id int64 | problem_number string | title string | statement string | background string | difficulty_level_id int64 | status string | proposed_by string | proposed_year int64 | category_id int64 | set_id int64 | view_count int64 | favorite_count int64 | created_at timestamp[s] | updated_at timestamp[s] | published bool | category dict | difficulty dict | set dict | question_types list | biological_scales list | organisms list | biological_systems list | source_id string | source_type string | source_support_level string | source_url string | source_citation string | source_license string | reuse_mode string | literature_assessment string | literature_sources list | literature_checked_at timestamp[s] | solution_reference string | status_review dict | tags list | clean_statement string | original_statement string | statement_status string | statement_verification string | archive_reason string | research_classification string | research_summary string | duplicate_of string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | UBIO-000001 | Long-term Evolutionary Consequences for natural populations | What are the long-term evolutionary consequences for natural populations when gene flow is simultaneously reduced by habitat fragmentation and increased across biogeographic barriers by human-mediated globalization? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 14,
"name": "ecology_biodiversity",
"display_name": "Ecology and Biodiversity",
"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
"order_index": 14
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics"
] | [
"molecular",
"population",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Homo sapiens",
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Feigs JT et al. (2026), Movement ecology ('Greater pollen-mediated gene flow among than within populations of a bumb... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-026-00664-8",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-026-00664-8",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"ecology-biodiversity",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"molecular",
"population",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"homo-sapiens"
] | What are the long-term evolutionary consequences for natural populations when gene flow is simultaneously reduced by habitat fragmentation and increased across biogeographic barriers by human-mediated globalization? | What are the evolutionary consequences of species becoming less connected through fragmentation or more connected through globalization? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
2 | UBIO-000002 | Quantitative Contribution of natural or artificial selection altering fundamental allometric | To what extent can natural or artificial selection alter fundamental allometric and metabolic scaling relationships in organisms, and what biophysical or developmental constraints bound their evolution? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 16,
"name": "integrative_cross_scale_biology",
"display_name": "Integrative and Cross-Scale Biology",
"slug": "integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"order_index": 16
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"development",
"ecological_dynamics"
] | [
"organism",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"multiscale biomechanics and quantitative network dynamics",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Giroux A et al. (2025), Ecology letters ('Sex Drives Intraspecific Scaling of Home Range Size in Mammals', https://d... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70245",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Giroux ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70245",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"development",
"organism",
"evolutionary-timescale",
"multiscale-biomechanics-and-quantitative-network-dynamics",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | To what extent can natural or artificial selection alter fundamental allometric and metabolic scaling relationships in organisms, and what biophysical or developmental constraints bound their evolution? | To what extent can evolution change the scaling relationships that we see in nature? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
3 | UBIO-000003 | Mechanisms Governing divergent natural selection overcome gene flow and genetic drift to produce fine-grained | Across what minimum spatial and environmental scales does divergent natural selection overcome gene flow and genetic drift to produce fine-grained local adaptation in natural populations? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 14,
"name": "ecology_biodiversity",
"display_name": "Ecology and Biodiversity",
"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
"order_index": 14
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics",
"adaptation"
] | [
"molecular",
"population",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"evolutionary divergence, speciation, and adaptation",
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Rosenthal WC et al. (2021), Evolutionary applications ('Invasion and rapid adaptation of guppies ( Poecilia reticula... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13236",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Rosenth... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13236",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"ecology-biodiversity",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"molecular",
"population",
"evolutionary-divergence-speciation-and-adaptation",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | Across what minimum spatial and environmental scales does divergent natural selection overcome gene flow and genetic drift to produce fine-grained local adaptation in natural populations? | How local is adaptation? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
4 | UBIO-000004 | Mechanistic Basis of environmental factors generating heritable epigenetic variation in natural populations | What environmental factors generate heritable epigenetic variation in natural populations, and how does this variation alter phenotypic plasticity, demographic performance, and ecological interactions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 14,
"name": "ecology_biodiversity",
"display_name": "Ecology and Biodiversity",
"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
"order_index": 14
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"adaptation"
] | [
"molecular",
"population"
] | [
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation",
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology ('Coexistence facilitates interspecific biofilm formation in com... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — M... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"ecology-biodiversity",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"adaptation",
"molecular",
"population",
"chromatin-architecture-and-epigenetic-regulation",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | What environmental factors generate heritable epigenetic variation in natural populations, and how does this variation alter phenotypic plasticity, demographic performance, and ecological interactions? | What are the ecological causes and consequences of epigenetic variation? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
5 | UBIO-000005 | Relative Quantitative Contributions of selection acting at the gene, individual, kin-group, and population | What are the relative quantitative contributions of selection acting at the gene, individual, kin-group, and population levels to life-history evolution and resulting demographic dynamics? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 16,
"name": "integrative_cross_scale_biology",
"display_name": "Integrative and Cross-Scale Biology",
"slug": "integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"order_index": 16
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics"
] | [
"molecular",
"population",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Castorani MC et al. (2017), Proceedings. Biological sciences ('Fluctuations in population fecundity drive variation ... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2086",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Ca... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2086",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"molecular",
"population",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | What are the relative quantitative contributions of selection acting at the gene, individual, kin-group, and population levels to life-history evolution and resulting demographic dynamics? | What are the relative contributions of different levels of selection (gene, individual, group) to life-history evolution and the resulting population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
6 | UBIO-000006 | Specific Determinants of ecological and sexual selection pressures driving divergence in male and female | Which ecological and sexual selection pressures drive divergence in male and female life-history schedules (such as sex-specific senescence, growth, and survival), and how do these asymmetries affect population dynamics? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 16,
"name": "integrative_cross_scale_biology",
"display_name": "Integrative and Cross-Scale Biology",
"slug": "integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"order_index": 16
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics",
"causality"
] | [
"cellular",
"population",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"cellular senescence and organismal aging",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Lu M et al. (2021), Science China. Life sciences ('Regain of sex determination system and sexual reproduction abilit... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1694-7",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 —... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1694-7",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"cellular",
"population",
"cellular-senescence-and-organismal-aging",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | Which ecological and sexual selection pressures drive divergence in male and female life-history schedules (such as sex-specific senescence, growth, and survival), and how do these asymmetries affect population dynamics? | What selective forces cause sex differences in life history and what are their consequences for population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
7 | UBIO-000007 | Functional Dynamics of classical evolutionary and population-ecological theory reformulated for modular | How must classical evolutionary and population-ecological theory be reformulated for modular, clonal, or chimeric organisms (such as mycelial fungi, colonial invertebrates, and clonal plants) where unitary individuality and lifetime reproductive success are ambiguous? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 12,
"name": "fungal_biology",
"display_name": "Fungal Biology",
"slug": "fungal-biology",
"order_index": 12
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics"
] | [
"multicellular_or_tissue",
"organ",
"organism",
"population"
] | [
"Fungi",
"Ascomycota / Basidiomycota"
] | [
"fungal morphogenesis, symbiosis, and secondary metabolism",
"fungal biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Agan A et al. (2021), Microorganisms ('Seasonal Dynamics of Fungi Associated with Healthy and Diseased Pinus sylvest... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081757",
"label": "Literature triage reference... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081757",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"fungal-biology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"multicellular-or-tissue",
"organ",
"fungal-morphogenesis-symbiosis-and-secondary-metabolism",
"fungi"
] | How must classical evolutionary and population-ecological theory be reformulated for modular, clonal, or chimeric organisms (such as mycelial fungi, colonial invertebrates, and clonal plants) where unitary individuality and lifetime reproductive success are ambiguous? | How should evolutionary and ecological theory be modified for organisms where the concepts of individual and fitness are not easily defined (e.g. fungi)? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
8 | UBIO-000008 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of the functional form, developmental stage-specificity, and strength | How do the functional form, developmental stage-specificity, and strength of density-dependent regulation govern reciprocal eco-evolutionary feedbacks between population density and life-history trait evolution? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 4,
"name": "development_regeneration_aging",
"display_name": "Development, Regeneration, and Aging",
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"development, regeneration, and aging"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Rawal A et al. (2025), Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) ('Neonicotinoids negatively affect life-histo... | [
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] | How do the functional form, developmental stage-specificity, and strength of density-dependent regulation govern reciprocal eco-evolutionary feedbacks between population density and life-history trait evolution? | How do the strength and form of density dependence influence feedbacks between population dynamics and life-history evolution? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
9 | UBIO-000009 | Mechanisms Governing phenotypic plasticity accelerate adaptive evolution | Under what environmental and genetic conditions does phenotypic plasticity accelerate adaptive evolution (via genetic accommodation or the Baldwin effect) versus buffer populations against directional selection? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"immunology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Minias P et al. (2022), Molecular biology and evolution ('Selection Balancing at Innate Immune Genes: Adaptive Polym... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac102",
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"immunology",
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"molecular",
"population",
"vertebrata"
] | Under what environmental and genetic conditions does phenotypic plasticity accelerate adaptive evolution (via genetic accommodation or the Baldwin effect) versus buffer populations against directional selection? | How does phenotypic plasticity influence evolutionary trajectories? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
10 | UBIO-000010 | Mechanistic Basis of specific cellular, endocrine, metabolic, and immunophysiological mechanisms enforce | What specific cellular, endocrine, metabolic, and immunophysiological mechanisms enforce trade-offs among growth, reproduction, immunity, and somatic maintenance across organisms? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"neuroendocrine and hormonal homeostasis",
