Frontal close view of upper and lower anteriors showing dark holes on upper canines suggesting caries with brown cervical staining on lower anteriors.

Dark cavitated lesions on upper canines; brown cervical staining on lower anteriors; mild gingival inflammation.

Excavate and restore carious canines, scaling for cervical stain, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Combined caries and calculus drive both pathology; restore and scale.

Explanation: Cavitated lesions on upper canines dominate.


Right lateral close view of upper and lower anteriors showing crowded teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Crowded upper and lower anteriors with mild cervical staining and pink healthy gingival margins.

Scaling, polish, orthodontic consult for crowding.

Explanation: Crowding drives plaque retention and mild calculus; orthodontics addresses root cause.

Explanation: Crowding is the dominant finding.


Close lateral view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing severe brown cervical staining and calculus deposits along the gingival margins of the lower anteriors with mild marginal redness; upper teeth show similar but milder staining.

Severe brown cervical calculus on lower anteriors; mild upper cervical staining; gingival margins inflamed with mild bleeding tendency.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine rinse for two weeks, hygiene reinforcement with brushing technique demo, polish, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation of gingival response.

Explanation: Heavy lower anterior cervical calculus harbours biofilm driving marginal inflammation; mechanical scaling combined with adjunct rinses and improved brushing technique resolves the active disease.

Explanation: Heavy lower cervical calculus.


Right lateral retracted view of mild yellow-stained crowded teeth with cervical staining and pink gingiva.

Crowded teeth with mild cervical yellow stain; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Crowding drives plaque retention; orthodontic correction reduces it.

Explanation: Crowding more prominent than calculus.


Lateral close view of upper anteriors with shade guide tabs held against the teeth for colour comparison showing yellow tooth shade and mild cervical staining.

Yellow tooth shade with shade-guide tabs for comparison; mild cervical staining; teeth intact.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, consider bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic improvement.

Explanation: Mild cervical stain responds to polish; intrinsic yellow shade may need bleaching for aesthetics.

Explanation: Dominant finding is yellow shade with shade-comparison framing.


Right lateral retracted view of intact dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins; teeth well-aligned.

Intact lateral dentition with mild cervical staining; gingival contour healthy.

Routine scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining is biofilm-driven; polish removes it.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Close upper anterior view showing intact teeth with severe brown cervical calculus deposits at the gingival margin of an upper canine; surrounding teeth less affected; gingival margin pink with localised redness adjacent to deposit.

Severe brown cervical calculus on an upper canine with adjacent mild gingival redness; remaining anteriors with mild cervical staining; teeth structurally intact.

Localised ultrasonic scaling on the affected canine, full mouth scaling for completeness, polish, hygiene reinforcement focused on the affected region, six-month recall.

Explanation: Localised heavy cervical calculus on a single tooth often reflects an interdental contact issue or hygiene blind spot; targeted scaling plus technique correction prevents recurrence.

Explanation: Localised severe cervical calculus on canine.


Frontal retracted view of yellow-stained crowded upper and lower anteriors with mild cervical staining and mild gingival redness.

Crowded yellow anteriors with mild cervical staining and gingival redness.

Scaling, orthodontic consult, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Crowding plus staining respond to combined orthodontic and periodontal care.

Explanation: Crowding is dominant alongside mild calculus.


Very close magnified view of cervical area of upper and lower anteriors showing heavy brown calculus deposits and yellow extrinsic staining at the gingival margins.

Heavy brown calculus and yellow cervical staining at the gingival margins of upper and lower anteriors.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, polish, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus needs mechanical removal; surrounding biofilm drives inflammation.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus on close-up.


Red-filtered frontal view of dentition showing yellow-stained teeth with cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors and severely inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Yellow cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks for gingival re-evaluation.

Explanation: Heavy calculus drives severe inflammation reversible with scaling and adjunct rinses.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant alongside calculus.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anteriors with fixed orthodontic brackets and arch wires showing heavy yellow plaque and calculus accumulation surrounding the bracket bonding areas; gingival margins inflamed and bleeding-prone adjacent to deposits.

Heavy peri-bracket plaque-calculus accumulation on upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins inflamed adjacent to bonded brackets; brackets partially obscured by deposits.

Immediate ultrasonic scaling around brackets, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, intensive oral hygiene instruction with interdental brushes and orthodontic floss threaders, dietary counselling on cariogenic foods, two-week recall.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances retain plaque that mineralises rapidly into calculus around brackets; intensive professional and home hygiene prevents demineralisation and white-spot lesions on enamel beneath.

Explanation: Severe peri-orthodontic calculus.


Close occlusal view of a mandibular molar with a deep dark cavitated occlusal lesion exposing dentin.

Deep cavitated occlusal caries on mandibular molar with adjacent teeth intact.

Excavate and restore with composite or onlay.

Explanation: Cavitated dentinal caries needs prompt restoration to halt pulpal involvement.

Explanation: Deep cavitated molar lesion.


Pediatric mouth showing severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with multiple destroyed brown stumps and dark coronal destruction.

Multiple cavitated upper primary anteriors with brown coronal destruction and possible pulpal exposure; surrounding gingiva mildly inflamed.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, space maintenance, parental counselling.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries needs surgical management and aggressive prevention.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries.


Close view of a single mandibular molar with a deep cavitated lesion penetrating into the dentinal layer; adjacent teeth not visible.

Deep cavitated molar lesion with dark walls suggesting possible pulpal proximity.

Vitality testing, periapical radiograph, composite restoration if pulp vital or endodontic treatment if exposure.

Explanation: Deep dentinal caries needs vitality assessment before restoration.

Explanation: Deep cavitated molar lesion.


Older adult close view showing severely affected dentition with broken-down teeth, multiple missing teeth, yellow-stained worn remaining teeth, and a missing upper anterior space; gingival tissues inflamed; soft tissues otherwise unremarkable.

Severely affected adult dentition with broken-down crowns and worn remaining teeth; missing upper anterior tooth; yellow staining; gingival inflammation adjacent to broken structures.

Panoramic radiograph, extract non-restorable teeth, comprehensive prosthodontic planning with full or partial denture or implant evaluation, scaling for remaining dentition, recall in two weeks for surgical planning.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult dentition with non-restorable structures requires staged surgical clearance and prosthodontic rehabilitation; addressing the missing anterior tooth restores function and aesthetics while extractions remove chronic infection sources.

Explanation: Multiple acquired losses and broken teeth; combined pathology.


Close mandibular lateral view of a molar with dark cavitated cervical-occlusal caries lesion; adjacent teeth visible at edges.

Cavitated cervical caries on mandibular molar.

Excavate and restore with composite or glass-ionomer.

Explanation: Cervical caries needs restoration to halt progression.

Explanation: Cervical cavitated lesion.


Pediatric mouth showing severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with multiple broken-down brown stumps and dark grey-black coronal destruction in early childhood caries pattern.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with grey-black coronal destruction; pulpal exposure likely on several teeth.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, fluoride, space maintenance, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries.


Pediatric mouth showing dark cavitated upper anterior primary tooth with severe coronal destruction and adjacent intact teeth; mild gingival inflammation.

Severely cavitated upper primary tooth with dark coronal destruction; adjacent teeth intact; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Pediatric dental review, extract or restore depending on tooth viability, fluoride application, parental counselling.

Explanation: Severe single-tooth early childhood caries needs management to preserve arch length and prevent pulpal complications.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries on single tooth.


Close lateral view showing upper and lower anteriors with severe carious destruction including dark brown cavitated lesions on multiple upper anteriors and broken coronal structure; surrounding gingiva inflamed and bleeding adjacent to active caries; teeth misaligned.

Multiple severely cavitated upper anteriors with brown coronal destruction; broken structures with sharp edges; misalignment of remaining teeth; gingival margins inflamed and bleeding adjacent to active disease.

Extract non-restorable teeth, plan staged prosthetic rehabilitation, antibiotic cover if signs of acute infection, scaling for remaining dentition, periodontal consultation, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected dentition with multiple non-restorable teeth requires staged surgical and prosthodontic care; addressing chronic infection sources first allows the surrounding gingival tissues to heal before prosthetic rehabilitation.

Explanation: Severe non-restorable caries on multiple anteriors.


Close lateral view of upper anterior region showing severely worn yellow teeth with cervical destruction and possible root remnants.

Worn yellow upper anteriors with cervical destruction; possible non-restorable structures.

Radiograph, comprehensive restorative planning.

Explanation: Severe wear and cervical destruction need comprehensive workup.

Explanation: Wear dominant; aetiology mixed.


Lower lingual close view of mandibular anteriors showing intact teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and healthy-appearing pink gingival margins; no overt cavitation visible.

Intact lingual aspect of mandibular anteriors with mild cervical staining; gingival contour healthy.

Bitewing radiograph for proximal caries, polish, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Lingual surface appears clinically healthy; imaging needed to rule out proximal caries.

Explanation: Lingual aspect appears healthy; ext label may need radiographic confirmation.


Frontal close view showing severely overgrown bright-red gingival tissues with multiple lobular masses covering significant portions of the upper anterior teeth; visible teeth show severe yellowing.

Severe generalised gingival overgrowth with lobular bulbous masses covering parts of upper anteriors; severe inflammation; visible teeth yellowed.

Periodontal referral for biopsy, scaling once accessible, medication review for drug-induced enlargement, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingival overgrowth may be plaque-induced hyperplastic gingivitis or drug-induced; biopsy and history clarify aetiology.

