Credit - IU Athletics
IU Basketball: Archie Miller's Hoosiers Have a Lot to Figure Out on the Offensive End
January 4, 2020 Mike Schumann IUBB 6
Let's call it what it is. Indiana's offense is a complete mess right now.
One field goal in the final 9:25 of the first half on Saturday afternoon at Maryland. A 1-for-17 shooting performance from three-point range until the Terrapins put in the walk-ons in the final four minutes.
There is plenty of blame to go around — both players and coaches. The bottom line is that IU head coach Archie Miller has got to crack the code of inept play on the offensive end — or we will be talking about a fourth straight season with no NCAA Tournament in March.
It is more than two months until Selection Sunday, and Miller knows better than anyone that a lot can change between now and then.
"Teams change throughout the course of the season," Miller said after the loss at Maryland. "Our team is going through one right now. We've got to find a way to get back out of it, and we'll do that. You've got to navigate the road, and that's what we're trying to do right now."
An early identity forged by Miller's team was the ability to get to the free throw line, and knock down those attempts at a respectable rate.
The Hoosiers had averaged more than 29 free throw attempts over their first 11 games but have managed just 16 per contest over the last three. Worse yet, IU has made just 56 percent of those attempts in the last three games.
The inability to knock down shots from the field or the line was eventually too much for what was at times a respectable defensive effort.
"Not being able to score eventually overwhelmed us," Miller said. "We weren't able to make anything happen offensively to hang in there.
"The ball is not going in the basket. Whether it's a layup, a free throw, or a wide open shot. Our backcourt has got to be able to create more quality threes off the dribble.
"You are not going to be able to hold teams down and shut teams down. You're going to have to make some of those open ones and make some of the tough ones."
IU is now just 26-of-108 (24 percent) shooting three-pointers over its last six games. and its shooting woes on Saturday were particularly unfortunate because Indiana was able to slow down Maryland's offense on the other end.
The Hoosiers held Maryland to just 38.7 percent shooting from the field overall including 25 percent by the Terrapins from three-point range.
Despite the poor shooting day by Maryland, the Terps were still able to run out to as much as a 71-41 lead late in the game before head coach Mark Turgeon cleared his bench.
"Do you know how bad you have to be on offense, Miller said in reference to Maryland be able to extend out to a 30 point lead despite shooting so poorly.
"If you had told me coming in that Maryland would shoot those percentages I'd probably so we had a chance to hang in there a little bit today."
The Hoosiers did hang around — a little bit. Indiana trailed 46-38 in the second half, before yet another prolonged scoring drought doomed IU.
This time the Hoosiers were outscored 25-3 over a 7:22 span to put the game away.
Now it is back to the drawing board for Miller as Indiana is on its first losing streak of the season.
Will he continue with a big lineup that puts Justin Smith out on the wing and has both Joey Brunk and Trayce Jackson-Davis — traditional centers from a skillset perspective — all on the floor at the same time? Or will Miller go smaller with more skilled perimeter players?
Will Miller find a way to get more transition opportunities — his preferred offensive attack?
Or will he find a way to create more motion, spacing and dribble penetration to break down defenses and manufacture better looks?
Perhaps all of the above is in order, and Miller believes he and his team have time to transform.
"There is a lot of room for this team to grow up and figure things out, Miller said.
"In this league you're in a deep ocean. There's a lot of waves. You're going to have to ride them out, figure out how your group can survive it and keep moving forward."
See also: Final stats and highlights | Archie Miller post-game | Mark Turgeon post-game | Brunk and Durham discuss loss


Madonna Pulls a Janet Jackson in Istanbul
The Material Girl flashed a crowd during a strip tease-themed act Thursday
By Emily Feldman
Published Jun 11, 2012 at 4:18 PM | Updated at 7:18 PM CDT on Jun 11, 2012
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Madonna ruffled feathers in Tel Aviv a week earlier by using an image of swastika over the forehead of a French politician.
Madonna pulled a stunt out of the Janet Jackson playbook Thursday, ripping down her bra in front of a packed (and camera-carrying) audience during a world tour stop in Istanbul.
Unlike Jackson, however, who painted her Super Bowl over-exposure as a wardrobe malfunction, Madonna worked her flash into a deliberate strip tease-themed performance.
The 53-year-old pop icon began her "Human Nature" number fully clothed in black pants and white shirt, and slowly undressed, capping the act with the buzz-fueling flash.
Just a week earlier, the godmother of boundary-pushing performance, stirred up controversy after she used an image of a swastika atop the forehead of French National Front party darling Marine Le Pen, during a concert in Tel Aviv.
Top Entertainment Photos
Le Pen, who has battled against accusations of anti-Semitism through much of her political career, struck back, telling the Daily Mail that "We understand how old singers who need to get people talking about them go to such extremes." Asked if she'd sue Madonna, she said if she pulled a similar stunt in France "we'll be waiting."
Madonna's tour promoting her lastest album, "MDNA," moves to Rome Tuesday—a city with a rich history of dealing with Madonna antics.


MSc Erasmus Mundus in Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management - CoMEM
Master (ISCED 2011 level 7)
Duration 4 semesters
Entry level Bachelor
Cost €4500 partner university, €2250/semester programme country students
The Erasmus Mundus Master Course in Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management (CoMEM), is a two-year English taught international Master's programme. The programme is offered by a consortium of five recognised European universities. All participating universities have long-standing relations with the industry, public works administrations and research and education institutes:
1) The Norwegian Univerisity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
2) Polytechnic University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
3) Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands
4) City University London, United Kingdom
5) University of Southampton, United Kingdom
During the programme, students study in two or three different countries depending on the individual track of study.
The students will familiarise themselves with key issues involved in providing sustainable, environmentally friendly, legally and economically acceptable solutions to a variety of challenges related to the CoMEM field.
Studying in multiple European countries will enable students to meet and work with professionals from various backgrounds, gather knowledge on a wide range of issues and a comprehensive EU perspective on CoMEM related challenges. This will enable students to develop a coherent and integrated approach that is applicable in a global perspective as well.
The Erasmus Mundus Master Course in Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management (CoMEM), is a two-year English taught international Master's programme. The programme is offered by a consortium of five recognised European universities: 1) The Norwegian Univerisity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 2) Polytechnic University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 3) Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands 4) City University London, United Kingdom 5) University of Southampton, United Kingdom. During the programme, students study in two or three different countries depending on the individual track of study.
The first year acts as a foundation, providing academic and social coherence through compulsory and optional modules, project work and fieldtrips. The second year is focused on specialization and the final thesis. The optional courses are selected by the student in consultation with the CoMEM Track tutors (tt). The full range of distinctive skills offered by the five partners is brought together: these can only be accessed by student mobility. Thus CoMEM is divided into five tracks (specialisations):
Arctic Marine Coastal Engineering (NTNU)
Marine Operations and Management (City, London)
Environment and Management (Southampton)
Coastal Engineering (TU Delft)
Engineering and Environment (UPC, Barcelona)
Admission and selection procedures. Below is the minimum requirements for being considered for admission to the programme:
1. A university BSc degree in Civil Engineering or Environmental Engineering. Other relevant degrees may also be considered for admission to the CoMEM Programme. You have a thorough general knowledge on the fundamentals in engineering or numerate physical sciences and your degree represents a minimum of 180 ECTS (including topics within the fields of mathematics/statistics equivalent to 30 ECTS). If a candidate is in the process of obtaining the Bachelor degree, he/she may apply for admission to CoMEM. He/she must include a letter from the university stating the anticipated date of completion of the degree. We may conditionally admit him/her, based on transcripts, detailed information about the curriculum and the expected date of graduation. The conditional admission letter will include the deadline date for obtaining your BSc degree.
2. A BScCumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) of at least 75 %> of the scale maximum.
3. Proof of English languageproficiency
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) iBT total score of at least 90, with a minimum sub score of 21 for each part of the test, or
IELTS (academic version) total score of at least 6.5, with a minimum sub score of 6.0 for each part of the test, i.e. speaking, writing , reading and listening.
The University of Cambridge 'Certificate of Proficiency in English'or the University of Cambridge 'Certificate in Advanced English'
CoMEM requires the language certificate to have been issued within the past two years.
* exclusively nationals from the USA, the English speaking part of Canada, U.K., Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are exempt from the English language requirement.
4. A clear and CoMEM relevant statement in English (1000 words maximum)
This statement should explain why you would be a good participant in the CoMEM MSc programme. This should include your: 1) academic and personal motivation; 2) relevant skills and abilities; 3) reasons for choice of track.
5. A resume (curriculum vitae) in English
CoMEM is looking for individuals who have the potential to excel in coastal and marine engineering and management as exemplified by their academic and professional activities and demonstrable aspirations.
6. Admission policy
The intent of the admission policy is to ensure equal opportunities for qualified BSc graduates from all countries.
Students are individually assessed on the basis of their academic and professional record, personal statements, letters of recommendation and English language competency.
A limited number of Erasmus+ scholarships are available for Partner and Programme country applicants . Some additional specific region scholarships will also be offered awarded by the EU/EACEA agency after selection lists have been submitted. EU guidelines are followed with regard to the selection and awarding of EU scholarships. For more information consult: EACEA FAQ. Priority for selection of scholarships is given to those holding a BSc over those already holding a MSc.