"immunology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Dubey D et al. (2026), Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets ('Metabolomics: A Viable Approach to Und... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
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] | What specific cellular, endocrine, metabolic, and immunophysiological mechanisms enforce trade-offs among growth, reproduction, immunity, and somatic maintenance across organisms? | What are the physiological bases of life-history trade-offs? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
11 | UBIO-000011 | Mechanistic Basis of combination of abiotic physiological limits, biotic interactions, dispersal dynamics | What combination of abiotic physiological limits, biotic interactions, dispersal dynamics, and asymmetric gene flow prevents adaptation at species' geographic range margins and sets stable range boundaries? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Cellular organisms",
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Author panel (2025), Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ('Population variability across geograp... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1644",
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] | What combination of abiotic physiological limits, biotic interactions, dispersal dynamics, and asymmetric gene flow prevents adaptation at species' geographic range margins and sets stable range boundaries? | What are the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that govern species' range margins? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
12 | UBIO-000012 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of intrinsic organismal dispersal traits interacting with landscape matrix | How do intrinsic organismal dispersal traits interact with landscape matrix permeability and spatial configuration to determine realized dispersal kernels and effective gene flow? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Guo Y et al. (2026), Microorganisms ('CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Modified Biochar Is Asso... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14091950",
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"molecular",
"organism",
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"eukaryota"
] | How do intrinsic organismal dispersal traits interact with landscape matrix permeability and spatial configuration to determine realized dispersal kernels and effective gene flow? | How do species and population traits and landscape configuration interact to determine realized dispersal distances? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
13 | UBIO-000013 | Mechanistic Determinants of individuals occupying the extreme tails of long-distance dispersal kernels | Do individuals occupying the extreme tails of long-distance dispersal kernels or multi-year seed/propagule dormancy distributions possess distinct genotypes, physiological states, or developmental syndromes, or do they arise from stochastic variation? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 5 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Viridiplantae",
"Embryophyta (Land Plants)"
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"phytohormone signaling and plant organogenesis",
"plant biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Hashimshony T et al. (2024), BMC genomics ('A transcriptomic examination of encased rotifer embryos reveals the developmental trajectory l... | [
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14 | UBIO-000014 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of organisms integrate external sensory cues and internal physiological state | How do organisms integrate external sensory cues and internal physiological state to execute movement decisions across distinct behavioral modes such as local foraging, mate search, natal dispersal, and long-distance migration? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"organism",
"population"
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"Metazoa",
"Vertebrata",
"Mammalia"
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"sensory processing, sleep, and cognitive behavior",
"neuroscience and behavior"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Author panel (2024), Ecology and Evolution ('Beyond genes‐for‐behaviour: The potential for genomics to resolve long‐... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70335",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Author... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"organism",
"population",
"sensory-processing-sleep-and-cognitive-behavior",
"neuroscience-and-behavior",
"metazoa"
] | How do organisms integrate external sensory cues and internal physiological state to execute movement decisions across distinct behavioral modes such as local foraging, mate search, natal dispersal, and long-distance migration? | How do organisms make movement decisions in relation to dispersal, migration, foraging or mate search? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
15 | UBIO-000015 | Mechanistic Determinants of survival, fecundity, growth, and recruitment covary predictably across spatial | Do survival, fecundity, growth, and recruitment covary predictably across spatial scales, and how do positive or negative covariances among these vital rates shape regional population synchrony and stability? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"population",
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"Cellular organisms",
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Mukherjee S et al. (2013), PloS one ('In silico modeling of Itk activation kinetics in thymocytes suggests competing... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073937",
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"ecological-dynamics",
"conceptual-foundation",
"population",
"molecular",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | Do survival, fecundity, growth, and recruitment covary predictably across spatial scales, and how do positive or negative covariances among these vital rates shape regional population synchrony and stability? | Do different demographic rates vary predictably over different spatial scales, and how do they then combine to influence spatio-temporal population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
16 | UBIO-000016 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of age/stage structure and metapopulation spatial structure interacting to amplify | How do age/stage structure and metapopulation spatial structure interact to amplify or dampen the impact of environmental stochasticity on long-term population growth rates? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Eukaryota",
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] | [
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Benedicto G et al. (2025), Authorea Preprints ('Population growth of a large seed disperser enhances long-distance seed dispersal through ... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.70019",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Rexer-H... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Benedicto G et al. (2025), Authorea Preprints: 'Population growth of a large seed disperser enhances long-distance seed dispersal through stomatochory' (https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176111483.32307518/v1) | {
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"l4",
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"conceptual-foundation",
"population",
"community",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | How do age/stage structure and metapopulation spatial structure interact to amplify or dampen the impact of environmental stochasticity on long-term population growth rates? | How does demographic and spatial structure modify the effects of environmental stochasticity on population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Benedicto G et al. (2025), Authorea Preprints across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
17 | UBIO-000017 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of non-stationary environmental change and stochastic climate fluctuations | How do non-stationary environmental change and stochastic climate fluctuations interact with nonlinear density-dependent processes to govern population fluctuations and shifts in species distributions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Weber M et al. (2013), BMC systems biology ('Dynamics of the quorum sensing switch: stochastic and non-stationary ef... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-7-6",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Web... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"population",
"ecosystem",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | How do non-stationary environmental change and stochastic climate fluctuations interact with nonlinear density-dependent processes to govern population fluctuations and shifts in species distributions? | How does environmental stochasticity and environmental change interact with density dependence to generate population dynamics and species distributions? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
18 | UBIO-000018 | Quantitative Contribution of maternal provisioning and transgenerational phenotypic effects | To what extent do maternal provisioning and transgenerational phenotypic effects generate delayed density feedback, multigenerational cycles, or demographic resilience in natural populations? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"molecular",
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"Homo sapiens",
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Remigi P et al. (2019), Molecular biology and evolution ('Ribosome Provisioning Activates a Bistable Switch Coupled ... | [
{
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"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz041",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Rem... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"adaptation",
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"population",
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"homo-sapiens"
] | To what extent do maternal provisioning and transgenerational phenotypic effects generate delayed density feedback, multigenerational cycles, or demographic resilience in natural populations? | To what degree do trans-generational effects on life-histories, such as maternal effects, impact on population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
19 | UBIO-000019 | Mechanistic Basis of physiological and developmental mechanisms determining the magnitude and persistence | What physiological and developmental mechanisms determine the magnitude and persistence of early-life and seasonal carry-over effects across life-history stages, and how do they scale up to alter population dynamics? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"development",
"ecological_dynamics",
"mechanism"
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"organism",
"population"
] | [
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Timme-Laragy AR et al. (2013), Free radical biology & medicine ('Glutathione redox dynamics and expression of glutat... | [
{
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.011",
"label": "Literature triage ref... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"l4",
"explicit-question",
"development",
"ecological-dynamics",
"organism",
"population",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | What physiological and developmental mechanisms determine the magnitude and persistence of early-life and seasonal carry-over effects across life-history stages, and how do they scale up to alter population dynamics? | What are the magnitudes and durations of carry-over effects of previous environmental experiences on an individual's subsequent life history and consequent population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
20 | UBIO-000020 | Mechanistic Basis of combination of larval dispersal oceanography, planktonic trophic match-mismatch | What combination of larval dispersal oceanography, planktonic trophic match-mismatch, predation, and maternal condition drives order-of-magnitude interannual recruitment variability in marine fish and invertebrate populations? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"development",
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"organism",
"population",
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"Homo sapiens",
"Metazoa",
"Vertebrata"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"development, regeneration, and aging"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Peniston JH et al. (2024), The American naturalist ('Larval and Adult Traits Coevolve in Response to Asymmetric Coas... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1086/728003",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Peniston J... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"organism",
"population",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"development-regeneration-and-aging",
"homo-sapiens"
] | What combination of larval dispersal oceanography, planktonic trophic match-mismatch, predation, and maternal condition drives order-of-magnitude interannual recruitment variability in marine fish and invertebrate populations? | What causes massive variability in recruitment in some marine systems? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
21 | UBIO-000021 | Mechanisms Governing intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation among individuals altering population | Under what ecological conditions does intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation among individuals alter population stability, community coexistence, and ecosystem nutrient fluxes comparably to interspecific trait differences? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 5 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"ecological_dynamics",
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"molecular",
"population",
"community",
"ecosystem"
] | [
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology ('Coexistence facilitates interspecific biofilm formation in complex microbial communi... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — M... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology: 'Coexistence facilitates interspecific biofilm formation in complex microbial communities' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335) | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335",
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"l5",
"explicit-question",
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"interaction-network",
"molecular",
"population",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | Under what ecological conditions does intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation among individuals alter population stability, community coexistence, and ecosystem nutrient fluxes comparably to interspecific trait differences? | How important is individual variation to population, community and ecosystem dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
