Side-by-side macro views of right posterior molars showing yellow-brown deposits at cervical margins and dark fissure staining on occlusal surface.

Yellow-brown supragingival deposits along buccal-cervical margin; dark occlusal fissure staining on molar.

Explanation: Mineralised calculus requires mechanical removal; brushing cannot dissolve it.

Explanation: Supra-gingival deposits visible with occlusal staining.


Right lateral intraoral view of an adolescent showing intact dentition, mild crowding, and visible deposits at the gingival margins.

Cervical yellow-brown calculus along buccal of upper and lower anteriors; gingiva pink with mild marginal redness.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Marginal plaque mineralises into calculus that mechanical scaling efficiently removes.

Explanation: Cervical deposits without significant inflammation.


Lower lingual mirror view showing heavy yellow-brown deposits across lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth.

Heavy supragingival calculus on lingual aspect of lower anteriors; gingival margins appear inflamed adjacent to deposits.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, polish, oral hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Heavy lingual calculus retains biofilm and irritates the gingival margin, perpetuating inflammation.

Explanation: Heavy lingual supra-gingival deposit on lower anteriors.


Right buccal retracted view of mandibular posterior teeth. Visible dark brown cavitated lesion on the occlusal-buccal surface of a molar with surrounding yellow discoloration.

Cavitated brown carious lesion on the occlusal-buccal surface of a mandibular molar with adjacent cervical staining; remaining posteriors appear intact but with mild occlusal staining.

Excavate and restore the carious molar lesion, evaluate adjacent occlusal surfaces for early caries, apply topical fluoride, reinforce brushing and flossing technique, recall in two weeks to confirm restoration integrity.

Explanation: Cavitated dentinal caries needs prompt operative intervention to halt progression toward the pulp; surrounding stained pits warrant sealant or preventive resin restoration to prevent additional cavitation in the same dentition zone.

Explanation: Cavitated occlusal lesion clearly visible on molar.


Frontal view of advanced dentition destruction with multiple broken-down crowns and dark cavitated lesions across the anterior teeth.

Multiple cavitated lesions, broken crowns, retained roots, heavy generalised staining.

Extract non-restorable roots, plan prosthetic rehabilitation, scaling.

Explanation: Extensive cavitation with non-restorable structure requires staged surgical and prosthetic care.

Explanation: Multiple non-restorable carious teeth and root remnants.


Lower right occlusal close view showing intact mandibular molars and premolars with a dark fissure lesion on the central molar.

Brown cavitated fissure caries on the occlusal of a mandibular molar; adjacent teeth intact with mild occlusal staining.

Excavate the carious molar and restore with composite, seal adjacent stained pits.

Explanation: Cavitated fissure caries needs restoration to halt progression; sealants protect at-risk neighbours.

Explanation: Clear cavitated fissure lesion on molar.


Frontal view of severely swollen, bright-red gingival tissues nearly covering the lower anterior crowns with yellow-stained teeth visible behind.

Generalised gingival enlargement with bright erythema; heavy cervical staining; gingival overgrowth approaching incisal third of lower anteriors.

Full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, oral hygiene reinforcement, periodontal review in two weeks.

Explanation: Long-standing plaque has driven severe inflammation and enlargement that resolves with biofilm removal and hygiene.

Explanation: Marked gingival overgrowth and erythema.


Close frontal view of mandibular anterior teeth showing inflamed, bright-red, swollen marginal gingivae with active bleeding at the gum line; cervical yellow-brown calculus visible along the gingival margin.

Generalised marginal erythema with spontaneous bleeding around the mandibular anteriors; heavy supragingival calculus and plaque deposits at the cervical margins; gingival contour rolled and bulbous rather than knife-edge.

Perform full mouth ultrasonic scaling with focus on cervical calculus removal, prescribe chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash for two weeks, demonstrate gentle margin brushing technique, apply professional polish, and recall in two weeks to confirm gingival response.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis driven by accumulated supragingival calculus harbouring biofilm that mechanical scaling and chemical adjuncts can resolve; untreated marginal inflammation may progress to periodontitis with attachment loss as biofilm migrates subgingivally and recruits more pathogenic flora.

Explanation: Marked marginal redness with bleeding and visible calculus.


Left lateral intraoral view showing intact upper arch with slight crowding of premolars and pink gingiva with mild marginal pallor.

Slight upper premolar crowding; gingiva broadly healthy with mild marginal redness.

Scaling and oral hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild marginal inflammation resolves with biofilm removal and brushing reinforcement.

Explanation: Borderline; could also be class 1 malocclusion with healthy gingiva.


Frontal smile view (orange cast) of permanent dentition showing apparent gaps in the upper anterior region where one or more incisors appear absent.

Spaces between upper anteriors suggestive of missing/absent lateral incisors; central incisors and canines present.

Orthodontic and prosthodontic consultation for space management; assess for prosthetic replacement.

Explanation: Congenital absence of lateral incisors leaves spaces best managed with combined orthodontic and prosthodontic care.

Explanation: Anterior gaps consistent with absent laterals.


Pediatric mouth-open lower view showing mixed dentition with a visible gap in the upper anterior region where a permanent tooth has not erupted; lower anteriors present.

Upper anterior gap consistent with absent or unerupted permanent incisor; lower anteriors aligned with mild crowding.

Radiographic confirmation of tooth bud presence, monitor eruption pattern, orthodontic review.

Explanation: A missing upper anterior in mixed dentition can be delayed eruption or congenital absence.

Explanation: Upper anterior gap in mixed-dentition photo.


Pediatric open-mouth frontal view showing the upper arch with visible irregular spacing and a missing tooth space in the upper anterior region; lower arch with mixed dentition partially visible.

Upper anterior dentition with a clear gap consistent with missing or unerupted incisor; mild spacing across remaining anteriors; soft tissues unremarkable; lower dentition shows mixed eruption typical for age.

Take a panoramic radiograph to confirm unerupted tooth buds, refer to an orthodontic specialist, monitor eruption six-monthly, discuss space maintenance options.

Explanation: Apparent missing anterior teeth in pediatric mixed dentition can reflect delayed eruption, ectopic eruption, or true congenital agenesis; accurate diagnosis requires radiographic confirmation as treatment differs between waiting for eruption and planning lifelong space management.

Explanation: Upper anterior gap with no visible erupted tooth in position.


Close lateral view of two adjacent posterior teeth with the more posterior tooth showing severe grey-black discoloration while the adjacent tooth retains a normal yellow-white shade.

Severe grey-black discoloration of one posterior tooth contrasted with normal neighbour; adjacent gingiva mildly inflamed.

Vitality testing, radiograph, endodontic consult if non-vital.

Explanation: Localised grey discoloration suggests non-vitality or extensive restoration; vitality testing guides care.

Explanation: Single-tooth grey discoloration suggests non-vitality.


Close view of upper anterior teeth showing translucent enamel with mild yellowing at the cervical thirds and faint extrinsic staining at the gingival margins.

Mild cervical yellow extrinsic stain on upper anteriors; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned.

Professional polish, oral hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild extrinsic cervical stain is plaque- or diet-driven and responds well to polishing and brushing technique.

Explanation: Mild extrinsic cervical stain.


Frontal smile view showing aligned upper and lower anteriors with one centrally placed upper anterior tooth markedly darker (greyish-brown) than the adjacent teeth.

Single upper anterior with severe grey-brown discoloration; surrounding teeth normal shade; mild cervical staining on lower anteriors.

Vitality testing on the dark central, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral if non-vital.

Explanation: Single-tooth grey discoloration typically indicates pulpal necrosis needing endodontic management.

Explanation: Discrete dark anterior tooth suggests non-vitality.


