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" Human face can be seen as a soft tissue organ complex with a large investing network of musculature . Due to its complexity most existing computational models approximate these muscular structures using simple geometries such as 1 D curves or primitive 3 D shapes . This paper presents a new approach to evaluate muscle contribution from anatomically accurate geometries while maintaining the computational complexity at a tractable level . In the proposed method 3 D muscle structures are embedded inside a facial continuum where mechanical contribution of muscles is evaluated independently and transferred to the facial computational domain through a finite element mapping procedure . Muscle forces are decomposed into an array of discrete point loads that are determined at the integration points of an appropriate quadrature scheme . As a result muscle meshes can be constructed independent from the facial mesh giving two main advantages the muscle geometries can be refined independent of the facial computational domain and it is not required for the computational domain to conform to complex topology of muscle structures . 
",We model the deformation of the human face due to muscle contraction. 3 D muscles with anatomical geometry and fibre orientation is used. Muscle forces are represented as discrete point load at the integration points. Increasing the number of embedded muscles does not increase the degrees of freedom.
" In this paper we use a numerical procedure to analyse bifurcation and postbifurcation of inflated hyperelastic thick walled cylinders based on the modified Riks method . In particular the bulging mode of bifurcation is exploited in the context of aneurysm formation with cylindrical geometry in cardiovascular diseases . We focus here on orthotropic materials with two preferred directions which are mechanically equivalent and are symmetrically disposed . Arterial wall tissue is modeled with this class of constitutive equation showing significant stiffening behaviour . The onset of bulging is considered to give aneurysm formation . Analytical solutions can be found in the literature for very particular conditions involving specific material models and loads applied as well as usually a perfect geometry . Here we provide a unified approach to both the prediction of bifurcation and postbifurcation propagation that can be applied to more general conditions . Furthermore we show that bulging instability under the conditions at hand propagates axially in agreement with the propagation of aneurysms in arterial wall tissue . 
",Bifurcation and postbifurcation of inflated hyperelastic thick walled cylinders are analysed. Bulging mode of bifurcation is exploited in the context of aneurysm formation. The onset of bulging is considered to give aneurysm formation. Bulging is shown to propagate axially as aneurysms propagate in arterial wall tissue.
" Modularisation product platforms product families and product configuration are efficient product structuring tactics in mass customisation . Industry needs descriptions of how the engineering should be done in this context . We suggest that key engineering concepts in this field are partitioning logic set of modules interfaces architecture and configuration knowledge . A literature review reveals that methods consider these concepts partly or with different combinations but considering all of them is rare . Therefore a design method known as the Brownfield Process is presented . The method is applied to an industrial case in which the aim was rationalisation of existing product variety towards a modular product family that enables product configuration . We suggest that the method is valuable in cases with similar goals . End users of products can be segmented into different market groups based on the same kind of expectations related to the products . There are companies which are competing for the share of a single or several market segments . When a company has to consider customer segments with changing requirements towards products the cost effectiveness of offering product variants is one challenge . This paper studies this kind of environment . Our research background is familiar with studying companies that operate in projecting business and produce products in small series . In these surroundings the costs of engineering are relatively high in comparison with the cost of producing the product . The case discussed in Section 2 considers similar context . Product variety describes the number of different versions of a product offered by a firm at a single point in time . Companies should be able to respond to different customer needs while keeping their operations profitable . For this challenge modularisation product platforms product families and product configuration are suggested product development tactics which are considered as part of the mass customisation paradigm . Linking modularisation product platform and product family development approaches with product configuration aspects is unusual in design methods although these tactics and their importance are highlighted separately for supporting design reuse and enabling several benefits in the business environment of companies . Consequently there is a need to study how to structure the key engineering concepts in this field and how these concepts could be synthesised in order to support a design situation in which existing product variety should be rationalised towards a modular product family that supports product configuration . The focus is on the existing product variety because for example Oja describes that the designing of a completely new product is rare in the manufacturing industry because of the risks . The paper presents a more advanced method description of our approach to modular product family development compared to the earlier publication . Considering the research method the current situation was analysed first . The original method description did not consider the most relevant modularisation aspects though they were considered in the same industrial case discussed in this paper . This conclusion was supported by. 
",Existing methods in modular product family development are reviewed. Key engineering concepts in this field are suggested. Considering the key engineering concepts in a single design method is rare. Method that considers the key engineering concepts is presented. The method helps defining design information related to the key concepts.
" In order to investigate the microstructure evolution of inertia friction welding process of FGH96 ring part the dynamic recrystallization kinetic model of FGH96 superalloy was established and a two dimensional axisymmetric coupled thermo mechanical finite element model was developed using the MSC.Marc software . By the second development of MSC.Marc the dynamic recrystallization kinetic model was integrated into the finite element model to simulate the microstructure evolution of inertia friction welding process of FGH96 superalloy . The distributions of dynamic recrystallized fraction and average grain size during the inertia friction welding process were obtained and analyzed . The inertia friction welding experiments of FGH96 ring parts were carried out . The comparison results show that the simulated results agree well with the measured ones . 
",A DRX model of FGH96 of IFW process is established. An axisymmetric coupled thermo mechanical FE model of IFW process is established. The microstructure evolution of FGH96 superalloy during IFW process is simulated. The DRX fraction and average grain size during IFW process are predicted accurately.
" An efficient approach is proposed in order to predict the mechanical response of complex industrial parts . As these structures are usually composed of massive and thin parts different models have to be mixed together . The transition between these different kinematic assumptions can be problematic and non linear models can not be employed depending on the plate model that is considered . Moreover Finite Element analysis in the case of large and complex assemblies implies tedious meshing steps . The idealization and simplification of these structures into a mix of 2D and 3D Finite Elements usually takes therefore significantly more time than the analysis itself . The objective of the present contribution is to explore a calculation process that enables a simple automation of the meshing steps . Even though potentially computationally more expensive the meshing automation may lead to drastic time reduction for the CAD to mesh process and a much tighter link between CAD and calculated assembly . Finally easier and faster design explorations would be allowed . This strategy relies on the use of a non conforming quadratic approximation that is defined on a sufficiently fine mesh . The eXtended Finite Element Method is used in order to alleviate meshing issues . The mesh and Level Set function are built from the CAD input by means of an automated approach . The strategy is verified against analytical solutions and real aerospace substructures . 
",Propose a pragmatic approach for simulating complex industrial parts. Meshing issues avoided thanks to the X FEM. Conversion of the CAD into a Level Set function. Use solid elements in order to treat both slender and massive parts. Encouraging results are shown.
" The validity of using the finite element modal analysis in combination with the operational vibration waveforms generated by vehicles to guide structural health monitoring observers in their inspection of old bridges is investigated in this work . A nondestructive vibration based approach operational response and waveform analysis is introduced and used in the process of validating the predictability of the finite element model . In ORWA the frequency domain response of a highway bridge is generated from the operating traffic load and the structural response is visualized and used to develop a holistic view of the bridge s response to automobile loadings . By visualizing the response of the bridge concrete cracking in the abutment and deck is correlated with certain types of structural motion and their corresponding frequencies . Significant excitation frequencies for this particular structure and loading are identified using a frequency domain study of the vibration waveforms generated by vehicle and field results showed similarity with field impact tests conducted on the bridge . The finite element modal analysis of the original CAD drawings of the bridge in combination with the vibration waveforms generated by vehicles spectrum has demonstrated realistic consistency with the findings of ORWA in showing the correlations between the physical damage areas on the bridge and the excited mode shapes of the operational loading that tend to cause these types of damage . 
",FE modal analysis based on vehicle waveforms is consistent with the field results. FE modal analysis of original maps can be used to investigate health of old bridges. Major physical damage on the bridge is mainly associated with the first mode. FE modal analysis based on vehicle waveforms can be used to guide bridge inspectors. Bridge s deterioration is associated with the traffic that excites the first mode.
" This paper presents a synthesis approach to address the problem of uncertainty in the impact force identification . The effects of material uncertainty on dynamic responses of the structure are studied by using Monte Carlo simulation . Six parameters including mechanical properties and thermal coefficients are considered as independent random variables . A parametric study is conducted to select four parameters as the optimization variables in the following step of model updating . The technique of model updating is used to correct the modeling errors caused by material uncertainty . Then an improved inverse analysis technique based on the finite element method and mode superposition method is taken for impact force identification . In this study the present method is performed on a composite stiffened panel and the effect of noise on the performance of identification is also discussed . The results of the study show that the developed approach is capable of identifying the impact location and reconstructing the force history accurately by reducing material uncertainty through the modal updating procedure . 
",A hybrid method to address uncertainty effects in the impact force identification is presented. A parametric study is conducted to analyze the effects of material uncertainty on dynamic responses of composite stiffened panels. The technique of model updating is used to correct the modeling errors caused by material uncertainty. An improved inverse analysis technique based on FEM and mode superposition method is taken for impact force identification. The proposed method is validated on the composite stiffened panel and the effect of noise is finally discussed.
" The objective of the paper is to investigate the applicability of a model order reduction technique for dynamic simulation of beams with forcing and geometric nonlinearities . A cantilever and a doubly clamped beams actuated by an electrostatic force are considered in the paper . The governing partial differential equations for the two cases which account for the nonlinearities are presented . These equations are spatially discretized using the Galerkin finite element method . The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is reduced using the trajectory piecewise linear model order reduction method . Simulation indicates that the use of the original TPWLMOR method leads to the presence of a phase error in the long term dynamic simulation of the models . To improve the accuracy of the dynamic response a modification to the original TPWLMOR based on minimization of residual at linearization point is proposed . Further the parameters affecting the accuracy of the modified TPWLMOR are studied . 
",We study the applicability of Trajectory Piecewise Linear Model Order Reduction TPWLMOR method for dynamic simulation of nonlinear beam problems. Nonlinearities which include both forcing and geometric nonlinearities are considered. To improve accuracy of TPWMLOR a new method is suggested based on minimization of residual at linearization point. Factors affecting the accuracy of the modified TPWLMOR are studied in detail.
" In modern finite element analysis a mesh is said to be tangled if it contains one or more inverted elements . Tangling can occur for example during mesh optimization and mesh morphing . Modern finite element theory and commercial FEA packages are not designed to handle tangled meshes i.e . they can lead to erroneous results . Researchers and practitioners therefore unanimously recommend untangling prior to analysis . In this paper a new mathematical framework for FEA over tangled meshes is proposed . Specifically by defining a cell decomposition of a tangled mesh and an associated set of cell shape functions it is shown that FEA can be successfully carried out over tangled meshes . The cell shape functions are constructed through an oriented linear combination of the classic element shape functions . Numerical examples illustrate the correctness of the proposed framework . Potential applications of the proposed framework are also illustrated . 
",A new theory is proposed for finite element analysis over a tangled mesh. The theory rests on cell decomposition and cell shape functions. The theory extends continuous Galerkin formulation to a tangled mesh. Numerical results are provided to validate the proposed theory.
" Many problems in structural mechanics involve complex principal stress fields that are not orthogonal to the geometric axis of the structure . Such problems are often analysed with finite elements but the quality of a finite element solution may be sensitive to the orientation of the mesh with respect to the principal axes of stress . This paper presents the outline of a procedure to generate well structured inclined quadrilateral finite element meshes for the analysis of thin plate and shell structures . The procedure was developed using the commercial FE pre processor ABAQUS CAE and the Python script language though it may readily be applied in any pre processor which supports an external scripting functionality . A set of mesh convergence studies using linear buckling analyses are presented on four benchmark problems with known analytical solutions to illustrate the effect of inclined meshes on the accuracy of the computed solution . These illustrations are intended to raise an awareness of the subtle but important relationship between mesh and stress field orientation and are presented for the benefit of practising finite element analysts in structural engineering . 
",Analysis of plate and shell structures may involve inclined principal stress fields. Such fields may cause buckling modes that are not orthogonal to the geometric axes. In such cases the finite element solution is sensitive to the mesh orientation. Studies show that rectangular elements subject to pure shear converge more slowly. Highly relevant to shell analysts modelling structures in global shear and torsion.
" Interviews were conducted with thirteen professional designers to understand their attitudes towards fixation and the practices they adopt to address it . Fixation was thought to be encouraged and discouraged by a wide range of factors related to the project the client the design team the organisational culture and the design activities employed . The experiences that designers accumulate during their professional lives were associated with fixation in different ways . The experience of prior design failures was thought to encourage fixation whilst the experience of varied solutions was thought to discourage fixation . Recognising fixation episodes and reflecting on them was described as the means by which designers could guard against such episodes in the future and thus be more creative . 
",Interview study with expert designers. Design fixation is a real problem in professional practice. Designers are aware of fixation and take steps to address it. Fixation is influenced by a wide range of contextual factors. Reflecting on fixation helps designers to guard against it.
" A new finite element model for steel concrete side plated beams exposed to mechanical and thermal loading is presented . The moisture and heat transfer through concrete is considered independent on mechanical deformations . The hygro thermo mechanical analysis is performed in two separate steps starting with the moisture and heat transfer analysis and continuing with the mechanical stress strain analysis . The finite element model of Davie Pearce and Bi ani was implemented for the moisture and heat transfer analysis in the concrete part of the beam . The Fourier equation of heat transfer for non porous solids was applied in the steel part . A novel strain based finite element formulation of the planar beam is proposed to perform the mechanical part of the fire analysis . Each of the two steps of the model is first verified by comparing the present numerical results with the experimental and numerical data available in the literature . The finite element formulations of both the hygro thermal and the mechanical steps of the analysis are found to be reliable and accurate . Finally effects of the side reinforcing of a RC beam as one of the methods of structural retrofitting are explored in the case of a typical fire scenario and an important contribution of the side plates to the ultimate fire resistance of the beam is discovered particularly when higher levels of the service load are applied to the beam . mass of phase i per unit volume of gaseous material time heat capacity of concrete thermal conductivity of concrete energy transferred by the fluid flow specific heat of evaporation specific heat of dehydration mass of bound water released by the dehydration per unit volume of concrete absolute temperature degree of saturation with free water porosity of concrete degree of saturation with adsorbed water solid saturation point diffusion coefficient of dry air in water vapour diffusion coefficient of water vapour in dry air velocity in phase i the X and Z components of the cross sectional stress resultant of layer i the cross sectional axial and shear force of layer i and its differential area of the cross section of layer i and its differential cross sectional position vector of a specific particle of layer i with respect to the reference axis component of the slip vector the Z component of the slip vector contact traction vector total strain in a generic particle of layer i and the related strain ultimate concrete compressive strain water phase liquid water phase adsorbed water phase gas phase water vapour phase dry air phase concrete steel pore pressure contribution in the total stress of concrete effective stress contribution in the total stress of concrete external contribution in the traction vector components contact contribution in the traction vector components ambient temperature conditions conditions at elevated temperature horizontal direction vertical direction Gaussian integration node RC beam side plates 
",A new finite element model for steel concrete side plated beams in fire conditions is presented. The fire analysis is performed in two separate steps i.e. hygro thermal and mechanical step. The proposed finite element formulations proved to be reliable and accurate. Side plates have impact on the ultimate fire resistance of the RC beam.