22 | UBIO-000022 | Specific Determinants of life-history and demographic parameters | Which life-history and demographic parameters (such as generation time, reproductive dispersion, dormant stage banks, and stage-specific elasticity) govern the transient amplification, resistance, and recovery rate of natural populations following acute perturbations? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
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} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"causality"
] | [
"molecular",
"population"
] | [
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Cai P et al. (2021), Microorganisms ('Flexibility of Microcystis Overwintering Strategy in Response to Winter Temper... | [
{
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112278",
"label": "Literature triage reference... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"causality",
"molecular",
"population",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | Which life-history and demographic parameters (such as generation time, reproductive dispersion, dormant stage banks, and stage-specific elasticity) govern the transient amplification, resistance, and recovery rate of natural populations following acute perturbations? | What demographic traits determine the resilience of natural populations to disturbance and perturbation? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
23 | UBIO-000023 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of within-host resource competition, cross-reactive immunity, and facilitation | How do within-host resource competition, cross-reactive immunity, and facilitation among co-infecting pathogens alter transmission dynamics, virulence evolution, and epidemic trajectories at the host population scale? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"origin_evolution",
"host_pathogen_interaction",
"ecological_dynamics"
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"organism",
"population",
"evolutionary_timescale"
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"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Wang B et al. (2022), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ('Long-distanc... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123274119",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — W... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"host-pathogen-interaction",
"organism",
"population",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | How do within-host resource competition, cross-reactive immunity, and facilitation among co-infecting pathogens alter transmission dynamics, virulence evolution, and epidemic trajectories at the host population scale? | How important are multiple infections in driving disease dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
24 | UBIO-000024 | Mechanisms Governing host-specific parasites (via Janzen-Connell negative frequency dependence) and microbial | Through what ecological and evolutionary mechanisms do host-specific parasites (via Janzen-Connell negative frequency dependence) and microbial mutualists (via niche expansion or positive feedbacks) drive host diversification and maintain coexistence? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
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"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
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"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
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"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics",
"causality"
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"multicellular_or_tissue",
"organism",
"community",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"parasitology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Longo Pendy NM et al. (2026), Parasites & vectors ('Habitat heterogeneity and seasonal dynamics structure mosquito c... | [
{
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"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-026-07551-6",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"parasitology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"multicellular-or-tissue",
"organism",
"protozoa"
] | Through what ecological and evolutionary mechanisms do host-specific parasites (via Janzen-Connell negative frequency dependence) and microbial mutualists (via niche expansion or positive feedbacks) drive host diversification and maintain coexistence? | What is the role of parasites and mutualists in generating and maintaining host species diversity? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
25 | UBIO-000025 | Mechanistic Basis of trophic, chemical, and symbiotic mechanisms couple soil below-ground biodiversity | What trophic, chemical, and symbiotic mechanisms couple soil below-ground biodiversity (fungi, bacteria, archaea, protists, and soil fauna) with above-ground plant and consumer biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 12,
"name": "fungal_biology",
"display_name": "Fungal Biology",
"slug": "fungal-biology",
"order_index": 12
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
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"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
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} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"mechanism"
] | [
"community",
"ecosystem"
] | [
"Archaea",
"Fungi",
"Ascomycota / Basidiomycota"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"fungal biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Zhang S et al. (2024), Frontiers in plant science ('Root exudation under maize/soybean intercropping system mediates the arbuscular mycorr... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13459",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — M... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Zhang S et al. (2024), Frontiers in plant science: 'Root exudation under maize/soybean intercropping system mediates the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and improves the plant growth' (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1375194) | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13459",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
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} | [
"fungal-biology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"community",
"ecosystem",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"archaea"
] | What trophic, chemical, and symbiotic mechanisms couple soil below-ground biodiversity (fungi, bacteria, archaea, protists, and soil fauna) with above-ground plant and consumer biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales? | How does below-ground biodiversity affect above-ground biodiversity, and vice versa? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Zhang S et al. (2024), Frontiers in plant science across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
26 | UBIO-000026 | Quantitative Contribution of taxonomic and genotypic diversity within microbial communities controlling rates | To what extent does taxonomic and genotypic diversity within microbial communities control rates and stability of biogeochemical ecosystem functions, versus being buffered by high functional redundancy and horizontal gene transfer? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 8,
"name": "microbiology",
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"slug": "microbiology",
"order_index": 8
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
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"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"mechanism"
] | [
"molecular",
"community",
"ecosystem"
] | [
"Bacteria",
"Prokaryota"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"microbiology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Tran F et al. (2017), Scientific reports ('Genetic cargo and bacterial species set the rate of vesicle-mediated hori... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07447-7",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07447-7",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"microbiology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"molecular",
"community",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"bacteria"
] | To what extent does taxonomic and genotypic diversity within microbial communities control rates and stability of biogeochemical ecosystem functions, versus being buffered by high functional redundancy and horizontal gene transfer? | What is the relationship between microbial diversity (functional type, species, genotype) and community and ecosystem functioning? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
27 | UBIO-000027 | Quantitative Contribution of host-associated and free-living microorganisms act as primary causal filters | To what extent do host-associated and free-living microorganisms act as primary causal filters determining the assembly, species composition, and relative abundance of plant and animal communities? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 11,
"name": "plant_biology",
"display_name": "Plant Biology",
"slug": "plant-biology",
"order_index": 11
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
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"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"causality"
] | [
"organism",
"community"
] | [
"Viridiplantae",
"Embryophyta (Land Plants)"
] | [
"plant biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Yue Y et al. (2026), Proceedings / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B ('Grazing livestock species composition influences co... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.3021",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Yu... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Yue Y et al. (2026), Proceedings / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: 'Grazing livestock species composition influences community assembly and determines scale-dependent plant diversity' (https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.3021) | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.3021",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
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} | [
"plant-biology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"causality",
"organism",
"community",
"viridiplantae"
] | To what extent do host-associated and free-living microorganisms act as primary causal filters determining the assembly, species composition, and relative abundance of plant and animal communities? | To what extent is macroorganism community composition and diversity determined by interactions with microorganisms? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Yue Y et al. (2026), Proceedings / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
28 | UBIO-000028 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of endosymbiotic and surface-associated microorganisms in plants and herbivores | How do endosymbiotic and surface-associated microorganisms in plants and herbivores alter host secondary metabolism, nutritional quality, and defense signaling to reshape food-web interactions with predators, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"mechanism"
] | [
"organism",
"cellular"
] | [
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"parasitology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Aguilar-Rosales R et al. (2026), Archives of microbiology ('Interactions between bacterial microbiota and protozoan ... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-04822-9",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-04822-9",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
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"parasitology",
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"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"organism",
"cellular",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"protozoa"
] | How do endosymbiotic and surface-associated microorganisms in plants and herbivores alter host secondary metabolism, nutritional quality, and defense signaling to reshape food-web interactions with predators, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids? | How do symbioses between microorganisms and their hosts influence interactions with consumers and higher trophic levels? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
29 | UBIO-000029 | Mechanisms Governing micro- and macroparasites act as primary top-down regulators of wild host population | Under what combinations of host life history, food-web structure, and environmental variability do micro- and macroparasites act as primary top-down regulators of wild host population abundance rather than compensatory mortality agents? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 14,
"name": "ecology_biodiversity",
"display_name": "Ecology and Biodiversity",
"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
"order_index": 14
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"interaction_network"
] | [
"organism",
"population"
] | [
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Zhang B et al. (2026), Ecology and evolution ('Drought and Nitrogen Addition Modulate Wolf Spider-Associated Responses in a Detrital Food ... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025",
"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74165",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Zhang ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Zhang B et al. (2026), Ecology and evolution: 'Drought and Nitrogen Addition Modulate Wolf Spider-Associated Responses in a Detrital Food Web Without Detectable Functional Cascades' (https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74165) | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74165",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
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} | [
"ecology-biodiversity",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"interaction-network",
"organism",
"population",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | Under what combinations of host life history, food-web structure, and environmental variability do micro- and macroparasites act as primary top-down regulators of wild host population abundance rather than compensatory mortality agents? | In what ecological settings are parasites key regulators of population dynamics? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Zhang B et al. (2026), Ecology and evolution across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
30 | UBIO-000030 | Mechanistic Determinants of microorganisms obey the same macroecological scaling laws as macroorganisms | Do microorganisms obey the same macroecological scaling laws as macroorganisms (such as latitudinal diversity gradients, taxa-area relationships, and distance-decay), and are they driven by the same dispersal, drift, speciation, and selection mechanisms? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 16,
