One The information below is condensed from two of William Saint Clair Tisdall's studies are included in works on the Jewish Sources of the Qur'an: * ''The Origins Original Sources of The the Qur'an: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book'' edited by [[Ibn Warraq]]. Chapter III include is a section on comprehensive, 287 page book published in 1905* ''Influence The Sources of Sabian and Jewish Ideas and PracticesIslam''is Tisdall's earlier book (from 1900) on the same topic. It contains already most of the important material, but being only a third in size (about 100 pages) is not as thoroughly documented as the later edition (it also has a few minor mistakes that have been corrected in the later edition), but this is the version that has been reprinted many times, probably because it is much quicker to read.
While this work is dated and strongly reflects 19th century prejudices, much of the information is still valid, and deserves to be updated with more recent research.
===Persian or Syrian Aramaic words===
:See [[Islamic Terms borrowed from Judaism]]
A few other Jewish matters. - In the Qur'an are a number of Chaldaean and Syrian words which the Islamic tradition has been unable rightly to explain, as
And so the Companions of the Prophet hearing this explanation of the word Qav, and not understanding what was meant, fancied it must be a mountain, or succession of great mountains, surrounding the world and making it dark.
===Haman was Pharaoh's viceroy===
Thus, for-instance, the Qur'am says that Haman was Pharaoh's wazir, which is also said by the Jewish midrash.<ref>Cf. Tisdall's "The Book" of the "People of the Book"</ref>
==Conclusion==
==Second Revision==
When Muhammad appeared as a prophet, although the Arabs had many religious ideas and practices in which they were agreed, they possessed no volume which could pretend to contain a Divine revelation, and to which Muhammad could appeal when he claimed to be commissioned to lead them back to the purer faith of their fathers. Yet in Arabia there dwelt certain communities which possessed what they regarded as inspired books, and it was natural that Muhammad and his followers should therefore feel no little interest in and respect for the ideas and rites of these different religious sects. The title "People of the Book," given more especially perhaps to the Jews, but also to the Christians, in the Qur'an is an evidence of this. The four communities who then possessed book-religions in Arabia were the Jews, the Christians, the Magians or Zoroastrians, and the Sabians. These are all mentioned together in Surah XXII., Al [[Hajj]], 17. We shall see that each of these exercised a considerable influence over nascent Islam, but that of the Sabians was by no means the slightest. Hence we begin by stating what is known of these sectaries, who are mentioned again in Surah II., Al Baqarah, 59.
Our knowledge of the Sabians is slight, but sufficient for our purpose. An early Arabic writer, Abu 'Isa'l Maghribi, is quoted by Abu'l Fida as giving the following account of them. "The Syrians are the most ancient of nations, and Adam and his sons spoke their language. Their religious community is that of the Sabians, and they relate that they received their religion from Seth and Idris (Enoch). They have a book which they ascribe to Seth, and they style it 'The Book of Seth.' In it good ethical precepts are recorded, such as enjoin truth-speaking and courage and giving protection to the stranger and such like: and evil practices are mentioned and command given to abstain from them. The Sabians had certain religious rites, among which are seven fixed times of prayer, ''five of which correspond with that of the Muslims''. The sixth is the prayer at dawn, and the seventh a prayer, the time for which is at the end of the sixth hour of the night. Their prayer, like that of Muslims, is one which requires real earnestness and that the worshiper should not let his attention wander to anything else when offering it. They prayed over the dead without either bowing down or prostration, and fasted thirty days; and if the month of the new moon were a short one, then they kept the fast for twenty-nine days. In connexion with their fast they observed the festivals of ''Fitr''" (breaking the fast at the end of the month) "and ''Hilal''" (new moon), "in such a way that the festival of ''Fitr'' occurred when the sun entered Aries. And they used to fast from the fourth quarter of the night until the setting of the disk of the sun. And they had festivals at the time of the descending of the five planets to the mansions of their dignity. The five planets are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. And they used to honour the House of Mecca" (the Ka'bah)<ref>Abu'l Fida, ''At Tawarikhu'l Qadimah'' (''Hist. Ante-Islamica''), p. 148.</ref>.
We now turn to the Jews from whom Muhammad borrowed so very much that his religion might almost be described as a heretical form of later Judaism. In Muhammad's time the Jews were not only very numerous but also very powerful in various parts of Arabia. No doubt many of them had settled in that country at different times, when fleeing from the various conquerors — Nebuchadnezzar, the successors of Alexander the Great, Pompey. Titus, Hadrian, and others — who had overrun and desolated Palestine. They were especially numerous in the neighbourhood of Medina, which city they at one time held by the sword. In Muhammad's time the three large Jewish tribes called Banu Quraidhah, Banu Nadhir, and Banu Qainuqa', settled in the neighbourhood of Medina, were so powerful that Muhammad, not long after his arrival there in A.D. 622, made an offensive and defensive alliance with them. Other Jewish settlements were to be found in the neighbourhood of Khaibar and the Wadi u'l Qura' and on the shores of the Gulf of 'Aqabah. The fact that the Jews possessed inspired books and were undoubtedly descended from Abraham, whom the Quraish and other tribes claimed as their ancestor also, gave the Israelites great weight and influence. Native legends would naturally therefore undergo a process of assimilation with the history and traditions of the Jews. By<ref>Sir W. Muir, ''Life of Mahomet'', 3rd ed., Introd., pp. xcii, xciii.</ref> a summary adjustment, the story of Palestine became the story of the Hijaz. The precincts of the Ka'bah were hallowed as the scene of Hagar's distress, and the sacred well Zamzam as the source of her relief. The pilgrims hastened to and fro between [[Safa and Marwa ]] in memory of her hurried steps in search of water. It was Abraham and Ishmael who built the temple, imbedded in it the Black Stone, and established for all Arabia the pilgrimage to 'Arafat. In imitation of him it was that stones were flung by the pilgrims as if at Satan, and sacrifices offered at Mina in remembrance of the vicarious sacrifice by Abraham. And so, although the indigenous rites may have been little, if at all, altered by the adoption of Israelitish legends, they came to be received in a totally different light, and to be connected in Arab imagination with something of the sanctity of Abraham the Friend of God<ref>Surah IV., An Nisa, 124.</ref> ... It was upon this common ground Muhammad took his stand, and proclaimed to his people a new and a spiritual system, in accents to which the whole Peninsula could respond. The rites of the Ka'bah were retained, but, stripped of all idolatrous tendency, they still hang, a strange unmeaning shroud, around the living theism of Islam.
"Familiarity with the Abrahamic races also introduced the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection from the dead; but these were held with many fantastic ideas of Arabian growth. Revenge pictured the murdered soul as a bird chirping for retribution against the murderer; and a camel was sometimes left to starve at the grave of his master, that he might be ready at the resurrection again to carry him. A vast variety of Biblical language was also in common use, or at least sufficiently in use to be commonly understood. Faith, Repentance, Heaven and Hell, the Devil and his Angels, the heavenly Angels, Gabriel the Messenger of God, are specimens acquired from some Jewish source, either current or ready for adoption. Similarly familiar were the stories of the Fall of Man, the Flood, the destruction of the Cities of the Plain, &c. — so that there was an extensive substratum of crude ideas bordering upon the spiritual, ready to the hand of Muhammad."
Early Arabian writers inform us that when Muhammad appeared the Jews were expecting the advent of the Messiah, and used frequently to threaten their enemies with the vengeance which the coming Prophet would take upon them. This no doubt had its influence in leading some among the Arabs, especially the Banu Khazraj of Medina (as Ibn Ishaq says), to accept Muhammad as the Prophet whose advent was predicted.
