Close upper anterior view of severely affected tooth with severe brown stain at gingival margin and inflamed bleeding adjacent gingival tissue.

Severe brown cervical calculus or stain on upper anterior with adjacent bleeding gingiva.

Localised scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Localised cervical deposit with adjacent inflammation.

Explanation: Localised cervical deposit.


Frontal retracted view of intact upper and lower anteriors with bright red severely inflamed gingival margins, mild cervical staining, and visible bleeding at gum line.

Intact anteriors with mild cervical staining and severe marginal gingival inflammation with active bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis needs scaling and adjunct rinses.

Explanation: Severe marginal gingivitis.


Right lateral retracted view of intact upper and lower posterior teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lateral posteriors with mild cervical staining; gingival margins healthy.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining.


Frontal close view of orthodontic patient with fixed brackets and green elastic ligatures showing peri-bracket plaque-calculus accumulation, mild gingival inflammation adjacent to bracket bases, and yellow cervical staining; teeth structurally intact behind the appliances.

Generalised peri-bracket plaque accumulation with mild gingival inflammation and yellow cervical staining; orthodontic appliances retain plaque despite ongoing treatment; teeth structurally intact.

Scale around brackets, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, intensive oral hygiene instruction with interdental brushes and orthodontic floss threaders, dietary counselling on cariogenic foods, two-week recall.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances retain plaque that mineralises into calculus and drives peri-bracket gingivitis; intensive professional and home hygiene prevents demineralisation and white-spot lesions on enamel surfaces.

Explanation: Peri-orthodontic gingivitis.


Frontal close view of older adult with severely affected dentition with missing upper anterior tooth showing the alveolar ridge with a fresh extraction socket and yellow-stained worn remaining teeth.

Fresh extraction socket in upper anterior position; remaining teeth with severe wear and yellow staining.

Monitor socket healing, prosthetic planning, scaling for remaining.

Explanation: Recent acquired tooth loss; not congenital hypodontia.

Explanation: Fresh extraction socket; not classical hypodontia.


Adult lateral close view showing missing upper anterior teeth, severe yellow-orange staining, broken-down remaining teeth, and gingival recession.

Acquired multi-tooth loss with severe staining and broken remaining teeth.

Panoramic radiograph, comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss with severe wear; not hypodontia.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Upper palatal mirror view showing intact posterior dentition with two implant healing abutments in the anterior position with active bleeding around them.

Two anterior implant healing abutments with active bleeding; remaining posteriors intact.

Monitor implant healing, irrigate around abutments, antibiotic if acute infection.

Explanation: Recent implant placement; acquired loss being restored.

Explanation: Implant abutments indicate acquired loss.


Close older patient view showing severely affected dentition with multiple missing teeth, severely yellow-stained worn remaining teeth with broken-down structure, and visible necrotic tissue; gingival tissues moderately inflamed adjacent to active sites of disease.

Multiple missing teeth in adult dentition with severely worn yellow remaining teeth, broken-down crowns, and possible necrotic tissue; gingival inflammation adjacent to active sites.

Panoramic radiograph, urgent antibiotic if acute infection, extract non-restorable teeth, comprehensive prosthodontic planning, scaling, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult with combined acquired tooth loss, severe wear, broken structures, and possible odontogenic infection requires urgent surgical clearance before staged prosthodontic rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss with severe combined pathology.


Close lateral view of mostly intact adult dentition with mild yellow tint and pink gingiva.

Intact adult dentition with mild yellow tint and healthy gingiva.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition with mild stain.

Explanation: Tissues healthy; ext label questionable.


Close pediatric mouth showing irregular dentition with widely spaced small teeth and apparent missing teeth in mixed dentition.

Pediatric mixed dentition with widely spaced small teeth; possible missing teeth.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Wide spacing in pediatric mouth may indicate hypodontia or microdontia.

Explanation: Pediatric wide spacing.


Adult close view of dentition with severe yellow-orange staining and one prosthetic crown on upper anterior tooth contrasting with adjacent yellow-stained teeth; remaining dentition intact behind staining.

Single prosthetic crown on upper anterior with severely yellow-stained adjacent teeth; remaining teeth intact behind heavy staining.

Scaling, polish, evaluate crown margin, aesthetic re-evaluation.

Explanation: Prosthetic crown substitute for previously missing or destroyed tooth; not hypodontia.

Explanation: Existing crown is dominant feature.


Adult close view of dentition with severe yellow-orange staining across all visible teeth with chromogenic deposits at the gingival margins and mild marginal redness; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned without missing tooth spaces visible.

Severe yellow-orange staining across visible adult dentition with chromogenic deposits at gingival margins and mild marginal gingival redness; teeth intact and well-aligned without missing tooth spaces.

Scaling and polishing, chromogenic flora counselling, hygiene reinforcement, dietary advice on tobacco and chromogenic beverages, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic improvement, three-month recall to assess stain recurrence.

Explanation: Severe yellow-orange staining with chromogenic deposits is typically tobacco-related or chromogenic-bacterial; professional cleaning combined with behavioural modification addresses the underlying cause.

Explanation: Severe chromogenic staining; not hypodontia.


Close pediatric mouth view showing widely spaced small teeth and apparent missing anterior tooth.

Pediatric widely spaced small teeth with possible missing anterior.

Explanation: Wide spacing in pediatric mouth may be hypodontia.

Explanation: Pediatric wide spacing.


Close pediatric mouth view showing irregular crowded teeth with apparent missing teeth; small mouth and difficult to assess.

Crowded irregular pediatric teeth with possible missing teeth; limited assessment.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric review.

Explanation: Limited image; needs clinical examination.

Explanation: Limited image.


Pediatric mouth open view showing upper anteriors with apparent missing tooth space; lower teeth visible with mild yellow tint.

Missing upper anterior tooth space in pediatric mixed dentition.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic review.

Explanation: Anterior absence in mixed dentition.

Explanation: Single anterior space.


Close pediatric mouth view showing yellow-stained teeth with one apparent missing tooth in the upper anterior region; remaining teeth visible with mild yellow staining and mild irregular alignment; gingival tissues partially visible appear inflamed.

Single missing upper anterior tooth in pediatric mouth with yellow-stained remaining teeth and mild irregular alignment; gingival inflammation evident at visible margins.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, scaling for staining, paediatric orthodontic consultation, hygiene reinforcement with parental education on cariogenic dietary habits.

Explanation: Single anterior absence in pediatric mixed dentition with concurrent staining and gingivitis suggests both hypodontia and active caries/biofilm activity; comprehensive paediatric dental review addresses all findings.

Explanation: Single anterior absence with staining.


Close lateral view of severely yellow-stained dentition with mild brown cervical staining and dark spots on multiple teeth.

Severe yellow shade with brown cervical staining and dark spots.

Explanation: Heavy staining may mask early caries.

Explanation: Heavy stain may mask caries.


Close lateral view of intact upper and lower anterior teeth showing severely yellow-orange staining with horizontal banded pattern across the cervical and middle thirds; teeth structurally intact.

Severe yellow-orange banded staining on upper and lower anteriors; teeth intact.

Scaling and polishing, vitality testing, bleaching consult, dietary advice.

Explanation: Banded discoloration may be extrinsic chromogenic or developmental.

Explanation: Severe banded discoloration.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing severely yellow-stained teeth with severe gingival inflammation, recession on lower anteriors exposing root surfaces, and mild brown cervical staining.

Severely yellow-stained teeth with severe gingival inflammation, mild recession exposing root surfaces, and mild brown cervical staining.

Multi-session scaling, periodontal therapy, fluoride to exposed roots, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Severe combined yellow staining, gingivitis, and recession needs comprehensive periodontal and aesthetic care.

Explanation: Recession with inflammation may indicate periodontitis.


Adult close view of dentition with severe yellow-orange staining and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins covering significant portions of upper anteriors with bulbous overgrown gingival contour suggesting drug-induced or hormonal gingival enlargement combined with severe extrinsic staining.

Severe yellow-orange staining with severe gingival enlargement with bulbous bleeding contour; combined severe periodontal and aesthetic pathology suggesting either plaque-induced hyperplastic gingivitis or drug-induced enlargement.

Periodontal referral for biopsy and gingival overgrowth assessment, medication review for drug-induced enlargement causes (phenytoin, cyclosporine, nifedipine, calcium channel blockers), multi-session scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement combined with chromogenic staining may be plaque-induced hyperplastic gingivitis, drug-induced enlargement, or hormonal in origin; biopsy and medication history clarify the aetiology before specific therapy can be planned.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement dominant.


Close lateral view of older patient showing severely yellow-stained worn lower anteriors with severe wear on incisal edges, mild cervical staining, and mild gingival recession.

Severe wear with yellow staining on lower anteriors; mild recession.

Scaling, occlusal evaluation, restorative planning.

Explanation: Severe attrition with yellow shade needs occlusal management.

Explanation: Severe wear dominant over discoloration.


Frontal close view of dentition with fixed orthodontic appliances showing green ligatures, brackets visible, mild yellow cervical staining around bonded brackets, and mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Orthodontic patient with green brackets; mild peri-bracket yellow cervical staining and mild marginal gingivitis.

Scale around brackets, hygiene reinforcement, chlorhexidine rinse.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances retain plaque and drive peri-bracket staining and gingivitis.

Explanation: Peri-orthodontic gingivitis dominant.


Close frontal view of upper anterior teeth showing intact teeth with one severely cavitated upper anterior tooth with brown coronal destruction and exposed pulpal core; surrounding teeth less affected but with mild yellow staining.