Applicants can apply to a maximum of three Erasmus Mundus (EM) programmes and are required to specify in their application whether they have applied to other EM courses.
7. Information related to selection and admission procedures. The consortium aims to attract and select elite students and applies the following three step application process: 1) The NTNU international relation office draws up admission advice based on the relevance of the applicant. 2) The CoMEM Admission Reviewer ranks each student based on their application, admission advice and the admission criteria. 3) The CoMEM Consortium Board reviews the final admission advice and develops the final ranking and the nominations for the EM scholarships in a joint meeting in January/February. This process considers gender and geographical balance and students with special needs. The joint application, selection and admission procedure guarantees a fair and transparent selection of the best possible CoMEM candidates.
CoMEM offers a limited number of Programme country and Partner country student scholarships:
Programme Country student scholarships: 35.000€
Partner Country student scholarships: 47.000€ / 51.000€
A limited number of Erasmus+ scholarships are available for students accepted to CoMEM. Candidates who wish to be considered for an Erasmus+ scholarship must indicate this in both the online application form and the additional CoMEM specific pdf application form.
To offer high quality and innovative education in the field of Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management
To add distinctive value of each of the European partner institutions' expertise
To educate students in fundamental and specialized knowledge and intellectual skills in the field
To train students in the most advanced tools and research techniques available within the field
To build on existing fundamental knowledge and to offer advanced knowledge and understanding of specializations accessible through the CoMEM partners communities
To create awareness and educate students in the ethical and integral dimensions of their future profession
To develop an informed understanding of the social, ethical and professional responsibility in coastal management strategies
To prepare students for employment in challenging careers within the field of coastal and marine engineering and management in Europe and worldwide
A university BSc degree in Civil Engineering or Environmental Engineering. Other relevant degrees may also be considered for admission to the CoMEM Programme. You have a thorough general knowledge on the fundamentals in engineering or numerate physical sciences and your degree represents a minimum of 180 ECTS If a candidate is in the process of obtaining the Bachelor degree, he/she may apply for admission to CoMEM.
A BScCumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) of at least 75 %> of the scale maximum.
Proof of English language proficiency
TOEFL: iBT total score of at least 90, with a minimum sub score of 21 for each part of the test
IELTS: total score of at least 6.5, with a minimum sub score of 6.0 for each part of the test, i.e. speaking, writing , reading and listening
'The University of Cambridge 'Certificate of Proficiency in English' or the 'University of Cambridge 'Certificate in Advanced English'
CoMEM requires the language certificate to have been issued within the past two years. Exclusively nationals from the USA, the English speaking part of Canada, U.K., Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are exempt from the English language requirement.
Environmental protection technology
Offshore and renewable energy
Oil, gas and mineral resources
Høgskoleringen 1


Families Need Earned Sick Days, Ask Sen Manchin to co-sponsor!
Karan Ireland
Jun 12, 2015 View / Comment Online
Recently Sen. Manchin voted for an amendment in support of Earned Sick Leave. West Virginia Citizen Action and our national affiliate USAction think it's times to ask him to take the next step… Ask Sen. Manchin to cosponsor the Healthy Families Act, (S 497) legislation that would allow workers to earn paid sick leave to use when they are sick, to care for a sick family member, to obtain preventive care, or to address the impacts of domestic violence.Click to sign the petition – we'll deliver in person next week: http://action.usaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=694A full forty percent of private-sector American workers have no access to paid sick days— meaning that they cannot miss a day of work without risking a day's pay or even their job. When illness or emergency strikes, millions of hardworking people must make an impossible choice between the job they need and their or their families' health and well-being, Under the Healthy Families Act, workers would have the security of knowing that they will be able to tend to their families and themselves without losing their jobs or their income.Paid sick days are also a matter of public health – seventy percent of low-wage workers—including food service, hospitality, nursing home care and child care employees—have no paid sick days. The Healthy Families Act can help stop the spread of illness, especially by those workers who have frequent contact with members of the public.Senate Bill 497 would allow workers to earn up to 56 hours (or seven days) of paid sick leave. Workers would earn one hour of paid sick time for every 30 hours worked. Employers that already provide paid sick time will not have to change their current policies, as long as their existing time can be used for the same purposes.
Click to sign the petition – we'll deliver in person next week: http://action.usaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=694
Fast Facts on Paid Sick Days
Forty percent of private-sector workers, including seventy percent of low-wage workers, have no paid sick days. Nearly two-thirds of restaurant workers have reported cooking or serving food while sick.
A recent study from the University of Arizona showed that within four hours of a sick employee coming to work with a flu-like virus, more than 50 percent of office surfaces were contaminated with the virus.
Illness costs our national economy $226 billion annually in lost productivity. The vast majority of this cost—71 percent—is due to "presenteeism," the practice of sick workers coming to work and infecting their colleagues rather than staying at home.
In a 2010 University of Chicago survey, one in eight workers reported that they or a family member had been fired, suspended, written up or penalized—just for taking time off due to personal or family illness.
A 2012 study found that a lack of workplace policies like paid sick days contributed to an additional 5 million cases of influenza-like illness during the H1N1 pandemic of 2009.
From the CAG Action Alert E-mail List
Subscribe Online www.wvcag.org 304-346-5891
Updated: July 17, 2015 — 3:19 pm
Tags: Sick leave


Why simple STIs may soon lack drugs
Health & Science - By Graham Kajilwa | June 10th 2019 at 10:55:00 GMT +0300
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because of resistance to antibiotics, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned.
Most STIs are caused by bacteria transmitted through either sexual intercourse or fluid contact with an infected person.
But the World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned that soon, some common STIs will no longer be treatable with the current antibiotics.
"Rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea treatments is also a growing health threat, and may lead eventually to the disease being impossible to treat," said WHO in a statement.
The global health body has also noted that a worldwide shortage of a penicillin-derived antibiotic has also contributed to the surge in STIs.
In its latest update, WHO estimates at least one million new cases of STIs occur everyday among persons aged 15-49. This translates to more than 376 million new cases annually.
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WHO has recommended that all pregnant women be screened for syphilis as well as HIV.
"Some (STIs) including chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis—can also be transmitted during pregnancy and childbirth, or, in the case of syphilis, through contact with infected blood or blood products, and injecting drug use," states WHO.
Of the STIs, syphilis has been mentioned as the most prevalent, largely due to a shortage of an antibiotic to treat it.
"All bacterial STIs can be treated and cured with widely available medications. However, recent shortages in the global supply of Benzathine penicillin has made it more difficult to treat syphilis," stated WHO.
The effect of this surge in STIs is already being felt in the country with a recent revelation by gynaecologists that they are partly to blame for rising cases of infertility.
According to Kireki Omanwa, a fertility expert, the current trend where some people have multiple sexual partners risks deepening the health crisis.
Dr Omanwa, Kenya Obstetrics and Gynaecologists Society secretary general, said at least one in every three consultations done by gynaecologists is a fertility case.
"Most of these cases are a result of blocked tubes (fallopian and urethra) which are a consequence of STDs," said Omanwa.
The WHO noted that apart from infertility, STIs if left untreated, can lead to neurological and cardiovascular disease, ectopic pregnancy, still births and increased risk of HIV.
STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections World Health Organisation WHO
Bowled out of ICC event


Home » FTC Chair Lina Khan outlines antitrust priorities
FTC Chair Lina Khan outlines antitrust priorities
FTC Chair Lina Khan testifies at her Senate confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill in April 2021.
Graeme Jennings/Getty Images
US Federal Trade Commission Chair Lina Khan outlined her vision and policy priorities in enforcing antitrust in a memo issued to staff on Wednesday.
The memo offers an early glimpse into how Khan plans to lead the five-member agency that's tasked with enforcing consumer protections. The new direction of the FTC under Khan's leadership could have big implications for large tech firms, like Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google and Microsoft, which have come under more scrutiny by regulators and lawmakers, who say their power should be reined in. The FTC enforces antitrust law along with the Department of Justice as it seeks to protect consumers against unfair business practices and privacy violations.
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In the memo, Khan outlined several strategic principles. These include taking a "holistic approach to identifying harms." Khan said she wants the FTC to take into consideration that in addition to consumers, those who can be harmed by antitrust violations include workers and other businesses. This is a shift from the popular view of antitrust enforcement that focuses solely on consumer harms.
She also suggested "targeting root causes rather than looking at one-off effects" when it comes to analyzing mergers. She said it's important to assess how business models or conflicts of interest may result in antitrust harms. Among other key principles, she said the agency needs to be "forward-looking" and to act more quickly to mitigate harm. This includes paying close attention to "next-generation technologies, innovations, and nascent industries across sectors."
Khan outlined three specific policy priorities:
Addressing "rampant consolidation." Khan said it's important to focus resources and scrutiny on dominant firms, where a lack of competition makes unlawful conduct more likely. This will include revising merger guidelines in conjunction with the DOJ to deter mergers that the agency and DOJ are likely to challenge.