Muhammad declared that he was Divinely commissioned not to found a new religion but to recall men to the "Faith of Abraham." It was natural for him, therefore, to endeavour to gain the Jews over to his side. This he attempted to do at Medina, and for some time it seemed as if he had a fair prospect of success. One step which he took at this time shows very clearly this purpose. He adopted Jerusalem as the ''Qiblah'' of his Faith — that is to say, he directed his followers to imitate the Jewish practice by turning their faces towards Jerusalem when praying. At a later period, when he had broken with the Jews and found it more useful to conciliate the Arabs, he adopted Mecca<ref>In Nov., A.D. 623: Surah II., Al Baqarah, 136-40</ref> as the ''Qiblah'', and this it has ever since continued to be amongst Muslims. But soon after his arrival in Medina, observing the Jews engaged in the observances of the Day of Atonement, he enjoined upon his own followers the same observance, ''adopting even the same name'' (in Arabic '''Ashura'') by which it was known among the Jews<ref>When at a later period the month of Ramadan was appointed instead as a month of fasting. Muhammad did not forbid that observance of the ''Ashura'' on the ''tenth'' day of ''Muharram'' (Cf. Lev. xxiii. 27)</ref>. The sacrifices offered on this occasion were doubtless intended to supersede those which the heathen Arabs used to offer in the Valley of Mina during the pilgrimage to Mecca. It was not until April, A.D. 624, after his quarrel with the Jews, that Muhammad instituted the '''Idu'd Duha'' which festival is supposed to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice of ''Ishmael'' (as the Muslims assert). Even thus we perceive the influence of Judaism on Islam. This festival is still observed by the Muslims. Muhammad initiated the Jewish practice in offering two<ref>Sir W. Muir, op. cit., p. 188</ref> sacrifices on the day of the '''Id'', inasmuch as he slew two kids, one for his people and the other for himself, though he reversed the Jewish order in accordance with which the High Priest on the Day of Atonement offers first for<ref> Lev. xvi; Heb. vii. 27</ref> himself and then for the nation at large. In these matters we see Jewish influence at work both in Muhammad's adoption of their rites when he wished to gain the Jews, and in his altering them when no longer hoping to do so. In the latter case he generally reverted more or less to the customs of the heathen Arabs. On the Muhammadan theory of the Divine authority of the Qur'an, this phenomenon is absolutely inexplicable. It is to the period shortly before, and especially to that which immediately followed, the Hijrah, according to Tradition (in this respect no doubt reliable), that most of those verses of the Qur'an belong, in which it is asserted that the Qur'an is in accord<ref> Cf. e.g. Surah XXIX., Al 'Ankabut, 45; Surah II., Al Baqarah, 130; &c</ref> with the teaching of the Prophets of Israel, and that this constitutes a decisive proof that it is from God. At that time Muhammad introduced into the Surahs which he delivered a particularly large measure of Jewish legends, as the perusal of the later Meccan and earlier Medinan Surahs will show. He soon, however, found that the Jews were not prepared to believe in him, though it might suit their purpose to pretend for a time to be favourably impressed and likely to admit his claim. A rupture was bound to come sooner or later, since no true Israelite could really believe that either the Messiah (which Muhammad did not claim to be, for he accepted that as the title of Jesus) or any other great Prophet was predicted as about to arise from among the descendants of Ishmael. We know how the quarrel did come, and how, finding persuasion useless, Muhammad finally turned upon the Jews with the irresistible logic of the sword, and either slaughtered them or expelled them from the country. But before that time he had borrowed very extensively from them. Even if we do not grant, with some writers, that the doctrine of the Unity of God was derived by Islam from Jewish teaching, there can he no doubt that Muhammad's maintenance of that doctrine received great support from what he learnt from the Israelites. We proceed to show that very much of the Qur'an is directly derived from Jewish books, not so much from the Old Testament Scriptures as from the Talmud and other post-Biblical writings. Although the Arabian Jews doubtless possessed copies of their Holy Books, they were not distinguished for learning, and then as now for the most part, they practically gave greater heed to their Rabbinical traditions than to the Word of God. It is not surprising therefore to find little real knowledge of the Old Testament in the Qur'an, though, as we shall see, it contains a great deal of Jewish legend. It is impossible to quote all the passages that prove this, but we shall now adduce a few out of many<ref>Most of the instances here cited are taken from Rabbi Abraham Geiger's book ''Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?</ref>''.
===The Story Of Cain and Abel===
"Azar, Abraham's father," he says<ref>''Historia Ante-Islamica'' (ed. Fleischer, Leipzig, 1831). Abu'l Fida was born in A.H. 672</ref>, "used to make idols, and he used to give them to Abraham that he might sell them. Abraham, however, used to say, 'Who will buy what will injure him and will not benefit him?' Afterwards, when God Most High commanded Abraham to summon his people to Monotheism, he invited his father; however, he refused. And he invited his people. Accordingly, when the matter got abroad concerning him and reached Nimrod, son of Gush, who was king of that country, ... Nimrod accordingly took Abraham, the Friend [of God], and threw him into a great fire. Then the fire became cool and safe unto him, and Abraham came forth from the fire after some days. Then certain men of his people believed on him."
This is the shortest Arabic account we have. We proceed to translate the most important part of the narrative given in the '''Araisu'l Majalis''. There we read that Abraham was brought up in a cave without any knowledge of the true God. One night he came forth and beheld the glory of the stars, and was so impressed that he resolved to acknowledge them as his gods. The account then proceeds as follows, incorporating as many as possible of the passages of the Qur'an which deal with the subject:—
"''When therefore the night overshadowed him he saw a star. He said, 'This is my Lord.' Then when it set, he said, 'I love not those that set.' Then when he saw the moon rising, he said, 'This is my Lord.' And when it set, he said, 'Verily if my Lord guide me not I shall assuredly be of the people who go astray.' Then when he saw the sun rising, he said, 'This is my Lord, this is greater,''' for he saw that its light was grander. ''When therefore it set, he said, 'O my people! verily I am guiltless of the polytheism which you hold, verily I turn my face to him who hath formed the heavens and the earth, as a [[حنيفا|Hanif]]''<ref>This term will be explained in Chapter vi</ref>, ''and I am not one of the polytheists<ref>''The italicized passages are from Surah VI., Al An'am, 76-9</ref>.' They say his father used to make idols. When therefore, he associated Abraham with himself, he began to make the idols and to give them over to Abraham to sell. Abraham (Peace be upon him!) therefore goes off with them and cries aloud, 'Who will buy what injures and does not benefit?' Hence no one purchases from him. When therefore they proved unsaleable to him, he took them to a river. Then he smote them on the head and said to them, 'Drink, my bad bargain!' in mockery of his people and of their false religion and ignorance, to such an extent that his reviling and mocking them became notorious among his people and the inhabitants of his town. Therefore his people disputed with him in regard to his religion. Then he said to them, '''Do ye dispute with me about God? and He hath guided me,' &c. ... And that was Our reasoning which We brought to Abraham against his people: We raise (many) steps whomsoever We will; verily thy Lord is all-wise and all-knowing<ref>''Surah VI., Al An'am, 80-3</ref>. So that he vanquished and overcame them. Then verily Abraham invited his father Azar to embrace his religion. Accordingly he said, '''O my father, why dost thou worship that which heareth not nor seeth nor doth profit thee at all?<ref>''Surah XIX., Maryam, 43</ref>' &c. Then his father refused assent to that to which Abraham invited him. Thereupon verily Abraham proclaimed aloud to his people his abjuration of their worship, and declared his own religion. He said therefore, '''Have ye then seen that which ye worship, ye and your fathers the ancients? for verily they are hostile to me, except the Lord of the worlds.<ref>''Surah XXVI., Ash Shu'ara, 75-7</ref>' They said, 'Whom then dost thou worship?' He said, 'The Lord of the worlds.' They said, 'Thou meanest Nimrod.' Then said he, 'No! Him who has created me, and who therefore guideth me,' &c. That matter accordingly was spread abroad until it reached the tyrant Nimrod. Then he called him and said to him, 'O Abraham, hast thou seen thy God, who hath sent thee, and to whose worship thou dost invite men, and whose power thou recordest and on account thereof dost magnify Him above all other? What is He?' ''Abraham said, 'My Lord is He who preserveth alive and causeth to die.''' Nimrod said, '''I preserve alive and cause to die.''' Abraham said, 'How dost thou preserve alive and cause to die?' He said, 'I take two men to whom death is due in my jurisdiction, then I slay one of them, thus I have caused him to die; next I pardon the other and let him go, thus I have preserved him alive.' Accordingly Abraham said unto him thereupon, '''Verily God bringeth the sun from the East, do thou therefore bring it from the West<ref>''Surah II., Al Baqarah, 26</ref>' Thereupon Nimrod was confounded and gave him no answer."
The story goes on to inform us that the custom of the tribe to which Abraham belonged was to hold a great festival once every year, during which everyone for a time went out of the city. (This may contain a confused reference to the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles, for the ''forte'' of the Qur'an is undoubtedly the number of its anachronisms, and Muhammadan tales regarding the patriarchs and prophets are in general distinguished by the same characteristic.) Before leaving the city, we are told, the citizens "had made some food ready. Accordingly they placed it before the gods, and said, 'When it shall be time for us to return, we shall return, and the gods will have blessed our food and we shall eat.' When therefore Abraham<ref>He had remained at home on the plea of being ill, Surah XXXVII., As Saffat, 87.</ref> beheld the idols and the food which was before them, he said unto them in mockery, '''Will ye not eat?''' And when they did not answer him, he said, '''What is the matter with you? will ye not speak?' Then he turned upon them, striking a blow with his right hand<ref>''Ibid. vv. 89-91</ref>, and he began to dash them in pieces with an axe which he held in his hand, until there remained none but the biggest idol, on the neck of which he hung the axe. Then he went out. Such then is the statement of the Honoured and Glorified One: '''So he broke them into pieces, except the largest of them, that perchance they might come back to it''' (and find what it had done<ref>Surah XXI., Al Anbiya, 59; and Jalalain's Commentary</ref>). When therefore the people came from their festival to the house of their gods, and saw them in that condition, ''they said, 'Who hath done this to our gods? verily he is one of the unjust.' They said, 'We heard a youth who is called Abraham make mention of them.'' It is he, we think, that hath done this.' Then that matter reached Nimrod the tyrant and the nobles of his people. They said therefore, '''Bring him then to the eyes of men, that perchance they may bear witness'' against him that it is he that hath done this.' And they disliked to arrest him without poof. ... When therefore they had brought him forward, they said unto him, '''Hast thou done this unto our gods, O Abraham?''' Abraham said, '''On the contrary, the biggest of them did it:'' he was angry at your worshipping these little idols along with him, since he is bigger than them, therefore he dashed them in pieces. ''Do ye then inquire of them, if they can speak.''' The prophet — may God bless and preserve him! — hath said, 'Abraham told only three lies, all of them on behalf of God Most High: when he said, ''"I am sick,"'' and when he said, ''"On the contrary, this the biggest of them did it,"'' and when to the king who purposed to take Sarah, he said, ''"She it my sister."'''