Frontal upper anterior view showing intact dentition heavily coated with thick yellow plaque and calculus deposits across all visible teeth; gingiva bright red with significant swelling at the marginal areas.

Heavy yellow plaque and calculus coating the facial surfaces of upper anteriors; gingival margins markedly inflamed with bright erythema and bulbous contour; deposits continuous from gingival margin onto incisal third.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling in multiple sessions, prescribe chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse twice daily for two weeks, demonstrate proper brushing technique, apply professional polish, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Heavy supragingival calculus has provided a sustained biofilm reservoir driving severe marginal inflammation; mechanical removal is the only effective intervention since neither brushing nor chemical agents can dissolve mineralised deposits.

Explanation: Heavy calculus across all anterior teeth with severe gingival inflammation.


Frontal close view of mandibular anterior teeth showing brown staining and visible deposits along the cervical and labial surfaces.

Brown calculus deposits on labial of lower anteriors; mild gingival redness at margins.

Ultrasonic scaling, polish, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Mineralised cervical calculus needs scaling; brushing alone cannot remove it.

Explanation: Brown labial calculus on lower anteriors.


Lower lingual mirror view showing intact mandibular anteriors with mild yellow-brown discoloration at the cervical margins.

Mild yellow cervical calculus on lingual aspect of lower anteriors; gingiva pink and healthy.

Scaling and polishing, six-month recall, brushing reinforcement.

Explanation: Mild lingual calculus is common; scaling clears it readily.

Explanation: Mild lingual cervical deposits.


Close frontal view of severely destroyed upper anterior teeth showing multiple broken-down dark stumps and gross cavitation.

Multiple cavitated, blackened crowns with broken structure on upper anteriors; surrounding gingiva inflamed.

Extract non-restorable stumps, plan prosthetic rehabilitation, scaling.

Explanation: Non-restorable carious destruction requires extraction prior to staged prosthodontic replacement.

Explanation: Multiple non-restorable carious anterior teeth.


Close view of a pediatric upper arch showing severe cavitation across multiple anterior teeth with broken-down brown structure and exposed dentinal cores characteristic of advanced early childhood caries.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with extensive coronal destruction; remaining tooth tissue brown and friable; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent to lesions.

Comprehensive pediatric dental review under sedation if needed, extract non-restorable teeth, stainless steel crowns or pulpectomy on salvageable teeth, parental counselling on bottle-feeding habits, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Pattern is consistent with severe early childhood caries from prolonged sugar exposure during sleep; advanced cavitation reaching pulp cannot be reversed and requires pulpal therapy or extraction with space management to preserve arch length.

Explanation: Classic early childhood caries pattern.


Close occlusal view of a mandibular molar with a dental explorer positioned at a dark cavitated fissure lesion.

Dark cavitated fissure caries on occlusal of mandibular molar; surrounding tooth intact.

Excavate and restore the molar with composite.

Explanation: Cavitated fissure caries requires restoration to halt progression.

Explanation: Probe-confirmed cavitated occlusal lesion.


Frontal view showing dentition with brown cervical staining and bright-red inflamed gingival margins with active bleeding at several sites.

Generalised marginal erythema with bleeding; heavy cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins rolled and bulbous.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine rinse two weeks, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis driven by accumulated supragingival calculus that scaling and adjuncts resolve.

Explanation: Marginal redness with bleeding and visible calculus.


Right lateral intraoral view showing teeth with yellow staining and grossly inflamed bright-red bleeding gingival tissues.

Generalised marginal erythema with active bleeding on buccal aspects; heavy plaque and calculus; gingival contour swollen.

Full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse, oral hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Severe marginal inflammation from biofilm accumulation resolves with mechanical removal and chemical adjuncts.

Explanation: Florid marginal inflammation with bleeding.


Close frontal view of dentition showing teeth with cervical yellow staining and frothy white plaque deposits along the gingival margins; gingival tissues bright red and visibly swollen with active bleeding sites.

Generalised marginal erythema with frank bleeding at several sites; heavy cervical plaque and frothy biofilm deposits; gingival contour rolled and bulbous rather than knife-edge.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling targeting all cervical biofilm, chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash twice daily for two weeks, demonstrate gentle margin brushing, apply polish, and recall in two weeks to confirm gingival response.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis from heavy biofilm accumulation at gingival margins; mechanical biofilm removal is the only effective intervention since chemical agents alone cannot disrupt mature biofilm.

Explanation: Heavy plaque with diffuse marginal bleeding.


Pediatric mouth-open frontal view showing upper anteriors with a missing tooth space and a small fresh bleeding socket where a tooth has recently been lost or extracted.

Empty alveolar socket in upper anterior region; remaining anteriors intact.

Confirm if congenital absence or recent loss; orthodontic review.

Explanation: Differentiating exfoliation from congenital agenesis requires radiograph and history.

Explanation: Fresh socket suggests recent loss rather than congenital absence; ext label may be misclassified.


Pediatric mixed-dentition view showing lower anteriors with one tooth visibly absent or erupting; mixed primary and permanent teeth present.

Lower anterior tooth space; surrounding teeth in mixed dentition with permanent tooth emerging.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, orthodontic review, monitor eruption.

Explanation: Pediatric anterior gaps may be exfoliation or congenital absence; imaging confirms aetiology.

Explanation: Could also be normal mixed dentition with delayed eruption.


Upper palatal mirror view showing severely reduced dentition with only a few teeth remaining in irregular positions and large edentulous areas across the palate.

Multiple missing teeth across upper arch with only sparse dentition remaining; palatal tissues pink and unremarkable.

Comprehensive prosthodontic consultation, panoramic radiograph, full mouth treatment planning.

Explanation: Severe oligodontia requires combined prosthodontic and orthodontic planning for function and aesthetics.

Explanation: Severe edentulism; congenital vs acquired ambiguous without history.


Upper palatal close view showing intact dentition with yellow-brown cervical extrinsic staining distributed across the palatal surfaces of upper teeth; surrounding palatal mucosa pink and unremarkable.

Generalised yellow-brown cervical staining on palatal aspects of upper teeth; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic stain, demonstrate brushing technique for palatal surfaces, dietary advice on stain-causing beverages, and six-month recall.

Explanation: Cervical palatal staining is typically extrinsic and arises from plaque-mineralisation cycles plus dietary chromogens; polish removes it readily but recurrence depends on biofilm control and diet.

Explanation: Mild extrinsic palatal cervical stain.


Close lateral view showing multiple lower posterior teeth with severe black/dark grey discoloration across the coronal surfaces.

Severe black discoloration of multiple lower posteriors; differential includes stain, large amalgams, or carious lesions.

Radiograph and vitality testing; assess for caries.

Explanation: Severe black discoloration needs vitality and radiographic workup.

Explanation: Dark coronal change could be advanced caries rather than stain.


Close frontal view of upper anterior teeth showing severe brown cervical and proximal discoloration across multiple teeth with intact occlusal portions.

Heavy brown extrinsic discoloration on cervical and proximal surfaces of upper anteriors; coronal portions less affected; gingival margins mildly inflamed.

Professional scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Severe extrinsic staining is plaque- or diet-driven and responds to professional cleaning with maintenance.

Explanation: Heavy cervical extrinsic stain across anterior teeth.


Side-by-side before/after frontal views showing intact dentition; left panel has yellow-brown cervical staining and visible calculus deposits along the gingival margins; right panel shows the same teeth after professional cleaning with clean cervical areas.

Left view shows yellow-brown supragingival calculus on cervical thirds of upper and lower anteriors with marginal inflammation; right view post-treatment shows clean cervical surfaces and healthier marginal gingiva.