Explanation: Severe gingival hyperplasia is dominant finding.


Frontal retracted close view of pediatric mixed dentition showing well-aligned upper and lower anteriors with mild crowding, intact tooth structure, mild yellow tint and pink gingival margins; mild marginal redness on the upper anterior gingiva.

Pediatric mixed dentition with mild anterior crowding and intact teeth; mild yellow tint; mild marginal gingival redness on upper anteriors; lower anteriors with slight irregular alignment.

Routine pediatric dental review, scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, orthodontic monitoring for the mild crowding, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild crowding in mixed dentition is common during transition; monitoring and good oral hygiene allow most mild crowding to resolve naturally as permanent teeth erupt.

Explanation: Mild crowding more prominent than caries.


Adult upper arch with retraction showing full mouth prosthodontic rehabilitation with gold framework and porcelain crowns across the dentition.

Comprehensive upper arch prosthetic restoration with gold framework; minimal visible gingival inflammation.

Maintain meticulous oral hygiene around prosthetic margins, six-month recall.

Explanation: Existing prosthetic restoration needs ongoing margin maintenance.

Explanation: Extensive prosthetic restoration dominates.


Close upper anterior view of intact white teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and slight gingival redness on the upper margins; gingival contour preserved.

Intact upper anteriors with mild cervical staining; mild localised marginal gingival redness; healthy gingival contour.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal redness.


Frontal close view showing severely overgrown bright-red bleeding gingival tissues covering significant portions of upper anterior teeth with bulbous gingival masses; yellow staining on visible tooth surfaces.

Severe gingival enlargement with bulbous lobular bleeding tissues; partial coverage of crowns; yellow staining on visible teeth.

Periodontal referral, medication history review for drug-induced enlargement, scaling once accessible, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement may be plaque-induced or drug-induced needing differential diagnosis.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement.


Frontal retracted view of upper and lower anteriors showing severely crowded teeth with overlapping and rotation, mild yellow cervical staining, and pink gingival margins with localised mild redness at the most crowded areas.

Severe anterior crowding with overlapping and rotated incisors on both arches; mild cervical staining; gingival margins with localised mild redness particularly at crowded contact points; gingival contour otherwise preserved.

Scaling and polishing focused on the crowded areas, orthodontic consultation as primary intervention to address crowding, demonstrate interdental cleaning with floss or interdental brushes for crowded segments, six-month recall.

Explanation: Severe crowding traps plaque at interdental contacts and drives localised gingival inflammation; while scaling addresses the immediate inflammation, orthodontic correction of the crowding is the definitive intervention that removes the plaque retention factor.

Explanation: Severe crowding is dominant clinical finding.


Frontal close pediatric view showing white teeth and very pale almost white gingiva.

Pediatric teeth with pale gingival appearance; no overt inflammation; mild irregular alignment.

Pediatric dental review, monitor pale gingiva for possible anaemia referral.

Explanation: Pale gingiva in a child may reflect systemic anaemia and warrants medical referral.

Explanation: Pale gingival pallor is unusual finding.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anteriors with fixed orthodontic brackets and blue elastic ligatures; gingival tissues mildly inflamed adjacent to bonded brackets.

Generalised mild marginal gingival inflammation around orthodontic brackets with blue ligatures; localised plaque accumulation visible at bracket bases.

Scale around brackets, chlorhexidine rinse, intensive hygiene training with interdental brushes and floss threaders.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances retain plaque and drive peri-bracket gingivitis reversible with intensive hygiene.

Explanation: Peri-orthodontic gingivitis.


Red-filtered close view of upper anterior dentition showing severely yellow-stained teeth with gold/yellow prosthetic appearance and mildly inflamed gingival tissues.

Severely yellow-stained or prosthetic teeth with mildly inflamed gingiva; image colour heavily filtered.

Scaling, recapture image with better lighting, evaluate prosthetic margins.

Explanation: Severely filtered image limits accurate assessment; consider repeat capture.

Explanation: Heavy filter prevents clear diagnosis; severe yellow visible.


Close lower lingual view showing intact mandibular anteriors with cervical yellow calculus deposits and the lingual surfaces of teeth visible with bleeding gingival margins adjacent to the deposits.

Cervical lingual calculus on mandibular anteriors with active gingival bleeding at margins; teeth otherwise intact; tongue partially visible.

Localised ultrasonic scaling on lower lingual aspect, full mouth scaling for completeness, hygiene reinforcement with attention to lingual surfaces during brushing, polish, two-week recall to confirm gingival response.

Explanation: Lingual calculus is the most common deposit site due to proximity to salivary ducts; targeted scaling combined with improved lingual brushing technique resolves the inflammation.

Explanation: Cervical lingual calculus with bleeding.


Right lateral view of intact upper and lower anteriors with mostly normal-shade teeth and mild yellow cervical staining; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Intact lateral dentition with mild cervical staining; gingiva pink.

Scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild marginal inflammation reversible with brushing.

Explanation: Tissues largely healthy; ext label questionable.


Frontal close view showing severely overgrown red gingival tissues with bulbous masses, dark cavitated teeth visible behind the overgrowth, and significant gingival enlargement.

Severe gingival overgrowth with bulbous bleeding masses; dark cavitated teeth visible behind overgrowth; combined caries and severe gingivitis.

Periodontal referral, biopsy of gingival mass, scaling, address concurrent caries.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement plus caries needs comprehensive periodontal and restorative care.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement with concurrent caries.


Left lateral retracted view of well-aligned upper and lower posteriors showing yellow-tinted teeth with mild cervical staining and pink gingival margins with slight redness on upper margins.

Well-aligned lateral dentition with mild yellow tint; pink gingival margins with mild redness on upper aspects.

Routine scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis reversible with biofilm control.

Explanation: Mild marginal inflammation.


Frontal retracted view of severely crowded lower anterior teeth with overlapping and rotation, mild yellow cervical staining, mild marginal gingival redness particularly at the crowded interdental contacts, and lower posterior teeth partially visible.

Severe lower anterior crowding with rotation and overlapping; mild yellow cervical staining; localised mild marginal gingival redness at crowded contact areas; teeth structurally intact.

Scaling and polishing with focus on crowded interdental areas, orthodontic consultation for the lower anterior crowding, interdental cleaning education with floss or interdental brushes, six-month recall to monitor marginal gingival health.

Explanation: Lower anterior crowding traps plaque at interdental contacts and drives localised gingival inflammation; orthodontic alignment of the crowded incisors removes the plaque retention factor while scaling and hygiene reinforcement address the immediate marginal inflammation.

Explanation: Severe lower anterior crowding dominant.


Pediatric mouth showing upper anterior region with one missing central incisor space; adjacent teeth intact.

Missing upper central incisor space; adjacent teeth present.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, orthodontic consult.

Explanation: Anterior absence in child needs imaging to differentiate hypodontia from delayed eruption.

Explanation: Single anterior space.


Red-filtered pediatric mouth view showing irregular dentition with apparent missing anterior teeth and crowded remaining teeth.

Irregular pediatric dentition with apparent anterior tooth absence and crowding; red filter limits detail.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic consult, recapture image with better lighting.

Explanation: Filtered image limits assessment; imaging needed.

Explanation: Filter limits visualisation.


Pediatric mouth open view showing multiple missing upper anterior teeth with large gaps and irregular remaining teeth; lower anteriors partially visible.

Multiple missing upper anterior teeth in pediatric mixed dentition; large gaps; irregular alignment of remaining teeth.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic and prosthetic consultation.

Explanation: Multiple anterior tooth absences may be hypodontia or delayed eruption; imaging clarifies.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Pediatric mouth showing severely cavitated upper anterior primary teeth with multiple destroyed brown stumps and dark coronal destruction characteristic of early childhood caries; some teeth missing or reduced to root remnants.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with brown coronal destruction; reduced tooth structure with possible retained roots; gingival margins inflamed; combined caries and tooth loss.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth or roots, restorative care for salvageable teeth, space maintenance planning, parental counselling on dietary habits, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Combined severe early childhood caries and acquired tooth loss require comprehensive pediatric management; surgical clearance and preventive measures preserve the remaining dentition and developing permanent teeth.

Explanation: Severe ECC dominates; tooth loss is secondary to caries.


Older adult palatal view showing partial dentition with two visible implant healing abutments in posterior region and intact remaining teeth.

Two implant healing abutments in upper posterior region; remaining teeth intact and aligned.

Continue implant healing, prosthetic loading at protocol time.

Explanation: Implant healing abutments indicate prosthetic rehabilitation in progress.

Explanation: Implant abutments indicate acquired loss being restored.


Upper palatal view with cheek retractor showing intact dentition with two visible implant healing abutments in the anterior position with active bleeding around them; palatal tissue otherwise unremarkable.

Two anterior implant healing abutments with active bleeding around them; remaining teeth intact; palatal tissue unremarkable.

Monitor healing, irrigate around abutments, antibiotic cover if acute infection signs.

Explanation: Recent implant placement; early bleeding may be normal or peri-implant irritation.

Explanation: Implant abutments at anterior position indicate acquired loss being restored.


Pediatric mouth showing upper anteriors with one missing central incisor space; remaining anteriors present and mixed dentition pattern.

Missing upper central incisor space in mixed dentition; remaining anteriors present; mild irregular alignment.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, orthodontic review, monitor eruption.