Single severely cavitated upper anterior tooth with brown destruction; remaining teeth intact with mild yellow staining.

Vitality testing, periapical radiograph, endodontic or extraction decision.

Explanation: Severe single-tooth coronal destruction needs vitality assessment.

Explanation: Severely cavitated single tooth.


Older adult close view of severely affected adult dentition with severely yellow-stained worn teeth, mild gingival recession on upper anteriors, multiple cervical caries lesions, and mild marginal gingival inflammation; teeth otherwise structurally intact.

Severe yellow stain with worn upper anteriors, mild gingival recession, multiple cervical caries lesions, and mild marginal gingival inflammation; teeth otherwise intact.

Multi-session scaling, restorative care for cervical caries, fluoride to exposed roots, hygiene reinforcement, dietary counselling, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult dentition with combined yellow staining, cervical caries, and recession needs combined restorative and periodontal management.

Explanation: Multiple cervical caries dominant over staining.


Close lateral view of older patient with severely worn yellow teeth, broken-down upper anterior structure, and a prosthetic crown contrasting with adjacent yellow-stained natural teeth.

Severe wear with one prosthetic crown contrasting with yellow-stained natural teeth.

Restorative and prosthodontic planning, occlusal management.

Explanation: Combined wear and existing prosthetic needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severe wear with existing prosthesis.


Adult close view of mildly yellow-stained dentition with intact teeth and mild cervical staining; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned; gingival tissues partially visible.

Mild yellow shade with mild cervical staining on adult dentition; teeth intact.

Polish, dietary counselling, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade with extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade with mild stain.


Close lateral view of intact dentition with very mild yellow tint and pink gingival margins suggesting largely healthy presentation.

Largely intact dentition with very mild yellow tint; gingiva pink and healthy.

Explanation: Largely healthy presentation with very mild tint.

Explanation: Tissues largely healthy.


Very close magnified view of upper anterior tooth surfaces showing mild yellow tint with subtle cervical staining and small chalky white-spot lesions on at least one tooth; teeth structurally intact; gingival margins not clearly visible due to close magnification.

Subtle yellow tint with small chalky white-spot lesions on upper anteriors; teeth structurally intact; gingival assessment limited by close magnification.

Fluoride varnish to white-spot lesions, casein-phosphopeptide remineralising paste, hygiene reinforcement, three-month recall to monitor lesion progression versus remineralisation.

Explanation: White-spot lesions represent reversible enamel demineralisation amenable to fluoride remineralisation; combined topical fluoride and biofilm control restores enamel structure before cavitation occurs.

Explanation: Subtle white-spot lesions present.


Side-by-side before/after frontal close view of lower anterior teeth showing severe cervical calculus left and post-scaling clean cervical surfaces right.

Pre-treatment heavy cervical calculus on lower anteriors; post-treatment clean.

Maintain post-scaling hygiene, polish at next recall.

Explanation: Pre/post demonstrates calculus removed by scaling.

Explanation: Pre/post comparison.


Red-filtered close view of severely yellow-stained dentition with heavy cervical calculus on canines and severely inflamed bleeding gums.

Severely yellow-stained teeth with heavy cervical calculus and severe gingival inflammation.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine, hygiene.

Explanation: Heavy calculus and chromogenic stain drive severe gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Close magnified view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing severe horizontal brown banded staining across cervical and middle thirds with intact tooth structure underneath the stain.

Severe horizontal banded brown staining on upper and lower anteriors with intact underlying tooth structure.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic stain, vitality testing if any tooth resists polishing, dietary counselling on tea coffee tobacco, oral hygiene reinforcement, three-month recall.

Explanation: Severe horizontal banded staining is typically extrinsic chromogenic from dietary or tobacco exposure that responds to polishing combined with behavioural modification.

Explanation: Severe banded extrinsic stain dominant.


Frontal retracted view of dentition with severely affected gingival tissues bulbous and bleeding, mild yellow cervical staining, intact teeth visible behind inflammation.

Mild cervical staining on intact teeth with severe gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant over calculus.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Close lateral view of single upper anterior tooth with severe granular black-brown calculus accretion on labial surface and adjacent active gingival bleeding.

Severe black-brown localised calculus on single upper anterior with active gingival bleeding.

Localised scaling on affected tooth, full mouth scaling for completeness, chlorhexidine, hygiene.

Explanation: Severe localised calculus needs targeted scaling.

Explanation: Severe localised calculus.


Right lateral close view of mostly intact dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins; teeth aligned with mild crowding.

Intact lateral dentition with mild cervical staining and mild crowding; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Mild crowding with mild stain.

Explanation: Mild crowding with stain.


Adult close lateral view of severely yellow-stained crowded dentition with severe cervical brown staining, mild marginal gingival redness, broken-down structures on upper anterior, and severe wear on incisal edges of upper anteriors; teeth otherwise intact but with significant aesthetic and structural concerns.

Severely yellow-stained crowded adult dentition with broken-down structure on upper anterior and severe wear on incisal edges; mild marginal gingival redness; severe cervical staining throughout.

Scaling and polishing, restorative evaluation of broken structures, occlusal evaluation for parafunctional habit, supervised bleaching consultation, orthodontic consult for crowding, comprehensive aesthetic and functional planning.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined attrition, staining, and broken structures reflects long-standing parafunctional habits, dietary factors, and possibly orthodontic crowding contributing to localised wear and aesthetic concerns; comprehensive multi-disciplinary planning required.

Explanation: Severe wear with combined pathology.


Close occlusal mirror view of mandibular molars showing severely cavitated caries lesion on a molar with surrounding intact teeth.

Severely cavitated occlusal molar lesion with surrounding intact teeth.

Vitality testing, restorative or endodontic.

Explanation: Severe cavitated lesion may have pulpal involvement.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesion.


Mirror view of upper anterior showing severely cavitated tooth with deep coronal destruction and exposed necrotic pulpal tissue; tongue visible in image.

Severely cavitated upper anterior with deep destruction and apparent pulpal necrosis.

Vitality testing, radiograph, endodontic or extraction.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction with pulpal exposure.

Explanation: Severe cavitated anterior.


Right lateral close view of yellow-stained upper anteriors with mild cervical staining, slight wear on incisal edges, and pink gingival margins.

Yellow-stained lateral anteriors with mild cervical staining and slight wear; gingiva pink.

Scaling, dietary counselling, occlusal evaluation.

Explanation: Combined stain and wear need targeted care.

Explanation: Moderate stain with mild wear.


Older patient frontal close view showing severely worn yellow-stained lower anterior teeth with mild marginal gingivitis, mild cervical staining, and severely affected upper anteriors with broken-down structure; one prominent yellow tooth visible amongst the dentition; the patient has facial hair and the image suggests advanced age.

Severely worn yellow lower anteriors with mild gingivitis; severely affected upper anteriors with broken structure; combined attrition, staining, and structural pathology in advanced age.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, occlusal evaluation for parafunctional bruxism, scaling for staining, dietary counselling, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult dentition with combined wear, staining, and broken structure reflects long-standing parafunctional habits and dietary factors; comprehensive rehabilitation addresses both functional and aesthetic needs.

Explanation: Severe attrition dominant.


Right lateral close view of intact upper anteriors showing white teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lateral anteriors with mild cervical staining; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Mild staining responds to polish.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy; ext label questionable.


Close occlusal view of mandibular molar with deep brown cavitated occlusal lesion penetrating into dentin and small adjacent lesion on neighbouring tooth.

Deep cavitated occlusal molar caries with small adjacent lesion on neighbouring tooth.

Excavate and restore both molars, fluoride.

Explanation: Adjacent cavitated lesions need restoration.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesions.


Frontal close view showing dentition with very pale lips and overexposed lighting; teeth appear mildly stained.

Pale lip-framed dentition with mild yellow staining; overexposed lighting limits assessment.

Explanation: Lighting limits assessment.

Explanation: Lighting limits.


Very close magnified view of cervical interproximal area of upper anterior showing single small dark cervical caries lesion on a tooth; remaining teeth less affected; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent.

Single small dark cervical caries lesion on upper anterior; remaining teeth less affected; mild marginal gingivitis adjacent.

Probe lesion, fluoride application, restoration if cavitated, scaling for adjacent gingivitis, six-month recall.

Explanation: Small cervical caries needs tactile examination for cavitation; fluoride supports remineralisation if non-cavitated.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion.


Close lateral view of dentition with red filter showing severe cervical caries lesion on a single tooth and yellow staining elsewhere.

Severe cervical caries on a single anterior with adjacent yellow staining; filter limits detail.

Explanation: Severe cervical caries needs restoration.

Explanation: Filter limits.


Close occlusal view of mandibular molar with deep cavitated brown caries lesion with multiple cavitation points across occlusal surface.

Deep cavitated occlusal caries with multiple lesion points on a single molar.

Vitality testing, radiograph, restorative or endodontic.

Explanation: Multiple deep cavitation points may indicate pulpal involvement.

Explanation: Severe cavitated molar.


Close view of pink lip frame showing teeth and severe oral mucosal change behind the teeth; severely affected mouth with possible chromogenic deposits on teeth visible.

Severely affected mouth with chromogenic deposits on teeth and abnormal mucosal change behind; limited detail.

Comprehensive oral examination, biopsy if persistent mucosal lesion.

Explanation: Persistent mucosal change requires biopsy assessment.

Explanation: Mucosal abnormality dominant.


Close mandibular lateral view of single mandibular molar with deep dark cavitated occlusal lesion penetrating into dentin with surrounding intact adjacent tooth visible; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Deep cavitated occlusal molar caries with intact adjacent tooth; gingival contour healthy.

