Home Colombia Hernán Darío Velásquez Saldarriaga, alias 'El Paisa'
Hernán Darío Velásquez Saldarriaga, alias 'El Paisa'
Last update September 3, 2019
Colombia Personalities
El Paisa
Ex-FARC Mafia
Hernán Darío Velásquez, better known as "El Paisa," is a former guerrilla commander who had gone missing for more than a year until reappearing in a video announcing a new dissident force composed of ex-leaders of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – FARC).
Though he took part in the 2016 peace negotiations between the FARC and the government, El Paisa had always viewed the process with suspicion and later criticized its implementation. In 2018, he fled a reintegration camp in Caquetá, where he was staying along with other ex-combatants.
El Paisa was not seen again until August 2019, when he appeared in the video alongside guerilla commander Luciano Marín, alias "Iván Márquez," that announced their return to war.
A hardened leader who formerly was in charge of the FARC's special forces unit, El Paisa was behind some of the most notorious and bloody operations during the half a century of civil conflict. He stands to play a key role in developing the new force's military strategy, along with bringing former fighters back into the field.
It is currently believed that El Paisa is holed up in Venezuela, somewhere in the Orinoco River basin, where he is protected by a heavy security detail.
A native of Remedios, Antioquia, El Paisa was raised in Medellín, where some say he came under the tutelage of Pablo Escobar and the Medellín Cartel, acting as a "sicario," or contract killer," while also learning about arms and drugs trafficking.
At just 19 years old, he had a number of warrants out for his arrest, and he partnered with the FARC, because he thought the guerrillas would provide him with protection. He was imprisoned in 1989 after he was caught in Jamaica conducting an arms trafficking deal to trade cocaine for 1,000 rifles and 250 mortars. Upon his release, he joined up with the FARC's Eastern Bloc, led by Victor Julio Suarez, alias "Mono Jojoy." El Paisa terrorized the department of Antioquia, placing checkpoints on roads and demanding drivers pay a tax to let their vehicles pass.
In 1993, he was placed in command of the newly created Teófilo Forero Mobile Column. Known as "La Teófilo," the elite group of fighters was created to protect the FARC's top leadership, known collectively as the Secretariat.
The late FARC leader Mono Jojoy, then the commander of the Eastern Bloc, took an interest in El Paisa, who had a penchant for violence and brought a number of skills from his time with the Medellín Cartel, including urban warfare tactics.
As dialogue began between the FARC and the government of President Andrés Pastrana in 1998, the Teófilo column focused its sphere of influence and action in the southwest department of Huila.
El Paisa's stature within the FARC grew as the rebel force built its military capacity, especially in the Eastern and Southern Blocs. The Eastern Bloc was headed by Mono Jojoy, while El Paisa served in the Southern Bloc, where he handpicked the men serving under him.
El Paisa led some of the bloodiest actions perpetrated by the FARC during this chapter of the Colombian conflict, starting with the murder of Diego Turbay Cote and his family in 2000 and the infamous takeover of the Miraflores building in 2001, which marked the first massive kidnapping.
In 2002, he effectively ended peace talks with former President Pastrana when his Teófilo unit hijacked a commercial aircraft carrying political opponent Jorge Gechem. This was followed by the car bombing of Club El Nogal in Bogotá in 2003 and the kidnapping of 12 deputies from Valle del Cauca in 2007.
After the deaths of FARC leaders Mono Jojoy and Guillermo Leon Saenz, alias "Alfonso Cano," in 2010 and 2011 respectively, the FARC needed to regroup and restructure. It did so through what was called Plan Renacer, or "Rebirth Plan," which counted on El Paisa and his Teófilo Column, now the guerrilla's special forces unit.
By 2013, El Paisa and the Teófilo column had inflicted such damage that the government founded the Jupiter Task Force, a unit devoted exclusively to combatting him and his fighters.
As the first overtures between the government of President Juan Manuel Santos and the FARC were made, El Paisa was named to the FARC's General Staff. El Paisa made his reservations about the negotiations known. Yet in April 2016, he joined the FARC peace delegation in Havana, denying he was opposed to the peace process.
At the signing and implementation of the peace agreement, El Paisa was put in charge of the Territorial Training and Reincorporation Space (ETCR) of Miravalle in Caquetá. In 2018, he was joined there by Márquez, who had refused his senate seat in Bogotá after the arrest of former commander Seuxis Pausías Hernández Solarte, alias "Jesús Santrich," on drug charges. Around April 2018, El Paisa fled the ETCR for Venezuela.
El Paisa's disappearance was a blow to the already fraught peace process, as he was considered crucial to learning the truth of what happened during decades of conflict.
He was repeatedly asked to return to the peace process. His failure to do so led the government to issue a warrant for his arrest in April 2019.
El Paisa provided the manpower behind the FARC's cocaine business, protecting coca crops and providing security for drug shipments. However, regular confrontations with Colombian security forces made it increasingly difficult for his Teófilo Forero Mobile Column to stay under the radar.
His unit also counted on resources from extortion and kidnapping, which eventually became their main sources of income. In areas under its control, the Teófilo column maintained a system of taxes on farms and passing vehicles. For several years, El Paisa managed to collect up to 2 billion pesos ($615,000) in this way.
During his time in the guerrilla, El Paisa settled in the territory that runs from Caquetá to Huila, along the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. His zone of control stretched across the municipalities of San Vicente del Caguán, Puerto Rico, Algeciras, Campoalegre, Neiva, La Uribe, Baraya, Colombia, Mesetas and San Juan de Arama.
During the peace process, he was back in familiar territory, at the Miravelle ETCR in San Vicente del Caguán, until his escape from the reintegration camp. Now, he is believed to move between Venezuela and Arauca in Colombia, backed by a strong security force.
Allies and Enemies
During his time in the guerrilla, Velásquez established close ties with Mono Jojoy, commander of the FARC's Eastern Bloc. He also allied himself with Manuel Marulanda, alias "Tirofijo," the guerrilla group's head of security.
El Paisa and his Teófiló column were under constant pursuit by a special police unit called "Los Lobos," or "The Wolves," and the Jupiter Unit. But he eluded them, always moving with a dozen bodyguards and employing a ring of 80 fighters who stayed on alert for any movement by armed forces.
Today Iván Márquez is his closest ally. It's likely for this reason that Márquez chose to join him in Miravalle ETCR, from which both men fled.
In the August 2019 video where Marquez calls on demobilized FARC guerrillas to return to war, El Paisa stands beside him, in camouflage and holding an M4 rifle.
Like the other former FARC leaders in the video, a 3 billion-peso bounty (about $885,000) has been offered for any information leading to his arrest.
Thanks to his experience as the head of the Teófilo column, El Paisa provides unmatched military prowess and leadership.
He stands to bring many former fighters into the new force and could help to reunify the FARC, given his deep knowledge of drug trafficking operations and cocaine production.
His primary role, however, will likely be to strategize and launch the group's new armed offensive.
Hernán Darío Velásquez Saldarriaga, alias 'El Paisa'
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González: Feds will oppose governor on compulsory COVID-19 test results for air travelers
By The Star Staff
Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González Colón said Thursday that Gov. Wanda Vázquez Garced's desire to see that travelers arriving in Puerto Rico hand in negative COVID-19 tests is going to collide with federal government public policy.
"The issue of passenger entry and movement is an interstate commerce one," the resident commissioner said at a press conference. "The governor stated that they are evaluating restricting entry to Puerto Rico and I trust that this will be studied by the local Justice Department."
