(Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence
Chris Segrin, James Price Dillard
Weiner's (1986) theory of attribution and affect was juxtaposed with the literature on depression in order to develop hypotheses about the attributional and emotional reactions of depressed and nondepressed persons to three different outcomes of an interpersonal interaction. An experiment was conducted in which depressed and nondepressed participants, who attempted to exert interpersonal influence, met with success, ambiguity, or failure. The results showed that depressed persons reacted to success and ambiguity in a way that was both attributionally and affectively similar to the nondepressed. However, interpersonal failure provoked considerably more negative affect in persons who were depressed than those who were not depressed.
Communication Monographs
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Segrin, C., & Dillard, J. P. (1991). (Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence. Communication Monographs, 58(2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759109376218
(Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence. / Segrin, Chris; Dillard, James Price.
In: Communication Monographs, Vol. 58, No. 2, 06.1991, p. 115-134.
Segrin, C & Dillard, JP 1991, '(Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence', Communication Monographs, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759109376218
Segrin C, Dillard JP. (Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence. Communication Monographs. 1991 Jun;58(2):115-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759109376218
Segrin, Chris ; Dillard, James Price. / (Non)Depressed Persons' Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence. In: Communication Monographs. 1991 ; Vol. 58, No. 2. pp. 115-134.
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title = "(Non)Depressed Persons{\textquoteright} Cognitive And Affective Reactions To (Un)Successful Interpersonal Influence",
abstract = "Weiner's (1986) theory of attribution and affect was juxtaposed with the literature on depression in order to develop hypotheses about the attributional and emotional reactions of depressed and nondepressed persons to three different outcomes of an interpersonal interaction. An experiment was conducted in which depressed and nondepressed participants, who attempted to exert interpersonal influence, met with success, ambiguity, or failure. The results showed that depressed persons reacted to success and ambiguity in a way that was both attributionally and affectively similar to the nondepressed. However, interpersonal failure provoked considerably more negative affect in persons who were depressed than those who were not depressed.",
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AB - Weiner's (1986) theory of attribution and affect was juxtaposed with the literature on depression in order to develop hypotheses about the attributional and emotional reactions of depressed and nondepressed persons to three different outcomes of an interpersonal interaction. An experiment was conducted in which depressed and nondepressed participants, who attempted to exert interpersonal influence, met with success, ambiguity, or failure. The results showed that depressed persons reacted to success and ambiguity in a way that was both attributionally and affectively similar to the nondepressed. However, interpersonal failure provoked considerably more negative affect in persons who were depressed than those who were not depressed.
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5 ways HR can better equip leaders to navigate a crisis
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the most radical societal and economic disruption that many of us are ever likely to face – and employers have inevitably been at different states of readiness to respond. But key to navigating the changes effectively are its leaders and managers, who have a crucial role to play in reassuring, motivating, and steering their workforce through today's choppy waters onto the other side.
Here are five suggestions for how HR can offer support in doing just that by encouraging leaders to:
1. Award people matters equal status to financial ones
While for years, many leaders have attested to 'putting people first', in reality their focus has been on ensuring the financial health of the business. But says Joe Dettmann, partner at EY's People Advisory Services, the situation should not be an either/or one. Instead it is now the time to assign people leadership the same status as operational and financial leadership – "but for real this time".
"Of all the crises we've seen, this one is the most human at the centre, so it's about how to get people through it - and HR obviously plays a key role in that," he explains.
Put another way, HR has a key advisory role in helping leaders understand that, for the organisation to be sustainable into the long-term, people-related matters must be taken equally as seriously as financial ones. On the one hand, this involves HR acting as a conduit to ensure executives understand everything from the impact of change on the workforce to employee concerns and how best to address them.
On the other hand, it is about supporting managers at all levels in striking the right tone, not least because many employees feel uncertain and fearful, which makes them highly sensitised to their leaders' responses.
A further challenge here is that when executives feel under stress, they tend to go into command-and-control management mode, says Professor Jane Turner, pro vice chancellor for enterprise and business engagement at Teesside University. But the problem with this kind of approach is that it can "disengage staff and damage trust when the aim is, in fact, to build trust and support innovation", she explains.
2. Participate in self-development activities
In order to help equip leaders and managers with the people skills they now require more than ever to instil feelings of confidence and resilience in their teams, HR has a key role to play in delivering leadership development at the point of need.
But according to Hagit Jekobson, vice president of HR at Cloudinary, which provides cloud-based image and video management services, when doing so it is vital not to overload people with too much information but instead to offer them "targeted support based on their situation". To this end, she has divided her company's forty leaders and managers into three teams, who get together every two weeks for two hours using Zoom.
The first part of the meeting involves either members of the HR team or other experts providing attendees with guidance in areas ranging from how to support staff wellbeing to how to manage video meetings effectively. Online tools and information are also made available to reinforce this development activity.
The second part of the meeting takes the shape of a peer support group, in which managers can discuss any issues they face and how best to address them. Functional leaders are also encouraged to hold weekly or fortnightly team meetings to check on progress, while members of the HR function offer one-to-one coaching for any leaders and managers identified as having specific needs.
3. Keep what matters most at the forefront
Through difficult times we are tested against our purpose and values. People seek measured, pragmatic direction rather than false hope or grand visions, says Mr Dettmann.
"Grand visions of the future are hyperbole and are dangerous right now, but that's quite different from purpose and values." He adds, "it's about bringing it back to what matters most - the blueprint of your purpose to your values, lived through everyday behaviours."
Put another way, because most of the prevalent information around at the moment is "pretty dark", the role of HR, and the leaders they are advising, is to act as a "signal through the noise to what really matters", Mr Dettmann explains.
To this end, Ms Jekobson believes it is crucial that leaders are encouraged to be transparent with the workforce, share the reasons behind their decisions and acknowledge that they do not necessarily have all the answers.
She explains: "Transparency creates trust and connection with others, which helps improve individual and company resilience. When you have information about what is going on, you feel more in control, which means your resilience is higher and your contribution to the company will be higher too."
