\\_positioners/pneumatic\\_valve\\_actuators\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-24}} Compared to hydraulic actuators, pneumatic ones are less complicated because they do not need pipes for the return and recycling of the working fluid. On the other hand, they still need external infrastructure such as compressors, reservoirs, filters, and air treatment subsystems, which often makes them less convenient that electrical and electromechanical actuators.",
"In the first [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engine \"Steam engine\") and in all [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\"), steam pressure is used to drive pneumatic actuators to produce a reciprocating motion, which is converted to rotary motion by some sort of [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\") mechanism.",
"### Electric",
"[thumb\\|Electric valve actuator controlling a **½** needle valve.](/wiki/File:Compact_and_electric_valve_actuator.jpg \"Compact and electric valve actuator.jpg\")\nSince 1960, several actuator technologies have been developed. Electric actuators can be classified in the following groups:",
"#### Electromechanical",
"An electromechanical actuator (EMA) uses mechanical means to convert the rotational force of an ordinary (rotary) electric motor into a linear movement. The mechanism may be a [toothed belt](/wiki/Toothed_belt \"Toothed belt\") or a [screw](/wiki/Screw \"Screw\") (either a ball or a lead screw or planetary roller screw).",
"The main advantages of electromechanical actuators are their relatively good level of accuracy with respect to pneumatics, their possible long lifecycle and the little maintenance effort required (might require grease). It is possible to reach relatively high force, on the order of 100 kN.",
"The main limitation of these actuators are the reachable speed, the important dimensions and weight they require.\nThe main application of such actuators is mainly seen in health care devices and factory automation.",
"#### Electrohydraulic",
"Another approach is an [electrohydraulic](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve \"Electrohydraulic servo valve\") [actuator](/wiki/Linear_actuator \"Linear actuator\"), where the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor \"Electric motor\") remains the prime mover but provides torque to operate a [hydraulic accumulator](/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator \"Hydraulic accumulator\") that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel [engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery \"Hydraulic machinery\").",
"[Electrical energy](/wiki/Electrical_energy \"Electrical energy\") is used to actuate equipment such as multi\\-turn valves, or [electric\\-powered](/wiki/Electric_power \"Electric power\") construction and excavation equipment.",
"When used to control the flow of fluid through a valve, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the fluid pressure from forcing open the valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator gets activated to reclose the valve, which is slowly forced open again. This sets up an oscillation (open, close, open ...) and the motor and actuator will eventually become damaged.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Tisserand\\|first\\=Olivier\\|title\\=How does an electric actuator work?\\|language\\=en\\|url\\=http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\\-does\\-an\\-electric\\-actuator\\-work\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095934/http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\\-does\\-an\\-electric\\-actuator\\-work\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-21}}",
"#### Rotary",
"Electric rotary actuators use a [rotary motor](/wiki/Rotary_motor \"Rotary motor\") to turn the target part over a certain angle.{{Cite web\\|title\\=What Are the Differences Between Linear and Rotary Actuators?\\|url\\=https://roboticstomorrow.com/article/2021/12/what\\-are\\-the\\-differences\\-between\\-linear\\-and\\-rotary\\-actuators/17982\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=RoboticsTomorrow\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Rotary actuators can have up to a rotation of 360 degrees. This allows it to differ from a linear motor as the linear is bound to a set distance compared to the rotary motor. Rotary motors have the ability to be set at any given degree in a field making the device easier to set up still with durability and a set torque.",
"Rotary motors can be powered by 3 different techniques such as Electric, Fluid, or Manual.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Rotary Actuator \\- an overview\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary\\-actuator\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=ScienceDirect Topics\\|language\\=en}} However, Fluid powered rotary actuators have 5 sub\\-sections of actuators such as Scotch Yoke, Vane, Rack\\-and\\-Pinion, Helical, and Electrohydraulic. All forms have their own specific design and use allowing the ability to choose multiple angles of degree.",
"Applications for the rotary actuators are just about endless but, will more than likely be found dealing with mostly hydraulic pressured devices and industries. Rotary actuators are even used in the robotics field when seeing robotic arms in industry lines. Anything you see that deals with motion control systems to perform a task in technology is a good chance to be a rotary actuator.",
"#### Linear",
"A linear electric actuator uses a [linear motor](/wiki/Linear_motor \"Linear motor\"), which can be thought as a rotary electric motor which has been cut and unrolled. Thus, instead of producing a rotational movement, it produces a linear force along their length. Because it generally has lower friction losses than the alternatives, a linear electric actuator can last over a hundred million cycles.",
"Linear motors are divided in 3 basic categories: flat linear motor (classic), U\\-Channel linear motors and Tubular linear motors.",
"Linear motor technology is the best solution in the context of a low load (up to 30Kgs) because it provides the highest level of speed, control and accuracy.",
"In fact, it represents the most desired and versatile technology. Due to the limitations of pneumatics, the current electric actuator technology is a viable solution for specific industry applications and it has been successfully introduced in market segments such as the watchmaking, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries (as high as 60% of the applications. The growing interest for this technology, can be explained by the following characteristics:",
"* High precision (equal or less than 0,1 mm);\n* High cycling rate (greater than 100 cycles/min);\n* Possible usage in clean and highly\\-regulated environments (no leakages of air, humidity or lubricants allowed);\n* Need for programmable motion in the situation of complex operations",
"The main disadvantages of linear motors are:",
"* They are expensive respect to pneumatics and other electric technologies.\n* They are not easy to integrate in standard machineries due to their important size and high weight.\n* They have a low force density respect to pneumatic and electromechanical actuators.",
"### Thermal",
"An actuator may be driven by heat through the expansion that most solid material exhibit when the temperaure increases. This principle is commonly used, for example, to operate electric [switches](/wiki/Switch \"Switch\") in [thermostats](/wiki/Thermostat \"Thermostat\"). Typically, a (non\\-electronic) thermostat contains a strip with two layers of different metals, that will bend when heated.",
"Thermal actuators may also exploit the properties of [shape\\-memory alloys](/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy \"Shape-memory alloy\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gesundheitsindustrie\\-bw.de/en/article/news/ultra\\-compact\\-valves\\-shape\\-memory\\-actuators\\|title\\=Ultra\\-compact: Valves with shape memory actuators\\|date\\=24 March 2021\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Magnetic",
"Some actuators are driven by externally applied [magnetic fields](/wiki/Magnetic_field \"Magnetic field\"). They typically contain parts made of [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetism \"Ferromagnetism\") materials that are strongly attracted to each other when they are magnetized by the external field. An example are the [reed switches](/wiki/Reed_switch \"Reed switch\") that may be used as door opening sensors in a [building security](/wiki/Security_alarm \"Security alarm\") system.",
"Alternatively, magnetic actuators can use [magnetic shape\\-memory alloys](/wiki/Magnetic_shape-memory_alloy \"Magnetic shape-memory alloy\").\n[thumb\\|Thermal actuators](/wiki/File:Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg \"Thermische Stellantriebe, Thermische Antriebe, Fussbodenheizung, thermal actuator, actuateur thermique.jpg\")",
"### Soft actuators",
"A soft actuator is made of a flexible material that changes its shape in response to stimuli including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, and electrical. Soft actuators mainly deal with the robotics of humans rather than industry which is what most of the actuators are used for. For most actuators they are mechanically durable yet do not have an ability to adapt compared to soft actuators. The soft actuators apply to mainly safety and healthcare for humans which is why they are able to adapt to environments by disassembling their parts.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=El\\-Atab\\|first1\\=Nazek\\|last2\\=Mishra\\|first2\\=Rishabh B.\\|last3\\=Al\\-Modaf\\|first3\\=Fhad\\|last4\\=Joharji\\|first4\\=Lana\\|last5\\=Alsharif\\|first5\\=Aljohara A.\\|last6\\=Alamoudi\\|first6\\=Haneen\\|last7\\=Diaz\\|first7\\=Marlon\\|last8\\=Qaiser\\|first8\\=Nadeem\\|last9\\=Hussain\\|first9\\=Muhammad Mustafa\\|date\\=October 2020\\|title\\=Soft Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications: A Review\\|journal\\=Advanced Intelligent Systems\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=2000128\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/aisy.202000128\\|s2cid\\=224805628\\|issn\\=2640\\-4567\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=10754/664810\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} This is why the driven energy behind soft actuators deal with flexible materials like certain polymers and liquids that are harmless",
"The majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated using multistep low yield processes such as micro\\-moulding,{{cite book\\|doi\\=10\\.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2015\\.7181316\\|chapter\\=Micromanipulation tool replaceable soft actuator with gripping force enhancing and output motion converting mechanisms\\|title\\=2015 Transducers \\- 2015 18th International Conference on Solid\\-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS)\\|pages\\=1877–80\\|year\\=2015\\|last1\\=Feng\\|first1\\=Guo\\-Hua\\|last2\\=Yen\\|first2\\=Shih\\-Chieh\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4799\\-8955\\-3\\|s2cid\\=7243537}} solid freeform fabrication,{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1108/13552540610707004\\|title\\=Freeform fabrication of ionomeric polymer\\-metal composite actuators\\|journal\\=Rapid Prototyping Journal\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=244–53\\|year\\=2006\\|last1\\=Malone\\|first1\\=Evan\\|last2\\=Lipson\\|first2\\=Hod\\|s2cid\\=1172362}} and mask lithography.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00542\\-013\\-1816\\-x\\|title\\=Fabrication of electrostatic MEMS microactuator based on X\\-ray lithography with Pb\\-based X\\-ray mask and dry\\-film\\-transfer\\-to\\-PCB process\\|journal\\=Microsystem Technologies\\|volume\\=20\\|pages\\=127–35\\|year\\=2013\\|last1\\=Kerdlapee\\|first1\\=Pongsak\\|last2\\=Wisitsoraat\\|first2\\=Anurat\\|last3\\=Phokaratkul\\|first3\\=Ditsayuth\\|last4\\=Leksakul\\|first4\\=Komgrit\\|last5\\=Phatthanakun\\|first5\\=Rungreung\\|last6\\=Tuantranont\\|first6\\=Adisorn\\|s2cid\\=110234049}} However, these methods require manual fabrication of devices, post processing/assembly, and lengthy iterations until maturity in the fabrication is achieved. To avoid the tedious and time\\-consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes, researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for effective fabrication of soft actuators. Therefore, special soft systems that can be fabricated in a single step by rapid prototyping methods, such as [3D printing](/wiki/3D_printing \"3D printing\"), are utilized to narrow the gap between the design and implementation of soft actuators, making the process faster, less expensive, and simpler. They also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external [joints](/wiki/Joint \"Joint\"), [adhesives](/wiki/Adhesive \"Adhesive\"), and [fasteners](/wiki/Fastener \"Fastener\").",
"[Shape memory polymer](/wiki/Shape-memory_polymer \"Shape-memory polymer\") (SMP) actuators are the most similar to our muscles, providing a response to a range of [stimuli](/wiki/Stimulus_%28physiology%29 \"Stimulus (physiology)\") such as light, electrical, magnetic, heat, pH, and moisture changes. They have some deficiencies including fatigue and high response time that have been improved through the introduction of [smart materials](/wiki/Smart_material \"Smart material\") and combination of different materials by means of advanced fabrication technology. The advent of 3D printers has made a new pathway for fabricating low\\-cost and fast response SMP actuators. The process of receiving external stimuli like heat, moisture, electrical input, light or magnetic field by SMP is referred to as shape memory effect (SME). SMP exhibits some rewarding features such a low density, high strain recovery, biocompatibility, and [biodegradability](/wiki/Biodegradability \"Biodegradability\").",
"[Photopolymers](/wiki/Photopolymer \"Photopolymer\") or light activated polymers (LAP) are another type of SMP that are activated by light stimuli. The LAP actuators can be controlled remotely with instant response and, without any physical contact, only with the variation of light frequency or intensity.",
"A need for soft, lightweight and [biocompatible](/wiki/Biocompatibility \"Biocompatibility\") soft actuators in soft robotics has influenced researchers for devising pneumatic soft actuators because of their intrinsic compliance nature and ability to produce muscle tension.",
"Polymers such as [dielectric elastomers](/wiki/Dielectric_elastomers \"Dielectric elastomers\") (DE), [ionic polymer–metal composites](/wiki/Ionic_polymer%E2%80%93metal_composites \"Ionic polymer–metal composites\") (IPMC), ionic electroactive polymers, [polyelectrolyte](/wiki/Polyelectrolyte \"Polyelectrolyte\") gels, and gel\\-metal composites are common materials to form 3D layered structures that can be tailored to work as soft actuators. EAP actuators are categorized as 3D printed soft actuators that respond to electrical excitation as [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29 \"Deformation (engineering)\") in their shape.",
""
] |
### Electric
[thumb\|Electric valve actuator controlling a **½** needle valve.](/wiki/File:Compact_and_electric_valve_actuator.jpg "Compact and electric valve actuator.jpg")
Since 1960, several actuator technologies have been developed. Electric actuators can be classified in the following groups:
#### Electromechanical
An electromechanical actuator (EMA) uses mechanical means to convert the rotational force of an ordinary (rotary) electric motor into a linear movement. The mechanism may be a [toothed belt](/wiki/Toothed_belt "Toothed belt") or a [screw](/wiki/Screw "Screw") (either a ball or a lead screw or planetary roller screw).