"name": "integrative_cross_scale_biology",
"display_name": "Integrative and Cross-Scale Biology",
"slug": "integrative-cross-scale-biology",
"order_index": 16
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
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"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
"order_index": 2
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"ecological_dynamics",
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] | Do microorganisms obey the same macroecological scaling laws as macroorganisms (such as latitudinal diversity gradients, taxa-area relationships, and distance-decay), and are they driven by the same dispersal, drift, speciation, and selection mechanisms? | Do the same macroecological patterns apply to microorganisms and macroorganisms, and are they caused by the same processes? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
31 | UBIO-000031 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of standing intraspecific genetic diversity within host and symbiont populations | How does standing intraspecific genetic diversity within host and symbiont populations govern epidemic spread, Red Queen allele cycling, and the evolutionary stability of mutualisms? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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32 | UBIO-000032 | Specific Determinants of morphological, physiological, stoichiometric, and behavioral traits of consumers | Which morphological, physiological, stoichiometric, and behavioral traits of consumers and resources quantitatively predict per-capita trophic interaction strengths in complex food webs? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Okon-Singer H et al. (2015), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ('The neurobiology of emotion–cognition interactions: f... | [
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"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
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] | Which morphological, physiological, stoichiometric, and behavioral traits of consumers and resources quantitatively predict per-capita trophic interaction strengths in complex food webs? | How can we use species' traits as proxies to predict trophic interaction strength? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
33 | UBIO-000033 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of multidimensional phenotypic traits and phylogenetic constraints | How do multidimensional phenotypic traits and phylogenetic constraints interact with species abundances to generate emergent architecture (nestedness, modularity, and degree distributions) in mutualistic and antagonistic ecological networks? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | How do multidimensional phenotypic traits and phylogenetic constraints interact with species abundances to generate emergent architecture (nestedness, modularity, and degree distributions) in mutualistic and antagonistic ecological networks? | How do species traits influence ecological network structure? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
34 | UBIO-000034 | Mechanisms Governing the cumulative effect of numerous weak interspecific interactions dominate community | Under what network topologies and dynamical regimes does the cumulative effect of numerous weak interspecific interactions dominate community stability and species persistence over a few strong trophic or competitive links? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Cellular organisms",
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Qiu Y et al. (2026), Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society ('The role o... | [
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"community",
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"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | Under what network topologies and dynamical regimes does the cumulative effect of numerous weak interspecific interactions dominate community stability and species persistence over a few strong trophic or competitive links? | When, if ever, can the combined effect of many weak interactions, which are difficult to measure, be greater than the few strong ones we can easily measure? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
35 | UBIO-000035 | Mechanisms of prevalent and quantitatively important are indirect ecological interactions—such as apparent | How prevalent and quantitatively important are indirect ecological interactions—such as apparent competition, apparent mutualism, and trophic cascades—relative to direct pairwise competition and predation in structuring natural communities? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Eukaryota",
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
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] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology ('Coexistence facilitates interspecific biofilm formation in com... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13335",
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"interaction-network",
"community",
"population",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | How prevalent and quantitatively important are indirect ecological interactions—such as apparent competition, apparent mutualism, and trophic cascades—relative to direct pairwise competition and predation in structuring natural communities? | How widespread and important are indirect interactions (e.g. apparent competition, apparent mutualism) in ecological communities? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
36 | UBIO-000036 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of spatial environmental heterogeneity and temporal fluctuations | How do spatial environmental heterogeneity and temporal fluctuations interact across grain sizes to promote species coexistence versus trigger area-heterogeneity trade-offs and stochastic extinctions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Wu F et al. (2026), Marine environmental research ('Tidal forcing enhances ecological connectivity while preserving spatial heterogeneity ... | [
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37 | UBIO-000037 | Mechanistic Basis of ecological factors | What ecological factors (such as productivity, disturbance regime, regional pool size, and trophic level) govern the relative balance between deterministic niche selection and stochastic ecological drift/dispersal in community assembly across biomes? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"multicellular-or-tissue",
"population",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
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] | What ecological factors (such as productivity, disturbance regime, regional pool size, and trophic level) govern the relative balance between deterministic niche selection and stochastic ecological drift/dispersal in community assembly across biomes? | What is the relative importance of stochastic versus deterministic processes in controlling diversity and composition of communities, and how does this vary across ecosystem types? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
38 | UBIO-000038 | Functional Dynamics of mechanistic resource-competition, natural-enemy, and modern coexistence theories | How can mechanistic resource-competition, natural-enemy, and modern coexistence theories be scaled beyond pairwise interactions to predict the maximum number of species that can stably coexist in a local habitat? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Ricklefs RE et al. (2016), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ('Region ... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523683113",
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] | How can mechanistic resource-competition, natural-enemy, and modern coexistence theories be scaled beyond pairwise interactions to predict the maximum number of species that can stably coexist in a local habitat? | How do we predict mechanistically how many species can coexist in a given area? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
39 | UBIO-000039 | Quantitative Contribution of local community richness and functional composition constrained by regional | To what extent are local community richness and functional composition constrained by regional evolutionary species pools and dispersal limitation rather than local biotic interactions and abiotic filtering? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Duque-Castaño DC et al. (2025), ISME communications ('Drift, dispersal limitation, and homogeneous selection as key ... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ismeco/ycaf189",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Du... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"eukaryota"
] | To what extent are local community richness and functional composition constrained by regional evolutionary species pools and dispersal limitation rather than local biotic interactions and abiotic filtering? | To what extent is local species composition and diversity controlled by dispersal limitation and the regional species pool? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
40 | UBIO-000040 | Quantitative Contribution of long-term persistence of multispecies assemblages in fragmented landscapes | To what extent does long-term persistence of multispecies assemblages in fragmented landscapes depend on regional extinction-recolonization metacommunity equilibria versus local patch refugia and population resistance? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Eukaryota",
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Ricklefs RE et al. (2016), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ('Region ... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523683113",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — R... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"interaction-network",
"population",
"community",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | To what extent does long-term persistence of multispecies assemblages in fragmented landscapes depend on regional extinction-recolonization metacommunity equilibria versus local patch refugia and population resistance? | How important are dynamical extinction-recolonization equilibria to the persistence of species assemblages in fragmented landscapes? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
41 | UBIO-000041 | Mechanistic Basis of combination of rooting-depth niche partitioning, demographic bottlenecks, fire-grazer | What combination of rooting-depth niche partitioning, demographic bottlenecks, fire-grazer feedbacks, and hydraulic traits enables the stable long-term coexistence of C3/C4 grasses and woody trees across savanna biomes? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Metazoa",
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"phytohormone signaling and plant organogenesis",
"development, regeneration, and aging"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Lay K et al. (2016), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ('FOXC1 maintai... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601569113",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — L... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"development-regeneration-and-aging",
"metazoa"
] | What combination of rooting-depth niche partitioning, demographic bottlenecks, fire-grazer feedbacks, and hydraulic traits enables the stable long-term coexistence of C3/C4 grasses and woody trees across savanna biomes? | Which mechanisms allow the long-term coexistence of grasses and woody plants over a wide range of ecosystems? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
42 | UBIO-000042 | Quantitative Contribution of numerically rare species perform irreplaceable keystone or insurance functions | To what extent do numerically rare species perform irreplaceable keystone or insurance functions in ecological communities, and what trait combinations make rare taxa disproportionately influential for ecosystem processes? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"interaction_network"
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"community",
"ecosystem"
] | [
"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
] | [
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Ma X et al. (2021), Frontiers in microbiology ('The Distribution and Turnover of Bacterial Communities in the Root Z... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.782621",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 —... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"l4",
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"ecological-dynamics",
"interaction-network",
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"ecosystem",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | To what extent do numerically rare species perform irreplaceable keystone or insurance functions in ecological communities, and what trait combinations make rare taxa disproportionately influential for ecosystem processes? | How important are rare species in the functioning of ecological communities? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
43 | UBIO-000043 | Mechanistic Determinants of standing species diversity within a clade or community primarily | Does standing species diversity within a clade or community primarily inhibit further speciation via ecological niche filling (diversity-dependent diversification) or promote speciation by creating novel biotic niches and coevolutionary interactions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 5 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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} | {
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} | [
"origin_evolution",
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"multicellular_or_tissue",
"community",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Metazoa",
"Vertebrata"
] | [
"evolutionary divergence, speciation, and adaptation",
"development, regeneration, and aging"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Chock RY et al. (2022), Oecologia ('Niche partitioning in an assemblage of granivorous rodents, and the challenge of community-level conse... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05104-5",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Chock RY et al. (2022), Oecologia: 'Niche partitioning in an assemblage of granivorous rodents, and the challenge of community-level conservation' (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05104-5) | {
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] | Does standing species diversity within a clade or community primarily inhibit further speciation via ecological niche filling (diversity-dependent diversification) or promote speciation by creating novel biotic niches and coevolutionary interactions? | What is the feedback between diversity and diversification? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Chock RY et al. (2022), Oecologia across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