Explanation: Single central absence in mixed dentition may be hypodontia or delayed eruption.

Explanation: Single central space in mixed dentition.


Red-filtered close view of mouth showing dentition with one or more missing anterior teeth; the heavy red filter and pink colour cast severely limit assessment of soft tissues and tooth shade; remaining teeth appear intact behind the filter.

Apparent anterior tooth absence visible against the pink filter; remaining teeth intact; soft-tissue assessment limited by the heavy filter.

Panoramic radiograph, recapture image with adequate lighting, orthodontic and prosthetic consult after better visualisation.

Explanation: Image quality limits accurate assessment; standard clinical photography with neutral lighting would enable confident diagnosis and treatment planning.

Explanation: Filter prevents confident assessment.


Pediatric mouth showing upper anteriors with one missing central incisor space; adjacent teeth intact with mild irregular alignment.

Missing upper central incisor space; adjacent teeth intact.

Panoramic radiograph, orthodontic consult.

Explanation: Single central absence needs imaging for differential diagnosis.

Explanation: Single central space.


Red-filtered small pediatric mouth view showing dentition with apparent missing teeth and irregular alignment; heavy pink colour cast limits detail.

Apparent missing teeth in pediatric mouth against red filter; remaining teeth irregularly aligned; detail limited by filter.

Panoramic radiograph, recapture with better lighting, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Filtered image limits assessment; standard photography needed.

Explanation: Filter prevents confident assessment.


Pediatric mouth open view showing multiple missing upper anterior teeth with large gaps where the centrals or laterals would be; lower anteriors visible with mixed dentition.

Multiple missing upper anterior teeth in pediatric mixed dentition with large interdental gaps; lower mixed dentition.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic referral, space maintenance and prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in mixed dentition need radiographic confirmation and combined orthodontic-prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in pediatric mouth.


Older patient frontal close view showing dentition with several missing teeth, severely worn or broken remaining yellow-stained teeth with cavitated lesions, and a missing upper anterior tooth space; gingival tissues inflamed; soft tissues otherwise unremarkable.

Multiple missing teeth in adult dentition with severely worn or broken remaining teeth showing carious lesions; missing upper anterior space; yellow staining; gingival inflammation adjacent.

Panoramic radiograph, extract non-restorable teeth, comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, scaling for remaining dentition, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined acquired tooth loss and caries requires staged surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation; addressing the chronic infection sources first allows comprehensive restoration of function.

Explanation: Acquired loss with concurrent severe caries.


Smile close view showing severely yellow-orange stained upper and lower anterior teeth.

Severe yellow-orange staining on upper and lower anteriors.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, bleaching consult.

Explanation: Heavy stain responds to polish; intrinsic component may need bleaching.

Explanation: Severe yellow staining.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing severe brown discoloration with horizontal banding across the cervical and middle thirds.

Severe brown horizontal-banded cervical discoloration on upper anteriors; teeth otherwise intact.

Scaling and polishing, vitality testing, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Severe banded discoloration may be extrinsic chromogenic or developmental.

Explanation: Banded discoloration.


Close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing translucent white-yellow shade with shade-guide tab held adjacent for colour comparison.

Translucent white-yellow tooth shade with shade-guide reference; teeth intact.

Polish, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic change.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade responds to bleaching; intrinsic component is genetically determined.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade with shade guide.


Frontal close view showing upper anteriors with one central incisor severely darkened to grey-black contrasted against adjacent normal-shade teeth; the labelled clinical image references a 19-year-old male with blackgrey discoloration; gingival margins pink and healthy.

Single severely darkened grey-black upper central incisor adjacent to normal-shade teeth; image is a labelled clinical case photograph; gingiva healthy with pink colour.

Vitality and percussion testing on the discoloured central, periapical radiograph to assess for periapical pathology, endodontic referral if non-vital, then internal bleaching or veneer for aesthetic management after pulpal status confirmed.

Explanation: Single-tooth grey-black discoloration in a young adult typically reflects pulpal necrosis from prior trauma during the developmental phase; endodontic management addresses any chronic periapical infection before aesthetic restoration of the discoloured tooth.

Explanation: Classic single non-vital anterior tooth in young adult.


Close lower lingual view of mandibular anteriors showing yellow cervical staining and pink-red gingival margins with mild bleeding.

Yellow cervical lingual staining on lower anteriors with mild gingival bleeding.

Explanation: Lingual cervical stain plus mild bleeding responds to scaling.

Explanation: Cervical lingual stain.


Close lateral view of upper and lower posterior teeth showing mild yellow gradient from gingival to incisal edge with mild cervical staining; gingival margins pink.

Mild yellow gradient and cervical staining on posteriors; gingival margins healthy.

Explanation: Mild gradient discoloration with cervical stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild gradient discoloration.


Close view of lower anterior teeth showing heavy yellow-brown calculus and stain deposits at the cervical and proximal areas with surrounding mildly inflamed gingiva.

Heavy yellow-brown cervical calculus and stain on lower anteriors with mild marginal gingival inflammation.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, polish, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus drives marginal inflammation reversible with scaling.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus dominates.


Close lateral view of upper and lower posterior teeth showing mild brown extrinsic staining at the cervical thirds, mild yellow tooth shade overall, and pink gingival margins with healthy contour; teeth otherwise intact without cavitation.

Mild brown extrinsic cervical staining and mild yellow tooth shade on posteriors; gingival margins pink and well-contoured; no cavitation visible.

Professional polishing to remove extrinsic stain, demonstrate brushing technique focused on cervical surfaces, dietary advice on stain-causing beverages, six-month recall to assess stain recurrence and maintain gingival health.

Explanation: Mild extrinsic cervical stain arises from plaque accumulation and dietary chromogens; polishing readily removes deposits and dietary modification plus consistent biofilm control delay recurrence.

Explanation: Mild cervical extrinsic stain.


Close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing mostly white teeth with mild yellow gradient cervical staining.

Mild yellow cervical staining on anteriors; teeth otherwise white and intact.

Explanation: Mild cervical stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical stain.


Older patient close view showing yellow-stained teeth with mild cervical staining and mild gingival recession; teeth structurally intact.

Generalised yellow shade with mild cervical staining and mild recession on lower anteriors; teeth intact.

Scaling and polishing, supervised bleaching if patient desires, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Mixed extrinsic and age-related intrinsic yellowing responds to polish and bleaching.

Explanation: Age-related yellow discoloration.


Close view of upper anteriors against pink lip background showing mostly white teeth with mild yellow gradient and slight cervical staining.

Mild yellow gradient and cervical staining on upper anteriors; teeth intact and well-aligned.

Polish, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild gradient stain responds to polishing.

Explanation: Mild gradient and cervical stain.


Close lateral view of upper and lower posterior teeth showing severe grey-black translucent discoloration on multiple teeth with possible cavitation on at least one tooth; gingival margins inflamed adjacent to the discoloured teeth.

Severe grey-black translucent discoloration on multiple posterior teeth; possible cavitation on a single tooth; gingival inflammation adjacent suggesting concurrent biofilm activity.

Vitality testing on the discoloured teeth, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral if non-vital, restorative or extraction depending on remaining tooth structure, scaling for the adjacent gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe grey-black discoloration on multiple teeth may reflect pulpal necrosis or large old amalgam restorations; differential requires vitality testing and radiographic assessment before any restorative or aesthetic intervention.

Explanation: Severe darkening may be advanced caries rather than discoloration.


Pediatric mouth showing missing upper anterior space with intact lower teeth.

Single missing upper anterior; lower teeth intact.

Explanation: Anterior absence needs imaging.

Explanation: Single anterior space.


Older adult close view of severely yellow-stained teeth with one missing upper anterior tooth and severely worn remaining teeth.

Missing upper anterior in older adult with severe yellow staining and wear on remaining teeth.

Radiograph, prosthetic and restorative consult.

Explanation: Acquired tooth loss with severe wear needs comprehensive rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with wear.


Adult mouth open with dental probe showing missing teeth and bleeding gum tissue with retained root or surgical site.

Multiple missing teeth in adult with bleeding tissue at extraction or implant site; remaining teeth intact.

Radiograph, oral surgery consult, antibiotic if needed.

Explanation: Acquired multi-tooth loss with active surgical site.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with surgical site.


Pediatric mouth showing mixed dentition with one missing upper anterior tooth space and irregular alignment of remaining teeth; lower teeth visible with mixed eruption pattern.

Single missing upper anterior in pediatric mixed dentition; remaining anteriors with irregular alignment; lower mixed dentition pattern typical for transitional age.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic referral, monitor eruption pattern at six-month intervals.

Explanation: Anterior tooth absence in mixed dentition needs radiographic confirmation; differential includes congenital agenesis versus delayed eruption versus traumatic loss of a primary precursor.

Explanation: Single anterior space in mixed dentition.


Pediatric mouth with missing upper central incisor space and adjacent teeth intact.

Explanation: Central absence needs imaging.

Explanation: Single central space.


Lower palatal mirror view showing intact lower posterior teeth and two implant healing abutments in the anterior region with bleeding around them.

Two anterior implant healing abutments with active bleeding; remaining lower teeth intact.

Monitor healing, irrigate around abutments, antibiotic if acute infection signs.

Explanation: Recent implant placement showing normal early healing; acquired loss being restored.

Explanation: Implant abutments indicate acquired loss.


Red-filtered backlit close view showing missing tooth space against dark background; image colour heavily filtered.