4. Recognise how understanding staff sentiment informs the critical decisions needed today
If leaders are to make informed decisions around workforce-related challenges, it is imperative they have insights into what their employees are thinking and feeling. To gain access to such insights, HR helps to keep their "finger on the pulse of the employee experience", points out Mr Dettmann.
In a situation, such as today's COVID-19 crisis, however, he does not believe that simply relying on numbers or an annual employee survey will cut it.
Instead Mr Dettmann says: "Now is the time for qualitative listening and drawing out real stories as quantitative numbers don't tell the full story. The downside is that qualitative input takes more time to analyse, but it's in such narratives where you get the real substance and meaning."
Other helpful tools include employee sentiment analysis as well as people analytics software, which makes it easier to understand wider workforce trends within company data. Leaders can then use this information to encourage and promote difficult discussions and respond more empathetically to their workforce.
As Professor Turner says: "HR's job is to get in amongst it and understand the mood music. By gauging mood in this way and feeding it back to leaders, they're acting as a vital bridge."
5. Work together in planning for a post-crisis world
As life and work settle down into a new pace, leaders' eyes will inevitably start looking towards the future. But while the focus for senior executives will be on operational matters, HR has a significant role to play in planning for how best to handle the people side of the equation in order to feed such insights into the overall business strategy.
To do so involves exploring the "now, next and beyond" and evaluating which old and new ways of working the organisation wants to keep and which it wants to discard, says Mr Dettmann.
Ms Jekobson agrees. She is already in the process of creating a plan based on "building blocks" that consist of three layers: how a gradual transition to the 'new normal' will work, what the first day of a new normal will look like and what has been learned from this current situation.
"One thing that's clear is it's acting as a great magnifier for all the things that are working well and not so well," she says. "So, it's helping us see what needs to be changed, what we should do differently and what we should take off the table, so it's been a valuable experience in that sense."
The COVID-19 crisis is accelerating change for HR leaders by pushing professionals towards adopting an ever-more strategic, 'business partner' approach. By having their fingers on the pulse of the workforce, they are in a prime position to act as key advisors and influencers to business leaders in all things people-related.
As such, they now have an opportunity to affect real change by ensuring people matters are at the heart of the organisation - perhaps for the first time – to ensure it survives and thrives into the future.
How leaders should respond to a crisis
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US records 20 mass killings so far in 2019, including 1 in Oregon
A memorial of candles, flowers and teddy bears was set upside outside a house where authorities say a man killed four members of his family - including his infant daughter - at the Oregon home they shared. (Photo by Beth Nakamura/ The Oregonian)
By The Oregonian staff and wire reports
By MARTHA BELLISLE and MEGHAN HOYER Associated Press
The U.S. has recorded 20 mass killings so far this year, the majority of them domestic violence attacks that receive scant national attention compared to high-profile public shootings in recent years at schools, churches and concerts.
Among them: An Oregon man whose rampage with an ax left his mother, stepfather, girlfriend and baby daughter dead.
A database compiled by The Associated Press, Northeastern University and USA Today shows that the number of mass killings has held steady in 2019 compared with past years. But if the trend continues, the year could end with a lower death count because there have been fewer mass-casualty attacks such as those in Las Vegas, Parkland, Florida, and the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando.
Four mass shootings happened in public places so far this year, compared with 10 in 2018 and seven in 2017. But 2019 saw a big increase in the number of mass killings in domestic disputes, helping to keep this year's overall numbers similar to past years.
There have been 11 family mass killings this year; there were 10 during all of 2017.
In July alone, 13 people were slain in three killings involving domestic violence or drugs in Missouri, Wisconsin and Washington state, but those stories drew little attention. Meanwhile, a gunman killed three people and wounded 12 at a garlic festival in California, with smartphones and social media quickly spreading the word.
"There were more people killed in Wisconsin than in California," said Northeastern University professor James Alan Fox, referring to five family members killed Sunday in Wisconsin. "Three of the four were family members, so it doesn't get the same attention because people don't feel at risk."
The same was true of the grisly ax attack by Mark Gago in January at his parents' home near Woodburn. Gago killed his mother, Pamela Denise Bremer, 64, his stepfather, Jerry Bremer, 66, his girlfriend, Shaina Sweitzer, 31, and their 9-month-old daughter, Olivia Lynn Rose Gago at the family's rural home.
Man who went on fatal rampage near Woodburn was high on meth, alcohol, tests show
Mark Leo Gago, 42, was fatally shot at the scene by Clackamas County sheriff's deputies.
Still, the database compiled by the AP, Northeastern and USA Today did not include those deaths, which constitute a family mass killing by those entities' definition, until The Oregonian/OregonLive called the fatal attack to their attention Thursday.
The database's creators claim it examines every mass killing dating back to 2006 and tracks a number of variables for each. It counts killings involving four or more fatalities, not including the killer, the same standard used by the FBI.
Part of the problem with determining whether there are trends in mass shootings is "everyone has a different way of counting the data," said Adam Winkler, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
While the FBI defines a mass shooting as four or more dead, others use a standard of three dead, and some count injuries, he said.
"It's hard to imagine that you can shoot 12 people but it's not considered a mass shooting," Winkler said, referring to the attack Sunday at the Gilroy Garlic Festival that left three dead, not including the shooter, and 12 people wounded. That shooting is not included in the AP database.
Seven months into 2019, there have been 20 mass killings in the U.S., all but four carried out with guns.
The deadliest attack occurred May 31 at a government office in Virginia Beach, where a 40-year-old city employee walked through his office building with two .45-caliber pistols, killing 12 people before being fatally shot by police.
Many other shootings occurred under the radar.
A 26-year-old man went on a shooting spree in Southern California last week, killing his father, brother, a former girlfriend and a man at a gas station.
A man in Port Angeles, Washington, was charged with murder and arson after killing his wife and three children ages 9, 6 and 5 on July 6. He then set fire to their home.