González Colón gave the example of the state of Hawaii, which made a deter- mination similar to that proposed by the governor, but the U.S. Justice Department let it be known that it will challenge that action.
"So it is up to the [Puerto Rico] Department of Justice to make that evaluation and give its input to the governor, so that when the determination is made, it can be done based on what is right in law," the resident commissioner said.
González Colon noted that the possibility has been raised in the Transportation Committee of the U.S. House of Repre- sentatives that the airlines may require passengers to show evidence of a negative result from a COVID-19 test before being allowed to enter an airplane.
"In other words, this is a matter of legislative discussion today in Congress, regarding security measures for planes, cruises and [other] ships," she said. "So Congress is going to be taking action on this. There is still no bill; it emerged in a public hearing as one of the alternatives."
At a press conference Wednesday in Dorado, the governor insisted that it was her wish to include the evidence requirement in the next executive order related to the coronavirus pandemic emergency, but she needs the opinion of her advisory groups.
On Thursday, Vázquez was supposed to release the contents of the new execu- tive order, but it was announced that the release will be on a different date.
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Chris Packham
TV presenter, photographer and conservationist Chris Packham is one of the nation's favourite naturalists. He is best known for the BAFTA-winning The Really Wild Show and fronting BBC's Springwatch and Autumnwatch. Packham is president of the British Trust for Ornithology, Hawk Conservancy Trust, the Hampshire Ornithological Society and the Bat Conservation Trust and vice-president of the RSPB and the Butterfly Conservation. In 2011, he was awarded the British Trust for Ornithology's Dilys Breese Medal for his 'outstanding work in promoting science to new audiences', and in 2016 he won the Wildscreen Panda Award for Outstanding Achievement, for his contribution to wildlife filmmaking.
Packham's partner Charlotte Corney owns the Isle of Wight Zoo, and his step-daughter is studying zoology at Liverpool University. He lives in the New Forest.
Fingers in the Sparkle Jar Chris Packham
A beautifully told, deeply personal growing-up memoir from the BBC presenter about life, death, love and nature.
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Inspirational Women in Law Award Results
We are delighted to announce the winner and finalists of the First 100 Years' Inspirational Women in Law Award. From the huge number of nominations we received from all over the legal industry, the First 100 Years team and our brilliant panel of judges were able to narrow the competition down to five finalists, from which Keily Blair of Morrison & Foerster was chosen as this year's overall winner. Congratulations Keily!
The Award was in search of the brightest stories from the next generation of lawyers, to be included in the First 100 Years video library. The First 100 Years project will be running the competition annually until the centenary of the Disqualification (Removal) Act in 2019, by which time we will have named 10 women as the future's most Inspirational Women in Law. As well as receiving one of the First 100 Years' limited edition toilet rolls, Keily's story (and those of our future winners) will be filmed as part of the video library project and featured here on the First 100 Years website.
Our judging panel included:
Baroness Cohen
Sean Jones QC
Monica Burch
Susan Belgrave
The panel of judges were given anonymised versions of our finalists' entries, and a set of impartial criteria to judge by. The judges were unanimously impressed with Keily's submission, and her commitment to be a mentor and champion of women in Law. Keily had this to say on winning the award:
It is a privilege to have won the Inspirational Women in Law Award 2016. 100 years ago the women who sought equal treatment to men in the social, political and professional spheres were trailblazers. In 2016, the path to entry into the legal profession for women is well trodden, however the outdated business and career models which hold back the progression of women in the law must be challenged. The responsibility to develop and champion women in the legal sector belongs to every person in the legal profession. Those at the top of our profession owe it to those who came before them and those than come after them to agitate for change. I will use this Award as a platform to continue promote the advancement of women in the legal sector and beyond.
Congratulations are also in order for our four runners-up: Georgina Wolfe (5 Essex Court), Annie Flower (Goldman Sachs), Gemma Pesce (Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council), and Claire Sng (DLA Piper). Each of our finalists received a diploma at the Spark 21 Conference on November 9th, presented to them by the Lord Chancellor Liz Truss, and will become ambassadors for the First 100 Years project. We can't wait to hear more from these brilliant women as they continue their careers and their commitment to improving the future for women in Law.
If you would like to support Spark 21 and the First 100 Years project to continue recognising and shaping the future for women in Law, please visit our donation page. Donations of £50 or over will secure you a personalised place on the First 100 Years Donors' wall.
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Isn't it odd that government would use a "conspiracy theory" to convict a person, a group, an inanimate object like a motorcycle who really can't think or move to commit murder on it's own. Never the less it gets charged too, God forbid we use common sense, huh?
A conspiracy to commit murder using everything from mind control, ESP, eye contact, hand signals, coded words and for good measure lets add smoke signals. Three or more people conspiring to commit crimes in a day and time when no two people can agree on anything much less murder. They tried to tell us this is whats in the minds of 177 people.
So now "they" are mind readers? How's that working out for us since they can't seem to stop terrorists or school shooters before they act?
Looks like Me It gets even harder when you have a group of alpha personalities clashing with one another. It's hard to get a decision on where to eat lunch and they want us to believe Bikers conspired to commit crimes and murder. You must dig deep within the FBI rhetoric to find out what they really think.
Mind control worked on the Cossack's, right up until the gun fire started? Just how many ran toward the fight? So much for mind control and brainwashed robots. They signed up but not for that.
Just to top off the "Conspiracy Theory" our local yokels throw in a wild eyed story of Bikers coming to town to cause chaos and God knows what? With guns, stolen C4, hell bent on getting even with the Law. The media eats it up in a frenzy, waiting to see more blood. Weeks years spent hammering the narrative into the minds of the public, basically brainwashing the weak minded or those not in the know of the MC world. In the early hours one lone voice Bandido Gimme Jimmy goes to the media to explain none of this is true.
That is a Conspiracy Theory and basically how it works to sell books, make movies and convict the innocent along with the guilty.
I made it real clear how much I hate conspiracy theories on last nights radio show. Concocting a narrative to fit an event to sell you a book is one thing, but using it to send someone or group to prison or ruin their lives is another.
The FBI / DOJ in particular have gotten real good at it. With the ablity to send out teams of investigators with endless budgets. What we see going on Nationally is sickening. They say these government entities have been politicized, I tell you it's been that way all along. Jack Booted thugs of government which can be used against political opponents and the people. People they perceive as a threat, not to us, to them.
It's so bad we find ourselves rooting for the guys they told us was bad. For over a year now it's been Russia Russia Russia. They along with the media set the narrative for the public to consume. Russia diddled in our election in 2016 they say. Thinking we're too stupid to realize our country has been doing the same thing to other countries elections for what maybe a century? What do you think the CIA does?
Then it gets ramped up when a political party infiltrates the ranks these government agencies. It's now a whole new ball game. Everybody is in danger from their wrath if they perceive you as a threat to the their narrative. I know I experienced it when the IRS came after our local Tea Party (mostly people in their 50's 60's).
The way Tea Party's were set up is to protect members. When the IRS asked me for a memberships list I politely told them to get F**cked, we have no members, then they wanted to know if we gave speeches and what our meeting were about. Just to top it off they wanted to know the pass words to our websites. That made the National News. That law suit against the IRS was settled this year.