"Solomon did not disbelieve, but the Devils disbelieved. And they teach men sorcery and what had been sent down unto the two angels in Babel, Harut and Marut. And they teach not anyone until they both say, 'Verily we are Rebellion, therefore do not thou disbelieve.'"
In the '''Araisu'l Majalis'' we find the following story, told on the authority of Tradition, in explanation of this verse. "The Commentators say that, when the angels saw the vile deeds of the sons of men that ascended up to heaven in the time of the Prophet Idris, they rebuked them for that and repudiated them and said, 'These are those whom Thou hast made Vicegerents upon earth and whom Thou hast chosen, yet they offend against Thee.' Therefore God Most High said, 'If I had sent you down to the Earth and had instilled into you what I have instilled into them, ye would have done as they have done.' They said, 'God forbid! O our Lord, it were unfitting for us to offend against Thee.' God Most High said, 'Choose ye out two angels of the best of you: I shall send them both down to the Earth.' Accordingly they chose Harut and Marut, who were among the best and most devout of the angels. Al Kalbi says, 'God Most High said, "Choose ye out three of you;" so they chose 'Azz, who is Harut, and 'Azabi who is Marut, and 'Azrail. And indeed he changed the names of those two when they became involved in guilt, as God changed the name of Iblis, for his name was 'Azazil. Then God Most High instilled into them the desire which He had instilled into the sons of men, and sent them down to the Earth; and He commanded them to judge justly between men, and He prohibited them from polytheism and from unjustly slaying and from unchastity and from drinking wine. As for 'Azrail, when desire fell into his heart, verily he asked pardon of his Lord and begged that He would take him up to heaven. Therefore He pardoned him and took him up. And he worshipped for forty years; then he raised his head; and after that he did not cease to hang down his head through feeling shame before God Most High. But as for the other two, verily they remained as they were. They used to judge among men during the day, and when it was evening they repeated the Great Name of God Most High and ascended up to heaven. Qatadah says that a month had not passed ere they fell into temptation, and that because one day Zuhrah, who was one of the most beautiful of women, brought a law-suit to them. 'Ali says she was of the people of Fars and was queen in her own country. When therefore they saw her, she captivated the hearts of both of them. Hence they asked her for herself. She refused and went away. Then on the next day she returned, and they did as before. She said, 'No, unless ye both worship what I worship and pray to this idol and commit murder and drink wine.' They both said, 'We cannot possibly do these things, for God has prohibited us from doing them.' Accordingly she went away. Then on the third day she returned, and with her a cup of wine, and she showed herself favourable unto them. Accordingly they asked her for herself. Then she refused and proposed to them what she had said the previous day. Then they said, 'To worship any but God is a fearful thing, and to murder is a fearful thing, and the easiest of the three is to drink wine.' Accordingly they drank the wine: then they became intoxicated and fell upon the woman. ... A man saw them, and they slew him. Kalbi bin Anas says that they worshipped the idol. Then God transformed Zuhrah into a star. 'Ali and Sadi and Kalbi say that she said, 'Ye will not obtain me until ye teach me that by means of which ye ascend to heaven.' Therefore they said, 'We ascend by means of the greatest name of God.' Then she said, Ye will not therefore obtain me until ye teach it to me.' One of them said to his companion, 'Teach it to her.' He said, 'Verily I fear God.' Then said the other, 'Where then is the mercy of God Most High?' Then they taught it to her. Accordingly she uttered it and ascended to heaven, and God Most High transformed her into a star."
Zuhrah is the Arabic name of the planet Venus. The number of authorities quoted for the various forms of this story is a sufficient proof how generally it is accepted among Muslims as having been handed down by Tradition from the lips of their Prophet. There are several points in the tale which would of themselves indicate its Jewish origin, even had we no further proof. One of these is the idea that any one who knows the special name of God — the "Incommunicable Name" as the Jews call it — can thereby do great things. It is well known, for example, that certain Jewish writers of olden times explained our Lord's miracles by asserting that He performed them by pronouncing this Name, the ''Tetragrammaton''. Again, the angel 'Azrail bears not an Arabic but a Hebrew name.
"His disciples asked Rab Joseph, 'What is 'Azael?' He said to them, 'When the generation (that lived at the time) of the Flood arose and offered up vain worship (i.e. worship to idols), the Holy One, Blessed be He! was wroth. At once there arose two angels, Shemhazai and 'Azael, and said in His presence, "O Lord of the World! did we not say in Thy presence, when thou didst create Thy world, 'What is man that Thou art mindful of him?'" (Ps. viii. 4). He said to them, "And as for the world, what will become of it?" They said to Him, "O Lord of the World, we shall rule over it." He said to them "It is manifest and known unto Me that, if ye were dominant in the Earth, evil desire would reign in you, and ye would be more stubborn than the sons of men." They said to Him, "Give us permission, and we shall dwell with the creatures, and Thou shalt see how we shall sanctify Thy name." He said to them, "Go down and dwell with them." At once Shemhazai saw a damsel, whose name was Esther. He fixed his eyes upon her: he said, "Be complaisant to me." She said to him, "I shall not hearken unto thee until thou teach me the peculiar Name [of God], by means of which thou ascendest to the sky at the hour that thou repeatest it." He taught it to her. Then she repeated it: then too she ascended to the sky and was not humbled. The Holy One, Blessed be He! said, "Since she hath separated herself from transgression, go ye and place her among the seven stars, that ye may be pure with regard to her for ever." And she was placed in the Pleiades. They instantly degraded themselves with the daughters of men, who were beautiful, and they could not satisfy their desire. They arose and took wives and begat sons, Hiwwa and Hia. And 'Azael was master of varieties of ornaments and kinds of adornments of women, which render men prone to the thought of transgression.'"
To what is said in this last sentence we shall recur again later<ref>Vide pp. 107, 108</ref>. It should be noticed that the '''Azael'' of the Midrash is the '''Azrail'' of the Muhammadan legend.
It is impossible for any one to compare the Muhammadan with the Jewish legend without perceiving that the former is derived from the latter, not exactly word for word, but as it was related orally. There are, however, some interesting points in the Muhammadan form of the fable which require attention before we investigate the question, "Where did the Jews themselves learn the story?"
In Surah VII., Al A'raf, 170, we read, "And when We raised up the mountain above them as if it were a covering, and they fancied that it was falling upon them, [We said], 'Take ye with fortitude what We have brought you, and remember ye what is in it; perchance ye may be pious.'" Jalalain and other Muhammadan commentators explain this verse by informing us that God raised up the mountain (Sinai) from its foundation and held it over the heads of the children of Israel in the wilderness, threatening to let it fall on them and crush them if they did not accept the commandments contained in the Law of Moses. These they had previously refused to obey, because of their severity. But on hearing this threat the Israelites received the law. God then uttered the rest of the speech contained in the verse quoted above. The same legend is referred to in Surah II., Al Baqarah, 60, 87.
Its origin is found in the Jewish tractate '''Abodah Zarah'' (cap. ii. § 2), where we are told that on that occasion (so God is represented as saying to the Israelites), "I covered you over with the mountain like a lid." So also in ''Sabbath'' (fol. 88, 1) we read, "These words teach us that the Holy One, blessed be He, inverted the mountain above them like a pot, and said unto them, 'If ye receive the law, well: but if not, there shall your grave be.'"
Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say that there is nothing like this fable to be found in the Pentateuch. It has originated in the mistake of a Jewish commentator, who has misunderstood the words of the Bible. In Exod. xxxii. 19 we are informed that when Moses descended the mountain with the two tables of stone in his hands, he saw that the Israelites were worshipping the golden calf which they had made. Angry at the shameful sight, he threw down the stone tablets from his hands and broke them ''beneath the mount''." Chapter xix. 17 tells us that while God was giving Moses the Law the people stood "at the nether part of (or ''beneath'') the mountain." In each case the phrase means "at the foot of the mountain." But the wonder-loving and credulous Jews of later times chose to misunderstand the phrase, and the legend of the elevation the mountain was invented to explain the words "''beneath'' the mount." The tale of the holding up of the mountain above men's heads is, however marvellously similar to a Hindu legend, related in the Sanskrit Sastras. It is said that Krishna, wishing to protect the people of Gokula, his native city from a severe rain-storm, dragged up from its stony base a mountain named Govardhana, which is styled the biggest of all mountains, and for the space of seven days and nights suspended it on the tips his fingers over their heads like an umbrella! We cannot suppose that the Jews borrowed this story from the Hindus, but it is evident that Muhammad derived the tale referred to in the Qur'an from Jewish sources, while the Jews were led to accept or invent the story through taking literally<ref>That we may understand this better, we have only to consider the amount of error introduced into the Christian Church by a similar expression "This is My body."</ref> and in an unnatural sense the Hebrew phrase "beneath the mount."