Going after "dominant intermediaries" or "gatekeepers." Khan wrote, "Business models that centralize control and profits while outsourcing risk, liability, and costs also warrant particular scrutiny, given that deeply asymmetric relationships between the controlling firm and dependent entities can be ripe for abuse."
Taking aim at contracts that set up unfair methods of competition or deceptive practices. Khan mentioned noncompete clauses, exclusionary clauses and repair restrictions as being harmful to consumers and other businesses negotiating over terms and conditions.
Khan also said the FTC should broaden its skillset and hire more technologists, financial analysts and other experts from different fields so that it's able to build on existing talent to take an interdisciplinary approach to its analysis of markets.
Khan's memo comes three months after she was confirmed by the Senate. Progressives cheered her pick as chair and have been hopeful that the antitrust reformer would bring fresh eyes to an agency that's largely been viewed as ineffective in reining in the power of Big Tech giants.
As an academic, Khan gained notoriety as leader of a movement calling for more-rigorous antitrust enforcement. Her approach outlined in her 2017 Yale Law Journal article titled "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox" argues that an antitrust framework focused on consumer welfare has been inadequate in preventing harms from big dominant technology firms, like Amazon.
Prior to Khan's appointment, the FTC had started to get tougher on the nation's most prominent tech companies. Last year, the commission sued Facebook, alleging that the social media company violated antitrust law. The FTC has asked the court to overturn Facebook's deals to buy photo sharing app Instagram and instant messaging app WhatsApp. Both those deals had been reviewed by the FTC.
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Home :: Military :: Systems :: Aircraft :: Future :: Tanker ::
KC-46 Pegasus Tanker
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KC-46 Pegasus Tanker Replacement
The Air Force accepted the first KC-46A Pegasus tanker from The Boeing Company 10 January 2019. This is a major milestone for the next generation tanker and will allow Airmen to begin operational testing and flight training. The Air Force has identified, and Boeing has agreed to fix at its expense, deficiencies discovered in developmental testing of the Remote Vision System (RVS). The Air Force has mechanisms in place to ensure Boeing meets its contractual obligations while initial operational testing and evaluation continues. The formal delivery ceremony at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, will occur as early as late January 2019.
The KC-46 Tanker Program reached a major milestone 24 January 2016, when it successfully demonstrated its first-ever aerial refueling contact and fuel transfer with an F-16C from Edwards Air Force Base. The flight was the first in a block of testing out of Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, using the boom system.
The new KC-46 comes with several big improvements. For instance, the new tanker uses a Remote Vision System to operate the boom. In a current tanker, the boom operator executes refueling by viewing the receiver aircraft through a large sighting window in the aft of the aircraft. Instead, the KC-46 boom operator executes refueling while stationed just behind the flight deck in front using a remote camera system to view a 3-D image of the boom and receiver. The system is also equipped with panoramic cameras offering a 185-degree horizontal field of view behind the aircraft, which is especially useful for probe and drogue refuelings.
Analysis of boom aerial refueling (AR) testing showed a significant number of instances where the boom nozzle contacted the receiver aircraft outside the refueling receptacle and in many of those instances, the Aerial Refueling Operators (AROs) were unaware those contacts had occurred. Boom nozzle contact outside the receptacle can damage antennae or other nearby structures, but is especially problematic for low-observable receiver aircraft by damaging radar-absorbing coatings. A potential contributing factor for both the number of contacts outside the receptacle and undetected contacts is the reduced visual acuity of the AROs using the Remote Vision System (RVS). Boeing and the Air Force teams conducted root cause analysis, reviewing the historical data, and collected additional data during tests.
The KC-46 refueling operators transitioned from laying down on their stomachs, sitting at the back of the airplane, looking out a window at receiver aircraft, to sitting up front in the airplane at an air refueling operators' station (AROS) looking through a 3-D stereoscopic Remote Vision System (RVS). The new vision system is designed to replicate depth perception under all lighting conditions. Aspects such as lighting, have been designed into the AROS to make operating the boom easier. Lighting shouldn't play as big a part with the new remote vision system. They're able to utilize cameras in such a way that conventional external lighting from the tanker looking down on the receiver doesn't play as big a part. While operating legacy systems, operators had to adjust lights to allow the boom operator to gain depth perception in dark environments.
The KC-46A is intended to replace the U.S. Air Force's aging fleet of KC-135 Stratotankers which has been the primary refueling aircraft for more than 50 years. With more refueling capacity and enhanced capabilities, improved efficiency and increased capabilities for cargo and aeromedical evacuation, the KC-46A will provide aerial refueling support to the Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps as well as allied nation coalition force aircraft.
The KC-46 tanker modernization program, valued at $52 billion, is the Air Force's highest acquisition priority and recently completed its second year in development to convert a commercial derivative aircraft into an aerial refueling tanker. Aerial refueling — the transfer of fuel from airborne tankers to combat and airlift forces — is critical to the U.S. military's ability to project power overseas and to effectively operate within a combat theater. It enables military aircraft to fly further, stay airborne longer, and carry more weapons, equipment, and supplies than unrefueled forces.
KC-46 aircraft are expected to replace about two-fifths of the KC-135 Stratotanker fleet, currently the mainstay of the US large tanker force. This force is now over 50 years old on average and costs increasingly more to maintain and support, with additional concerns that age-related problems could potentially ground the fleet. Consequently, the Air Force plans to develop, test, and field 18 KC-46 tankers by August 2017, and eventually have a total of 179 aircraft by 2027.
The KC-46A will be able to refuel any fixed-wing receiver capable aircraft on any mission. This aircraft is equipped with a modernized KC-10 refueling boom integrated with proven fly-by-wire control system and delivering a fuel offload rate required for large aircraft. In addition, the hose and drogue system adds additional mission capability that is independently operable from the refueling boom system.
Two high-bypass turbofans, mounted under 34-degree swept wings, power the KC-46A to takeoff at gross weights up to 415,000 pounds. Nearly all internal fuel can be pumped through the boom, drogue and wing aerial refueling pods. The centerline drogue and wing aerial refueling pods are used to refuel aircraft fitted with probes. All aircraft will be configured for the installation of a multipoint refueling system.
MPRS configured aircraft will be capable of refueling two receiver aircraft simultaneously from special "pods" mounted under the wing. One crewmember known as the boom operator controls the boom, centerline drogue, and wing refueling pods during refueling operations. This new tanker utilizes an advanced KC-10 boom, a center mounted drogue and wing aerial refueling pods allowing it to refuel multiple types of receiver aircraft as well as foreign national aircraft on the same mission.
A cargo deck above the refueling system can accommodate a mix load of passengers, patients and cargo. The KC-46A can carry up to 18 463L cargo pallets. Seat tracks and the onboard cargo handling system make it possible to simultaneously carry palletized cargo, seats, and patient support pallets in a variety of combinations. The new tanker aircraft offers significantly increased cargo and aeromedical evacuation capabilities.
The aircrew compartment includes 15 permanent seats for aircrew which includes permanent seating for the aerial refueling operator and an aerial refueling instructor. Panoramic displays giving the ARO wing-tip to wing-tip situational awareness.
The KC-46 program's acquisition strategy is to convert a commercial Boeing 767 airframe into a militarized aerial refueling tanker in two phases. In the first, Boeing is modifying their 767 airframe with a cargo door and an advanced flight deck display borrowed from the new Boeing 787 aircraft and calling this modified version the 767-2C. In the second, the 767-2C airframe will be further militarized by adding the air refueling capabilities, an air refueling operator station that includes panoramic three-dimensional displays, and threat detection and avoidance systems.
The KC-46 tanker is expected to be more capable than the KC-135 it replaces in several respects. It will have a modernized KC-10 tanker refueling boom integrated with a fly-by-wire (computer assisted) control system and a permanent hose and drogue refueling system that enables both types of refueling to be employed on the same mission. The KC-135 has to land and switch equipment to transition from one mode to another. Also, the KC-46 is expected to be able to refuel in a variety of night-time and covert mission settings and will have countermeasures to protect it against infrared missile threats. Designed with more refueling capacity, improved efficiency, and increased cargo and medical evacuation capabilities than its predecessor, the KC-46 is intended to provide aerial refueling to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and allied aircraft.
The KC-46A Pegasus program received Milestone C approval from Frank Kendall, the under secretary of defense for acquisition, technology and logistics, signaling the aircraft is ready to enter into production. Work was underway to award the first two low rate initial production lots within the next 30 days. "I commend the team for diligently working through some difficult technical challenges," Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said 12 August 2016. "The KC-46 program has made significant strides in moving the Air Force toward the modernization needed in our strategic tanker fleet." Securing approval to begin low rate initial production required completion of several aerial refueling demonstrations, to include refueling an F-16 Fighting Falcon, C-17 Globemaster III and A-10 Thunderbolt II off the boom, and an AV-8 Harriar II and F/A-18 Hornet off both hose and drogue systems. The KC-46 also proved its receiver capability by taking fuel from a KC-10 Extender.
The first aircraft deliveries will be to McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, and Altus AFB, Oklahoma.


This article is about the 1962–1964 GT racing car. For the 1984–1986 Group B racing car, see Ferrari 288 GTO.