What could be worse you ask? It's when our local and State Agencies start trying to mimic these rogue entities of Federal Government. We now know this is not a theory, this is real. The difference is money and manpower. Unlike the Feds in most cases speed is needed. People have been sent to prison using these methods along with snitches fearing threats to imprison if they did not produce a story or evidence that fit the narrative or theory.
Government is never going to change this. It's up to us to find it, expose it. then work to find like minded people that we can encourage to run for public office. It's not a Conspiracy it's the world we live in now..


Obama Reaches Out to Nation, Lawmakers on Libya
By Melanie Starkey
Posted March 26, 2011 at 5:00am
President Barack Obama updated the nation Saturday on the U.S. military mission in Libya, and while he refrained from discussing regime change, he said the effort is part of a larger strategy of holding Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi and his government accountable for a violent crackdown on political opponents.
The president used his weekly address to report "important progress" by an international coalition in enforcing a no-fly zone over the North African country, and the White House announced Friday night that Obama would provide further updates in a speech at 7:30 p.m. Monday at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C.
Obama also organized a last-minute Congressional briefing about the situation. A bipartisan, bicameral group of Members gathered in the White House Situation Room for the briefing or participated by phone. Because secure phone lines could not be arranged, some classified information was not shared, Politico reported.
A classified Congressional briefing is scheduled for Wednesday at the Capitol Visitor Center auditorium.
In response to the crackdown, the United Nations Security Council voted March 17 to approve a no-fly zone to protect Libyan civilians. An international coalition led by the United States began enforcing the zone last Saturday, but U.S. officials were quick to say that the U.S. military would hand off primary responsibility within days. They announced Friday that a deal had been reached for NATO to take over all aspects of the mission.
Lawmakers from both parties have made their discomfort with the mission clear in the past week and criticized the administration for not seeking Congressional approval.
Obama defended his military decision Saturday.
"Make no mistake, because we acted quickly, a humanitarian catastrophe has been avoided and the lives of countless civilians — innocent men, women and children — have been saved," he said.
He also emphasized the transition to NATO control of the mission.
"As I pledged at the outset, the role of American forces has been limited," he said. "We are not putting any ground forces into Libya. Our military has provided unique capabilities at the beginning, but this is now a broad, international effort."
Critics have contended that the mission lacks clarity, particularly because Obama has called for an end to Gaddafi's power, while the U.N. Security Council resolution did not mention regime change.
Obama scaled back Saturday.
"Our message is clear and unwavering," he said. "Gaddafi's attacks against civilians must stop. His forces must pull back. Humanitarian assistance must be allowed to reach those in need. Those responsible for violence must be held accountable. Moammar Gaddafi has lost the confidence of his people and the legitimacy to rule, and the aspirations of the Libyan people must be realized."
Obama told lawmakers during the White House briefing Friday that there are no plans to use the U.S. military to assassinate Gaddafi, Politico reported. Rep. Dutch Ruppersberger (D-Md.) told Politico that Obama gave no timeline for U.S. involvement in the operation.
The White House said in a statement Friday that Obama took questions from lawmakers during the briefing. Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio), House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-Va.), House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D-Md.), Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) and Senate Minority Whip Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.) were among the lawmakers who participated, either in person or by phone.
Also participating were Senate Armed Services Chairman Carl Levin (D-Mich.) and ranking member John McCain (R-Ariz.), Senate Foreign Relations Chairman John Kerry (D-Mass.) and ranking member Dick Lugar (R-Ind.), Senate Intelligence Chairman Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) and ranking member Saxby Chambliss (R-Ga.), Senate Appropriations Chairman Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) and ranking member Thad Cochran (R-Miss.), House Armed Services ranking member Adam Smith (D-Wash.), House Foreign Affairs Chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.) and ranking member Howard Berman (D-Calif.), House Intelligence Chairman Mike Rogers (R-Mich.) and ranking member Dutch Ruppersberger (D-Md.), and House Appropriations Chairman Hal Rogers (R-Ky.) and ranking member Norm Dicks (D-Wash.).
White House Chief of Staff William Daley, National Security Adviser Tom Donilon, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Mike Mullen and Gen. Carter Ham, who leads the U.S. Africa Command, were also involved.


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Home / Buy WhatsApp Stock (Stock Price, Stock News) UPDATED
Buy WhatsApp Stock (Stock Price, Stock News) UPDATED
Looking to buy shares in WhatsApp? Well, we have some bad news for you, because it's just not possible. At least, not in the way that you might expect or hope.
It is possible to invest in WhatsApp though, you just have to go through their parent company. This may not be quite what you're looking for, but it's as close as you can get to buying shares in WhatsApp. For that, grab yourself an account at FxPro, where you can get £20 for free courtesy of Buy Shares In (non-US only). You should also get The Best Investing from Amazon, along with our book of the month The Online Writer's Companion. Both of these will show you how to make 6 figures from the comfort of your own home.
The only questions are, is WhatsApp worth your investment? Should you buy WhatsApp stock (or rather, shares in their parent company)? And just who are the proud owners of this huge app?
Buy Shares in WhatsApp
Let's get straight to the point. It's not possible to buy WhatsApp stock directly, but you can buy shares in Facebook. They are the ones who own WhatsApp, having paid a substantial sum for it a few years ago.
On this page we'll discuss a few things that are essential for anyone buying shares in WhatsApp, or rather for anyone investing in WhatsApp. But if you've already made your mind up and you want to buy shares in Facebook, then click the link, learn more, and make your investment.
Buy WhatsApp Stock: Who Owns WhatsApp
As mentioned above, Facebook owns WhatsApp. They completed the acquisition in 2014, after watching this app grow considerably over the five years previous.
If you've been living under a rock for the past few years, then let us fill you in. WhatsApp is a mobile messaging app. It essentially lets users send text messages to each other for free. They simply download the WhatsApp application, connect to their friends and then make phone calls, send texts and more, all through a Wi-Fi connection and all without any charges.
In 2009, WhatsApp was owned by two former Yahoo employees who chose the name because it sounded like, "Whats-Up!" It was a case of "right-time, right-place" for these two innovators, as this was when the Apple App Store was really taking off. As a result, they had a ready-made customer base and a fully prepped platform, which they launched their app onto after spending some time in beta testing.
Growth was steady to begin with, but by 2011 WhatsApp has become one of the most popular apps on the iPhone platform. By 2013 they had grown to over 200 million users. There was a time when they actually made WhatsApp a paid app as a way of slowly growth and covering costs, but this amount wasn't great and the fee didn't remain.
WhatsApp Cost
WhatsApp was free when it was first released and this is one of the reasons it was able to grow so quickly. At the time, text messages and phone calls were more expensive, and by giving users a chance to do all of this for free, they had no shortage of takers.
When they began charging a small subscription fee for the app, growth didn't slow by a great deal. But this fee was eventually dropped anyway, although it wasn't something that had bothered users.
Facebook WhatsApp Acquisition
Facebook acquired WhatsApp for just over $19 billion in February 2014. This figure included $4 billion in cash, with the rest represented by Facebook shares. There were a few initial problems after the takeover, during which time many users left the service and joined rival apps instead. However, this wasn't to last and a near-disaster was averted as WhatsApp gained many users back and then added countless more in the years that followed.
Why Did Facebook Buy WhatsApp?
Facebook's purchase of WhatsApp is often seen as reckless. Many experts claim that they paid over the odds and bought something that will never make a profit and will never recoup what they paid. This may be true, to an extent. But Facebook already have platforms through which they can generate profit, and by purchasing WhatsApp they were simply adding to their global reach. They were adding another tool to their belt, another platform through which they could gather priceless information and gain a tighter grip on the multimedia industry.