" The aim of this work is the numerical study of a crack path in a residual stress field resulting from a manufacturing process such as quenching . An XFEM technique is proposed to that end and the example illustrating the quenching of a large thick plate is considered so as to demonstrate the capability of the method proposed . Indeed during the quenching of steels metallurgical transformations can occur leading to high residual stresses at room temperature . From the practical point of view the thick plate must be sawn after quenching . But it is experimentally observed that under certain quenching conditions the crack initiated by the sawing suddenly propagates through the thickness of the plate and then rotates through an angle of about 90 . The numerical simulation of quenching is detailed and the results obtained under two operating conditions are given . Then the XFEM technique applied to the crack propagation in a residual stress field is presented and the cracking path obtained on the quenched plate is compared to that obtained using the FEM coupled with a remeshing technique . It is shown that the computed crack path justifies experimental observations . 
",Simulation of mechanical effects due to water quenching of a large thick plate made of 40CMD8 steel. Study of the influence of operating parameters on residual stresses with FEM. Application of XFEM to simulate a crack s path observed experimentally which is initiated by the sawing of the plate. The results demonstrate the relevance of XFEM to study cracking problems through residual stress fields computed with FEM.
" A continuum finite element model for the nanoscale plates considering the surface effect of the material is developed . Governing equations for Kirchoff and Mindlin nanoplates are derived by using the Galerkin finite element technique . The model is verified by comparing the results with available analytical solutions . The results indicate that depending on the boundary conditions the deflections and frequencies of the plate have a dramatic dependence on the residual surface stress and surface elasticity of the plates . The present model is an efficient tool for the analysis of the static and dynamic mechanical behaviors of nanoscale plates with complex geometry boundary and loading conditions and material properties . 
",A continuum finite element model for the bending and vibration behaviors of nanoscale plates is developed. Effects of residual surface stress and surface elasticity are included in the model. The model is an efficient tool for the analysis and design of nanoscale plate devices.
" A hybrid finite element formulation is developed by using the Hellinger Reissner functional which is obtained from the complementary energy functional for pre buckling and buckling analysis of thin walled beams by introducing element equilibrium and force boundary conditions as auxilary conditions . Comparison to the complementary energy based formulation the current hybrid formulation is advantageous because it does not require the satisfaction of inter element force equilibrium a priori and therefore it is easily adaptable within the existing displacement based thin walled beam finite element analysis codes for which the assemblage procedure is relatively easy . Comparison to the displacement based formulations the current hybrid formulation has the advantage of incorporating the shear deformation effects easily by using the strain energy of the shear stress field without modifying the basic kinematic assumptions of the thin walled beam theory . In the current formulation the effects of load position can also be easily captured by virtue of the freedom provided in the beam axis selection . Comparisons with solutions from literature and those based on shell element models are presented and an example is designated to illustrate the significance of shear deformation effect . 
",Hellinger Reissner functionals for pre buckling and buckling analysis are obtained from the complementary energy functional. Current formulation is advantageous because it does not require a priori satisfaction of the inter element force equilibrium. Comparison to the displacement based formulations the current formulation has the advantage of incorporating the shear deformation effects without modifying the kinematic assumptions. The effects of load position can also be easily captured by virtue of the freedom provided in the beam axis selection.
" More and more large data collections are gathered worldwide in various IT systems . Many of them possess a networked nature and need to be processed and analysed as graph structures . Due to their size they very often require the usage of a parallel paradigm for efficient computation . Three parallel techniques have been compared in the paper MapReduce its map side join extension and Bulk Synchronous Parallel . They are implemented for two different graph problems calculation of single source shortest paths and collective classification of graph nodes by means of relational influence propagation . The methods and algorithms are applied to several network datasets differing in size and structural profile originating from three domains telecommunication multimedia and microblog . The results revealed that iterative graph processing with the BSP implementation always and significantly even up to 10 times outperforms MapReduce especially for algorithms with many iterations and sparse communication . The extension of MapReduce based on map side join is usually characterized by better efficiency compared to its origin although not as much as BSP . Nevertheless MapReduce still remains a good alternative for enormous networks whose data structures do not fit in local memories . 
",We compared three parallel computing techniques in terms of large graph processing. MapReduce map side join and Bulk Synchronous Parallel tested for two distinct problems. Iterative graph processing with the BSP implementation significantly outperforms MapReduce. Map side join design pattern may improve the original MapReduce performance.
" The execution context in which pervasive systems or mobile computing run changes continually . Hence applications for these systems require support for self adaptation to the continual context changes . Most of the approaches for self adaptive systems implement a reconfiguration service that receives as input the list of all possible configurations and the plans to switch between them . In this paper we present an alternative approach for the automatic generation of application configurations and the reconfiguration plans at runtime . With our approach the generated configurations are optimal as regards different criteria such as functionality or resource consumption . This is achieved by modelling architectural variability at design time using the Common Variability Language and using a genetic algorithm that finds nearly optimal configurations at run time using the information provided by the variability model . We also specify a case study and we use it to evaluate our approach showing that it is efficient and suitable for devices with scarce resources . 
",We specify an approach for the dynamic reconfiguration of mobile applications. We model a mobile application with variability which can be reconfigured at runtime. We simulate the execution of the mobile application when our dynamic reconfiguration service is applied and not applied respectively. We measure the battery life as well as the overall utility of the application perceived by the user. Applying our dynamic reconfiguration the battery life is incremented by 45.9 and the utility is incremented by 10.31 .
" It is essential that graphic design is visually clear and accessible . However evidence suggests that a lack of consideration is given to visual accessibility in print based graphic design . Furthermore effective client designer communication is a vital component in this . This paper investigates current graphic design practice with regard to visual accessibility specifically focussing on client designer communication . A survey of 122 graphic designers and clients identified that these two groups may not be communicating with each other effectively with regard to visual accessibility and that there is a need to develop inclusive design tools to assist them with this . This paper adds a novel contribution to our limited understanding of visual accessibility in the UK s graphic design industry . Inaccessible graphic design is commonplace . From drug packaging to software interfaces it makes daily tasks difficult or even dangerous . Due in part to an ageing population it now is estimated that two million people in the UK have some form of sight loss with many more being affected by milder age related visual problems . Furthermore the introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act result in strong legal social responsibility and business drivers to ensure that graphic design is visually accessible . However designers report that a lack of client requests for visual accessibility limits the consideration they can give to it . Clients also hold the misconception that designers will take visual accessibility into account even if it is not in the brief . This suggests that designers and clients may not be communicating effectively . A widespread study of the graphic design industry is vital in determining what happens with regard to visual accessibility in practice . This paper presents the results of a survey of the graphic design industry . It investigated the factors that influence how important graphic designers and clients deem visual accessibility to be the extent to which it is considered in practice and the extent to which clients and designers communicate regarding visual accessibility . Inclusive design tools that aid client designer communication could provide an important supplement to existing tools and result in a greater uptake of inclusive design in industry . This paper provides valuable insight into graphic design practice with regard to visual accessibility . It is hoped that this work and subsequent research will help to develop new procedures processes and tools to improve client designer communication and assist graphic designers in creating visually accessible designs . 
",We conducted a survey of 122 graphic designers and clients. We investigated the consideration given to visual accessibility in graphic design. Designers and clients do not communicate effectively about visual accessibility. We need to develop tools to assist designers with visual accessibility. We need to investigate the development of ethical design codes.
" A novel method is developed to determine the optimal stress fields for the hybrid stress element . It provides a straightforward way as to how and why the resulting element can improve its displacement counterpart . A new inner product with material weighting matrix is defined to derive this quantitative method . It reveals the relationship in quantity of exact similarity degrees between different stress modes . It is different from the methods based on the conventional energy product which can only tell whether or not the stress and strain are orthogonal to each other because they are considered as mathematical vectors without any physical meaning . The strategy including two steps is proposed to determine the desired stress field . Firstly the basic stress modes are broken into a set of sub modes where the necessary and unnecessary sub modes are independent from each other because all of them are uniaxial . Secondly all sub modes are compared with their basic mode . The sub mode with largest similarity degree with the basic mode implies that it represents the most important features inside the basic mode so it is selected as the optimal assumed stress mode for hybrid element . The 2D 4 node and 3D 8 node hybrid elements are illustrated by the present approach . Numerical examples are provided to compare the performances of element derived from different assumed stress fields . nodal displacement vector of element basic deformation modes of nodal displacement vector rigid body motion modes of nodal displacement vector nodal displacement vector for node for a nodal displacement vector for node for matrix for matrix for coefficients of polynomials for displacement field applied body force per unit volume geometry matrix DN matrix for material s elastic stiffness matrix material constant for 2D in Eqs . and for 3D in Eq . material s elastic stiffness coefficients similarity degree between and similarity degree between and matrix of differential operator Young s modulus of material nodal force as defined in Eq . leverage matrix as defined in Eq . leverage matrix for leverage matrix for shear modulus of material flexibility matrix as defined in Eq . flexibility matrix for flexibility matrix for identity matrix of energy product as defined in Eq . stiffness matrix for hybrid stress element stiffness matrix for displacement element number of basic deformation modes matrix as defined in Eq . sub matrix for in Eq . number of stress parameters for number of stress parameters for number of nodal displacements for an element dimension of subspace for 2D and for 3D number of nodes for an element shape function matrix matrix for shape functions stress matrix for stress matrix for stress matrix for number of rigid body modes transformation matrix in Eq . material s elastic compliance matrix material s elastic compliance coefficients element boundary of element traction or natural boundary applied boundary traction transformation matrix of equivalent stress modes constants displacement field displacement terms of first order basic deformation mode of element. 
",Define a new inner product with material weighting matrix where the modes have specific physical meanings of flexibility. Point out that the modes in conventional energy inner product are only mathematical vectors without any physical meaning. Calculate the exact similarity degrees between different stress modes using our new inner product. Derive the basic stress modes from displacement field and broken them into a set of sub modes. Select sub modes with largest similarity degrees with their basic modes as the optimal assumed stress modes for hybrid element.
" Wavelet analysis is a new method called numerical microscope in signal and image processing . It has the desirable advantages of multi resolution properties and various basis functions which fulfill an enormous potential for solving partial differential equations . The numerical analysis with wavelet received its first attention in 1992 since then researchers have shown growing interest in it . Various methods including wavelet weighted residual method wavelet finite element method wavelet boundary method wavelet meshless method and wavelet optimized finite difference method etc . have acquired an important role in recent years . This paper aims to make a comprehensive review and classification on wavelet based numerical analysis and to note their merits drawbacks and future directions . And thus the present review helps readers identify research starting points in wavelet based numerical analysis and guides researchers and practitioners . 
",Wavelet analysis is a method called numerical microscope in signal processing and numerical analysis. A comprehensive review on wavelet based numerical analysis is made and their merits drawbacks and future directions are noted. From the aspect of algorithm construction the wavelet based numerical analysis methods are categorized into five types.
" A new method of modeling partial delamination in composite beams is proposed and implemented using the finite element method . Homogenized cross sectional stiffness of the delaminated beam is obtained by the proposed analytical technique including extension bending extension twist and torsion bending coupling terms and hence can be used with an existing finite element method . A two noded C1 type Timoshenko beam element with 4 degrees of freedom per node for dynamic analysis of beams is implemented . The results for different delamination scenarios and beams subjected to different boundary conditions are validated with available experimental results in the literature and or with the 3D finite element simulation using COMSOL . Results of the first torsional mode frequency for the partially delaminated beam are validated with the COMSOL results . The key point of the proposed model is that partial delamination in beams can be analyzed using a beam model rather than using 3D or plate models . 
",The modeling of widthwise partial delamination in laminated composite beams is addressed in this paper. Two noded C1 type 4 degree of freedom Timoshenko beam for dynamic analysis of laminated composite beam is implemented. Numerical results of the partial delamination models proposed are validated with the 3 dimensional COMSOL finite element simulation.
" This paper introduces the Guide Weight method into the topology optimization of continuum structures subjected to body force loads . Given the design dependent characteristic of body forces three main difficulties are encountered when dealing with topology optimization problems under this load condition namely the non monotonous behavior of the compliance inactive volume constraint of the optimum and parasitic effect in low density regions . Numerous researchers have attempted to solve this problem with mathematical programming or heuristic methods but all these methods share the significant weakness of low computational efficiency . Accordingly we propose to solve this problem with an Optimality Criteria method i.e . the GW method . First all theoretical derivations of topology optimization with the GW method are carried out and the iteration procedure with GW is presented . Then some typical examples of withstanding body forces are tested and the topologies got in this paper are compared with corresponding results obtained by former researchers . The iteration speed is found to improve significantly when utilizing the GW method to deal with this kind of problems . Finally considering all the above examples are optimized with SIMP model we try to combine RAMP model with the GW method . The distinction between the models of SIMP and RAMP when using GW to solve topology optimization problems under body forces are investigated which indicates that although both these two interpolation models are able to yield very similar optimal results if suitable parameters are chosen there is more superiority for RAMP model to get clearer topologies . 
",We introduce an Optimality Criteria method i.e. the Guide Weight algorithm to solve topology optimization problems subjected to body forces. The effectiveness of Guide Weight method is validated by some numerical tests. The computational efficiency to this kind of problems is improved obviously by this algorithm. There is more superiority for RAMP to solve the aforementioned problems. Some suggestions about how to choose appropriate parameters for SIMP and RAMP are given.
" In this article we present a novel application of the moving grid finite element method for solving a cytomechanical model that describes actin dynamics in order to generate cell movement and deformation . The cytomechanical model describes both the mechanical and biochemical properties of the cortical network of actin filaments and its concentration . Actin is a polymer that can exist either in filamentous form or in monometric form and the filamentous form is arranged in a paired helix of two protofilaments . By assuming slow deformations of the cell we validate numerical results by comparing qualitatively with predictions from linear stability theory close to bifurcation points . Far from bifurcation points the mathematical model and computational algorithm are able to describe and generate the complex cell deformations typically observed in experiments . Our numerical results illustrate cell expansion cell contraction cell translation and cell relocation as well as cell protrusions . A key model bifurcation parameter identified is the contractile tonicity formed by the association of actin filaments to the myosin II motor proteins . The robustness generality and applicability of the numerical methodology allows us to tackle similar problems in developmental biology biomedicine and plant biology where similar mechanisms are routinely used . 
",A novel application of the moving grid finite element method to a visco elastic model for cell movement and deformation. The cell moves and deforms on a two dimensional substrate in complete agreement with experiments. The cell can move translate expand contract and relocate its position continuously changing. The generality of the numerical methodology allows us to solve similar complex problems in multi dimensions.