The main advantages of electromechanical actuators are their relatively good level of accuracy with respect to pneumatics, their possible long lifecycle and the little maintenance effort required (might require grease). It is possible to reach relatively high force, on the order of 100 kN.
The main limitation of these actuators are the reachable speed, the important dimensions and weight they require.
The main application of such actuators is mainly seen in health care devices and factory automation.
#### Electrohydraulic
Another approach is an [electrohydraulic](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve "Electrohydraulic servo valve") [actuator](/wiki/Linear_actuator "Linear actuator"), where the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor "Electric motor") remains the prime mover but provides torque to operate a [hydraulic accumulator](/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator "Hydraulic accumulator") that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel [engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery "Hydraulic machinery").
[Electrical energy](/wiki/Electrical_energy "Electrical energy") is used to actuate equipment such as multi\-turn valves, or [electric\-powered](/wiki/Electric_power "Electric power") construction and excavation equipment.
When used to control the flow of fluid through a valve, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the fluid pressure from forcing open the valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator gets activated to reclose the valve, which is slowly forced open again. This sets up an oscillation (open, close, open ...) and the motor and actuator will eventually become damaged.{{Cite news\|last\=Tisserand\|first\=Olivier\|title\=How does an electric actuator work?\|language\=en\|url\=http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\-does\-an\-electric\-actuator\-work\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095934/http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\-does\-an\-electric\-actuator\-work\|archive\-date\=2018\-02\-21}}
#### Rotary
Electric rotary actuators use a [rotary motor](/wiki/Rotary_motor "Rotary motor") to turn the target part over a certain angle.{{Cite web\|title\=What Are the Differences Between Linear and Rotary Actuators?\|url\=https://roboticstomorrow.com/article/2021/12/what\-are\-the\-differences\-between\-linear\-and\-rotary\-actuators/17982\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13\|website\=RoboticsTomorrow\|language\=en\-US}} Rotary actuators can have up to a rotation of 360 degrees. This allows it to differ from a linear motor as the linear is bound to a set distance compared to the rotary motor. Rotary motors have the ability to be set at any given degree in a field making the device easier to set up still with durability and a set torque.
Rotary motors can be powered by 3 different techniques such as Electric, Fluid, or Manual.{{Cite web\|title\=Rotary Actuator \- an overview\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary\-actuator\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13\|website\=ScienceDirect Topics\|language\=en}} However, Fluid powered rotary actuators have 5 sub\-sections of actuators such as Scotch Yoke, Vane, Rack\-and\-Pinion, Helical, and Electrohydraulic. All forms have their own specific design and use allowing the ability to choose multiple angles of degree.
Applications for the rotary actuators are just about endless but, will more than likely be found dealing with mostly hydraulic pressured devices and industries. Rotary actuators are even used in the robotics field when seeing robotic arms in industry lines. Anything you see that deals with motion control systems to perform a task in technology is a good chance to be a rotary actuator.
#### Linear
A linear electric actuator uses a [linear motor](/wiki/Linear_motor "Linear motor"), which can be thought as a rotary electric motor which has been cut and unrolled. Thus, instead of producing a rotational movement, it produces a linear force along their length. Because it generally has lower friction losses than the alternatives, a linear electric actuator can last over a hundred million cycles.
Linear motors are divided in 3 basic categories: flat linear motor (classic), U\-Channel linear motors and Tubular linear motors.
Linear motor technology is the best solution in the context of a low load (up to 30Kgs) because it provides the highest level of speed, control and accuracy.
In fact, it represents the most desired and versatile technology. Due to the limitations of pneumatics, the current electric actuator technology is a viable solution for specific industry applications and it has been successfully introduced in market segments such as the watchmaking, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries (as high as 60% of the applications. The growing interest for this technology, can be explained by the following characteristics:
* High precision (equal or less than 0,1 mm);
* High cycling rate (greater than 100 cycles/min);
* Possible usage in clean and highly\-regulated environments (no leakages of air, humidity or lubricants allowed);
* Need for programmable motion in the situation of complex operations
The main disadvantages of linear motors are:
* They are expensive respect to pneumatics and other electric technologies.
* They are not easy to integrate in standard machineries due to their important size and high weight.
* They have a low force density respect to pneumatic and electromechanical actuators.
|
[
"### Electric",
"[thumb\\|Electric valve actuator controlling a **½** needle valve.](/wiki/File:Compact_and_electric_valve_actuator.jpg \"Compact and electric valve actuator.jpg\")\nSince 1960, several actuator technologies have been developed. Electric actuators can be classified in the following groups:",
"#### Electromechanical",
"An electromechanical actuator (EMA) uses mechanical means to convert the rotational force of an ordinary (rotary) electric motor into a linear movement. The mechanism may be a [toothed belt](/wiki/Toothed_belt \"Toothed belt\") or a [screw](/wiki/Screw \"Screw\") (either a ball or a lead screw or planetary roller screw).",
"The main advantages of electromechanical actuators are their relatively good level of accuracy with respect to pneumatics, their possible long lifecycle and the little maintenance effort required (might require grease). It is possible to reach relatively high force, on the order of 100 kN.",
"The main limitation of these actuators are the reachable speed, the important dimensions and weight they require.\nThe main application of such actuators is mainly seen in health care devices and factory automation.",
"#### Electrohydraulic",
"Another approach is an [electrohydraulic](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve \"Electrohydraulic servo valve\") [actuator](/wiki/Linear_actuator \"Linear actuator\"), where the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor \"Electric motor\") remains the prime mover but provides torque to operate a [hydraulic accumulator](/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator \"Hydraulic accumulator\") that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel [engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery \"Hydraulic machinery\").",
"[Electrical energy](/wiki/Electrical_energy \"Electrical energy\") is used to actuate equipment such as multi\\-turn valves, or [electric\\-powered](/wiki/Electric_power \"Electric power\") construction and excavation equipment.",
"When used to control the flow of fluid through a valve, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the fluid pressure from forcing open the valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator gets activated to reclose the valve, which is slowly forced open again. This sets up an oscillation (open, close, open ...) and the motor and actuator will eventually become damaged.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Tisserand\\|first\\=Olivier\\|title\\=How does an electric actuator work?\\|language\\=en\\|url\\=http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\\-does\\-an\\-electric\\-actuator\\-work\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095934/http://blog.indelac.com/bid/335232/How\\-does\\-an\\-electric\\-actuator\\-work\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-21}}",
"#### Rotary",
"Electric rotary actuators use a [rotary motor](/wiki/Rotary_motor \"Rotary motor\") to turn the target part over a certain angle.{{Cite web\\|title\\=What Are the Differences Between Linear and Rotary Actuators?\\|url\\=https://roboticstomorrow.com/article/2021/12/what\\-are\\-the\\-differences\\-between\\-linear\\-and\\-rotary\\-actuators/17982\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=RoboticsTomorrow\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Rotary actuators can have up to a rotation of 360 degrees. This allows it to differ from a linear motor as the linear is bound to a set distance compared to the rotary motor. Rotary motors have the ability to be set at any given degree in a field making the device easier to set up still with durability and a set torque.",
"Rotary motors can be powered by 3 different techniques such as Electric, Fluid, or Manual.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Rotary Actuator \\- an overview\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary\\-actuator\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=ScienceDirect Topics\\|language\\=en}} However, Fluid powered rotary actuators have 5 sub\\-sections of actuators such as Scotch Yoke, Vane, Rack\\-and\\-Pinion, Helical, and Electrohydraulic. All forms have their own specific design and use allowing the ability to choose multiple angles of degree.",
"Applications for the rotary actuators are just about endless but, will more than likely be found dealing with mostly hydraulic pressured devices and industries. Rotary actuators are even used in the robotics field when seeing robotic arms in industry lines. Anything you see that deals with motion control systems to perform a task in technology is a good chance to be a rotary actuator.",
"#### Linear",
"A linear electric actuator uses a [linear motor](/wiki/Linear_motor \"Linear motor\"), which can be thought as a rotary electric motor which has been cut and unrolled. Thus, instead of producing a rotational movement, it produces a linear force along their length. Because it generally has lower friction losses than the alternatives, a linear electric actuator can last over a hundred million cycles.",
"Linear motors are divided in 3 basic categories: flat linear motor (classic), U\\-Channel linear motors and Tubular linear motors.",
"Linear motor technology is the best solution in the context of a low load (up to 30Kgs) because it provides the highest level of speed, control and accuracy.",
"In fact, it represents the most desired and versatile technology. Due to the limitations of pneumatics, the current electric actuator technology is a viable solution for specific industry applications and it has been successfully introduced in market segments such as the watchmaking, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries (as high as 60% of the applications. The growing interest for this technology, can be explained by the following characteristics:",
"* High precision (equal or less than 0,1 mm);\n* High cycling rate (greater than 100 cycles/min);\n* Possible usage in clean and highly\\-regulated environments (no leakages of air, humidity or lubricants allowed);\n* Need for programmable motion in the situation of complex operations",
"The main disadvantages of linear motors are:",
"* They are expensive respect to pneumatics and other electric technologies.\n* They are not easy to integrate in standard machineries due to their important size and high weight.\n* They have a low force density respect to pneumatic and electromechanical actuators."