(39 produced)
Giotto Bizzarrini
Sergio Scaglietti
Body and chassis
Sports car (S)
FR layout
330 LMB
3.0 L Tipo 168 Comp/62 V12
300 PS (220 kW; 300 hp)
4.0 L V12
5-speed Dog-leg manual
2,400 mm (94.5 in)
4,325 mm (170.3 in)
880 kg (1,940 lb)
The Ferrari 250 GTO is a racing GT car which was produced by Ferrari from 1962 to 1964 for homologation into the FIA's Group 3 Grand Touring Car category. In May 2012 the 1962 250 GTO made for Stirling Moss became the world's most expensive car in history, selling in a private transaction for $38,115,000 to US communications magnate Craig McCaw.[1] In October 2013, Connecticut-based collector Paul Pappalardo sold chassis number 5111GT to an unnamed buyer for a new record, somewhere within the $38 million range.[2] The numerical part of its name denotes the displacement in cubic centimeters of each cylinder of the engine, whilst GTO stands for "Gran Turismo Omologato",[3] Italian for "Grand Touring Homologated." When new, the GTO cost $18,000 in the United States, and buyers had to be personally approved by Enzo Ferrari and his dealer for North America, Luigi Chinetti.
In total, 39 250 GTOs were manufactured between 1962 and 1964. This includes 33 cars with 1962-63 bodywork (Series I), three cars with 1964 (Series II) bodywork similar to the Ferrari 250 LM and three "330 GTO" specials with a larger engine. Four of the older 1962-1963 (Series I) cars were retrofitted in 1964 with an updated (Series II) body.
In 2004, Sports Car International placed the 250 GTO eighth on a list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s, and nominated it the top sports car of all time. Similarly, Motor Trend Classic placed the 250 GTO first on a list of the "Greatest Ferraris of All Time."[4] Popular Mechanics named it the "Hottest Car of All Time." [5]
1 Design and development
1.1 Variants and related development
3 Collectibility
3.1 Register
4 In popular culture
The Tipo 168/62 V12 engine
The 250 GTO was designed to compete in GT racing, where its rivals would include the Shelby Cobra, Jaguar E-Type and Aston Martin DP214.[6] The development of the 250 GTO was headed by chief engineer Giotto Bizzarrini. Although Bizzarrini is usually credited as the designer of the 250 GTO, he and most other Ferrari engineers were fired in 1962 due to a dispute with Enzo Ferrari. Further development of the 250 GTO was overseen by new engineer Mauro Forghieri, who worked with Scaglietti to continue development of the body.[7] The design of the car was a collaborative effort and cannot be ascribed to a single person.
The mechanical aspects of 250 GTO were relatively conservative at the time of its introduction, using engine and chassis components that were proven in earlier competition cars. The chassis of the car was based on that of the 250 GT SWB, with minor differences in frame structure and geometry to reduce weight, stiffen and lower the chassis. The car was built around a hand-welded oval tube frame, incorporating A-arm front suspension, rear live-axle with Watt's linkage, disc brakes, and Borrani wire wheels. The engine was the Tipo 168/62 Comp. 3.0 L V12 as used in the 250 Testa Rossa. This engine was an all-alloy design utilizing a dry sump and six 38DCN Weber carburetors. It produced approximately 300 horsepower and was very reliable, proved by previous competition experience with the Testa Rossa. The gearbox was a new 5-speed unit with Porsche-type synchromesh.[7]
Bizzarrini focused his design effort on the car's aerodynamics in an attempt to improve top speed and stability. The body design was informed by wind tunnel testing at Pisa University as well as road and track testing with several prototype cars. The resulting all-aluminium bodywork had a long, low nose, small radiator inlet, and distinctive air intakes on the nose with removable covers. Early testing resulted in the addition of a rear spoiler. The underside of the car was covered by a belly pan and had an additional spoiler underneath formed by the fuel tank cover. The aerodynamic design of the 250 GTO was a major technical innovation compared to previous Ferrari GT cars, and in line with contemporary developments by manufacturers such as Lotus. The bodies were constructed by Scaglietti, with the exception of early prototypes with bodies constructed in-house by Ferrari or by Pininfarina (in the case of s/n 2643 GT). Cars were produced in many colours, with the most famous being the bright red "Rosso Cina".[7]
The interior of a 250 GTO is extremely basic, emphasizing the car's racing intentions. The instrument panel does not contain a speedometer, seats are cloth-upholstered, and no carpeting or headliner is present. Cockpit ventilation is provided by exterior air inlets.[7] The exposed metal gate defining the shift pattern became a Ferrari tradition that was maintained in production models until recently (due to the exclusivity of paddle-shift gearboxes across the range).[8]
Variants and related development
Various differences are visible between individual 250 GTOs, as a result of their handbuilt production process and updates and repairs throughout each car's competition history. Differences in air intake/vent configuration are common among cars. Modifications to the original bodywork were performed by the factory, Scaglietti, or other body shops, usually after crashes or according to a racing team's wishes.[7]
In 1964, Ferrari tasked Mauro Forghieri and Mike Parkes with redesigning the 250 GTO's bodywork. The resulting design (called the GTO '64 or Series II) was very similar to the 250 LM, although without that model's mid-engined configuration. Minor modifications to the engine, gearbox, chassis, and interior were also incorporated into this new design. Three new cars were produced to this specification in 1964, and four earlier 250 GTOs were retrofitted with the 1964 modifications by the factory.[7]
Three 330 GTO specials were made using 400 Superamerica 4.0L motors. They used the same chassis and body as the 250 GTO, although distinguished by a larger bonnet bulge. These cars were used briefly for racing and testing by Scuderia Ferrari before being sold to private customers.[9]
The 330 LMB is sometimes considered a GTO variant. These cars used a 4.0L 330 motor and a modified 250 GT Lusso chassis/body. Four were produced in 1963.
Three 275 GTB/C Speciales were built in 1964/65. Despite their origins as competition versions of the 275 GTB, they are sometimes considered developments of the 250 GTO due to similarity of configuration and bodywork.[10]
The Ferrari 250 GT SWB Breadvan was a one-off racing car designed for Scuderia Serenissima by Bizzarrini after his departure from Ferrari. It was developed specifically to compete against the then-new 250 GTO. Although based on the earlier 250 GT SWB, the Breadvan provided an opportunity for Bizzarrini to develop the ideas he had first explored with the GTO, such as lower and more aerodynamic bodywork, incorporation of a dry sump, and radical lightening of the entire car.
FIA regulations as they applied in 1962 required at least one hundred examples of a car to be built in order for it to be homologated for Group 3 Grand Touring Car racing.[11] However, Ferrari built only 39 250 GTOs (33 of the "normal" cars, three with the four-litre 330 engine sometimes called the "330 GTO"—recognizable by the large hump on the bonnet—and three "Type 64" cars, with revised bodywork). Ferrari eluded FIA regulations by numbering its chassis out of sequence, using jumps between each to suggest cars that did not exist.[12] When FIA inspectors appeared to confirm that 100 examples had been built, Enzo Ferrari shuffled the same cars between different locations, thus giving the impression that the full complement of 100 cars was present.[13]
The car debuted at the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1962, driven by American Phil Hill (the Formula One World Driving Champion at the time) and Belgian Olivier Gendebien. Although originally annoyed that they were driving a GT-class car instead of one of the full-race Testa Rossas competing in the prototype class, the experienced pair impressed themselves (and everyone else) by finishing second overall behind the Testa Rossa of Bonnier and Scarfiotti.
Ferrari would go on to win the over 2000cc class of the FIA's International Championship for GT Manufacturers in 1962, 1963, and 1964,[14] the 250 GTO being raced in each of those years.
The 250 GTO was one of the last front-engined cars to remain competitive at the top level of sports car racing. Before the advent of vintage racing the 250 GTO, like other racing cars of the period, passed into obsolescence. Some were used in regional races, while others were used as road cars.
Collectibility
From the late 1970s to the late 1980s, classic car values rose rapidly and the 250 GTO, touted as the Ferrari that most completely embodies the characteristics of the marque, became the most valuable Ferrari.