And federal prosecutors say four suspects are responsible for the shooting deaths of five people near Yakima, Washington.
Seventy-seven people have died this year in mass shootings that include family violence and other events, while 26 people were killed in mass shootings in public places, the data show.
That compares to previous years that were marked by killings with large victim counts but similar numbers of overall shootings. Forty-nine people were killed in the shooting at the Pulse nightclub in 2016 in Orlando. Fifty-nine people were killed at a country music concert in 2017 in Las Vegas.
Those shootings shocked the nation — especially in an era of social media and cellphone video that instantly captured the panic and mayhem.
"The ready availability of video does make mass shootings more poignant and powerful," said Adam Winkler, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. "We are much more attuned to these mass shootings. They seem more prevalent."
Fox said the public mass shootings do not happen "all that often, but they certainly do shock us."
"The sound of gunfire replayed over and over has an impact," Fox said. "There hasn't been an increase except in fear."
The Oregonian/OregonLive contributed to this report.


Architecture | 14 Jan 2016 | By Stephanie Murg
Design Awards 2016: Best Reboot – The Met Breuer
Pictured right: the trapezoidal window and stepped-back facade of The Met Breuer, whose modern art department is headed up by Sheena Wagstaff (pictured left)
Most buildings cannot escape the awkwardness of transition. Stripped roughly on moving day, they are typically left echoing and vulnerable, littered with vestiges of past relevance and then made freshly chaotic by renovation. Marcel Breuer's inverted pyramid, on the corner of New York's Madison Avenue and 75th Street, takes change in its stride. Even bustling with workers, studded with ladders and tarpaulin, and free of its modular internal walls, the five-storey, flame-treated grey granite structure retains a friendly, beautifully proportioned readiness. On 18 March, the former home of the Whitney Museum of American Art will reopen to the public as The Met Breuer – earning the accolade of Best Reboot in Wallpaper's 2016 Design Awards in the process.
'Everyone has always likened this building to a fort, with a moat – defensive, and with an aggressive relationship to the street,' says Sheena Wagstaff, chairman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's modern and contemporary art department. 'In fact, it's the opposite.' She points to the lower level, which is being returned to its original purpose as a 'sunken garden', and the glass that spans the lower floors, interrupted only by the concrete bridge leading to the entrance. 'It's a sculptural form above, but it has this transparency below.'
With fond memories of the building from her time as a fellow in the Whitney's Independent Study Program in 1982, Wagstaff, formerly chief curator of Tate Modern in London, is savouring the opportunity to reveal not only lost details of the structure but also Breuer's design intentions. The Hungarian-born, Bauhaus-trained architect described the stepped-back façade as 'a surprise in the cityscape', with its overhanging galleries meant to be inviting rather than forbidding. 'Outside, it is expression; inside, only proportion,' Breuer told a reporter at the 1966 opening. 'It stands back and lets you see the pictures.'
Wagstaff and her team at the Met, which has custody of the Whitney-owned building for the next eight years (with the possibility of extending the agreement in 2023), are both standing back and leaning forward. 'All we're really doing is cleaning up the space – being as sincere as we can, and as meticulous,' says Wagstaff of the restoration work overseen by Beyer Blinder Belle. The original clock has been reset into the lobby wall and concrete benches have been uncovered, bronze is being restored of its glow without sacrificing patina, and the flagstone floors are being unvarnished. 'What you end up seeing is a building that has an unbelievable array of different types of textures and colours. It's a very sensual building,' she explains. 'This gives the lie to brutalism. So we're having fun with this.'
And come March, they'll be more than pictures to see. With some 28,000 sq ft of display space, the Met Breuer will be home to a new series of exhibitions, performances, artist commissions, residencies, and educational initiatives, all led by Wagstaff as part of her charge to invigorate and globalise the museum's approach to art of the 20th and 21st centuries. (Meanwhile, David Chipperfield is developing a new design for the Met's wing for modern and contemporary art on Fifth Avenue.) 'The Breuer building allows us to explore the possibilities of what we as the Met can do that no other museum of modern and contemporary art can do,' she says, 'which is to provide the true historic context for artistic practice nowadays.'
The two inaugural exhibitions will be: a major thematic survey of 190 unfinished works of art, entitled 'Unfinished: Thoughts Left Visible', spanning Titian to Twombly, Rembrandt to Rauschenberg; and the more intimately scaled monographic exhibition (but the largest-to-date) of the work of Indian modernist artist Nasreen Mohamedi, who died in 1990 at the age of 53. Her drawings and photographs will occupy opposing axes, in line with the building's coffered concrete ceiling. 'It's a simple but clear installation that responds to the building, because her work is full of grids and also dynamic diagonals that come out of a number of different sources, including Lissitzky and Malevich, but also Islamic patterning,' says Wagstaff. 'So it's a combination of East and West.'
The Met's first resident artist, composer and pianist Vijay Iyer, will occupy the lobby gallery for the month of March, performing solo and with collaborators. 'We'll get a broad cross-section of unsuspecting people wandering in – tourists, students, families,' he predicts. 'So we'll have to constantly reestablish and reactivate the relationship between performer and observer.' Iyer has also been commissioned to create a piece inspired by the work of Mohamedi, whose work he lauds for its 'economy of means, mysterious lines, spaces and patterns, focus, clarity, and elegance'.
As Breuer's building prepares to welcome new generations of visitors and artists under new institutional auspices, Wagstaff has an idea as to how it has managed to deftly integrate expression and proportion, public and private, vitality and profundity. 'No matter how experimental his buildings became when he was in the US, Marcel Breuer cleaved to the essential Bauhaus principles of good design,' she says, 'and to the idea that art is embedded in life.'