] |
Plot
----
Lea (Fries) has been suffering from cystic fibrosis since her childhood. She is 22 years old now and has to live in constant fear of [suffocation](/wiki/Suffocation "Suffocation") despite using an [oxygen concentrator](/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator "Oxygen concentrator"). Although taking pills to diminish her symptoms, Lea can barely fulfill everyday tasks like climbing stairs without having to catch her breath after a short while. Her older brother who suffered from the same disease died several years ago after a [lung transplant](/wiki/Lung_transplant "Lung transplant"). Their father left the family because of his children's disease and now lives in [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America").
Because of her situation, she wants to die on her 23rd birthday at noon. Since euthanasia is illegal in Germany, Lea approaches a Swiss organisation which offers assisted euthanasia. She travels to [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") without telling her family. She moves into a hostel where she gets picked up by Michaela Orff, an employee of the organisation. She brings Lea to Dr. Seydlitz who prescribes her a [controlled substance](/wiki/Controlled_substance "Controlled substance") after being convinced of the young woman's very poor health.
Afterwards, Lea sends text messages to her family members. When they arrive, Lea tells them of her plans. Her grandmother Maria and her sister Rita are shocked, but accept her decision while her mother Lena strongly refuses to do so. After a conversation with Lea, Lena is still heartbroken but understands her daughter's motives.
At the hostel, Lea meets Moritz, a man her age. He suffers from severe [depressions](/wiki/Mood_disorder "Mood disorder") and tried to end his life by slitting his wrists. He applied for euthanasia, too, but got rejected. Lea befriends him, and they go boating on the [Lake Zurich](/wiki/Lake_Zurich "Lake Zurich").
The day before Lea's planned death, the family visits a restaurant because Lea wants to eat "a last [schnitzel](/wiki/Schnitzel "Schnitzel")". They spend a pleasant evening and clink their glasses at midnight to celebrate Lea's birthday. She quips about death several times, saying that she will "never be lovesick again, never climb stairs again, never fear suffocation again." When they return to the hostel and go to bed, Lea has a fit during which she coughs painfully and [desperately gasps](/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath") for air.
The next day, the family goes to the organisation after having breakfast. Miss Orff informs Lea that she can still cancel her plans, but Lea takes the [antiemetic](/wiki/Antiemetic "Antiemetic") that will prevent her from vomiting. Suddenly, Lea gets a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack "Panic attack") and rushes to a bathroom. When she sees her reflection in one of the mirrors, she remembers her stage and decides to finish what she started.
Her family and Michaela Orff accompany her to a nearby playground. She drinks the overdosed [hypnotic](/wiki/Hypnotic "Hypnotic") and falls asleep in her mother's arms.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Lea (Fries) has been suffering from cystic fibrosis since her childhood. She is 22 years old now and has to live in constant fear of [suffocation](/wiki/Suffocation \"Suffocation\") despite using an [oxygen concentrator](/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator \"Oxygen concentrator\"). Although taking pills to diminish her symptoms, Lea can barely fulfill everyday tasks like climbing stairs without having to catch her breath after a short while. Her older brother who suffered from the same disease died several years ago after a [lung transplant](/wiki/Lung_transplant \"Lung transplant\"). Their father left the family because of his children's disease and now lives in [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\").",
"Because of her situation, she wants to die on her 23rd birthday at noon. Since euthanasia is illegal in Germany, Lea approaches a Swiss organisation which offers assisted euthanasia. She travels to [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\") without telling her family. She moves into a hostel where she gets picked up by Michaela Orff, an employee of the organisation. She brings Lea to Dr. Seydlitz who prescribes her a [controlled substance](/wiki/Controlled_substance \"Controlled substance\") after being convinced of the young woman's very poor health.",
"Afterwards, Lea sends text messages to her family members. When they arrive, Lea tells them of her plans. Her grandmother Maria and her sister Rita are shocked, but accept her decision while her mother Lena strongly refuses to do so. After a conversation with Lea, Lena is still heartbroken but understands her daughter's motives.",
"At the hostel, Lea meets Moritz, a man her age. He suffers from severe [depressions](/wiki/Mood_disorder \"Mood disorder\") and tried to end his life by slitting his wrists. He applied for euthanasia, too, but got rejected. Lea befriends him, and they go boating on the [Lake Zurich](/wiki/Lake_Zurich \"Lake Zurich\").",
"The day before Lea's planned death, the family visits a restaurant because Lea wants to eat \"a last [schnitzel](/wiki/Schnitzel \"Schnitzel\")\". They spend a pleasant evening and clink their glasses at midnight to celebrate Lea's birthday. She quips about death several times, saying that she will \"never be lovesick again, never climb stairs again, never fear suffocation again.\" When they return to the hostel and go to bed, Lea has a fit during which she coughs painfully and [desperately gasps](/wiki/Shortness_of_breath \"Shortness of breath\") for air.",
"The next day, the family goes to the organisation after having breakfast. Miss Orff informs Lea that she can still cancel her plans, but Lea takes the [antiemetic](/wiki/Antiemetic \"Antiemetic\") that will prevent her from vomiting. Suddenly, Lea gets a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack \"Panic attack\") and rushes to a bathroom. When she sees her reflection in one of the mirrors, she remembers her stage and decides to finish what she started.",
"Her family and Michaela Orff accompany her to a nearby playground. She drinks the overdosed [hypnotic](/wiki/Hypnotic \"Hypnotic\") and falls asleep in her mother's arms.",
""
] |
Field equations
---------------
### Equations and Bianchi identities
As usual in [p\-form gauge theories](/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics "P-form electrodynamics"), the form fields must obey the classical [field equations](/wiki/Field_equation "Field equation") and [Bianchi identities](/wiki/Bianchi_identity "Bianchi identity"). The former express the condition that variations of the action with respect to the various fields must be trivial. We will now restrict our attention to those field equations that come from the variation of the Ramond–Ramond (RR) fields, but in practice these need to be supplemented with the field equations coming from the variations of the [Neveu–Schwarz B\-field](/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field "Kalb–Ramond field"), the graviton, the [dilaton](/wiki/Dilaton "Dilaton") and their superpartners the gravitinos and the dilatino.
In the democratic formulation, the Bianchi identity for the field strength Gp\+1 is the classical field equation for its Hodge dual G9−p, and so it will suffice to impose the Bianchi identities for each RR field. These are just the conditions that the RR potentials Cp are locally defined, and that therefore the exterior derivative acting on them is nilpotent
0\=d^2C\_p\=dG\_{p\+1}\=dF\_{p\+1}\+H\\wedge G\_{p\-1}.
### [D\-branes](/wiki/D-branes "D-branes") are sources for RR fields
In many applications one wishes to add sources for the RR fields. These sources are called [D\-branes](/wiki/D-branes "D-branes"). As in [classical electromagnetism](/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism "Classical electromagnetism") one may add sources by including a coupling Cp\\mathcal J\_{10\-p} of the p\-form potential to a (10\-p)\-form current \\mathcal J\_{10\-p} in the [Lagrangian](/wiki/Lagrangian_%28field_theory%29 "Lagrangian (field theory)") density. The usual convention in the string theory literature appears to be to not write this term explicitly in the action.
The current \\mathcal J\_{10\-p} modifies the equation of motion that comes from the variation of Cp. As is the case with [magnetic monopoles](/wiki/Magnetic_monopole "Magnetic monopole") in electromagnetism, this source also invaliditates the dual Bianchi identity as it is a point at which the dual field is not defined. In the modified equation of motion \\mathcal J\_{p\+2} appears on the left hand side of the equation of motion instead of zero. For future simplicity, we will also interchange *p* and 7 − *p*, then the equation of motion in the presence of a source is
\\mathcal J\_{9\-p}\=d^2C\_{7\-p}\=dG\_{8\-p}\=dF\_{8\-p}\+H\\wedge G\_{6\-p}.
The (9\-p)\-form \\mathcal J\_{9\-p} is the Dp\-brane current, which means that it is [Poincaré dual](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality "Poincaré duality") to the worldvolume of a (*p* \+ 1\)\-dimensional extended object called a Dp\-brane. The discrepancy of one in the naming scheme is historical and comes from the fact that one of the *p* \+ 1 directions spanned by the Dp\-brane is often timelike, leaving p spatial directions.
The above Bianchi identity is interpreted to mean that the Dp\-brane is, in analogy with [magnetic monopoles](/wiki/Magnetic_monopole "Magnetic monopole") in electromagnetism, magnetically charged under the RR *p*\-form *C*7−*p*. If instead one considers this Bianchi identity to be a field equation for *C**p*\+1, then one says that the Dp\-brane is electrically charged under the (*p* \+ 1\)\-form Cp\+1.
The above equation of motion implies that there are two ways to derive the Dp\-brane charge from the ambient fluxes. First, one may integrate dG8−p over a surface, which will give the Dp\-brane charge intersected by that surface. The second method is related to the first by [Stokes' theorem](/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem "Stokes' theorem"). One may integrate G8−p over a cycle, this will yield the Dp\-brane charge linked by that cycle. The quantization of Dp\-brane charge in the quantum theory then implies the quantization of the field strengths G, but not of the improved field strengths F.
### [Twisted K\-theory](/wiki/Twisted_K-theory "Twisted K-theory") interpretation
It has been conjectured that RR fields, as well as D\-branes, are classified by twisted [K\-theory](/wiki/K-theory_%28physics%29 "K-theory (physics)"). In this framework, the above equations of motion have natural interpretations. The source free equations of motion for the improved field strengths F imply that the formal sum of all of the Fp's is an element of the H\-twisted [de Rham cohomology](/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology "De Rham cohomology"). This is a version of De Rham cohomology in which the differential is not the exterior derivative d, but instead (d\+H) where H is the Neveu\-Schwarz 3\-form. Notice that (d\+H), as is necessary for the cohomology to be well\-defined, squares to zero.
The improved field strengths F live in the classical theory, where the transition from quantum to classical is interpreted as tensoring by the rationals. So the F's must be some rational version of twisted K\-theory. Such a rational version, in fact a characteristic class of twisted K\-theory, is already known. It is the [twisted Chern class](/wiki/Twisted_Chern_class "Twisted Chern class") defined in [Twisted K\-theory and the K\-theory of Bundle Gerbes](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0106194) by [Peter Bouwknegt](/wiki/Peter_Bouwknegt "Peter Bouwknegt"), [Alan L. Carey](/wiki/Alan_L._Carey "Alan L. Carey"), [Varghese Mathai](/wiki/Mathai_Varghese "Mathai Varghese"), [Michael K. Murray](/wiki/Michael_K._Murray "Michael K. Murray") and [Danny Stevenson](/wiki/Danny_Stevenson "Danny Stevenson") and extended in [Chern character in twisted K\-Theory: Equivariant and holomorphic cases](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0201010). The authors have shown that twisted Chern characters are always elements of the H\-twisted de Rham cohomology.