A 250 GTO (4757GT) belonging to the deceased Robert C. "Chris" Murray, a drug dealer who fled the United States in 1984, was seized by the FBI and sold in a sealed auction in 1987 for approximately $1.6 million. Murray bought the car in 1982 from a Beverly Hills dealer with $250,000 in cash from a backpack full of $20 and $50 notes.[15] In 1989, at the peak of the boom, a 250 GTO was sold to a Japanese buyer for $14.6 million plus commission.[16] By 1994 that example changed hands for about $3.5 million.[16] In 2008, a British buyer[17] bought a 250 GTO that formerly belonged to Lee Kun-hee of Samsung Electronics[18] at an auction for a record £15.7 million.[19] In May 2010, BBC Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans bought chassis number 4675 GT for £12 million.[20] According to Octane Magazine, the Ferrari 250 GTO bearing chassis number 5095GT was sold by British real estate agent Jon Hunt to an unknown buyer. It has been disclosed that the buyer was Carlos Hank Rhon of Mexico, a member of one of most influential families within the PRI ruling party. In February 2012, in what is believed to be the largest single car transaction in the United Kingdom, a Ferrari 250 GTO sold for over £20 million (approx. US$31.7 million).[21]
Scarcity and high prices led to the creation of several replica 250 GTOs on more common Ferrari chassis. Misrepresentations of the original cars, offered for sale at full market value, have been reported.[22]
The price development of the GTO, all in US dollars is:[citation needed]
1962–4 (new): $18,500
1965: $4,000[23]
1965 (Dec): $10,500
1968 (Jun): $6,000
1969: $2,500 (Kruse International auction)
1971 (Jan): $9,500
1971 (Jul): $12,000
1973 (Jul): $17,500 (£7,000)
1978: $85,000
1980 (Mar): $180,000-200,000
1983: $300,000
1985: $650,000 (Number 3987GT)[24]
1986: $1,000,000
1987 (Oct): $1,600,000
1988 (Jul): $4,200,000
1989 (Jul): $10,000,000
1990 (Jan): $13,000,000
1993: $3,000,000-3,500,000 (Number 4219GT)[25]
1998: $6,000,000 (Number 3729GT)[26]
2004: $10,600,000 (Number 3223GT)[28]
2012 (May) $38,115,000 (Number 3505GT)[30]
2013 (Oct) $38,000,000 (Number 5111GT)[31]
Prices fell substantially during the car market crash of the early 90s, resulting in the most recent lows of $2,700,000 in September 1994, and $2,500,000 in May 1996. Prices began to climb again in the late 90s, and reached about $7,000,000 by 2000. They reached $10,000,000 again in 2004. Since 2013 the most recent record is quadruple that of the $13 million paid in January 1990.
Source:[32]
3223GT Red Joseph M. Barone and Vanessa Wong[33] PA, USA $10.6mio in 2004[28]
3387GT Blue Bernard Carl Washington DC, USA
3413GT Red Gregory Whitten Medina WA, USA $7.0mio in 2000[27]
3445GT Blue/Yellow Christopher E. Cox Chapel Hill NC, USA Crashed in 2012[34]
3451GT Red Lawrence Stroll Montreal, CDN
3505GT Green Craig McCaw Santa Barbara CA, USA $35mio in 2012[30]
3527GT Red Irvine Laidlaw Manchester, UK
3589GT Dark Blue/White Engelbert Stieger Teufen, CH $4.2mio in 1988[35] Car involved in car crash during historic race in 1999[35][36]
3607GT Red S. Robson Walton Bentonville, AR, USA
3647GT Red James McNeil Jr. Staten Island, NY, USA Car crashed in the 1000K rally at Nuerburgring in 1963[37][38]
3705GT Red Ed Davies Coral Gables, FL, USA
3729GT White Jon Shirley[26] Medina, WA, USA $6.0mio in 1998[26]
3757GT Red Nick Mason London, GB £35,000 in 1978[39]
3767GT Green Anthony Bamford Oakamoor, GB
3769GT Grey/Blue Anthony Wang NY, USA
3809GT Red Hartmut Ibing Düsseldorf, D
3851GT Red Unknown Unknown $38.1mio on August 14, 2014;[40] (est $52 mio[41] and $42.2 - 50.7 mio[42]) First owned by Jo Schlesser. Henri Oreiller fatally crashed the car in 1962,[43] following which it was rebuilt by the factory. Owned 1965-2014 by Fabrizio Violati and family.[44][45]
3869GT Red Giorgio Perfetti Lainate, I
3909GT Grey John Mozart Palo Alto, CA, USA $4.0 - $4.5mio in 1998[46]
3943GT Red Charles E. Nearburg Dallas, TX, USA $26.0mio in 2010[29]
3987GT Red Ralph Lauren Long Island, NY, USA $0.65mio in 1985[24]
4091GT Red Peter G. Sachs Stamford, CT, USA
4115GT Red Paul Vestey Alresford, Hants, GB
4153GT Silver/Yellow Christian Glaesel[47] D
4219GT Dark Blue Brandon Wang London, GB $3.0 - $3.5mio in 1993[25]
4293GT Red William E. 'Chip' Connor Incline Village, NV, USA Regarded by historian Marcel Massini as the best example of all.[48]
4399GT Red Anthony Bamford Oakamoor, UK
4491GT Green Giuseppe Lucchini Brescia, I
4675GT Red Lionshead West Collection USA $42mio in 2013[49]
4713GT Red Lulu Wang Ronkonkoma, NY, USA
4757GT Red Tom Price SF, CA, USA Without its original engine[50]
5095GT Red Carlos Hank Rhon Cuauhtemoc, MEX $32mio in 2012[51][52] Previously involved in traffic accident[53]
5111GT Red Torrota Collection E (CH) $52mio in 2013[31]
Song "GTO" produced by Stock, Aitken and Waterman on 1987 album Sinitta! by American/British pop singer Sinitta is about a boyfriend obsessed with his GTO.
The song "The Key to Her Ferrari" on Thomas Dolby's 1988 album Aliens Ate My Buick humorously depicts the singer's romantic attraction to a 1964 Ferrari GTO.
The 1991 John Candy film Delirious featured a 250GTO replica, probably built by McBurnie Coachcraft.[54]
Tom Cruise drives a 250 GTO replica in the 2001 movie Vanilla Sky.[55]
A 1962 Ferrari GTO figures prominently in the 2003 Law & Order: Criminal Intent season two episode "Cherry Red".
A 250 GTO replica appears in the 2015 film The Man from U.N.C.L.E.[56]
Many other film and television appearances of Ferrari 250GTOs and replicas are cited in the Internet Movie Cars Database entry for "Ferrari 250 GTO in movies and TV series."[57]
Ferrari 250 GT SWB Breadvan, a 250 SWB modified by Giotto Bizzarrini and Piero Drogo for Giovanni Volpi, in order to challenge the 250 GTO
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Supercars.net article on Ferrari 250 GTO
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferrari 250 GTO.
250 GTO Chassis List, with history
A gathering of GTOs for the 45th Anniversary celebration
Sergio Marchionne
Maurizio Arrivabene
Current key personnel
James Allison
Luca Baldisserri
Loïc Bigois
Mattia Binotto
Jock Clear
Simone Resta
Massimo Rivola
Lorenzo Sassi
2016 Race drivers
7. Kimi Räikkönen
2016 Test and reserve drivers
Charles Leclerc (Development)
Ferrari Driver Academy
Giuliano Alesi
Antonio Fuoco
Guanyu Zhou
Phil Hill
Former drivers
See category
Drivers' titles:
Constructors' titles:
Former personnel
Mario Almondo
John Barnard
Gustav Brunner
Rory Byrne
Carlo Chiti
Gioacchino Colombo
Stefano Domenicali
Chris Dyer
Alfredo Ferrari
Cesare Fiorio
Mauro Forghieri
Pat Fry
Hirohide Hamashima
Vittorio Jano
Aurelio Lampredi
Claudio Lombardi
Luca Marmorini
Neil Martin
Paolo Martinelli
Marco Mattiacci
Luca Cordero di Montezemolo
Marco Piccinini
Harvey Postlethwaite
Enrique Scalabroni
Rob Smedley
Nigel Stepney
Jean Todt
Nicholas Tombazis
Formula One cars
246 F1-66
F1/86
150° Italia
F14 T
SF15-T
SF16-H
IndyCar/CART cars
375 Indy
Sports racing cars
166MM Le Mans
212 Export
225 S & 250 S
250 Monza
118 LM & 121 LM
500 TRC
250 Testa Rossa
Ferrari 250 TR 61
250 GT SWB
330 TRI/LM
250 P, 275 P & 330 P
275 P2, 330 P2 & 365 P2
330 P3/4 & P4
512S & 512M
512 BB LM
333 SP (Dallara)
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8 cylinder Mid-engine berlinetta 308 308 i 308 QV 328 348 360
208 208 Turbo GTB/GTS Turbo F355
Mid-engine 2+2 308 GT4 Mondial 8 Mondial QV 3.2 Mondial Mondial t & Cabriolet
12 cylinder Boxer berlinetta 365 BB 512 BB 512i BB Testarossa 512TR F512M
Grand tourer 250 275 365 GTB/4
"Daytona" 550 Maranello
America 330 365
2+2 coupé 250 GT/E 330 GT 2+2 365 GT 2+2 365
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Sold under the Dino marque until 1976; see also Dino car timeline
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Lamborghini launches Huracan Super Trofeo
Eric Tipan
Developed from a real racing concept unveiled at The Quail
Automobili Lamborghini August 18, 2014 06:42
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The Quail, A Motorsports Gathering 2014 - considered to be one of the most prestigious motoring events in the whole world - was the venue for Automobili Lamborghini's launch of the new Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo.
Developed from real racing concept, this model will also debut in the European, Asian and North American one-make 2015 Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo series.
"The Huracán Super Trofeo is an all-new car built from scratch with a clear racing concept. We believe the car will be as fun for fans to watch as it will be rewarding for our racers to drive," said Maurizio Reggiani, Board Member and Director of Research and Development for Automobili Lamborghini.