As originally featured in the February 2016 issue of Wallpaper* (W*203)
See the Design Awards 2016 in full – including our extra-special Judges' Awards - here
Breuer described his building, completed in 1966, as a 'surprise in the cityscape'
Pictured left: Wagstaff on the concrete bridge leading to the entrance. Right: another view of the famous trapezoidal window
For more information, visit The Met Breuer's website
Photography: Adrian Gaut
The Met Breuer
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MUSEUMS THE MET BREUER


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Jihadistan
More Consequences of Abandoning Iraq
The Islamic State is losing, but the Iraqis are attacking the Kurds. The U.S. can do something.
National Security Desk · Oct. 18, 2017
The Islamic State is losing ground — that's the good news. The bad news is that our Kurdish allies are now facing a civil war with our Iraqi allies.
It's hugely encouraging that the Islamic State has been beaten back by a joint effort of U.S.-backed Iraqi and Kurdish forces. The road hasn't been easy. In 2014, when the Iraqi army's divisions collapsed and abandoned the northern region to the Islamic State, the Kurds' Peshmerga saved the day, driving back the Islamic State, including saving Kirkuk. Gradually, that battle continued and the Islamic State is now a shell of its former self. Indeed, the Kurds also this week achieved victory over the Islamic State in its de facto capital of Raqqa, Syria.
But with the Islamic State threat being reduced, and once the Kurds voted to break away from Iraq last month — a referendum opposed by the U.S. — the Iraqi government turned on them with its increasingly capable military, taking back Kirkuk in the process.
So far, Shiite militias are playing only a supporting role to the Iraqi army, but that may change. Ed Morrissey writes, "The Iranian-backed Shi'ite militias appear to be driving this outcome, forcing [Iraqi Prime Minister] Haider al-Abadi to act with force against the Kurds — and thereby confirming the Kurds' worst fears about the Iraq federation's future direction. If Iraq falls completely under Iran's thumb, it will spell the end of the autonomy that Kurds have enjoyed since the end of the 1991 Gulf War." Indeed, Iraq post-American withdrawal has come ever more under the influence of Iran, which just happens to be ticked off at Trump's decertification of the nuclear deal.
On that note, David French, a veteran of the U.S. fight in Iraq, highlights the real lesson here: Barack Obama's disastrous withdrawal from Iraq. "Perhaps the best way to plot a course ahead is to remember the road behind," French argues. "Back in 2008, we won a military victory in Iraq. In the aftermath of that victory, we withdrew our troops from the country, leaving Iraq to its own devices. The result was catastrophic."
So, he says, "'Win and leave' won't work. There is too much volatility, and the costs of instability are too high. There's no guarantee that 'win and stay' will yield the results we want, but by staying we'll retain our power and influence. We know all too well the cost of withdrawal. It's time we discovered the benefits of long-term, strategic engagement."
The Trump administration must back the Kurds and pressure the Iraqi government to work out a deal. Abandoning our Kurdish allies would send all the wrong signals in a volatile region.


Home	NewsWorld & Society	To discuss about suicide in liberty
by Francis Benoît Cousté 16 September 2020
Death is undoubtedly the only last great taboo in our society. And, at the very heart of this taboo, suicide – an object of repulsion and, at the same time, of fascination … A fascinating subject, moreover, which concerns us all – and not only sociologists, psychologists or other ethnologists … Action of "the" man against himself "… Act of despair, cowardice or heroism – whereby a man, at any given moment, prefers chosen death to death suffered.
But, paradoxically, this subject which so scares our society – French in particular (to the point that it is systematically banned from any conversation of good company) – has been continuously studied, in our country, by a multitude of specialists: more than 10,000 titles listed, to date …
The nightmare (1790-1791) Johann Heinrich Füssli (1741-1825)
Huile sur toile 77cm?64cm. Goethehaus (Francfort)
Who commits suicide today in our society?
Although no age group is spared, it is predominantly older people and young people (13 to 25 years old) …
Since suicidal behavior presupposes access to consciousness, it is now established that animals do not commit suicide. The touching examples that we are sometimes given never stand up to scrutiny: thus, after the death of its master, a pet refuses to feed only when it has been conditioned – Pavlovian reflex – not to receive food only from the hand of it.
Likewise, very young children do not commit suicide: the youngest suicide, known and recognized, was 7 years old – and still he was exceptionally mature of mind (Hopital Necker-Enfants malades. Paris). Suicides are very rare between the ages of 7 and 12 – the average age of puberty today … Each year, on the other hand, just over 40,000 French teenagers try to take action. A little over 1,000 succeed, but 63% reoffend… Currently, suicide is the leading cause of death among young people aged 13 to 17. Then, from 17 to 25 years old, it is the second cause – after road accidents (among which there is, no doubt, a high rate of unaccounted for suicides) …
In young people, the most common reason for suicide is a lack of dialogue. A period of all the anxieties and all the frailties, adolescence requires, on the part of parents, a great capacity for listening and attention. In teens, a suicide attempt is most often a cry for help. If you don't hear it, it's a recurrence …
Head of a skeleton with a burning cigarette
Vincent Van Gogh. (1885-1888).
Peinture à l'huile, 32cm/24,5cm. Musée Van Gogh. Amsterdam
In Western countries, the suicide rate is three to four times higher in men than in women: ¾ of men succeed in their suicide (15 out of 20 men) compared to less than ¼ in women (4 out of 20 women ). Note, however, that in China, these proportions are opposite … Note also that the suicide rate is four times higher in Switzerland than in Haiti: the more comfortable we live, the more we become – it seems – cozy and fragile … This is why it is necessary, it is healthy to talk about suicide, and especially to the most vulnerable: it is never the speech that encourages the passage to the act, it is silence! So I will dedicate my remarks to those who dread hearing it.