" Accurately accessing the three dimensional stress distribution through the thickness surrounding the bolt hole is necessary to identify the most effective multi bolt single lap joint design in large scale thick laminate structures . To decrease computing time and resources a two dimensional to three dimensional global local finite element numerical method is presented in which both the local zone selection strategy and boundary constraints applying method are discussed in detail . And both the contact stress and the stress components around the fastener hole are analyzed by using the proposed global local method . Through analysis it is found that the contact stress is concentrated in the layers that are close to the shear plane the 11 is much higher than other stress components most of the stress components conform cosine distribution around the fastener hole the out of plane stress and interlaminate shear stress are quite high in the layers close to the shear plane the stress distributions of different layers are depended on the ply angles of the specified layer the effectiveness of the global local model procedure in reducing the computation effort is obvious and this methodology is applicable to other detailed stress strain analysis problems in large scale structures . 
",A global local modeling technique of multi bolt single lap thick laminate joints is described. The contact stress is concentrated to the shearing plane. The stress distributions along the circumstantial direction of the layers with the same ply angles are similar. The out of plane stress in thick laminate single lap joint contributes a lot to the strength. The effectiveness of the global local procedure in reducing the computation effort is quite obvious.
" Magnesium and its alloys have been increasingly used in the automotive industry owning to their superior mechanical compared to other metals . Sheet forming of Mg alloys requires not only a good understanding of the materials but also an appropriate material model . The hardening behavior of Mg alloy sheets during plastic deformation is the main concern in tool design and product manufacturing processes . A simple but computationally effective constitutive model is suggested to predict the mechanical behavior of Mg alloy sheets . The proposed material model is implemented as a user defined material subroutine in the commercial finite element code PAM STAMP then calibrated and validated using in plane cyclic loading tests with different values of prestrain . The continuous tension compression tension and compression tension compression tests are conducted on a newly developed testing system . After calibration the model can accurately predict the yielding asymmetry behavior and the stress strain curve featured by the unusual sigmoidal shape which is the result of the activation of twinning and untwinning deformation mechanisms . 
",A practical constitutive model representing yielding asymmetry and anisotropy of Mg alloys is proposed. The model is formulated and implemented in the sheet forming oriented FE software by user subroutine. The unique concave up and sigmoidal stress strain curves during in plane cyclic loadings of AZ31B Mg sheets could be exactly reproduced.
" An inverse finite element method has been developed for estimation of the blank size and prediction of the strain distribution in sheet metal forming . In the inverse method the nodal coordinates in the final shape are known and their corresponding positions on the initial blank should be determined . The developed method deals with logarithmic large strains of membrane triangular elements virtual work principle and a new approach for friction modeling . This method leads to a system of nonlinear equations which is highly sensitive to the initial guess . In order to avoid the converging problems especially in the quasi vertical walls an appropriate initial guess is introduced . The introduced initial guess guarantees the convergence furthermore the number of iterations in the nonlinear numerical solution is decreased and the solution speed is significantly increased . Three different problems are analyzed with the developed method and the results show good agreement to commercially available finite element software and experimental results . 
",IFEM method is a fast tool to predict initial blank and strain distribution. To avoid converging problem unfolding method is used as an efficient initial guess. This initial guess decreases the number of iteration in the numerical solution. A non uniform distribution of friction is exerted on blank holder zone. This method is capable of being applied to complicated geometries.
" Based on the couple stress theory and the hybrid stress element method proposed by Pian a refined 18 DOF triangular hybrid stress element is established . The 15 Airy stress functions which satisfy the equilibrium equation in the domain of the element are chosen as the assumed stress interpolation functions and boundary displacement interpolation functions are chosen as beam function . The characteristics of this element are possessing second order accuracy and C0 and C1 continuity in the weak form satisfying convergence condition for the enhanced patch test and does not exhibits extra zero energy modes . Moreover a refined assumed stress element method is developed to improve the element accuracy . Numerical examples presented show that the proposed model indeed possesses higher accuracy and can pass the enhanced patch test and can capture the scale effects of microstructure . 
",We propose a hybrid stress element method which is fit for establishing couple stress element. A refined 18 DOF triangular hybrid stress element is given out and the element captures the scale effect and has high accuracy. The element can pass the C0 1 patch test. Refined method can improve the accuracy of the triangular element by changing one parameter. Stresses smooth technique can improve the accuracy of stress accuracy.
" In this paper we discuss interpolation functions for the field variables and their variations in relation to geometrically non linear planar beam finite elements of Reissner s type within the context of a non standard configuration dependent interpolational setting . We derive the new configuration dependent interpolation functions as an extension of the helicoidal interpolation to higher order elements . In linear analysis the new interpolation coincides with the higher order linked interpolation which is known to produce exact results for polynomial loading . The numerical analysis performed on representative examples illustrates the performance of the configuration dependent interpolation compared to the Lagrangian interpolation . 
",We propose a configuration dependent interpolation for 2D non linear beams. We establish a connection between this interpolation and linked interpolation in linear analysis. The results obtained show good performance regardless of the integration order.
" The emergence of Big Data has had profound impacts on how data are stored and processed . As technologies created to process continuous streams of data with low latency Complex Event Processing and Stream Processing have often been related to the Big Data velocity dimension and used in this context . Many modern CEP and SP systems leverage cloud environments to provide the low latency and scalability required by Big Data applications yet validating these systems at the required scale is a research problem per se . Cloud computing simulators have been used as a tool to facilitate reproducible and repeatable experiments in clouds . Nevertheless existing simulators are mostly based on simple application and simulation models that are not appropriate for CEP or for SP . This article presents CEPSim a simulator for CEP and SP systems in cloud environments . CEPSim proposes a query model based on Directed Acyclic Graphs and introduces a simulation algorithm based on a novel abstraction called event sets . CEPSim is highly customizable and can be used to analyse the performance and scalability of user defined queries and to evaluate the effects of various query processing strategies . Experimental results show that CEPSim can simulate existing systems in large Big Data scenarios with accuracy and precision . 
",CEPSim a simulator for cloud based Complex Event Processing systems is proposed. CEPSim query model is based on Directed Acyclic Graphs. CEPSim simulation algorithm is based on a novel abstraction called event sets. Custom operator placement and scheduling algorithms can be used in simulations. Experimental results showed that CEPSim is effective for Big Data simulations.
" This paper presents the formulation of beam finite elements based on Deslauriers Dubuc interpolating wavelets also known as Interpolets . Unlike other wavelet families like Daubechies Interpolets possess rational filter coefficients are smooth symmetric and therefore more suitable for use in numerical methods . Displacement and rotation shape functions are obtained and presented graphically . Expressions for stiffness matrix and force vector are developed based on connection coefficients which are inner products of basis functions and their derivatives . In order to validate the formulation several examples with increasing level of complexity are tested and results are compared with analytical and standard beam element solutions . 
",A beam finite element based on Deslauriers Dubuc interpolating wavelets Interpolets is formulated. Some properties of Interpolets are presented rational filter coefficients smoothness and symmetry . Expressions for derivatives and connection coefficients are developed. Interpolet based shape functions are obtained and presented graphically. Expressions for stiffness matrix and force vector are derived. Several examples with increasing level of complexity are successfully tested and results compared with analytical and standard beam element solutions.
" To obtain the probability density functions and the cumulative distribution functions of static responses of stochastic structures a hybrid stochastic method named as the transformed perturbation stochastic finite element method is proposed . In TPSFEM the static responses of stochastic structures are approximated as the linear functions of random variables by using the first order perturbation technique . According to the approximated linear relationships between static responses and random variables the probability density functions of static responses are obtained by the change of variable technique . The cumulative distribution functions of static responses are calculated by the numerical integration method . The numerical examples on a thin plate a six bar truss structure a Mindlin plate and a shell structure verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method . Hence the proposed method can be considered as an alternative engineering method for the static response analysis of stochastic structures . 
",TPSFEM for static response analysis of stochastic structures is proposed. Probability density function of static response is calculated. Cumulative distribution function of static response is calculated. The effectiveness of TPSFEM is investigated.
" Research into inspiration and fixation has produced a complex web of questions methods and findings making it difficult to know what has already been investigated and learnt and what to investigate next and how . To address this we review the literature focussing on 25 studies that adopt a similar experimental approach . This reveals 14 manipulated variables relating to properties of the inspiration source and features of the design process . However whilst these studies follow a similar approach when scrutinised and compared they show great variety in the methods used and the results obtained . We discuss this diversity offering a methodological critique of inspiration and fixation research and providing recommendations for how future studies might be conducted and reported . 
",We performed a methodological review of studies into inspiration and fixation. We found 14 variables that have been systematically manipulated in the studies. We also found variables often not observed and great variation in the evaluation. We discuss different perspectives to explain design fixation and similar effects. We suggest formalisation and inclusion of methods and propose research questions.
" This paper considers the computation of eigensolution sensitivity of viscously damped eigensystems with distinct and repeated eigenvalues . To simplify the computation a combined normalization which combines two traditional normalizations is presented . Based on the combined normalization a method for sensitivity analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is studied . In the case of distinct eigenvalues the proposed method can determine the eigenvector derivatives directly and is robust since the components of coefficient matrices are all of the same order of magnitude . The computational cost of the second order sensitivities of eigenvectors can be reduced remarkably since the matrix decomposition of the coefficient matrix is available from the computation process of the first order eigensensitivities . In the case of repeated eigenvalues an algorithm is presented for computing the eigensolution sensitivities . The algorithm maintains N space without using state space equations such that the computational cost is reduced . The method is accurate compact numerically stable and easy to be implemented . Finally three numerical examples have demonstrated the validity of the proposed method . The capacity of predicting the changes of eigensolutions with respect to the changes of design parameters in terms of the first and second order eigensensitivities is studied with application to the analysis of a two stage floating raft isolation system . 
",A combined normalization which combines two traditional normalizations is presented. Design sensitivity analysis of viscously damped eigenproblems is studied. A compact and well conditioned algebraic method in case of distinct eigenvalues is proposed. An N space algorithm for computing eigensensitivity with repeated eigenvalues is proposed.
" In this paper a size dependent finite element model for Mindlin plate theory accounting for the position of the neutral plane for continuum incorporating surface energy effect is proposed to study the bending behavior of ultra thin functionally graded plates . The size dependent mechanical response is very important while the plate thickness reduces to micro nano scales . The classical finite element model is adopted to allow insertion of the surface energy into the total energy of the plate . Bulk stresses on the surfaces are required to satisfy the surface balance conditions involving surface stresses . Therefore unlike the classical continuum plate models the bulk transverse normal stress is preserved here . Moreover unlike most of previous studies in the literature the exact neutral plane position is pre determined and considered for FG plates . A series of continuum governing differential equations which include surface energy and neutral plane position effects are derived . A comparison between the continuum analysis of FG ultra thin plates with and without incorporating surface energy effects is presented . 
",Investigating Mindlin bending behavior of ultra thin FG films. Accounting for the position of neutral plane and incorporating surface energy effects. Developing a finite element model to study the mechanical behavior of ultra thin FG films. Size dependent analysis of ultra thin FG films based on Gurtin and Murdoch surface conditions.
" This paper presents an advanced analysis method for three dimensional semi rigid steel frames accounting for three main nonlinear sources . The second order effects are considered by the use of stability functions obtained from the solution of beam columns under axial force and bending moments at two ends . The spread of plasticity over the cross section and along the member length is captured by monitoring the uniaxial stress strain relation of each fiber on selected sections . The nonlinear semi rigid beam to column connection is simulated by a 3D multi spring element . The generalized displacement control method is applied to solve the nonlinear equilibrium equations in an incremental iterative scheme . The nonlinear load displacement responses and ultimate load results compare well with those of previous studies . It is concluded that using only one element per member with monitoring the end sections accurately likely predict the nonlinear responses of three dimensional semi rigid steel frames . 
",An efficient analysis procedure of 3D semi rigid steel frames is proposed. A beam column element is developed for considering spread of plasticity effects. Stability functions are employed to predict second order effects accurately. Beam to column connections are modeled by 3D nonlinear spring elements. The proposed program can be developed for daily engineering design.
" A computationally efficient C0 finite element model is developed for laminated composite and sandwich plates by implementing the inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory recently developed by the authors . This model is used to determine responses of general laminates subjected to various combinations of boundary conditions . The present formulation has been generalized for all existing shear deformation theories involving shear strain function . An eight noded serendipity element with 56 degrees of freedom is used to discretize the plate domain . Influences of lamination sequence span to thickness ratio and boundary conditions are investigated for the flexural behavior of laminated composite and sandwich plates . Further the stability behavior of plates subjected to in plane loads is investigated for a variety of examples . Effects of boundary conditions and applied loads on the critical buckling loads and buckling mode shapes are also assessed for a class of laminates in order to show the efficacy of the present mathematical technique to predict the buckling mode shapes . 
",A computationally efficient C0 finite element modeling in the framework of newly developed inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory by the authors is developed. Flexural and stability behavior of laminated composite and sandwich plates is investigated. Influence of span to thickness ratio boundary conditions etc. on the structural behavior is investigated. Results are validated with the existing results and few new results are presented.
" Condensation technique of degree of freedom is firstly proposed to improve the computational efficiency of meshfree method with Galerkin weak form . In present method scattered nodes without connectivity are divided into several subsets by cells with arbitrary shape . The local discrete equations are established over each cell by using moving kriging interpolation in which the nodes that located in the cell are used for approximation . Then the condensation technique can be introduced into the local discrete equations by transferring equations of inner nodes to equations of boundary nodes based on cell . In the scheme of present method the calculation of each cell is carried out by meshfree method with Galerkin weak form and local search is implemented in interpolation . Numerical examples show that the present method has high computational efficiency and convergence and good accuracy is also obtained . 
",Condensation technique of degree of freedom is first proposed to improve the computational efficiency of meshfree method with Galerkin weak form. The local discrete equation is established by using moving kriging interpolation based on cells with arbitrary shape. Computational efficiency of present method is improved for nearly 22 times compared with the method proposed by Lei Gu in the numerical example. Numerical example also shows that the present method has good accuracy and convergence.
" This research develops a new interpolation scheme a separable stress interpolation which allows stress based topology optimization with multiple materials . In common material interpolation function such as extended solid isotropic material with penalization for multiple materials Young s modulus is interpolated from those of several solids to a smaller value with respect to design variables whose number is same as the number of considered materials . When the same interpolated Young s modulus is used for stress evaluation it is found that the calculated stress norm becomes a small value when ones are assigned to the design variables of each element causing physically unacceptable layouts . In order to resolve this ill posed issue for STOMM we present the SSI scheme which computes the stress constraints of stacked elements separately . For a stable topology optimization process the computational issues of the p norm stress measure the number of stress evaluation points inside an element and the correction parameter for the approximated stress measure are addressed for STOMM . Furthermore we present a new regional constraint method based on the sorting algorithm . The applicability and limitations of the newly developed framework are discussed in the context of its application to several stress based topology optimizations with multiple materials . 