44 | UBIO-000044 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of plant-secreted allelochemicals interacting with soil microbial degradation | How do plant-secreted allelochemicals interact with soil microbial degradation and sorption in natural soils to influence interspecific competition, exotic plant invasion, and community dominance? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 8,
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"slug": "microbiology",
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"community",
"ecosystem"
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"Bacteria",
"Prokaryota"
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"proteostasis and ubiquitin-proteasome system",
"microbiology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Gonzalez-Ferrer S et al. (2021), Infection and Immunity ('Finding Order in the Chaos: Outstanding Questions in Klebs... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00693-20",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Gonz... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"community",
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"proteostasis-and-ubiquitin-proteasome-system",
"bacteria"
] | How do plant-secreted allelochemicals interact with soil microbial degradation and sorption in natural soils to influence interspecific competition, exotic plant invasion, and community dominance? | What are the functional consequences of allelopathy for natural plant communities? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
45 | UBIO-000045 | Mechanistic Basis of feedback architectures, network connectivities, and spatial self-organization properties | What feedback architectures, network connectivities, and spatial self-organization properties cause certain ecosystems (such as shallow lakes, coral reefs, drylands, and tropical forests) to exhibit alternative stable states and abrupt tipping points while others respond graduallly? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Scleractinia (Reef-Building Corals)",
"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
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"integrative and cross-scale biology"
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"multiscale-biomechanics-and-quantitative-network-dynamics",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"scleractinia-reef-building-corals"
] | What feedback architectures, network connectivities, and spatial self-organization properties cause certain ecosystems (such as shallow lakes, coral reefs, drylands, and tropical forests) to exhibit alternative stable states and abrupt tipping points while others respond graduallly? | Which ecosystems are susceptible to showing tipping points and why? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
46 | UBIO-000046 | Relative Quantitative Contributions of genetic diversity, species richness, functional trait dispersion | What are the relative quantitative contributions of genetic diversity, species richness, functional trait dispersion, and dominant species identity to multi-trophic ecosystem functioning across spatial and temporal scales? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Shan R et al. (2025), Nature communications ('Temporal stability of forest productivity declines over stand age at m... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57984-3",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"conceptual-foundation",
"molecular",
"community",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | What are the relative quantitative contributions of genetic diversity, species richness, functional trait dispersion, and dominant species identity to multi-trophic ecosystem functioning across spatial and temporal scales? | What is the relative contribution of biodiversity at different levels of organisation (genes, species richness, species identity, functional identity, functional diversity) to ecosystem functioning? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
47 | UBIO-000047 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of fundamental physical differences among marine, freshwater, and terrestrial | How do fundamental physical differences among marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments (such as fluid density, nutrient stoichiometry, and primary producer turnover rate) reshape trophic pyramids, energy flux, and food-web stability? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
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"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
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"ecological_dynamics",
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"molecular",
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"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Finneran AE et al. (2026), Ecology letters ('Food Web Similarity Increases With Productivity Similarity at a Contine... | [
{
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70368",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Finnera... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"conceptual-foundation",
"molecular",
"community",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"integrative-and-cross-scale-biology",
"cellular-organisms"
] | How do fundamental physical differences among marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments (such as fluid density, nutrient stoichiometry, and primary producer turnover rate) reshape trophic pyramids, energy flux, and food-web stability? | What are the generalities in ecosystem properties and dynamics between marine, freshwater and terrestrial biomes? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
48 | UBIO-000048 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of topological features of multitrophic interaction networks | How do topological features of multitrophic interaction networks (such as connectance, compartmental modularity, trophic coherence, and allometric degree distributions) govern whole-ecosystem energy flux, nutrient retention, and resilience to species loss? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"ecological_dynamics",
"adaptation",
"interaction_network"
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"community",
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"Cellular organisms",
"Multicellular Eukaryotes"
] | [
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"multiscale biomechanics and quantitative network dynamics",
"integrative and cross-scale biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Nguyen D et al. (2026), Frontiers in microbiology ('Microbial dynamics along nutrient flow and removal in an integra... | [
{
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1781931",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"community",
"ecosystem",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"multiscale-biomechanics-and-quantitative-network-dynamics",
"cellular-organisms"
] | How do topological features of multitrophic interaction networks (such as connectance, compartmental modularity, trophic coherence, and allometric degree distributions) govern whole-ecosystem energy flux, nutrient retention, and resilience to species loss? | How does the structure of ecological interaction networks affect ecosystem functioning and stability? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
49 | UBIO-000049 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of trace elements and non-canonical macronutrients | How do trace elements and non-canonical macronutrients (such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, and silicon) co-limit primary production, nitrogen fixation, and microbial decomposition across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 8,
"name": "microbiology",
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"slug": "microbiology",
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"ecological_dynamics",
"mechanism"
] | [
"ecosystem",
"molecular"
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"Bacteria",
"Prokaryota"
] | [
"microbiology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Li Y et al. (2026), Plant communications ('Bag-controlled low-nitrogen fertilization induces root arbutin secretion ... | [
{
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2026.101745",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"microbiology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"mechanism",
"ecosystem",
"molecular",
"bacteria"
] | How do trace elements and non-canonical macronutrients (such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, and silicon) co-limit primary production, nitrogen fixation, and microbial decomposition across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems? | How do nutrients other than nitrogen and phosphorus (and iron in the sea) affect productivity in ecosystems? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
50 | UBIO-000050 | Mechanistic Basis of globally significant biogeochemical cycling, carbon sequestration | What globally significant biogeochemical cycling, carbon sequestration, and metabolic functions are performed by the deep continental subsurface, groundwater aquifers, and abyssal/hadal marine biomes? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 4 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"name": "ecology_biodiversity",
"display_name": "Ecology and Biodiversity",
"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
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"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
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"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
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"ecological_dynamics",
"interaction_network"
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"ecosystem",
"population"
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"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Case DH et al. (2017), Frontiers in microbiology ('Aerobic and Anaerobic Methanotrophic Communities Associated with Methane Hydrates Expos... | [
{
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02569",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Case DH et al. (2017), Frontiers in microbiology: 'Aerobic and Anaerobic Methanotrophic Communities Associated with Methane Hydrates Exposed on the Seafloor: A High-Pressure Sampling and Stable Isotope-Incubation Experiment' (https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02569) | {
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"interaction-network",
"ecosystem",
"population",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
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] | What globally significant biogeochemical cycling, carbon sequestration, and metabolic functions are performed by the deep continental subsurface, groundwater aquifers, and abyssal/hadal marine biomes? | Are there globally significant ecosystem functions provided by poorly known ecosystems (e.g. deep oceans, ground water)? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology; partial experimental progress reported in Case DH et al. (2017), Frontiers in microbiology across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
51 | UBIO-000051 | Mechanistic Determinants of any co-occurring species truly functionally redundant | Are any co-occurring species truly functionally redundant when ecosystems experience multi-decadal directional climate change, novel stressor combinations, and requirement for multiple simultaneous ecosystem functions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"ecosystem",
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"Eukaryota",
"Terrestrial and Aquatic Taxa"
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"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Huang Q et al. (2026), Fundamental research ('Opposing effects of increasing numbers of added resources on producer ... | [
{
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"label": "Originating source — William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'"
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.012",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"interaction-network",
"ecosystem",
"population",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
"eukaryota"
] | Are any co-occurring species truly functionally redundant when ecosystems experience multi-decadal directional climate change, novel stressor combinations, and requirement for multiple simultaneous ecosystem functions? | Which, if any, species are functionally redundant in the context of stochastic or directional environmental changes? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
52 | UBIO-000052 | Mechanistic Determinants of path-dependent hysteresis | During recovery from chronic environmental degradation or disturbance, is path-dependent hysteresis (where community assembly and ecosystem function follow a different trajectory than degradation) the norm or the exception across ecosystems? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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] | During recovery from chronic environmental degradation or disturbance, is path-dependent hysteresis (where community assembly and ecosystem function follow a different trajectory than degradation) the norm or the exception across ecosystems? | Is hysteresis the exception or the norm in ecological systems? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
53 | UBIO-000053 | Mechanistic Basis of life-history, genetic, and trophic mechanisms governing the magnitude and relaxation | What life-history, genetic, and trophic mechanisms govern the magnitude and relaxation timescale of the extinction debt incurred by remnant communities after habitat loss and fragmentation? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013)... | 5 | partially_solved | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"evolutionary_timescale"
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"Eukaryota",
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] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Subsequent experimental work in Madsen JS et al. (2016), Environmental microbiology ('Coexistence facilitates interspecific biofilm formation in complex microbial communi... | [
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54 | UBIO-000054 | Evolutionary and Mechanistic Basis of evolutionary reversal of harvest-induced life-history changes | Why is evolutionary reversal of harvest-induced life-history changes (such as earlier maturation at smaller body size in overexploited fish and wildlife) often slow or incomplete after harvesting pressure is relaxed, and how does this constrain demographic recovery? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 4,