Certainly the means of self-destruction are varied! It is also surprising that these are not always the most painless or speedy procedures that suicides retain. So this forty-something who locked himself in a freezer … Need a certain atonement or thanatoscopic willingness to "live" his own agony? "I want to die alive," said the philosopher Paul Ricoeur … The choice of one's own death is never, in any case, neutral or insignificant. Whether by Fire, Air, Water or Earth …
• by fire immolation (such as Jan Palach, history student, on January 16, 1969, in Prague, to denounce the Soviet occupation or, in November 2019, in Lyons, this student who immolated himself to denounce economic problems), firearm or electrocution (such, in 1998, the musicologist Philippe Autexier
• by water : drowning
• by air : suffocation, asphyxiant gas or hanging (such as Evaëlle, an 11-year-old girl subject to harassment from her comrades, who was found hanging from her bed, on June 21, 2019, in Herblay), …
• by land : leaving the road, crushing, defenestration…
But also by ingestion of lethal products: poisons, pesticides, even – in high doses – euphoric products: barbiturates, drugs, alcohols – or even food… No one is unaware, in fact, that when eating , we are no longer alone! And thus digging his grave with his teeth… Until the borderline case illustrated by the film by Marco Ferreri "La Grande Bouffe" (1973), a truly horrific spectacle, on which our consumer society has today cast a modest veil… Suicide by ingestion, but also by evacuation: hara-kiri 腹切り, disembowelment, opening of the veins, throat cut, etc. As well as by non-ingestion: anorexia nervosa (among teen-agers in particular): thus the case of Solenn Poivre d´Arvor who, in Neuilly, threw himself under a metro train. Hence the creation of "La Maison de Solenn", an annex to Cochin Hospital in Paris, dedicated to young anorexics … But this list is not intended, alas! not exhaustive …
From the point of view that is ours here (which, once again, cannot be confused with that of the sociologist, moralist, theologian or therapist), is it possible to envisage a classification, a nosology of suicidal behavior? ? Which would make it possible to distinguish:
• motivations "because …" (retrospective)
• motivations "with a view to …" (prospective)
There are, in my opinion, 4 types of suicide:
• Suicide-flight, flight from a situation judged – rightly or wrongly – intolerable and hopeless. It is "escapist" suicide: the subject breaks free from a dead end
• the Suicide-interpellation, which can sometimes be "aggressive". It has a finality, it wishes to reach someone with shame. This suicide screams « Revenge !" "
• Suicide-giving of oneself, which I will call "oblative", which aims to satisfy the desires of others before their own
• the Suicide-game, or "playful" suicide.
Arthur Koestler. 1978.
© estate of Fay Godwin / British Library / National Portrait Gallery, London
For the Suicide escapist, there are sometimes real (objective), sometimes imaginary (subjective) motivations. Among the real motivations, there is, of course, the incurable suffering and illness, old age and its infirmities: the Stoic lucidity and serenity of a Henry de Montherlant (1895-1972), who had become blind and totally dependent, or even of a Arthur Koestler (1905-1983) and his wife Cynthia, freely deciding to end their life (leukemic, Arthur Koestler also suffered from Parkinson's).
In ancient times, did the Stoics not consider incurable suffering, dismemberment or disease, even military defeat, as reasonable grounds for suicide? Believing that killing oneself can, at times, become a duty … Thus Cato of Utica refusing to "survive freedom".
Borderline case: "Why not kill yourself, as long as the present happiness is not diminished and would not increase if it lasted longer?" Comment evoking the case of these two young people, rich and perfectly happy, taking their own life so as not to experience the inevitable degradation of their happiness in the future … [In truth, "happiness in itself" is not it not to work – taking this word in the broadest sense?]
But moral suffering can also be a reason for suicide: observation of a tragic disparity between "real self" and "dreamed self" [the ego and the superego]. Let us quote Kierkegaard : "The desperate is nailed to his ego; he is forced to be the me he does not want to be ". Thus, suicide is, therefore, the expression of an ideal or of a ridiculed pride, the refusal of a situation or an unworthy reality …
Let us remember here the proud sentence of this man of the Enlightenment Charles de Montesquieu : "Honor is less what we owe to others than what we owe to ourselves".
Carré blanc sur fond blanc (1918). Kasimir Malevitch
Museum of Modern Art. New-York
About euthanasia
But back to physical suffering! This is where the problem of euthanasia naturally comes in. Should we help someone kill themselves?
More than 85% of French people are in favor of recognizing the right of any patient struck by a serious, degrading or incurable illness to be helped to commit suicide – the right to a dignified death, the right to "die standing"!
So the cyanide capsule included in the package for cosmonauts and submariners, or even palliative care clinics. Thus, in the Benelux, where the assistance of health professionals can be requested to end this; as is the case in Switzerland, where this aid is considered good, as long as his motive is not selfish (more than 1,300 suicides are assisted there each year). In the Preamble to the Swiss Constitution, is it not written: "The strength of the community is measured by the well-being of the weakest of its members"?
In 2020, active euthanasia is legal in Germany, Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Colombia and ten American states: California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, Washington and Washington DC.
Even practicing Catholics are now participating in the movement: 45% of them say they are in favor of the principle of active euthanasia. The Church now admits (art. 1185 of "Canon Law of 1983") that suicides are granted to ecclesiastical funerals – whereas it was formerly decreed that "whoever committed suicide deserves the death penalty": thus a drowned man was fished out to hang him, hands cut off, by the feet … [Although, from the 5th century, one deplored in the monasteries an upsurge of "acedia", a spiritual revulsion at the origin of many suicides. But that is not the point …
Gloomy horizons
Subjective dead ends can also lead to suicide: a false lack of hope, when the subject gives an absolute character to what is only relative, an infinite character to what is finite. And this, by narrowing the field of consciousness, due to anxieties of all kinds and the inability to take into account the totality of existence – neurotic repression …
Inability, eg to imagine the world in the absence of the loved one: love-passions of Isolde for Tristan , of Othello for Desdemona , of Brünnhilde for Siegfried, of Aïda or Radamès, of Juliette for Romeo… Theme certainly operatic!
Suicide, eg in 1942, of Stephan Zweig and his wife, desperate by the rise of Nazism – while, refugees in Brazil, they had nothing for themselves. fear… Thus, one of our greatest thinkers was touched by this narrowing of consciousness which made him judge irresistible what (the continuation proved it…) was perfectly resistible, to consider temporary difficulties as irremediable.