",Stress based topology optimization with multiple materials is developed. A separable stress interpolation scheme should be used for the stress evaluation. Higher p norm stress values are obtained at more than one point per element. A new regional constraint method based on the sorting algorithm is developed.
" The design of multi material compliant mechanisms by means of a multi Sequential Element Rejection and Admission method is presented in this work . The SERA procedure was successfully applied to the design of single material compliant mechanisms . The main feature is that the method allows material to flow between different material models . Separate criteria for the rejection and admission of elements allow material to redistribute between the predefined material models and efficiently achieve the optimum design . These features differentiate it to other bi directional discrete methods making the SERA method very suitable for the design of multi material compliant mechanisms . Numerous examples are presented to show the validity of the multi SERA procedure to design multi material compliant mechanisms . 
",A generalized formulation to design multi material compliant mechanisms. The SERA method used for the optimization considers separate material models. Separate criteria to move material between the different material models are used to achieve the optimum topology. Numerous examples prove the validity of the proposed formation to design complex compliant mechanisms.
" In the past structural model updating methods have been widely researched as a means to reconcile mathematical models because the key parameters in dynamic systems often change during their life cycle due to repair and replacement of parts or the environment . However there is very little literature that references model updating under the condition of complicated multi physics fields such as a high temperature environment . In this paper model updating in an HTE is proposed based on the hierarchical method and an iterative procedure is presented . With this method the temperature field updating of a structure is taken as the first stage and the multi objective optimization method and a surrogate model of radial basis functions are introduced to improve the robustness and efficiency of this stage respectively . Then the temperature distribution achieved from the former is imposed on the structure as a thermal load and the residuals of the modal characteristics are taken as objective functions to update the dynamic model of the structure in HTE . The proposed method is tested on an FE model of a wing model and the analysis of variance approach is employed to evaluate the parameter variability significance and to select the updating variable . The results of the study show that the developed hierarchical method is capable of identifying the input parameters of the temperature field and structure with good accuracy . 
",Model updating in a high temperature environment is proposed based on the hierarchical method. Theoretical and numerical examples using the hierarchical method are presented. A method to improve the robustness and efficiency of the temperature field updating method was researched. The RBF with the difference basis function was evaluated by ANOVA. The analysis of variance method was used in dynamic structure model updating.
" It has been a great challenge for many scientists and engineers to compute elastic plastic solutions for dynamically loaded cracked structures due to the fact that the solutions are much more complicated and computationally time consuming than corresponding static problems . The path independent integral originally developed for a two dimensional dynamically loaded stationary circular arc crack in a homogeneous and isotropic material is evaluated in the present study by taking elastic plastic material properties to quantify the crack problem . All the numerical results presented in this study were evaluated using general purpose finite element commercial software ANSYS together with the post processing program developed by the authors . Numerical results thus obtained are compared with good agreement within the limits of computational accuracy and the path invariant property of is well preserved over the integration contours . arbitrary region around the process zone body force vector physical component of body force vector Rice s path independent integral crack driving force for circular arc crack under multiple loads positive unit outward normal physical component of positive unit outward normal plane polar coordinate radius of the crack traction vector physical component of the traction vector displacement vector covariant derivative of with respect to physical component of mechanical strain energy density function contravariant stress tensor physical component of the stress tensor strain tensor covariant derivative of with respect to physical component of thermal strain tensor initial strain tensor arbitrary curve surrounding angle material density symbols not listed are defined as they appear in text . 
",The numerical solutions presented in this paper provide attractive features of the integral The present results may be useful for future research in elastic plastic dynamic fracture. The integral has been found to maintain very nearly path independence. The present study recommends that the integral may be easily correlated to establish failure criteria.
" The effect of various p method finite element model parameters on the prediction of planar crack front geometry in three dimensional structures is evaluated . An automatic crack growth method was developed using the commercial software StressCheck coupled with Microsoft Excel . The geometry of the evolving crack front was predicted using iterations of three dimensional finite element models to determine the stress intensity values at discrete points along the crack front and incrementing the crack length locally using the Paris growth law . Modeling parameters such as the global mesh size p level crack tip mesh size and the extraction radius used for determining the stress intensity factors were all considered . The effect of these parameters on the predicted shape of a growing elliptical crack front was evaluated through a series of simulations of a corner crack emanating from a centered hole in a plate . A single model of a through crack with a straight crack front was also used to compare the effects of the model parameters on a different geometric configuration . This study has shown that the corner crack geometry and the growth series are more sensitive to the number of elements along the crack front and the extraction radius than the through thickness crack . In addition convergence of the predicted crack front geometry does not guarantee convergence of the distribution of stress intensity factors along the crack front . It was also determined that for the models considered using a smaller overall mesh size is a more effective way of decreasing discretization error than increasing the p level . 
",K is calculated more accurately at free surfaces using smaller extraction radii. Corner crack results are dependent on the number of elements along the crack front. Predicted crack front geometry depends on the shape of the K profile along the crack front. High p levels do not necessarily compensate for a coarse mesh. The energy norm should not be used as the sole indicator of solution convergence.
" Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks have recently received a great deal of attention in the scientific and developers communities due to the significant advances of this technology in the wireless communication field . The main reason was that competing WMSN approaches that emerged in the last few years provide mesh capabilities to conventional WSN based applications encouraging researchers and end users to adopt new perspectives and solutions . Unfortunately each one of these approaches lacks some of the aforementioned mesh capabilities not assuring a priori the feasibility and especially the long term stability of WMSN applications . The IEEE 802.15.5 standard and in particular its Asynchronous Energy Saving mode was conceived to fill this gap since it integrates in a single solution most of these capabilities guaranteeing among other benefits a long network lifetime . However the ASES mode has no built in mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of hidden terminals which sharply degrades the network performance . This fact leads us to conclude that any current WMSN approach is non exempt of some problem which prevents the definitive boost of this technology in the consumer market . Under these circumstances our contribution to the WMSN field in this paper is a twofold proposal addressed to alleviating the hidden terminal problems in a scenario running under the most relevant design premises of ASES mode . Therefore we first formulate a multi objective optimization and then solve it by using Goal Programming . Both mathematical techniques are applied to obtain the best solution that simultaneously minimizes the aggregate message collision time due to hidden terminals and maximizes the network lifetime . Secondly we propose the design of a MULti channel TIme scheduled algorithm for the HIdden Terminal problem avoidance which appropriately exploits the available bandwidth and accomplishes a straightforward coordination between any sender receiver pair . Finally the analysis and simulation experiments are presented and their results carefully discussed demonstrating the effectiveness of both proposals in the WMSN arena . 
",WMSN approaches offer new perspectives to conventional WSN based applications. Among WMSN proposals the ASES mode guarantees the most relevant mesh capabilities. ASES has no mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of hidden terminals HT . Under ASES rules we propose an optimization model and a multi channel time slotted algorithm to alleviate the HT problem. An intensive performance evaluation study is discussed to validate our proposals.
" In order to enhance the crash characteristics and geometrical accuracy components hot formed in a fully martensitic state have gained in the last few years more and more importance . However the very high strength exhibited by these components makes subsequent operations such as cutting difficult due to the high process forces and associated high wear of the cutting tools . Moreover for some applications such as B pillars and other automotive components that may undergo impact loading it may be desirable to create regions of the part with softer and more ductile microstructures . The novel process called the tailored tempering process allows doing this by suppressing the martensitic transformation in those zones of the sheet located under heated parts of the tools . In the paper a numerical model of the tailored tempering process was developed accurately calibrated and validated through a laboratory scale hot forming process . Using the commercial FE code Forge a fully coupled thermo mechanical metallurgical model of the process was set up . The influence of the phase transformation kinetics was taken into account by implementing in the model phase transformation data namely the shift of the TTT curves due to the applied stress and the transformation plasticity coefficients gained from an extensive dilatometric experimental campaign and analysis . A laboratory scale hot formed U channel was produced using segmented tools with heated and cooled zones so that the cooling rate of the blank can be locally controlled during the hot forming process . The part Vickers hardness distribution and microstructural evolution predicted by FORGE were then compared with the experimental results proving the validation of the numerical model by taking into account the influence of the transformation plasticity and deformation history on the phase transformation kinetics . 
",Influence of the phase transformation kinetics was taken into account by implementing in the FEM model phase transformation data. Segmented tools with heated and cooled zones were used to locally control the cooling rate of the blank. Numerical model validation by considering the influence of the transformation plasticity and deformation history on phase transformation kinetics.
" This study proposes a nonlocal finite element technique that is based on the super convergent patch second derivative recovery methods . The SCP second derivative recovery methods are proven effective in evaluating the Laplacian of the equivalent strains at C0 linear elements . The element based patches and their construction criteria are defined . Other patch based techniques either are limited to structured meshes or only utilize nodal based patches for first derivative recoveries . The SCP technique has not previously been used to recover higher order strain derivatives . The proposed technique can deal with unstructured meshes with various element types and the patches are constructed in a fashion that greatly accelerates the evaluation of Hessian matrices . A numerical example of a strain gradient damage mechanics problem is given at the end . The results show that the proposed technique is capable of evaluating the Laplacian of the equivalent strains and has the potential for even higher order derivative recovery . 
",A nonlocal finite element technique is proposed that is based on the superconvergent second derivative recovery methods. A way to construct element based patches is proposed that is suitable for unstructured meshes. The proposed technique is implemented with a simplified Hessian matrix computation process. The proposed technique is verified by the recovery of the equivalent strains in a nonlocal damage mechanics model.
" Disaster preparedness is key to coping and adaptation during the immediate aftermath of a natural hazard but the majority of those at risk do not feel prepared . In this participatory action research we investigate the use of a participatory design approach to increase disaster preparedness around Turrialba volcano Costa Rica . We present a case study of two ideation workshops and explore the process outcomes challenges and opportunities during ideation . Socio cognitive dimensions specifically risk and responsibility transfer appear to be important factors influencing the uptake of self protective measures . Challenges in workshop facilitation were of a human cultural and resource nature . However the overall process was successful with participants showing indications of empowerment and a number of pressing design opportunities identified . Volcanic activity results in tremendous human social environmental and economic costs between 1900 and 2012 volcanic eruptions have been identified as the cause of more than 4.5 million fatalities worldwide they inhibited development and poverty reduction efforts devastated complete ecosystems and the economic cost of volcanic activity from 1900 to 2014 has been estimated as at least US 3 billion . These costs are only set to increase in future natural disasters as an increasing number of people are living in high risk areas resulting in additional economic and infrastructure development thereby increasing the relative risk in these areas . A multi strand approach to minimize losses as the results of disasters has been implemented globally by the UN since the 1960s . The current 10 year plan is outlined by the Hyogo Framework for Action . Established in 2005 it seeks to establish resilience at all levels of society through the systematic integration of risk reduction into policy . It aims to achieve this by addressing the following strategic goals and priorities governance assessment and monitoring knowledge and education risk factors and disaster preparedness and response . Disaster preparedness at individual household and community levels is a fundamental component of resilience and can be defined as the process of encouraging availability of resources to facilitate coping and the systems and competencies to coordinate and utilize these resources . It plays a particularly important role in coping and adaptation during the immediate aftermath of a natural hazard when individuals and communities are expected to be self reliant for a minimum of 72 h . To encourage disaster preparedness at local levels efforts have traditionally focused on education regarding natural hazards and associated risks . This is predominantly accomplished through one way communication that takes the form of distribution of printed material aimed at a homogeneous audience . The material commonly emphasizes actions individuals can perform to protect themselves . Implicit in this approach is the fallacious belief that imparting scholarly information automatically leads to awareness which converts to actions . However people s actions in the face of risk are not just determined by objective scientific information but also by how this information is perceived in light of people s expectations previous experiences and. 
",First application of participatory design to volcanic disaster risk management. Two participatory ideation workshops with communities at Turrialba volcano. Uptake self protective measures influenced by transfer of risk and responsibility. Workshop challenges resulted from human cultural and resource factors.
" This paper is concerned with the development and application of high order full integrated tetrahedral finite elements to large deformable elastoplastic homogeneous solids . This strategy differs from usual ones adopted in literature that use low order and sub integration methods to solve this kind of problems . The motivation is to find a more precise stress distribution inside solids that develops large strains in elastoplastic situations . In order to do so two elastoplastic formulations are developed and implemented . The first called hyperelastoplastic is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient the intermediate configuration and the elastic Mandel stress tensor and it is devoted to large strain evolution . The second called Green Naghdi elastoplastic is based on the additive decomposition of the Green Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola Kirchhoff stress tensor and it is devoted to small strain and is used as a reference to the second development . In both cases the three dimensional von Mises yield criterion the associative plastic flow rule and mixed hardening are used . Some structural problems have been numerically simulated and convergence analysis is carried out . The results for the force versus displacement and the distributions of the plastic parameters are provided . The numerical results show that as expected the analysis error can be controlled by mesh refinement . The presented hyperelastoplastic formulation can model both finite elastic and finite plastic strains . 
",Analysis of homogeneous elastoplastic materials under static isothermal and large deformation conditions. Parallel processing enables the use of high order fully integrated solid tetrahedral finite elements. These elements present locking free behavior and reliable stress fields for mechanical problems.
" The cohesive zone model approach has been shown to be an effective approach for simulating fracture events . However CZM simulations of quasi static events using an implicit solver usually encounter numerical difficulties due to the nonlinear and softening behavior of CZM . To overcome the numerical difficulties an explicit solver which is intended for fast transient problems can be employed for quasi static events such as stable tearing crack growth . In the current study a CZM based approach is applied to simulate Mode I stable tearing crack growth events in Arcan specimens made of 2024 T3 aluminum alloy by using an explicit solver . The cohesive parameters obtained in a recent study that lead to good predictions for both Mode I and mixed mode I II conditions are used in the current study . In order to shorten the solution time two artificial acceleration techniques are employed acceleration by reducing the time period of the analysis and acceleration by increasing the mass density of the model . A careful convergence study is carried out to gain an understanding of the choice of proper values for the parameters in the artificial acceleration techniques for efficient and accurate simulation predictions and to provide practical experience for CZM simulations in explicit analysis . 
",The CZM approach is applied to simulate stable tearing crack growth by explicit solver. A careful convergence study is carried out for selecting proper parameters in the artificial acceleration techniques. Simulation results are validated by experimental data. Valuable practical experience for CZM simulations in explicit analysis is provided.