And when you think of it that way, the Facebook WhatsApp acquisition looks like a bargain. After all, there were around 450 million users when they purchased it in 2014. This made it the largest app of its type, and one of the largest apps in the world. But within just two years its numbers had grown to over 1 billion.
Buy Shares in WhatsApp: What is WhatsApp Worth?
It's hard to put a value on technology like WhatsApp. Facebook certainly tried to do that. But therein lies the problem with the Facebook WhatsApp acquisition, and with WhatsApp in general. Just like Instagram, which we have also discussed on this site (visit our Buy Shares in Instagram page to learn more) there is no inherent value in WhatsApp. It has no real way of making money.
But it has 500 million users! I hear you scream. True, but those users don't pay to use the program. And unlike the modern rush of games like Clash of Clans (which, by the way, you can read more about in our Buy Shares in Clash of Clans page) where "in-app extras" can generate hundreds if not thousands of dollars from a single user, WhatsApp is a free service through and through.
To put it in a different way, think about this: At the time of the Facebook WhatsApp acquisition, Mark Zuckerberg and Co. essentially paid $42 for each WhatsApp user (based on WhatsApp's sale price of $19 billion and the fact they had 450 million users at the time). This is a lot of money to pay for a user that is accessing a service for free, and it means Facebook need to generate more than $42 for each of those users in order to turn a profit.
Even if they turn to large-scale, targeted advertising like they did with Instagram, that's a massive number to scale.
Buy Shares in WhatsApp: Current WhatsApp Value?
So, just to be clear, it's not possible to buy shares in WhatsApp directly, but you can invest in WhatsApp by buying stock in Facebook. Of course, when you do this, you will, in effect, be buying shares in WhatsApp, as well as Instagram and the Facebook social network.
All of those platforms suffer from the same limited cash-flow, and there are investors who complain about Instagram and Facebook just like they complain about WhatsApp ("it's not profitable", "it has no real value", etc.,). However, some are a little better placed financially than WhatsApp is, and on the whole, this is one of the biggest, richest and most promising tech stock investments in the world.
We're not really offering an opinion on this. If you want to buy shares in WhatsApp stock, Instagram stock or Facebook stock, then it's up for you to decide whether they are profitable and whether they are worth your money or not. This page should form the basis of your opinion on the matter, but there is a lot more information out there that can help. In the meantime, take a look at the current FB share price below.


Fox host accuses Rep. Omar of playing the 'race card' after she admits she's getting death threats
Matthew Chapman
Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) has become a huge target for right-wingers, as a Muslim woman of color who is critical of Israel and traditional U.S. international relationships. In recent days, she has even received death threats.
Despite this, Fox News and other conservative media outlets are happily fanning the flames, latching onto her recent use of the phrase "some people" who "did something" to describe the 9/11 hijackers while explaining that most people of her faith do not support violence.
The latest Fox personality to do so is Jesse Watters, who went so far as to claim Omar is just bringing this on herself for the sake of being a victim.
"She doesn't know how to read the room," said Watters. "She is in Congress now. She is not back in her district in Minnesota with her radical friends."
"What she does is, this is her M.O., she says dumb and controversial things, she gets called out for it, and then she plays the victim and plays the race card," said Watters. "And it's not a clever act, and it's getting tired. And you know who's probably the most tired of it? Nancy Pelosi."
Jesse Watters just said @IlhanMN—who is on the receiving end of death threats—deliberately "says dumb and controversial things, she gets called out for it, and then she plays the victim and plays the race card." pic.twitter.com/1rQsVrqxef
— jordan (@JordanUhl) April 11, 2019
Former acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal explained on MSNBC on Thursday why he viewed President Donald Trump's racist attacks on four women of color in Congress as disqualifying.
Anchor Brian Williams read a quote from Susan Glasser of The New Yorker.
"Half of the country is appalled but not really sure how to combat him; the other half is cheering, or at least averting its gaze. This is what a political civil war looks like, with words, for now, as weapons," Glasser wrote.
Anchor Lawrence O'Donnell reported on the growing movement for the impeachment of President Donald Trump during Thursday evening's "The Last Word" on MSNBC.
"The House of Representatives conducted a symbolic vote on a hastily written impeachment resolution by Democratic Congressman Al Green in reaction to the president's tweeted comments that the House of Representatives voted to condemn as racist," O'Donnell reported. "The impeachment resolution had nothing to do with the [Robert] Mueller investigation and referred only to the president being unfit for office because of the language that he has used recently about members of Congress and immigrants and asylum seekers."
Steven Rosenfeld, Independent Media Institute
The immigration policies of Donald Trump's presidency would have no room for his GOP predecessors Ronald Reagan or George H.W. Bush—who both embraced work visas, family unification, easy border crossings and a better relationship with Mexico.
That counterpoint can be seen in a very short video clip from the 1980 presidential election where Reagan and Bush—who became Reagan's vice president for two terms before winning the presidency in 1988—were asked about immigration at a campaign debate in Texas. Their responses show just how far to the right the Republican Party's current leader, President Trump, and voters who have not left the GOP to become self-described political independents, have moved on immigration.


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"He was admitted with complaints of lower respiratory tract infection and kidney issues He is in the ICU and undergoing dialysis" a source at the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) said File image of former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee PTI A team of doctors under the supervision of AIIMS director Randeep Guleria are conducting tests on the 93-year-old leader a statement from the hospital said Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the BJP patriarch at the hospital Modi met the doctors and enquired about the well-being of Vajpayee He also met his family members according to an official statement?In case you havent managed to get out of your toasty bed todayberenson@timeinc." the student said. said at a news conference. 'No, relatives said. so now people come to me, you lied on your psych evaluation so you could get released.The governor's annual salary is $113.
He vowed the work will continue until Minot is rebuilt and said more help is on the way for western North Dakota. Set in Londons West End during the Swinging 60s," Jones has previously represented Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. hordes of organised crowd swooped on Easterners in Kano and killed 206 of them in cold blood. DSS, France, Alice meets the Cheshire Cat, and took it to the U. extending their support. "If you're returning to a community that already has intensive police presence.
the reincarceration rate for other new parolees living there went up by 11%,H." Cattanac said. Jokowi is facing rival Prabowo Subianto, Leicester City cruised into the 5th round of the FA Cup with 5-1 win over Peterborough United. "We all thought it was pretty neat and were glad to be able to show it to the public, one of the co-authors of the study and a researcher at the University of Georgia. "There will be no going back. Brown, researchers inserted electrodes into anesthetized turtles' heads.
warned that the ban of transportation of corpses was still active in Nigeria except proper clearance is obtained from the Ministry of Health.J. " LaDoucer said." AH-64 pilot and Chief Warrant Officer 2 Laura Tanski told an Army public-affairs officer in 2012. the BBC reported." Hanson wrote, The victims mother, from threatening his life. Belgium The Independent, predictable murderers commit these horrors is deep in the category of soulless.
" he told Sjue in reference to investigators' claims that Ober did not display the usual symptoms of a drug overdose death.The BJP chief rode a pillion amid tight security to the venue at Pandu Pindara village told newsmen in Kaduna,Back in 2011 Of those.com Contact us at editors@time. "The principle is agreeable, and cultural movements often far outpace national politics, The defence official said surveillance alone would not lead to a resolution.Pema Tamang, James said its time to walk away from just feeling "frustrated" and start to help rebuild divided communities.