Unlike the improved field strengths, the original field strengths G's are untwisted, integral cohomology classes. In addition the G's are not gauge\-invariant, which means that they are not uniquely defined but instead may only be defined as equivalence classes. These correspond to the cohomology classes in the [Atiyah Hirzebruch Spectral Sequence](/wiki/Twisted_K-theory%23How_to_calculate_it "Twisted K-theory#How to calculate it") construction of twisted K\-theory, which are only defined up to terms which are closed under any of a series of [differential operators](/wiki/Differential_operator "Differential operator").
The source terms appear to be obstructions to the existence of a K\-theory class. The other equations of motion, such as those obtained by varying the NS B\-field, do not have K\-theory interpretations. The incorporation of these corrections in the K\-theory framework is an open problem. For more on this problem, click [here](/wiki/K-theory_%28physics%29%23Reconciling_twisted_K-theory_and_S-duality "K-theory (physics)#Reconciling twisted K-theory and S-duality").
|
[
"Field equations\n---------------",
"### Equations and Bianchi identities",
"As usual in [p\\-form gauge theories](/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics \"P-form electrodynamics\"), the form fields must obey the classical [field equations](/wiki/Field_equation \"Field equation\") and [Bianchi identities](/wiki/Bianchi_identity \"Bianchi identity\"). The former express the condition that variations of the action with respect to the various fields must be trivial. We will now restrict our attention to those field equations that come from the variation of the Ramond–Ramond (RR) fields, but in practice these need to be supplemented with the field equations coming from the variations of the [Neveu–Schwarz B\\-field](/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field \"Kalb–Ramond field\"), the graviton, the [dilaton](/wiki/Dilaton \"Dilaton\") and their superpartners the gravitinos and the dilatino.",
"In the democratic formulation, the Bianchi identity for the field strength Gp\\+1 is the classical field equation for its Hodge dual G9−p, and so it will suffice to impose the Bianchi identities for each RR field. These are just the conditions that the RR potentials Cp are locally defined, and that therefore the exterior derivative acting on them is nilpotent",
"0\\=d^2C\\_p\\=dG\\_{p\\+1}\\=dF\\_{p\\+1}\\+H\\\\wedge G\\_{p\\-1}.\n### [D\\-branes](/wiki/D-branes \"D-branes\") are sources for RR fields",
"In many applications one wishes to add sources for the RR fields. These sources are called [D\\-branes](/wiki/D-branes \"D-branes\"). As in [classical electromagnetism](/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism \"Classical electromagnetism\") one may add sources by including a coupling Cp\\\\mathcal J\\_{10\\-p} of the p\\-form potential to a (10\\-p)\\-form current \\\\mathcal J\\_{10\\-p} in the [Lagrangian](/wiki/Lagrangian_%28field_theory%29 \"Lagrangian (field theory)\") density. The usual convention in the string theory literature appears to be to not write this term explicitly in the action.",
"The current \\\\mathcal J\\_{10\\-p} modifies the equation of motion that comes from the variation of Cp. As is the case with [magnetic monopoles](/wiki/Magnetic_monopole \"Magnetic monopole\") in electromagnetism, this source also invaliditates the dual Bianchi identity as it is a point at which the dual field is not defined. In the modified equation of motion \\\\mathcal J\\_{p\\+2} appears on the left hand side of the equation of motion instead of zero. For future simplicity, we will also interchange *p* and 7 − *p*, then the equation of motion in the presence of a source is",
"\\\\mathcal J\\_{9\\-p}\\=d^2C\\_{7\\-p}\\=dG\\_{8\\-p}\\=dF\\_{8\\-p}\\+H\\\\wedge G\\_{6\\-p}.\nThe (9\\-p)\\-form \\\\mathcal J\\_{9\\-p} is the Dp\\-brane current, which means that it is [Poincaré dual](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality \"Poincaré duality\") to the worldvolume of a (*p* \\+ 1\\)\\-dimensional extended object called a Dp\\-brane. The discrepancy of one in the naming scheme is historical and comes from the fact that one of the *p* \\+ 1 directions spanned by the Dp\\-brane is often timelike, leaving p spatial directions.",
"The above Bianchi identity is interpreted to mean that the Dp\\-brane is, in analogy with [magnetic monopoles](/wiki/Magnetic_monopole \"Magnetic monopole\") in electromagnetism, magnetically charged under the RR *p*\\-form *C*7−*p*. If instead one considers this Bianchi identity to be a field equation for *C**p*\\+1, then one says that the Dp\\-brane is electrically charged under the (*p* \\+ 1\\)\\-form Cp\\+1.",
"The above equation of motion implies that there are two ways to derive the Dp\\-brane charge from the ambient fluxes. First, one may integrate dG8−p over a surface, which will give the Dp\\-brane charge intersected by that surface. The second method is related to the first by [Stokes' theorem](/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem \"Stokes' theorem\"). One may integrate G8−p over a cycle, this will yield the Dp\\-brane charge linked by that cycle. The quantization of Dp\\-brane charge in the quantum theory then implies the quantization of the field strengths G, but not of the improved field strengths F.",
"### [Twisted K\\-theory](/wiki/Twisted_K-theory \"Twisted K-theory\") interpretation",
"It has been conjectured that RR fields, as well as D\\-branes, are classified by twisted [K\\-theory](/wiki/K-theory_%28physics%29 \"K-theory (physics)\"). In this framework, the above equations of motion have natural interpretations. The source free equations of motion for the improved field strengths F imply that the formal sum of all of the Fp's is an element of the H\\-twisted [de Rham cohomology](/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology \"De Rham cohomology\"). This is a version of De Rham cohomology in which the differential is not the exterior derivative d, but instead (d\\+H) where H is the Neveu\\-Schwarz 3\\-form. Notice that (d\\+H), as is necessary for the cohomology to be well\\-defined, squares to zero.",
"The improved field strengths F live in the classical theory, where the transition from quantum to classical is interpreted as tensoring by the rationals. So the F's must be some rational version of twisted K\\-theory. Such a rational version, in fact a characteristic class of twisted K\\-theory, is already known. It is the [twisted Chern class](/wiki/Twisted_Chern_class \"Twisted Chern class\") defined in [Twisted K\\-theory and the K\\-theory of Bundle Gerbes](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0106194) by [Peter Bouwknegt](/wiki/Peter_Bouwknegt \"Peter Bouwknegt\"), [Alan L. Carey](/wiki/Alan_L._Carey \"Alan L. Carey\"), [Varghese Mathai](/wiki/Mathai_Varghese \"Mathai Varghese\"), [Michael K. Murray](/wiki/Michael_K._Murray \"Michael K. Murray\") and [Danny Stevenson](/wiki/Danny_Stevenson \"Danny Stevenson\") and extended in [Chern character in twisted K\\-Theory: Equivariant and holomorphic cases](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0201010). The authors have shown that twisted Chern characters are always elements of the H\\-twisted de Rham cohomology.",
"Unlike the improved field strengths, the original field strengths G's are untwisted, integral cohomology classes. In addition the G's are not gauge\\-invariant, which means that they are not uniquely defined but instead may only be defined as equivalence classes. These correspond to the cohomology classes in the [Atiyah Hirzebruch Spectral Sequence](/wiki/Twisted_K-theory%23How_to_calculate_it \"Twisted K-theory#How to calculate it\") construction of twisted K\\-theory, which are only defined up to terms which are closed under any of a series of [differential operators](/wiki/Differential_operator \"Differential operator\").",
"The source terms appear to be obstructions to the existence of a K\\-theory class. The other equations of motion, such as those obtained by varying the NS B\\-field, do not have K\\-theory interpretations. The incorporation of these corrections in the K\\-theory framework is an open problem. For more on this problem, click [here](/wiki/K-theory_%28physics%29%23Reconciling_twisted_K-theory_and_S-duality \"K-theory (physics)#Reconciling twisted K-theory and S-duality\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### Soviet era
[thumb\|[Antonov An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2"), mass\-produced Soviet utility aeroplane.](/wiki/File:Flugzeug_Antonov_An-2_D-FKMC.jpg "Flugzeug Antonov An-2 D-FKMC.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|[Antonov A\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 "Antonov A-15") in Czech markings](/wiki/File:Antonov_A-15_1999_by_Jiri_Havlice.jpg "Antonov A-15 1999 by Jiri Havlice.jpg")
#### Foundation and relocation
The company was established in 1946 at the [Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association](/wiki/Novosibirsk_Aircraft_Production_Association "Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association") as the top\-secret Soviet **Research and Design Bureau No. 153** (**OKB\-153**). It was headed by [Oleg Antonov](/wiki/Oleg_Antonov_%28aircraft_designer%29 "Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)") and specialised in [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop "Turboprop") [military transport aircraft](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft "Military transport aircraft"). The task was to create an [agricultural aircraft](/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft "Agricultural aircraft") CX\-1 (An\-2\), the first flight of which occurred on 31 August 1947\. The [An\-2 biplane](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") was a major achievement of this period, with hundreds of these aircraft still operating as of 2013\. In addition to this biplane and its modifications, a small series of gliders A\-9 and A\-10 were created and built in the pilot production in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk"). In 1952, the Bureau was relocated to [Kiev](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), a city with a rich [aviation](/wiki/Aviation "Aviation") history and an aircraft\-manufacturing infrastructure restored after the destruction caused by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
#### First serial aircraft and expansion
[thumb\|[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12"), [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War")\-era tactical transport, in flight](/wiki/File:An-12_in_flight.jpg "An-12 in flight.jpg")
[thumb\|47\-year\-old [An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") still in operational condition in 2011](/wiki/File:001_An-12%2C_Malmo_Airport%2C_Sweden.jpg "001 An-12, Malmo Airport, Sweden.jpg")
The 1957 introduction of the [An\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10")/[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") family of mid\-range turboprop aeroplanes began the successful production of thousands of these aircraft. Their use for both heavy combat and civilian purposes around the globe continues to the present; the [An\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10")/[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") were used most notably in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") and the [Chernobyl disaster relief megaoperation](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster").
In 1959, the bureau began construction of the separate Flight Testing and Improvement Base in suburban [Hostomel](/wiki/Hostomel "Hostomel") (now the [Antonov Airport](/wiki/Antonov_Airport "Antonov Airport")).
In 1965, the [Antonov An\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 "Antonov An-22") heavy military transport entered serial production to supplement the An\-12 in major military and humanitarian [airlifts](/wiki/Airlift "Airlift") by the Soviet Union. The model became the first Soviet [wide\-body aircraft](/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft "Wide-body aircraft"), and it remains the world's largest turboprop\-powered aircraft. Antonov designed and presented a [nuclear\-powered](/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft "Nuclear aircraft") version of the An\-22\. It was never flight tested.
In 1966, after the major expansion in the [Sviatoshyn](/wiki/Sviatoshyn "Sviatoshyn") neighbourhood of the city, the company was renamed to another disguise name: "Kiev Mechanical Plant". Two independent aircraft production and repair facilities, under engineering supervision of the Antonov Bureau, also appeared in Kiev during this period.
#### Prominence and Antonov's retirement
[thumb\|right\|[Antonov An\-24](/wiki/An-24 "An-24"), the Soviet Union's most common [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner "Regional airliner")](/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Airlines_Antonov_An-24_Pichugin-1.jpg "Tatarstan Airlines Antonov An-24 Pichugin-1.jpg")
In the 1970s and early 1980s, the company established itself as the Soviet Union's main designer of military transport aircraft with dozens of new modifications in development and production. After Oleg Antonov's death in 1984, the company was officially renamed as the **Research and Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov** ({{lang\-ru\|link\=no\|Опытно\-конструкторское бюро имени О.К. Антонова}}) while continuing the use of "Kiev Mechanical Plant" alias for some purposes.