To complete the proof that the legend about the Preserved Tablet upon which the Qur'an is said to have been written is derived from a Jewish source, it remains only to state that in the ''Pirqey Aboth'', cap. v. § 6, it is said that the two Tablets of the Law were created, along with nine other things, at the time of the creation of the world, and at sunset before the first Sabbath began.
It is well known that the fabulous Mount Qaf plays an important part in Muhammadan legend. Surah L. is called Qaf and begins with this letter. Hence its name is supposed to refer to the name of the mountain in question. The commentator 'Abbasi accepts this explanation and quotes tradition handed down through Ibn 'Abbas in support of it. Ibn 'Abbas says, "Qaf is a green mountain surrounding the earth, and the greenness of the sky is from it: by it God swears<ref>Jalalain's note on the passage says: "God knows best what He meant by ''Qaf''."</ref>." So in the '''Araisu'l Majalis<ref>''pp. 7, 8</ref> it more fully explained in these words, "God Most High created a great mountain of green emerald. The greenness of the sky is on account of it. It is called Mount Qaf, and it girds it all" (the whole earth), "and it is that by which God swears, for He said, 'Qaf'<ref>Surah L., 1</ref>. By the Glorious Qur'an.'" In the ''Qisasu'l Anbiya'' it is narrated that one day 'Abdu'llah ibn Salam inquired of Muhammad which was the highest mountain-peak on the earth. Muhammad said, "Mount Qaf." In answer to the further inquiry of what this mountain is composed, Muhammad replied, "Of green emerald, and the greenness of the sky is on account of that." The inquirer, having expressed his belief that the "Prophet of God" in this matter spoke truly, then said, "What is the height of Mount Qaf?" Muhammad replied, "It is 500 years' journey in height." 'Abdu'llah asked, "How far is it around it?" "It is 2,000 years' journey." We need not enter into all the other circumstances told us in connexion with this wonderful range of mountains of which Muslim legends are so full.
If we inquire as to the origin of the myth of the existence of such a range of mountains, the answer is supplied by a reference to ''Hagigah'' xi. § 1. There, in explanation of the somewhat rare Hebrew word "''Tohu''" in Gen. i. 2, it is thus written: "''Tohu'' is the green line which surrounds the whole, entire world, and from which darkness proceeds." The Hebrew word which we here render ''line'' is ''Qav''. Muhammad and his disciples, hearing this Hebrew word ''Qav'' and not knowing that it meant "line," thought that without doubt that which was thus said to surround the whole world, and from which darkness came forth, must be a great chain of mountains named ''Qav'' or ''Qaf'' It is hardly necessary to say that geographers have explored the whole world without — as yet — discovering the range of mountains<ref>Cf. Avestic Mt. Berez (Kanga's ''Avestic Dict.'', s. v.)</ref> described in Muhammadan tradition!
But even if, for the sake of argument, we admit that reading and writing were arts unknown to Muhammad, that admission does not in the slightest degree invalidate the proof that he borrowed extensively from Jewish and other sources. Even if he could read Arabic, it is hardly likely that he was a student of Aramaic, Hebrew, and other languages. The parallels which we have drawn between certain passages in the Qur'an and those resembling them in various Jewish writings are close enough to show the ultimate source of much of the Qur'an. But in no single case are the verses of the Qur'an ''translated'' from any such source. The many errors that occur in the Qur'an show that Muhammad received his information orally, and probably from men who had no great amount of book-learning themselves. This obviates the second assumption of the Muslims. It was doubtless for many obvious reasons impossible for Muhammad to consult a large number of Aramaic, Zoroastrian, and Greek books; but it was by no means impossible for him to learn from Jewish<ref>In fact, in Surah X., Yunus, 94, Muhammad is bidden to ''ask'' the People of the Book for information to clear up his doubts</ref>, Persian, and Christian friends and disciples the tales, fables, and traditions which were then current. His enemies brought against him in his own time the charge of having been assisted by such persons in the composition of the Qur'an, as we learn both from the Qur'an itself and from the admissions of Ibn Hisham and of the commentators. Among others thus mentioned as helping in the composition of the book is the Jew spoken of in Surah XLVI., Al Ahqaf, 9, as a "witness" to the agreement between the Qur'an and the Jewish Scriptures. The commentators 'Abbasi and Jalalain in their notes on this passage tell us that this was Abdu'llah ibn Salam, who, if we may believe the Raudatu'l Ahbab, was a Jewish priest or Rabbi before he became a Muslim. In Surah XXV., Al Furqan, 5, 6, we are told that Muhammad's enemies said, "Others have helped him with it," and stated that he had merely written down certain "Tales of the Ancients," which were dictated to him by his accomplices morning and evening. 'Abbasi states that the persons thus referred to were Jabr, a Christian slave, Yasar (also called Abu Fuqaihah), and a certain Abu Takbihah, a Greek. In Surah XVI., An Nahl, 105, in answer to the accusation, "Surely a human being teacheth him," Muhammad offers the inadequate reply that the language of the man who is hinted at was foreign, whereas the Qur'an itself was composed in plain Arabic. This answer does not attempt to refute the obvious meaning of the charge, which was that (not the style of the language used but) the stories told in the Qur'an had thus been imparted to Muhammad. 'Abbasi says that a Christian named Cain was referred to, while Jalalain's Commentary again mentions Jabr and Yasar. Others suggest Salman, the well-known Persian disciple of Muhammad, others Suhaib, others a monk named Addas. We may also note the fact that 'Uthman and especially Waraqah, cousins of Khadijah, Muhammad's first wife, were acquainted with the Christianity<ref>See the quotation from Ibn Ishaq, pp. 264, 265 below</ref> and the Judaism of the time, and that these men exercised no slight influence over Muhammad during his early years as a prophet, and perhaps before. Zaid, his adopted son, was a Syrian, according to Ibn Hisham, and must therefore have at first professed Christianity. We shall see that other persons were among Muhammad's friends, from whom he might easily have obtained information regarding the Jewish, Christian, and Zoroastrian faiths. The passages borrowed from such sources are, however, so disguised in form that it is quite possible that those from whom Muhammad made his inquiries may not have recognized the imposture, but may have really fancied that these passages were revealed, as they professed to be, to confirm the truth of the respective creeds, at least so far. If so, Muhammad adroitly employed the information he obtained from these men in such a manner as to deceive them, though he could not deceive his enemies. Hence, despairing of silencing the latter, he finally turned upon them with the sword.
==See AlsoNoahide Muslims==[[Image:Noahide Islam.jpg|right]]Some followers of Islam, who also believe in the truth of the teachings concerning Noahide Law, believe that if it could be shown that Islamic teachings have been based in part on earlier Jewish teachings this could be proof of their contention that Islam was indeed the faith of Adam and a reaffirmation and renewal of the Covenant of Nuh. ==External links==*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080516185655/http://answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Tisdall/Sources0/p011-012.htm Jewish Sources of the Qur'an]*[http://web.archive.org/web/20061012111723/http://www.answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Tisdall/Sources/chap3chapt3.htm Influence of Sabian and Jewish ideas and practices.]
[[Category:Judaism Religion]]
[[Category:Noahide Islamic Religion]]
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TEST FOR TRAINERS СДАТЬ ТЕСТ >>
ПРОВЕРИТЬ СЕРТИФИКАТ:
Forums for coordinators and trainers
The Project was implemented in 2010-2012 under Microsoft's Your Course initiative through the network of Сomputer Literacy centers throughout Russia launched in partnership with libraries, colleges and universities and non-profit organizations. Each center provided e-skills trainings in the Microsoft Digital Literacy and Unlimited Potential Curricula, free Internet access and access to Digital Literacy Course; as well as training in capacity-building themes, in order to increase employability and marketability among underserved and disadvantaged populations in Russia. Learn more>>
04.02.2013 Moscow
"Your Course: Digital Literacy" Project Completes in January 2013 with over 280,000 people trained
"Your Course: Digital Literacy" (Tvoy Kurs) project, conducted by PH International (Project Harmony, Inc.) and Microsoft, together with partner organizations in more than 100 cities across Russia as part of a Microsoft Tvoy Kurs initiative, was completed in January 2013.
The project focused on training in basic computer skills for socially vulnerable citizens: the unemployed, pensioners, people with disabilities, people with low income and young people in difficult life situations. The training was carried out in computer literacy training centers hosted at universities, libraries, NGOs, and other organizations. Gaining ICT knowledge, coupled with access to the Internet and modern information technology, helps citizens to benefit from the country's e-government services that are aimed at tackling the unemployment, increasing their competitiveness in the labor market. For the people with disabilities who acquired ICT skills, this is a step on the path to social inclusion and a more fulfilling life in our modern world.