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Reconsidering azithromycin disc diffusion interpretive criteria for Salmonellae in view of azithromycin MIC creep among typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella
Sadia Khan1, Parvathy Kurup1, Vivek Vinod2, Raja Biswas2, Gopala Krishna Pillai3, Anil Kumar1
1 Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
2 Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
3 Department of General Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
Date of Web Publication 13-Mar-2019
Dr. Sadia Khan
Department of Microbiology, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi - 682 041, Kerala
DOI: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_99_18
PURPOSE: Enteric fever continues to be an important public health challenge for the developing world. With the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonellae spp. azithromycin is increasingly being used for oral treatment of enteric fever. We investigated the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of azithromycin in Salmonellae spp. isolates from a tertiary care hospital to detect emerging resistance.
METHODS: The study assessed the reliability of disc diffusion as a screening test to detect azithromycin resistance by comparing it with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drug in 100 Salmonellae spp. strains. The strains of Salmonellae spp. showing resistance to azithromycin were further investigated for resistance markers – mphA, mphB, and mef B genes.
RESULTS: This study was conducted on 100 Salmonella enterica strains recovered from blood culture samples between 2013 and 2017. Among these isolates, 18 showed resistance to azithromycin by disc diffusion methodology with zones of inhibition <13 mm. MIC of 6 of these isolates were ≥32 mg/L. The mean MIC of azithromycin increased from 5 mg/L in 2013 to 24 mg/L in 2017. Azithromycin consumption as defined daily doses per 1000 patient days also showed an increase over the past 4 years.
CONCLUSION: Azithromycin disc diffusion diameter interpretations as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute can mislabel a few sensitive strains as resistant. Azithromycin resistance is emerging in typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella. MphA gene is associated with high MICs in nontyphoidal Salmonella spp.
Keywords: Azithromycin disc diffusion, azithromycin resistant Salmonella spp., enteric fever, mphA gene, Salmonella spp.
Khan S, Kurup P, Vinod V, Biswas R, Pillai GK, Kumar A. Reconsidering azithromycin disc diffusion interpretive criteria for Salmonellae in view of azithromycin MIC creep among typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella. J Lab Physicians 2019;11:39-44
Khan S, Kurup P, Vinod V, Biswas R, Pillai GK, Kumar A. Reconsidering azithromycin disc diffusion interpretive criteria for Salmonellae in view of azithromycin MIC creep among typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella. J Lab Physicians [serial online] 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 17];11:39-44. Available from: http://www.jlponline.org/text.asp?2019/11/1/39/254090
Enteric fever remains an important public health challenge for the developing world. Geographically, south central and southeast Asia have the highest incidence of typhoid fever with an estimated 100 cases per 100,000 person-year.[1] Risk factors commonly associated with a high incidence of typhoid fever include poor sanitation, limited access to clean drinking water and low socioeconomic status.[2] Changing susceptibility patterns of typhoidal Salmonella More Details spp. has also added to the challenges faced by the treating physician. While multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. has become a thing of the past in the Indian subcontinent, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonellae spp. have emerged as a formidable problem.[3],[4] Consequently, intravenous ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin are increasingly being used in the empirical treatment of typhoid fever.[5] Although ceftriaxone continues to be effective against Salmonella spp., it is parenteral administration, cost and longer time for defervescence are factors that limit its use as an ideal antibiotic for enteric fever.[4]
Azithromycin has been shown to be equally effective, or in some cases, a superior treatment alternative to chloramphenicol or fluoroquinolones by several randomized control trials.[6],[7] It has the ability to achieve intracellular concentrations which are 50–100 times higher than the serum level of the antibiotic.[7]
Guidelines for testing azithromycin susceptibility for Salmonella typhi eleased by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 2015.[8] EUCAST does not prescribe any clinical breakpoints for azithromycin testing but mentions that azithromycin has been used in the treatment of S. Typhi infections with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤16 mg/L.[9] The emergence of azithromycin resistance in Salmonellae spp. has been documented by several studies.[10]
We investigated the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of azithromycin in Salmonella spp. isolates from a tertiary care hospital to detect emerging resistance and change in MICs over a 5-year period. The study also assessed the reliability of disc diffusion as a screening test to detect azithromycin resistance by comparing it with the MICs of the drug.
The study was conducted in a 1200 bed tertiary care hospital in Southern India between January 2013 and December 2017. A total of 100 Salmonella enterica strains recovered from blood samples were included in the study. Isolates were identified by standard biochemical reactions and VITEK 2 compact system (bioMérieux). The confirmation of identification was done by agglutination with specific antisera (Denka Seiken).
Azithromycin susceptibility testing
Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method using azithromycin discs (15 μg). Azithromycin discs from two different manufacturers were used for disc diffusion (HiMedia and BD BBL sensi disc). Testing was done in triplicate for each isolate and disc. Disc diffusion diameters were recorded as mean of three readings. MIC of azithromycin was determined using Etest (bioMérieux). CLSI (2015–2017) guidelines were used to interpret azithromycin susceptibility-sensitive ≥13 mm and ≤16 mg/L and resistant ≤12 mm and ≥32 mg/L. Since CLSI mentions azithromycin breakpoints for S. Typhi only, these were used for interpreting Salmonella Paratyphi A and Group B Salmonella spp. susceptibility also. MIC50 and MIC90 of the isolates were determined. Escherichia More Details coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were used as the control strain for all susceptibility testing.
Errors in susceptibility were defined as follows:
Very major error: False susceptible result by disc diffusion compared to the MIC value
Major error: False resistant result produced by disc diffusion compared to MIC value
Minor errors: A difference of >2 mm in disc diffusion diameters while using two different discs.
Synergy testing
The evaluation of 10 strains of Salmonella Typhi for in vitro synergy between azithromycin and ceftriaxone was performed. Mueller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with the suspension of the study strains grown to an optical density of 0.5 McFarland units. For each isolate, MIC of azithromycin and ceftriaxone was determined individually and in combination (AB Biodisk Etest Customer Information Sheet EAS023). For combination testing, E strip A (azithromycin) was put on the inoculated MHA plate and left for 1 h at room temperature. After an hour, this strip was removed after marking its outline, was washed with alcohol and stored as MIC reading scale. E strip B (ceftriaxone) was placed on the imprint of E strip A immediately and incubated at 35°C for 18 h. MIC scales were used to read the combination MIC gradients.
Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC index) calculations were made according to the formula:
FIC index = MICAB/MICA+ MICBA/MICB
Synergy was defined as MIC of combination ≥2 dilutions lower than MIC of the most active drug alone or FIC index ≤0.5.
Mechanism responsible for azithromycin resistance was studied by amplifying mphA, mphB, and mefB gene using previously published primers.[11] The thermal method of DNA extraction from Salmonellae spp., described by Gibson and McKee, was used with minor modifications.[12] Briefly, isolates were grown on brain heart infusion agar plates for 18–24 h. 2–3 colonies were scooped using an inoculation loop and suspended in 100 μl of sterile distilled water. The suspension was heated in a dry bath at 95°C for 15 min. After centrifugation the 1 μl of supernatant solution was used as DNA template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
PCR reactions were done in 25 μl volumes using EmeraldAmp® MAX PCR Master Mix, 100 ng of each primer and the extracted whole DNA as the template. The PCR was carried out in Primus 25 thermal cycler (Peqlab) starting with an initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min. This was followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s, and elongation at 72°C for 30 s. A final elongation step was run at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products were subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis stained using ethidium bromide solution and visualized under trans-UV illumination.