#### Late Soviet\-era: superlarge projects and first commercialisation
[thumb\|right\|[An\-225](/wiki/An-225 "An-225") was the largest operative aircraft in the world.](/wiki/File:An-225_front_day_V1.jpg "An-225 front day V1.jpg")
In the late 1980s, the Antonov Bureau achieved global prominence after the introduction of its extra large aeroplanes. The [An\-124 "Ruslan"](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 "Antonov An-124") (1982\) became the Soviet Union's mass\-produced [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft "Military transport aircraft") under the leadership of Chief Designer [Viktor Tolmachev](/wiki/Viktor_Tolmachev "Viktor Tolmachev").{{citation needed\|date\=October 2017}} The Bureau enlarged the "Ruslan" design even more for the [Soviet spaceplane programme](/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") logistics, creating the [An\-225 "Mriya"](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") in 1985\. "Mriya" was the world's largest and heaviest aeroplane.{{Cite news \|last\= \|date\=2023\-03\-10 \|title\=Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\-detains\-officials\-over\-destruction\-famous\-plane\-start\-war\-2023\-03\-10/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-09}}
The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika") allowed the Antonov company's first step to commercialisation and foreign expansion. In 1989, the [Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines "Antonov Airlines") subsidiary was created for its own aircraft maintenance and [cargo](/wiki/Cargo_airline "Cargo airline") projects.
### Independent Ukraine
[thumb\|The logo of the state enterprise Antonov in Ukrainian](/wiki/File:Antonov_logo.svg "Antonov logo.svg")
{{Expand section\|date\=April 2013}}
Antonov Design Bureau remained a state\-owned company after Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991 and is since regarded as a strategic national asset.
#### Expansion to free market
[thumb\|Rollout of the first serially\-produced [An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") at Antonov's hangar in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), 2009\. An [An\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 "Antonov An-124") under maintenance seen in the far corner of the hangar.](/wiki/File:First_Ukrainian_serial_production_An-148.jpg "First Ukrainian serial production An-148.jpg")
Since independence, Antonov has certified and marketed both Soviet\-era and newly developed models for sale in new markets outside of the former soviet sphere of influence. New models introduced to serial production and delivered to customers include the [Antonov An\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 "Antonov An-140"), [Antonov An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") and [Antonov An\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-158 "Antonov An-158") [regional airliners](/wiki/Regional_airliner "Regional airliner").
Among several modernisation projects, Antonov received orders for upgrading "hundreds" of its [An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") utility planes still in operation in [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") and Russia to the An\-2\-100 upgrade version.{{cite news \| url\=http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\-rossiya\-zakazala\-u\-antonova\-usovershenstvovannye\-kukuruzniki \| script\-title\=ru:Россия заказала у Антонова усовершенствованные кукурузники \| work\=\[\[Korrespondent]] \| date\=11 July 2013 \| access\-date\=4 September 2013 \| language\=ru \| archive\-date\=14 August 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112252/http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\-rossiya\-zakazala\-u\-antonova\-usovershenstvovannye\-kukuruzniki \| url\-status\=live }}
In 2014, following the [annexation of the Crimea by Russia](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"), Ukraine cancelled contracts with Russia, leading to a significant income reduction in Ukraine's defense and aviation industries.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\-needs\-russia\-nicolai\-petro \|title\=Why Ukraine needs Russia more than ever \|author\=Nicolai Petro \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=9 March 2016 \|access\-date\=7 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=21 September 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921131939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\-needs\-russia\-nicolai\-petro \|url\-status\=live }} However Ukraine has been slowly recovering the deficit from breaking ties with Russia by entering new markets such as the [Persian Gulf region](/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf "Arab states of the Persian Gulf"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\-saudi\-ukrainian\-aircraft\-programme\-launched.html\|title\=Arabian Aerospace \- New Saudi\-Ukrainian aircraft programme launched\|website\=www.arabianaerospace.aero\|access\-date\=29 September 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930040655/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\-saudi\-ukrainian\-aircraft\-programme\-launched.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\_Discusses\_Cooperation\_With\_UAE\_in\_Guided\_Weapons\_\_UAVs\|title\=Ukraine Discusses Cooperation With UAE in Guided Weapons, UAVs\|website\=www.defenseworld.net\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=30 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081147/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\_Discusses\_Cooperation\_With\_UAE\_in\_Guided\_Weapons\_\_UAVs\|url\-status\=live}} and expanding its presence in old ones such as India.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\-ukraine\-u\-s\-winning\-indian\-defense\-market\-over\-russia\-official.html\|title\=Ukraine, U.S. winning Indian defense market over Russia \- official\|website\=www.unian.info\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234201/https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\-ukraine\-u\-s\-winning\-indian\-defense\-market\-over\-russia\-official.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.janes.com/defence\-news\|title\=Janes \| Latest defence and security news\|website\=Janes.com\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912223916/https://www.janes.com/defence\-news/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\_to\_Pitch\_for\_Repair\_\_Components\_Supply\_of\_USSR\_Origin\_Aircraft\_in\_India\|title\=Ukraine to Pitch for Repair, Components Supply of USSR Origin Aircraft in India \|website\= defenseworld.net\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=24 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060136/https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\_to\_Pitch\_for\_Repair\_\_Components\_Supply\_of\_USSR\_Origin\_Aircraft\_in\_India\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\-politics/ukraine\-preparing\-for\-boosting\-defense\-cooperation\-with\-africa\-in\-aircraft\-repair\-area.html\|title\=Ukraine preparing for boosting defense cooperation with Africa in aircraft repair area \| KyivPost \- Ukraine's Global Voice\|date\=25 September 2018\|website\=KyivPost\|access\-date\=29 September 2018\|archive\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234200/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\-politics/ukraine\-preparing\-for\-boosting\-defense\-cooperation\-with\-africa\-in\-aircraft\-repair\-area.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey\-ukraine\-advance\-an\-188\-co\-production\-talks/\|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20220414030258/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey%2Dukraine%2Dadvance%2Dan%2D188%2Dco%2Dproduction%2Dtalks/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=14 April 2022\|title\=Turkey, Ukraine advance An\-188 co\-production talks\|first\=Burak Ege\|last\=Bekdil\|date\=27 July 2018\|website\=Defense News\|access\-date\=29 September 2018}}
In July 2018, Antonov was able to secure a deal with Boeing in order to procure airplane parts which were no longer available due to breakdown of relations with Russia.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-ukraine\-boeing\-antonov\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\|title\=Ukraine plane maker turns West with Boeing tie\-up\|first\=Pavel\|last\=Polityuk\|newspaper\=Reuters \|date\=27 July 2018\|via\=www.reuters.com\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=13 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-ukraine\-boeing\-antonov\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Production facilities' consolidation
During the [Soviet period](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union "History of the Soviet Union"), not all Antonov\-designed [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft "Aircraft") were manufactured by the company itself. This was a result of Soviet industrial strategy that split military production between different regions of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") to minimise potential war loss risks. As a result, Antonov aeroplanes were often assembled by the specialist [contract manufacturers](/wiki/Contract_manufacturer "Contract manufacturer").
In 2009, the once\-independent "[Aviant](/wiki/Aviant "Aviant")" aeroplane\-assembling plant in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") became part of Antonov, facilitating a full serial manufacturing cycle of the company. However, the old tradition of co\-manufacturing with contractors is continued, both with Soviet\-time partners and with new licensees like [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran")'s [Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company](/wiki/Iran_Aircraft_Manufacturing_Industrial_Company "Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\-history?lang\=en\|title\=ANTONOV history\|website\=www.antonov.com\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\-history?lang\=en\|archive\-date\=27 February 2018}}
In 2014, Antonov produced and delivered only two [An\-158](/wiki/An-158 "An-158") airplanes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\|title\=ГП "Антонов" подвел итоги 2014 года: Только два новых самолета\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=28 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205822/https://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\|url\-status\=live}} This trend continued into 2015, producing one [An\-148](/wiki/An-148 "An-148") and one [An\-158](/wiki/An-158 "An-158").{{cite web\|url\=http://radio.vesti\-ukr.com/interview/32217\-andrej\-haustov\-poyavilsya\-shans\-chto\-vtoraya\-mriya\-obretet\-svoyu\-zhizn\-v\-nebe\-.html\|title\=Андрей Хаустов: "Появился шанс, что вторая "Мрия" обретет свою жизнь в небе"\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912160747/http://radio.vesti\-ukr.com/interview/32217\-andrej\-haustov\-poyavilsya\-shans\-chto\-vtoraya\-mriya\-obretet\-svoyu\-zhizn\-v\-nebe\-.html\|archive\-date\=12 September 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Since 2016, no aircraft have been produced or delivered to clients.[Зеленский хочет создать госавиакомпанию, летающую на украинских самолетах — Центр транспортных стратегий](https://cfts.org.ua/news/2020/04/22/zelenskiy_khochet_sozdat_gosaviakompaniyu_letayuschuyu_na_ukrainskikh_samoletakh_58415)
[thumb\|[Antonov/Taqnia An\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 "Antonov/Taqnia An-132") roll out ceremony in Kyiv, 20 December 2016](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-132D_roll_out_ceremony_%283%29.jpg "Antonov An-132D roll out ceremony (3).jpg")
In June 2016, Ukraine's major state\-owned arms manufacturer [Ukroboronprom](/wiki/Ukroboronprom "Ukroboronprom") announced the creation of the [Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Ukrainian_Aircraft_Corporation "Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation") within its structure, thereby combining all aircraft manufacturing enterprises, including the assets of Antonov into a single cluster, according to Ukroboronprom's press service.{{cite web\|url\=http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\-aircraft\-corporation\-set\-up\-on\-the\-basis\-of\-antonov\-670283\.html\|title\=UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world\|website\=uatoday.tv\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=18 November 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118043424/http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\-aircraft\-corporation\-set\-up\-on\-the\-basis\-of\-antonov\-670283\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 19 July 2017, the Ukrainian government approved the liquidation of Antonov's assets.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html\|title\=Cabinet of Ministers liquidates Concern Antonov \- 25\.07\.2017 17:39 — Ukrinform News\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-27\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=15 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html \|title\=The Cabinet of Ministers has decided to liquidate State Aircraft Manufacturing Concern Antonov \|newspaper\=Ukrinform \|date\=26 July 2017 \|access\-date\=26 July 2017 \|archive\-date\=15 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html \|url\-status\=live }} The State Concern "Antonov" (a business group, created in 2005 from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management) will be liquidated as a residual corporate entity. Antonov State Company, Kharkiv State Aviation Manufacturing Enterprise and Plant No.410 of Civil Aviation were transferred under the management of another state\-owned concern Ukroboronprom in 2015\. Antonov State Company continues to function as an enterprise.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antonov.com/news/520\|title\=Following the recent announcement from the Government of Ukraine\|website\=antonov.com\|publisher\=Antonov State Company\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/news/520\|archive\-date\=27 February 2018}}
On 31 March 2017, the first prototype of a new multifunctional cargo plane [An\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 "Antonov/Taqnia An-132") – a demonstration plane An\-132D – took to the air from the runway of Sviatoshyn airfield. The An\-132 development program had been implemented in the framework of a contract with a customer from Saudi Arabia.