" This paper presents a new finite element formulation for the dynamic analysis of three dimensional beams . The formulation is based on the geometrically exact three dimensional beam theory in which the strain vectors are the only unknown functions of the arc length parameter . The classical Newmark time integration scheme extended to the multiplicative group of spatial rotations is used and properly adapted for the strain based formulation . The Generalized method is used to enforce a numerical dissipation of higher modes . The update procedure needed in the iteration process is discussed in detail . The exact linearization of the governing equations is also presented . The performance of the formulation is demonstrated with numerical examples . 
",We study the dynamics of spatial beams based on strain measures. Strain measures are the only unknown functions of the arc length parameter. Additive interpolation of strains gives fully consistent displacement and rotation fields. Present formulation satisfies the equality of equilibrium and the constitutive internal forces. The linearization and the update procedure are novel and presented for the first time.
" Cold roll forming modifies the mechanical properties of thin walled profiles by strain hardening . The understanding of this phenomenon which is rather good for profiles made of traditional construction steel is mandatory for assessing the member resistance . Less information is however available for profiles made of materials exhibiting a pronounced degree of non linearity of the stress strain curve such as high strength and stainless steels . Current codes generally encounter difficulties for modelling this fabrication process because of the size of industrial mills . Indeed accurate modelling of the continuous cold roll forming process using finite elements requires a huge number of elements leading to excessive CPU times . Therefore modellers usually reduce the geometry of the formed sheet or increase the size of the finite elements inducing a loss of accuracy in the results . In this work the finite element software METAFOR is used to model cold roll forming of channel profiles made of high strength and stainless steels . The numerical results expressed in terms of corner strength enhancement versus radius to thickness ratio are compared against an existing predictive model . Corners total area Cross section area without the corners Gross cross section area Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Central Processing Unit Inter stand distance Young s modulus Finite element model Penalty coefficient Average coil radius Cross section corner radius Cross section internal corner radius Standard deviation Section thickness velocity Strain Equivalent plastic strain Total strain corresponding to 0.2 proof stress Ultimate tensile strain Average Stress Proof stress at 0.2 plastic strain Average yield stress Predicted corner 0.2 proof stress using FEM Predicted corner 0.2 plastic strain using theoretical model Ultimate tensile stress Mill certificate 0.2 proof stress Mill certificate ultimate stress Yield stress Poisson s ratio Cold roll forming and press braking are two common manufacturing processes used for fabricating thin walled structural sections . Roll forming is a continuous bending process during which the thin sheet of metal is successively passed through a set of rolls that incrementally bend it until the desired cross section is obtained . The movement of the sheet through successive combinations of rollers produces the final cross section . During cold rolling the profile undergoes successive states of deformation according to the flower pattern . This process of fabrication implies longitudinal stresses as well as relatively high shear stresses . Consequently the goal of the manufacturer is to find a good combination of successive rollers distance between rollers and speed of rotation to minimise the undesired deformation such as cross sectional distortion or buckling waves in the flats . In press braking a semi manual forming process during which the sheet of metal is bent via a punch onto a die strength enhancement is restricted to corner regions while in roll forming there may also be moderate gain in the flat regions given that longitudinal forces occurring during the forming process may be relatively high and thus lead to plastic straining . The finite element method is regarded by. 
",The paper presents a FE model for simulating cold roll forming. Stainless and high strength steels are considered. The corners strength enhancement is reported for each simulation. The numerical predictions are compared with theoretical models.
" The treatment of locking phenomena in finite element analysis has been extensively studied over the last decades . Among other techniques the use of Enhanced Assumed Strain methods can lead to formulations that yield good results although sometimes computationally expensive . This is mainly due to the use of enhancing parameters element wise defined and related to the element topology integration scheme and even the problem itself to be solved . The subspace analysis framework is based on a mathematical technique where the constraints to be respected by the formulations are applied at each Gauss point of the finite element mesh . Although this methodology can be found in the literature for some locking pathology it was never applied before to the analysis of transverse shear locking in 3D finite elements . Therefore in the current work the authors expand the existing subspace methodology to take into account the occurrence of this type locking in solid elements . This analysis is developed for different integration schemes in order to assess their performances . Previous EAS formulations are analyzed and an alternative formulation for the EAS parameters is proposed and applied to a set of benchmark linear and nonlinear problems for solid and solid shell elements in order to evaluate the occurrence of locking phenomena and infer about their potential applications . 
",Methodology that allows for the adequate choice of enhancing parameters for solid finite element. The developed framework is based on a mathematical technique of subspace analysis. The methodology was expanded to take into account the effects of shear locking. A formulation with in plane reduced integration and hourglass stabilization is presented.
" A set of mechanism based constitutive equations was developed to model the effects of microstructure evolution on elastic plastic flow of Q235 steel . This set of equations is implemented into the finite element solver ABAQUS for multi pass shape rolling process simulation . The procedure for multi pass rolling simulation was developed a scheduled multi pass rough rolling process of H shape steel was carried out and the accuracy of the equations was validated by comparisons between the calculated mill load and measured ones . A numerical orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of rolling parameters on the microstructure evolution . 
",A set of mechanism based unified constitutive equations was developed. Procedure for the multi pass rolling simulation was developed and a Scheduled 9 pass H shape rough rolling process was carried out. A numerical orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of rolling parameters on the microstructure evolution.
" The fixed grid finite element method is introduced to approximate the effective moduli of particulate composite . The difficulty of domain discretization induced by the inclusions is avoided in the fixed grid finite element method as the discretization is independent of the inclusions . The elastic properties of every finite element are approximated by a weighted function and the volume fractions of the constituents in the element are taken as the weights . A simple scheme is proposed to approximate the volume fractions in every element . The validities of the fixed grid finite element method are verified by comparing the effective moduli obtained from the fixed grid finite element method with those obtained from finite element method . The anisotropy of particulate composite is discussed with the fixed grid finite element and the applicability of the fixed grid finite element method for composite with multiple irregular inclusions is illustrated . 
",The fixed grid finite element method is introduced to approximate the effective moduli of particulate composite. A simple scheme is proposed to calculate the volume fraction of the constituents in every element. The validity of the method is verified for composites both with soft conclusions and with hard conclusions. The availability of the method for composite with multiple irregular inclusions is presented.
" In the present paper a three dimensional elasticity approach is employed to investigate buckling of heterogeneous functionally graded plates under biaxial compression shear tension compression and shear compression load conditions . In this regard a formulation that employs a full compatible three dimensional Hermitian element with 168 degrees of freedom and guarantees continuity of the strain and stress components is used . It is known that all of the available famous commercial finite element softwares and the proposed series solutions satisfy continuity conditions of the displacement rather than the stress components . Buckling occurrence is detected based on checking both the instability onset and equilibrium criteria . Results are extracted based on a Galerkin type orthogonality . Therefore they are more accurate than those obtained based on the traditional Ritz method . The presented three dimensional finite element analysis and the extracted results are quite new . A vast variety of results including results of biaxial compression compression tension shear and shear compression load cases is considered and discussed in detail . 
",Buckling under various biaxial normal and shear load combinations is investigated. The 3D elasticity theory rather than the approximate plate theories is used. A full compatible 3D Hermitian element with 168 degrees of freedom is used. The stress continuity is guaranteed in the present approach. Results are extracted based on a Galerkin type orthogonality.
" Aeroelastic flutter is a dangerous failure mode and aircraft structural components are designed under a deterministic flutter margin . Meeting this safety factor may result in overly conservative structures however an alternative approach incorporates uncertainties into the computational models and imposes a maximum allowable flutter probability during the optimization process . This technique is demonstrated for the variable thickness design of an elastic panel subjected to supersonic flow . A performance measure approach based on the first order reliability method incorporates probabilistic flutter constraints during the search for a minimum mass panel . Optimization results are given for uncertainties in the panel s boundary conditions and for non deterministic thickness design variables . 
",Structural optimization for aeroelastic flutter is dictated by an eigenvalue migration problem. Uncertain boundary conditions can be included in the design process for aerospace panels. An efficient compromise between safety and structural mass is obtained with RBDO. The optimal topological distribution of material differs for deterministic and uncertain panels.
" In this paper finite element formulation of various four unknown shear deformation theories is presented for the bending and vibration analyses of functionally graded plates . The present theories have strong similarity with the classical plate theory and accounts for shear deformation effects without using any shear correction factors . A four node quadrilateral finite element is developed using Lagrangian and Hermitian interpolation functions to describe the primary variables corresponding to the in plane displacements and transverse displacement respectively . Material properties are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a power law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents . Convergence test and comparison studies are performed for thin and very thick plates to demonstrate the accuracy of the present formulation . 
",A new plate element is developed for functionally graded plates. The present element is based on various four unknown shear deformation theories. Numerical examples are presented to verify the accuracy of the present element. The proposed element is capable of modeling both very thin and thick plates.
" In this paper a fully coupled numerical model is developed for the modeling of the hydraulic fracture propagation in porous media using the extended finite element method in conjunction with the cohesive crack model . The governing equations which account for the coupling between various physical phenomena are derived within the framework of the generalized Biot theory . The fluid flow within the fracture is modeled using the Darcy law in which the fracture permeability is assumed according to the well known cubic law . By taking the advantage of the cohesive crack model the nonlinear fracture processes developing along the fracture process zone are simulated . The spatial discretization using the extended finite element method and the time domain discretization applying the generalized Newmark scheme yield the final system of fully coupled nonlinear equations which involves the hydro mechanical coupling between the fracture and the porous medium surrounding the fracture . The fluid leak off and the length of fracture extension are obtained through the solution of the resulting system of equations not only leading to the correct estimation of the fracture tip velocity as well as the fluid velocity within the fracture but also allowing for the eventual formation of the fluid lag . It is illustrated that incorporating the coupled physical processes i.e . the solid skeleton deformation the fluid flow in the fracture and in the pore spaces of the surrounding porous medium and the hydraulic fracture propagation is crucial to provide a correct solution for the problem of the fluid driven fracture in porous media where the poroelastic effects are significant . 
",A fully coupled XFEM model is used for hydraulic fracture propagation of porous media. The governing equations of porous media are derived using the generalized Biot theory. The fluid flow within the fracture is modeled using the cubic law in the Darcy law. The cohesive crack model is used for the nonlinear fracture process zone. The fluid leak off and the length of crack growth are obtained during the solution.
" In this investigation a coupling between a 3D solid shell element for the analysis of multilayered composite shell structures and a specific response surface method is proposed . The first part of the paper is dedicated to the finite element formulation of a developed composite 8 node solid shell element called SCH based only on translational degrees of freedom . The basis of the present finite element formulation is the standard 8 node brick element with tri linear shape functions . A particular attention is given to alleviate shear trapezoidal and thickness locking without resorting to the classical plane stress assumption . Assumed natural strain method and enhanced assumed strain method are used to improve the relative poor element behavior of a standard hexahedral displacement element . The anisotropic material behavior of layered shells is modeled using a fully three dimensional elastic orthotropic material law in each layer including the thickness stress component . The second part of the paper will focus on an adaptive response surface method for the structural optimization problem . The response surfaces are built using moving least squares approximations and design of experiments by means of a specific method called Diffuse Approximation . Several numerical applications to composite multilayered shell structures are studied to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed procedure . Good results of analysis and optimization using the developed SCH solid shell element have been obtained in comparison with reference analytical solutions and with those obtained using the SC8R solid shell finite element available in ABAQUS code . 
",We develop a new free locking Composite Hex Shell FE no stabilization is required. CPU time savings and better results with the Hex Shell FE compared to 3D bricks. 3D material law with failure criteria may be used with the Hex Shell FE model. New Strategy to reuse the DOE of previous iterations to reduce the FE simulations. A new RSM involving Diffuse Approximation model and pattern search optimization.
" In this paper a new locking free element triangular thick plate element with 9 standard kinematic degrees of freedom and 6 additional degrees of freedom for shear strains for analyzing plate shell structures of thin or thick members is developed . With an appropriate use of independent shear degrees of freedom the shear locking problem is completely removed without inducing any numerical expediency such as reduced integration assumptions of strains stresses nor are additional efforts needed to stabilize spurious zero energy modes . Compared to existing triangular shear deformable plate elements that pass patch tests for both thick and thin plates the formulation of the present TTK9S6 element is very simple and perhaps as simple as possible . A number of numerical examples are tested showing the convergence and accuracy of the TTK9S6 element . 
",We present a locking free element capable of analyzing plate shell structures without introducing any numerical expediencies. This new triangular shear deformable plate element passes patch tests either for thick or for thin plates. The proposed element has a simple formulation meanwhile it shows satisfactory convergence performance and possesses high accuracy.
" During the past decade materials that display novel properties in the acoustic realm so called acoustic metamaterials have attracted much attention since these properties can provide promising opportunities to design new acoustic devices that can not be made with natural materials . Although acoustic metamaterials that exhibit negative mass density or negative bulk modulus and double negative acoustic metamaterials have been obtained experimentally by trial and error our aim is to develop a topology optimization method for the direct design of acoustic metamaterials based on the concept of local resonant mechanisms which ensures that the lattice constant is orders of magnitude functionally smaller than the corresponding sonic wavelength and avoids unwanted effects of Bragg scattering mechanisms . This paper proposes a level set based topology optimization method for the structural design of acoustic metamaterials that achieve an extremely negative bulk modulus at certain prescribed frequencies . Level set based topology optimization methods can directly provide clear boundaries in optimal configurations that avoid the presence of grayscales . The optimization problem is formulated for a two dimensional wave propagation problem with the objective being to minimize the effective bulk modulus at chosen target frequencies . An effective medium description based on S parameters is introduced to describe the acoustic metamaterial . Finite element method is used to solve the Helmholtz equation for acoustic waves sensitivities are obtained with the adjoint variable method and a reaction diffusion equation is used to update the level set function . Several numerical examples with prescribed target frequencies and different initial shapes are provided to demonstrate that the proposed method can provide clear optimized structures for the design of negative bulk modulus acoustic metamaterials . 
",We propose a level set based topology optimization to design acoustic metamaterials using the Finite Element Method. We formulate the optimization problem using effective material properties. A two step optimization process enabled to handle the design of effective bulk modulus. In all examples we successfully obtain optimized shapes with negative bulk modulus.
" A new approach for extracting stress intensity factors by the element free Galerkin class of methods through a modified crack closure integral scheme is proposed . Its primary feature is that it allows accurate calculation of mode I and mode II SIFs with a relatively simple and straightforward analysis even when a coarser nodal density is employed . The details of the adoption of the MCCI technique in the EFG method are described . Its performance is demonstrated through a number of case studies including mixed mode and thermal problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics . The results are compared with published theoretical solutions and those based on the displacement method stress method crack closure integral in conjunction with local smoothing technique as well as the M integral method . Its advantages are discussed . 
",Adoption of modified crack closure integral MCCI in meshfree methods for evaluation of stress intensity factors SIFs . Comparison of MCCI technique with M Integral technique displacement method etc. Case studies on mixed mode crack problems involving remote loading crack face loading and thermal loading. Effect of enrichment functions order of Gauss integration domain of influence and nodal density on accuracy of SIFs.