Vitality testing on the affected molar, periapical radiograph for pulpal status, composite or onlay restoration if pulp vital, pulpotomy or endodontic if exposure, fluoride application, six-month recall.

Explanation: Deep cavitated dentinal caries needs vitality assessment before restoration to determine whether conventional restoration suffices or endodontic intervention is required.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesion.


Close mandibular lateral view of cracked tongue-side molar surface with active dark cavitated caries and pulpal exposure visible.

Severely cavitated molar with active pulpal exposure on tongue-side surface.

Explanation: Pulpal exposure needs endodontic management.

Explanation: Pulpal exposure.


Close occlusal mirror view of mandibular molar with deep cavitated occlusal lesion; tongue visible alongside in image with retraction.

Deep cavitated occlusal molar caries with tongue retracted in image.

Explanation: Cavitated dentinal molar caries.

Explanation: Cavitated molar lesion.


Close view of intact upper and lower anteriors showing mild yellow shade, mild cervical staining and pink gingival margins; teeth aligned.

Mostly intact dentition with mild yellow shade and cervical staining; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Mild stain responds to polish.


Close lateral view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing severely cavitated single upper anterior tooth with brown coronal destruction and arrows pointing to specific carious features; surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining and mild gingival inflammation; this appears to be a labelled clinical illustration with annotations.

Severely cavitated single upper anterior tooth with brown destruction; remaining teeth less affected; mild marginal gingivitis adjacent; image appears to be a labelled clinical illustration with arrows pointing to features.

Vitality testing on the cavitated anterior, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral if non-vital, then restorative or extraction decision based on remaining tooth structure, scaling for adjacent gingivitis.

Explanation: Single-tooth severe coronal destruction needs vitality assessment to differentiate restorable from non-restorable; surrounding gingival inflammation reflects biofilm activity that resolves with combined caries management and scaling.

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior tooth with annotations.


Close pediatric mouth view with bracket-style appliance showing small teeth and limited field of view.

Pediatric mouth with appliance; small teeth visible; limited assessment.

Recapture image with wider field of view, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Limited image; needs clinical examination.

Explanation: Limited image.


Close lateral view of single mandibular molar showing severely deep cavitated occlusal caries with adjacent smaller lesion on neighbouring tooth; teeth otherwise intact.

Severely deep cavitated occlusal caries on mandibular molar with smaller adjacent lesion; teeth intact.

Explanation: Severe cavitated lesion.


Close lateral view of severely yellow-stained worn lower anterior teeth with horizontal brown staining and chronic-appearing cervical involvement.

Severely yellow-stained worn lower anteriors with horizontal brown staining and cervical involvement.

Scaling, polish, occlusal evaluation, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Combined wear and staining need targeted care.

Explanation: Severe stain with wear.


Close anterior view with cheek retractor showing intact upper and lower anteriors with cervical yellow staining, mild marginal gingival redness particularly on the upper anteriors, and a small bleeding spot on lower lip; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned.

Intact anteriors with cervical yellow staining; mild marginal gingival redness on upper anteriors; small bleeding spot on lower lip; teeth aligned.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement focused on upper anterior margins, hygiene education, lip lesion monitoring, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control; the lower lip bleeding spot is likely a minor trauma or aphthous lesion that resolves spontaneously.

Explanation: Mild marginal gingivitis.


Close lateral view of cervical area of upper anterior showing dark brown stain or cavitated cervical caries with adjacent dental probe or instrument; surrounding teeth intact.

Dark cervical brown lesion on upper anterior tooth with adjacent instrument; possible caries or stain.

Probe to differentiate, scaling or restoration as needed.

Explanation: Cervical lesion needs differential.

Explanation: Cervical lesion may be cavitated.


Frontal close view of dentition with red filter showing yellow-stained heavily affected upper anteriors and severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues; combined heavy stain and severe gingivitis.

Yellow-stained anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding under red filter.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Heavy stain plus severe gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with stain.


Close lateral view of upper anteriors with severe brown horizontal banded staining across the cervical thirds, pink gingival margins, and intact tooth structure; teeth aligned and well-shaped.

Severe brown horizontal banded staining on upper anteriors; intact structure; gingiva pink.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, recall.

Explanation: Banded extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Severe banded stain.


Close lower lingual mirror view of mandibular anteriors showing heavy yellow-orange calculus deposits along the lingual cervical region with severely inflamed adjacent gingival margins and active bleeding; the mirror used for the photograph is visible in the field.

Heavy lingual cervical calculus on mandibular anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding; mirror visible in field.

Localised ultrasonic scaling on the lingual cervical region, full mouth scaling for completeness, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, hygiene reinforcement focused on lingual brushing technique, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy lingual calculus is the most common deposit site due to proximity to salivary ducts; combined targeted scaling and improved lingual brushing technique resolves the inflammation.

Explanation: Heavy lingual calculus dominant.


Frontal smile close view of intact upper and lower white teeth with healthy pink gingival margins and slight marginal redness localised to upper anterior margins.

Intact white dentition with localised mild marginal redness on upper anterior gingiva.

Scaling, brushing technique, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised gingivitis reversible with biofilm control.

Explanation: Mild marginal redness.


Frontal close view of dentition showing severely inflamed bright red gingival tissues with bulbous overgrowth covering significant portions of upper anteriors and lower anteriors; combined severe gingivitis with possible chromogenic deposits.

Severely inflamed bulbous gingival tissues with overgrowth on upper and lower anteriors; possible chromogenic deposits.

Periodontal referral, biopsy, medication review, scaling.

Explanation: Severe enlargement needs biopsy and history.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement.


Close lateral view of single upper anterior tooth showing dark brown cervical caries lesion and intact adjacent teeth with pink gingival margins.

Single severely cavitated cervical caries lesion on upper anterior with intact adjacent teeth and healthy gingiva.

Explanation: Single cervical caries needs restoration.

Explanation: Single cervical caries dominant.


Frontal close view of severely affected adult dentition showing missing upper anterior teeth with retained roots, severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues, severely yellow-stained worn remaining teeth, broken-down crowns, and visible necrotic tissue; advanced combined caries and periodontal pathology.

Severely affected adult dentition with missing teeth, retained roots, severely yellow-stained worn teeth, broken structures, severe gingival inflammation with bleeding, and necrotic tissue; advanced combined pathology in advanced state.

Antibiotic cover, urgent panoramic radiograph, surgical clearance of retained roots and non-restorable teeth, periodontal therapy, comprehensive prosthodontic planning, recall every two weeks during treatment.

Explanation: Severely affected adult dentition with combined retained roots, missing teeth, and active periodontal infection indicates chronic odontogenic disease requiring urgent surgical clearance before any rehabilitation can proceed.

Explanation: Severe combined pathology with periodontitis.


Close lower lingual close view of mostly intact lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lingual aspect of lower anteriors with mild staining; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Healthy with mild stain.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy.


Adult frontal smile close view showing slightly worn upper and lower anteriors with very mild yellow tint and pink gingival margins; teeth well-aligned and aesthetically pleasing.

Adult anteriors with mild yellow tint and slight wear; gingiva pink; teeth well-aligned.

Routine polish, six-month recall, occlusal monitoring for wear progression.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition with minimal age-related changes.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Pediatric mouth open view showing mixed dentition with multiple missing upper anterior teeth visible against the lips; lower anterior teeth partially visible.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in pediatric mixed dentition; lower visible.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic referral.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences in mixed dentition need imaging.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Pediatric mouth open close view showing small space between upper anterior teeth where one tooth appears missing; adjacent teeth intact with small spacing; lower anteriors partially visible with mild irregular alignment; gingival tissues pink and healthy.

Small upper anterior tooth space in pediatric mixed dentition; adjacent teeth intact with small spacing; lower anteriors with mild irregular alignment; gingiva healthy.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic monitoring, six-month recall.

Explanation: Small anterior space in mixed dentition may be delayed eruption or congenital absence; radiographic imaging clarifies aetiology before any intervention planning.

Explanation: Small anterior space.


Red-filtered close view of dentition with missing upper anterior teeth and yellow-stained worn remaining teeth.

Missing upper anteriors with yellow worn remaining teeth.

Recapture image, panoramic radiograph, prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Multi-tooth loss with adult wear pattern.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss; filter limits.


Pediatric mouth showing multiple missing upper anteriors with intact lower anteriors partially visible; small face frame.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in pediatric mouth.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic referral.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences need imaging.

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Pediatric mouth close view showing two small upper teeth with a missing anterior space between them and small spacing of remaining teeth.

Small upper teeth with anterior missing space and spacing.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic and prosthetic consult.

Explanation: Mixed dentition gap may be hypodontia.

Explanation: Single anterior space.


Adult close view showing maxillary edentulous ridge with four implant healing abutments placed in anterior position with surrounding pink-white tissue suggesting recent surgical procedure; bone-coloured fixtures visible at the gingival margin; remaining anterior teeth show severe yellow-staining with cervical caries lesions; lower anteriors intact below visible field.

Four anterior implant healing abutments in maxillary ridge after surgical placement; surrounding tissue post-surgical; remaining anteriors yellow-stained with cervical caries lesions.

Continue implant healing protocol, prosthetic loading at appropriate timeline, address concurrent caries with scaling and restoration, hygiene reinforcement around abutments, recall every two weeks during healing phase.

Explanation: Recent implant placement indicates acquired tooth loss being restored; concurrent caries on remaining teeth needs combined restorative care alongside implant rehabilitation to achieve comprehensive long-term outcomes.