The Huracán Super Trofeo was redesigned and developed in collaboration with Dallara Engineering with Giampaolo Dallara being directly involved in the project. This alliance between Dallara and Lamborghini dates back to 1963, through the development of the Miura up until today.
The Huracán Super Trofeo has a direct-injected V10 engine that delivers 620 PS in race trim, and a rear-drive set-up meant to accelerate the series racers' transition into GT racing. The hybrid carbon fiber/aluminum chassis trims the vehicle's weight down to 1270 kg, providing a power-to-weight ratio of 2.05 kg/hp.
The ten-position rear wing, front and rear diffusers as well as adjustable front air intakes provide better aerodynamics, efficiency, traction and downforce. Lightweight racing spec electronic cables and connections come as standard for the Super Trofeo and are connected to a Motec M182 control unit. The unit controls data, gear changes and the new TFT display that is placed on the dashboard. The traction control and Bosch Motorsport ABS has 12 different settings and can be adjusted via controls on the steering wheel.
The Huracán Super Trofeo will be exclusively equipped with Pirelli tires developed specifically for this application. The tires measure 305/660/18 at the front while the rear tires measure at 315/680/18.
Also at The Quail, Lamborghini presented the Aventador LP 700-4 in a new version by Ad Personam. The vehicle is on display to highlight Lamborghini's personalization program.
Ad Personam clients can order their Lamborghini with personalized materials, custom colors and exclusive trim for exterior and interior fitment.
Mercedes-Benz debuts one-off 540K Streamliner at Pebble Beach
The one-off 540K Streamliner, a vehicle dating from 1938, has undergone extensive restoration and reconstruction
Jaguar Land Rover to open Vehicle Special Operations center for VIPs
Jaguar Land Rover will invest $33,387,000 in a facility handling high-end customization and extreme performance
2014-08-18 06:04:14 Eric Tipan


Published December 29, 2014 9:02 pm
Coachella Valley restaurants to hire Bernie's Supper Club workers after fire
When Xitlali Acosta got to work Christmas Day, she was devastated to see her livelihood go up in smoke. Once known as Davey's Hideaway, flames ripped through Bernie's Lounge and Supper Club in Palm Springs Christmas Day.
"It was like my second home, so it was kind of sad. The building was burning," Acosta said.
The restaurant opened its doors on Palm Canyon exactly one year ago on Dec. 29, but Monday there was no celebration. The doors were boarded up. The inside was gutted and the smell of charred wood still lingered throughout the building.
Bernie's co-owner, Geoff McIntosh, told us on the day of the fire that he plans to rebuild.
"We'll be back. I don't know how long it'll take, but we'll be back and it'll be better," McIntosh said.
However, until the supper club is up and running again, its 27 employees are without jobs, that's why other Coachella Valley restaurants are stepping in to give them a place to work.
The Slice Pizzeria and Maracas Cantina in Rancho Mirage, JT's Diner in Palm Desert and Riccio's Steak and Seafood in Palm Springs are hiring Bernie's employees. They're looking for bartenders, cooks, dishwashers and more.
"Most businesses are already geared up for season. It's hard for these people to walk up, one day they have a job, next day they don't have a job for they don't know how long," said Jack Srebnick, owner of the Slice, Maracas and JT's Diner. "It's important for us to stick together and help each other in time of need."
We were there when Acosta, a single mom, went in for a job interview at the Slice and Maracas. She was hired at both to help maintain a 40-hour work week.
Acosta's now looking forward to ringing in the new year.
"I'm excited I have a job," Acosta said.
She hopes her former co-workers will have the same opportunity.
For more information, contact the individual restaurants.


FIG PUBLICATION NO. 16
Constituting Professional Associations
Report of an FIG task force established to advise on the formation and role of national professional surveying associations
2. The reasons for forming an association
3. How does an association begin?
4. Questions to be addressed in forming an association
I. Guidelines for preparing the constitution and rules of a new professional association
II. Members of the task force
Orders for printed copies
The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) is a UN-accredited non-government organisation whose member associations are themselves NGOs operating within national boundaries.
Many governments are seeking new ways to respond to the needs of their people and of the demands of market-driven economies. In so doing, many are utilising the skills and energies of NGOs, including professional bodies. It is therefore timely that FIG should have prepared guidelines on constituting professional associations, since one of its aims is to ensure that the disciplines of surveying and all who practise them meet the needs of the markets and the communities that they serve.
As part of its strategy for realising this aim, FIG has already published guidelines on continuing professional development and is preparing a model code of ethics and professional conduct that reflects today's social and economic needs. The third part of the strategy is to give guidance to countries wishing to form new professional bodies where these do not already exist and to help existing bodies to improve the services that they are already providing.
As noted in the guidelines, there are four reasons for forming a professional body - to unify the profession, to provide continuing professional development, to act on behalf of the profession, and to contribute to society's well being. None of us can afford to be complacent about the professional services that we deliver, so the guidelines are as applicable to existing associations as they are to new ones. They indicate what a professional body should do, how such a body can be formed, and how help can be found to improve the services that surveyors already offer.
On behalf of the Federation I would like to thank Grahame Lindsay and his team for this document. Although it has been prepared by and for surveyors, it will be equally helpful to other professions wishing to establish new bodies or to improve the services offered by existing ones. I therefore commend these guidelines to all professionals and their clients.
Professor Peter Dale
President, FIG
1.1 The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) is an international non-governmental organisation whose aim is to ensure that the disciplines of surveying and all who practise them meet the needs of the markets and communities they serve. As prescribed in the FIG Statutes and Internal Rules, national surveying associations are the only full voting members of FIG.
1.2 At the end of 1997 the voting membership of FIG consisted of 72 national associations from 65 countries with new applications being received. In addition there were 19 correspondents from countries in which there is no association. It is not surprising therefore that, from time to time, FIG receives requests from individual surveyors and groups of surveyors for advice on how to form a national professional surveying association and how such an association might function. It is apparent that there are many countries where, for a variety of reasons, a surveying association does not yet exist.
1.3 The FIG Bureau accordingly decided to set up a task force to prepare a paper on the topic so that information might be available to those surveyors who requested it. The Bureau subsequently agreed that the resultant paper could also be of use and guidance to the members of associations which are already in existence - and perhaps even to national associations representing other disciplines. Whilst the primary reasons for forming an association have not changed, there are now influences and forces at work which call for new roles and responsibilities for all professional associations. The members of the task force and the FIG Bureau therefore hope that this document will help many professionals in many countries.
2.1 Four reasons for forming and association are:
to unify the profession,
to provide continuing professional development,
to act on behalf of the profession and
to contribute to society's well being.
2.2 There are eight common functions which lie behind the formation and operation of any professional association. These are networking, representing, promoting, educating, setting standards, producing products and services, providing professional and technical advice, and finance and funding. Comments on each of these follows.
2.3 Networking. It is said that there is strength in numbers and the life and practice of every surveyor is enhanced by belonging to an association of his or her professional peers. Such an association provides an opportunity for members of the same discipline to come together, to learn to know one another and to learn from one another, to encourage one another, to talk about their work, to agree to do together the many things for their profession that individuals cannot achieve on their own, to socialise together and to make friendships. These are all life and community enhancing and therefore worthy objectives.
2.4 Representing. Governments and other national or local authorities require information of many kinds on many subjects. An association may represent the distilled views of its whole membership on topics within its area of knowledge and on matters which impact upon its members and/or the community at large.
It is under this heading that surveyors must be active in contributing to the creation of public policy in all levels of government. Surveyors, together with other physical scientists, tend to be more enthusiastic about technology than policy. It is true that the "how" is often easier than the "why".
Just as FIG is accepted by the United Nations as a non-government organisation (NGO) and is referred to as a partner in development, so a professional surveying association in a particular country should seek to position itself with respect to the various levels of government of its country and contribute to the development of policy in matters upon which it can legitimately have an interest.
2.5 Promoting. Surveying in all its fields provides important services to a community. An active association can inform the public about how these services can be made available and how the work of surveyors will satisfy the relevant needs of clients.
To ensure that the surveying profession attains and maintains its proper recognition in the whole family of professions and that it makes its maximum possible contribution to the society in which it is set, the association's members must act in a professional manner. The association as the representative of the profession and its members must interact with the public, the government and business.
Through the association's continual and effective involvement in the activities of commerce, government, education and society at large, the profession will become recognised as contributing positively to the community.
2.6 Education. The most distinguishing factor of any professional person is the attainment of a level of tertiary education which demonstrates both the possession of knowledge and the commitment and understanding necessary to achieve that level. It is important that the content of tertiary education courses is developed by the academic institutions in consultation with the profession. Professional surveying associations therefore have a responsibility to work with the relevant academic institutions to ensure that the surveying course or courses being offered in their countries meet the needs of the profession and equip graduates with relevant knowledge. Professional associations also work closely with employers to ensure that survey graduates obtain the practical training and experience that are essential components of a professional qualification.
In countries where there are no relevant courses at university level for surveyors, FIG will support the local association in seeking to have these established.