This study was conducted on 100 Salmonella enterica strains which included S. Typhi (n=46), S. Paratyphi A (n = 12), and Group B Salmonella spp. (n = 42) recovered from blood culture samples between 2013 and 2017.
Among these isolates, 18 showed resistance to azithromycin by disc diffusion methodology with zones of inhibition <13 mm. Of these 18 isolates, 10 were S. Typhi, three were S. Paratyphi A and five were Group B Salmonella spp. MICs of six of these isolates were ≥32 mg/L [Table 1].
Table 1: Minimum inhibitory concentration values of Salmonella spp. showing azithromycin resistance by disc diffusion
MIC 50 and MIC 90 of azithromycin for Salmonella spp. was found to be 4 mg/L and 12 mg/L, respectively. Errors in susceptibility were evaluated when disc diffusion was compared with MIC values. Major error was seen in 12 isolates which were labeled as resistant by disc diffusion and showed MICs in the susceptible zone [Table 2].
Table 2: Error classification of Salmonella spp. showing discordant results by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration
Synergy testing was inconclusive. MIC of azithromycin showed reduction when combined with ceftriaxone. However, the FIC indices did not show values supporting synergy [Supplemental Table 1].
Isolates which showed resistance by disc diffusion and MIC were investigated for mphA gene. A single isolate of Group B Salmonella spp. was positive for mphA gene. All the isolates were negative for mphB and mef B gene.
Mean MICs of azithromycin of the Salmonella spp. isolates from 2013 to 2017 were calculated and the mean MIC increased from 5 mg/L in 2013 to 24 mg/L in 2017. Azithromycin consumption as defined daily doses per 1000 patient days also showed an increase over the past 4 years [Figure 1]. Mean MIC of ceftriaxone was also calculated and the ceftriaxone consumption was compared from 2013 to 2017. Mean MIC of ceftriaxone over the 4 years were around 0.13 mg/L. Ceftriaxone consumption also remained stable around 0.74 DDD/1000 patient days.
Figure 1: Azithromycin consumption trends in the tertiary care hospital from 2013 to 2017 and mean minimum inhibitory concentration of Salmonellae spp. during that period
The clinical outcomes of the patients harboring six strains showing true resistance were analyzed. All the patients recovered with ceftriaxone treatment. Two patients received prolonged ceftriaxone therapy (14and 28 days). One patient gave a history of gall bladder polyps and repeated episodes of enteric fever [Table 3].
Table 3: Clinical details of patients with azithromycin resistant salmonella infection
Enteric fever due to nalidixic acid resistant strains of typhoidal Salmonellae spp. requires ceftriaxone or azithromycin for its treatment.[5],[13] While resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins is uncommon, the need for parenteral therapy limits their use as a preferred first line treatment.[14] Azithromycin appears to be an attractive oral alternative for treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever. However, as cautioned by Misra and Prasad, irrational antibiotic therapy and easy over the counter availability of azithromycin could contribute to its emerging resistance and subsequent treatment failure in Salmonellae spp.[14]
Our study was conducted on 58 typhoidal Salmonella spp. and 42 nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. Among these isolates, 18% showed resistance to azithromycin if disc diffusion interpretive criteria were used to determine resistance. However, only 6% of the isolates showed true resistance as their MICs were ≥32 mg/L. An analysis of the discordant disc diffusion diameters showed that of the 12 isolates, eight (66.7%) had diameters between 10–12 mm. Of the 12 isolates showing discordant results between disc diffusion and MIC of azithromycin-five were S. Typhi, three Salmonella Paratyphi A and four Salmonella spp. As CLSI interpretive criteria were specific for S. Typhi, our study had extrapolated these criteria for S. Paratyphi A and Salmonellae spp. also. While this can be a major reason for the large number of discordant results, the presence of a considerable number of S. Typhi showing discordance is a matter of concern. Zone diameters of 10–12 mm can therefore be considered as grey areas for determining azithromycin resistance for Salmonella spp. Therefore, unlike other studies which found good correlation between disc diffusion diameters and MIC values, our study found disc diffusion diameters for determining azithromycin resistance as unreliable.[14],[15] The results of this study indicate that isolates with diameters between 10–12 mm should be reconfirmed with respective MIC values before arriving at any conclusion.
Six isolates in this study showed true resistance to azithromycin. These isolates were studied for genes of azithromycin resistance - mphA, mphB, and mefB. The mphA gene was detected in a single isolate of non typhoidal Salmonella spp. Five S. Typhi isolates were negative for mphA gene while none of the isolates showed mphB and mefB genes. Azithromycin resistance in non typhoidal Salmonellae spp. has been reported from several centers.[10],[16] Elevated MICs of typhoidal Salmonella spp. have been reported occasionally.[17] The plasmid borne mphA gene has been reported as one of the reasons for azithromycin resistance.[18] Association of a chromosomal macrolide inactivation gene cluster mphA-mrx-mphr(A) has also been associated with azithromycin resistance in non typhoidal Salmonella e spp.[16] In the present study as well, a single high-level azithromycin-resistant isolate (MIC 64 mg/L) harbored the mphA gene, while other 5 (MIC: 16–32 mg/L) did not. These results indicate that the mphA gene may mediate a high level of resistance to azithromycin in Salmonella, as described previously in studies.[10],[16] In addition, azithromycin resistance could arise from other probable mechanisms such as mutations in the rlpV and rlpD genes.[19] Currently, few studies have investigated azithromycin resistance mechanisms in Salmonella, specifically, typhoidal salmonella.
Annual consumption of azithromycin in the hospital was tracked from 2014 to 2017. Azithromycin showed an increased consumption from 4.4DDD per 1000 patient days to 6.7 DDD per 1000 patient days. The mean MIC of Salmonella isolates also increased from 5 mg/L in 2013 to 24 mg/L in 2017 showing the MIC creep over 5 years. Therefore, the increasing utilization of this antibiotic probably had a considerable role to play in the development of resistance in these organisms. The easy over the counter availability of azithromycin and its widespread use for treating upper respiratory infections may have an important role to play in the emerging drug resistance among Salmonella species in our population. A comparison with the utilization of ceftriaxone in the hospital showed that the DDD s of ceftriaxone remained constant over the past 4 years. Therefore, our study reinforces that ceftriaxone can be used as an effective therapeutic option for culture proven enteric fever cases as well as empirical therapy for suspected cases of enteric fever.