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"development, regeneration, and aging"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Rawal A et al. (2025), Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) ('Neonicotinoids negatively affect life-histo... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126763",
"label": "Literature triage reference ... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
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"evolutionary-timescale",
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55 | UBIO-000055 | Temporal Dynamics of climate warming shifts the seasonal phenology of resources, consumers, and pollinators | When climate warming shifts the seasonal phenology of resources, consumers, and pollinators at different rates, under what conditions does phenological mismatch cause demographic decline and trophic uncoupling versus rapid microevolutionary or behavioral compensation? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"display_name": "Neuroscience and Behavior",
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"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
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"sensory processing, sleep, and cognitive behavior",
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
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] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Author panel (2024), Ecology and Evolution ('Beyond genes‐for‐behaviour: The potential for genomics to resolve long‐... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70335",
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"organism",
"population",
"sensory-processing-sleep-and-cognitive-behavior",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"metazoa"
] | When climate warming shifts the seasonal phenology of resources, consumers, and pollinators at different rates, under what conditions does phenological mismatch cause demographic decline and trophic uncoupling versus rapid microevolutionary or behavioral compensation? | To what extent will climate change uncouple trophic links due to phenological change? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
56 | UBIO-000056 | Mechanistic Basis of combination of standing genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, dispersal capacity | What combination of standing genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, dispersal capacity, reproductive rate, and biotic interactions determines whether a population facing rapid environmental change undergoes evolutionary rescue, range shift, or local extinction? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"slug": "ecology-biodiversity",
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"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
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"origin_evolution",
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"adaptation"
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"Eukaryota",
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"ecology and biodiversity"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Botero-Delgadillo E et al. (2017), Ecology and evolution ('Variation in fine-scale genetic structure and local dispe... | [
{
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3342",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Botero-... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"kind": "literature_triage",
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"l5",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"ecological-dynamics",
"molecular",
"population",
"ecology-and-biodiversity",
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] | What combination of standing genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, dispersal capacity, reproductive rate, and biotic interactions determines whether a population facing rapid environmental change undergoes evolutionary rescue, range shift, or local extinction? | In the face of rapid environmental change, what determines whether species adapt, shift their ranges or go extinct? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
57 | UBIO-000057 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of the loss of apex predators cascade through mesopredator release, herbivore | How does the loss of apex predators cascade through mesopredator release, herbivore behavior, nutrient translocation, and disease dynamics to alter carbon cycling, biodiversity, and regime stability across terrestrial and marine ecosystems? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 4 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"slug": "neuroscience-behavior",
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"id": 4,
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"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 2,
"name": "fundamental_ecology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
"slug": "fundamental-ecology-100-questions",
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} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
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"Metazoa",
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"Mammalia"
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"sensory processing, sleep, and cognitive behavior",
"community ecology, trophic networks, and biosphere cycling",
"neuroscience and behavior"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Vandael D et al. (2024), Science (New York, N.Y.) ('Structure, biophysics, and circuit function of a "giant" cortica... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg6757",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — V... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"organism",
"ecosystem",
"sensory-processing-sleep-and-cognitive-behavior",
"community-ecology-trophic-networks-and-biosphere-cycling",
"metazoa"
] | How does the loss of apex predators cascade through mesopredator release, herbivore behavior, nutrient translocation, and disease dynamics to alter carbon cycling, biodiversity, and regime stability across terrestrial and marine ecosystems? | What are the ecosystem impacts of worldwide top predator declines? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
58 | UBIO-000058 | Quantitative Contribution of contemporary plant functional traits, seed-dispersal syndromes, fire regimes | To what extent do contemporary plant functional traits, seed-dispersal syndromes, fire regimes, and soil nutrient distributions reflect anachronistic legacies and disequilibrium from Late-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions? | Source: William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (W... | 5 | open | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology | 2,013 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 11,
"name": "plant_biology",
"display_name": "Plant Biology",
"slug": "plant-biology",
"order_index": 11
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
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"id": 2,
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"display_name": "Fundamental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics",
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"organ",
"population",
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"Viridiplantae",
"Embryophyta (Land Plants)"
] | [
"phytohormone signaling and plant organogenesis",
"plant biology"
] | sutherland_2013_ecology_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12025 | William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology: 'Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions' | CC BY 3.0 / BES Open Access | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology ('Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions'). Multi-paper literature triage across Pérez-Fernández MA et al. (2026), Plants (Basel, Switzerland) ('Drought, Ash and Soil Legacies Shape Seed Germinatio... | [
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{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15142242",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Pé... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"phytohormone-signaling-and-plant-organogenesis",
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] | To what extent do contemporary plant functional traits, seed-dispersal syndromes, fire regimes, and soil nutrient distributions reflect anachronistic legacies and disequilibrium from Late-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions? | What is the legacy of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions on contemporary ecosystems? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against sutherland_2013_ecology_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (William J. Sutherland et al. (2013), Journal of Ecology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
59 | UBIO-000059 | Mechanistic Basis of ecological, dispersal, and plant-soil feedback mechanisms governing the trajectory | What ecological, dispersal, and plant-soil feedback mechanisms govern the trajectory of plant species diversity and functional assembly in novel and restored ecosystems? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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60 | UBIO-000060 | Mechanistic Basis of molecular, metabolic, and chromatin-level mechanisms enabling plants to establish | What molecular, metabolic, and chromatin-level mechanisms enable plants to establish and maintain systemic defense priming without incurring constitutive growth-defense fitness penalties? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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61 | UBIO-000061 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of plants perceive and integrate volatile organic compounds, root exudates | How do plants perceive and integrate volatile organic compounds, root exudates, mycorrhizal hyphal signals, and spectral light cues (red:far-red ratio) to distinguish kin from non-kin and regulate interspecific plant-plant interactions? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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62 | UBIO-000062 | Mechanisms Governing root- and leaf-associated microbiomes enhancing host plant tolerance to drought, salinity | Through what molecular signaling, hormone-modulating, and metabolic pathways do root- and leaf-associated microbiomes enhance host plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and thermal extremes? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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] | Through what molecular signaling, hormone-modulating, and metabolic pathways do root- and leaf-associated microbiomes enhance host plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and thermal extremes? | Plant-microbiome interactions: How does the plant microbiome affect stress tolerance? | paraphrased_verified | Verified against armstrong_2023_plant_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
63 | UBIO-000063 | Molecular limits, stability across mitosis and meiosis, and adaptive consequences of environmentally | What are the molecular limits, stability across mitosis and meiosis, and adaptive consequences of environmentally induced epigenomic plasticity (DNA methylation, histone variants, and small RNAs) in plants? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"cellular"
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"Viridiplantae",
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"cytoskeleton and cell division machinery",
"chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation",
"plant biology"
] | armstrong_2023_plant_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' | CC BY 4.0 | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist ('One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective'). Multi-paper literature triage across Song Q et al. (2017), Genome biology ('Epigenomic and functional analyses reveal roles of epi... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1229-8",
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64 | UBIO-000064 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of plant cells integrate conflicting hormone, calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) | How do plant cells integrate conflicting hormone, calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transcriptional networks when exposed to simultaneous abiotic and biotic stressors (such as combined heat, drought, and pathogen attack)? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"neuroendocrine and hormonal homeostasis",
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65 | UBIO-000065 | Mechanistic Basis of genetic and enzymatic mechanisms generating the vast uncharacterized diversity | What genetic and enzymatic mechanisms generate the vast uncharacterized diversity of lineage-specific specialized metabolites and volatiles across the plant kingdom, and what are their native ecological and physiological functions? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 5 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"enzyme catalysis and allosteric regulation",
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] | armstrong_2023_plant_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' | CC BY 4.0 | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist ('One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective'). Multi-paper literature triage across Nguyen LMN et al. (2025), American journal of botany ('Sources of variation in plant chemical... | [
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66 | UBIO-000066 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of elevated atmospheric CO2, temperature extremes, and altered humidity directly | How do elevated atmospheric CO2, temperature extremes, and altered humidity directly modify plant immune receptor signaling (PTI and ETI), stomatal defense, and pathogen virulence factor expression? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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67 | UBIO-000067 | Quantitative Contribution of whole-plant and ecosystem carbon assimilation limited by photosynthetic source | To what extent is whole-plant and ecosystem carbon assimilation limited by photosynthetic source capacity versus meristematic sink demand (cell division, cell-wall expansion, and nutrient stoichiometry), and how do thermal and water stresses shift this balance? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 5 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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68 | UBIO-000068 | Mechanistic Basis of physiological and rhizosphere mechanisms controlling the partitioning | What physiological and rhizosphere mechanisms control the partitioning of plant photosynthate into recalcitrant versus labile soil carbon pools, and what plant-microbe feedback loops govern priming of soil organic matter under warming? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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69 | UBIO-000069 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of thermal stress and drought altering floral development, nectar chemistry, floral | How do thermal stress and drought alter floral development, nectar chemistry, floral volatile emission, and pollinator sensory physiology to reshape plant-pollinator mutualistic networks? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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70 | UBIO-000070 | Mechanistic Basis of genomic architectures | What genomic architectures (such as polyploidy, structural variants, tandem gene duplications, and cis-regulatory divergence) and physiological trade-offs govern rapid evolutionary adaptation of plants to extreme abiotic stress? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 5 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"label": "Literature tri... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Wang C et al. (2025), International journal of molecular sciences: 'Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 3/6 Reduce Auxin Signaling via Stabilizing Indoleacetic Acid-Induced Proteins 8/9 in Plant Abiotic Stress Adaptation' (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051964) | {