" This paper presents a decoupled Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian approach for the large deformation analysis of plane strain elastoplastic problems . In this decoupled approach the Eulerian step consists of first remeshing the deformed continuum and then remapping the state variables at the new quadrature points . Remeshing is performed without altering the element topology of the original mesh with the aid of the Spring Analogy Method enhanced with torsional springs . Before remeshing nodes at free boundaries are relocated using an analytical approach in order to preserve a good node distribution throughout the analysis . State variable remapping is achieved through the Radial Basis Point Interpolation Functions scheme . Large deformation elastoplastic analyses of two plane strain example problems are conducted using the presented ALE approach to test its robustness and effectiveness . The continuum is modeled as a Tresca or Mohr Coulomb elastic perfectly plastic material while the meshes consist of second order finite elements . The numerical results demonstrate that the present methodology is capable of predicting with adequate accuracy the load displacement response even in analyses involving very large translations of the loaded boundary . 
",Remeshing is achieved using the enhanced Spring Analogy Method. State variable remapping is accomplished through the RBF interpolation scheme. We achieved very large deformation penetration simulations of plane strain elastoplastic problems. Obtained numerical results are in good agreement with limit analysis solutions.
" This paper presents a novel Timoshenko beam element based on the framework of strain gradient elasticity theory for the analysis of the static bending free vibration and buckling behaviors of Timoshenko microbeams . The element proposed is a two node element which has 6 DOF at each node considering both bending and stretching deformations and 4 DOF considering only bending deformation . Unlike the classical Timoshenko beam element the current element satisfies the C 0 continuity and C 1 weak continuity and contains three material length scale parameters to capture the size effect . Finite element formulations are derived by utilizing the corresponding weak form equations . Convergence shear locking and comparison studies are carried out to examine the reliability and accuracy of the numerical solutions . The shear locking study shows that the present beam element is free of shear locking . Besides it is established that there is a good agreement between the present results with the results in existing literature . To further illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the new Timoshenko beam element the static bending free vibration and buckling problems of microbeams with various boundary conditions are covered by the analysis . The results show that such small size effects are significant when the beam thickness is small but become negligible with increasing beam thickness . Some results are believed to be the first known in the open literature and can be used as a benchmark for further studies . 
",A new Timoshenko beam element is proposed. The current element satisfies the C 0 and C 1 weak continuities. Three material length scale parameters are contained in a stiffness matrix. This element is free of shear locking. Excellent agreement is achieved between the present results and literature.
" Surface roughness affects the friction behaviour stress distribution and surface quality moreover this influence is more significant when scaling down the strip size . A novel approach has been proposed to investigate the surface roughness in asymmetric rolling based on Finite Element Analysis . Evolution of asperity flattening contact area ratio and surface roughness is investigated under various simulation rolling conditions . The model reviewed numerical solutions for real surfaces with asperities of arbitrary shape and varying size and height distributions . The rolling characterization has also been identified for asymmetric rolling . The difference of change in surface roughness for upper and lower strip surface is large during rolling . The effect of the speed asymmetry factor on strip bending has been established . An increase of the speed asymmetry factor causes an increase in the strip curvature while the force parameters decrease with increasing asymmetry factor . The speed asymmetric factor influences the strip bending significantly . It is the first attempt to carry out this kind of research in surface roughness based on real surface during asymmetric rolling of thin strip . 
",Numerical solution for real surface with asperities of varying height distribution. The force parameters decrease with increasing speed asymmetry factor. An increase of the asymmetry factor causes an increase in the strip curvature. First attempt to modelling the surface roughness in asymmetric thin strip rolling.
" In the present paper the effect of graphite nodularity in the microstructure of cast iron is assessed with respect to its machinability at orthogonal cutting . A micro structure based model of the cast iron material has been developed based on analyses of micro graph images . The image analysis combines pearlitic grains with graphite nodules to produce the micro structures . Continuous deformation behavior of pearlite and graphite phases is described using the Johnson Cook viscoplasticty model including temperature dependence . Of particular concern is the modeling of the chip formation induced by the micro structure morphology and the mechanical behavior of the work piece material in the vicinity of the insert . This is described by the element deletion methodology along with the Johnson Cook failure criterion to realize the fracture kinematics . A parametric study is carried out by varying the nodularity of the graphite . To validate the model the finite element results are compared to machining test results carried out on a Compacted Graphite Iron material in a related paper . It turns out that the FE simulated and experimentally observed cutting force and chip formation compare fairly well . 
",A FE based machining simulation methodology accounting for cast iron microstructure. Assessment of cast iron machinability at orthogonal cutting. A parametric study is carried out based on micrographs of cast iron with varying nodularity. FE simulated and experimental cutting forces and chip formations compare fairly well.
" The requirement of repeated evaluation of structural responses in typical sensitivity based Finite Element Model Updating procedure limits its popular applications for large structures . The least squares method based response surface method is applied as a potential alternative for responses approximations in iterative model updating procedure . However the LSM is a major source of error in response prediction and the moving least squares method is found to be more efficient in this regard . An attempt has been made in the present study to explore the effectiveness of MLSM based RSM in FEMU . A comparative assessment is performed between the MLSM based and the conventional LSM based RSM for model parameter updating . The comparative study is being illustrated with the help of two example problems using artificially generated input responses . It is generally observed that the MLSM based RSM identifies better than the LSM based approach . 
",Moving least squares method MLSM based response surface method RSM for model parameter updating. Comparative assessment between the MLSM based and the conventional least squares method LSM based approach. The MLSM based RSM identifies better than the LSM based approach.
" The major addressed issue in this paper is investigation of impressive parameters on initiation and propagation of debonding in the adhesive layer when it occurs concurrently with the growth of an initial crack in a single side repaired aluminum panels by composite patches under cyclic loading . Using the softening behavior of thin layer solid like interface elements debonding is modeled between the composite patch layer adjacent to the aluminum panel as a function of loading condition and stress field . A user element routine and two damage model routines were developed to include the interface element and to simulate the distribution of damage in adhesive layer under static and cyclic loading . Fatigue crack growth in aluminum panel was also modeled using a simple approach developed by the authors . It is shown that it is possible to decrease the debonding propagation by implementing appropriate composite patch and adhesive dimensional and material properties . 
",A high cycle fatigue de cohesive constitutive law is used for debonding investigation of composite patch cracked panel interface. Effects of material width and thickness of patch and bonding strength on progressive damage of bonding interface are investigated. A patch material with larger elastic modulus thickness and adhesive thickness leads to more damages in the adhesive bound line. By increasing the adhesive strength and patch width the de bonding and crack growth rate of the panel are decreased.
" We address in this paper an isogeometric finite element approach in combination with the third order deformation plate theory for thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded material plates . TSDT accounts shear deformation effect without requiring any shear correction factors . The IGA utilizes non uniform rational B spline as basis functions resulting in both exact geometric representation and high order approximations . It enables to achieve easily the smoothness with arbitrary continuous order . The present method hence fulfills the C 1 requirement of TSDT model . The material properties of FGM plates are assumed to vary according to power law distribution of the volume fraction of constituents . The temperature field through the plate thickness is described by a polynomial series . The influences of length to thickness ratio aspect ratio boundary conditions and material property on the temperature critical buckling are investigated . Numerical results of circular and rectangular plates are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method . 
",We address an isogeometric finite element formulation for thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded material plates. The method does not require any shear correction factors due to using third order deformation plate theory TSDT . The method utilizes non uniform rational B splines NURBS instead of standard Lagrange basis functions. It is very flexible with refinement and degree elevation with an arbitrary continuity level by NURBS basis functions. Intensive numerical studies have been conducted to show the good performance of the present method.
" In this paper the effect of initial geometric imperfections on the buckling load of steel tubes under axial load and lateral pressure is investigated . The geometric imperfections are modeled as a 2D 1V non homogeneous Gaussian stochastic field simulated using the spectral representation method . The evolutionary power spectrum of the non homogeneous field is derived from available experimental measurements using the recently proposed method of separation . For the determination of the limit load variability of the tubes a stochastic formulation based on Monte Carlo simulation is implemented . It is shown that the imperfections can lead to a substantial reduction of the buckling load and thus should be taken into account via a realistic description through stochastic field modeling . 
",The buckling load variability of imperfect steel tubes is investigated. The imperfections are modeled as a non homogeneous Gaussian stochastic field. Evolutionary power spectra are derived from experimental measurements. The imperfections can lead to a substantial reduction of the buckling load. The type of loading and the imperfections affect the failure modes of the tubes.
" The research goal is to develop a numerical method and computer code to inverse compute the multilayer moduli of a flexible pavement structure . A finite element model with infinite elements on the infinite half spaces of boundaries is developed to model pavement responses . A Newton Raphson iteration procedure is proposed to inverse compute the multilayer moduli . Compared to most conventional analytical approaches it could account for temperature profile and associated modulus variation . A computer code is developed for the entire numerical computation . An average error of 1.77 10.83 8.99 and 1.08 is achieved for the inversed moduli of asphalt layer base subbase and soil respectively based on 5000 dataset for validation . The method could also inverse compute the modulus variation of the top asphalt layer due to temperature profile with an average error of 4.45 attained for three examples in cold regular and hot weather conditions . 
",We developed a numerical method and code to inverse multilayer moduli. It accounts for temperature profile and modulus variation. Empirically estimated moduli seeds improve engineering accuracy. Moduli seeds have minimal effects on the numerical accuracy.
" When creating simplified models of the vehicle structure 1D beam elements are normally used to obtain a small sized and parametric representation of all beam like parts . Despite its undoubted advantages such an approach can introduce certain modeling errors . They are influenced by various factors such as cross section deformations spot welds flanges discontinuities and beam cross section geometry . The aim of this paper is to perform a systematic study of these error factors and their potential impact on the model accuracy . Consequently guidelines are given on good practices for overcoming the intrinsic limitations of 1D beam concept modeling techniques . For this purpose six different beam structures with idealized geometry are studied . Furthermore three beam like parts of a vehicle body are also investigated . The derived good modeling practices are applied to a couple of industrial case studies both at car body level . By giving a better insight of the potential pitfalls and their possible solutions 1D beam concept modeling can become more accurate and reliable . 
",Systematic study of the error factors in 1D beam concept modeling for the vehicle structure. Research on beam spot welds flanges and discontinuities cross section geometry and deformations. Introduction of a novel cross section deformation measure. Derivation of guidelines on good modeling practices to improve the concept stage. Successful application of the methodology to a couple of industrial case studies.
" In this paper a thermal structural coupled finite element analysis method for wear prediction of seal is proposed . The methodology is built with iterative wear prediction procedure in which the geometry of the contact interface is progressively changed according to the wear model . To perform finite element simulation of wear process a novel mesh reconstruction strategy to reflect the evolution of geometry caused by the wear is presented . Considering that friction heat in the sealing area normally has important effects on wear process thermal behavior of wear process analysis is carried out and the friction heat flux density is calculated as one of the boundary conditions in each wear simulation circle . Two kinds of seals namely O shape seal and rectangular section seal are investigated in this paper . As the sealing force is important for seals to evaluate the sealing capability the effect of wear is reflected through the change of sealing force . The numerical results supply a suggestion for the applications of both seals . 
",A thermal structural coupled finite element method for wear prediction of seal. A mesh reconstruction strategy for reflecting the evolution of geometry of seal caused by wear. Thermal behavior coupled with structural analysis in comprehensive FE model. Sealing force is chosen as the criterion to evaluate the performance of seal. O seals are more suitable for low fluid pressure and high speed environment than R seals.
" In this paper two new elements for three dimensional finite element analysis of cable structures are proposed . The tangent stiffness matrices of the cable elements are derived under spatially concentrated and distributed static and thermal loads . The first element which is called Continuous Catenary Cable element and extends the classic catenary cable element presents the explicit forms of the stiffness matrix and internal force vector of the cable . The second element Discrete Catenary Cable element is introduced by transforming the continuous equations of the CCC element into discrete formulation giving the capability of dividing the cable into several straight elements with axial behavior . The DCC element having all the features of the CCC element has the advantages of including more three dimensional loadings such as point loads along the member and non uniform distributed lateral loads and incorporating various geometrical and material nonlinearities such as cable cross section variation and cable material yielding . Thereafter employing the proposed elements we have presented a simple algorithm for the analysis of pretensioned cables . The proposed elements are then used for nonlinear analysis of cable structures and the response is compared with those obtained by other researchers . The results of numerical examples indicate the capability and robustness of the proposed elements in predicting the deformation response of cable structures . 
",Two new elements for 3D finite element analysis of cable structures are proposed. The elements are applicable for all uniformly distributed 3D point and thermal loads. Algorithms for calculating the stiffness matrix and the internal force vector are presented. The acceptable convergence of the new models their simplicity and direct equations are shown. Both continuous and discrete models provide good accuracy while the latter is faster.
" Continuous fiber reinforced composite materials are extensively being used in helicopter dynamic structures . Preimpregnated fibers or prepregs are used to produce high quality composite rotor yokes flex beams . One process in particular known as cavity molding is frequently used to process high quality thick composite details with exceptionally precise dimensions by using a platen press to apply heat and pressure to rigid tooling and thereby entice the prepreg within to cure into the shape of the confines of an internal cavity . The objective of the research described here is to develop a mathematical model for glass epoxy prepreg which simulates the resin flow heat transfer consolidation and curing of cavity molded flex beams which varies significantly with location . An enhanced understanding of the mechanisms involved will help significantly improve the cost effectivity of molding process development . The current work is focused on process modeling of composite flex beams which are manufactured by cavity molding . The cure kinetics of such parts is particularly difficult to model because tool part geometries are complex . The combined effects of heat transferred by the tool and heat spontaneously generated by the reacting thermoset during cure results in significant gradients of resin advancement throughout the part . The temperature spikes that result from internally generated exothermic heat can not be quickly dissipated because of the low thermal conductivity of composite . Various governing equations are presented here that describe the resin cure kinetics thermal energy balance and flow during the process . A general purpose finite element package with multiphysics capabilities is used for simulating the non isothermal prepreg press process the degrees of cure and temperature field distribution at different cross sections . 
",Integrated cure and flow processes have been modeled. Process modeling of cavity molding process for composite flex beams is new. Level set method has been used to model the flow behavior. Flex beam manufacturing has been analyzed as non isothermal prepreg press process. Exothermic behavior of resin has been validated.