The technology of surveying in all its fields has changed rapidly in the last few decades and these changes are now occurring at a rate which makes it extremely difficult for any individual surveyor continuously to maintain up-to-date knowledge. The use of computers, electronic notebooks and field recorders, the development of commercially available computer software with application to the operations of surveyors in both technical areas and in financial and business management areas, improvements in the collection, management, manipulation and presentation of data, facilities management systems, computer aided design and life cycle costing, GIS/LIS, electronic distance measuring devices, electronic maps and charts, GPS and many other technological developments all require understanding and knowledge. Producing or making available existing publications and holding seminars, workshops and conferences which address these and other matters provide valuable opportunities for continuing professional development.
Governments produce legislation which will impact on many aspects of the practice of surveying or on the life of surveyors as members of the community. Associations can help their members to understand and apply this legislation.
Continuing professional development for surveyors means that there will always be the need for good communications between the academic institutions and the profession.
2.7 Setting standards. Another of the marks of a profession is that it has set standards of performance for those who follow that profession. These standards should cover a range of matters including
standards of ethical behaviour to be adhered to when dealing with clients, other members of the profession and the public,
standards of performance in the conduct of the work of individuals and firms,
standards of education and training necessary for those who would enter the profession and practise in it and
standards of continuing professional development so that those who do practise in the profession may keep their knowledge up to date.
2.8 Products and services. An association will assist its members to understand how to deliver their goods and services in the way which will be best for their clients and the community. It will do this by providing opportunities for discussion, by having experts in various fields impart their knowledge and by stimulating those who might otherwise not do so to speak of the things that they have learned through their practice of the profession.
The association will deliver products and services to its members and provide them with advice and information. This could include information on professional liability and facilities for professional indemnity insurance. The range of information services will, of course, depend on the resources available to the association. It should have a regular newsletter, however modest. It will hold regular meetings for its members and carry out its agreed objectives.
The association will look outwards to the whole community and seek to inform it about the contribution that its members can make to alleviating problems and improving the quality of life. It is also necessary in today's world of information for the association to promote and market the profession itself. This involves representing to governments and others the benefits which will accrue to the whole community from the use of the knowledge and expertise of surveyors. The association will also comment on proposed legislation and seek to influence the development of sound public policy.
It will give advice on alternative dispute resolution processes and arbitration procedures; and it will nominate professional persons as arbitrators, for the provision of expert witness, and as members of advisory boards.
It will look forward and prepare its members for changes which are occurring or will occur in the way that its members carry out their work.
2.9 Professional and technical advice. The association, representing the profession, acts as a conduit in supplying professional and technical advice or assistance to those within its membership, to the clients of surveyors' services, to standards organisations, to international organisations such as FIG and to all outside the profession who need it. This is done through publications, responding to requests for information and participation by members of the association on its committees and councils.
2.10 Finance and funding. The functioning of an association requires money and other resources, even when many of the services it provides are given voluntarily by its members. Newsletters cost money to print and distribute, places at which meetings can be held cost money to hire and so on. Membership of an association carries with it the responsibility to help to provide the resources that the association needs to carry out its objectives. Most associations deal with this matter by requiring the payment of an annual membership fee, the amount of which may vary with the grade of membership of each individual member. Income can also be derived from sustaining members and from charging members or members of the public for specific services.
2.11 Summary. The foregoing sets out the main reasons why associations are formed and what they do after they have been formed. It is possible that there may be other external reasons for the formation of a professional association or for the review of the objectives and activities of an existing association - for example, the desire by government to regulate or de-regulate the activities of the profession. In countries where some elements of the work of surveyors have in the past been regulated, there is an observable trend by governments to want to transfer some or all of this responsibility to the profession itself. In all of these circumstances, the presence of a strong, well managed, outward looking, widely representative association of surveyors will ensure that these changes can be dealt with in the best possible way.
3.1 In most cases it seems that the idea of forming an association starts in the minds of one or two individuals. They may have seen how another association works or they may have been to a meeting at which the activities of another association have been seen. Or they may have read about another association in a publication or newspaper. However it comes about, the seed of forming an association is planted.
3.2 Those with this idea will talk to other surveyors and encourage them to think about the possibility. Eventually there may be sufficient interest for the holding of an exploratory meeting to discuss the matter. Who should be invited to this meeting? It should be quite satisfactory for this and any other exploratory meetings to comprise only a small group of interested individuals. Those who may have had experience with another professional surveying association should certainly be asked to contribute their knowledge.
3.3 Eventually, after discussion and enquiry, the interested surveyors should come to the conclusion that an association should be formed. Once this stage has been reached, there are various questions that need to be addressed. Some of the most important of these are covered in the next section of this paper.
4.1 Does the new association need a constitution or set of rules? The answer is "Yes", but the content and shaping of those rules requires thought and care. Appendix I includes a list of suggested headings for such a set of rules; but the list may have to be adapted to meet the cultural (including religious), legal and political life of the community in which the association is set. It can be helpful to obtain the advice of a lawyer when the constitution is being prepared.
It is best to keep the set of rules as short as possible and to express them in language that is understandable to everyone.
4.2 Should the association seek to have a legal entity by becoming incorporated under the relevant laws of the country? In most countries it will be wise to follow such a course and to prepare the new association's constitution so that it meets the requirements of the laws of the country. One of the primary reasons for having a legal entity is the protection it provides to the members of the association under certain circumstances. There may also be taxation or other benefits available to the association. For these reasons, it can be helpful to have legal advice and the advice of a financial/taxation expert.
4.3 Who should be able to become members? This is a most important question as the answer which is arrived at will have a vital impact on the interests and activities of the association. The first question to be asked is "Who are the surveyors in our country?" FIG has produced a publication entitled "Definition of a Surveyor" and copies of it are obtainable from the office of the FIG Bureau. Surveying associations in a number of countries have adopted the FIG definition as their own and accept as members all those who meet this description and carry out the activities in one or more of the various fields described in the definition. This is a most desirable approach; but it is recognised that it may be too ambitious for the formation of a new association. More frequently, associations begin with a smaller and less widely representative membership and expand and join with other associations as they progress.
It is most important that all surveyors who practise in the public, private, corporate, armed services and academic or teaching sectors should be able to become members. For the association to be as effective as possible, none should be excluded.
The FIG Statutes provide that associations seeking to become members of it may be what is referred to as "vertically structured" - that is, they may provide grades of membership for those who have full professional qualifications and, as well, for those who have a lesser qualification. This is an issue which needs careful thought and a solution found which will work in the particular country. In the view of the task force, it is desirable that the association should provide for those who have less than a full professional qualification, whilst at the same time giving due recognition to those who have made the effort to equip themselves with a professional qualification. Once again, it may be desirable to begin with a small and cohesive membership and expand as experience is gained.
4.4 Should the association have a code of ethics? Since adherence to a code of professional conduct is one of the marks of a professional person, it is important that the new association adopts a code of ethics at its beginning. In doing so it will state publicly the standards to which it expects its members to adhere. FIG is preparing a model code of ethics which may be adopted by the new association or, if this cannot be done for valid reasons, adapted as necessary to meet the requirements of the particular country.
4.5 What office bearers are needed by the new association? At its commencement, a new association needs, at least, a chairman or a president to call and chair meetings and provide some leadership. It needs a secretary to record the minutes or proceedings of meetings and to ensure that the decisions of the association are carried out. It needs a treasurer to administer money and keep accounts. If there are sufficient interested persons a few additional committee members may be appointed to assist by accepting some other essential responsibilities. It is best to keep the original committee to a small manageable size, recognising that good communications are essential in the early stages of formation. The larger the committee, the more difficult it may be to achieve this objective. It will also be helpful to involve younger members of the profession. They can bring their energy and enthusiasm to these important discussions.
4.6 Can a group of surveyors wishing to form an association get help or advice from outside? The answer is fortunately "Yes". Contacting the FIG Bureau will always be a helpful step, because by that means the group will be able to receive up-to-date advice and information. FIG has publications available, including the one on the definition of a surveyor, which will be useful. The Bureau office is also the contact point for the world leaders in surveying. Their advice will be valuable to a group of surveyors wishing to form an association. The FIG Statutes and Internal Rules can also be helpful in drawing attention to the kinds of matters that will need to be considered.
The Bureau may be able to do other things as well. It is possible that an association from another country might be prepared to develop a "sister" relationship with the new group and FIG can be the catalyst for bringing the two together. By this means the experience and knowledge of the one can strengthen the other and provide valuable support at an important stage in a new life.
It is possible that FIG may be able, depending on the resources available to it and the timing of the request, to send a representative to meet the new group and offer first hand advice and support. FIG may also be able to conduct seminars and workshops for associations wishing to do some future planning for the profession in their country.
The technical and scientific commissions of FIG cover all aspects of the surveyor's work. They produce newsletters and other publications and hold meetings, and their members communicate by e-mail and through the Internet world wide web. Linkage into the FIG network of people and information can bring many benefits.
4.7 What about the name? The name that is chosen for the association is important because it gives to both the members and the public an idea of the purposes of the association. The name should be broad enough to allow for an enlargement in the activities and membership of the association in the future and sufficiently descriptive to leave no doubt as to its main reason for existence. Perusal of the list of names of the member associations of FIG shows that there is a wide range of possibilities.