Explanation: Implant rehabilitation in progress with concurrent caries.


Close lateral view of single non-vital severely darkened grey-brown anterior tooth contrasted with adjacent normal-shade teeth; gingival margins pink.

Single severely darkened grey-brown anterior tooth; adjacent teeth normal shade.

Vitality testing, endodontic referral if non-vital.

Explanation: Single non-vital tooth presentation.

Explanation: Classic single non-vital tooth.


Close lateral view of single anterior tooth showing dark brown cervical caries lesion with adjacent teeth intact and pink gingival margins.

Single dark cervical caries on upper anterior with intact adjacent teeth.

Explanation: Single cervical caries.


Close lateral view of two-tooth focal area showing severe yellow-orange staining and possible cervical caries lesion with arrow markers in the image suggesting clinical annotation; teeth structurally intact.

Severe yellow staining and possible cervical caries on two teeth with annotation markers indicating clinical focus areas.

Probe lesions, scaling, restoration if cavitated.

Explanation: Annotated clinical image showing two focal areas.

Explanation: Annotated clinical image.


Adult close view of mandibular dentition showing intact teeth with mild yellow cervical staining and a dental shade-guide tab being held adjacent to a tooth for colour comparison purposes; gingival margins pink with healthy contour; the procedure appears to be aesthetic shade matching consultation in progress.

Mandibular anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and shade-guide tab held adjacent for colour matching; gingival contour healthy; aesthetic consultation procedure in progress.

Continue shade matching procedure, document baseline shade, supervised bleaching consultation, polish, six-month recall to monitor any changes from intended aesthetic intervention.

Explanation: Active shade-matching procedure is the standard preliminary step before aesthetic bleaching or restorative care; baseline documentation supports patient-side decision making about aesthetic interventions.

Explanation: Shade-matching consultation in progress.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth with severe brown vertical streak staining extending from gingival margin toward incisal edges.

Severe brown vertical streak staining on upper anteriors.

Explanation: Vertical streak stain may be chromogenic.

Explanation: Vertical streak stain.


Close lateral view of older patient showing severely yellow-stained lower anteriors with mild cervical staining and mild gingival recession.

Severely yellow lower anteriors with mild cervical staining and recession.

Scaling, dietary counselling, bleaching consult.

Explanation: Heavy yellow shade is age and lifestyle-related.

Explanation: Age-related yellow shade.


Adult close view of dentition with one prosthetic crown on upper anterior tooth contrasting with adjacent yellow-stained natural teeth; teeth otherwise intact with worn incisal edges and mild gingival recession.

Single prosthetic crown on upper anterior with severely yellow-stained adjacent natural teeth; mild wear on incisal edges; mild recession.

Scaling and polish, evaluate crown margin, supervised bleaching consultation for adjacent natural teeth to match crown shade.

Explanation: Mismatched shade between crown and adjacent teeth needs aesthetic management.

Explanation: Existing crown with severely stained natural teeth.


Very close magnified view of upper anterior teeth cervical region showing mild yellow staining with very subtle dark cervical spots that may indicate incipient caries lesions; teeth otherwise intact; gingival margins pink with very localised mild redness.

Mild yellow staining with very subtle dark cervical spots on upper anteriors suggesting incipient caries; teeth intact; very localised mild marginal redness.

Probe cervical spots to differentiate, fluoride application for any incipient lesions, polish, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall to monitor lesion stability.

Explanation: Subtle dark cervical spots may indicate early enamel demineralisation that responds to fluoride remineralisation; close monitoring with biofilm control prevents progression to cavitation.

Explanation: Subtle cervical spots may be incipient caries.


Close adult dentition with mild yellow tint and one prosthetic crown on upper anterior contrasting with adjacent yellow-stained teeth.

Mild yellow shade with single prosthetic crown contrasting natural teeth.

Explanation: Aesthetic mismatch may benefit from bleaching.

Explanation: Existing crown with mild stain.


Close lateral view of intact teeth with floss being passed through interdental contact; teeth white with healthy-appearing gingival margins.

Active interdental cleaning with floss in progress; intact white teeth with healthy gingiva.

Continue interdental cleaning education, scaling and polish, six-month recall.

Explanation: Active hygiene demonstration; teeth largely healthy.

Explanation: Active hygiene demonstration; healthy.


Close lateral view of severely yellow-stained adult dentition with severely affected gingiva and active staining or chromogenic deposits at the cervical margins.

Severely yellow-stained adult dentition with chromogenic cervical deposits.

Scaling, dietary counselling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe chromogenic staining responds to professional cleaning.

Explanation: Severe yellow chromogenic stain.


Close adult lateral close view of intact dentition with mild yellow tint and white teeth; gingival margins pink with healthy contour; teeth aligned and structurally intact.

Intact adult lateral dentition with mild yellow tint and white teeth; gingival contour healthy; teeth aligned.

Routine polish at next recall, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires aesthetic improvement, maintenance of current oral hygiene, six-month recall to monitor.

Explanation: Largely healthy adult dentition with mild age-related or genetic yellow tint; ongoing biofilm control maintains gingival health and prevents progression of any subclinical inflammation.

Explanation: Largely healthy adult dentition.


Close upper anterior view showing intact dentition with shade-guide tab held adjacent for colour comparison; teeth mildly yellow.

Upper anteriors with shade-guide for colour comparison; mild yellow shade.

Explanation: Mild yellow shade may benefit from bleaching.

Explanation: Mild yellow with shade guide.


Close upper anterior view showing dental impression material on the teeth as part of impression-taking procedure; teeth covered with grey impression material.

Dental impression material covering upper anterior teeth during impression procedure.

Continue impression procedure, document and proceed with prosthetic or orthodontic planning.

Explanation: Active impression taking procedure for prosthetic or orthodontic care.

Explanation: Active impression procedure.


Close upper anterior view showing dental probe being used to assess cervical region of an upper anterior tooth with possible cervical caries lesion; arrows in image suggest clinical annotation; surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining.

Single upper anterior tooth with possible cervical caries being assessed by dental probe; annotated clinical image; surrounding teeth less affected.

Probe to confirm cavitation, restoration with composite or glass-ionomer if cavitated, fluoride if non-cavitated, scaling for adjacent staining.

Explanation: Annotated clinical image of cervical lesion assessment; the probing technique differentiates cavitated caries requiring restoration from arrested stain that responds to polish.

Explanation: Annotated clinical assessment of cervical lesion.


Frontal smile view of intact upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow tint and very mild cervical staining; gingival margins pink.

Healthy-appearing intact dentition with mild yellow tint.

Explanation: Healthy presentation.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Red-filtered close view of dentition with severely yellow-stained crowded teeth and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

Severely yellow crowded teeth with severe marginal gingival bleeding.

Scaling, hygiene reinforcement, orthodontic consult.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with crowding.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Close lateral view of mandibular molars showing severely cavitated occlusal lesions on multiple posterior teeth.

Multiple severely cavitated occlusal lesions on mandibular molars.

Excavate and restore each lesion, vitality testing.

Explanation: Multiple cavitated lesions need restoration.

Explanation: Multiple cavitated molar lesions.


Frontal close view of adult mouth with intact dentition, mild yellow cervical staining, slight wear on incisal edges, and mild gingival recession on upper anteriors; teeth aligned and structurally intact.

Intact adult dentition with mild cervical staining, slight wear, and mild upper anterior recession; teeth aligned.

Scaling and polishing, occlusal evaluation, fluoride to exposed root surfaces, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild adult presentation with combined cervical staining and recession needs combined preventive care.

Explanation: Mild staining with recession.


Adult close lateral view showing crowded yellow-stained dentition with mild cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Crowded yellow lateral dentition with mild staining; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Crowding traps plaque.

Explanation: Crowding dominant.


Red-filtered close view of severely yellow-stained dentition with heavy cervical brown staining, broken-down upper anterior, and severely inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Severe yellow heavy cervical staining with broken anterior and severe gingival inflammation.

Explanation: Combined severe pathology.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with combined pathology.


Close lateral view of older patient showing severely worn yellow-stained teeth, severely cavitated upper anterior tooth with brown destruction, and severely inflamed gingiva with possible bone exposure.

Severely worn yellow teeth with severely cavitated anterior and severe gingival inflammation; possible bone exposure.

Antibiotic cover, panoramic radiograph, urgent surgical clearance, comprehensive planning.

Explanation: Severely affected adult with possible acute infection needs urgent care.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction with active infection.


Frontal smile view with cheek retractor showing severely cavitated upper central incisor with brown destruction extending into pulp, surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining, and severely inflamed bleeding upper gingival margins; lower anteriors visible with crowding.

Single severely cavitated upper central with pulpal involvement; surrounding teeth with mild yellow staining; severe upper anterior gingival inflammation with bleeding; lower anterior crowding.

Vitality testing on the cavitated central, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral or extraction with prosthetic planning, scaling for surrounding gingivitis, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Single severely cavitated tooth with pulpal involvement needs endodontic management or extraction; concurrent gingivitis resolves with scaling and biofilm control.

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior.


Upper palatal close view showing intact upper teeth with metal restorations on molars and a single retained root with severe destruction.

Intact upper arch with metal restorations and one retained root remnant.

Extract retained root, restorative review.

Explanation: Retained root needs surgical removal.

Explanation: Retained root dominant finding.


Older patient close view of severely affected dentition with severely yellow-stained worn teeth, multiple missing teeth, broken-down structures, gingival recession, and active necrotic-appearing tissue.