During the implementation of the initiative from February 2010 to January 2013 more than 280,000 people attended Tvoy Kurs courses and seminars. This included more than 137,000 who received Digital Literacy certificates to prove their knowledge.
The project received recognition and support right across the Russian regions, where regional programs to modernize the economy and the information society were delivered in partnership with the local authorities. The training was given not only to socially disadvantaged citizens, but also to municipal officials, health workers, school teachers and preschool child carers, experts of cultural institutions, and heads of territorial government.
Thanks to cooperation with Telecentre-Europe, the European Association of ICT centers, and Telecentre.org, the global foundation for ICT centers, Tvoy Kurs centers were actively involved in international competitions and campaigns.
Six Tvoy Kurs center coordinators were included in the list of 100 Outstanding Telecentre Women Managers in 2011. Our coordinators became the best telecentre managers in Eurasia and Europe.
Additionally, annual participation in the European Get Online Week allowed thousands of Russian citizens to get acquainted with the resources of the Internet and take their first steps in the world of information technology. Wonderful stories from all over Russia can be found in the Russian Get Online Week 2012 report, which won the Telecentre-Europe award.
PH International and Tvoy Kurs project staff hopes that after the completion of the "Your Course: Digital Literacy " project partner organizations will continue to deliver public ICT education. All of the materials developed under the project will continue to be available to partners on this website. Also it will be possible to still register and print certificates from the site.
The project staff express their sincere gratitude to colleagues and partners for their work in the project and the contribution that they have made to the development of the information society in Russia.
We are pleased that many of the centers have joined the new project "Your Course: IT for Youth" under the framework of the Microsoft Youth Spark, its new youth education initiative, and will so continue to work to teach computer literacy. Follow all the news on the new project website www.it4youth.ru.
We wish all of our Tvoy Kurs partner organizations new and interesting projects, prosperity and well-being!
12.04.2013 Volgograd
GOW 2013 in Volgograd Libraries
Russia took II place in the European Get Online Week 2013, which had the total of 99,051 users: during the week, Russia got 15,342 votes, including the sizable 3,904 votes in 67 libraries of the city of Volgograd, small towns and rural communities of the Volgograd region.
12.04.2013 Saratov
Skype for Senior Citizens
As part of GOW13, Third Age University students attended a Skype for Senior Citizens seminar. Retirees who have already completed the Tvoy Kurs training and received their Digital Literacy Certificates, continue their digital journey under the guidance of the University's Resource Center team, not only getting more and more interested in opportunities, provided by modern technologies, but also taking more and more initiative in trying to get the hang of them.
Novokuznetsk Volunteering Program Has a Great Start to 2013!
The Novokuznetsk Tvoy Kurs Center have analyzed the results of their volunteer groups work in 2012 and were very pleasantly surprised - their volunteers had managed to raise their work to a new record level! Around 5,000 people had taken part in activities organized and conducted by volunteers, with more than 200 people trained by them in the Digital Literacy course.
Advanced provincials
Advanced provincials - it's how jokingly the villagers of Uryupinsk municipal district of the Volgograd region trained in DL call themselves. Men and women, young and not very young, educated and not educated - all social groups' representatives of the village are involved in modern computer technology training.
All stories >>
НОВЫЙ УЧЕБНЫЙ КУРС
Создание резюме с помощью Мicrosoft Office Word 2007
Mariya Dolgalyuk
Я пришла на курсы начальных базовых знаний по компьютеру, как в школу в первый класс. Всё было мне незнакомо. Пришлось столкнуться с трудностями, и было очень неловко от того, что плохо усваивается да ... More >>


Documentary highlighting America's addiction epidemic to be screened in Charleston
by: Kevon Dupree
CHARLESTON, S.C. (WCBD) – A screening of a new documentary exploring America's addiction epidemic was held in Charleston Friday.
'Tipping the Pain Scales' is a documentary that "seeks to get at the heart of creative solutions to help deal with and conquer this epidemic," according to spoken word artist and educator Joseph Green, who is featured in the film.
Green is in long-term recovery himself and says this film wants to show recovery through a positive lens and educate young minds about addiction.
"My part in particular," Green said. "When you see it, you see young people really responding to these creative exercises and learning coping skills, protective factors, that we know will help them in their adult lives."
Green says nearly everyone either fights a silent battle with addiction, or knows someone who does, and hopes this film inspires others to join in the fight against addiction
"I want people to walk away from this movie with hope," he said. "But also, with a call of action that the solution is on all of us. And we're going to have to talk about it in our families, in our schoolhouses, in our statehouses, in our jobs, if we're going to actually get this country, and hopefully world, healed."


U.S. Senator Tina Smith Leads Subcommittee Hearing on Renewable Energy Growth and Opportunities in Rural America
Hearing Featured Energy Leaders from Crookston and St. Paul
WASHINGTON, D.C. [6/22/21]—Today U.S. Senator Tina Smith (D-Minn.) led her first hearing as Chair of the Senate Rural Development and Energy Subcommittee, where energy leaders discussed opportunities for jobs and economic development in rural America that expanding the nation's use of renewable energy will bring.
Sen. Smith was joined by energy leaders from across the country, including three Minnesotans: Mr. Shannon Schlecht, Executive Director of Agricultural Utilization Research Institute in Crookston; the Honorable Katie Sieben, Chairwoman of Minnesota Public Utilities Commission in St. Paul; and St. Paul native Ms. Emily Skor, Chief Executive Officer of Growth Energy.
Sen. Smith said that today's testimony will help inform her as infrastructure talks continue. It is important to her that rural voices are included in policy discussions that come before the Senate. This includes conversations about fostering renewable energies as a rural development economic driver.
You can watch the hearing footage here.
"I start from the perspective that small towns and rural places are entrepreneurial, diverse, wonderful places to work and live and raise a family," said Sen. Smith in her opening statement. "They produce our food and our energy. They are hubs of manufacturing, small business, education, health care, arts and culture. When I travel to rural communities across Minnesota, I find hardworking, passionate people who love their communities, and are focused on making them even better. My hope for this sub-committee is to highlight these contributions. The Rural Development and Energy sub-committee should lift up and promote the local ideas that are helping communities thrive. Some of the best opportunities and best ideas for building a strong rural economy are in clean energy. Renewable energy is rural energy. The clean energy transition is the cornerstone to building and sustaining economic vitality in rural communities."


Do you know a student who could invent the future?
8 February 2016 0 minute read
Brilliant ideas sometimes stem from an abstract, isolated thought but most often they come from trying to solve a specific problem. Innovation is firmly rooted in science, technology, engineering and maths which is why the Your Life campaign, which aims to drive uptake of Maths and Physics at A-Level, is running its Formula 100 competition again this year. Entering is easy, students just need to submit a 30-60 second video answering a simple question: What would you invent and why? There are two age categories: 11-13-year-olds 14-16-year-olds The winning entry in each category will win a £1000 for the school and an iPad for the student, plus more exciting prizes to be announced.
To find out more about the competition go to https://www.stem.org.uk/resources/collection/4218/your-life. Lesson plans and supporting materials are available to download.
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The abandoned London Underground station that was never needed
Ever dreamed of an empty platform?
York Road station was open for less than 30 years
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Cast the backs of your minds to a pre-Covid world, when the commutes were long and the trains were crowded.
The thought of an empty platform or quiet carriage would have felt like a Christmas miracle and the idea of a station closing due to low footfall would've seemed absurd.
However, that's exactly what happened to York Road, a little known London Underground station located between King's Cross and Caledonian Road in 1932.
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It opened in 1906 and was one of the original stations on the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR), the precursor to today's Piccadilly line.
At the time, York Road was sited in a poor industrial area which led to low traffic levels. The station was so quiet that drivers would pass the platform without stopping.
The London Underground, Overground and railway stations where trains won't stop at Christmas
The 4 London Underground stations where the Northern line won't stop next year
The northern extension of the Piccadilly line from Finsbury Park to Arnos Grove opened on the day of York Road's premature closure, marking a new era for the London Underground.
The derelict station buildings are still clearly visible today with their ruby-red glazed tiling down York Way towards King's Cross.
Do you have an interesting fact about the London Underground? Let us know in the comments here.
As with most other disused Underground stations, the platform itself has been removed and the site is currently used as an emergency exit from the tunnels.
Apparently, if you walk down the tunnels far enough, one of the passageways between the platforms is permanently lit by a series of lamps.
Join the Mind The Gap group
We've created a Facebook group for people who travel on London's bus, rail, Underground, Overground and DLR services.
We will keep you informed about the latest news that affects your daily commute to work, as well as at the weekend.
We'll also let you know in advance if there are any roadworks, railworks or closures you should know about, or if there are any problems on the city's tube network.
Join the group here.
Islington Council and Transport for London (TFL) briefly considered plans to reopen and revamp the station in 2005 but the cost to do so was considered to be too high at £12 million.