Single missing tooth space visible against backlight; heavy red filter limits soft tissue detail.

Recapture image with neutral lighting, panoramic radiograph.

Explanation: Filtered image limits assessment.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Red-filtered close view of dentition showing yellow-stained teeth with apparent missing anterior tooth and heavy red colour cast that limits detailed assessment of soft tissues; remaining teeth visible behind the filter.

Apparent missing anterior tooth against red filter background; yellow tooth shade; soft-tissue detail limited by the heavy filter; remaining teeth intact behind the filter.

Recapture image with neutral clinical lighting for accurate assessment, panoramic radiograph for tooth bud confirmation, orthodontic and prosthetic consult after better visualisation.

Explanation: Heavy filter prevents confident assessment; standard clinical photography with neutral lighting enables proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

Explanation: Filter prevents confident assessment.


Pediatric mouth with missing upper central incisor visible during smile.

Single missing upper central; adjacent teeth intact.

Explanation: Anterior absence in child needs imaging.

Explanation: Single central space.


Red-filtered very close view showing apparent missing anterior tooth in a small mouth; heavy red filter and limited field of view.

Apparent anterior tooth absence against red filter; field of view limited; adjacent teeth not fully visible.

Recapture image with neutral lighting, full clinical assessment.

Explanation: Heavy filter and limited view prevent confident assessment.

Explanation: Filter and field-of-view limit assessment.


Close view of mixed dentition showing multiple small teeth in irregular alignment with possible missing teeth among the cluster; image small and limited.

Small mixed dentition with irregular alignment; possible missing teeth among cluster; limited assessment possible.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric dental review, recapture image.

Explanation: Limited image quality prevents confident assessment.

Explanation: Limited image.


Pediatric mouth open showing irregular dentition with multiple missing teeth in the upper region and small spaced teeth visible; lower teeth partially visible; gingival tissue visible.

Multiple missing upper teeth in pediatric mouth with small spaced remaining teeth; lower mixed dentition partially visible; gingival tissues pink.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic and prosthetic consultation, space maintenance planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in pediatric mixed dentition need radiographic confirmation and combined orthodontic-prosthodontic planning for the developing dentition.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Pediatric mouth showing one missing upper central incisor with adjacent teeth intact.

Explanation: Anterior absence needs imaging.

Explanation: Single central space.


Red-filtered adult smile view showing intact teeth with one gold-coloured prosthetic tooth in the upper anterior position.

Adult dentition with single gold prosthetic crown in upper anterior position; remaining teeth intact.

Aesthetic evaluation if patient desires alternative material, maintenance of existing prosthesis.

Explanation: Prosthetic substitute already in place for previously missing tooth; not classical hypodontia.

Explanation: Gold crown is prosthetic substitute; not hypodontia.


Red-filtered close view showing dentition with apparent missing anterior tooth, severely affected remaining teeth with broken structure or decay; heavy red filter.

Apparent missing anterior with severely affected remaining teeth showing broken structure; assessment limited by filter.

Recapture image, panoramic radiograph, comprehensive dental assessment.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment; severe pathology evident regardless.

Explanation: Filter limits; multiple pathologies.


Pediatric mouth showing single missing upper central incisor space with adjacent centrals or laterals present and intact; gingival tissues pink with healthy appearance; lower anteriors visible with normal alignment for the developmental stage.

Single missing upper central incisor space in pediatric mixed dentition; adjacent anterior teeth intact; gingival contour healthy; lower anteriors with mixed dentition pattern showing normal eruption.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment of the missing central position, paediatric orthodontic referral for evaluation, monitor eruption pattern at six-month intervals, parental counselling on treatment timeline.

Explanation: Single central absence in mixed dentition may be congenital agenesis or delayed eruption of the permanent successor; radiographic imaging confirms presence of unerupted tooth bud and guides whether to wait for natural eruption or plan space management.

Explanation: Single central space.


Pediatric mouth with single missing upper central; remaining anteriors and lowers visible.

Single missing upper central in mixed dentition.

Explanation: Anterior absence in child.

Explanation: Single central space.


Red-filtered close view of severely affected mouth with multiple missing teeth, severely yellow-stained remaining teeth, broken structures; heavy red filter limits soft tissue assessment.

Multiple missing teeth with broken remaining yellow-stained structures against red filter; severe combined pathology.

Recapture image, panoramic radiograph, comprehensive dental rehabilitation planning.

Explanation: Severely affected mouth needs comprehensive workup; filter limits assessment.

Explanation: Multiple losses; filter limits.


Lower lingual close view of mandibular anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Mild yellow lingual cervical staining on lower anteriors; gingiva healthy.

Explanation: Mild stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical lingual stain.


Close blurred lateral view of lower anterior teeth showing brown cervical caries-like lesion or severe stain with mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Brown cervical lesion on lower anterior tooth that may be either advanced cervical caries or heavy stain; image partially blurred; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Probe to differentiate cavitated caries from stain, periapical radiograph, restoration if cavitated, scaling and polish if non-cavitated, hygiene reinforcement, recall.

Explanation: Cervical brown lesions may be either cavitated caries or heavily mineralised stain; tactile and visual examination plus imaging differentiates and guides whether restoration or polishing is indicated.

Explanation: May be cavitated rather than stain.


Small pediatric mouth view of upper anteriors with mild yellow tooth shade.

Mild yellow shade on pediatric upper anteriors.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade common in mixed dentition.

Explanation: Mild pediatric yellow shade.


Red-filtered close view of lower anterior teeth showing yellow-orange cervical staining with apparent gingival recession or inflammation; heavy red filter limits accurate colour assessment.

Yellow-orange cervical staining on lower anteriors against red filter; soft-tissue assessment limited by filter.

Scaling and polish, recapture image with neutral lighting.

Explanation: Filter limits accurate assessment; cervical stain visible.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Close view of older adult lower anteriors showing severely yellow-stained teeth with mild cervical staining; teeth structurally intact.

Severely yellow lower anteriors with mild cervical staining; teeth intact.

Explanation: Heavy yellow shade is mix of extrinsic and age-related intrinsic.

Explanation: Heavy yellow age-related shade.


Pediatric small mouth view showing yellow-orange stained anterior teeth with mild cervical staining and pink lip frame; teeth otherwise intact without cavitation; gingival margins partially visible appear pink.

Yellow-orange staining on pediatric anterior teeth with mild cervical staining; teeth intact; gingival margins pink without overt inflammation; lower anteriors with mixed dentition pattern.

Scaling and polishing in age-appropriate manner, dietary counselling for the family on stain-causing foods and beverages, hygiene reinforcement with brushing demonstration for the child, six-month recall to monitor.

Explanation: Pediatric extrinsic yellow staining typically arises from dietary chromogens and inconsistent brushing; gentle scaling and family hygiene education resolve the visible stain and prevent recurrence.

Explanation: Pediatric extrinsic yellow stain.


Upper palatal mirror view of intact upper dentition with mild brown cervical staining on palatal surfaces.

Mild brown palatal cervical staining; teeth intact.

Polish, brushing technique reinforcement.

Explanation: Palatal stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild palatal cervical stain.


Very close view of upper anterior teeth at cervical region showing extensive black thread-like stain or hair-line crack pattern at the cervical and incisal areas with intact tooth structure and pink gingival margins.

Extensive black thread-like staining pattern on upper anteriors; teeth structurally intact; gingival margins pink and healthy.

Vitality testing, professional polish, dietary counselling, supervised bleaching consult.

Explanation: Black thread-pattern may be chromogenic bacteria or developmental; polish differentiates.

Explanation: Unusual black pattern needs differentiation.


Red-filtered close lateral view of upper posterior teeth with cervical brown staining or caries lesion adjacent to a dental probe.

Cervical brown lesion on upper posterior with dental probe in image; assessment limited by red filter.

Tactile probe to differentiate stain from caries, scaling, restoration if cavitated.

Explanation: Filtered image with probe may be assessing cervical lesion.

Explanation: Probe placement suggests cavitated lesion.


Before/after comparison view showing the same dentition pre-treatment with heavy yellow-brown extrinsic staining on top panel and post-treatment with whitened cleaner teeth on bottom panel; the pre-image shows clear cervical staining and the post-image shows significantly improved tooth shade.

Pre-treatment panel shows generalised yellow-brown extrinsic staining on upper anteriors; post-treatment panel shows whitened teeth with mostly clean cervical areas and improved tooth shade; gingival margins healthy in both panels.

Maintain post-treatment hygiene with twice-daily brushing along the gum line, professional polish every six months, dietary counselling on stain-causing beverages and tobacco, supervised maintenance bleaching if patient desires.

Explanation: Severe pre-treatment extrinsic staining responded well to professional cleaning and bleaching as evidenced by the after panel; sustained biofilm control and dietary modification determine recurrence rate of the visible stain.

Explanation: Before/after demonstrates extrinsic stain removed.


Frontal close view of severely affected dentition with yellow-stained teeth, heavy cervical calculus, and severely inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Heavy calculus and yellow staining with severe marginal gingival bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Combined calculus and stain drive severe gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Red-filtered close view of severely yellow-orange stained upper anterior teeth; heavy red filter limits accurate colour assessment.

Severe yellow-orange staining on upper anteriors against red filter; teeth intact.

Scaling and polish, recapture image with neutral lighting, bleaching consult.

Explanation: Severe yellow stain may be tobacco or chromogenic dietary; filter limits assessment.