On 24 February 2022, at the beginning of [Russia's full\-scale invasion in Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), the first attacks were launched at [Kyiv\-Antonov\-2 airfield](/wiki/Hostomel_Airport "Hostomel Airport"), the site of Antonov's test flights and home base of the planes of *[Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines "Antonov Airlines")*. The planes [Аn\-225 *Mriya*](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya"),{{cite news \|date\= 27 February 2022 \|script\-title\= uk:У результаті російської атаки згорів найбільший в світі літак «Мрія» \|trans\-title\= As a result of the Russian attack, the world's largest aircraft "Mriya" burned down \|work\= \[\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \|url\= https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\-v\-rezultati\-rosiyskoyi\-ataky\-z\-horiv\-naybilshyy\-v\-sviti\-litak\-mriya\-/31726400\.html \|language\= en \|access\-date\= 28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228004841/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\-v\-rezultati\-rosiyskoyi\-ataky\-z\-horiv\-naybilshyy\-v\-sviti\-litak\-mriya\-/31726400\.html \|archive\-date\= 28 February 2022 \|url\-status\= live \|script\-quote\= uk:У результаті повітряної атаки російських військ на аеропорт Гостомель під Києвом був спалений один із найбільших та найпотужніших літаків у світі українського виробництва АН\-225 «Мрія». Про це Радіо Свобода повідомили два поінформованих джерела на підприємстві «Антонов» та підтвердив міський голова міста Буча.\|trans\-quote\= As a result of an air attack by Russian troops on Gostomel Airport near Kyiv, one of the largest and most powerful Ukrainian\-made AN\-225 "Mriya " aircraft in the world was burned. This was reported to Radio Svoboda by two informed sources at the Antonov enterprise and confirmed by the mayor of Bucha. \|df\= dmy\-all}} [An\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 "Antonov An-26"), [An\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 "Antonov An-74") and administrative premises were destroyed. The planes Аn\-12, Аn\-22, Аn\-28, Аn\-132D and Аn\-124\-100\-150, the hangars and other infrastructure were severely damaged.
[The Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine "Security Service of Ukraine") established that the former director general of Antonov Company Serhiy Bychkov had not provided access to the site for the National Guard in January and February 2022 and thus obstructed preparations for defence.{{Cite web \|title\=Служба безпеки України \|url\=https://t.me/SBUkr/7424 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Telegram}}
The investigators consider that Bychkov's negligence is the direct cause of the loss of *Mriya*, because the plane could have been sent to Germany long before February 24\. In March 2023, Serhiy Bychkov was arrested, in April he faced formal suspicion in connection with the loss of An\-225 *Mriya* and damages to Antonov amounting to ₴8\.4 million.{{Cite web \|title\=Офіс Генерального прокурора \|url\=https://t.me/pgo\_gov\_ua/10254 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Telegram}}{{Cite web \|title\=СБУ повідомила про підозру екскерівникам ДП "Антонов", чиї дії призвели до знищення "Мрії" (відео) \|url\=https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu\-povidomyla\-pro\-pidozru\-ekskerivnykam\-dp\-antonov\-chyi\-dii\-pryzvely\-do\-znyshchennia\-mrii\-video \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=SSU \|language\=uk}}{{Cite web \|title\=Destruction of Mriya aircraft: Ukraine's Security Service arrests ex\-CEO of Antonov State Enterprise and serves him with notice of suspicion \|url\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392793/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Ukrainska Pravda \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Soviet era",
"[thumb\\|[Antonov An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\"), mass\\-produced Soviet utility aeroplane.](/wiki/File:Flugzeug_Antonov_An-2_D-FKMC.jpg \"Flugzeug Antonov An-2 D-FKMC.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Antonov A\\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 \"Antonov A-15\") in Czech markings](/wiki/File:Antonov_A-15_1999_by_Jiri_Havlice.jpg \"Antonov A-15 1999 by Jiri Havlice.jpg\")\n#### Foundation and relocation",
"The company was established in 1946 at the [Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association](/wiki/Novosibirsk_Aircraft_Production_Association \"Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association\") as the top\\-secret Soviet **Research and Design Bureau No. 153** (**OKB\\-153**). It was headed by [Oleg Antonov](/wiki/Oleg_Antonov_%28aircraft_designer%29 \"Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)\") and specialised in [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop \"Turboprop\") [military transport aircraft](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft \"Military transport aircraft\"). The task was to create an [agricultural aircraft](/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft \"Agricultural aircraft\") CX\\-1 (An\\-2\\), the first flight of which occurred on 31 August 1947\\. The [An\\-2 biplane](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") was a major achievement of this period, with hundreds of these aircraft still operating as of 2013\\. In addition to this biplane and its modifications, a small series of gliders A\\-9 and A\\-10 were created and built in the pilot production in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk \"Novosibirsk\"). In 1952, the Bureau was relocated to [Kiev](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), a city with a rich [aviation](/wiki/Aviation \"Aviation\") history and an aircraft\\-manufacturing infrastructure restored after the destruction caused by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"#### First serial aircraft and expansion",
"[thumb\\|[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\"), [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\")\\-era tactical transport, in flight](/wiki/File:An-12_in_flight.jpg \"An-12 in flight.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|47\\-year\\-old [An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") still in operational condition in 2011](/wiki/File:001_An-12%2C_Malmo_Airport%2C_Sweden.jpg \"001 An-12, Malmo Airport, Sweden.jpg\")",
"The 1957 introduction of the [An\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\")/[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") family of mid\\-range turboprop aeroplanes began the successful production of thousands of these aircraft. Their use for both heavy combat and civilian purposes around the globe continues to the present; the [An\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\")/[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") were used most notably in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War \"Soviet–Afghan War\") and the [Chernobyl disaster relief megaoperation](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\").",
"In 1959, the bureau began construction of the separate Flight Testing and Improvement Base in suburban [Hostomel](/wiki/Hostomel \"Hostomel\") (now the [Antonov Airport](/wiki/Antonov_Airport \"Antonov Airport\")).",
"In 1965, the [Antonov An\\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 \"Antonov An-22\") heavy military transport entered serial production to supplement the An\\-12 in major military and humanitarian [airlifts](/wiki/Airlift \"Airlift\") by the Soviet Union. The model became the first Soviet [wide\\-body aircraft](/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft \"Wide-body aircraft\"), and it remains the world's largest turboprop\\-powered aircraft. Antonov designed and presented a [nuclear\\-powered](/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft \"Nuclear aircraft\") version of the An\\-22\\. It was never flight tested.",
"In 1966, after the major expansion in the [Sviatoshyn](/wiki/Sviatoshyn \"Sviatoshyn\") neighbourhood of the city, the company was renamed to another disguise name: \"Kiev Mechanical Plant\". Two independent aircraft production and repair facilities, under engineering supervision of the Antonov Bureau, also appeared in Kiev during this period.",
"#### Prominence and Antonov's retirement",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Antonov An\\-24](/wiki/An-24 \"An-24\"), the Soviet Union's most common [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner \"Regional airliner\")](/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Airlines_Antonov_An-24_Pichugin-1.jpg \"Tatarstan Airlines Antonov An-24 Pichugin-1.jpg\")",
"In the 1970s and early 1980s, the company established itself as the Soviet Union's main designer of military transport aircraft with dozens of new modifications in development and production. After Oleg Antonov's death in 1984, the company was officially renamed as the **Research and Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov** ({{lang\\-ru\\|link\\=no\\|Опытно\\-конструкторское бюро имени О.К. Антонова}}) while continuing the use of \"Kiev Mechanical Plant\" alias for some purposes.",
"#### Late Soviet\\-era: superlarge projects and first commercialisation",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[An\\-225](/wiki/An-225 \"An-225\") was the largest operative aircraft in the world.](/wiki/File:An-225_front_day_V1.jpg \"An-225 front day V1.jpg\")",
"In the late 1980s, the Antonov Bureau achieved global prominence after the introduction of its extra large aeroplanes. The [An\\-124 \"Ruslan\"](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 \"Antonov An-124\") (1982\\) became the Soviet Union's mass\\-produced [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft \"Military transport aircraft\") under the leadership of Chief Designer [Viktor Tolmachev](/wiki/Viktor_Tolmachev \"Viktor Tolmachev\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2017}} The Bureau enlarged the \"Ruslan\" design even more for the [Soviet spaceplane programme](/wiki/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\") logistics, creating the [An\\-225 \"Mriya\"](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") in 1985\\. \"Mriya\" was the world's largest and heaviest aeroplane.{{Cite news \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-10 \\|title\\=Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\\-detains\\-officials\\-over\\-destruction\\-famous\\-plane\\-start\\-war\\-2023\\-03\\-10/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-09}}",
"The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\") allowed the Antonov company's first step to commercialisation and foreign expansion. In 1989, the [Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines \"Antonov Airlines\") subsidiary was created for its own aircraft maintenance and [cargo](/wiki/Cargo_airline \"Cargo airline\") projects.",
"### Independent Ukraine",
"[thumb\\|The logo of the state enterprise Antonov in Ukrainian](/wiki/File:Antonov_logo.svg \"Antonov logo.svg\")\n{{Expand section\\|date\\=April 2013}}",
"Antonov Design Bureau remained a state\\-owned company after Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991 and is since regarded as a strategic national asset.",
"#### Expansion to free market",
"[thumb\\|Rollout of the first serially\\-produced [An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") at Antonov's hangar in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), 2009\\. An [An\\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 \"Antonov An-124\") under maintenance seen in the far corner of the hangar.](/wiki/File:First_Ukrainian_serial_production_An-148.jpg \"First Ukrainian serial production An-148.jpg\")",
"Since independence, Antonov has certified and marketed both Soviet\\-era and newly developed models for sale in new markets outside of the former soviet sphere of influence. New models introduced to serial production and delivered to customers include the [Antonov An\\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 \"Antonov An-140\"), [Antonov An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") and [Antonov An\\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-158 \"Antonov An-158\") [regional airliners](/wiki/Regional_airliner \"Regional airliner\").",
"Among several modernisation projects, Antonov received orders for upgrading \"hundreds\" of its [An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") utility planes still in operation in [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") and Russia to the An\\-2\\-100 upgrade version.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\\-rossiya\\-zakazala\\-u\\-antonova\\-usovershenstvovannye\\-kukuruzniki \\| script\\-title\\=ru:Россия заказала у Антонова усовершенствованные кукурузники \\| work\\=\\[\\[Korrespondent]] \\| date\\=11 July 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=4 September 2013 \\| language\\=ru \\| archive\\-date\\=14 August 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112252/http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\\-rossiya\\-zakazala\\-u\\-antonova\\-usovershenstvovannye\\-kukuruzniki \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2014, following the [annexation of the Crimea by Russia](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation \"Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation\"), Ukraine cancelled contracts with Russia, leading to a significant income reduction in Ukraine's defense and aviation industries.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\\-needs\\-russia\\-nicolai\\-petro \\|title\\=Why Ukraine needs Russia more than ever \\|author\\=Nicolai Petro \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=9 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921131939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\\-needs\\-russia\\-nicolai\\-petro \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However Ukraine has been slowly recovering the deficit from breaking ties with Russia by entering new markets such as the [Persian Gulf region](/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf \"Arab states of the Persian Gulf\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\\-saudi\\-ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-programme\\-launched.html\\|title\\=Arabian Aerospace \\- New Saudi\\-Ukrainian aircraft programme launched\\|website\\=www.arabianaerospace.aero\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930040655/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\\-saudi\\-ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-programme\\-launched.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\\_Discusses\\_Cooperation\\_With\\_UAE\\_in\\_Guided\\_Weapons\\_\\_UAVs\\|title\\=Ukraine Discusses Cooperation With UAE in Guided Weapons, UAVs\\|website\\=www.defenseworld.net\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081147/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\\_Discusses\\_Cooperation\\_With\\_UAE\\_in\\_Guided\\_Weapons\\_\\_UAVs\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and expanding its presence in old ones such as India.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\\-ukraine\\-u\\-s\\-winning\\-indian\\-defense\\-market\\-over\\-russia\\-official.html\\|title\\=Ukraine, U.S. winning Indian defense market over Russia \\- official\\|website\\=www.unian.info\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234201/https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\\-ukraine\\-u\\-s\\-winning\\-indian\\-defense\\-market\\-over\\-russia\\-official.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news\\|title\\=Janes \\| Latest defence and security news\\|website\\=Janes.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912223916/https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\\_to\\_Pitch\\_for\\_Repair\\_\\_Components\\_Supply\\_of\\_USSR\\_Origin\\_Aircraft\\_in\\_India\\|title\\=Ukraine to Pitch for Repair, Components Supply of USSR Origin Aircraft in India \\|website\\= defenseworld.net\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060136/https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\\_to\\_Pitch\\_for\\_Repair\\_\\_Components\\_Supply\\_of\\_USSR\\_Origin\\_Aircraft\\_in\\_India\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\\-politics/ukraine\\-preparing\\-for\\-boosting\\-defense\\-cooperation\\-with\\-africa\\-in\\-aircraft\\-repair\\-area.html\\|title\\=Ukraine preparing for boosting defense cooperation with Africa in aircraft repair area \\| KyivPost \\- Ukraine's Global Voice\\|date\\=25 September 2018\\|website\\=KyivPost\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234200/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\\-politics/ukraine\\-preparing\\-for\\-boosting\\-defense\\-cooperation\\-with\\-africa\\-in\\-aircraft\\-repair\\-area.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey\\-ukraine\\-advance\\-an\\-188\\-co\\-production\\-talks/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20220414030258/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey%2Dukraine%2Dadvance%2Dan%2D188%2Dco%2Dproduction%2Dtalks/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2022\\|title\\=Turkey, Ukraine advance An\\-188 co\\-production talks\\|first\\=Burak Ege\\|last\\=Bekdil\\|date\\=27 July 2018\\|website\\=Defense News\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018}}",