Tennessee State University (X) English (X) Literature (X) Most Popular Books in China (X) Drama and Literature (X)
* Most Popular Books in China
7 Scorpions : Rebellion
Mike Saxton
Eloquent Books
Subjects: Fiction, Drama and Literature, Future
Collections: Literature, Most Popular Books in China, Authors Community, Science Fiction
...2 www.StrategicBookGroup.com ISBN: 978-1-60911-286-8 Printed in the United States of America Book Design: Rolando F. Santos This book is dedicated to... ...had its fair share of street violence in its past. The former home of the state capital was any- thing but paradise. Then the Flash Storm came. The t... ...me from New Hamp- shire, but no one knew. He could have adopted the former state's quote because it was especially applicable to the times at hand. ... ...hield at what was once the bustling campus of Southern Connecticut State University. The campus was intact, but there were modifcations that had be... ...ath and destruction were shredded to tiny pieces. The panic at the former university was geting worse. Not a single bus had departed yet. John was h... ...he various structures that used to compose the Southern Connecticut State University campus. A scene that caught her atention was a group that was m... ...d take a shot o' the drink o' the night. Tonight, its good ol' fashioned Tennessee whiskey," the hunting man clarifed. Vincent realized that he had ...
Words to Wright By
Robin Bayne
Mountain View Publishing
Subjects: Fiction, Drama and Literature, Inspirational
Collections: Literature, Most Popular Books in China, Authors Community, Education
... bus stop in Southern California. That article had been published in another state. But because the magazine goes to subscribers all over the United S... ...eelance writer, author, and illustrator, I confidently endorse and tweak his statement saying, "Anyone who learns to see can learn to write." It all... ... from others; surely more will be found in them than in others." And to that statement I say, "Amen!" There is more expected of us, and there should b... ... covering his speech, which he gave at the Opryland Hotel in Nashville, 160 Tennessee. From the moment I stood in the security line, until the time I... ...Kate Dolan, after coming east from Chicago to attend college at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, grew 171 attached to the region... ...rdisciplinary degree in English, history and drama and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law, and has written professionally for ...


Today in Pictures, Feb 24, 2021
Covid-19 vaccination drive for active taxi and private-hire car drivers begin, golfer Tiger Woods injured in car crash in California, US, and other pictures from around the world in Today in Pictures..
https://str.sg/JHvU
More than 50,000 active taxi and private-hire car drivers will be offered the chance to get their first dose of the Covid-19 vaccine by the end of this week. About 300 drivers, including cabbies Tham Yuet Kok (left) and Tan Eng Chuan (right), have received their first jabs as see on Feb 23, 2021, and those who are eligible will progressively receive text messages with a unique link for them to book their vaccination appointments online.
PHOTO: THE STRAITS TIMES/CHONG JUN LIANG
A Genesis GV80 SUV driven by US golfer Tiger Woods of the US is seen at the scene of a single-vehicle crash in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, USA, Feb 23, 2021. According to a statement released by the LA County Sheriff, Tiger Woods was extricated from his vehicle and taken to the hospital. PHOTO: EPA-EFE
Protesters hold up the three finger salute during a funeral for Thet Naing Win, who died from a gunshot wound while taking part in a demonstration against the military coup last week, in Mandalay on Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: AFP
Workers from the entertainment industry hold a demonstration against the government's Covid-19 restrictions and to demand the reopening of cinemas and theatres, outside a theatre, in Rome, Italy, Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: REUTERS
Asylum seekers carry fresh water distributed at a migrant camp at the U.S.-Mexico border on Feb 23, 2021 in Matamoros, Mexico.
PHOTO: GETTY IMAGES/AFP
Large streams of red hot lava shoot into the night sky as Mount Etna, Europe's most active volcano, continues to erupt, as seen from the village of Fornazzo, Italy, Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: REUTERS
Power-generating windmill turbines are seen during sunset in Bourlon, France, Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: REUTERS
People taking selfies next to a display of umbrellas decorated with lights for the upcoming Lantern Festival on a commercial street in Hangzhou, in eastern China's Zhejiang province on Feb 22, 2021. PHOTO: AFP
Snow covered figures are pictured at a local park of miniatures in Bakhchisaray, Crimea, Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: REUTERS
A Kyrgyz berkutchi (eagle hunter) readies his bird for release at the traditional hunting festival Salburun in the village of Tuura-Suu near Issyk-Kul lake, 380 km from the capital Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Feb 23, 2021. PHOTO: EPA-EFE


Precision Distances to Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters from Pan-STARRS1 3π RR Lyrae
Hernitschek, Nina and Cohen, Judith G. and Rix, Hans-Walter and Magnier, Eugene and Metcalfe, Nigel and Wainscoat, Richard and Waters, Christopher and Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter and Burgett, William (2019) Precision Distances to Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters from Pan-STARRS1 3π RR Lyrae. Astrophysical Journal, 871 (1). Art. No. 49. ISSN 1538-4357. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190123-090243442
We present new spatial models and distance estimates for globular clusters and dwarf spheroidals orbiting our Galaxy based on RR Lyrae (RRab) stars in the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) 3π survey. Using the PS1 sample of RRab stars from Sesar et al. in 16 globular clusters and 5 dwarf galaxies, we fit structural models in (l, b, D) space; for 13 globular clusters and 6 dwarf galaxies, we give only their mean heliocentric distance D. We verify the accuracy of the period–luminosity relations used in Sesar et al. to constrain the distance to those stars, and compare them to period–luminosity–metallicity relations using metallicities from Carretta et al. We compare our Sesar et al. distances to the parallax-based Gaia DR2 distance estimates from Bailer-Jones et al. and find our distances to be consistent and considerably more precise.
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf388 DOI Article
Hernitschek, Nina 0000-0003-1681-0430
Cohen, Judith G. 0000-0002-8039-4673
Rix, Hans-Walter 0000-0003-4996-9069
Magnier, Eugene 0000-0002-7965-2815
Metcalfe, Nigel 0000-0001-9034-4402
Wainscoat, Richard 0000-0002-1341-0952
Burgett, William 0000-0003-4401-9582
© 2019 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2018 September 21; revised 2018 November 19; accepted 2018 November 20; published 2019 January 21. H.-W.R. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme (FP 7) ERC grant Agreement No. [321035]. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, and Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Astronomy Department
European Research Council (ERC) 321035
NASA NNX08AR22G
University of Maryland UNSPECIFIED
Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE) UNSPECIFIED
Los Alamos National Laboratory UNSPECIFIED
Galaxy: halo – globular clusters: general
Nina Hernitschek et al 2019 ApJ 871 49


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The Best Futuristic TV Shows
Finding a good Futuristic TV show to watch can be hard, so we've ranked the best ones and included where to watch them. Check out our list of the best Futuristic TV shows of all time streaming online.
VIEW: best
1. Black Mirror
Year: 2011-2020Rated: TV-MASeasons: 5
Drama, Science-Fiction
What it's about: A contemporary British re-working of The Twilight Zone with stories that tap into the collective unease about our modern world.Over the last ten years, technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives before we've had time to stop and question it. In every home; on every desk; in every palm - a plasma screen; a monitor; a smartphone - a black mirror of our 21st Century existence.
Where to Watch: 22 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix).
2. The Walking Dead
Year: 2010-2020Rated: TV-MASeasons: 10
Drama, Horror
What it's about: Sheriff's deputy Rick Grimes awakens from a coma to find a post-apocalyptic world dominated by flesh-eating zombies. He sets out to find his family and encounters many other survivors along the way.
Where to Watch: 131 episodes (94%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 8 episodes (6%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (AMC). 139 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
3. The Expanse
Year: 2015-2020Rated: TV-14Seasons: 5
Drama, Action & Adventure
What it's about: A thriller set two hundred years in the future following the case of a missing young woman who brings a hardened detective and a rogue ship's captain together in a race across the solar system to expose the greatest conspiracy in human history.
Where to Watch: 46 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video). 36 episodes (78%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 8 services (iTunes, Google Play & 6 others).
4. Firefly
What it's about: Firefly is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity, a "Firefly-class" spaceship. The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity.
Where to Watch: 14 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 14 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $0.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
5. The Handmaid's Tale
What it's about: Set in a dystopian future, a woman is forced to live as a concubine under a theonomic dictatorship. A TV adaptation of Margaret Atwood's novel.
Where to Watch: 35 episodes (97%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 36 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 8 services (iTunes, Google Play & 6 others).
6. Futurama
Year: 1999-2020Rated: TV-14Seasons: 10
Science-Fiction, Animation
What it's about: The adventures of a late-20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J. Fry, who, after being unwittingly cryogenically frozen for one thousand years, finds employment at Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company in the retro-futuristic 31st century.
Where to Watch: 131 episodes (94%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix & Hulu). 17 episodes (12%) are available to stream on a popular TV everywhere service (Syfy & Comedy Central). 139 episodes (99%) are available to rent or buy from $0.99 on 7 services (iTunes, Google Play & 5 others).
7. Adventure Time
Year: 2010-2020Rated: TV-PGSeasons: 11
Action & Adventure, Fantasy
What it's about: Hook up with Finn and Jake as they travel the Land of Ooo searching for adventure. But remember, adventure isn't always easy. Sometimes you've got to battle fire gnomes that torture old ladies, save a smelly hot dog princess from the Ice King, and thaw out a bunch of frozen businessmen. What the cabbage?!