" A number of highly threaded many core architectures hide memory access latency by low overhead context switching among a large number of threads . The speedup of a program on these machines depends on how well the latency is hidden . If the number of threads were infinite theoretically these machines could provide the performance predicted by the PRAM analysis of these programs . However the number of threads per processor is not infinite and is constrained by both hardware and algorithmic limits . In this paper we introduce the Threaded Many core Memory model which is meant to capture the important characteristics of these highly threaded many core machines . Since we model some important machine parameters of these machines we expect analysis under this model to provide a more fine grained and accurate performance prediction than the PRAM analysis . We analyze 4 algorithms for the classic all pairs shortest paths problem under this model . We find that even when two algorithms have the same PRAM performance our model predicts different performance for some settings of machine parameters . For example for dense graphs the dynamic programming algorithm and Johnson s algorithm have the same performance in the PRAM model . However our model predicts different performance for large enough memory access latency and validates the intuition that the dynamic programming algorithm performs better on these machines . We validate several predictions made by our model using empirical measurements on an instantiation of a highly threaded many core machine namely the NVIDIA GTX 480 . 
",We design a memory model to analyze algorithms for highly threaded many core systems. The model captures significant factors of performance work span and memory accesses. We show the model is better than PRAM by applying both to 4 shortest paths algorithms. Empirical performance is effectively predicted by our model in many circumstances. It is the first formalized asymptotic model helpful for algorithm design on many cores.
" An h adaptive remeshing scheme dedicated to the simulation of macroscopic ductile cracks initiation and propagation during metal forming processes is proposed . Cracks are represented using a procedure based on fully damaged elements deletion . Element size inside the domain and along the crack path located inside highly localized zones is driven by error indicators based on geometrical considerations and the derivatives of physical quantities calculated by diffuse approximation . Saw tooth effects along the crack are smoothed with the use of Bezier curves in order to reduce computational inaccuracy . The mesh can be refined and an important issue of this work is mesh coarsening in order to ensure a reasonable computational cost . Multiple domains can be handled . The procedure can be easily integrated in any standard nonlinear explicit finite element code . Specific fields transfer procedures and an automatic adaptation of the time loading sequences are also presented . The efficiency and robustness of the proposed strategy are validated through some examples which show a good agreement with experimentally observed ductile crack paths under large inelastic strains . 
",An h adaptive methodology suitable for metal forming processes with damage is proposed. Mesh coarsening is performed inside inactive areas where no plastic flow occurs. We propose geometrical and diffuse approximation based physical error indicators. Field transfer procedure at integration points is based on diffuse approximation. Loading sequence is adapted with the size and number of fully damaged elements.
" The one dimensional viscous Burgers equation with a time periodic inflow boundary condition is investigated within the context of a newly developed optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling framework . Flow simulations are carried out with a conventional finite difference scheme and are expedited by coarsening the computational grid in space and time . The OPSTROM framework is used to maintain reliable predictions for the flow by constructing interactive subgrid scale models to account for the effects due to unresolved spatial and temporal scales . Model construction is data driven and is based upon principles of mean square error minimization conditional expectations and stochastic estimation . The results indicate a need to model both subgrid spatial and temporal scales in order to improve the accuracy of under resolved simulations . 
",We investigate an optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling framework. The viscous Burgers equation serves as a test problem. Models are developed to account for the effects of unresolved spatiotemporal scales. Model construction is simplified through a number of observed statistical properties. Results indicate an ability to improve the reliability of under resolved simulations.
" The paper presents an approach for the identification of elasto static parameters of a robotic manipulator using the virtual experiments in a CAD environment . It is based on the numerical processing of the data extracted from the finite element analysis results which are obtained for isolated manipulator links . This approach allows to obtain the desired stiffness matrices taking into account the complex shape of the links couplings between rotational translational deflections and particularities of the joints connecting adjacent links . These matrices are integral parts of the manipulator lumped stiffness model that are widely used in robotics due to its high computational efficiency . To improve the identification accuracy recommendations for optimal settings of the virtual experiments are given as well as relevant statistical processing techniques are proposed . Efficiency of the developed approach is confirmed by a simulation study that shows that the accuracy in evaluating the stiffness matrix elements is about 0.1 . 
",FEA based methodology for stiffness matrix identification. Numerical technique for computing the stiffness matrix from the deflection field. Analytical expressions for accuracy evaluation. Technique for statistical processing of the experimental data matrix.
" The development of a finite element model for time dependent analysis of bonded prestressed concrete girders at service conditions is presented . The effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of steel tendons are taken into account . The concrete creep is modeled based on the Dirichlet series creep compliance with efficiency in simulating the stress history . In addition the interaction between different time dependent effects is fully considered in the numerical procedure . The numerical method is formulated based on the layered Euler Bernoulli beam theory . In the constructed incremental equilibrium equations the equivalent nodal load increments consist of four components contributed by external loads concrete creep concrete shrinkage and tendon relaxation while the stiffness matrix is composed of the material and geometric stiffness matrices . Numerical examples show that the proposed model can well predict the long term behavior of prestressed concrete beams and that the time dependent effects have important influence on the structural behavior . 
",A method for time dependent analysis of prestressed concrete girders is developed. The effects of creep shrinkage of concrete and tendon relaxation are considered. The interaction between different time dependent effects is considered.
" A robust reduced integration solid shell finite element in irreducible variational formulation is demonstrated in this paper . To enable shell element like performance using a single through shell thickness element layer we apply element technologies isotropically introducing local tri quadratic hierarchical displacement modes thereafter systematically projected to the global coordinate frame . We also enforce uniform bilinear and linear ANS interpolations to all local normal and shear strains respectively imposing identical in plane and out of plane element response for robust 3D thin shell deformation behaviour in non regular trapezoidal shaped meshes . The hierarchical strains realised improve the element performance by complementing the locking alleviating actions of the ANS modified membrane and shear strain fields in reduced numerical integration scheme performed along the designated shell thickness . We restrict our initial numerical investigations to geometrically linear beams plates and shell problems solely for preliminary assessment of the element s in plane and out of plane behaviour in response to the uniform modification of strains and hierarchical displacement modes introduced . To this end the results indicate robust behaviour and comparable accuracy in comparison to mixed variational enhanced assumed strain elements in full and in reduced integration in all structural problem classes undertaken . 
",A reduced integration displacement degree of freedom only solid shell is presented. Three hierarchical freedoms compliment the 8 node element trilinear displacement field. ANS enforcement on shear and normal strains improves mesh distortion tolerance. A single element layer through the shell thickness was used with full constitutive laws. The displacement variational element was comparable in accuracy to EAS elements.
" A hybrid finite element formulation is used to model temperature evolutions in concrete structures at early ages taking into account the thermo chemical process of cement hydration . The most relevant fields in the application problem namely the temperature and the hydration degree fields are selected for direct and independent approximation . The Galerkin formulation used qualifies as hybrid because the heat flux is also approximated on the boundary of the element . The temperature and hydration degree bases are used to enforce the thermal equilibrium condition and the hydration law respectively and the heat flux basis is used to enforce the thermal continuity conditions . The resulting nonlinear transient hybrid formulation leads to high degree naturally hierarchical elements . They can be implemented on coarse meshes eventually unstructured and involving high aspect ratio elements to reduce the dimension of the solving system while preserving adequate levels of accuracy . The system is symmetric sparse and well suited to adaptive refinement and parallelization . Modelling of boundary conditions and thermo chemical properties of concrete is designed to accommodate experimentally defined properties and code of practice recommendations as well as other research results reported in the literature . The quality of the model is assessed using a set of testing problems supported by experimental data and results obtained with conventional finite elements . 
",A hybrid FE formulation is applied to the modelling of cement hydration in concrete. The accuracy of conventional FE is recovered with simpler meshes and fewer variables. Unstructured meshes and uncoupled FE bases simplify the modelling of staged construction. The hybrid FE formulation is well suited to adaptive p refinement and parallelization. Performance is assessed using experimental monitoring data and conform FE solutions.
" An approach based on mechanical testing and finite element modeling is presented to establish the stress strain relationship for polymers when necking evolves under tension . The paper gives details of criteria used for evaluating the stress strain relationship during the necking process and depicts how the total strain range is divided into several sections for the ease of the iterative calculation process . High density polyethylene is used as a sample polymer to illustrate the approach . The results show that this approach can consider non linear and creep deformation during the neck evolvement and the stress strain relationship established can be applied to a finite element model to regenerate force elongation curve and cross section reduction measured from the mechanical testing . Polymers such as high density polyethylene are susceptible to spontaneous strain localization and strain hardening that arises from structural rejuvenation induced by large deformation . In view that the ability to predict necking in polymers is essential for assurance of their reliable performance especially when considering applications such as pipelines and pressure vessels understanding such deformation behavior is of utmost importance . As a result much of the research work on polymers has been dedicated to study of the necking behavior and the damage evolution process during the neck development . However challenges are encountered due to the time dependent deformation process that plays a critical role for many polymers in long term service . As a result most of the characterization methods to evaluate reliability of the long term performance of polymers require tests on full sized products . Since those tests are time consuming to carry out and involve significant uncertainty in its prediction accuracy some researchers have considered a different approach that is to evaluate the performance through numerical simulation for which the first step is to establish the stress strain relationship for the deformation process . During the last few decades many approaches have been proposed to establish the stress strain relationship for polymer deformation . Some of those approaches often known as slip link or tube models are an extension from classical rubber elasticity to consider chain entanglements in the molecular network for the mechanical response during the deformation . One of those approaches commonly known as Edward Vilgis theory separates number of permanent joints from number of topological constraints in the expression of free energy as a function of stretch ratio . Based on this model formation of cross links in radiated polyethylene was investigated and found to increase the effective chain entanglements during the deformation . Other approaches consider interactions at the molecular level to relate the molecular interactions with the macroscopic deformation behavior . One of the first models in those approaches took into account rotation and alignment of molecular chain segments for establishing the stress strain relationship for large deformation in amorphous polymers . The model was later extended to three dimensional deformation . More recently Wu and Buckley developed a model based on molecular interaction to capture. 
",Testing and FEM were used to establish the constitutive equation for necking in polymers. Creep is included in the constitutive equation in order to regenerate the necking behavior. Constitutive equation is established for HDPE in two specimen geometries at two cross head speeds.
" A finite element formulation for a non local particle method is proposed in this paper for elasticity and fracture analysis of 2D solids . The model is based on a new particle method which incorporates a non local multi body particle interaction into the conventional pair wise particle interactions . The non local particle method is capable of modeling solids with arbitrary Poisson s ratio . Finite element formulation is proposed for the implicit solution of elasticity and fracture problems under static quasi static conditions which is very efficient compared to the direct explicit solution in particle dynamics . Energy minimization principle is used to develop a new finite element with both local pair wise and non local multi body particle interactions . The developed finite element formulation is verified with classical finite element simulation of some benchmark problems . Fracture simulation using the proposed particle based finite element formulation is demonstrated . Some conclusions and future work is drawn based on the current investigation . 
",A new finite element implementation scheme for non local particle methods is proposed. 10 particles element is developed to describe both local pair wise and non local multi body particle interactions. The new scheme is verified to be accurate efficient and robust in simulating elastic and fracture problems.
" The objectives of this paper are to examine the use of volumetric strain rate and pressure enhancement strategies for low order finite elements and to present a stable matrix free algorithm for solving steady state flow problems . Algorithms based on the method of successive approximation and low order finite elements are examined for determining the steady state flow field of a boundary valued problem consisting of an incompressible material . It is shown that both volumetric strain rate and pressure enhancement are required to mitigate pathological locking and nonphysical pressure variations . Care must however be taken when introducing pressure enhancement which helps mitigate the pressure from drifting as the stress field is perturbed from equilibrium . An algorithm based on dynamic relaxation and radial return stress calculations is presented for matrix free calculations dealing with stress dependent creep . 
",Modelling of ice creep with low order elements. Use of volumetric strain rate and pressure enhancement strategies for low order finite elements. Application of the method of successive approximation. Stable matrix free algorithm for solving steady state flow problems.
" Transient structural dynamic analyses often exhibit different phases which enable one to use an adaptive modeling . Thus a 3D model is required for a better understanding of local or non linear effects whereas a simplified beam model is sufficient for simulating the linear phenomena occurring for a long period of time . This paper proposes a method which enables one to switch from a beam to a 3D model during a transient dynamic analysis and thus allows one to reduce the computational cost while preserving a good accuracy . The method is validated through comparisons with a 3D reference solution computed during all the simulation . 
",Use of a 3D model and a beam model at two different stages of the same computation. For dynamic problems with non linearities restricted in space and time. The switch reduces considerably the computational cost with preserved accuracy. Two different initialization techniques are investigated. The energy consistency of the switch is demonstrated.
" The paper proposes a mixed finite element model and experiments its capability in the analysis of elastic and plastic collapse plane problems . The model is easy to formulate and implement because it is based on simple assumptions for the unknown fields . A composite triangular mesh is assumed over the domain . Within each triangular element the displacement field is described by a quadratic interpolation while the stress field is represented by a piece wise constant description by introducing a subdivision of the element into three triangular regions . The elastic solution is constructed through the stationarity condition of the mixed Hellinger Reissner functional . The plastic collapse analysis is formulated as a mathematical programming problem and is accomplished by an Interior Point algorithm which furnishes both the collapse multiplier and the collapse mechanism . A series of numerical experiments shows that the proposed model performs well in elastic problems and achieves the favorite context in plastic analysis where it takes advantage of the absence of volumetric locking and the piecewise constant interpolation of the stress field within the element . 
",The model is particularly simple and easy to implement. Nevertheless the element proves to be accurate and robust in the analysis of both elastic and plastic problems. The choice of the displacement and stress interpolations produces an isostatic element which keeps out zero energy modes. The element is locking free. The assumed piece wise constant description of the stress field allows the discontinuities inherent in the plastic solution. The numerical experiments which refer to the analysis of elastic problems and plastic collapse states show that the element furnishes stable results for both regular and irregular meshes also with marked distortions. The element can be extended saving the relevant features to the context of three dimensional analysis.
" The objective of this work is to obtain an a posteriori estimate of the discretization error of a reference problem . This reference problem is a mechanical problem solved using a finite element analysis in linear elasticity . We use the constitutive relation error based estimator . The construction of admissible fields which is a pillar of the constitutive relation error method is revisited using a domain decomposition method . The originality of the present work is the introduction of a simplifying hypothesis that leads to an approximation of the discretization error . The construction of admissible fields which is global is then replaced by resolution of several local problems that conduce to lower CPU costs . The key point of this domain decomposition based error estimation is the fact that no inter subdomain communication is needed . We present and illustrate this strategy and evaluate its benefits . 
",We study finite element quality in linear elasticity. We use constitutive relation error estimator. We consider an original construction of admissible field using domain decomposition. We illustrate the strategy.