Severely affected adult dentition with multiple acquired tooth losses, severe wear, broken structures, recession, and possible necrotic tissue.

Antibiotic cover, urgent panoramic radiograph, surgical clearance, comprehensive prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Severely affected adult with combined pathology needs urgent management.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss dominant.


Close lateral view of upper anterior tooth being examined by a dental instrument showing what appears to be a healthy-appearing single tooth with mild cervical staining.

Single upper anterior under examination with mild cervical staining; teeth otherwise intact.

Continue examination, polish, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Active clinical examination of cervical area.

Explanation: Mild cervical stain under examination.


Adult close lateral view showing dental work with a tooth being prepared or restored with grey impression material or temporary restoration visible on the upper anterior; remaining teeth with mild yellow staining and pink gingival margins; the procedure appears to be active restorative care in progress.

Active restorative procedure on upper anterior tooth with impression material or temporary restoration; remaining teeth mildly yellow with healthy gingiva.

Continue restorative procedure, final restoration placement, polish, recall to monitor margins.

Explanation: Active restorative care in progress for upper anterior; final restoration completes the rehabilitation.

Explanation: Active restorative procedure.


Close pediatric mouth view with cheek retractor showing severely yellow-stained anterior teeth with white-spot lesions and mild gingival inflammation.

Severely yellow pediatric anteriors with white-spot lesions and mild gingival inflammation.

Fluoride varnish for white-spot lesions, scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: White-spot lesions are reversible enamel demineralisation.

Explanation: Pediatric caries with white-spot lesions.


Adult close upper palatal view showing multiple posterior teeth with severely cavitated caries lesions, retained roots, and dark coronal destruction on multiple sites.

Multiple severely cavitated upper posterior teeth with retained roots and dark destruction.

Urgent extraction of retained roots, antibiotic if needed, comprehensive restorative planning.

Explanation: Multiple non-restorable caries with retained roots needs surgical management.

Explanation: Severe combined caries and retained roots.


Older patient close frontal view showing severely affected dentition with severely yellow-stained worn teeth and dark broken-down structures on upper anteriors.

Severely worn yellow upper anteriors with broken-down dark structures.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, occlusal evaluation.

Explanation: Severe wear with broken teeth needs comprehensive rehabilitation.

Explanation: Severe attrition with broken structures.


Pediatric mouth open close view with dental retraction showing single upper anterior tooth with severe cavitated brown coronal destruction extending into pulp; surrounding teeth with mild yellow staining; gingival tissues moderately inflamed adjacent to the cavitated tooth; labelled clinical illustration with the words Early Childhood Caries visible in the image.

Single severely cavitated upper primary anterior tooth with pulpal involvement; surrounding teeth less affected; moderate gingival inflammation adjacent; labelled as early childhood caries case.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, restore or extract depending on viability, fluoride therapy, parental counselling on dietary habits, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Early childhood caries pattern with pulpal involvement on single primary tooth requires immediate operative or surgical management with aggressive prevention.

Explanation: Labelled early childhood caries case.


Right lateral close view showing severely affected upper anterior tooth with brown cavitated destruction and possible pulpal exposure; adjacent teeth less affected.

Severely cavitated upper anterior tooth with possible pulpal exposure.

Explanation: Severe cavitation with pulpal involvement.

Explanation: Severe cavitated anterior tooth.


Adult close lateral close view showing severely yellow-stained mandibular dentition with severe wear on incisal edges and multiple broken-down anterior teeth.

Severely worn yellow mandibular dentition with multiple broken-down anteriors.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning.

Explanation: Severe wear with combined pathology needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severe attrition with broken teeth.


Older patient close view of severely worn yellow-stained teeth with severely affected dentition; mouth partially closed with mask visible below.

Severely worn yellow teeth in older patient with combined wear pathology.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult dentition needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severe age-related wear.


Close lateral close view of upper anterior teeth at the cervical region showing two mild dark cervical spots on adjacent teeth that may indicate early caries; teeth structurally intact with mild yellow tint; gingival margins pink with localised mild redness adjacent to the spots; this appears to be a labelled clinical illustration with annotation in the image margin.

Two small dark cervical spots on adjacent upper anterior teeth suggesting incipient caries; teeth structurally intact; mild localised marginal gingival redness adjacent.

Probe lesions to differentiate cavitated from non-cavitated, fluoride varnish for incipient lesions, polish, scaling, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall to monitor lesion progression.

Explanation: Small cervical lesions on adjacent teeth may represent the early stage of caries that responds to fluoride remineralisation before cavitation occurs; close monitoring with biofilm control prevents progression.

Explanation: Small cervical lesions may be incipient caries.


Adult close frontal view of mandibular dentition showing severely worn yellow lower anteriors with broken-down structures and severe gingival recession.

Severely worn yellow lower anteriors with broken structures and severe recession.

Periodontal therapy, restorative planning, occlusal evaluation.

Explanation: Severe combined wear and periodontal disease.

Explanation: Severe combined wear and periodontitis.


Close pediatric mouth view showing single yellow-stained molar tooth with possible occlusal staining or early caries.

Single yellow pediatric molar with possible occlusal staining or early caries.

Explanation: Pediatric occlusal staining needs differentiation.

Explanation: Pediatric occlusal stain or caries.


Adult close lateral view of mandibular posterior teeth showing severely cavitated molar with deep brown destruction and pulpal exposure; adjacent teeth with mild staining.

Severely cavitated mandibular molar with pulpal exposure; adjacent teeth less affected.

Vitality testing, endodontic referral or extraction.

Explanation: Severe cavitation with pulpal exposure needs urgent care.

Explanation: Severely cavitated molar with pulpal exposure.


Close frontal view of upper anterior teeth with white spot patches of decalcification and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

White-spot decalcification with severe marginal gingival bleeding.

Scaling, fluoride for white spots, hygiene.

Explanation: Combined demineralisation and gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with demineralisation.


Adult close lateral view showing crowded upper anteriors with mild yellow staining and pink gingival margins; teeth aligned with mild crowding.

Crowded upper anteriors with mild yellow stain; gingiva pink.

Explanation: Mild crowding with healthy gingiva.

Explanation: Mild crowding.


Close upper anterior view of single tooth showing severely cavitated upper anterior with brown-grey discoloration extending into the crown; surrounding teeth less affected.

Single severely cavitated upper anterior with grey-brown destruction.

Explanation: Single severely cavitated non-vital tooth.

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior.


Close lateral view of single upper anterior tooth showing severely cavitated cervical caries lesion with brown destruction at the gingival margin and adjacent inflamed bleeding gingival tissue; remaining teeth visible at the edges of the field with mild yellow staining.

Single severely cavitated cervical caries on upper anterior with adjacent inflamed bleeding gingiva; remaining teeth with mild yellow staining.

Excavate and restore cervical caries with composite or glass-ionomer, periapical radiograph if pulpal involvement suspected, scaling for adjacent gingivitis, fluoride application, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Cervical caries with adjacent gingival inflammation reflects combined active disease driven by sustained biofilm at the gingival margin; restoration plus periodontal care resolves both pathologies.

Explanation: Severe cervical caries dominant.


Close upper anterior view with retraction showing intact teeth and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins with bulbous overgrowth.

Intact upper anteriors with severe marginal gingival enlargement and bleeding.

Periodontal referral, scaling, medication review.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement needs biopsy or medication review.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement.


Frontal smile view of intact white teeth with mild yellow tint and pink gingival margins with healthy contour.

Healthy-appearing intact white dentition with mild yellow tint.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Frontal retracted view of intact upper and lower anteriors with severely inflamed bright red bleeding gingival margins and tongue partially visible.

Intact anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis.

Explanation: Severe marginal gingivitis.


Adult close lateral view of mandibular posterior teeth showing intact dentition with mild yellow tint, mild cervical staining, and pink gingival margins with localised mild redness; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned.

Intact mandibular posterior dentition with mild yellow tint and localised mild marginal gingival redness; teeth aligned.

Routine scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall to monitor.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control through brushing and routine scaling.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal redness.


Older patient close view of severely yellow-stained worn dentition with multiple missing teeth and broken-down structures with active bleeding.

Severely affected adult dentition with multiple missing teeth and severe periodontal disease.

Antibiotic cover, urgent comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severe combined pathology needs urgent management.

Explanation: Severe combined pathology.


Pediatric small mouth view showing intact teeth with a small bleeding socket where a tooth has recently exfoliated or been extracted in the lower anterior region; mixed dentition pattern visible.

Recent exfoliation or extraction socket in lower pediatric anterior; mixed dentition.

Monitor socket healing, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Recent tooth loss in mixed dentition; normal exfoliation pattern.

Explanation: Recent socket; could be normal exfoliation.


Pediatric close mouth open view showing irregular crowded upper anterior teeth with multiple missing teeth in the mixed dentition stage.

Pediatric mixed dentition with crowded anteriors and multiple missing teeth.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic referral.

Explanation: Pediatric mixed dentition with crowding and absent teeth.

Explanation: Pediatric missing teeth with crowding.


Adult smile view showing intact upper anterior teeth with one prosthetic crown contrasting with the adjacent natural teeth; remaining teeth aligned with mild yellow shade; gingival margins partially visible appear pink with healthy contour; the prosthetic restoration creates a slightly visible aesthetic mismatch with the natural tooth shade.

Single prosthetic crown on upper anterior with adjacent yellow natural teeth; remaining teeth aligned; gingival contour healthy; minor aesthetic shade mismatch between prosthesis and natural teeth.