Where to Watch: 1 episodes (0%) are available to watch free online (Cartoon Network). 5 episodes (2%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 1 episodes (0%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (Cartoon Network). 156 episodes (50%) are available to rent or buy from $0.99 on 5 services (iTunes, Google Play & 3 others).
8. Altered Carbon
Mystery, Science-Fiction
What it's about: After 250 years on ice, a prisoner returns to life in a new body with one chance to win his freedom: by solving a mind-bending murder.
9. The Orville
What it's about: Follows the crew of the not-so-functional exploratory ship in the Earth's interstellar fleet, 400 years in the future.
Where to Watch: 5 episodes (19%) are available to watch free online (FOX). 26 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 9 episodes (35%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (FOX). 26 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
10. See
What it's about: A virus has decimated humankind. Those who survived emerged blind. Centuries later when twins are born with the mythic ability to see, their father must protect his tribe against a threatened queen.
Where to Watch: 8 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a subscription service (Apple TV+).
11. 12 Monkeys
Science-Fiction, Action & Adventure
What it's about: The provocative story of Cole, a time traveler from a decimated future in a high-stakes race against the clock. Utilizing a dangerous and untested method of time travel, he journeys from 2043 to the present day on a mission to locate and eradicate the source of a deadly plague that will all but annihilate the human race.
12. Into the Badlands
What it's about: In a land controlled by feudal barons, a great warrior and a young boy embark on a journey across a dangerous land to find enlightenment.A genre-bending martial arts series very loosely based on the classic Chinese tale Journey to the West.
Where to Watch: 32 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 32 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
13. Years and Years
Drama, LGBTQ
What it's about: As Britain is rocked by unstable political, economic and technological advances, members of the Lyons family converge on one crucial night in 2019. Over the next 15 years, the twists and turns of their everyday lives are explored as we find out if this ordinary family could change the world.
Where to Watch: 6 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (HBO). 6 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular TV everywhere service (HBO). 6 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 3 services (Google Play, Vudu & YouTube).
14. Cowboy Bebop
Action & Adventure, Anime
What it's about: In 2071, roughly fifty years after an accident with a hyperspace gateway made the Earth almost uninhabitable, humanity has colonized most of the rocky planets and moons of the Solar System. Amid a rising crime rate, the Inter Solar System Police (ISSP) set up a legalized contract system, in which registered bounty hunters (also referred to as "Cowboys") chase criminals and bring them in alive in return for a reward.
Where to Watch: 26 episodes (96%) are available to watch free online (Adult Swim, Crunchyroll & Tubi). 26 episodes (96%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 26 episodes (96%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 5 services (iTunes, Google Play & 3 others).
15. The Last Ship
What it's about: Their mission is simple: Find a cure. Stop the virus. Save the world. When a global pandemic wipes out eighty percent of the planet's population, the crew of a lone naval destroyer must find a way to pull humanity from the brink of extinction.
Where to Watch: 56 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 5 episodes (9%) are available to stream on a popular TV everywhere service (TNT). 56 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
16. Fear the Walking Dead
What it's about: What did the world look like as it was transforming into the horrifying apocalypse depicted in "The Walking Dead"? This spin-off set in Los Angeles, following new characters as they face the beginning of the end of the world, will answer that question.
17. The Shannara Chronicles
What it's about: A young Healer armed with an unpredictable magic guides a runaway Elf in her perilous quest to save the peoples of the Four Lands from an age-old Demon scourge.
Where to Watch: 20 episodes (95%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 19 episodes (90%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
18. Future Man
Action & Adventure, Comedy
What it's about: Josh Futturman, a janitor by day/world-ranked gamer by night, is tasked with preventing the extinction of humanity after mysterious visitors from the future proclaim him the key to defeating the imminent super-race invasion.
19. Dollhouse
What it's about: Dollhouse is an American science fiction television series that revolves around a corporation running numerous underground establishments across the globe which program individuals referred to as "Actives" with temporary personalities and skills. Wealthy clients hire Actives from Dollhouses at great expense for various purposes. The series primarily follows the Active known as Echo, played by Eliza Dushku, on her journey towards self-awareness.
20. TRIGUN
Year: 1998-2020Rated: TV-PGSeasons: 1
What it's about: Trigun takes place in the distant future on a deserted planet. Vash the Stampede is a gunfighter with a legend so ruthless he has a $60,000,000,000 bounty on his head. Entire towns evacuate at the rumor of his arrival. But the real Vash the Stampede, the enigmatic and conflicted lead character in Trigun, is more heroic, even though he usually acts like a complete idiot.
Where to Watch: 26 episodes (100%) are available to watch free online (Tubi). 26 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 26 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 3 services (iTunes, Google Play & Prime Video).
21. The Last Man on Earth
Comedy, Action & Adventure
What it's about: The year is 2022, and after an unlikely event, only one man is left on earth: Phil Miller, who used to be just an average guy who loved his family and hated his job at the bank. Now, in his RV, Phil searches the country for other survivors.
Where to Watch: 66 episodes (99%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 18 episodes (27%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (FOX). 67 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 8 services (iTunes, Google Play & 6 others).
22. Batman Beyond
Action & Adventure, Animation
What it's about: 20 years after Bruce Wayne hung up his cowl, his secret is discovered by troubled teen Terry McGinnis. After McGinnis' father is murdered by the man who now controls Wayne Enterprises, McGinnis is fitted into a high-tech Bat suit by Bruce Wayne, creating a new hero for a future Gotham.
Where to Watch: 52 episodes (43%) are available to stream on a subscription service (DC Universe). 120 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
Rent/Buy
23. Almost Human
Action & Adventure, Crime
What it's about: The year is 2048. By mandate, every cop must partner with a robot. Detective John Kennex returns to work after waking up from a 17-month coma. As he adjusts to working with his new partner, Dorian, a discontinued android with unexpected emotional responses, John also must learn to get along with his new colleagues.
Where to Watch: 13 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 4 services (iTunes, Google Play & 2 others).
24. Stargate Universe
Action & Adventure, Science-Fiction
What it's about: The adventures of a present-day, multinational exploration team traveling on the Ancient spaceship Destiny many billions of light years distant from the Milky Way Galaxy. They evacuated there and are now trying to figure out a way to return to Earth, while simultaneously trying to explore and to survive in their unknown area of the universe.
Where to Watch: 40 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video & Hulu). 40 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 4 services (iTunes, Google Play & 2 others).
25. Stargate Atlantis
What it's about: With the Ancients' city of Atlantis discovered in the Pegasus Galaxy by Stargate Command, Dr. Elizabeth Weir and Major Sheppard lead a scientific expedition to the ancient abandoned city. Once there, the team not only find themselves unable to contact Earth, but their explorations unexpectedly reawaken the Ancients' deadly enemies, The Wraith, who hunger for this new prey. Now with the help of newfound local allies like Teyla Emmagan, the Atlantis Team sets about to uncover their new home's secrets even as their war of survival against the Wraith begins.
Where to Watch: 101 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video & Hulu). 101 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
26. Defiance
What it's about: Defiance is an American science fiction television show that takes place in the future on a radically transformed Earth containing new species arriving from space. In the show, Joshua Nolan works as the lawman for the town of Defiance, a community where humans and intelligent extraterrestrial species coexist. The show follows Nolan, his adopted alien daughter Irisa, and the town's new mayor Amanda Rosewater.
Where to Watch: 38 episodes (97%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video). 39 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 8 services (iTunes, Google Play & 6 others).
27. Falling Skies
What it's about: Falling Skies opens in the chaotic aftermath of an alien attack that has left most of the world completely incapacitated. In the six months since the initial invasion, the few survivors have banded together outside major cities to begin the difficult task of fighting back. Each day is a test of survival as citizen soldiers work to protect the people in their care while also engaging in an insurgency campaign against the occupying alien force.
28. Eureka
What it's about: The sleepy Pacific Northwest town of Eureka is hiding a mysterious secret. The government has been relocating the world's geniuses and their families to this rustic town for years where innovation and chaos have lived hand in hand. U.S. Marshal Jack Carter stumbles upon this odd town after wrecking his car and becoming stranded there. When the denizens of the town unleash an unknown scientific creation, Carter jumps in to try to restore order and consequently learns of one of the country's best kept secrets.
29. Daybreak
What it's about: Living his best life in post-apocalyptic LA, a slacker strives to find the girl of his dreams while outwitting mindless ghouls and cliquish gangs.
30. Dr. Stone
Animation, Anime
What it's about: One fateful day, all of humanity was petrified by a blinding flash of light. After several millennia, high schooler Taiju awakens and finds himself lost in a world of statues. However, he's not alone! His science-loving friend Senku's been up and running for a few months and he's got a grand plan in mind, to kickstart civilization with the power of science!
Where to Watch: 24 episodes (96%) are available to watch free online (Adult Swim & Crunchyroll). 16 episodes (64%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (Adult Swim). 24 episodes (96%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 3 services (Google Play, Vudu & YouTube).