" This paper presents a novel finite element model for the fully material and geometrical nonlinear analysis of shear deformable two layer composite planar beam column members with interlayer slips . We adopt the co rotational approach where the motion of the element is decomposed into two parts a rigid body motion which defines a local co ordinate system and a small deformational motion of the element relative to this local co ordinate system . The main advantage of this approach is that the transformation matrices relating local and global quantities are independent from the choice of the geometrical linear local element . The effect of transverse shear deformation of the layers is taken into account by assuming that each layer behaves as a Timoshenko beam element . The layers are assumed to be continuously connected and partial interaction is considered by adopting a continuous relationship between the interface shear flow and the corresponding slip . In order to avoid curvature and the shear locking phenomena the local linear element is derived from the force based formulation . The present model provides an efficient tool for the elastoplastic buckling analysis of two layer shear deformable beam column with arbitrary support and loading conditions . Finally two numerical applications are presented in order to assess the performance of the proposed formulation . 
",Shear deformable plastic composite beams in partial interaction. Geometrically nonlinear analysis of Timoshenko layered beams using the co rotational framework. Local element formulation based on the flexibility approach. Effects of the interlayer slip on the nonlinear behavior of composite beams. Materially and geometrically nonlinear buckling of two layer shear deformable beams with arbitrary support loading conditions.
" In this paper an Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is analyzed for approximating quasilinear parabolic equations . The equations can be characterized as perturbed parabolic p Laplacian equations . The fully discrete scheme is obtained by applying s stage Diagonally Implicit Runge Kutta methods for the time integration . The nonlinear systems of the algebraic equations appearing in s DIRK cycles are solved by developing two low storage Picard iterative processes . A stability bound is shown for the semi discrete IPDG solution in the broken DG norm . Continuous in time a priori error estimates are proved in case of when linear approximation space is used . A numerical test is performed in order to compare the performance of the two Picard iterative processes . Also the results presented in the theoretical analysis are confirmed by numerical examples . 
",In this work we present an Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for solving quasilinear parabolic problems. In these problems where the diffusion coefficient has a p exponent form. The natural formulation of the problem is in Lp space For the IPDG method stability bounds and a priori error estimates are shown. Two low computational cost Picard block iterative methods are proposed.
" A new structure preserving algorithm for simulating the nonlinear dynamics of geometrically exact rods is developed . The method is based on the simultaneous discretization in space and time of Hamilton s variational principle . The resulting variational integrator is explicit second order accurate and can be identified with a Lie group symplectic partitioned Runge Kutta method for finite element discretizations of rods involving large rotations and displacements . Numerical examples allow to verify that the algorithm presents an excellent long term energy behavior along with the exact conservation of the momenta associated to the symmetries of the system . 
",Author Highlights An explicit variational integrator for the dynamics of rods is developed. The method is explicit symplectic and momentum conserving. The method is second order accurate with the time step and the mesh size. The energy drift remains bounded over exponentially long times.
" The direct time domain analysis of five layered damped sandwich beams subject to impulse load using the discrete Hilbert transform may lead to the unstable growth in damped time responses owing to the incorrectness of Hilbert transformed imaginary impulse force and the insufficient time duration of applied impulse force . To resolve this problem a time domain analysis method making use of the Hilbert transform superposition and the time duration extension is introduced in this paper . The incorrect imaginary impulse force near the end of time period which is caused by the fact that the discrete Hilbert transform using Fourier transform considers the impulse force as a periodic function is resolved by dividing the external impulse force into a finite number of rectangular impulses . And the sufficient time duration of applied impulse force is estimated by a Newton Raphson based iterative residual method . The validity of the present method is justified from the numerical experiment for analyzing the time response of five layered damped sandwich beam . 
",A time domain analysis method using Hilbert transform superposition and the time duration extension is introduced. An arbitrary input signal is divided into several rectangular impulses and their Hilbert transforms are superposed. An appropriate time duration is estimated by a residual based Newton Raphson iteration algorithm.
" Geometric designs for the controlled fragmentation of metal cylindrical shells have been considered via CTH hydrocode simulations . Fragmentation is controlled by engineering notches on the interior of the shells . Design parameters considered include the shell radius thickness and the depth and spacing of interior notches . A large number of shell designs were analyzed and their effectiveness on the controlled fragmentation categorized . The best overall controlled fragmentation designs exhibit full and complete fragment breakup as prescribed along the system of interior notches without any of the individual fragments naturally fragmenting throughout their thicknesses . For the combination of the Composition C 4 explosive and the 4340 steel the best performing designs were shown to commonly possess the following characteristics they each have notch or groove depths greater than half of the shell thickness they each have notch or groove spacing within a range that is approximately the same as the shell thickness and they each have shell thicknesses many times smaller than the shell radius . 
",We consider designs for the controlled fragmentation of metal cylindrical shells. The best performing designs were shown to commonly possess the following features They each have notch or groove depths greater than half of the shell thickness. They each have notch spacing within a range approximately the shell thickness. They each have shell thicknesses many times smaller than the shell radius.
" A mixed finite element model has been derived for the acoustic analysis of perforated dissipative silencers including several effects simultaneously High temperature and thermal gradients in the central duct and the outer absorbent material a perforated passage carrying non uniform axial mean flow . For such a combination the properties of sound propagation media and flow are inhomogeneous and vary with position . The material of the outer chamber can be modelled by its complex equivalent acoustic properties which completely determine the propagation of sound waves in the air contained in the absorbent medium . Temperature gradients introduce variations in these properties that can be evaluated through a heterogeneous temperature dependent resistivity in combination with material models obtained at room temperature . A pressure based wave equation for stationary medium is then used with the equivalent density and speed of sound of the absorbent material varying as functions of the spatial coordinates . Regarding the central air passage a wave equation in terms of acoustic velocity potential can be used to model the non uniform moving medium since the presence of temperature variations introduce not only heterogeneous acoustic properties of the air but also a gradient in the mean flow velocity . The acoustic connection between the central passage and the outer chamber is given by the acoustic impedance of the perforated duct . This impedance depends on the heterogeneous properties of the absorbent material and the non uniform mean flow leading to a spatial variation of the acoustic coupling and also to additional convective terms in the governing equations . The results presented show the influence of temperature thermal gradients and mean flow on the transmission loss of automotive silencers . It has been found that high temperature and thermal induced heterogeneity can have a significant influence on the acoustic attenuation of an automotive silencer and so should be included in theoretical models . In some particular configurations it may be relatively accurate to approximate the temperature field by using a uniform profile with an average value specially for low resistivity materials . It has been shown however that this is not always possible and attenuation overestimation is likely to be predicted mainly for high radial thermal gradients and high material flow resistivities if the temperature distribution is not taken into account . 
",Dissipative silencers including high temperature and thermal gradients are analysed. A mixed finite element model combining velocity potential and acoustic pressure is derived. Temperature gradients lead to spatial variations of absorbent material properties mean flow and perforated duct impedance. Attenuation overestimation is likely to be predicted if the temperature distribution is not taken into account.
" Triaxial compression of elastoplastic particles was studied with numerical and analytical methods in order to develop a mechanistic model for their interactions at high relative densities . The introduction of an equivalent particle radius that accounted for the elastic volumetric deformation enabled an almost perfect reduction of the results obtained for elastoplastic particles to those obtained for rigid perfectly plastic ones . This in turn made possible a simplified yet mechanistic analytical analysis of the particle response in terms of the contact area pressure and force . The developed model exhibited a good agreement with the numerical results especially for intermediate and large strains and hence laid the foundations for the development of mechanistic contact models suitable for simulations of granular materials at high relative densities with the Discrete Element Method . 
",Hydrostatic compression of elastoplastic particles was studied. A combination of numerical and analytical methods was used. The elastoplastic response could be reduced to a rigid perfectly plastic one. A mechanistic model was derived that adequately captured the numerical results. The model can be generalised to other loading conditions.
" In this paper 4 node quadrilateral and 3 node triangular solid shell elements are applied to drape simulations . With locking issues alleviated by the assumed natural strain method and plane stress enforcement static and dynamic drape problems are attempted by the quadrilateral element . If the drape is deep and the mesh density is inadequate non realistic sharp folds are predicted due to the non physical interpenetration of top and bottom element surfaces . To avoid the interpenetration a reversible adaptive subdivision based on the 1 4 splitting method is developed . To ensure displacement compatibility among elements at different subdivision levels macro transition elements are formed by quadrilateral and triangular solid shell elements . To reduce the dynamic oscillation induced by newly inserted nodes the discrete Kirchhoff condition is employed to determine the related nodal variables . Dynamic drape examples using adaptive meshing are presented . It can be seen that the predictions look realistic and deep drapes can be predicted with the interpenetration avoided yet the required number of nodes can be kept relatively small . 
",Solid shell elements attending shear trapezoidal and thickness locking are employed. To avoid interpenetration a curvature based reversible adaptive meshing is devised. Kirchhoff condition is employed to reduce dynamic oscillation of new inserted nodes. The predicted drape shapes appear to be realistic with interpenetration avoided.
" This paper proposes a strategy for the efficient implementation of Fixed Grid Finite Element Analysis method on Graphics Processing Units . Such a strategy makes use of grid regularity of FGFEA to reduce drastically both the memory required by the implementation and the memory transactions to perform the operations with the common elemental stiffness matrix . The matrix free method is adopted to reduce the memory requirements obviating the assembly process of FEA and to exploit the parallelization potential of GPU architectures performing matrix vector products at the Degree of Freedom level . The underlying idea is to exploit data locality and maximize the use of on chip memory which increase notably the performance of GPU computing . The numerical experiments show that the proposed matrix free GPU instance of FGFEA can achieve significant speedup over classical sparse matrix CPU implementation using similar iterative solver . 
",Efficient strategy for GPU computing of FGFEA is proposed. Data locality is exploited to achieve notable GPU performance. Required device memory is minimized replacing it by efficient parallel calculations. Significant speedup with respect to sparse matrix CPU implementation is achieved.
" A family of spatial beam finite elements based on the fixed pole approach is developed and presented in this work . The family consists of three different interpolation options which arise as a consequence of the fact that the virtual position vector has been interpolated in a non linear manner and depends on the actual position vector not only at the nodal points but also at the integration points . All three formulations turn out to be non invariant and path dependent . In two of them however this problem may be easily solved by interpolating the total local rotations which also makes the procedure more robust in handling large load increments . The topic of this paper is the development of a family of spatial beam finite elements based on the geometrically exact beam theory given by Reissner for 2D beams and extended to 3D beams by Simo . Implementation of this theory in a finite element framework becomes non trivial because of the properties of rotations in 3D . These are defined by orientation matrices elements of a special orthogonal group SO which is also a Lie group . By definition a Lie group is also a differentiable manifold and in order for the solution to stay on the manifold we must acknowledge existence of the so called exponential map a specific operation between a Lie group and a related Lie algebra . This theory was first implemented by Simo and Vu Quoc interpolating the infinitesimal rotations the so called spin vectors . Similar results can be obtained interpolating the incremental rotational changes as proposed by Cardona and G radin or the total rotations as given in . The additive interpolation of any of these rotational fields was shown to be the source of non invariance of strain measures with respect to a rigid motion while Romero thoroughly examined and discussed how different interpolations affect the invariance properties . An invariant formulation was proposed in which not only solved the problem of non invariance of the strain measures but also the problem of path dependence which also existed in some of those formulations by interpolating only the relative rotations between specific nodes i.e . the rotations from which the rigid rotation is removed . In a different vein Betsch and Steinmann have proposed a formulation where interpolation of the rotational degrees of freedom is circumvented by reparametrising the orientation matrix using and interpolating its base triad while Zupan and Saje developed a finite element where the strain vectors are interpolated . In this work we want to shed more light on the fascinating and highly promising fixed pole concept and investigate alternative options of its implementation into the geometrically exact 3D beam theory to those currently available . In the context of this theory the fixed pole concept was first introduced by Borri and Bottasso in 1994 and thoroughly researched in a series of subsequent papers . In the context of simple material and polar material elastomechanics the concept. 
",We analyse fixed pole approach in geometrically exact beam theory. We propose a new formulation using standard degrees of freedom. We assess the new formulation with respect to invariance and path dependence.
" A new adaptive multiscale method is developed based on the estimate of residual forces for static analysis of heterogeneous materials . The AMM is established by combining multi node extended multiscale finite element method with a new proposed macroscopic node adaptive algorithm . In our previous multiscale computations macroscopic nodes are placed uniformly along each edge of multi node coarse element without considering local strain or displacement gradient . In this paper to optimize the distribution of macroscopic nodes a new adaptive algorithm is proposed based on the estimate of residual forces . Numerical experiments have indicated that residual forces exist even for linear elastic problems . For boundary external loading cases residual forces only exist on the edges of coarse element . Besides computations indicate that residual forces can reflect local relative errors in the multi node EMsFEM computations . Thus it is reasonable and suitable to take residual forces as local relative error indicators in the multi node EMsFEM computations . Finally the AMM is developed based on this idea . To verify the validity of this proposed method three typical numerical examples are carried out . The examples demonstrate that nearly optimal distributions of macroscopic nodes can be obtained by employing the proposed AMM . 
",A new adaptive multiscale method AMM is developed. The estimate of residual force is taken as local relative error indicator. The validity of the proposed algorithm has been verified. Nearly optimal distribution of macroscopic nodes can be found by using AMM.
" A nonlocal extension of the damage plasticity model CDPM2 is proposed . The performance of this extension is evaluated in comparison with a crack band version of the same model for describing the failure of reinforced concrete . In particular the influence of mesh size on the structural response in the form of load displacement curves and strain distributions is studied for a reinforced concrete beam subjected to four point bending . The nonlocal model provides mesh independent load displacement curves and strain profiles whereas the peak loads and strain profiles obtained with the crack band model depend on the element size . 
",A new nonlocal damage plasticity model has been proposed. The model has been applied to analyse plain and reinforced concrete members. The results of the nonlocal model are compared to those of a crack band approach. The influence of mesh size for the two modelling approaches has been investigated. The nonlocal model yields mesh independent results.
" This paper describes the development of a reduced model of a fastener using Multi Connected Rigid Surfaces . The stiffness of the connectors is determined based on a physical approach considering different deformation modes of the bolt . The reduced model is constructed and identified from a numerical simulation of a single lap reference joint under tensile load with the adherent parts and bolts represented by 3 D solid elements . A single simulation with a given clearance axial preload and friction coefficient is used to identify equivalent stiffnesses . The reduced model is then compared with the 3 D solid elements model in a two fastener configuration for different values of clearance preload and friction coefficient . The comparison covers overall response in terms of stiffness and load distribution between fasteners local response in terms of stress fields and calculation times . Results show that the reduced model proposed here is able to reduce calculation times while still providing a good estimate of the mechanical quantities needed for the study and dimensioning of multi fastener joints . 
",A finite element model of bolt is proposed to reduce time calculation of fastened joints. Different deformation modes of bolt are analysed to justify model construction. The bolt is represented by rigid surfaces linked with elastic connectors. The proposed model provide high precision load distribution and local stress field.