Maintain post-scaling oral hygiene with twice-daily brushing along the gum line, interdental cleaning, professional polish every six months, and dietary reduction of chromogenic beverages to minimise recurrence.

Explanation: Cervical supragingival calculus mineralises from prolonged plaque accumulation along the gingival margin; once removed mechanically, sustained biofilm control determines whether deposits recur within months or years.

Explanation: Before/after framing with clear cervical deposits in left panel.


Upper palatal mirror view of an orthodontic patient showing lingual brackets with heavy yellow plaque and calculus around appliances.

Heavy yellow calculus around lingual brackets and on palatal surfaces.

Ultrasonic scaling around brackets, hygiene reinforcement, recall.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances trap plaque; thorough scaling and hygiene are essential.

Explanation: Heavy peri-bracket calculus deposits.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth with very heavy yellow plaque and calculus deposits coating the labial surfaces; surrounding gingiva swollen.

Severe yellow plaque-calculus accretion on upper anteriors; gingival margins markedly inflamed.

Multi-session full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine adjunct, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy calculus drives marginal inflammation; scaling resolves it, hygiene prevents recurrence.

Explanation: Massive plaque-calculus coverage.


Pediatric mouth view showing severely destroyed upper anterior primary teeth with multiple broken-down brown stumps and gross cavitation.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary incisors with friable brown remnants; pulp likely exposed in several teeth.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, plan space maintenance, fluoride preventive program.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries with pulpal involvement needs surgical management and space maintenance to preserve arch length.

Explanation: Classic severe early childhood caries pattern.


Right buccal close view of maxillary posterior teeth showing intact molars and premolars with one molar displaying a deep cavitated occlusal lesion penetrating into the dentinal layer.

Single deep cavitated occlusal caries on a maxillary molar with dark walls suggestive of pulpal proximity; adjacent teeth intact with mild occlusal staining; gingival margins healthy.

Vitality and percussion testing on the affected molar, periapical radiograph for pulpal status, plan composite or onlay if pulp vital, pulpotomy or endodontic treatment if pulpal exposure confirmed.

Explanation: Deep occlusal caries reaching mid-dentin can either be managed with conventional restoration when pulp remains vital or requires endodontic intervention when bacterial penetration has caused irreversible pulpitis; vitality testing before instrumentation prevents avoidable pulpal complications.

Explanation: Deep cavitated occlusal lesion with dark walls.


Pediatric mouth view with intraoral mirror showing reflection of an occlusal surface with visible dark fissure caries.

Dark cavitated fissure caries visible on a posterior tooth via mirror reflection.

Excavate and restore the molar; sealants on adjacent pits.

Explanation: Fissure caries needs prompt restoration to halt dentinal progression.

Explanation: Clear fissure cavitation in mirror view.


Upper palatal occlusal view showing intact arch with two large dark amalgam restorations on posterior molars and pink palatal tissue.

Two large amalgam restorations on upper posterior molars; gingival tissues largely healthy with no marked inflammation.

Evaluate amalgam margin integrity, oral hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Older amalgam restorations need periodic margin review to detect microleakage early.

Explanation: Two large amalgams dominate the image; gingival findings are minimal.


Frontal close view showing a darkened upper central incisor with surrounding mild gingival redness and a small soft-tissue swelling at the mucogingival fold above the dark tooth.

Grey-discoloured upper central incisor with mild marginal gingivitis around it; small mucosal swelling above suggesting possible periapical involvement.

Vitality and percussion testing on dark central, periapical radiograph to rule out periapical pathology, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Non-vital central with associated mucosal swelling may reflect chronic periapical infection driving local gingival inflammation.

Explanation: Discoloured non-vital tooth is the dominant finding; gingivitis is secondary.


Left lateral intraoral view of intact upper and lower posterior dentition with mild yellow staining on cervical surfaces and pink gingival margins showing slight rolled contour but no overt bleeding.

Mild marginal redness on the buccal of upper and lower posteriors; light cervical staining on premolars and canines; gingival contour slightly rolled with no bleeding on visual inspection; no significant calculus or plaque visible on the buccal aspects.

Routine scaling and polishing, demonstrate proper brushing along the gum line, interdental cleaning education with floss or interdental brushes, six-month recall to monitor marginal health.

Explanation: Mild marginal gingivitis represents the earliest reversible phase of plaque-induced periodontal disease; consistent biofilm control through brushing and interdental cleaning resolves the marginal inflammation within one to two weeks of professional cleaning.

Explanation: Mild marginal redness without bleeding or significant deposits.


Pediatric mouth showing upper central incisors with apparent gaps where lateral incisors would normally be; metallic restoration visible on posterior.

Upper lateral incisor spaces; metallic restoration on posterior molar.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, orthodontic review.

Explanation: Bilateral lateral incisor absence is the most common congenital agenesis pattern.

Explanation: Bilateral upper lateral spaces consistent with hypodontia.


Pediatric mouth-open view showing mixed dentition with visible spacing and a missing tooth in the lower anterior region.

Lower anterior space in mixed dentition; surrounding teeth at various eruption stages.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, monitor eruption, orthodontic consultation.

Explanation: Mixed-dentition gaps may be exfoliation or congenital absence; imaging confirms.

Explanation: Could be normal mixed-dentition transition.


Pediatric mouth open showing upper anterior region with a missing tooth space and a pink-purple soft-tissue swelling overlying the alveolar ridge in that area.

Upper anterior tooth space with overlying gingival swelling suggestive of eruption cyst; adjacent teeth intact.

Panoramic radiograph to assess unerupted tooth and cyst, paediatric dental referral, monitor for spontaneous eruption.

Explanation: Eruption cyst over an unerupted tooth typically resolves spontaneously as the tooth emerges; surgical exposure rarely needed.

Explanation: Eruption cyst is the dominant finding; not classic hypodontia.


Lower lateral view showing mandibular posterior teeth with severe black-brown discoloration covering the buccal surfaces of multiple molars and premolars; gingival tissues unremarkable.

Severe black-brown extrinsic-appearing discoloration on the buccal of multiple mandibular posteriors; no visible cavitation on the staining areas; gingival contour healthy.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic stain, vitality testing if any tooth proves resistant to polishing as that suggests intrinsic discoloration, dietary counselling on tea/coffee/tobacco, hygiene reinforcement, and three-month recall to assess stain recurrence.

Explanation: Heavy black-brown extrinsic stain typically arises from a combination of chromogenic dietary exposures and mature plaque biofilm interacting with iron salts in saliva; the pattern is removable by polishing although recurrence depends on patient-side biofilm control and habit modification.

Explanation: Heavy buccal extrinsic stain without cavitation.


Close frontal view of dentition behind lips showing teeth with diffuse brown extrinsic staining across the labial surfaces.

Generalised brown extrinsic stain across the labial surfaces of anteriors.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Diffuse extrinsic stain is plaque/diet-driven and responds to professional polish.

Explanation: Diffuse brown extrinsic staining.


Lateral close view showing one upper anterior tooth with severe grey-black discoloration adjacent to teeth of normal shade.

Single anterior tooth with severe grey-black intrinsic discoloration; adjacent teeth normal; gingival margins healthy.

Vitality and percussion testing, periapical radiograph, endodontic referral if non-vital, then bleaching or veneer.

Explanation: Discrete grey-black single-tooth discoloration is the classic appearance of pulpal necrosis from trauma or deep caries.

Explanation: Classic single non-vital tooth presentation.


Left lateral close view of upper and lower anteriors showing yellowed dentition with brown cervical staining and visible deposits along the gingival margins; surrounding mucosa pink.