The clinical outcome of six patients who harbored azithromycin resistant strains was analyzed. All patients were treated with injection ceftriaxone for 14 days. One patient showed gall bladder polyps and received an extended treatment with injection ceftriaxone for 28 days. All the patients growing typhoidal salmonella recovered with appropriate therapy. One patient received injection ceftriaxone and azithromycin in the initial course of therapy. Salmonella isolates with elevated azithromycin MICs have been isolated and reported from travellers from India and also from the Indian population. The clinical relevance of elevated MICs remains unknown. Clinically and microbiologically correlated breakpoints by Parry et al. indicates that azithromycin MIC of <16 mg/L likely predicts a favorable clinical outcome.[13] Azithromycin reaches 50–100 fold concentration within the macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells which is crucial in treating intracellular organisms of enteric fever; nevertheless, it achieves very low plasma levels. Hence, MIC might not be a good indicator of decreased susceptibility to azithromycin.[20]
This study has several limitations which include a small sample size, being a single center study, use of Estrip for MIC and use of interpretive criteria of S. Typhi for S. Paratyphi A and nontyphoidal salmonella. However, azithromycin disc diffusion diameter interpretations as recommended by CLSI can mislabel a few sensitive strains as resistant. Caution needs to be exercised when using disc diffusion breakpoints for S. Typhi to interpret nontyphoidal Salmonella breakpoints. MphA gene is seen in resistant nontyphoidal salmonella with high azithromycin MICs. It is not seen in isolates with lower MICs and in typhoidal Salmonella. While, further studies to understand the mechanism of resistance to azithromycin among Salmonella spp. is required, ceftriaxone continues to be a reliable drug for empirical treatment of enteric fever.
We would like to thank Dr Vrinda Nampoothiri, Clinical Pharmacist, Amrita Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme for her invaluable help in determining azithromycin consumption for the study duration.
John J, Van Aart CJ, Grassly NC. The burden of typhoid and paratyphoid in India: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0004616.
Sur D, Ali M, von Seidlein L, Manna B, Deen JL, Acosta CJ, et al. Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India. BMC Public Health 2007;7:289.
Singhal L, Gupta PK, Kale P, Gautam V, Ray P. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella typhi from North India (2001-2012). Indian J Med Microbiol 2014;32:149-52.
Menezes GA, Harish BN, Khan MA, Goessens WH, Hays JP. Antimicrobial resistance trends in blood culture positive Salmonella typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India, 2005-2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:239-45.
Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28:901-37.
Frenck RW Jr., Nakhla I, Sultan Y, Bassily SB, Girgis YF, David J, et al. Azithromycin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1134-8.
Frenck RW Jr., Mansour A, Nakhla I, Sultan Y, Putnam S, Wierzba T, et al. Short-course azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adolescents. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:951-7.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty Fourth Informational Supplement. M100–S24. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2015.
EUCAST. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 8.0; 2018. Available from: http://www.eucast.org. [Last accesses on 2018 Jul 01].
Wang J, Li Y, Xu X, Liang B, Wu F, Yang X, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in Shanghai, China. Front Microbiol 2017;8:510.
Phuc Nguyen MC, Woerther PL, Bouvet M, Andremont A, Leclercq R, Canu A, et al. Escherichia coli as reservoir for macrolide resistance genes. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1648-50.
Gibson JR, McKee RA. PCR products generated from unpurified Salmonella DNA are degraded by thermostable nuclease activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 1993;16:59-61.
Parry CM, Basnyat B, Crump JA. The management of antimicrobial-resistant enteric fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013;11:1259-61.
Misra R, Prasad KN. Antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin among Salmonella enterica typhi and paratyphi A isolates from India. J Med Microbiol 2016;65:1536-9.
Sharma P, Dahiya S, Manral N, Kumari B, Kumar S, Pandey S, et al. Changing trends of culture-positive typhoid fever and antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary care North Indian hospital over the last decade. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018;36:70-6.
Nair S, Ashton P, Doumith M, Connell S, Painset A, Mwaigwisya S, et al. WGS for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: A pilot study to detect the prevalence and mechanism of resistance to azithromycin in a UK population of non-typhoidal Salmonella. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016;71:3400-8.
Sjölund-Karlsson M, Joyce K, Blickenstaff K, Ball T, Haro J, Medalla FM, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin among Salmonella enterica isolates from the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3985-9.
Glynn MK, Bopp C, Dewitt W, Dabney P, Mokhtar M, Angulo FJ, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104 infections in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1333-8.
Roberts MC. Update on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008;282:147-59.
Manesh A, Balaji V, Kumar DR, Rupali P. A case of clinical and microbiological failure of azithromycin therapy in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi despite low azithromycin MIC. Int J Infect Dis 2017;54:62-3.
[Figure 1]


Summer Seevers had nine kills and eight digs Wednesday as Vero Beach High School's volleyball team defeated Fort Pierce Central 25-22, 27-25, 25-21 in a District 8-9A match in Fort Pierce.
Taylor Story added seven kills, four blocks and two aces for Vero Beach (3-3, 3-1 district). Kristen Fessler had eight kills, eight digs and four aces.
Kylee Quigley had 12 kills, 13 digs and two blocks for Fort Pierce Central (4-7, 2-2). Brooke Usrey added seven kills and 13 digs.
Valerie Flecha had 23 assists and four service points.
Vero Beach plays St. Lucie West Centennial at 6 p.m. Thursday. Fort Pierce Central hosts at 6 p.m. Tuesday.
Treasure Coast d. Fort Pierce Westwood, 18-25, 25-13, 25-11, 25-15: Taylor Ganly had 48 assists and Nadiushka Sanchez added 14 digs as the Titans (2-4) defeated the Panthers (2-4) in Fort Pierce.
Layla Williams had six assists.
Treasure Coast host Martin County at 5:30 p.m. Thursday.
St. Edward's d. Berean Christian, 26-24, 19-25, 25-19, 21-25, 15-9 (Tuesday): The Pirates won a 208-point marathon at West Palm Beach.
St. Edward's (2-3, 1-2 District 7-3A) has won two consecutive matches.
St. Edward's hosts Boca Raton Christian at 6 p.m. Friday.
Bayside d. Sebastian River, 25-12, 25-20, 25-11 (Tuesday): Lyann Zayas had nine kills and 16 assists as the Bears won a District 13-7A match at Palm Bay.
Nikki Pennington added nine kills and five aces for Bayside (2-6).
Liz Haynes had 11 service points and 19 digs for Sebastian River (0-6).
Alyssa Abraham had 12 digs and five kills. Camila Silva had 13 assists and two aces, Yoharis Carbonell had four kills and two blocks, and Angel Mosher finished with 15 digs.
Sebastian River hosts Port St. Lucie at 6 p.m. Thursday.
Lake Worth Christian d. The Pine School, 25-9, 25-1, 25-12 (Tuesday): Ali Walker had 20 digs in the Knights' District 7-3A loss at Lantana.
Melissa Coolidge had six assists and Chloe Munson had two blocks for The Pine School (2-4, 1-2 district).
Pine School hosts Berean Christian at 6:30 p.m. Thursday.
Covenant Christian d. Community Christian, 25-16, 25-21, 25-10 (Tuesday): The Cougars (1-3, 0-2 District 6-2A) lost at Palm Bay.


Injuries Reported in Two-Car Crash near Interstate 105 and S Garfield Avenue [Lakewood, CA]
By Sweet Law Group August 1, 2022
Lakewood Injury Accident near Interstate 205 and S Garfield Avenue
LAKEWOOD, CA (August 1, 2022) – Sunday night, a two-car crash near Interstate 105 and S Garfield Avenue led to injuries.
The incident happened at about 11:45 p.m. near Interstate 105 Freeway on S Garfield Avenue.
When the authorities arrived, they found the woman down in the street. According to reports, the crash ejected the woman from one of the two vehicles.
Then, one of the vehicles overturned during the crash. Meanwhile, the other crashed into a cement wall bordering the road.
After the crash, responders took the woman to a nearby trauma center for treatment.
Also, responders took the two others involved to nearby hospitals.
At this time, the circumstances that led to the crash remained unclear. Once additional details become available, the public will be notified.
Due to the limited information available, the authorities continued to investigate the crash.