31. Dominion
What it's about: Dominion is an epic supernatural drama set in the near future. Specifically, 25 years after "The Extinction War," when an army of lower angels, assembled by the archangel Gabriel, waged war against mankind. The archangel Michael, turning against his own kind, chose to side with humanity. Rising out of the ashes of this long battle are newly fortified cities which protect human survivors. At the center of the series is the city of Vega, a glistening empire that has formed from the ruins of what was once Las Vegas.
Where to Watch: 21 episodes (100%) are available to watch free online (IMDb TV). 21 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 6 services (iTunes, Google Play & 4 others).
32. Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams
What it's about: A diverse anthology of ambitious, moving tales inspired by Philip K Dick's short stories.
Where to Watch: 10 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video). 8 episodes (80%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 5 services (iTunes, Google Play & 3 others).
33. Psycho-Pass
What it's about: Psycho-Pass is a Japanese anime television series that takes place in the future where it is possible to instantaneously measure a person's mental state, personality, and the probability that a person will commit crimes with a device installed on each citizen's body called the Psycho-Pass. It follows members of Unit One of the Public Safety Bureau's Criminal Investigation Division and the crimes they investigate.
Where to Watch: 1 episodes (2%) are available to watch free online (Crunchyroll). 41 episodes (95%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video & Hulu). 33 episodes (77%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 5 services (iTunes, Google Play & 3 others).
34. Revolution
What it's about: Revolution focuses on the struggle to survive 15 years after a global blackout.
35. The Passage
What it's about: A post-apocalyptic story about a botched U.S. government experiment that turns a group of death row inmates into highly infectious vampires, and an orphan girl who might be the only person able to stop the ensuing crisis.
Where to Watch: 10 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 5 services (Google Play, Prime Video & 3 others).
36. Space: 1999
What it's about: The crew of Moonbase Alpha must struggle to survive when a massive explosion throws the Moon from orbit into deep space.
Where to Watch: 48 episodes (100%) are available to watch free online (Tubi & Vudu). 48 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 2 services (iTunes & Prime Video).
37. Star-Crossed
What it's about: When Emery was 6 years old, an alien spacecraft crash-landed in her small town. Whether they came in peace or with more sinister intentions didn't matter: a fierce battle erupted as humans fought for control over their new rivals, an alien species called the Atrians. In the midst of the conflict, Roman, a 6-year-old Atrian boy, found his way to a shed behind Emery's house, where she temporarily protected him from harm, bringing him food, comfort - and friendship. Ten years later, the Atrians have been acclimated to life on Earth, but they are interned in a heavily-guarded camp known as the Sector to keep them separate from humans. Now, for the first time, a group of Atrian teens will enroll in a suburban human high school, with the goal of testing the feasibility of human/alien integration. Emery and Roman find each other again in a school and a society that distrusts everything about the Atrians. While the world around them rages with anger and prejudice, their bond becomes increasingly strong and increasingly dangerous.
Where to Watch: 13 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 13 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $0.99 on 3 services (iTunes, Prime Video & Vudu).
38. The Rain
Drama, Fantasy
What it's about: After a brutal virus wipes out most of the population, two young siblings embark on a perilous search for safety. A Scandinavian thriller series.
Where to Watch: 14 episodes (88%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix).
39. Fire Force
What it's about: Year 198 of the Solar Era in Tokyo, special fire brigades are fighting against a phenomenon called spontaneous human combustion where humans beings are turned into living infernos called "Infernals". While the Infernals are first generation cases of spontaneous human combustion, later generations possess the ability to manipulate flames while retaining human form. Shinra Kusakabe, a youth who gained the nickname Devil's Footprints for his ability to ignite his feet at will, joins the Special Fire Force Company 8 which composes of other flames users as they work to extinguish any Infernals they encounter. As a faction that is creating Infernals appears, Shira begins to uncover the truth behind a mysterious fire that caused the death of his family twelve years ago.
Where to Watch: 24 episodes (89%) are available to watch free online (Adult Swim & Crunchyroll). 12 episodes (44%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 19 episodes (70%) are available to stream on a TV everywhere service (Adult Swim). 24 episodes (89%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 3 services (Google Play, Vudu & YouTube).
40. Ergo Proxy
What it's about: Ergo Proxy is a science fiction suspense anime television series, produced by Manglobe, which premiered across Japan on 25 February 2006 on the WOWOW satellite network. It is directed by Shukō Murase, with screenplay by Dai Satō et al.. Ergo Proxy has been described as a dark sciencefiction mystery with philosophical underpinnings. It features a combination of 2D digital cel animation, 3D computer modeling, and digital special effects.
Where to Watch: 23 episodes (100%) are available to watch free online (Crunchyroll & Tubi). 23 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Hulu). 23 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 2 services (iTunes & Prime Video).
41. Z Nation
What it's about: Three years after the zombie virus has gutted the country, a team of everyday heroes must transport the only known survivor of the plague from New York to California, where the last functioning viral lab waits for his blood.
Where to Watch: 69 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 68 episodes (99%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 8 services (iTunes, Google Play & 6 others).
42. Van Helsing
What it's about: Vanessa Helsing, the daughter of famous vampire hunter and Dracula nemesis Abraham Van Helsing is resurrected five years in the future to find out that vampires have taken over the world and that she possesses unique power over them. She is humanity's last hope to lead an offensive to take back what has been lost.
Where to Watch: 39 episodes (75%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix). 13 episodes (25%) are available to stream on a popular TV everywhere service (Syfy). 52 episodes (100%) are available to rent or buy from $1.99 on 7 services (iTunes, Google Play & 5 others).
43. MADE IN ABYSS
What it's about: The "Abyss" is the last unexplored region, an enormous and treacherous cave system filled with ancient relics and strange creatures. Only the bravest of adventurers can traverse its depths, earning them the nickname, "Cave Raiders." Within the depths of the Abyss, a girl named Riko stumbles upon a robot who looks like a young boy. Tantalized by the Abyss, Riko and her new friend descend into uncharted territory to unlock its mysteries, but what lies in wait for them in the darkness?
Where to Watch: 13 episodes (100%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Prime Video).
44. Jericho
What it's about: Jericho is an American action/drama series that centers on the residents of the fictional town of Jericho, Kansas, in the aftermath of nuclear attacks on 23 major cities in the contiguous United States.
Where to Watch: 3 episodes (10%) are available to watch free online (CBS). 29 episodes (97%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix & CBS All Access). 29 episodes (97%) are available to rent or buy from $0.99 on 5 services (iTunes, Google Play & 3 others).
45. Cleverman
Drama, Mystery
What it's about: In the near future, creatures from ancient Aboriginal mythology endowed with extraordinary physical traits have emerged and must coexist with humans. Known as 'Hairypeople' they battle for survival in a world that wants to exploit and destroy them. One young man – The Cleverman – struggles with his own power and the responsibility to unite this divided world, but he must first overcome a deep estrangement from his older brother.
46. Puella Magi Madoka Magica
What it's about: She has a loving family and best friends, laughs and cries from time to time... Madoka Kaname, an eighth grader of Mitakihara middle school, is one of those who lives such a life. One day, she had a very magical encounter. She doesn't know if it happened by chance or by fate yet. This is a fateful encounter that can change her destiny. This is a beginning of the new story of the magical witch girls.
Where to Watch: 12 episodes (92%) are available to watch free online (Crunchyroll). 12 episodes (92%) are available to stream on a popular subscription service (Netflix & Hulu).
47. Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
What it's about: Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios. The series ran for two seasons between 1979–1981, and the feature-length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film several months before the series aired. The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson and Leslie Stevens, based upon the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips, novellas, a serial film, and on television and radio.
Where to Watch: 14 episodes (38%) are available to watch free online (NBC).
48. Incorporated


SumOfUs is a New York, NY based non-profit that is starting a "member-driven movement" to put people before profits.
Posted by Willy Franzen on June 29, 2014. Jobs updated daily.
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SumOfUs
I'm the kind of person who thinks that businesses are the solution to most of the world's problems, but I realize that businesses also create their own set of new problems. This is especially true when businesses get beyond a certain size, and our governments only seem to exacerbate these problems. I'm not sure what the answer is, but SumOfUs thinks it begins with "a new world-wide movement for a better global economy." They're a New York, NY based non-profit that is starting a "member-driven movement" to put people before profits. What does that mean? It means speaking out when large corporations are behaving badly.
The Sum of All Parts
A lot of the language that SumOfUs uses makes me feel uneasy, but I do think it's important to hold corporations accountable for the negative externalities that they create. SumOfUs already has almost 5 million members, and you can take a look at their current campaigns here. The general premise behind SumOfUs' campaigns is that "we own the corporations that are causing all these problems." Not only are we their shareholders, but we're also their customers. We have the ability to change their behavior, but only by banding together. If you like that idea, take a look at the SumOfUs Careers page. Right now they're looking for a Campaigner/Data Analyst and a Executive Programs Coordinator.
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