Generalised yellow-brown supragingival calculus along cervical thirds of upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent to deposits; mild attrition on incisal edges.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling with attention to cervical deposits, polish stained surfaces, demonstrate proper brushing along the gum line, dietary advice on chromogenic beverages, and recall in three months to assess maintenance.

Explanation: Long-standing biofilm mineralises into cervical calculus that mechanical scaling readily clears; recurrence depends on the patient's daily plaque control and dietary chromogen exposure.

Explanation: Cervical calculus deposits with mild marginal inflammation.


Side-by-side comparison showing teeth before and after cleaning; right panel has visible orange-yellow calculus stippling at gingival margin.

Pre-cleaning panel shows orange-yellow cervical deposits; post-cleaning panel shows clean cervical contours.

Polish, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus responds to professional polish.

Explanation: Visible cervical deposits in right panel.


Frontal close view of dentition heavily stained yellow with visible cervical calculus along all anterior teeth and slight crowding.

Heavy yellow-brown calculus along cervical thirds of upper and lower anteriors; mild crowding; gingival margins inflamed adjacent to deposits.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine adjunct, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus harbours biofilm and drives marginal inflammation that scaling reverses.

Explanation: Heavy generalised cervical calculus.


Pediatric mouth showing severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with multiple broken-down brown stumps characteristic of advanced early childhood caries.

Multiple cavitated upper primary incisors with friable brown remnants; surrounding gingiva mildly inflamed.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, space maintenance planning, fluoride preventive program.

Explanation: Advanced early childhood caries with pulpal involvement needs surgical management and arch-length preservation.


Lower lateral view of mandibular anterior dentition showing dark brown carious cavitation on the lateral incisor and adjacent canine with surrounding cervical staining and mild gingival inflammation around the carious teeth.

Cavitated carious lesions on mandibular lateral incisor and adjacent canine; brown cervical staining elsewhere; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent to active caries; tooth alignment intact.

Excavate and restore the carious lateral incisor and canine with composite, scale and polish the cervically stained surfaces, apply topical fluoride to high-risk areas, reinforce brushing and interdental cleaning, and recall in two weeks to confirm restoration integrity.

Explanation: Cavitated caries on adjacent teeth indicates active proximal biofilm activity and dietary acid exposure; restoring the cavitated lesions halts decay progression and combined preventive measures lower the risk of recurrence on neighbouring surfaces.

Explanation: Multiple cavitated anterior lesions visible.


Very close occlusal view of mandibular molars showing deep dark fissure caries with extensive coronal cavitation.

Deep dark cavitated fissure caries on adjacent mandibular molars; pulpal exposure possible.

Radiograph and vitality test; pulpotomy or RCT if non-vital.

Explanation: Deep occlusal caries near the pulp needs vitality assessment before restoration.

Explanation: Deep fissure cavitation with dark walls.


Frontal view with overexposed lighting showing intact upper and lower anteriors with slightly red gingival margins and otherwise pink mucosa.

Mild marginal redness on upper and lower anteriors; teeth intact and well-aligned; no significant calculus visible.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control through brushing and routine scaling.

Explanation: Mild marginal redness without bleeding or deposits.


Lower lingual mirror close view showing intact, clean-looking mandibular posterior teeth and healthy pink gingival margins.

Intact lower posteriors with clean lingual surfaces; gingival margins pink and well-contoured; no visible inflammation or deposits.

Explanation: Healthy presentation suggests adequate ongoing oral hygiene with maintenance care.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy without overt inflammation; ext label may be misapplied.


Frontal retracted view of upper and lower anteriors with intact aligned dentition, mild yellow tint on teeth, and gingival margins showing slight redness particularly at the upper anteriors with intact contour.

Mild marginal redness on the upper anterior gingiva; teeth intact and well-aligned with mild yellow tint; no calculus visible; gingival contour preserved with no swelling.

Routine scaling and polishing, demonstrate proper brushing technique focusing on the upper anterior margins, interdental cleaning advice, six-month recall to monitor gingival response.

Explanation: Early marginal gingivitis is the reversible plaque-induced phase; daily biofilm disruption through brushing and interdental aids returns the marginal tissues to health within one to two weeks.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal erythema.


Pediatric mouth close-up showing upper anterior teeth with a gap consistent with a missing tooth.

Upper anterior tooth space with adjacent teeth intact.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment.

Explanation: Single anterior gap may be congenital absence or delayed eruption.

Explanation: Anterior gap consistent with missing tooth.


Pediatric mouth-open view showing upper arch with multiple missing anterior teeth and large edentulous area; lower arch with mixed dentition.

Multiple missing upper anterior teeth; remaining centrals widely spaced; lower mixed dentition.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic consultation, space maintenance and prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Severe upper anterior absence requires combined orthodontic and prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior teeth missing in the upper arch.


Pediatric mouth open showing the upper anterior region with a missing tooth space; adjacent teeth intact with mild irregular alignment.

Upper anterior tooth space; remaining anteriors intact; mild irregular alignment of adjacent teeth.

Panoramic radiograph to confirm tooth bud status, orthodontic review, monitor eruption pattern.

Explanation: Missing tooth in mixed dentition needs radiographic confirmation of agenesis versus delayed eruption.

Explanation: Upper anterior space without visible erupting tooth.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing severe yellow-brown cervical staining along the gingival third with mild marginal redness and otherwise intact coronal portions.

Heavy yellow-brown extrinsic cervical staining on upper anteriors; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent to deposits; teeth otherwise intact without cavitation; mild calculus may be admixed with the staining.

Professional scaling and polishing with focus on cervical surfaces, demonstrate proper brushing along the gum line, dietary counselling on chromogenic beverages and tobacco, oral hygiene reinforcement, and three-month recall to assess stain recurrence and maintenance.

Explanation: Heavy cervical extrinsic stain arises from a combination of dietary chromogens binding to mature plaque biofilm and iron salts in saliva; mechanical polishing removes the deposit but recurrence depends on patient-side biofilm control and dietary habit modification.

Explanation: Heavy cervical extrinsic staining.


Frontal close view of upper anteriors showing severe yellow-brown discoloration with multiple dark spots that may represent stain or early carious lesions.

Severe yellow discoloration with dark spotting on upper anteriors.

Scaling, polish, assess any spots for cavitation, fluoride.

Explanation: Combination of extrinsic stain and possible incipient caries needs differentiation.

Explanation: Heavy stain with spotting that could mask early caries.


Close lateral view of upper anterior teeth showing severe brown discoloration with horizontal banding across the teeth and surrounding mild gingival redness.

Severe brown horizontal-banded discoloration across upper anteriors; mild marginal gingivitis adjacent.

Vitality testing, professional scaling and polishing, dietary counselling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Horizontal banding suggests systemic or developmental discoloration that may require restorative aesthetic care.

Explanation: Banded severe discoloration suggestive of intrinsic origin.


Frontal view of an older patient showing severe attrition, broken-down crowns, heavy yellow-brown cervical staining and visible calculus on remaining teeth; one anterior tooth is missing.

Severe generalised attrition with broken crowns and chipped incisal edges; heavy cervical calculus on remaining teeth; mild gingival inflammation; one missing anterior tooth space.

Full mouth scaling to remove calculus, vitality testing on attrited teeth, restorative planning for broken-down crowns, prosthetic replacement for missing tooth, occlusal evaluation for parafunctional habits and bite guard if indicated.

Explanation: Multi-pathology presentation needs sequenced care: scaling to control biofilm, then restorative and prosthodontic rehabilitation to restore function and address the attrition driven by long-standing parafunction or bite collapse.

Explanation: Attrition and tooth loss dominate; calculus is present but secondary.


