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Climate change can result in a reduction in crop yields, livestock production and fish catch. This will place added stress on global food security and reinforce the existing challenges in food production. It is also likely that there will be greater volatility in food availability and price, as well as greater uncertai... |
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Increase in food prices due to rising production costs |
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Food production costs are likely to increase due to increasing costs of climate adaptation and mitigation. Given the increase in temperature and drought occurrences, it is likely that feed prices will increase. Water scarcity, rise in feed prices and increase in demand for quality feed and energy for climate adaptation... |
Global commitment in mitigating climate change may alter the costs of energy and the way farmers farm their livestock. In Australia, and |
in all likelihood, the United States and Canada, mitigation costs will be borne by farmers, as they have to avoid business-as-usual production. In all regions including Southeast Asia, India and China, adaptation costs may increase. As a result, there will be an increase in cost of energy and water inputs. |
Given the increase in temperature and drought occurrences, it is also likely that animal feed prices will increase. The implementation of carbon tax in exporting nations will also push up food prices. The use of biofuel as a substitute for oil may continue to artificially inflate demand for already reduced grain suppli... |
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Shifting food production centres |
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To avoid higher costs of adaptation, agriculture and livestock production are likely to shift to regions with more favourable climate conditions — regions of higher latitude or altitude. This will change the global distribution of food production and export, potentially opening up new food source countries and new supp... |
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Key Recommendations |
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SALINE |
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An IRRI test field where saline resistant rice varieties are cultivated |
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Source: Deutsche Welle/ flickr |
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Exporting countries will prioritise local markets and needs if there are production failures, particularly as a result of climate change. Therefore, exporting governments will likely enhance export restrictions in times of food emergency. For importing countries, this could translate to reduced stability of food supply... |
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1. Adopt a ‘no-regrets’ approach |
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Both exporting and importing countries should adopt a “no-regrets” approach to adaptation actions in food systems. “No regrets” approach refers to the need to take proactive adaptation actions. This is to preempt adverse conditions given the lack of accuracy in future climate projections. Most importantly, as climate i... |
for producing countries to identify potential impacts and possible adaptation actions on local production centres. Early identification of the impacts of climate change on current crop yields, livestock production and fish in producing countries will be important for these countries’ food strategy decisions. For import... |
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2. Adopt an ‘adaptation without borders’ approach |
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Food importing countries can also promote ‘adaptation without borders’²⁴ (AWB) as a framework to continuously monitor global and regional food production and trade. AWB suggests that no country (either consumers or producers) can survive without looking beyond their borders. Importing countries that have the capacity t... |
Capable Asian governments should also support international food research centres such as International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Livestock Research |
²⁴ Magnus Benzie, Oskar Wallgren and Marion Davis 2013. Adaptation without borders? How understanding indirect impacts could change countries’ approach to climate risks. Stockholm Environment Institute. Available at: http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-DB-2013-Adaptation-Wit... |
²⁵ Lassa JA, 2012, Emerging ‘Agricultural Involution’ in Indonesia: Impact of Natural Hazards and Climate Extremes on Agricultural Crops and Food System in Sawada, Y. and S. Oum (eds.), Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and Policy Responses. ERIA Research Project Report 2011-8, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.60... |
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Step 1: Generate a structured metadata representation of the document. |
GPTriage: Question Answering over Long, Structured Documents |
Anonymous ACL submission |
Abstract |
Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable abilities to generate human-like text for tasks such as question answering (Q/A). These models have issues with document Q/A where the document or collection of relevant documents are unable to fit in the small context length of an LLM. To overcome this issue,... |
1 Introduction |
When a document or collection of documents does not fit in the limited context window of an LLM, different strategies can be deployed to fetch relevant context. Current approaches often rely on a pre-retrieval step to fetch the relevant context from documents (Pereira et al., 2023; Gao et al., 2022). These pre-retrieva... |
Q1 “Can you summarize the key takeaways from pages 5-7?” |
Q2 “What year [in table 3] has the maximum revenue?” |
In the first question, document structure is explicitly referenced (“pages 5-7”). In the second question, document structure is implicitly referenced (“in table 3”). In both cases, a representation of document structure is necessary to identify the salient context and answer the question. Considering the document as a ... |
We propose addressing this by allowing models to retrieve context based on either structure or content. Our approach, which we refer to as GPTriage, gives models access to metadata about the structure of the document. We accomplish this by augmenting prompts with both document structure metadata and a set of model-call... |
In order to evaluate our approach, we construct a dataset of roughly 900 human-generated questions |
1 |
Document Section Section Section … Section |
H1 P UL P |
L1 L1 |
Q1: “Can you summarize the key takeaways from pages 5-7?” |
Q2: “What year [in table 3] has the maximum revenue?” |
Document Metadata Representation |
Pages [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] |
… |
Section Title: "2 Related Works" Pages: [2, 3] |
Section Title: "2.1 Tool and Retrieval Augmented LLMs" Pages: [2] |
… |
Table Caption: "Table 1: GPTriage functions for Document QA" Pages: [4] |
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