Explanation: Heavy filter limits but stain evident.


Close view of severely yellow-stained adult lower anterior teeth with mild cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Severely yellow lower anteriors with mild cervical staining and healthy gingiva.

Scaling and polish, dietary counselling, bleaching consult.

Explanation: Heavy yellow shade.


Close upper anterior view of a prosthetic crown with surrounding severely inflamed bright red gingival margin and white teeth; the prosthesis appears recently placed with active gingival irritation at the crown margin.

Prosthetic crown on upper anterior tooth with severe surrounding marginal gingival inflammation suggesting either overcontoured margin, poor hygiene at margin, or biological width violation; adjacent teeth intact with normal shade.

Evaluate crown margin for overcontour or biological width violation, scaling at the crown margin, hygiene reinforcement with floss threader, periapical radiograph, consider crown margin revision if biological width is violated.

Explanation: Severe marginal inflammation adjacent to a prosthetic crown often indicates either a microbiological challenge from a plaque-retentive margin or a biological width violation; differential requires assessment of crown contour and probing the biological width before any revision.

Explanation: Prosthetic crown with marginal inflammation dominates.


Close pediatric mouth view of upper anterior teeth with mild yellow shade and small white tooth.

Explanation: Mild pediatric yellow shade common in mixed dentition.

Explanation: Mild pediatric shade.


Close view of lower anterior teeth with yellow-orange cervical staining and severely inflamed red gingival margins with bleeding.

Yellow-orange cervical staining on lower anteriors with severe marginal gingival bleeding.

Scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Cervical stain with severe gingivitis needs combined care.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with stain.


Close view of upper anterior dentition showing intact white teeth with one tooth showing mild discoloration and severely inflamed bright red gingival margins.

Mild single-tooth discoloration on upper anterior with severe marginal gingival inflammation; remaining teeth normal shade.

Vitality testing on the discoloured tooth, scaling for gingivitis, chlorhexidine rinse.

Explanation: Single tooth discoloration with concurrent severe gingivitis needs assessment.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominates.


Close lateral view of lower anterior teeth with a dental probe or instrument inserted at the gingival sulcus showing healthy-appearing teeth with subtle yellow cervical tint and pink gingival margins; the instrument appears positioned for periodontal probing or scaling.

Intact lower anteriors with mild cervical yellow tint; dental instrument positioned at gingival sulcus; gingival tissues pink with healthy contour; appears to be clinical procedure in progress.

Continue periodontal assessment or scaling procedure, polish post-treatment, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall after periodontal therapy.

Explanation: Image depicts ongoing clinical procedure with periodontal instrument in place; the underlying dentition appears largely healthy with mild cervical stain that is being addressed.

Explanation: Procedure in progress; minimal pathology visible.


Side-by-side before/after close view of yellow-stained dentition with severe gingival inflammation visible in both panels.

Yellow staining on upper and lower anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation.

Explanation: Heavy stain plus gingivitis needs combined care.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominates.


Lower lingual mirror close view showing intact lower anteriors with mild brown cervical calculus deposits along the gingival margins.

Mild brown lingual cervical calculus on lower anteriors; gingiva pink with mild redness.

Explanation: Lingual calculus is the most common deposit site.

Explanation: Mild lingual cervical calculus.


Lower lingual mirror view showing heavy brown-orange calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth.

Heavy lingual supragingival calculus on lower anteriors with adjacent inflamed gingival margins.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, polish, hygiene reinforcement focused on lingual brushing, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy lingual calculus harbours biofilm; mechanical scaling removes and improved brushing prevents recurrence.

Explanation: Heavy lingual calculus.


Right lateral close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing yellow cervical staining and mild calculus deposits along the gingival margins; teeth mildly worn with attrition on incisal edges; gingival margins pink with localised mild redness.

Yellow cervical calculus on lateral upper and lower anteriors with mild attrition on incisal edges; gingival margins with localised mild redness; teeth otherwise intact.

Scaling and polishing, occlusal evaluation for parafunctional habit, demonstrate proper brushing technique, fluoride application, six-month recall.

Explanation: Cervical calculus drives mild marginal inflammation; concurrent attrition suggests parafunctional bruxism that warrants occlusal evaluation alongside biofilm control.

Explanation: Cervical calculus with mild attrition.


Red-filtered side-by-side close view of severely yellow-stained dentition with bright red background and dramatic shadows.

Severe yellow staining on dentition against red filter.

Scaling, recapture with neutral lighting.

Explanation: Heavy filter limits assessment; staining evident.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Frontal close view of intact upper and lower anterior teeth showing mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Mild yellow cervical staining on upper and lower anteriors; gingiva pink.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Right lateral retracted view of intact upper and lower posterior teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lateral dentition with mild cervical staining; gingiva pink with healthy contour.

Scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining responds to professional polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Frontal close view of severely affected dentition showing yellow-stained worn upper anteriors with cervical calculus deposits and broken-down lower anterior teeth; gingival margins moderately inflamed adjacent to deposits.

Heavy cervical calculus on yellow-stained upper anteriors with severe wear; broken-down lower anteriors; gingival inflammation adjacent to active disease.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, restorative evaluation of broken lower anteriors, periodontal review, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall for re-evaluation.

Explanation: Severe combined calculus burden, attrition, and broken teeth signal long-neglected periodontal and restorative care needing staged comprehensive management.

Explanation: Heavy calculus with concurrent wear and broken teeth.


Backlit frontal view showing mild crowded anterior teeth with mild yellow staining and red filter background.

Mild crowding with mild yellow staining; gingival assessment limited by filter.

Explanation: Mild crowding with calculus; orthodontic correction is preferred.

Explanation: Crowding dominant under filter.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth with significant gingival overgrowth covering parts of the crowns and brown cervical staining on visible tooth surfaces.

Gingival overgrowth on upper anteriors with brown cervical staining and rolled bulbous gingival contour.

Scaling, biopsy if persistent overgrowth, medication review for drug-induced enlargement, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Gingival overgrowth may be plaque-induced or drug-induced; biopsy and history differentiate.

Explanation: Gingival overgrowth dominant.


Left lateral close view of intact aligned upper and lower posterior teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lateral dentition with mild yellow cervical staining; gingival contour healthy.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Older patient close view of severely affected upper anterior dentition with broken-down crowns, severe yellow-brown cervical staining, a missing upper anterior tooth space, and lower teeth with attrition; gingival tissues inflamed adjacent to broken structures.

Severely affected adult dentition with broken upper anteriors, severe cervical staining, missing upper anterior tooth, attrition on lower anteriors, and adjacent gingival inflammation.

Panoramic radiograph, extract non-restorable teeth, scaling, comprehensive prosthodontic planning, recall every two weeks.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined acquired tooth loss, broken structures, and calculus burden requires staged surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation alongside periodontal therapy.

Explanation: Combined pathology with missing tooth dominant.


Pediatric mouth open view with dental retractor showing single posterior tooth visible with possible caries on occlusal surface.

Single posterior tooth visible with possible occlusal caries; limited field of view.

Probe for cavitation, restoration if confirmed.

Explanation: Limited image; needs clinical examination.

Explanation: Limited view.


Close right lateral view of a single maxillary molar with a deep cavitated occlusal lesion penetrating into dentin.

Deep cavitated occlusal caries on maxillary molar with dark walls; adjacent teeth intact.

Vitality testing, periapical radiograph, composite or onlay restoration if pulp vital.

Explanation: Deep dentinal caries needs vitality assessment before restoration.

Explanation: Deep cavitated molar lesion.


Pediatric close-up of upper anterior tooth showing whitish cotton or composite restoration material with cavitation evident; surrounding gingival tissue mildly inflamed.

Single tooth with whitish composite restoration material and adjacent cavitation; mild gingival inflammation.

Refine restoration, polish margins, six-month recall.

Explanation: Recent restoration with adjacent caries needs margin assessment.

Explanation: Restoration material is dominant feature.


Lower lingual close view showing intact mandibular anteriors with a dark spot at the cervical region of one tooth suggesting caries or stain; remaining teeth intact with pink healthy gingival margins.

Dark cervical spot on a mandibular anterior suggesting early caries or stain; remaining teeth intact; gingival contour healthy with mild redness.

Probe lesion to differentiate cavitated caries from stain, fluoride application, six-month recall to monitor lesion stability.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion needs tactile examination to differentiate cavitated caries from arrested stain; fluoride supports remineralisation if non-cavitated.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion needs differentiation.


Upper palatal close view showing intact dentition with small chalky white lesion or restoration on a single tooth.

Small chalky white area on a single upper tooth; remaining teeth intact.

Explanation: Small lesion needs differential.

Explanation: Small chalky lesion.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing severe yellow-orange staining with possible early cervical caries lesions and intact tooth structure.

Severe yellow-orange anterior staining with possible early cervical caries; teeth intact.

Probe cervical areas, scaling, fluoride, restorative if cavitated.

Explanation: Heavy staining may mask early caries; needs tactile assessment.

Explanation: Heavy stain may mask caries.


Lower lateral close view of mandibular posterior teeth with severe yellow staining and dark cervical caries-like lesions on multiple teeth.

Severe yellow staining and dark cervical lesions on mandibular posteriors.

Probe lesions to differentiate, scaling, restorative care.

Explanation: Multiple cervical lesions need differential between stain and caries.

Explanation: Multiple cervical lesions.