Frontal close view of dentition showing severe yellow-brown cervical staining and visible calculus on both arches with bright-red inflamed gingiva.

Heavy cervical calculus and inflamed gingival margins on upper and lower anteriors.

Full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Heavy calculus drives marginal inflammation that scaling reverses.

Explanation: Heavy calculus with severe gingival inflammation.


Close lateral view of an upper anterior tooth with a dark cavitated lesion at the cervical/gum line and surrounding inflamed red gingiva.

Cervical cavitated dark lesion on upper anterior with adjacent gingival inflammation; differential includes cervical caries and stained calculus.

Probe lesion to differentiate calculus from cavitated caries, scaling, restoration if cavitated, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Cervical lesions may be calculus or caries; tactile examination differentiates and guides treatment.

Explanation: Cervical lesion appears cavitated rather than a deposit; possible caries.


Close view of lower anterior teeth showing one upper canine with severe dark grey-black discoloration and broken-down structure contrasted with adjacent normal lower anteriors.

Severe darkening and crown destruction on upper canine; lower anteriors intact; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Periapical radiograph, vitality testing, endodontic or extraction decision, restorative planning.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction with discoloration suggests advanced caries with likely pulpal necrosis.

Explanation: Cavitated destroyed crown with necrosis-suggestive darkening.


Close view of upper anteriors showing dark cavitated carious lesions on the cervical and proximal surfaces of one upper canine with adjacent teeth showing intact crowns; gingival margins healthy.

Dark cavitated cervical carious lesion on an upper canine; adjacent anteriors intact without active decay; mild yellow tint on coronal surfaces; gingival margins pink with healthy contour.

Excavate the cervical caries on the canine and restore with glass-ionomer or composite, evaluate adjacent surfaces for early proximal caries with radiograph, apply topical fluoride, demonstrate interdental cleaning, and recall in three months to confirm restoration integrity.

Explanation: Cervical proximal caries arises from biofilm retention at interproximal contact points often missed by brushing alone; restoration halts active dentinal progression and combined fluoride and interdental cleaning education reduces the risk of further proximal lesions.

Explanation: Discrete cavitated cervical lesion on canine.


Close view of intact upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow tint; teeth appear healthy with no visible cavitation.

Intact dentition without visible carious lesions; mild yellow tint.

Bite-wing radiograph to rule out interproximal caries, polish.

Explanation: Apparent healthy appearance may mask early proximal caries needing radiographic detection.

Explanation: Teeth appear intact; ext label may be misapplied without radiographic evidence.


Right lateral view of upper posterior teeth showing multiple molars with dark cavitated occlusal lesions and adjacent yellow staining; gingival margins mildly inflamed.

Multiple cavitated occlusal carious lesions on upper molars; cervical yellow staining; mild marginal gingivitis adjacent to carious teeth.

Excavate and restore the carious molars, scaling, hygiene reinforcement, recall.

Explanation: Adjacent caries and biofilm drive the marginal inflammation; restoration plus scaling resolves both.

Explanation: Multiple cavitated lesions dominate; gingivitis is secondary.


Frontal close view of lower anterior teeth showing bright-red inflamed swollen gingival tissues with active bleeding; teeth show heavy yellow-white plaque deposits along the cervical margins.

Severe marginal erythema with active bleeding on lower anteriors; heavy cervical plaque deposits; rolled, bulbous gingival contour.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse two weeks, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis from heavy cervical biofilm reversible with mechanical biofilm removal and adjunct rinses.

Explanation: Florid marginal inflammation with bleeding and plaque.


Frontal retracted view of intact upper and lower anteriors showing mild yellow tint and slight marginal redness particularly along the upper anterior gingival margins; teeth otherwise aligned and well-contoured.

Mild marginal redness on upper anterior gingival margins; teeth intact with mild yellow tint; no calculus deposits visible; gingival contour preserved without swelling.

Scaling and polishing, demonstrate proper brushing technique along the gum line, interdental cleaning education with floss or interdental brushes, six-month recall to monitor marginal health.

Explanation: Mild marginal gingivitis represents the earliest reversible phase of plaque-induced periodontal disease; daily biofilm disruption resolves the marginal redness within one to two weeks of professional cleaning and hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Localised mild marginal erythema.


Pediatric mouth showing intact lower anteriors and upper anteriors with one missing central incisor space.

Missing upper central incisor space; adjacent anteriors intact.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud, orthodontic and prosthodontic consult.

Explanation: Single central agenesis or recent loss; imaging confirms aetiology.

Explanation: Anterior central space.


Backlit frontal view of upper anteriors showing a dark vacant space where a central or lateral incisor is missing.

Single anterior missing tooth space visible against backlight.

Panoramic radiograph, orthodontic review, prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Visible anterior gap needs imaging to confirm congenital absence or delayed eruption.

Explanation: Clear anterior space against backlight.


Adult smile view showing upper anteriors with a gold-coloured metallic crown or restoration in place of an upper anterior tooth; adjacent teeth intact.

Gold metallic crown filling the upper anterior position; rest of dentition intact.

Aesthetic re-evaluation if patient desires, otherwise maintenance; six-month recall.

Explanation: Metallic restoration occupies the position rather than congenital absence; prosthetic substitute already in place.

Explanation: A prosthetic crown is present; not classic hypodontia.


Lateral close view of upper and lower anteriors showing diffuse yellow-brown extrinsic staining across the cervical and middle thirds; teeth otherwise intact and gingival margins pink.

Diffuse yellow-brown cervical and mid-coronal extrinsic staining across upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins healthy; no cavitation; mild yellow tint to enamel.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic stain, demonstrate proper brushing technique, dietary counselling on tea/coffee/tobacco, oral hygiene reinforcement, and six-month recall to assess stain recurrence.

Explanation: Diffuse cervical extrinsic stain typically arises from chromogenic dietary intake and mature plaque biofilm interacting with iron salts in saliva; polishing removes the deposit and dietary modification plus consistent biofilm control delays recurrence.

Explanation: Diffuse extrinsic cervical stain.


Frontal retracted view of lower anteriors showing severe brown cervical staining and visible plaque deposits at the gingival margins.

Severe brown cervical extrinsic stain on lower anteriors with plaque deposits and mild marginal gingivitis.

Scaling, polish, dietary advice, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Combined plaque-stain biofilm needs scaling and polishing.

Explanation: Heavy cervical brown stain on lower anteriors.


Very close lateral view of upper and lower posterior teeth showing severe brown horizontal-banded staining across the cervical thirds.

Heavy brown horizontal-banded cervical staining on multiple posterior teeth; teeth otherwise intact; gingival margins mildly red.

Scaling and polishing, vitality testing if banding persists, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Horizontal banded discoloration may be extrinsic or developmental; polishing and assessment differentiate origin.

Explanation: Severe banded cervical staining.


Left lateral intraoral view showing severe crowding and rotation of upper and lower anteriors with mild yellow cervical staining; teeth otherwise intact, gingiva pink with healthy contour.

Severe anterior crowding with significant rotation of upper laterals and lower incisors; mild cervical yellow staining; gingival tissues largely healthy without obvious inflammation.

Routine scaling and polishing for the cervical stain, orthodontic consultation for the crowding which is the dominant clinical issue, demonstrate interdental cleaning techniques for the crowded segments, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining is the calculus-related finding but the dominant feature is severe crowding that traps plaque in interdental areas and motivates orthodontic evaluation as the more impactful intervention.

Explanation: Crowding is the dominant clinical finding; calculus is minimal.


Heavily orange/red-filtered close view of dentition showing cervical staining and possible cavitation on one tooth.

Yellow-brown cervical staining; one tooth shows possible dark cavitation.