4.8 What is left to be done? When all the preparations have been made, when the framework of the new association has been decided, when plans for what it might do have been made and when there is agreement about the way forward, the next step is actually to form the association. It may be done in a very simple way by holding a meeting at which the foundation membership is constituted, the first office bearers are elected, a short speech from a visiting eminent person is made and the new chairman or president replies. The meeting might conclude with supper or other social event, relevant to the culture and practice of the country.
The opportunity should be taken to issue a media statement and publicity so that the commencement of the new association is as widely publicised as possible.
The new association is on its way and its new life has begun! Like any other new life it will need nurture, care, energy, commitment, time and other resources to make it survive and grow; but its value to those who are involved in it, the community within which it is set and all who need the work and advice of surveyors will increase as the association moves on.
Everyone from the international community of surveying represented by FIG will express goodwill and interest and will encourage the association. A step which the association will unquestionably want to take at some appropriate time will be to become a member of FIG. We wait to welcome you!
Guidelines for preparing the constitution and rules of a new professional association
As was mentioned in section 4.1 of this document, it is best to keep the constitution or set of rules of an association as short as possible. A common and useful approach is to have a short formal constitution and provide in it the right to have subsidiary by-laws or internal rules which explain and enlarge upon matters raised in the constitution. FIG itself follows this approach.
It is important to remember that constitutions and rules must provide flexibility and that they also need to be up-dated from time to time as change occurs in the goals, structures and forms of the association in response to a changing community. This is especially so for the by-laws and internal rules.
Money matters are important and it will be wise to provide for a person outside the organisation, and not necessarily an accountant, to audit the accounts of the organisation each year. In this way, members will have the confidence that the resources of the association, even if they are very small, are being properly managed. There are several avenues which may be available to associations seeking independent auditors and enquiries should be made of other professional associations to determine the most cost effective approach.
The following list of suggested headings for the constitutions is not exhaustive, nor is it suggested that it be followed completely. Every constitution should reflect the laws, customs and culture of the country within which it is set. However, the list may be useful by providing some ideas for discussion as the constitution is being prepared.
Preamble - to present the association to the reader.
The name of the association.
The goals and objectives of the association.
The mechanisms to achieve the goals and objectives.
Any essential definitions - for example, who is a surveyor?
Membership matters including the categories of membership and their qualifications, who approves applications for membership and how membership may be relinquished.
Obligations of members - to support the association and adhere to its rules, etc.
Rights and responsibilities - to participate in its assemblies, prepare and deliver papers, invite guests, elect the officers, pay membership fees promptly, etc.
Operating structures - which officers make up its management committee, how often must they meet and when an annual meeting is held, how persons are elected to office, the quorum of members to be present to hold a business meeting and the business to be transacted at ordinary and annual meetings.
The responsibilities of elected officers.
Finance and how the association will raise its funds - how the annual membership subscription is decided upon and what the association might do with its money, provision of an auditor, etc.
Language - which language or languages are to be used in communication? This matter might be relevant in countries with multiple languages.
The process for amending the constitution.
Providing for the making of by-laws or internal rules.
How the association might be dissolved if this should become necessary at some time in the future.
The by-laws or internal rules will expand on matters in the constitution where this is necessary. The FIG Bureau can provide examples of the constitution and rules of some existing associations for guidance.
Members of the Task Force who prepared this document
Grahame Lindsay (Chairman) - Vice President (and formely Secretary-General) of FIG (Australia)
Ken Allred - Chairman, FIG Commission 1 (professional practice) (Canada)
Ernst Höflinger (Austria)
Jerome Ives (USA)
David Macoco (Kenya)
Michel Mayoud (France)
Wee Soon Kiang (Singapore)
FIG PUBLICATION No 16
Published in English
Published by The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), FIG Bureau 1996–1999
ISSN:1018-6530, ISBN 0-85406-862-7, February 1998, London, UK.
Printed copies can be ordered from:
FIG Office, Kalvebod Brygge 31-33, DK-1780 Copenhagen V, DENMARK,
Tel: + 45 38 86 10 81, E-mail: FIG@fig.net
FIG Policy Statements []
No. 2 - Definition of a Surveyor
No. 3 - Sustainable Development: a challenge and a responsibility for surveyors
No. 4 - The Surveyor's Contribution to Land Management FIG
No. 5 - The Surveyor's Contribution to Land Management
No. 6 - FIG and Member Associations: how to improve their relationships
No. 11 - The FIG Statement on the Cadastre
No. 13A - The Bogor Declaration
No. 15 - Continuing Professional Development
No. 17 - Statement of Ethical Principles and Model Code of Professional Conduct
No. 19 - Quality Assurance in Surveying Education
No. 21 - The Bathurst Declaration
No. 23 - FIG Agenda 21
No. 27 - Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications
No. 30 - The Nairobi Statement
No. 33 - Marrakech Declaration
No. 34 - Aguascalientes Statement
No. 43 - FIG Costa Rica Declaration
No. 45 - Land Governance in Support of The Millennium Development Goals
No. 51 - Hanoi Declaration
No. 54 - Compulsory Purchase and Compensation
FIG Guides []
No. 1 - Exchange of Surveying Personnel
No. 9 - Recommended Procedures for Routine Checks of Electro-Optical Distance Meters
No. 16 - Constituting Professional Associations
No. 24 - Women's Access to Land
No. 25 - Models and Terminology for the Analysis of Geodetic Monitoring Observations
No. 28A - FIG Guide on Standardisation
No. 29 - Business Matters for Professionals
No. 31 - Land Information Management for Sustainable Development of Cities
No. 35 - Enhancing the Representation of Under-Represented Groups in FIG
No. 37 - FIG Guide on the Development of a Vertical Reference Surface for Hydrography
No. 41 - Capacity Assessment in Land Administration
No. 47 - Institutional and Organisational Development - A Guide for Managers
No. 60 - Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration
No. 62 - Ellipsoidally Referenced Surveying for Hydrography
No. 64 - Reference Frames in Practice Manual
No. 71 - FIG Guiance on Professional Competencies
FIG Reports []
No. 8 - Hydrography in Ports and Harbours
No. 10 - FAO and FIG Future Collaboration in Cadastral Reform in Rural Economics in Transition
No. 13 - Land Tenure, Land Management and Land Information Systems
No. 13B - Report of the United Nations Inter-Regional Meeting of Cadastral Experts
No. 14 - Working Towards Liberalisation in Trade in Services
No. 22 - Co-operation Between FIG and the UN Agencies 2000-2003
No. 36 - Administering Marine Spaces: International Issues
No. 38 - The Contribution of the Surveying Profession to Disaster Risk Management
No. 42 - Informal Settlements: The Road towards More Sustainable Places
No. 44 - Improving Slum Conditions through Innovative Financing
No. 46 - Enhancing Surveying Education through e-Learning
No. 48 - Rapid Urbanization and Mega Cities
No. 49 - Cost Effective GNSS Positioning Techniques
No. 49 - 2nd edition
No. 50 - History of Surveying
No. 52 - The Social Tenure Domain Model - A Pro-Poor Land Tool
No 52 - Arabic version
No. 53 - Sydney Agenda for Action
No. 55 - Spatial Planning in Coastal Regions
No. 56 - Guidelines for the Planning, Execution and Management of Hydrographic Surveys in Ports and Harbours
No. 57 - Report on the Economic Benefits of Hydrography
No. 58 - Spatially Enabled Society
No. 59 - International Boundary Making
No. 61 - CADASTRE 2014 and Beyond
No. 63 - The Africa Task Force
No. 65 - The Surveyor's Role in Monitoring, Mitigating, and Adapting to Climate Change
No. 67 - Property Taxation for Developing Economies
No. 68 - The Christchurch Declaration
No. 70 - Africa Regional Network - 2015-2018
No. 72 - Best Practices 3D Cadastres
No. 73 - The Land Surveyors Role in the Era of Crowdsourcing and VGI
No. 74 - Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS
No. 75 - FIG and Me
FIG Regulations []
No. 12 - FIG Plan of Work 1995-1999
No. 20 - FIG Work Plan 1999 - 2003
No. 32 - Work Plan 2003-2006
No. 39 - FIG Work Plan 2007-2010
No. 40 - FIG Statutes, Internal Rules and Guidelines
United Nations Publications
Informal Urban Development in Europe
World Bank Publications
Lis of Publications
Securing Africa's Land for Shared Prosperity
Innovations in Land Rights Recognition, Administration and Governance
FAO Publications
European Union accession and land tenure data in Central and Eastern Europe
Access to rural land and land administration after violent conflicts
Decentralization and rural property taxation
Leasing Agricultural Land
Gender and access to land
The design of land consolidation pilot projects in Central and Eastern Europe
GLTN / UN-Habitat Publications
UNGGIM Publications
UNECE/UNECA Publications
Geospatial Societies Publications
The Value of Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management (VALID)
Geoinformation for Disaster and Rish Management
Land Administration for Sustainable Development
Enhancing Professional Competence of Surveyors in Europe
FIG Annual Review
FIG General Assembly Minutes
List of Agendas and Minutes