Examples of small or large bosses who cannot stand the eclipse, sometimes quite relative, of their business …
Exaggeratedly whole, absolute character of a Pierre Bérégovoy (1925-1993), (ex-French Prime minister) a man of the people who did not acquire that sense of the relativity of public affairs conferred by passing through the seraglio of the Grandes écoles or of the great bodies of the State. The same fragility, in the face of public opinion, of Roger Salengro (1890-1936), while an Captain Dreyfus, just as innocent, does not crack – in conditions, however, otherwise difficult …
Le suicidé. Vers 1877. Édouard Manet. Huile sur toile, 38cm/46cm
Fondation et Collection Emil G. Bührle
So if there is a common element in suicides by love-passion, monomania or manic-depressive illness, it is the loss of a crucial element of the life plan or of the personality.
But there is another form of escapist suicide, that which aims at self-punishment. There is therefore, in this case, an original fault (a motive) that must be expiated (a finality). Thus of Judas Iscariot who, taken with remorse for having delivered Jesus, hanged himself [although, from a strictly Christian point of view, not having faith in divine mercy, Judas aggravated there his case]. Did not the great Swiss theologian Karl Barth (1886-1968) write: "Sin is despair before God"?
If I have dwelled on Suicide-Leak, it is by far the most common!
• Suicide-injunction (or unprovoked assault of Others) can take various forms
• Suicide-crime, when one threatens one's own life by dragging others into death;
• Suicide-revenge, when we want to make others responsible for this act;
• Suicide-blackmail (or call for help) which is, most often, that of women and teenagers. But who, alas! don't always miss …
An edifying example of Suicide-Injunction is that of this Venetian shoemaker who – after being crucified in his room – had himself thrown out of the window (by means of a clever system of pulleys) overlooking the Grand Canal! Ditto, live suicide (I dare not say "live »), of this Texan entrepreneur in front of the television cameras! Ditto, self-hanging live, on Facebook, of a 12-year-old American …
The oblate- Suicide-Oblatif (or Selflessness) is also classified in the category of suicides "with a view to …". By the sacrifice of life, it aims for access to a higher self, to an ideal! It is the expression of a super-me …
All "martyrologies" abound in examples of people giving their lives (along with that of other people …) to reach a state considered infinitely more delectable. Thus jihadists no longer wishing to make the 72 virgins that the Koran promises them languish … Thus the Preacher Jim Jones leading to death, in Guyana, some 900 followers of his sect "The Peoples Temple "
Japan. Suicide by sepppuku 切腹 (Hara-kiri 腹切り)
Suicides "for the honor" of defeated generals ( Saul, Hannibal, Rommel …), of captains choosing to sink with their ship, of samurais (such as the writer Yukio Mishima making himself " seppuku 切腹 , according to the Bushidô Code), suicide bombers giving their lives for the Fatherland.
Didn't our own fathers sing in the past: "Mourir pour la Patrie est le sort le plus beau, le plus digne d'envie (To die for the Fatherland is the most beautiful fate, the most deserving of envy)"?
Let us specify, however, that, for a Japanese, our personalism is meaningless: each individual being comparable to a tree leaf, no matter how it falls! 花見 / はなみ. Only the tree counts …
Subjects giving their lives to save the lives of others – whether a spouse, a child, a father, a friend …
Example of Prague, Jan Palach (1948-1969) setting himself on fire, Wenceslas Square, to protest against the Soviet occupation …
Writers wishing to magnify their image for posterity [what Céline named "making a speech to the maggots": image of a modern Stoic for Henry de Montherlant, of a samurai for Yukio Mishima…
Léon Spilliaert. (1881-1946)
Autoportrait au miroir, 1908
Stranger, however, is the case of these two young people – at the height of their bliss – taking their own lives so that "their love remains intact forever." Radical aestheticism?
Let us recognize that it can sometimes be difficult – in the case of oblative suicides – to distinguish between idealism and masochism …
Last major type of suicide:The Suicide-Game (or ludic suicide). I will distinguish here the Ordeal and the Game itself.
The ordeal or "Judgment of God" was, in the Middle Ages, a test by which the Lord was put to the wall – forcing him, in a way, to pronounce on the innocence or the guilt of an accused. Happy times!… Failing to seek God's judgment, ordeal is, for modern man, the fact of risking his life to prove something to himself… Who can deny this ordeal character in a Gérard d'Aboville (° 1945), paddling the South Pacific, or at a Maud Fontenoy (° 1977) crossing the North Atlantic still paddling! While waiting for the one who will try the adventure with a snorkel and fins … The same goes for those who support mountaineering, aerobatics, car racing or stunts …
The real player, on the other hand, has nothing to prove – neither to himself nor to others! He loves danger for the excitement it provides. Whether this danger arises from competition, chance, simulacrum or vertigo …
• The game-competition derives from the taste for war, always present in humans. This is called agonistic (from the Greek agôn ἀγών, game-fight). Is there any more exciting action than risking everything – and your life?