Scaling, polish, assess questionable tooth for caries.

Explanation: Cervical calculus needs scaling; suspected cavitation needs differential diagnosis.

Explanation: Heavy filter; cervical staining is the most visible finding.


Smile view of adult dentition showing intact aligned teeth with mild yellow-brown cervical staining and slight calculus along the cervical margins.

Mild yellow-brown cervical staining and supragingival calculus on upper and lower anteriors; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned.

Routine scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus is easily removed by scaling and prevented with brushing.

Explanation: Mild cervical staining and calculus.


Frontal view of severely affected dentition with multiple dark cavitated lesions on upper anteriors, broken crowns, and gross coronal destruction.

Multiple cavitated dark carious lesions on upper anteriors with broken-down coronal structure; adjacent lower anteriors less affected.

Extract non-restorable teeth, plan staged prosthetic rehabilitation, restore salvageable teeth, periapical radiographs.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction requires extraction and prosthetic replacement to restore function and aesthetics.

Explanation: Multiple non-restorable carious anterior teeth.


Close frontal view of upper and lower anterior teeth showing multiple dark carious lesions including a small dark spot on a lower canine and brown discoloration with possible cavitation on upper anteriors; gingival margins mildly inflamed adjacent to the carious teeth.

Multiple discrete dark carious lesions on upper and lower anteriors with cavitation evident; mild gingival inflammation adjacent to active lesions; coronal structure otherwise intact across the dentition.

Excavate and restore each cavitated lesion with composite, scale the surrounding cervical surfaces, apply topical fluoride, demonstrate interdental cleaning, dietary counselling, and three-month recall to monitor for new lesions in this clearly caries-active patient.

Explanation: Multiple cavitated anterior lesions in a single patient indicate active caries with high biofilm/diet activity; combined operative restoration plus aggressive preventive care reduces the rate of new lesion formation in the at-risk dentition.

Explanation: Multiple discrete cavitated anterior lesions.


Close lateral view of lower molars showing dark cavitated occlusal lesions on adjacent posterior teeth.

Cavitated occlusal caries on adjacent mandibular molars with dark dentinal exposure.

Excavate and restore both molars; bitewing radiograph for proximal caries.

Explanation: Adjacent cavitated lesions need restoration to halt dentinal progression.

Explanation: Cavitated occlusal lesions on adjacent molars.


Right lateral intraoral view of well-aligned upper and lower posterior teeth showing intact dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and pink gingival margins with slight marginal redness on the upper aspects.

Intact lateral posterior dentition; mild yellow cervical staining; gingival margins pink with localised slight redness on the upper aspect; no calculus deposits.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control through brushing and routine scaling.

Explanation: Mild marginal erythema localised to upper aspect.


Frontal retracted view of upper and lower anteriors showing severe gingival inflammation with bright-red bulbous marginal tissues and significant gingival overgrowth particularly on the upper anteriors; mild anterior crowding visible.

Severe marginal gingival inflammation with bulbous overgrowth on upper anteriors; mild anterior crowding; bleeding-prone gingival contour rolled rather than knife-edge.

Full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine rinse two weeks, hygiene reinforcement, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis with overgrowth resolves with biofilm control and mechanical scaling.

Explanation: Severe marginal enlargement with bulbous contour.


Close lateral view of intact upper and lower posterior dentition showing well-aligned white teeth with pink healthy-appearing gingival margins; no overt inflammation or deposits visible.

Intact lateral posterior dentition with clean labial surfaces; gingival margins pink and knife-edge; no visible plaque deposits or marginal inflammation.

Maintain current oral hygiene practices, polish at next recall, demonstrate continued interdental cleaning, six-month recall to monitor marginal health.

Explanation: Despite the ext label of gingivitis, the gingiva appears healthy with normal contour; if any subclinical inflammation exists it is reversible with continued biofilm control through daily brushing and interdental hygiene.

Explanation: Tissues appear healthy; ext label may be misapplied.


Smile view of an adult showing a small visible gap between two upper anterior teeth (possible diastema or single tooth gap).

Small upper anterior space between centrals or laterals; adjacent teeth intact.

Panoramic radiograph; orthodontic and prosthodontic consult.

Explanation: Anterior gap may be midline diastema or congenital tooth absence.

Explanation: Could be midline diastema rather than agenesis.


Pediatric smile view showing upper anterior region with a clear gap where one central or lateral incisor is missing.

Single missing upper anterior tooth in a child; adjacent teeth present with mixed dentition pattern.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic consultation, monitor eruption.

Explanation: Anterior tooth absence in mixed dentition needs imaging to differentiate agenesis from delayed eruption.

Explanation: Clear single anterior tooth gap.


Pediatric mouth open view showing upper anteriors with multiple missing tooth spaces and irregular alignment.

Multiple missing upper anterior teeth in mixed dentition; surrounding teeth with irregular alignment.

Panoramic radiograph, paediatric orthodontic referral, space maintenance planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior tooth absences need radiographic confirmation and combined orthodontic-prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Multiple anterior tooth absences in pediatric mouth.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth showing translucent grey-white discoloration with vertical banding and what appears to be orthodontic retainer or bonding wire visible at the gingival margin; gingival tissues pink.

Generalised grey-translucent discoloration with vertical banding on upper anteriors; orthodontic retainer or fixed appliance bonding visible at cervical region; gingival contour healthy.

Vitality testing on the discoloured teeth, professional scaling and polishing around the bonded retainer, consider supervised vital bleaching after restorative review, dietary counselling, three-month recall to assess discoloration progression.

Explanation: Severe generalised intrinsic-appearing discoloration may reflect tetracycline staining, fluorosis, or developmental enamel defects; bleaching may improve aesthetics but underlying enamel structure cannot be restored without restorative intervention such as veneers.

Explanation: Severe generalised translucent discoloration with banding.


Heavily zoomed close-up showing pink mucosal surface with a small darkened area; image is hard to interpret clearly.

Isolated small dark spot on pink mucosal surface; image very zoomed making clinical context unclear.

Recapture image with wider field of view; clinical examination.

Explanation: Limited image clarity prevents confident diagnosis without better visualisation.

Explanation: Image too zoomed to confidently diagnose; mucosal lesion possible.


Close lateral view of lower posterior teeth showing severe yellow-brown discoloration extending along the cervical margins and interproximal surfaces.

Severe yellow-brown extrinsic cervical and interproximal staining on lower posteriors; teeth otherwise intact; mild gingival redness adjacent.

Professional scaling and polishing, dietary counselling on chromogenic beverages, brushing reinforcement, three-month recall.

Explanation: Heavy cervical-interproximal extrinsic stain responds well to polishing; recurrence depends on biofilm control and diet.

Explanation: Heavy cervical extrinsic staining on lower posteriors.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anteriors with fixed orthodontic brackets and arch wires; heavy yellow food debris and plaque/calculus accumulation surrounding the brackets and along the gingival margins.

Heavy peri-bracket plaque-calculus accumulation with food debris trapped around orthodontic appliances on upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins inflamed where visible; brackets and arch wires obscured by deposits.

Immediate ultrasonic scaling around brackets, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse two weeks, oral hygiene training with interdental brushes and floss threaders, cariogenic-diet counselling, two-week recall.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances create plaque retention sites that mineralise rapidly into calculus and risk demineralisation/white-spot lesions on enamel surfaces beneath; intensive hygiene combined with regular professional cleaning is essential during fixed appliance therapy to prevent permanent decalcification scars.

Explanation: Heavy peri-orthodontic plaque-calculus accumulation.


Frontal retracted view of severely affected dentition with massive yellow-brown calculus accumulation on upper teeth and severely destroyed crowns.