Continue maintenance of prosthesis, aesthetic re-evaluation if patient desires shade matching with adjacent teeth via supervised bleaching, scaling and polish, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Existing prosthetic restoration with shade mismatch may benefit from aesthetic bleaching of adjacent natural teeth to achieve closer colour match; the gingival contour around the prosthesis appears healthy indicating well-fitting margins.

Explanation: Existing prosthetic crown.


Pediatric mouth open view showing irregular spaced lower anterior teeth with apparent missing teeth and mild gingival inflammation.

Pediatric lower anteriors with spacing and possible missing tooth.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric review.

Explanation: Pediatric spacing may be hypodontia or normal mixed dentition.

Explanation: Pediatric mixed dentition with spacing.


Pediatric mouth open view showing mostly intact upper anterior teeth with small lower anteriors visible and a tongue retraction in the field of view.

Mostly intact pediatric dentition with mixed eruption pattern.

Paediatric dental review, monitor eruption.

Explanation: Mostly healthy pediatric mixed dentition.

Explanation: Mostly healthy pediatric dentition.


Pediatric mouth view showing crowded irregular upper anterior teeth with no obvious missing teeth; lower visible with mild irregular alignment.

Pediatric crowded irregular anteriors without obvious missing teeth.

Explanation: Pediatric crowding more prominent than hypodontia.

Explanation: Pediatric crowding dominant.


Adult close lateral view showing severely affected dentition with implant healing abutments in the anterior position with severely yellow-stained worn lower anteriors visible below; the abutments appear to be supporting a planned prosthetic restoration of previously missing upper anterior teeth.

Adult anterior implant healing abutments for prosthetic restoration with severely worn yellow lower anteriors visible; acquired upper anterior tooth loss being restored.

Continue implant healing protocol, plan prosthetic loading at appropriate timeline, address concurrent wear on lower anteriors with restorative or occlusal management, scaling, six-month recall during healing phase.

Explanation: Recent anterior implant placement indicates acquired tooth loss being restored; concurrent wear on lower anteriors may benefit from occlusal therapy alongside the implant rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss being restored with implants.


Adult close lateral view of mandibular posterior teeth showing intact dentition with mild yellow shade and pink gingival margins.

Intact mandibular posterior dentition with mild yellow tint.

Explanation: Largely healthy presentation.

Explanation: Healthy mandibular dentition.


Adult close frontal view of single upper anterior with severely cavitated brown coronal destruction and exposed pulpal core; surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining.

Single severely cavitated upper anterior with pulpal exposure; remaining teeth less affected.

Explanation: Severe single-tooth cavitation with pulpal exposure.

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior.


Pediatric mouth open view showing small upper teeth with one tooth missing or absent; visible bleeding socket where the tooth would be.

Pediatric upper anterior tooth space with bleeding socket suggesting recent exfoliation.

Monitor healing, paediatric dental review.

Explanation: Recent exfoliation more likely than congenital hypodontia.

Explanation: Recent exfoliation socket.


Pediatric mouth close view showing irregular small teeth with apparent missing teeth in the upper anterior region; mixed dentition pattern with spaced teeth and limited field of view from the close magnification.

Pediatric mixed dentition with apparent missing upper anterior teeth and spacing; limited field of view due to close magnification.

Panoramic radiograph for comprehensive tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic referral, recapture image with wider field of view for better assessment.

Explanation: Pediatric mixed-dentition spacing may reflect hypodontia or normal transition; radiographic imaging clarifies the aetiology before any intervention planning.

Explanation: Limited image of pediatric mixed dentition.


Adult close anterior view showing four implant healing abutments in upper anterior position with severely affected gingival tissues and yellow-stained lower anteriors visible below; combined implant rehabilitation and severe lower dentition wear.

Four upper anterior implant healing abutments with severely affected gingiva; lower anteriors yellow-worn.

Continue implant healing, address lower wear.

Explanation: Adult acquired loss being restored with combined wear pathology.

Explanation: Implant rehabilitation in progress.


Adult close view of severely yellow-stained crowded upper anterior teeth with mild gingival inflammation and visible cervical staining.

Severely yellow crowded upper anteriors with mild gingivitis and cervical staining.

Scaling, orthodontic consult, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Severe crowding with stain.

Explanation: Crowding dominant.


Close pediatric mouth view showing small lower anterior teeth and a single missing tooth space; the mucosa is partially visible.

Pediatric lower anterior missing tooth space with surrounding small teeth.

Explanation: Pediatric mixed-dentition gap.

Explanation: Pediatric anterior space.


Pediatric small mouth view showing irregular small teeth with apparent missing teeth in the lower anterior region; the small field of view limits assessment of the complete dentition; mixed dentition pattern partially visible.

Pediatric lower anterior missing teeth with mixed dentition pattern; limited field of view.

Recapture image with wider field of view, panoramic radiograph, paediatric dental review for comprehensive assessment.

Explanation: Limited image of pediatric mixed dentition; imaging needed for confident diagnosis of hypodontia versus delayed eruption.

Explanation: Limited image.


Pediatric small mouth open close view showing intact small lower anterior teeth with a small alveolar bleeding spot.

Pediatric mouth with small lower anteriors and minor alveolar bleeding spot.

Explanation: Minor mucosal injury likely.

Explanation: Limited pediatric image.


Pediatric small mouth close view showing irregular crowded lower anterior teeth.

Pediatric crowded irregular lower anteriors.

Explanation: Pediatric crowding.

Explanation: Pediatric crowding.


Adult close view of upper anterior dentition with prosthetic restorations on multiple anterior teeth showing gold-coloured frameworks and porcelain crowns; gingival recession exposing implant or abutment surfaces; severely affected gingiva.

Adult anterior prosthetic restorations with gold framework and crowns; recession exposing abutment surfaces; severe gingival inflammation.

Periodontal therapy around prostheses, evaluate margin integrity.

Explanation: Existing prosthetic restoration with severe peri-implant or peri-restorative gingivitis.

Explanation: Existing prosthetic restoration.


Red-filtered close pediatric mouth view showing irregular yellow-stained teeth with possible missing teeth and severely affected gingival tissues; the heavy red filter limits accurate assessment of soft tissues and tooth shade and details.

Pediatric irregular yellow-stained teeth with possible missing teeth and gingival inflammation; filter limits detail.

Recapture image with neutral lighting, paediatric urgent dental review, panoramic radiograph for comprehensive assessment.

Explanation: Filter limits assessment; severely affected pediatric mouth needs comprehensive evaluation regardless.

Explanation: Filter limits but severe pathology evident.


Close pediatric mouth view showing a small bleeding socket in upper anterior region with adjacent intact small teeth.

Recent exfoliation socket in pediatric upper anterior with adjacent intact teeth.

Explanation: Recent exfoliation likely.

Explanation: Recent exfoliation socket.


Pediatric small mouth close view showing irregular small teeth with mixed dentition; limited field of view.

Pediatric mixed dentition with limited field of view.

Explanation: Limited pediatric image.

Explanation: Limited image.


Adult close view of severely worn yellow-stained dentition with multiple missing teeth, broken-down structures, and severe gingival recession; combined acquired loss and wear pathology.

Severely affected adult dentition with multi-tooth loss, broken structures, and recession.

Antibiotic cover, panoramic radiograph, urgent comprehensive care.

Explanation: Severely affected adult with combined pathology.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Adult smile close view showing intact upper anterior teeth with mostly normal-shade teeth and pink gingival margins; teeth aligned and structurally intact; mild yellow tint visible on cervical areas; the smile is unforced and natural.

Intact white upper anterior dentition with mild cervical yellow tint and pink gingival margins.

Routine professional polishing, dietary counselling on stain-causing beverages, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall to maintain.

Explanation: Largely healthy adult dentition with mild age-related tint and minor extrinsic cervical staining responds to routine professional cleaning.

Explanation: Largely healthy adult dentition.


Red-filtered close view of single severely darkened anterior tooth contrasted against adjacent yellow-stained teeth; heavy red filter limits detail assessment.

Single severely darkened anterior tooth with adjacent yellow teeth under red filter.

Vitality testing, recapture with neutral lighting.

Explanation: Single non-vital tooth likely.

Explanation: Filter limits but single non-vital tooth evident.


Adult close lateral view of single upper anterior tooth showing translucent grey discoloration adjacent to normal-shade teeth.

Single grey-translucent upper anterior contrasted with adjacent normal teeth.

Explanation: Single non-vital tooth presentation.

Explanation: Classic single non-vital tooth.


Close older patient view showing severely worn yellow-stained edentulous-appearing dentition with multiple missing teeth and broken-down remaining structures; the patient is wearing a face mask.

Severely worn yellow dentition with multiple missing teeth and broken structures in older patient.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning.

Explanation: Severely affected older adult dentition needs comprehensive rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Close adult upper anterior smile view showing intact aligned teeth with mostly normal white shade and a labelled clinical illustration with annotation in the image margin indicating figure caption; gingival margins partially visible appear pink with healthy contour; this appears to be a referenced clinical example image.

Intact aligned upper anteriors with normal white shade in a labelled clinical illustration; gingival contour healthy.

Routine maintenance, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires further whitening, six-month recall.

Explanation: Largely healthy aesthetic presentation with mild age-related shade; bleaching may further improve appearance.

Explanation: Largely healthy aesthetic case.


Older adult close view of severely affected dentition with gold prosthetic teeth, severely yellow-stained worn teeth with severe attrition, and severely affected gingival tissues.

Severely affected adult dentition with gold prosthetics, severe wear and combined pathology.

Comprehensive prosthodontic planning, occlusal evaluation.

Severe combined pathology with prosthetic restorations.