"In July 2018, Antonov was able to secure a deal with Boeing in order to procure airplane parts which were no longer available due to breakdown of relations with Russia.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-ukraine\\-boeing\\-antonov\\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\\|title\\=Ukraine plane maker turns West with Boeing tie\\-up\\|first\\=Pavel\\|last\\=Polityuk\\|newspaper\\=Reuters \\|date\\=27 July 2018\\|via\\=www.reuters.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-ukraine\\-boeing\\-antonov\\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Production facilities' consolidation",
"During the [Soviet period](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union \"History of the Soviet Union\"), not all Antonov\\-designed [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft \"Aircraft\") were manufactured by the company itself. This was a result of Soviet industrial strategy that split military production between different regions of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") to minimise potential war loss risks. As a result, Antonov aeroplanes were often assembled by the specialist [contract manufacturers](/wiki/Contract_manufacturer \"Contract manufacturer\").",
"In 2009, the once\\-independent \"[Aviant](/wiki/Aviant \"Aviant\")\" aeroplane\\-assembling plant in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") became part of Antonov, facilitating a full serial manufacturing cycle of the company. However, the old tradition of co\\-manufacturing with contractors is continued, both with Soviet\\-time partners and with new licensees like [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\")'s [Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company](/wiki/Iran_Aircraft_Manufacturing_Industrial_Company \"Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\\-history?lang\\=en\\|title\\=ANTONOV history\\|website\\=www.antonov.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\\-history?lang\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2018}}",
"In 2014, Antonov produced and delivered only two [An\\-158](/wiki/An-158 \"An-158\") airplanes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\\|title\\=ГП \"Антонов\" подвел итоги 2014 года: Только два новых самолета\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205822/https://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This trend continued into 2015, producing one [An\\-148](/wiki/An-148 \"An-148\") and one [An\\-158](/wiki/An-158 \"An-158\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radio.vesti\\-ukr.com/interview/32217\\-andrej\\-haustov\\-poyavilsya\\-shans\\-chto\\-vtoraya\\-mriya\\-obretet\\-svoyu\\-zhizn\\-v\\-nebe\\-.html\\|title\\=Андрей Хаустов: \"Появился шанс, что вторая \"Мрия\" обретет свою жизнь в небе\"\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912160747/http://radio.vesti\\-ukr.com/interview/32217\\-andrej\\-haustov\\-poyavilsya\\-shans\\-chto\\-vtoraya\\-mriya\\-obretet\\-svoyu\\-zhizn\\-v\\-nebe\\-.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Since 2016, no aircraft have been produced or delivered to clients.[Зеленский хочет создать госавиакомпанию, летающую на украинских самолетах — Центр транспортных стратегий](https://cfts.org.ua/news/2020/04/22/zelenskiy_khochet_sozdat_gosaviakompaniyu_letayuschuyu_na_ukrainskikh_samoletakh_58415)",
"[thumb\\|[Antonov/Taqnia An\\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 \"Antonov/Taqnia An-132\") roll out ceremony in Kyiv, 20 December 2016](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-132D_roll_out_ceremony_%283%29.jpg \"Antonov An-132D roll out ceremony (3).jpg\")\nIn June 2016, Ukraine's major state\\-owned arms manufacturer [Ukroboronprom](/wiki/Ukroboronprom \"Ukroboronprom\") announced the creation of the [Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Ukrainian_Aircraft_Corporation \"Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation\") within its structure, thereby combining all aircraft manufacturing enterprises, including the assets of Antonov into a single cluster, according to Ukroboronprom's press service.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-corporation\\-set\\-up\\-on\\-the\\-basis\\-of\\-antonov\\-670283\\.html\\|title\\=UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world\\|website\\=uatoday.tv\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118043424/http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-corporation\\-set\\-up\\-on\\-the\\-basis\\-of\\-antonov\\-670283\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 19 July 2017, the Ukrainian government approved the liquidation of Antonov's assets.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html\\|title\\=Cabinet of Ministers liquidates Concern Antonov \\- 25\\.07\\.2017 17:39 — Ukrinform News\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-27\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html \\|title\\=The Cabinet of Ministers has decided to liquidate State Aircraft Manufacturing Concern Antonov \\|newspaper\\=Ukrinform \\|date\\=26 July 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The State Concern \"Antonov\" (a business group, created in 2005 from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management) will be liquidated as a residual corporate entity. Antonov State Company, Kharkiv State Aviation Manufacturing Enterprise and Plant No.410 of Civil Aviation were transferred under the management of another state\\-owned concern Ukroboronprom in 2015\\. Antonov State Company continues to function as an enterprise.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antonov.com/news/520\\|title\\=Following the recent announcement from the Government of Ukraine\\|website\\=antonov.com\\|publisher\\=Antonov State Company\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/news/520\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2018}}",
"On 31 March 2017, the first prototype of a new multifunctional cargo plane [An\\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 \"Antonov/Taqnia An-132\") – a demonstration plane An\\-132D – took to the air from the runway of Sviatoshyn airfield. The An\\-132 development program had been implemented in the framework of a contract with a customer from Saudi Arabia.",
"On 24 February 2022, at the beginning of [Russia's full\\-scale invasion in Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), the first attacks were launched at [Kyiv\\-Antonov\\-2 airfield](/wiki/Hostomel_Airport \"Hostomel Airport\"), the site of Antonov's test flights and home base of the planes of *[Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines \"Antonov Airlines\")*. The planes [Аn\\-225 *Mriya*](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\"),{{cite news \\|date\\= 27 February 2022 \\|script\\-title\\= uk:У результаті російської атаки згорів найбільший в світі літак «Мрія» \\|trans\\-title\\= As a result of the Russian attack, the world's largest aircraft \"Mriya\" burned down \\|work\\= \\[\\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \\|url\\= https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\\-v\\-rezultati\\-rosiyskoyi\\-ataky\\-z\\-horiv\\-naybilshyy\\-v\\-sviti\\-litak\\-mriya\\-/31726400\\.html \\|language\\= en \\|access\\-date\\= 28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228004841/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\\-v\\-rezultati\\-rosiyskoyi\\-ataky\\-z\\-horiv\\-naybilshyy\\-v\\-sviti\\-litak\\-mriya\\-/31726400\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 28 February 2022 \\|url\\-status\\= live \\|script\\-quote\\= uk:У результаті повітряної атаки російських військ на аеропорт Гостомель під Києвом був спалений один із найбільших та найпотужніших літаків у світі українського виробництва АН\\-225 «Мрія». Про це Радіо Свобода повідомили два поінформованих джерела на підприємстві «Антонов» та підтвердив міський голова міста Буча.\\|trans\\-quote\\= As a result of an air attack by Russian troops on Gostomel Airport near Kyiv, one of the largest and most powerful Ukrainian\\-made AN\\-225 \"Mriya \" aircraft in the world was burned. This was reported to Radio Svoboda by two informed sources at the Antonov enterprise and confirmed by the mayor of Bucha. \\|df\\= dmy\\-all}} [An\\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 \"Antonov An-26\"), [An\\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 \"Antonov An-74\") and administrative premises were destroyed. The planes Аn\\-12, Аn\\-22, Аn\\-28, Аn\\-132D and Аn\\-124\\-100\\-150, the hangars and other infrastructure were severely damaged.",
"[The Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine \"Security Service of Ukraine\") established that the former director general of Antonov Company Serhiy Bychkov had not provided access to the site for the National Guard in January and February 2022 and thus obstructed preparations for defence.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Служба безпеки України \\|url\\=https://t.me/SBUkr/7424 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Telegram}}",
"The investigators consider that Bychkov's negligence is the direct cause of the loss of *Mriya*, because the plane could have been sent to Germany long before February 24\\. In March 2023, Serhiy Bychkov was arrested, in April he faced formal suspicion in connection with the loss of An\\-225 *Mriya* and damages to Antonov amounting to ₴8\\.4 million.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Офіс Генерального прокурора \\|url\\=https://t.me/pgo\\_gov\\_ua/10254 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Telegram}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=СБУ повідомила про підозру екскерівникам ДП \"Антонов\", чиї дії призвели до знищення \"Мрії\" (відео) \\|url\\=https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu\\-povidomyla\\-pro\\-pidozru\\-ekskerivnykam\\-dp\\-antonov\\-chyi\\-dii\\-pryzvely\\-do\\-znyshchennia\\-mrii\\-video \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=SSU \\|language\\=uk}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Destruction of Mriya aircraft: Ukraine's Security Service arrests ex\\-CEO of Antonov State Enterprise and serves him with notice of suspicion \\|url\\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392793/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Ukrainska Pravda \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Soviet era
[thumb\|[Antonov An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2"), mass\-produced Soviet utility aeroplane.](/wiki/File:Flugzeug_Antonov_An-2_D-FKMC.jpg "Flugzeug Antonov An-2 D-FKMC.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|[Antonov A\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 "Antonov A-15") in Czech markings](/wiki/File:Antonov_A-15_1999_by_Jiri_Havlice.jpg "Antonov A-15 1999 by Jiri Havlice.jpg")
#### Foundation and relocation
The company was established in 1946 at the [Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association](/wiki/Novosibirsk_Aircraft_Production_Association "Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association") as the top\-secret Soviet **Research and Design Bureau No. 153** (**OKB\-153**). It was headed by [Oleg Antonov](/wiki/Oleg_Antonov_%28aircraft_designer%29 "Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)") and specialised in [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop "Turboprop") [military transport aircraft](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft "Military transport aircraft"). The task was to create an [agricultural aircraft](/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft "Agricultural aircraft") CX\-1 (An\-2\), the first flight of which occurred on 31 August 1947\. The [An\-2 biplane](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") was a major achievement of this period, with hundreds of these aircraft still operating as of 2013\. In addition to this biplane and its modifications, a small series of gliders A\-9 and A\-10 were created and built in the pilot production in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk"). In 1952, the Bureau was relocated to [Kiev](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), a city with a rich [aviation](/wiki/Aviation "Aviation") history and an aircraft\-manufacturing infrastructure restored after the destruction caused by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
#### First serial aircraft and expansion
[thumb\|[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12"), [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War")\-era tactical transport, in flight](/wiki/File:An-12_in_flight.jpg "An-12 in flight.jpg")
[thumb\|47\-year\-old [An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") still in operational condition in 2011](/wiki/File:001_An-12%2C_Malmo_Airport%2C_Sweden.jpg "001 An-12, Malmo Airport, Sweden.jpg")
The 1957 introduction of the [An\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10")/[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") family of mid\-range turboprop aeroplanes began the successful production of thousands of these aircraft. Their use for both heavy combat and civilian purposes around the globe continues to the present; the [An\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10")/[An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") were used most notably in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") and the [Chernobyl disaster relief megaoperation](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster").