Massive supragingival calculus on upper anteriors with severe coronal destruction.

Multi-session full mouth scaling, periodontal review, restorative planning.

Explanation: Severe calculus burden plus coronal destruction needs comprehensive staged care.

Explanation: Massive calculus burden across upper dentition.


Close view of upper anterior tooth showing dark debris and granular calculus at the gingival margin with surrounding inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Dark granular calculus on cervical aspect of an upper anterior; surrounding gingiva inflamed and bleeding.

Localised ultrasonic scaling, polish, oral hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Cervical calculus drives marginal bleeding reversible with scaling.

Explanation: Cervical calculus with adjacent bleeding gingiva.


3D-rendered illustration of mandibular anterior teeth showing dark cervical carious lesions at the gingival margins on multiple teeth; gingival tissues shown in pink.

Multiple cervical carious lesions on lower anteriors at the cementoenamel junction (illustration); progressive cervical destruction.

Excavate and restore cervical caries with composite or glass-ionomer, scaling, fluoride application, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Cervical caries develops where plaque retention meets exposed root; restoration plus prevention halts it.

Explanation: 3D rendering of cervical caries; note this is illustration not photo.


Frontal close view of upper anteriors showing intact dentition with multiple white-spot lesions and mild cervical yellow staining; teeth otherwise structurally intact.

Chalky white-spot lesions distributed across the labial surfaces of upper anteriors suggestive of early enamel demineralisation; mild cervical yellow staining; teeth structurally intact without cavitation.

Topical fluoride varnish on white-spot lesions, casein-phosphopeptide remineralising paste at home, hygiene reinforcement, dietary advice, three-month recall.

Explanation: White-spot lesions represent reversible enamel demineralisation that can remineralise with fluoride and biofilm control; early intervention before cavitation preserves enamel structure and avoids restorative intervention.

Explanation: White-spot lesions suggest early caries activity.


Close lateral view of upper molars showing a deep dark cavitated occlusal lesion on one molar with surrounding intact tooth.

Cavitated dark occlusal caries on a maxillary molar with surrounding intact dentition.

Excavate and restore with composite or onlay.

Explanation: Discrete cavitated occlusal caries needs restoration to halt progression.

Explanation: Discrete cavitated molar lesion.


Frontal close view of dentition with heavy yellow cervical staining/calculus deposits along gum margins and visibly inflamed bleeding-prone gingiva.

Heavy cervical plaque-calculus accumulation; bright red marginal gingiva with bulbous contour; mild crowding.

Full mouth scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy cervical biofilm drives severe marginal inflammation reversible with scaling.

Explanation: Heavy plaque with marginal inflammation.


Side-by-side view of two posterior molar angles showing one molar with severe cavitation and dark caries while the other shows intact aligned posterior teeth.

Cavitated dark carious lesion on a molar (left panel); adjacent posteriors intact (right panel); gingival margins variably inflamed.

Restore the carious molar, scale and polish, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Cavitated caries adjacent to gingivitis drives both pathologies; restoration plus scaling resolves.

Explanation: Dominant finding is cavitated caries, not gingivitis.


Very close magnified view of an upper anterior tooth at the gingival margin showing rough surface texture, mild redness of the marginal gingiva, and possible minor cervical wear or staining.

Localised mild marginal gingival redness at the cervical region of an upper anterior; rough cervical surface texture visible; no overt deposit or cavitation.

Routine scaling and polishing, gentle brushing technique demonstration to avoid further cervical abrasion, six-month recall to monitor marginal health.

Explanation: Localised marginal gingivitis with adjacent cervical wear may indicate over-aggressive brushing; biofilm control combined with soft-bristle gentle technique resolves the inflammation.

Explanation: Localised mild cervical inflammation.


Red-filtered close view showing dentition with multiple missing tooth spaces and broken-down remaining structures.

Multiple missing tooth spaces with broken remaining structures.

Panoramic radiograph, comprehensive restorative and prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Severe oligodontia or acquired multiple missing teeth needs comprehensive care.

Explanation: Multiple missing teeth; acquired vs congenital ambiguous.


Mouth open view showing only a few remaining upper anteriors with severely missing posterior teeth and visible blackened root remnants.

Only sparse upper anteriors remain; multiple missing posteriors; visible root remnants and decay on remaining teeth.

Extract root remnants, comprehensive prosthodontic and periodontal planning, complete denture vs implant evaluation.

Explanation: Severe tooth loss with retained roots needs surgical clearance before prosthodontic rehabilitation.

Explanation: Adult acquired multi-tooth loss, not hypodontia.


Lateral view of adult dentition showing yellow-stained crowded anterior teeth with one missing upper anterior tooth space; lower teeth visible.

Single missing upper anterior tooth in crowded adult dentition; yellow cervical staining; remaining teeth intact.

Panoramic radiograph, orthodontic and prosthodontic consult, scaling for stain.

Explanation: Single missing anterior tooth in adult is usually acquired loss; imaging clarifies aetiology.

Explanation: Adult single tooth loss more likely acquired.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth showing severe yellow-brown discoloration across the labial surfaces with chalky white areas and possible early cavitation on at least one tooth; gingival tissues mildly inflamed.

Severe yellow-brown discoloration with white opacities across upper anteriors suggesting fluorosis or hypoplasia overlay; possible early cavitation on a single tooth; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Vitality testing, professional scaling and polishing, evaluate cavitated area for restoration, consider microabrasion or composite veneer for aesthetics after pulpal assessment, fluoride therapy, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Mixed extrinsic and intrinsic discoloration patterns with possible developmental enamel defect need differentiation; aesthetic management options range from polish/bleaching for extrinsic to restorative veneers for intrinsic developmental defects.

Explanation: Severe mixed discoloration with possible cavitation.


Frontal close view of severely affected dentition with yellow-brown staining and grossly inflamed bleeding bright-red gingiva surrounding the teeth.

Severe yellow-brown extrinsic staining on teeth; severe gingival inflammation with active bleeding.

Scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, address gingivitis first, then aesthetic care.

Explanation: Heavy stain and gingivitis coexist; treat inflammation first.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis dominates; discoloration is secondary finding.


Very close magnified view of cervical area of upper anterior teeth showing yellow-brown extrinsic staining at gingival margins with rough surface texture and pinkish granular plaque.

Cervical yellow-brown extrinsic stain with pink granular plaque deposits at gingival margins; teeth otherwise intact.

Professional scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Cervical extrinsic stain plus plaque deposits respond well to professional cleaning.

Explanation: Cervical extrinsic stain with plaque.


Lateral view of crowded yellow-stained dentition with mild cervical calculus and slight gingival recession on the upper anteriors.

Yellow cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with mild recession.

Explanation: Cervical calculus drives recession; scaling halts progression.

Explanation: Cervical calculus with recession.


Smile close view of upper and lower anteriors showing mild yellow cervical staining with mild calculus deposits along the gingival margins.

Mild yellow cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors; gingiva pink with mild marginal redness; mild crowding.

Routine scaling and polishing; brushing reinforcement; six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus removable by scaling; reinforce hygiene to prevent recurrence.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus.


Frontal retracted view with cheek retractor showing mild yellow cervical staining and small calculus deposits on lower anteriors; gingiva pink with mild marginal redness.

Mild cervical calculus on lower anteriors; mild marginal redness; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned.

Scaling, polish, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus driving marginal redness resolved by scaling and brushing reinforcement.

Explanation: Mild cervical calculus on lower anteriors.


Side-by-side before/after frontal views showing intact dentition; top panel has cervical yellow-brown calculus deposits along the gingival margins; bottom panel post-cleaning shows yellowed teeth with cleaner cervical contours.