Explanation: Attrition/Wear

Explanation: Severe wear with prosthetics.


Adult close lateral view showing comprehensive prosthodontic crown restoration on multiple upper anterior teeth with gold framework visible; remaining teeth intact.

Adult comprehensive prosthodontic restoration with gold framework on anteriors.

Maintain prosthesis, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Existing prosthetic restoration in place.

Explanation: Fillings/Restorations

Explanation: Existing prosthetic crowns dominant.


Adult close lateral view of upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and mild calculus deposits along the gingival margins.

Mild yellow cervical staining and calculus on adult anteriors; gingiva mostly pink.

Scaling, polishing, hygiene reinforcement.

Mild cervical calculus responds to scaling.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus.


Adult frontal close view of full mouth prosthetic restoration with multiple crowns or veneers on upper and lower anteriors; gingival recession visible on upper anteriors exposing root surfaces; mild marginal redness adjacent to prosthetic margins.

Full mouth prosthetic restoration with multiple crowns or veneers on adult dentition; mild gingival recession and marginal redness at prosthetic margins.

Evaluate prosthetic margins, scaling around prostheses, fluoride to exposed root surfaces, six-month recall for prosthetic and periodontal monitoring.

Existing comprehensive prosthetic restoration requires ongoing margin maintenance and gingival health monitoring to detect any peri-prosthetic complications early.

Explanation: Fillings/Restorations

Explanation: Comprehensive prosthetic restoration.


Lower lingual close view of intact mandibular anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lingual mandibular anteriors with mild cervical staining.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Mild lingual stain.


Adult side-by-side before/after frontal view of intact anterior teeth with bleeding gingival margins in both panels showing severely inflamed gingiva.

Severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins in before/after pediatric/adult anterior view.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Severe plaque-induced gingivitis with bleeding.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Lower lingual close view of mandibular anteriors with mild yellow cervical calculus and pink gingival margins.

Mild lingual cervical calculus on mandibular anteriors.

Scaling and polishing, lingual brushing reinforcement.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Mild lingual calculus.


Adult close right lateral view showing severely affected dentition with heavy black-brown cervical calculus deposits on upper molar, severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues with active bleeding visible, and adjacent dentition with mild staining; combined severe periodontal and calculus pathology.

Severe black-brown cervical calculus on upper molar with adjacent severe marginal gingival bleeding; combined severe periodontal pathology.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, periodontal probing for pocketing assessment, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall for re-evaluation of gingival response.

Severe localised calculus with surrounding severe gingivitis indicates active periodontal disease requiring targeted scaling combined with sustained biofilm control and chemical adjunct therapy.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Severe calculus with gingivitis.


Close upper anterior view of single tooth with severe black-brown granular cervical calculus accretion and adjacent inflamed gingival tissue.

Severe localised black-brown cervical calculus on single upper anterior with adjacent inflamed gingiva.

Localised scaling, full mouth scaling, hygiene.

Severe localised calculus needs targeted scaling.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Severe localised calculus.


Adult close frontal view of severely affected dentition with heavy brown cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

Severely affected dentition with heavy cervical calculus and severe gingival bleeding.

Combined severe calculus and gingivitis.

Explanation: Periodontitis

Explanation: Recession with severe calculus may indicate periodontitis.


Older patient close view showing severely affected dentition with multiple missing teeth, gold prosthetic restorations, severely yellow-stained worn remaining teeth, and severely affected gingival tissues.

Severely affected older adult dentition with multi-tooth loss, prosthetics, severe wear and gingivitis.

Comprehensive prosthodontic and periodontal planning.

Severely affected adult with combined pathology.

Explanation: Missing teeth

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Frontal close view of intact upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining, mild gingival recession on upper anteriors, slight wear on incisal edges, and pink gingival margins with localised mild redness; teeth aligned and structurally intact overall.

Intact anteriors with mild cervical staining and slight wear; mild upper anterior recession and localised mild marginal redness; teeth aligned and structurally intact.

Routine scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement to address mild recession, occlusal evaluation for slight wear, six-month recall to monitor for progression.

Mild combined cervical staining, recession, and wear suggests early periodontal and parafunctional changes; biofilm control plus technique modification halts progression.

Explanation: Dental calculus

Explanation: Mild combined findings.


Adult close lateral close view of severely affected mandibular dentition with severe wear on lower anteriors, severe gingival recession, and combined pathology.

Severely worn mandibular anteriors with severe gingival recession; combined wear and periodontal pathology.

Explanation: Periodontitis

Explanation: Severe wear with recession.


Adult close pediatric/older patient view showing severely affected dentition with multiple cavitated brown carious lesions, gold prosthetic crown, severely worn teeth, and inflamed gingival tissues.

Severely affected dentition with multiple cavitated lesions, gold prosthetic crown, and severe wear.

Antibiotic if needed, extract non-restorable, comprehensive planning.

Severe combined pathology in advanced adult dentition.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Multiple cavitated lesions.


Lower anterior close view of crowded yellow-stained lower anteriors with mild gingival recession and mild marginal redness; teeth aligned with mild crowding.

Crowded yellow lower anteriors with mild recession and mild marginal redness.

Scaling, orthodontic consult, brushing reinforcement.

Mild crowding with mild recession needs combined care.

Explanation: class 1 malocclusion

Explanation: Mild crowding dominant.


Pediatric close mouth view showing severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with brown coronal destruction extending into pulp on multiple teeth; surrounding gingival tissues mildly inflamed adjacent to active disease; clinical illustration with annotation visible.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with brown coronal destruction and possible pulpal exposure on several teeth; mild gingival inflammation adjacent to active disease.

Pediatric urgent dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, restorations or pulpotomy on salvageable teeth, parental counselling on dietary and bottle-feeding habits, fluoride therapy, three-monthly recall for caries activity monitoring.

Severe early childhood caries pattern with pulpal involvement on multiple primary teeth requires immediate surgical and restorative management combined with aggressive prevention to preserve the developing permanent dentition.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries pattern.


Upper palatal mirror view of intact upper teeth showing posterior molars with mild cervical staining and a small dark spot on one tooth suggesting possible caries.

Intact upper arch with mild staining and small dark spot suggesting possible occlusal caries.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Small possible occlusal lesion.


Close mouth view showing only pink tongue surface with limited dentition visible at the edges; possible caries lesions visible in narrow field.

Pink tongue with limited tooth visibility; possible caries at edge of field.

Recapture image with proper retraction and lighting.

Explanation: Other visible abnormality

Explanation: Image limited; tongue dominates field.


Upper occlusal mirror view of severely affected dentition with multiple severely cavitated molars with deep dark coronal destruction and dental work visible.

Multiple severely cavitated upper molars with dark destruction and existing restorations.

Vitality testing, comprehensive restorative planning.

Multiple severely cavitated teeth need comprehensive care.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Multiple cavitated molars.


Lower lingual close view showing mandibular posterior tooth with mild yellow cervical staining and a single tooth with cervical caries lesion; gingival margins pink with healthy contour overall; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned.

Mandibular posterior with mild cervical staining and single cervical caries lesion on a tooth; gingival contour healthy.

Excavate and restore cervical caries with composite or glass-ionomer, scaling for staining, fluoride application, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall to monitor.

Cervical caries on lingual aspect needs restoration to halt dentinal progression; surrounding cervical staining responds to professional polish with sustained biofilm control preventing recurrence.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Cervical lingual caries.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth with severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins and bulbous overgrowth surrounding the teeth.

Severe gingival enlargement with bulbous bleeding contour.

Periodontal referral, scaling, medication review.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Pediatric close mouth view showing severely affected upper anterior teeth with multiple cavitated brown carious lesions and severely inflamed gingival tissues; combined severe ECC and gingivitis.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation; combined ECC and gingivitis.

Pediatric urgent dental review, restorations, hygiene.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severe ECC dominant.


Adult close lateral view showing severely affected dentition with single severely cavitated upper anterior tooth with brown coronal destruction; surrounding teeth less affected.

Single severely cavitated upper anterior with brown destruction.

Vitality testing, endodontic or extraction decision.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior.


Close lateral pediatric mouth view of severely affected dentition with single severely darkened anterior tooth with brown-black destruction and pulpal exposure; surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining; gingival tissue mildly inflamed adjacent to active disease.

Single severely darkened pediatric anterior tooth with brown destruction and possible pulpal exposure; surrounding teeth less affected with mild yellow staining; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Pediatric urgent dental review, vitality testing, restorative or extraction decision based on tooth viability, fluoride for surrounding teeth, parental counselling on caries prevention, three-monthly recall.

Single severely darkened pediatric tooth typically reflects pulpal necrosis from trauma or advanced caries; combined surgical or restorative management plus aggressive prevention preserves the surrounding developing dentition.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severely cavitated single primary tooth.


Adult close frontal view of intact lower anterior teeth with mild yellow tint and severely inflamed bleeding gingival margins.

Intact anteriors with severe marginal gingival bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with bleeding.


Adult close lateral view of dentition showing severely worn yellow-stained crowded upper anteriors with severely inflamed gingival tissues with bulbous overgrowth; combined severe crowding and gingivitis.

Severely yellow-stained crowded upper anteriors with severe gingival enlargement.

Periodontal referral, scaling, orthodontic consult, hygiene.

Crowding with severe gingival enlargement.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with crowding.


Adult close lateral view of severely worn yellow-stained dentition with broken-down teeth, severe gingival recession, and visible necrotic-appearing tissue; combined severe wear and periodontal pathology.

Severely worn yellow dentition with broken teeth, severe recession, and possible necrotic tissue.