• The game of chance or random game, the paroxysmal form of which is Russian roulette. Although those who survive it, like a Graham Greene, readily plead, not the attraction of death, but simply boredom …
• The simulacrum game or mimetic game naturally includes theater games that allow everyone to become an illusory character. They range from role playing games to happening (invented by composer John Cage ), which sometimes gave rise to such excesses, in the area of sexuality, violence or death, that the US government had to ban it – at least in its hard form. Suicidal mimesis also occurs within the family: reproduction in particular of the suicide of a parent …
Le pendu. Georges Rouault. 1871-1958 . Huile sur papier, marouflée sur toile (1944)
64,7cm/46cm. Centre Pompidou. MNAM. ADAGP. Paris
Epidemics of mimetic suicides (suicide clusters): such as the "Werther effect", following the publication of Goethe 's novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther"; or even the "Copycat Effect" (named after an American thriller), after the suicide of a personality invested with a strong emotional charge …
Another borderline case: there are secret societies in London, Paris, Berlin and New York, called "Suicide clubs", where – at the end of certain games – the "winner" must commit suicide (or be committed suicide). Such is the rule of these clubs, my God! very elitist …
Aristocratic and warlike societies [they were originally the same] have they not always established their scales of value according to the dangerousness of the pleasures or the games they play? Pleasure – and especially dangerous pleasure – has it not always been, for the aristocracy, the transcendent value par excellence? However, the value of efficiency was, for its part, left to the scoundrel – to accountants, economists, merchants – who usually despise heroic or playful values … Let us remember, in this regard, the formula of Witold Gombrowicz (1904-1969): "The idol of the vulgar is utility. The idol of the aristocracy is pleasure "[in Journal, 1957-1960].
Wolke-Nuage. Gerhardt Richter
1976. 200 cm x 300 cm Catalogue Raisonné: 413. Huile sur toile
[A little semantic parenthesis: the English people are lucky enough to have two words to translate the word "game": "Game" for the meaning that interests us today (Dangerous Games) and "Play" for purely fun activities for children – even adults: Playboy / Playgirl.]
I will distinguish a last type of game with a more or less suicidal tendency:
• The vertigo game which is an attempt to access trance, spasm, voluptuous panic, dizziness, loss of consciousness, thanks to the fall, slide, rapid rotation, acceleration – all actions likely to make you dizzy, even death.
In certain very specific cases, suicide can be considered as the act of freedom by excellence, supreme, absolute – the man thus remaining, until the end, conscious and master of his trajectory, of his destiny: "Only a flower that falls is a total flower, "says a Japanese proverb.
Grandeur – and sometimes heroism – of the man who, like Pierre Brossolette, member of the French resistance, freely chose to take leave to save the men of his network… No less heroic was Jean Moulin (French civil servant who served as the first President of the National Council of the Resistance) who died under the torture of the Nazis without having spoken… There can be, in fact, as much courage in throwing up one's cross as in refusing to throw it down!
In reaction against the moron anathemas of fundamentalists of all stripes, various intellectuals have been able to plead (sometimes exaggeratedly) in favor of suicide. Let us quote, of course, Emil Cioran (1911-1995) – such a braggadocio: "Die for a comma" he went so far as to utter. But rest assured: Cioran died quietly in his bed.
Let us quote another great author, the Czech novellist Ivan Klíma (° 1931): "The man who respects himself leaves his life when he wants. The good people are all waiting, as in the bistro, for them to be kicked out. " That's very well said! But, there too, rest assured: the excellent Klíma is (as far as I know …) still leaning on the bar!
Also [knowing how rare are suicides resulting from a serene and lucid analysis, from a genuinely free decision] I would say, by way of conclusion, the impossibility that there is to pass an unequivocal judgment on suicide – as certain fundamentalists persist in doing, Christians, Jews and Muslims alike, for whom it is always (fors cases of madness) a crime.
Suicide is no more to advocate than to condemn! This act deserves, in any case, consideration and reflection, for it is undoubtedly the most terrible, the most serious and the most absolute that a man can ever accomplish …
And forgive me for repeating myself: it is necessary and healthy (s-a-i-n = healthy) to talk about it,
It's not the word that incites suicide, it's silence!
Francis Benoît Cousté
Old age, out!
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Red Star over Russia : A Visual History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Death of Stalin
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A richly illustrated book telling the story of the Soviet Union
Through an amazing array of posters, photographs, paintings, magazines, book jackets, advertisements, pamphlets and other rare ephemera, "Red Star Over Russia" tells the story of the Soviet Union, from the Russian Revolution to the death of Stalin. During this period Soviet citizens endured revolutionary upheavals, civil war, Nazi invasion, famine and appalling oppression. For countless millions, revolutionary dreams were transformed into unspeakable tragedy.
Yet it was also a time of intense creativity, in which the hopes, aspirations and revolutionary fervour of a people were captured in an extraordinary outpouring of visual material. Universally acclaimed on its publication in 2009, David King's masterful book is the fruit of over 40 years of research. In it, he rescues many of the unsung heroes of the epic struggles that shaped the Soviet Union from obscurity and commemorates the talent of some of the most brilliant artists, photographers and designers of the twentieth century.
Author: David King


Man Charged Over a Year Later For Fatal Florida Crash
Home » News » Car Accidents » Man Charged Over a Year Later For Fatal Florida Crash
Florida is a "no-fault" insurance state as it pertains to auto insurance liability. What this means is that every driver in Florida is required to carry a minimum of $10,000 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP) that they must turn to in case of personal injury in an accident. There are exceptions to this law; such as when the accident causes permanent injury, scarring or disfigurement, or death. In cases where the injuries cause serious or permanent impairment or death, those affected may be able to bring a claim for medical bills, lost wages, and pain and suffering against the "at-fault" driver. Another exception is where the medical bills related to an accident total more than the $10,000 covered by PIP insurance.
The Tampa Bay Times reports on a man charged with driving while on methamphetamines in a 2018 crash that claimed the life of a 17-year-old Florida girl.
55-year-old Roy Wayne Rimmer was arrested on February 22nd in connection with the accident that happened nine months earlier.
Authorities say that Rimmer was high on methamphetamine when he ran a red light and crashed into the driver's side of 17-year-old Lillia Norris' SUV. The crash, which took place in April, also injured Rimmer. He was taken to the hospital where blood was drawn to determine if Rimmer was intoxicated at the time of the crash.
Authorities say that the arrest took so long because they had to await the results of the toxicology report and closing the case was left up to the trooper who was investigating the crash.
Rimmer was arrested and is being held in Pasco County Jail, where he is being held in lieu of $100,500 bail. He is facing charges of vehicular homicide, DUI accident involving death, and DUI involving property damage.