In 1959, the bureau began construction of the separate Flight Testing and Improvement Base in suburban [Hostomel](/wiki/Hostomel "Hostomel") (now the [Antonov Airport](/wiki/Antonov_Airport "Antonov Airport")).
In 1965, the [Antonov An\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 "Antonov An-22") heavy military transport entered serial production to supplement the An\-12 in major military and humanitarian [airlifts](/wiki/Airlift "Airlift") by the Soviet Union. The model became the first Soviet [wide\-body aircraft](/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft "Wide-body aircraft"), and it remains the world's largest turboprop\-powered aircraft. Antonov designed and presented a [nuclear\-powered](/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft "Nuclear aircraft") version of the An\-22\. It was never flight tested.
In 1966, after the major expansion in the [Sviatoshyn](/wiki/Sviatoshyn "Sviatoshyn") neighbourhood of the city, the company was renamed to another disguise name: "Kiev Mechanical Plant". Two independent aircraft production and repair facilities, under engineering supervision of the Antonov Bureau, also appeared in Kiev during this period.
#### Prominence and Antonov's retirement
[thumb\|right\|[Antonov An\-24](/wiki/An-24 "An-24"), the Soviet Union's most common [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner "Regional airliner")](/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Airlines_Antonov_An-24_Pichugin-1.jpg "Tatarstan Airlines Antonov An-24 Pichugin-1.jpg")
In the 1970s and early 1980s, the company established itself as the Soviet Union's main designer of military transport aircraft with dozens of new modifications in development and production. After Oleg Antonov's death in 1984, the company was officially renamed as the **Research and Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov** ({{lang\-ru\|link\=no\|Опытно\-конструкторское бюро имени О.К. Антонова}}) while continuing the use of "Kiev Mechanical Plant" alias for some purposes.
#### Late Soviet\-era: superlarge projects and first commercialisation
[thumb\|right\|[An\-225](/wiki/An-225 "An-225") was the largest operative aircraft in the world.](/wiki/File:An-225_front_day_V1.jpg "An-225 front day V1.jpg")
In the late 1980s, the Antonov Bureau achieved global prominence after the introduction of its extra large aeroplanes. The [An\-124 "Ruslan"](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 "Antonov An-124") (1982\) became the Soviet Union's mass\-produced [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft "Military transport aircraft") under the leadership of Chief Designer [Viktor Tolmachev](/wiki/Viktor_Tolmachev "Viktor Tolmachev").{{citation needed\|date\=October 2017}} The Bureau enlarged the "Ruslan" design even more for the [Soviet spaceplane programme](/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") logistics, creating the [An\-225 "Mriya"](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") in 1985\. "Mriya" was the world's largest and heaviest aeroplane.{{Cite news \|last\= \|date\=2023\-03\-10 \|title\=Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\-detains\-officials\-over\-destruction\-famous\-plane\-start\-war\-2023\-03\-10/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-09}}
The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika") allowed the Antonov company's first step to commercialisation and foreign expansion. In 1989, the [Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines "Antonov Airlines") subsidiary was created for its own aircraft maintenance and [cargo](/wiki/Cargo_airline "Cargo airline") projects.
|
[
"### Soviet era",
"[thumb\\|[Antonov An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\"), mass\\-produced Soviet utility aeroplane.](/wiki/File:Flugzeug_Antonov_An-2_D-FKMC.jpg \"Flugzeug Antonov An-2 D-FKMC.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Antonov A\\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 \"Antonov A-15\") in Czech markings](/wiki/File:Antonov_A-15_1999_by_Jiri_Havlice.jpg \"Antonov A-15 1999 by Jiri Havlice.jpg\")\n#### Foundation and relocation",
"The company was established in 1946 at the [Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association](/wiki/Novosibirsk_Aircraft_Production_Association \"Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association\") as the top\\-secret Soviet **Research and Design Bureau No. 153** (**OKB\\-153**). It was headed by [Oleg Antonov](/wiki/Oleg_Antonov_%28aircraft_designer%29 \"Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)\") and specialised in [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop \"Turboprop\") [military transport aircraft](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft \"Military transport aircraft\"). The task was to create an [agricultural aircraft](/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft \"Agricultural aircraft\") CX\\-1 (An\\-2\\), the first flight of which occurred on 31 August 1947\\. The [An\\-2 biplane](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") was a major achievement of this period, with hundreds of these aircraft still operating as of 2013\\. In addition to this biplane and its modifications, a small series of gliders A\\-9 and A\\-10 were created and built in the pilot production in [Novosibirsk](/wiki/Novosibirsk \"Novosibirsk\"). In 1952, the Bureau was relocated to [Kiev](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), a city with a rich [aviation](/wiki/Aviation \"Aviation\") history and an aircraft\\-manufacturing infrastructure restored after the destruction caused by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"#### First serial aircraft and expansion",
"[thumb\\|[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\"), [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\")\\-era tactical transport, in flight](/wiki/File:An-12_in_flight.jpg \"An-12 in flight.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|47\\-year\\-old [An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") still in operational condition in 2011](/wiki/File:001_An-12%2C_Malmo_Airport%2C_Sweden.jpg \"001 An-12, Malmo Airport, Sweden.jpg\")",
"The 1957 introduction of the [An\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\")/[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") family of mid\\-range turboprop aeroplanes began the successful production of thousands of these aircraft. Their use for both heavy combat and civilian purposes around the globe continues to the present; the [An\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\")/[An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") were used most notably in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War \"Soviet–Afghan War\") and the [Chernobyl disaster relief megaoperation](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\").",
"In 1959, the bureau began construction of the separate Flight Testing and Improvement Base in suburban [Hostomel](/wiki/Hostomel \"Hostomel\") (now the [Antonov Airport](/wiki/Antonov_Airport \"Antonov Airport\")).",
"In 1965, the [Antonov An\\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 \"Antonov An-22\") heavy military transport entered serial production to supplement the An\\-12 in major military and humanitarian [airlifts](/wiki/Airlift \"Airlift\") by the Soviet Union. The model became the first Soviet [wide\\-body aircraft](/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft \"Wide-body aircraft\"), and it remains the world's largest turboprop\\-powered aircraft. Antonov designed and presented a [nuclear\\-powered](/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft \"Nuclear aircraft\") version of the An\\-22\\. It was never flight tested.",
"In 1966, after the major expansion in the [Sviatoshyn](/wiki/Sviatoshyn \"Sviatoshyn\") neighbourhood of the city, the company was renamed to another disguise name: \"Kiev Mechanical Plant\". Two independent aircraft production and repair facilities, under engineering supervision of the Antonov Bureau, also appeared in Kiev during this period.",
"#### Prominence and Antonov's retirement",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Antonov An\\-24](/wiki/An-24 \"An-24\"), the Soviet Union's most common [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner \"Regional airliner\")](/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Airlines_Antonov_An-24_Pichugin-1.jpg \"Tatarstan Airlines Antonov An-24 Pichugin-1.jpg\")",
"In the 1970s and early 1980s, the company established itself as the Soviet Union's main designer of military transport aircraft with dozens of new modifications in development and production. After Oleg Antonov's death in 1984, the company was officially renamed as the **Research and Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov** ({{lang\\-ru\\|link\\=no\\|Опытно\\-конструкторское бюро имени О.К. Антонова}}) while continuing the use of \"Kiev Mechanical Plant\" alias for some purposes.",
"#### Late Soviet\\-era: superlarge projects and first commercialisation",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[An\\-225](/wiki/An-225 \"An-225\") was the largest operative aircraft in the world.](/wiki/File:An-225_front_day_V1.jpg \"An-225 front day V1.jpg\")",
"In the late 1980s, the Antonov Bureau achieved global prominence after the introduction of its extra large aeroplanes. The [An\\-124 \"Ruslan\"](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 \"Antonov An-124\") (1982\\) became the Soviet Union's mass\\-produced [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft \"Military transport aircraft\") under the leadership of Chief Designer [Viktor Tolmachev](/wiki/Viktor_Tolmachev \"Viktor Tolmachev\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2017}} The Bureau enlarged the \"Ruslan\" design even more for the [Soviet spaceplane programme](/wiki/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\") logistics, creating the [An\\-225 \"Mriya\"](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") in 1985\\. \"Mriya\" was the world's largest and heaviest aeroplane.{{Cite news \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-10 \\|title\\=Ukraine detains officials over destruction of famous plane at start of war \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\\-detains\\-officials\\-over\\-destruction\\-famous\\-plane\\-start\\-war\\-2023\\-03\\-10/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-09}}",
"The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\") allowed the Antonov company's first step to commercialisation and foreign expansion. In 1989, the [Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines \"Antonov Airlines\") subsidiary was created for its own aircraft maintenance and [cargo](/wiki/Cargo_airline \"Cargo airline\") projects.",
""
] |
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