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71 | UBIO-000071 | Mechanistic Basis of molecular signaling hubs coordinating the reciprocal antagonism and uncoupling | What molecular signaling hubs coordinate the reciprocal antagonism and uncoupling between growth-promoting pathways (auxin, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, TOR) and stress-response pathways (ABA, jasmonate, salicylic acid, SnRK1) in plants? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"phytohormone signaling and plant organogenesis",
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"adaptation",
"molecular",
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72 | UBIO-000072 | Mechanistic Basis of genomic, effector-repertoire, and host-target conservation mechanisms | What genomic, effector-repertoire, and host-target conservation mechanisms enable filamentous, bacterial, and viral plant pathogens to overcome non-host immunity and execute evolutionary jumps into distantly related plant hosts? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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73 | UBIO-000073 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of generalist, broad-host-range plant pathogens | How do generalist, broad-host-range plant pathogens (such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Cucumber mosaic virus) maintain virulence across hundreds of host families without incurring crippling fitness trade-offs from immune recognition? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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74 | UBIO-000074 | Fundamental biophysical, thermodynamic, and metabolic limits to improving photosynthetic solar-energy | What are the fundamental biophysical, thermodynamic, and metabolic limits to improving photosynthetic solar-energy conversion efficiency (including Rubisco carboxylation kinetics, photorespiratory bypasses, non-photochemical quenching relaxation, and canopy light harvesting) in land plants? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"enzyme catalysis and allosteric regulation",
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"plant biology"
] | armstrong_2023_plant_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' | CC BY 4.0 | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist ('One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective'). Subsequent experimental work in Chen X et al. (2026), Plants (Basel, Switzerland) ('Nitric Oxide Alleviates Low-Light-Induced Photosynthetic Impair... | [
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"label": "Literature triage... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Chen X et al. (2026), Plants (Basel, Switzerland): 'Nitric Oxide Alleviates Low-Light-Induced Photosynthetic Impairment by Improving Photosystem Coordination and Electron Transport in Tomato Seedlings' (https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15172668) | {
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75 | UBIO-000075 | Mechanistic Basis of chromatin-remodeling, DNA methylation, small-RNA, and maternal seed-provisioning | What chromatin-remodeling, DNA methylation, small-RNA, and maternal seed-provisioning mechanisms govern the establishment, maintenance, and resetting of transgenerational stress memory in plants? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"homo-sapiens"
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76 | UBIO-000076 | Mechanistic Basis of emergent physiological, canopy-architectural, and community-level feedbacks | What emergent physiological, canopy-architectural, and community-level feedbacks govern or obscure the translation of molecular and genetic perturbations (such as stomatal or photosynthetic gene variants) to whole-ecosystem carbon and water fluxes? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 5 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"rna processing and epitranscriptomic regulation",
"photosynthesis, chloroplast biogenesis, and plant vascular transport",
"plant biology"
] | armstrong_2023_plant_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' | CC BY 4.0 | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist ('One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective'). Subsequent experimental work in Li L et al. (2026), Frontiers in plant science ('Beyond peak wavelength: spectral bandwidth of blue and red-blue la... | [
{
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15182889",
"label": "Literature triage... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Li L et al. (2026), Frontiers in plant science: 'Beyond peak wavelength: spectral bandwidth of blue and red-blue laser diodes modulates photosynthesis, canopy architecture, chlorophyll maintenance, and whole-plant growth' (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1817114) | {
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77 | UBIO-000077 | Mechanisms of One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective | Through what cellular and ecological mechanisms (such as parasitic haustoria, natural root grafting, mycorrhizal bridges, or viral/transposon vectors) does horizontal gene transfer occur among land plants, and what is its quantitative contribution to adaptive plant evolution? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 5 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Protozoa",
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78 | UBIO-000078 | Mechanistic Basis of molecular, physiological, and selective forces explain the >2,400-fold variation | What molecular, physiological, and selective forces explain the >2,400-fold variation in nuclear genome size across land plants, and how is transposable-element amplification balanced by DNA deletion, nuclear volume biophysics, and nutrient stoichiometry? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Emily May Armstron... | 4 | partially_solved | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Viridiplantae",
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"plant biology"
] | armstrong_2023_plant_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' | CC BY 4.0 | verbatim_allowed | Formulated as an open question in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist ('One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective'). Subsequent experimental work in Dong H et al. (2026), Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) ('Autopolyploidization-Induced Chroma... | [
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70057",
"label": "Literature triage refe... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | Dong H et al. (2026), Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany): 'Autopolyploidization-Induced Chromatin Remodeling Regulates Leaf Size Variation in Brassica rapa' (https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202513558) | {
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"plant-biology",
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] | What molecular, physiological, and selective forces explain the >2,400-fold variation in nuclear genome size across land plants, and how is transposable-element amplification balanced by DNA deletion, nuclear volume biophysics, and nutrient stoichiometry? | What controls plant genome size and complexity? * | paraphrased_verified | Verified against armstrong_2023_plant_100q (2026-10-17). | null | PARTIAL-PROGRESS | Posed in Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist; partial experimental progress reported in Dong H et al. (2026), Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) across 4 domain-matched studies. | null |
79 | UBIO-000079 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of qualitative and quantitative divergence in secondary metabolomes | How does qualitative and quantitative divergence in secondary metabolomes across co-occurring plant species mediate enemy partitioning, allelopathic niche differentiation, and soil microbiome specialization to stabilize plant coexistence? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 5 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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"Bacteria",
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08185-7",
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80 | UBIO-000080 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of long-distance vascular signaling molecules | How do long-distance vascular signaling molecules (mobile peptides, microRNAs, cytokinins, strigolactones, and phloem metabolites) integrate local root nutrient sensing with systemic shoot demand to coordinate nutrient homeostasis and organ growth? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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81 | UBIO-000081 | Mechanistic Basis of evolutionary, developmental, and immunological mechanisms distinguish nodulating | What evolutionary, developmental, and immunological mechanisms distinguish nodulating nitrogen-fixing clades from non-nodulating cereals, and what prevents cereal roots from executing rhizobial infection-thread formation, nodule organogenesis, and oxygen-buffered symbiosome maintenance? | Source: Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist: 'One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective' (https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across orig... | 4 | open | Emily May Armstrong et al. (2023), New Phytologist | 2,023 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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82 | UBIO-000082 | Mechanistic Basis of intrinsic parasite clock mechanisms, endocrine host signals, and seasonal cues | What intrinsic parasite clock mechanisms, endocrine host signals, and seasonal cues trigger the resumption of development and emergence from arrested larval stages (hypobiosis) in parasitic nematodes? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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83 | UBIO-000083 | Mechanistic Basis of intrinsic reproductive signaling pathways and host physiological, nutritional | What intrinsic reproductive signaling pathways and host physiological, nutritional, and immunological factors regulate per-capita egg production in adult female parasitic helminths? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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84 | UBIO-000084 | Mechanistic Determinants of selective breeding of vertebrate hosts for low fecal worm egg counts | Does selective breeding of vertebrate hosts for low fecal worm egg counts impose natural selection on parasitic nematodes to evolve compensatory life-history strategies such as increased per-female fecundity or altered developmental timing? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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85 | UBIO-000085 | Mechanistic Basis of genetic and physiological adaptations enabling gastrointestinal nematodes to overcome | What genetic and physiological adaptations enable gastrointestinal nematodes to overcome host-specificity barriers and adapt to alternative ruminant host species under sympatric or rotational grazing? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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86 | UBIO-000086 | Mechanistic Basis of physiological and genetic mechanisms governing the thermal plasticity, desiccation | What physiological and genetic mechanisms govern the thermal plasticity, desiccation tolerance, and phenological adaptation of free-living infective helminth larvae under changing climatic regimes? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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87 | UBIO-000087 | Mechanisms Governing subclinical and clinical gastrointestinal helminth infections altering host foraging | Through what neuroendocrine, cytokine, and gut-brain axis mechanisms do subclinical and clinical gastrointestinal helminth infections alter host foraging, social, and activity behaviors? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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88 | UBIO-000088 | Mechanistic Basis of chemosensory, postingestive feedback, and associative learning mechanisms | What chemosensory, postingestive feedback, and associative learning mechanisms enable parasitized mammalian herbivores to self-medicate by selectively foraging on plants rich in antiparasitic secondary metabolites? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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89 | UBIO-000089 | Mechanisms Governing low-intensity helminth colonization conferring net fitness or homeostatic benefits | Under what ecological and physiological conditions does low-intensity helminth colonization confer net fitness or homeostatic benefits to vertebrate hosts by calibrating mucosal immunity and suppressing immunopathology? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 5 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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90 | UBIO-000090 | Mechanistic Basis of secreted small molecules, peptides, or extracellular vesicles mediating intraspecific | What secreted small molecules, peptides, or extracellular vesicles mediate intraspecific and interspecific communication, mate finding, and niche partitioning among parasitic helminths cohabiting the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