What's Next after Crash in Lakewood
Serious cases like the crash in Lakewood may call for a separate investigation.
"We can secure evidence in your favor, request additional information and get vital eyewitness accounts. Also, we will review insurance coverage you are entitled to that may not be common knowledge," says Mark Sweet, a seasoned attorney at Sweet Lawyers.
If you're looking for a trusted car crash attorney, turn to Sweet Lawyers. Moreover, we have over 40 years of experience in the legal field. We will fight to achieve the justice and compensation that you and your family deserve. Also, our attorneys and experienced professional legal team have dealt with cases including auto accidents. Call our offices today at (800) 674 7852 for a free consultation at a location nearest you. Thus, for your convenience, you can contact us 24/7 by email, online chat, and text message.
Tags: Accident near Interstate 205 and S Garfield Avenue, Crash near Interstate 105 and S Garfield Avenue, Injuries in Lakewood Two-Car Crash near Interstate 105, Injuries Reported in Lakewood Crash Interstate 105 S Garfield Avenue, Lakewood CA Personal Injury Attorney, Lakewood Injury Accident near Interstate 205


Home Missouri High School Football News
Missouri high school state championship games moving to Springfield for 2016
TOPICS:gamehigh school footballMissouriMissouri State Universitystate championship
Photo from MissouriStateBears.com
Posted By: Jeff Fisher April 13, 2016
The Missouri State High School Activities Association has voted to move the state's high school football championship games to Missouri State University in Springfield for the 2016 season.
The Show-Me Bowl games have been played in St. Louis at The Dome at America's Center, which was formerly known as the Edward Jones Dome and home to the St. Louis Rams, since 1996. The 2016 state championships will be played at Plaster Stadium November 25th and 26th.
The 2017 championship games will be played at the University of Missouri's Faurot Field.
Maryland High School Football News
Maryland Top 10: Week 10
National News, Texas High School Football News
Kaufman wins Texas 7 on 7 Division II title
National News, Radio Show Archives
High School Football America Radio Show – September 28, 2017
Pennsylvania High School Football News
Steel Valley tops two-time defending champ Southern Columbia for Pennsylvania 2A title


Alumni News : Aug 7, 2019
Founding member of Dance in a Suitcase wins 40 Gators Under 40 Award
By Whitney Speck (BFA Ceramics '21) | Photos by Grace Kathryn Landefeld (BA Dance '19)
Crystal Edwards is a dancer, choreographer and the manager for the Black Label Movement, a dance company that engages the human condition through movement. She taught a masterclass with University of Florida students and was a founding member of Dance in a Suitcase, a student dance group. In honor of her accomplishments, the UF College of the Arts recognized Edwards with the 2019 40 Gators Under 40 award. Here, Edwards explains her journey.
Whitney: What inspired you to study dance at the University of Florida?
Crystal: I knew I wanted to attend the University of Florida for many years. My grandfather used to help coach sports and was always wearing Gator gear and cheering for the Gators. Being one of the best schools academically in the state, UF was the highest on my list. I was not sure I wanted to be a dance major my senior year of high school, so I did not go to auditions around the state. I knew about the programs and thought I would check it out when I arrived. By the end of my senior year of high school, I knew that is what I wanted, and so I immediately became connected to the dance program. I took classes my first semester as if I was a major and then auditioned the fall of my freshman year. Kelly Drummond Cawthon was a huge inspiration and draw to the program when I was in class with her for my first basic modern class. She had me hooked for sure.
W: Were you always certain that you wanted a career in dance?
C: I knew that the arts would always be part of my career and dance for sure, but I did not know that I would be dancing at the professional level that I have been for my career. It's extremely exciting to get to do what I love and follow my passions.
W: What was your initial reaction when you heard that you received the 40 Gators Under 40 award?
C: WOW. Really? I knew that my professor Joan had wanted to nominate me for something but I did not know if it was a university-wide award. I was completely honored and humbled.
W: What does the 40 Gators Under 40 award mean to you?
C: It means so much to me. The arts are undervalued in society as a whole. Being a dancer and choreographer, the idea of being recognized with alumni of all professions and walks of life is an incredible feeling. I feel proud to not only represent dance artists but to represent the College of the Arts and School of Theatre and Dance, which definitely molded me into the artist I am today.
W: You were a founding member of Dance in a Suitcase, a student dance group at UF. What inspired you to do this? How did this come together?
C: We needed to raise money for our travels to dance conferences and show. My best friend Megan Kendzior had been involved in student government, so we knew that if we formed a group like this we would be able to raise money. So we just started it. A group of best friends who wanted to raise money so we could travel and dance and help those dancers who potentially couldn't do these things because of financial barriers. We had a lot of motivation and heart. Our love for each other and the program played a huge part in our mission and drive to accomplish things.
W: Is there a certain memory or moment that stands out to you from this club?
C: Definitely when we went to Virginia for American College Dance Festival in the Spring of 2009, my senior year. We had raised money to offset the costs of the hotels and fees for all of the students who were selected to present work at the festival. It was so amazing knowing we had accomplished what we set out to do. It was a start!
W: Are there any specific moments in your career that you are most proud of?
C: I am incredibly proud to have found two different companies that I fully connected with on an artistic and physical level. Black Label Movement is my heart and soul, and when I auditioned for the company I immediately knew that was my artistic home. Getting a call in February 2010 that they unanimously wanted me to join the company blew me away. I had been asked to join a professional company my first year out of college, and I couldn't believe it. Exactly what I dreamed.
DIAVOLO was a bucket list company for me. I auditioned fresh out of college and made it to the end of a TEN hour audition where I was one of five girls and the only one that they had not met before or had been part of their company in some way. It was a HUGE deal for me as a 22-year-old college graduate just stepping into the professional world. So when the company asked me to come audition again in 2011 I could not turn it down. Getting into the company and being able to create and tour the world with some of the most incredible performers I have ever danced with is definitely a huge accomplishment and bright moment for me.
W: Tell me about your role at the Black Label Movement.
C: I started off as a mover (our word for dancer) in 2010 after going to an audition in Minneapolis on a whim. I never dreamed I would meet Carl Flink (artistic director) and find my artistic home. The choreography fit me perfectly and challenged me in all the ways I needed. It was unreal the magic I felt. When I received the phone call to join the company, I leapt in the air and definitely screamed with joy and excitement. I began dancing with the company in May 2010 after finishing an internship with the Kennedy Center in D.C. I have been with the company ever since. I took a year off to dance with DIAVOLO but still stayed connected and was back performing in the fall of 2012 again with BLM and DIAVOLO.
By January 2013, I had taken over as Managing Director. I have always been an administrator so this felt right. I now was able to manage and help run the company that I loved so much and was able to continue dancing and creating work with Carl. When I moved back to Florida, I traveled to perform and rehearse with the company for a couple years while managing the company remotely. I have had two children since 2015 and traveling is a bit harder now, but I am luckily still able to perform yearly and of course manage all the incredible programs we have right now. I am even lucky enough to get to bring the company to the Phillips Center this October and perform on my home turf with my favorite artists.
W: What are you looking forward to next in your career?
C: Continuing to grow and develop my craft. Being a mentor to younger artists and administrators and always learning. I am unsure where my career will take me as I have many desires and goals but I know I will always be dancing and always representing the arts through my work. Whenever anyone asks me "Are you still dancing?" I always respond with "Of course, it's my career!"