Antibiotic if needed, comprehensive periodontal and restorative planning.

Explanation: Periodontitis

Explanation: Severe periodontitis with wear.


Older patient close view of severely affected adult dentition with severe yellow-orange staining, severe coronal destruction on multiple upper anteriors, broken-down structures with active necrotic tissue, severe gingival recession, and adjacent areas of staining and dark discoloration; combined severe acquired pathology with advanced disease state.

Severely affected adult dentition with severe staining, broken structures, recession, necrotic tissue, and severe combined caries and periodontal pathology in advanced state.

Antibiotic cover, urgent comprehensive dental review, surgical clearance of non-restorable structures, periodontal therapy, comprehensive prosthodontic planning, recall every two weeks during treatment phase.

Severely affected adult dentition with combined active caries, periodontal disease, and possible odontogenic infection requires urgent surgical clearance before any rehabilitation can proceed safely.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severe combined pathology with infection.


Adult close lateral view showing single severely darkened black-cavitated upper anterior tooth contrasted with adjacent intact teeth with mild yellow tint.

Single severely darkened cavitated upper anterior with adjacent intact teeth.

Vitality testing, endodontic referral or extraction.

Severe single-tooth cavitation with necrotic appearance.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severely cavitated single anterior.


Pediatric small mouth close view showing tongue partially visible with only a few small teeth visible at the edge of the field; severely cavitated teeth visible.

Small pediatric mouth with limited field showing severely cavitated teeth.

Pediatric urgent dental review, recapture image.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Limited pediatric image.


Adult close upper view of severely cavitated multiple upper anterior teeth with metal restorations and complete coronal destruction on multiple anteriors; severely affected dentition.

Multiple severely cavitated and broken upper anteriors with retained roots and metal restorations.

Antibiotic cover, urgent extraction of root remnants, comprehensive prosthodontic planning.

Multiple non-restorable teeth need surgical management.

Explanation: Dental caries


Close lateral view of adult mandibular posterior teeth showing single intact molar with adjacent tooth visible; the tongue is partially visible in the field and there is mild gingival inflammation visible at the gingival margin of the molar; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned.

Single intact mandibular molar with adjacent tooth visible; mild marginal gingival inflammation; tongue visible; limited field of view.

Routine scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, brushing technique demonstration, six-month recall to monitor mild marginal gingival response.

Limited field of view shows mostly healthy adult dentition with localised mild marginal inflammation responding to routine biofilm control through brushing and professional polish.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Limited image of healthy adult posterior.


Lower lingual close view of intact mandibular anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins.

Intact lingual mandibular anteriors with mild cervical staining.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Healthy mandibular dentition.


Adult upper full arch retracted view showing intact upper arch with severely inflamed bright red bleeding gingival tissues across the entire arch.

Intact upper arch with severe diffuse marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Severe plaque-induced gingivitis across the entire arch.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe diffuse gingivitis.


Adult close lateral view of severely affected adult dentition with severely cavitated lower anterior teeth showing brown destruction, retained roots, mild gingival recession, and yellow stained worn remaining teeth.

Severely cavitated lower anteriors with retained roots, mild recession, and yellow staining.

Extract retained roots, antibiotic cover, comprehensive prosthodontic planning.

Severe acquired multi-tooth destruction.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severe non-restorable caries with retained roots.


Adult close frontal view of mandibular anteriors with severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues, mild crowding of lower incisors, mild yellow cervical staining, and bleeding-prone marginal contour; teeth structurally intact and well-aligned.

Mandibular anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding; mild crowding; mild yellow cervical staining; teeth intact.

Multi-session ultrasonic scaling, periodontal probing assessment for pocketing, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, hygiene reinforcement with emphasis on interdental cleaning of the crowded segment, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation of gingival response.

Severe plaque-induced gingivitis with concurrent crowding indicates active periodontal disease driven by sustained biofilm at the gingival margin combined with plaque retention at interdental contacts; combined scaling and orthodontic correction addresses both factors.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with crowding.


Pediatric mouth close view showing irregular small teeth with apparent missing upper anterior teeth in mixed dentition.

Pediatric mixed dentition with missing upper anterior teeth.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic review.

Explanation: Hypodontia

Explanation: Multiple anterior absences.


Red-filtered close pediatric mouth view showing apparent missing teeth with very limited detail due to heavy red filter and challenging lighting; severely affected pediatric mouth.

Pediatric mouth with missing teeth against red filter; assessment limited.

Recapture with neutral lighting, paediatric review.

Filter and lighting prevent confident assessment.

Explanation: Hypodontia

Explanation: Filter limits assessment.


Adult close view showing severely affected dentition with multiple missing teeth, severe wear, broken-down structures, and severely affected gingival tissues with active bleeding.

Severely affected adult dentition with multi-tooth loss, severe wear, and bleeding gingiva.

Antibiotic cover, comprehensive prosthodontic planning.

Severe acquired multi-tooth loss with active periodontitis.

Explanation: Missing teeth

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss.


Close lateral view of adult mandibular posterior teeth showing severely yellow-stained worn teeth with broken structure on one tooth, mild gingival recession, mild cervical staining, and adjacent teeth with mild yellow tint; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned.

Severely worn mandibular posteriors with single broken tooth, mild recession, and mild cervical staining.

Restorative evaluation of broken tooth, scaling, occlusal evaluation, fluoride to exposed surfaces, six-month recall.

Severe combined wear with single broken tooth needs occlusal management alongside restorative care of the broken structure.

Explanation: Attrition/Wear

Explanation: Severe wear with broken tooth.


Adult close lateral view of single tooth with severely cavitated brown coronal destruction adjacent to intact teeth; gingival recession visible.

Single severely cavitated tooth with brown destruction and adjacent recession.

Vitality testing, endodontic or extraction decision.

Severe single-tooth cavitation needs vitality assessment.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severely cavitated single tooth.


Adult frontal close view of intact teeth with severely inflamed bleeding gingival tissues with active bleeding and rolled bulbous gingival contour.

Intact dentition with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominant.


Adult close lateral view of severely worn mandibular anteriors with severe wear on incisal edges, mild yellow staining, and mild marginal gingival redness.

Severely worn mandibular anteriors with mild yellow staining and mild marginal gingival redness.

Occlusal evaluation, restorative planning, scaling.

Severe attrition with possible parafunctional bruxism.

Explanation: Attrition/Wear

Explanation: Severe attrition.


Adult frontal smile close view of intact upper and lower anterior teeth with white shade and pink gingival margins; teeth aligned and well-shaped with healthy appearance; the smile is natural and unforced.

Healthy intact white upper and lower anteriors with pink gingival margins; teeth well-aligned and aesthetically pleasing.

Maintain current oral hygiene practices, professional polish at next recall, supervised bleaching consultation if patient desires further whitening, six-month recall.

Largely healthy adult dentition with normal age-related shade; routine maintenance and professional polish preserve the current aesthetic state.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Adult close lateral view of intact white teeth with mild yellow shade and pink gingival margins.

Intact white teeth with mild yellow shade.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Adult close lateral view of intact upper and lower posterior teeth with mild yellow tint and healthy-appearing gingival margins.

Intact lateral posterior dentition with mild yellow tint and healthy gingiva.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition.


Adult close frontal view of upper anterior smile with mild yellow tint and shadowed lighting; teeth aligned and intact.

Intact upper anteriors with mild yellow tint; lighting limits assessment.

Healthy presentation with limited lighting.

Explanation: healthy

Explanation: Healthy adult dentition with limited lighting.


Adult close lateral view of single upper anterior tooth showing severe cervical brown caries lesion at the gingival margin and adjacent teeth with mild yellow tint and healthy gingival margins; teeth structurally intact otherwise.

Single severe cervical caries lesion on upper anterior with intact adjacent teeth and healthy gingiva.

Excavate and restore cervical caries with composite or glass-ionomer, fluoride application, brushing technique reinforcement.

Cervical caries on a single tooth needs restoration to halt dentinal progression and prevent pulpal involvement.

Explanation: Dental caries

Explanation: Severe single cervical caries.


Adult close lateral view of upper anteriors with severe brown vertical streak staining and pink gingival margins.

Severe brown vertical streak staining on upper anteriors.

Vertical streak stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Discoloration/Staining

Explanation: Severe banded stain.


Adult close frontal view of severely yellow-stained teeth with severely affected gingiva.

Severely yellow-stained adult dentition with severely affected gingiva.

Combined heavy staining and severe gingivitis.

Explanation: Gingivitis

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with stain.


Adult close lateral view of severely yellow-stained mandibular anteriors with mild gingival recession and intact tooth structure.

Severely yellow mandibular anteriors with mild recession; teeth intact.

Explanation: Discoloration/Staining

Explanation: Severe yellow shade.


Adult smile close view of severely yellow-stained crowded teeth with chipped incisal edges and mild gingival recession.

Severely yellow crowded adult teeth with chipped edges.

Scaling, bleaching consult, occlusal evaluation.

Explanation: Severe stain with wear.

Explanation: Severe yellow stain dominant.


Close adult upper anterior view showing severely bulbous overgrown bleeding gingival tissues nearly covering crowns with brown cervical staining visible behind enlarged gingiva.

Severe gingival enlargement covering upper anterior crowns with brown cervical staining.

Periodontal referral for biopsy, medication review, scaling.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement needs biopsy.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement.


Close upper lateral view of single tooth with very heavy yellow-orange calculus deposit and mild adjacent inflammation.

Heavy yellow calculus on single upper tooth.

Explanation: Severe localised calculus.

Explanation: Severe localised calculus.