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Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Pa... | 5 | partially_solved | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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91 | UBIO-000091 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of concurrent infections by distinct helminth species interacting within the host | How do concurrent infections by distinct helminth species interact within the host to polarize or antagonize mucosal and systemic immune responses and alter disease pathogenesis? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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92 | UBIO-000092 | Mechanisms Governing the resident gut microbiota regulating host protective immunity | Through what metabolic and mucosal signaling mechanisms does the resident gut microbiota regulate host protective immunity against parasitic helminths, and conversely how do helminths directly remodel microbial community composition? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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93 | UBIO-000093 | Mechanisms and Dynamics of helminth-induced Th2 and regulatory immune polarization altering macrophage | How does helminth-induced Th2 and regulatory immune polarization alter macrophage activation, granuloma integrity, and bacterial clearance during co-infection with intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): PARTIAL-PROGRESS (status: partially_solved). Posed in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Pa... | 4 | partially_solved | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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94 | UBIO-000094 | Mechanistic Basis of physiological, metabolic, and immunological mechanisms governing the life-history | What physiological, metabolic, and immunological mechanisms govern the life-history trade-offs between active immune clearance of helminths (resistance) and maintenance of tissue integrity and growth under infection (tolerance/resilience)? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Abdybekova AM et al. (2019), Journal of helminthology ('Genotypes of Echinococcus isolated from domestic livestock in Kazakh... | [
{
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},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000634",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Abdybe... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000634",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
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"parasitology",
"l4",
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"host-pathogen-interaction",
"adaptation",
"multicellular-or-tissue",
"organism",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"nematoda-parasitic-helminths"
] | What physiological, metabolic, and immunological mechanisms govern the life-history trade-offs between active immune clearance of helminths (resistance) and maintenance of tissue integrity and growth under infection (tolerance/resilience)? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
95 | UBIO-000095 | Evolutionary and Mechanistic Basis of closely related ruminant species | Why do closely related ruminant species (such as cattle, sheep, and browsing goats) differ markedly in the rate of acquisition, durability, and effector mechanisms of protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
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} | {
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"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
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"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"mechanism",
"host_pathogen_interaction"
] | [
"cellular",
"organism"
] | [
"Bos taurus",
"Ovis aries",
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)"
] | [
"digestive, hepatic, and metabolic organ physiology",
"helminth biology and vector-parasite transmission",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Abdybekova AM et al. (2019), Journal of helminthology ('Genotypes of Echinococcus isolated from domestic livestock in Kazakh... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
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},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000634",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Abdybe... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
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"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
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} | [
"parasitology",
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"explicit-question",
"mechanism",
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"cellular",
"organism",
"digestive-hepatic-and-metabolic-organ-physiology",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"bos-taurus"
] | Why do closely related ruminant species (such as cattle, sheep, and browsing goats) differ markedly in the rate of acquisition, durability, and effector mechanisms of protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
96 | UBIO-000096 | Mechanistic Basis of combination of host immunogenetics, early-life microbiome imprinting, nutritional state | What combination of host immunogenetics, early-life microbiome imprinting, nutritional state, and foraging microhabitat exposure causes the strong overdispersion (aggregation) of helminth burdens within host populations? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 5 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 5,
"level": 5,
"name": "L5: Grand Challenge",
"color_class": "text-purple-600 bg-purple-50 border-purple-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
"name": "livestock_helminthology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"ecological_dynamics",
"interaction_network"
] | [
"organism",
"population",
"community"
] | [
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)",
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"microbiome dynamics and host-microbe symbiosis",
"helminth biology and vector-parasite transmission",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Kura K et al. (2022), Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ('The observed relationship between... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
"label": "Originating source — Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trac033",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Kura K et... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trac033",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"parasitology",
"l5",
"explicit-question",
"ecological-dynamics",
"interaction-network",
"organism",
"population",
"microbiome-dynamics-and-host-microbe-symbiosis",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"nematoda-parasitic-helminths"
] | What combination of host immunogenetics, early-life microbiome imprinting, nutritional state, and foraging microhabitat exposure causes the strong overdispersion (aggregation) of helminth burdens within host populations? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
97 | UBIO-000097 | Mechanistic Basis of genetic changes in xenobiotic metabolism enzymes | What genetic changes in xenobiotic metabolism enzymes (such as cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases) and ABC efflux transporters (such as P-glycoproteins) drive non-target-site resistance to macrocyclic lactones and other anthelmintics in parasitic helminths? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
"name": "livestock_helminthology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"causality",
"mechanism"
] | [
"molecular",
"cellular"
] | [
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)",
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"enzyme catalysis and allosteric regulation",
"membrane transport and receptor biophysics",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Demeler J et al. (2014), Parasitology ('Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
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},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Demele... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"parasitology",
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"causality",
"mechanism",
"molecular",
"cellular",
"enzyme-catalysis-and-allosteric-regulation",
"membrane-transport-and-receptor-biophysics",
"nematoda-parasitic-helminths"
] | What genetic changes in xenobiotic metabolism enzymes (such as cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases) and ABC efflux transporters (such as P-glycoproteins) drive non-target-site resistance to macrocyclic lactones and other anthelmintics in parasitic helminths? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
98 | UBIO-000098 | Mechanistic Determinants of alleles conferring resistance to benzimidazoles, levamisole, or macrocyclic | Do alleles conferring resistance to benzimidazoles, levamisole, or macrocyclic lactones impose intrinsic physiological, developmental, or reproductive fitness costs on parasitic helminths in the absence of drug exposure, or are costs eliminated by compensatory evolution? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
"name": "livestock_helminthology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"origin_evolution",
"development"
] | [
"organism",
"evolutionary_timescale"
] | [
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)",
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"helminth biology and vector-parasite transmission",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Demeler J et al. (2014), Parasitology ('Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
"label": "Originating source — Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Demele... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
} | [
"parasitology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"origin-evolution",
"development",
"organism",
"evolutionary-timescale",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"nematoda-parasitic-helminths"
] | Do alleles conferring resistance to benzimidazoles, levamisole, or macrocyclic lactones impose intrinsic physiological, developmental, or reproductive fitness costs on parasitic helminths in the absence of drug exposure, or are costs eliminated by compensatory evolution? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
99 | UBIO-000099 | Mechanistic Determinants of intense selection for anthelmintic drug resistance pleiotropically altering | Does intense selection for anthelmintic drug resistance pleiotropically alter the developmental rate, mucosal pathogenicity, or immunomodulatory capacity of surviving helminth populations? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
"name": "livestock_helminthology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"development",
"host_pathogen_interaction"
] | [
"multicellular_or_tissue",
"population"
] | [
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)",
"Protozoa",
"Helminths (Parasitic Metazoa)"
] | [
"helminth biology and vector-parasite transmission",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Zaini A et al. (2023), Mucosal immunology ('Heterogeneous Tfh cell populations that develop during enteric helminth infectio... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
"label": "Originating source — Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.007",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Zai... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.007",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
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} | [
"parasitology",
"l4",
"explicit-question",
"development",
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"multicellular-or-tissue",
"population",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"nematoda-parasitic-helminths"
] | Does intense selection for anthelmintic drug resistance pleiotropically alter the developmental rate, mucosal pathogenicity, or immunomodulatory capacity of surviving helminth populations? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
100 | UBIO-000100 | Mechanistic Determinants of parasitic nematodes and trematodes harbor a stable, vertically or horizontally | Do parasitic nematodes and trematodes harbor a stable, vertically or horizontally transmitted internal bacteriome (beyond filarial Wolbachia), and what essential metabolic or developmental functions do these endosymbionts perform for the worm? | Source: Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006).
<!-- LITERATURE-TRIAGE:BEGIN -->
Literature status (2026-10-17): OPEN-VERIFIED (status: open). Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. ... | 4 | open | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology | 2,019 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | 2026-10-17T09:30:00 | true | {
"id": 10,
"name": "parasitology",
"display_name": "Parasitology",
"slug": "parasitology",
"order_index": 10
} | {
"id": 4,
"level": 4,
"name": "L4: Field-Defining",
"color_class": "text-red-600 bg-red-50 border-red-200"
} | {
"id": 7,
"name": "livestock_helminthology_100_questions",
"display_name": "Parasitology, Protozoology, and Host-Parasite Biology",
"slug": "livestock-helminthology-100-questions",
"order_index": 7
} | [
"development",
"host_pathogen_interaction"
] | [
"cellular",
"organism"
] | [
"Obligate Intracellular Bacteria",
"Nematoda (Parasitic Helminths)",
"Platyhelminthes (Cestoda / Trematoda)"
] | [
"helminth biology and vector-parasite transmission",
"parasitology"
] | morgan_2019_helminth_100q | question_list_paper | explicit_question | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006 | Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research' | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | paraphrase_only | Formulated as an unresolved biological question in Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology ('100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'). Multi-paper literature triage across Abdybekova AM et al. (2019), Journal of helminthology ('Genotypes of Echinococcus isolated from domestic livestock in Kazakh... | [
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.10.006",
"label": "Originating source — Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology: '100 Questions in Livestock Helminthology Research'"
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000634",
"label": "Literature triage reference 1 — Abdybe... | 2026-10-17T00:00:00 | null | {
"source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000634",
"checked_at": "2026-10-17T00:00:00",
"kind": "literature_triage",
"evidence": "published"
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"parasitology",
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"development",
"host-pathogen-interaction",
"cellular",
"organism",
"helminth-biology-and-vector-parasite-transmission",
"obligate-intracellular-bacteria"
] | Do parasitic nematodes and trematodes harbor a stable, vertically or horizontally transmitted internal bacteriome (beyond filarial Wolbachia), and what essential metabolic or developmental functions do these endosymbionts perform for the worm? | null | paraphrased_verified | Verified against morgan_2019_helminth_100q (2026-10-17). | null | OPEN-VERIFIED | Verified open as of 2026-10-17 across originating source (Eric R. Morgan et al. (2019), Trends in Parasitology) and 4 domain-matched peer-reviewed studies. | null |
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