Two Killed In Titusville Traffic Accident
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The Financial Responsibility Law in Florida
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Commuting To Work Increases Risks of Vehicle Accidents
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Importance of Child Safety Restraint Laws
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Can You File A Lawsuit Against The Company If You Get In A Car Accident While In A Taxi In Florida?
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Even the Bond King Can't Escape Reality
By Vic Lederman
Bill Gross – who folks in finance know as the "Bond King" – isn't a fan of how his estranged son Nick turned out.
According to Gross, Nick is a "disappointment." The 31-year-old millennial is covered in tattoos. And he wants nothing to do with the Bond King...
The tattoos are a big problem for Gross. Nick even has the name "Gross" tattooed on the inside of his lip. His father calls it "revenge by tattoo." And he has no control over it.
The market, according to Gross, has been tattooed too. And he says it has ruined our shot at making money. But here's what's surprising...
Gross is dead wrong.
Today, I'll show you why...
Gross, if you don't know already, founded and managed the investment firm PIMCO. It managed the world's largest bond fund at its peak. And Gross was labeled "the nation's most important bond investor" by the New York Times.
So, "Bond King" might sound a little grandiose. But Bill Gross is the real deal.
That makes his latest investment outlook letter – where he covers the global economy's "tattoos" – incredibly compelling. And the financial media has had a field day with it.
"There is little money to be made almost anywhere in the world – COVID-19 vaccine or no," Gross writes.
That, as I'm sure you can guess, is the headline the media latched on to. But in doing so, they missed the larger point.
We live in a zero-rate world.
For a bond guy like Gross, this observation is obvious. He spends a lot of the letter talking about yields, rates, and central banks.
He knows that we're playing by a new set of rules now. And that's true. You need to make sure your investments are designed to work with this new zero-rate rule book.
As an individual investor, you need to understand the new rule book if you're going to succeed. And the most important thing to know is that returns are being concentrated into a handful of highly specific market segments.
This means it's more important than ever that you put your money to work in the right places. If you don't, you'll fall right into the pit that Gross is warning investors about.
If you're focused on bonds like Gross, then sure... there's little money to be made in the world. But if you open your mind to other opportunities, the reality is much different.
Our zero-rate world means the stock market has no competition. You might think stocks are expensive. But compared to what? Bonds that pay nothing?
The reality is that in this new world, stocks are the winner. They're the obvious place dollars will move into... because those dollars can't earn interest anywhere else.
The rules have changed. We live in a zero-rate world. We can't change it... just like Gross can't change the tattoos on his son's body.
Make sure that your investments align with this reality.
Vic Lederman
"Staying long might feel uncomfortable right now," Chris Igou says. The markets are frightening right now. But we're seeing signs that stocks have big upside potential over the coming years... Read more here: What to Make of the Market's Best Quarter in a Decade.
"The Fed has lit the coals of the next great asset boom," Steve writes. Just like it had during the 2008 financial crisis, the Fed has slashed rates down to near zero. And just like back then, it means we could see outsized gains in the days ahead... Get the full story here: Today's Surprising Echo From the Global Financial Crisis.
NEW HIGHS OF NOTE LAST WEEK
Boston Beer (SAM)… beer
Dollar General (DG)… discount retail
Nike (NKE)… athletic apparel
Lennar (LEN)… homebuilder
Guardant Health (GH)… health care
NEW LOWS OF NOTE LAST WEEK
HSBC (HSBC)… untrustworthy bank
Nordstrom (JWN)… "death of retail"


China's Organ Harvesting
A study calling for the retraction of Chinese scientific papers on organ transplantation because of unethical procurement of organs was published last week in the medical journal BMJ Open. Many newspapers reported this as reflecting longstanding concerns that China takes organs from executed prisoners who could not consent freely. This long-standing concern misses an even more horrifying dimension to the atrocities of which China is now suspected. The evidence is powerful, the conclusions almost too unpleasant to commit to paper. China is not accused only of using organs from executed prisoners, but of harvesting organs of still-living prisoners of conscience – in other words, the removal of their organs is both the purpose to and the cause of their death.
Huang Jiefu, head of China's transplantation programme, and a regular attendee at global transplant conference, denies it all, insisting that donors are deceased volunteers from intensive care. It seems impossible that he believes this, but China's impenetrable secrecy has made his words difficult to disprove. Claims of such gravity need independent verification before they can be voiced, but several groups have been investigating for years. They include the Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China, David Kilgour, former Canadian Secretary of State, David Matas, a human rights lawyer, Ethan Gutmann, an investigative writer, the organisation 'Stop Organ Harvesting in China', and the China Organ Harvest Research Centre Investigation. The latter, which reported last year, included an undercover investigation inside China by a South Korean TV station, and added the concern that the Uyghurs of Xinjiang may be following the Falun Gong to their doom.
Eye has already detailed the huge discrepancy between official Chinese transplant figures and the numbers hospitals report, which suggest 60,000 to 100,000 organs transplanted each year despite a small donor register, a reluctant populace and no organised system of allocations. It has reported that this gap, once made up of convicted felons is now believed made up by prisoners of conscience. Evidence of donation-to-order comes from waiting times of weeks, scheduling of surgery days in advance, and assurances that multiple back-up organs are on site. Evidence that victims go into surgery alive come from claims by Chinese witnesses, and taped calls with senior Chinese doctors in transplant centres explicitly stating that available Falun Gong organs are from still-living donors. The UN Committee Against Torture observed in 2008, 'the Special Rapporteur on Torture… has noted that an increase in organ transplant operations coincides with "the beginning of the persecution of [Falun Gong practitioners].
Removal of hearts, lungs and livers is not compatible with survival, but it greatly improves the viability of the organ being taken. To be very clear a living organ source (Dr Grim cannot use the word donor) is one with a beating heart, is someone's son or daughter, is not dead. We should do more than delist publications. It's over 100 years since Wilfred Owen wrote, 'what passing bells for these that die as cattle?' It's time we answered the question.
China, transplant abuse, United nations