Pediatric mouth showing dental probe assessing severely yellow-stained teeth with active brown cavitated lesions on multiple anterior surfaces; gingival tissues mildly inflamed; dental instruments visible in the field.

Multiple cavitated brown carious lesions on yellow-stained pediatric anterior teeth with active probing assessment; gingival tissues mildly inflamed adjacent to active disease.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, restore salvageable teeth, extract non-restorable, fluoride therapy, parental counselling on dietary habits, three-monthly recall to monitor caries activity.

Explanation: Severe pediatric caries with active probing assessment indicates ongoing clinical examination; comprehensive management combines restoration of salvageable teeth, removal of non-restorable structures, and aggressive prevention for the remaining and developing dentition.

Explanation: Severe pediatric caries under examination.


Frontal close view showing severely destroyed upper anterior teeth with multiple broken-down dark stumps and a missing tooth space.

Multiple severely destroyed upper anteriors with broken stumps and missing tooth space.

Extract non-restorable stumps, prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction needs surgical clearance.

Explanation: Severe non-restorable caries with tooth loss.


Red-filtered close view of dentition with severely affected teeth and limited detail due to heavy red filter; severe pathology visible against filter background.

Severely affected dentition against red filter; details limited.

Recapture image with neutral lighting, comprehensive dental review.

Explanation: Filter prevents accurate assessment; severe pathology evident.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Close lateral view of upper anteriors with severe cervical caries lesions on multiple teeth, brown coronal staining, and broken structure on one tooth; surrounding gingiva moderately inflamed.

Severe cervical caries on multiple upper anteriors with broken structure on one tooth; gingival inflammation adjacent.

Excavate and restore cavitated lesions, extract non-restorable tooth, scaling, fluoride.

Explanation: Multiple cervical caries with broken tooth need combined restorative and surgical care.

Explanation: Multiple severe cervical caries.


Pediatric frontal view of severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with multiple destroyed brown stumps and dark grey-black coronal destruction characteristic of advanced early childhood caries; gingival tissues inflamed adjacent to active disease.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with grey-black coronal destruction; pulpal exposure likely on several teeth; gingival inflammation adjacent.

Comprehensive pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, stainless steel crowns or pulpotomy on salvageable teeth, parental counselling on feeding habits, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries pattern with pulpal involvement needs surgical management and aggressive prevention to preserve arch length and developing dentition.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries pattern.


Frontal retracted view showing intact upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins; mild marginal redness on the upper anterior gingiva.

Intact anterior dentition with mild cervical staining and localised mild marginal gingival redness.

Scaling, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis reversible with biofilm control.

Explanation: Mild marginal inflammation.


Right lateral retracted view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing severe crowding with rotation, mild yellow cervical staining, and pink gingival margins with mild redness adjacent to crowded contacts.

Severe upper and lower anterior crowding with rotation; mild cervical staining; mild marginal gingivitis at crowded interdental contacts.

Scaling at crowded areas, orthodontic consult, interdental cleaning, six-month recall.

Explanation: Crowding traps plaque at interdental contacts driving localised gingivitis; orthodontics removes retention factor.

Explanation: Severe crowding is dominant clinical finding.


Frontal close view showing severely overgrown bright-red gingival tissues with lobular bulbous masses covering significant portions of upper anteriors; yellow staining on visible tooth surfaces; severe gingival enlargement.

Severe gingival overgrowth with lobular bleeding masses covering parts of upper anterior crowns; yellow staining on visible teeth; severely bulbous gingival contour.

Periodontal referral for biopsy, medication review for drug-induced enlargement, scaling once accessible, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement may be plaque-induced, drug-induced, or hormonal.

Explanation: Severe gingival hyperplasia dominant.


Frontal close view showing severely affected dentition with severe yellow-brown cervical staining, dark cervical caries lesions on multiple anteriors, and severely inflamed bright-red bleeding gingival tissues; combined caries and severe gingivitis pattern.

Severe yellow-brown cervical staining with cavitated caries lesions on multiple anteriors; severe marginal gingival inflammation with active bleeding; rolled bulbous gingival contour.

Address active caries with excavation and restoration, multi-session ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, hygiene reinforcement with interdental cleaning, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation of both caries and periodontal status.

Explanation: Severe combined caries and gingivitis indicate long-neglected periodontal and restorative care driven by sustained heavy biofilm; combined operative restoration and periodontal therapy with sustained biofilm control resolves the active disease.

Explanation: Severe caries with gingivitis.


Close upper anterior view of severely yellow-stained teeth with severely inflamed bright-red gingival margins and gingival enlargement.

Severe yellow staining on upper anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and enlargement.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Heavy stain plus gingivitis needs combined care.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Frontal close view showing severely affected dentition with severe yellow staining, dark cervical caries on multiple anteriors, and severely inflamed gingiva with bleeding; combined caries and gingivitis.

Severe yellow staining with multiple cavitated caries on anteriors and severe marginal gingival inflammation with bleeding.

Excavate caries, multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Combined severe caries and gingivitis need combined restorative and periodontal care.

Explanation: Severe caries with concurrent gingivitis.


Right lateral close view of intact upper anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins with localised mild redness.

Intact upper anteriors with mild cervical staining and localised mild marginal redness.

Scaling, brushing reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal redness.


Frontal close view showing severely affected dentition with broken-down brown coronal structure on upper anteriors, retained roots, severely inflamed bright-red gingiva with active bleeding, and visible necrotic tissue; severe combined caries and periodontal pathology in advanced state.

Severely affected adult dentition with broken-down brown crowns, retained roots, severe gingival inflammation with active bleeding, and visible necrotic tissue suggesting chronic infection.

Antibiotic cover, panoramic radiograph, urgent extraction of non-restorable teeth and root remnants, periodontal therapy, comprehensive rehabilitation planning, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected dentition with retained roots and active gingival infection indicates chronic odontogenic disease that requires urgent surgical clearance of infection sources before any prosthetic or restorative rehabilitation can proceed safely.

Explanation: Severe non-restorable caries with active infection.


Frontal retracted close view of intact upper anteriors with mild yellow tint and mild crowding; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Intact upper anteriors with mild crowding and yellow tint; gingival contour healthy.

Routine scaling, orthodontic monitoring, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild crowding with healthy gingiva; biofilm control prevents progression.

Explanation: Mild crowding more prominent than gingivitis.


Frontal close view of older patient with intact upper and lower anteriors, missing upper anterior tooth space, mild yellow staining, and mild gingival inflammation adjacent to the missing space.

Missing upper anterior tooth space in adult dentition with intact remaining teeth and mild marginal inflammation adjacent.

Panoramic radiograph, prosthetic consultation for missing tooth replacement, scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Acquired anterior tooth loss with mild gingivitis needs combined prosthetic and periodontal care.

Explanation: Missing anterior tooth dominant.


Right lateral close view of crowded upper anteriors with mild yellow staining and pink gingival margins; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned despite crowding.

Crowded upper anteriors with mild yellow staining; gingival margins pink and healthy.

Scaling, orthodontic consult for crowding, interdental cleaning education.

Explanation: Crowding drives plaque retention; orthodontic correction with biofilm control resolves localised inflammation.

Explanation: Crowding more prominent.


Right lateral close view of intact upper and lower posterior teeth showing well-aligned dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins with healthy contour; no overt inflammation or active pathology visible.

Intact lateral posterior dentition with mild cervical staining and healthy gingival contour; no overt inflammation visible.

Routine scaling and polishing, maintenance of current oral hygiene practices, six-month recall to monitor.

Explanation: Largely healthy presentation with mild cervical staining; ongoing biofilm control maintains gingival health.

Explanation: Tissues largely healthy; ext label questionable.


Close lateral view of upper anteriors with severely worn yellow-stained teeth and a missing upper anterior tooth space.

Missing upper anterior tooth with worn yellow-stained adjacent teeth.

Radiograph, prosthetic and restorative planning.

Explanation: Acquired adult loss with concurrent wear.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with wear.


Pediatric mouth open view showing irregular dentition with multiple missing upper anterior teeth and small teeth visible in the lower arch.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in pediatric mouth with irregular alignment.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic referral.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences need imaging confirmation.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Pediatric close mouth view of lower anteriors showing small spaced teeth with missing tooth between them; mixed dentition pattern.

Small spaced lower anteriors with one missing tooth in mixed dentition.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, monitor eruption.

Explanation: Mixed-dentition gap may be exfoliation or congenital absence.

Explanation: Single lower anterior space.


Pediatric mouth open view showing upper anterior region with multiple missing teeth and irregular small remaining teeth, lower teeth visible with mixed dentition pattern; gingival tissues pink with healthy contour.

Multiple missing upper anterior teeth in pediatric mixed dentition with irregularly small remaining teeth; lower mixed dentition shows normal pattern; gingival contour healthy.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic and prosthetic consultation, space management planning, monitor eruption pattern with three-month recalls.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in pediatric mixed dentition need radiographic confirmation of agenesis versus delayed eruption; combined orthodontic-prosthodontic planning addresses long-term aesthetic and functional needs.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in mixed dentition.


Close pediatric mouth view showing small dentition with possible missing teeth; limited field of view.

Pediatric small dentition with possible missing teeth; limited assessment.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Limited image; needs clinical examination.

Explanation: Limited image.


Frontal close view of older adult with severely worn yellow-stained teeth, broken upper anterior crowns, and a missing upper anterior tooth space.

Severely worn adult upper anteriors with broken crowns and missing tooth space.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, radiograph.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with severe wear needs comprehensive rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with wear.


Pediatric close lateral view showing irregular dentition with multiple missing teeth and broken-down structures.

Multiple missing teeth in pediatric mouth with broken-down remaining structures.

Pediatric dental review, panoramic radiograph, comprehensive planning.

Explanation: Severe pediatric tooth loss needs comprehensive workup.

Explanation: Multiple pediatric absences.


Red-filtered backlit close pediatric mouth view showing dentition with apparent missing anterior tooth and severely affected remaining teeth with yellow-orange staining; heavy red filter limits accurate assessment of soft tissues and tooth shade.

Apparent missing anterior tooth in pediatric mouth against red filter with yellow staining on remaining teeth; soft-tissue assessment limited by filter.

Recapture image with neutral clinical lighting, panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, paediatric dental review after better visualisation.

Explanation: Heavy filter prevents confident assessment; standard clinical photography enables proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Pediatric mouth open close view showing multiple missing upper anteriors with intact lower anteriors visible.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in pediatric mouth.

Explanation: Multiple absences need imaging.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Frontal close view showing severely affected adult dentition with missing upper anterior teeth, severely yellow-stained remaining teeth with broken-down structure, and gingival recession.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in adult dentition with severely worn yellow remaining teeth and gingival recession.

Panoramic radiograph, comprehensive prosthodontic and periodontal planning.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss with severe wear and recession needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Close pediatric mouth view showing widely spaced small teeth with apparent missing teeth and irregular alignment.

Widely spaced small pediatric teeth with possible missing teeth and irregular alignment.

Explanation: Wide spacing may be hypodontia or microdontia.

Explanation: Pediatric small spaced teeth.


Red-filtered close lateral view of dentition with severely yellow-stained teeth and dramatic shadows from the heavy red filter limiting accurate assessment of any missing teeth or soft tissues.

Severely yellow-stained teeth against heavy red filter; possible missing teeth obscured by filter; soft-tissue assessment limited.

Recapture image with neutral lighting, panoramic radiograph for comprehensive assessment.

Explanation: Filter prevents accurate assessment of dentition.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing severe brown extrinsic staining with horizontal banded pattern and pink gingival margins.

Severe brown horizontal-banded staining on upper anteriors.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Banded extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Banded extrinsic stain.


Close lateral view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing mostly intact normal-shade teeth with one tooth showing mild dark spot at the cervical region.

Single mild dark cervical spot on upper anterior; remaining teeth intact and normal shade.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion needs differential.

Explanation: Small cervical spot may be incipient caries.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing one severely darkened grey-black upper anterior tooth contrasted with adjacent normal-shade teeth.

Single severely darkened grey-black upper anterior tooth; adjacent teeth normal shade.

Vitality testing, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral if non-vital.

Explanation: Single-tooth grey-black discoloration suggests pulpal necrosis.

Explanation: Classic single non-vital tooth presentation.


Frontal close view of dentition showing mild yellow tooth shade with mild cervical staining; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned; gingival margins pink with healthy contour; this appears to be a referenced clinical figure with labelled annotation visible in the image margin.

Generalised mild yellow tooth shade with mild cervical staining; teeth intact and well-aligned; gingival contour healthy; labelled clinical figure with annotation in margin.

Professional polishing to remove extrinsic stain component, dietary counselling on chromogenic beverages, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic improvement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade with mild cervical staining is largely extrinsic and responds to polishing; intrinsic component is genetically determined and may benefit from supervised vital bleaching for aesthetic concerns.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade as labelled clinical example.


Adult man smiling with stained teeth visible against acne-affected facial skin; mild yellow tooth shade with mild cervical staining.

Mild yellow-orange tooth staining in adult mouth.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade.


Close view of teeth showing yellow-brown staining and pinkish gingival background with red filter cast.

Yellow-brown staining against red filter; teeth structurally intact.

Scaling and polishing, recapture with neutral lighting.

Explanation: Filter limits accurate assessment; staining evident.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth with shade-guide tab held adjacent showing yellow-brown discoloration with horizontal banding.

Yellow-brown banded discoloration on upper anteriors with shade-guide reference.

Scaling and polishing, vitality testing, supervised bleaching consult.

Explanation: Banded discoloration may be developmental or extrinsic.

Explanation: Banded discoloration with shade guide.


Extracted tooth specimen viewed externally showing yellow-brown root surfaces with deep cavitated coronal destruction and necrotic-appearing pulpal exposure; specimen is no longer in the patient mouth.

Extracted tooth specimen with severe coronal caries destruction and apparent pulpal necrosis; not a clinical photograph of in-situ dentition.

Document specimen for clinical record, this image is a specimen rather than diagnostic clinical photograph.

Explanation: Extracted specimens used as teaching material rather than diagnostic photographs.

Explanation: Extracted tooth specimen with severe caries.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing mild yellow tooth shade and mild cervical staining; teeth otherwise intact.

Mild yellow shade with mild cervical staining; teeth intact.

Polish, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade.


Close view of lower anterior teeth showing severe black-brown vertical streak staining and heavy plaque accumulation along the gingival margins.

Severe black-brown vertical streak staining with heavy plaque on lower anteriors; gingival margins inflamed.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Severe vertical streak staining may be chromogenic bacteria or extrinsic chemical.

Explanation: Heavy black plaque-stain pattern.


Very close magnified view of upper anterior teeth showing mild yellow gradient discoloration and what appears to be cervical white-spot lesions on multiple teeth.

Mild yellow gradient and chalky white-spot lesions on upper anteriors.

Fluoride varnish for white-spot lesions, polish for stain, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: White-spot lesions represent reversible enamel demineralisation amenable to fluoride remineralisation.

Explanation: White-spot lesions present alongside mild stain.


Older patient close view of upper and lower anteriors showing severely yellow-stained teeth with broken-down structures, missing posterior tooth visible, multiple cervical staining and possible cervical caries lesions; gingival tissues mildly recessed.

Severely yellow-stained adult anteriors with broken-down structures, possible cervical caries, and missing posterior teeth.

Panoramic radiograph, restorative and prosthodontic planning, scaling, dietary counselling, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined yellow staining, possible caries, and tooth loss needs comprehensive multi-disciplinary care to restore function and aesthetics.

Explanation: Combined adult pathology with missing teeth dominant.


Frontal close view of intact upper and lower anteriors with severe brown cervical calculus deposits and bleeding gingival margins.

Heavy brown cervical calculus with severely inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene.

Explanation: Heavy calculus drives gingivitis; scaling reverses.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with calculus.


Close lateral view with red filter showing a single tooth with severe black calculus deposit and adjacent yellow-stained teeth.

Heavy black calculus on a single anterior tooth; adjacent teeth yellow-stained.

Localised scaling on affected tooth, full mouth scaling.

Explanation: Localised heavy calculus needs targeted scaling.

Explanation: Severe localised calculus.


Right lateral close view of intact upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Mild cervical staining on lateral anteriors; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Frontal retracted view of severely affected dentition with heavy brown cervical calculus on all anteriors, attrition on upper anterior incisal edges, mild gingival recession exposing root surfaces, and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

Heavy generalised cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with severe gingival inflammation, mild recession, and attrition on upper incisal edges.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine rinse for two weeks, periodontal review for recession assessment, fluoride to exposed root surfaces, occlusal evaluation for parafunction, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation of gingival response.

Explanation: Severe combined calculus burden, gingivitis, recession, and attrition reflect long-neglected periodontal care plus parafunctional bruxism; combined periodontal therapy and occlusal management is required.

Explanation: Heavy combined pathology.


Side-by-side before/after frontal view of severely yellow stained lower anterior teeth with cervical calculus visible in both panels.

Severe yellow cervical calculus on lower anteriors visible in both panels.

Multi-session scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Heavy lower anterior calculus needs targeted scaling.

Explanation: Heavy lower cervical calculus.


Right lateral close view of upper and lower anteriors with severe crowding and rotation; mild cervical staining; pink gingival margins.

Severe anterior crowding with rotation; mild cervical staining.

Scaling, orthodontic consult, interdental cleaning education.

Explanation: Severe crowding drives plaque retention; orthodontic correction preferred.

Explanation: Severe crowding dominant.


Side-by-side close view of lower lingual anteriors showing yellow cervical calculus on both panels with mild inflammation.

Yellow lingual cervical calculus on lower anteriors with mild marginal inflammation.

Scaling and polishing, lingual brushing technique, six-month recall.

Explanation: Lingual calculus is the most common deposit site.

Explanation: Cervical lingual calculus.


Frontal close view showing severely affected dentition with severe yellow-orange staining, heavy cervical calculus, broken-down structures, gingival recession exposing root surfaces, and inflamed bleeding gingival margins; combined severe periodontal and structural pathology.

Severely affected dentition with heavy cervical calculus, severe gingival inflammation with bleeding and recession, broken-down structures, and severe yellow-orange staining; combined severe periodontal and restorative needs.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling with periodontal probing, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, periodontal referral for advanced disease management, fluoride to exposed roots, restorative evaluation of broken structures, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined heavy calculus, advanced gingivitis with recession, and broken structures reflects long-neglected periodontal and restorative care; comprehensive multi-disciplinary management combining periodontal therapy and staged restoration is required.

Explanation: Recession plus heavy calculus suggests periodontitis.


Intact anteriors with mild cervical staining.

Scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Close pediatric mouth view with dental tool retracting cheek showing intact molar with mild yellow cervical staining.

Single intact pediatric molar visible with mild cervical staining; limited field of view.

Explanation: Mild pediatric cervical staining.

Explanation: Mild pediatric cervical staining.


Older adult close view showing severely affected dentition with missing upper anterior teeth, severely worn yellow-stained teeth, and broken-down structures with cervical staining and possible cervical caries lesions.

Severely affected adult dentition with missing teeth and severe wear; possible cervical caries with cervical staining.

Panoramic radiograph, restorative and prosthodontic planning, scaling.

Explanation: Combined adult acquired loss, severe wear, and possible caries.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss dominant.


Frontal close view of dentition with severely yellow stained anterior teeth, mild crowding, mild cervical staining, and pink gingival margins with mild marginal redness; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned overall.

Severe yellow generalised tooth shade with mild cervical staining; mild anterior crowding; mild marginal gingival redness; teeth intact.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling on chromogenic beverages, brushing technique reinforcement, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic improvement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Severe generalised yellow shade is largely intrinsic with mild extrinsic component; polishing addresses extrinsic stain and supervised bleaching may improve aesthetics; biofilm control prevents progression of mild gingival inflammation.

Explanation: Yellow shade dominant over calculus.


Close pediatric mouth view with dental tool showing single posterior tooth with possible caries lesion.

Single pediatric tooth with possible occlusal caries; limited view.

Explanation: Limited view; needs examination.

Explanation: Limited view.


Close pediatric mouth view showing severely affected upper anteriors with dark cavitated caries, gingival enlargement, and necrotic tissue masses; severe combined pathology.

Severely cavitated upper anteriors with brown coronal destruction; gingival enlargement with necrotic-appearing tissue masses adjacent.

Pediatric urgent dental review, antibiotic if acute infection, extraction of non-restorable, biopsy of gingival mass.

Explanation: Severe pediatric caries with concurrent gingival mass needs urgent assessment.

Explanation: Severe caries with gingival mass.


Close lateral close view of upper anterior teeth showing mild yellow shade with shade-guide tab reference.

Mild yellow shade on upper anteriors with shade-guide reference; teeth intact.

Polish, supervised bleaching consult if patient desires.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade may benefit from bleaching for aesthetics.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade with shade guide.


Close lateral view of lower posterior teeth showing severely broken-down tooth with deep cavitation extending to root level, retained root structure, and inflamed gingiva adjacent.

Severely broken-down lower posterior tooth with cavitation extending to root level; retained root remnant; adjacent gingival inflammation.

Extract non-restorable root, antibiotic if needed, prosthetic planning, periodontal management.

Explanation: Non-restorable root remnant requires surgical removal before any prosthetic rehabilitation.

Explanation: Non-restorable retained root.


Close occlusal view of intact mandibular molar with dark deep occlusal caries lesion.

Explanation: Cavitated dentinal caries needs restoration.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesion.


Close lateral view of older patient with severely yellow-stained lower anteriors, gingival recession, and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

Severely yellow lower anteriors with gingival recession and severe marginal gingival inflammation with bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, periodontal therapy, fluoride to exposed roots, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Severe combined adult periodontitis and staining needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with recession suggests periodontitis.


Close lateral view of upper and lower posterior teeth showing yellow staining, severe cervical caries lesion on one tooth, and inflamed gingiva.

Yellow staining with severe cervical caries on one posterior tooth and adjacent gingival inflammation.

Excavate and restore, scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe cervical caries needs restoration to halt progression.

Explanation: Severe cervical caries.


Adult close lateral view of severely yellow-stained teeth with multiple broken-down structures, severely affected gingiva, missing teeth visible, gold dental work on one tooth, and active necrotic tissue indicating severe combined caries and periodontal pathology in advanced state.

Severely affected adult dentition with broken-down teeth, missing teeth, gold restoration on one tooth, severe gingival inflammation with necrotic tissue, and yellow staining; advanced combined pathology.

Antibiotic cover, panoramic radiograph, urgent extraction of non-restorable teeth, periodontal therapy, comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, recall every two weeks during treatment.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined caries, tooth loss, and active periodontal infection requires urgent surgical clearance and comprehensive multi-disciplinary management.

Explanation: Severe combined adult pathology.


Close occlusal mirror view of single mandibular molar with deep occlusal caries lesion visible via mirror.

Deep cavitated occlusal caries on mandibular molar via mirror view.

Explanation: Cavitated molar caries needs restoration.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesion via mirror.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing single tooth with severe cervical caries lesion and a small dark spot adjacent suggesting incipient caries on neighbouring tooth.

Severe cervical caries on one upper anterior with adjacent small dark spot suggesting incipient lesion.

Excavate cavitated caries, fluoride for incipient lesion, monitor.

Explanation: Combined cavitated and incipient lesions need staged management.

Explanation: Cavitated cervical caries with neighbouring incipient lesion.


Adult lateral close view showing severely affected dentition with severely yellow-stained teeth, broken-down structures with deep cervical caries lesions, gingival recession, and necrotic-appearing tissue at one site.

Severely affected adult dentition with severe cervical caries, broken structures, recession, and possible necrotic tissue at site of active infection.

Urgent dental review, antibiotic cover, extraction of non-restorable, comprehensive planning.

Explanation: Severe combined caries and possible acute infection needs urgent management.

Explanation: Severe combined pathology with possible acute infection.


Adult close lateral view showing severely broken-down upper anterior teeth with deep cavitation, brown coronal destruction, exposed pulpal cores, and necrotic-appearing tissue; gingival tissues moderately inflamed adjacent to active disease; remaining teeth visible with mild yellow staining.

Multiple severely broken-down upper anterior teeth with deep cavitation, pulpal exposure, and necrotic tissue; adjacent gingival inflammation; remaining teeth less affected with mild yellow staining.

Antibiotic cover, urgent extraction of non-restorable anterior teeth, periapical radiograph, comprehensive prosthodontic planning, scaling for remaining dentition, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely broken-down anterior teeth with pulpal exposure and necrotic tissue indicate chronic odontogenic infection requiring urgent surgical clearance before any prosthetic rehabilitation can proceed safely.

Explanation: Severe non-restorable anterior caries.


Frontal close view of intact upper anteriors with mild yellow tooth shade and mild gingival inflammation with localised redness at the gingival margin.

Intact upper anteriors with mild yellow shade and localised mild marginal gingival redness.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis reversible with biofilm control.

Explanation: Mild marginal redness.


Frontal close view of dentition showing yellow-stained teeth and bright red severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues with orange chromogenic staining at the margins.

Heavy yellow staining and orange chromogenic deposits on dentition with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Severe combined chromogenic flora and gingivitis needs scaling and adjuncts.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with chromogenic flora.


Close lower lingual view of mandibular anteriors showing intact teeth with mild yellow staining and pink gingival margins with healthy contour.

Intact lingual aspect of lower anteriors with mild yellow staining; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Routine scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Healthy presentation with mild stain; biofilm control maintains.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy; ext label questionable.


Close right lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing intact aligned teeth with mild yellow cervical staining, pink gingival margins with localised mild marginal redness, and visible interdental brush or floss device in the gingival sulcus.

Intact upper anteriors with mild cervical staining; localised mild marginal gingival redness; interdental cleaning device visible at gingival sulcus.

Continue interdental cleaning technique demonstration, professional polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall to monitor marginal gingival response.

Explanation: Active demonstration of interdental cleaning is the right intervention for the localised mild gingivitis; sustained patient technique maintains gingival health between professional visits.

Explanation: Active hygiene demonstration in progress.


Frontal close view of upper anteriors with severe yellow staining, dark cervical caries lesions, and bright red inflamed bleeding gingival margins covering the upper part of the teeth.

Severe yellow staining with multiple cervical caries lesions and severely inflamed bleeding gingiva covering part of the upper anteriors.

Scaling, excavate caries, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene.

Explanation: Combined severe caries and gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe caries with gingivitis.


Right lateral close view of intact upper and lower posteriors with mild yellow staining and pink gingival margins with healthy contour.

Intact lateral posterior dentition with mild yellow staining; gingival margins pink and healthy.

Explanation: Largely healthy presentation; mild stain.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy.


Frontal close view of dentition with severe yellow-orange staining, severely affected gingival tissues with overgrowth and bleeding, and visible chromogenic deposits at the gingival margins suggesting prolonged tobacco or chromogenic dietary exposure.

Severe yellow-orange staining with severe gingival overgrowth and bleeding; chromogenic deposits at margins; combined severe periodontal and aesthetic pathology.

Scaling, periodontal referral, medication review, smoking cessation.

Explanation: Severe combined chromogenic staining and gingival overgrowth needs comprehensive periodontal and behavioural management.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with chromogenic deposits.


Close lower lingual view of mandibular anteriors showing yellow cervical staining with calculus deposits along the gingival margins and a tongue retractor visible; gingival tissues mildly inflamed adjacent to deposits.

Yellow cervical calculus on lower lingual anteriors with mild gingival inflammation; tongue retractor visible in image.

Scaling focused on lingual cervical, lingual brushing technique demonstration, polish, six-month recall.

Explanation: Lingual cervical calculus is the most common deposit site due to proximity to salivary ducts; targeted scaling plus improved lingual brushing technique resolves inflammation.

Explanation: Lingual cervical calculus dominant.