Top panel shows generalised cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with mild gingival inflammation; bottom panel shows mostly clean cervical areas post-scaling with residual yellow tint.

Maintain post-scaling hygiene with twice-daily brushing along the gum line, interdental cleaning, professional polish every six months, dietary advice to reduce stain-causing beverages.

Explanation: Supragingival calculus mineralises from prolonged plaque retention along the gingival margin; mechanical scaling removes it and sustained biofilm control determines recurrence rate.

Explanation: Pre/post comparison shows cervical calculus removed.


Lateral view of well-aligned dentition with moderate yellow staining and mild calculus on cervical areas of upper and lower posterior teeth.

Moderate cervical yellow calculus on upper and lower posteriors; teeth aligned.

Explanation: Cervical calculus driven by biofilm; scaling clears and brushing maintains.

Explanation: Cervical calculus on posteriors.


Frontal close view of yellow-stained anteriors with bright red severely inflamed gingival margins, bleeding evident at the gum line.

Yellow stained anteriors with severe marginal gingival inflammation and bleeding; cervical calculus visible on lower anteriors.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy calculus burden drives severe marginal inflammation reversible with scaling and adjunct rinses.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis is dominant finding; calculus is concurrent.


Frontal view showing severe yellow cervical staining and heavy calculus on upper and lower anteriors with broken-down lower anterior structure.

Heavy cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors; broken-down lower anteriors with possible carious destruction; gingival margins inflamed.

Multi-session scaling, restorative evaluation of broken lower anteriors, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy calculus plus broken teeth signal long-neglected periodontal and restorative care.

Explanation: Heavy calculus burden across dentition.


Red-filtered side-by-side comparison views of upper and lower anteriors showing heavy yellow-brown cervical calculus deposits along the gingival margins with red filter creating dramatic shadow contrast against the calculus.

Generalised heavy yellow-brown cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors; gingival margins inflamed; teeth structurally intact behind the deposits.

Multi-session full mouth ultrasonic scaling, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse for two weeks, demonstrate proper brushing technique focused on the cervical region, professional polish at each session, two-week recall to confirm gingival response.

Explanation: Heavy long-standing supragingival calculus provides a sustained biofilm reservoir; mechanical scaling is essential since neither brushing nor chemical agents can dissolve mineralised deposits.

Explanation: Heavy cervical calculus across both arches.


Lateral close view of stained worn anterior teeth with cervical calculus, mild attrition on incisal edges, and inflamed gingiva.

Cervical calculus, mild attrition, and gingival inflammation on lower anteriors.

Scaling, occlusal evaluation, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Combined calculus and attrition reflect long-standing wear and biofilm.

Explanation: Calculus with attrition.


Right lateral retracted view of upper and lower posterior dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and overcrowding of premolars; gingiva mostly pink.

Mild cervical staining on posteriors with crowding of premolars; gingival margins healthy.

Scaling and polishing, orthodontic consultation for crowding, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild calculus is the active concern but crowding warrants orthodontic review.

Explanation: Crowding is more clinically significant than the mild calculus.


Upper palatal mirror view showing intact dentition with metal restorations, mild palatal staining and small cervical deposits on multiple posterior teeth; the palatal mucosa and soft tissues are unremarkable.

Intact upper arch with mild palatal cervical staining and small calculus deposits on posterior teeth; existing metal restorations visible on molars; soft tissues healthy.

Routine scaling and polishing focused on the palatal cervical region, evaluate restoration margins for any leakage, demonstrate brushing technique for palatal surfaces, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild palatal cervical staining and calculus are biofilm-driven and respond to polishing; surrounding restorations require periodic margin review to detect any microleakage early.

Explanation: Mild palatal cervical deposits.


Frontal close view of dentition with one upper anterior tooth showing cervical brown caries and adjacent staining.

Cervical caries on upper anterior; surrounding anteriors intact.

Excavate and restore cervical caries with composite.

Explanation: Cervical caries needs restoration to halt dentinal progression.

Explanation: Cervical cavitated lesion visible.


Close intraoral view of inflamed bleeding gingival tissue with a whitish chalky area at the gingival margin suggestive of subgingival caries or recent restoration.

Inflamed bleeding gingiva with adjacent whitish area at margin; possible subgingival caries; cervical area cannot be fully visualised.

Probe and radiograph for subgingival caries assessment, scaling, evaluate for restoration.

Explanation: Subgingival caries needs radiographic confirmation before restorative planning.

Explanation: Inflammation dominant; subgingival caries uncertain.


Extreme close view of severely decayed retained root remnants with dark cavitation and necrotic-appearing pulpal tissue visible.

Severely decayed retained roots with dark necrotic appearance and complete coronal destruction.

Extract retained roots, plan prosthetic rehabilitation, antibiotic cover if needed.

Explanation: Non-restorable retained roots harbor chronic infection and need surgical removal.

Explanation: Retained roots with severe decay.


Pediatric mouth showing severely cavitated upper primary anterior teeth with multiple destroyed crowns and dark brown lesions exposing dentinal cores; gingival margins mildly inflamed; lower anteriors intact.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with brown coronal destruction characteristic of early childhood caries; pulpal exposure possible on several teeth; gingival margins inflamed adjacent to lesions.

Comprehensive pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, stainless steel crowns or pulpotomy on salvageable teeth, parental counselling on feeding habits, three-monthly recall.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries pattern from prolonged sugar exposure; advanced cavitation requires surgical management and aggressive preventive care for the remaining and developing teeth.

Explanation: Classic severe early childhood caries.


Close occlusal view of a lower molar showing a small white area on the buccal surface; otherwise the tooth appears intact.

Small white area on lower molar suggestive of early white-spot lesion.

Fluoride application and remineralisation paste.

Explanation: White-spot lesion is reversible enamel demineralisation.

Explanation: Possible early enamel lesion.


Close lateral view of upper anteriors showing severe dark brown cavitation and broken coronal structure on multiple teeth; surrounding gingiva inflamed and partially recessed.

Severe coronal destruction with cavitated lesions and dark necrotic tissue on multiple upper anteriors; adjacent gingival inflammation and recession.

Extract non-restorable teeth, plan prosthetic rehabilitation, antibiotic cover, scaling.

Explanation: Severe coronal destruction with non-restorable teeth needs surgical clearance before prosthetic care.

Explanation: Severe non-restorable caries on multiple anteriors.


Close lateral view showing a single severely cavitated upper canine with grey-black coronal destruction adjacent to relatively intact neighbours; mild gingival inflammation.

Single severely cavitated upper canine with grey-black destruction; adjacent teeth intact; mild gingival inflammation adjacent.

Periapical radiograph, vitality testing, endodontic versus extraction decision.

Explanation: Severe single-tooth cavitation likely reaching pulp needs vitality assessment.

Explanation: Cavitated non-vital-appearing canine.


Orange-filtered pediatric mouth view showing severely cavitated upper anteriors with dark carious lesions and broken-down coronal structure; surrounding gingiva inflamed and bleeding; image colour is heavily orange.

Multiple severely cavitated upper primary anteriors with dark carious lesions; broken coronal structure; gingival margins inflamed and bleeding adjacent to active caries.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth, restorations on salvageable teeth, parental counselling, three-monthly recall for caries activity monitoring.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries with broken-down teeth needs surgical management combined with aggressive prevention to halt the active disease process and preserve developing dentition.

Explanation: Severe early childhood caries pattern.


Close pediatric view of lower anteriors showing severely decayed cavitated brown lesions on multiple teeth.

Multiple severely cavitated lower anterior teeth with dark coronal destruction.

Pediatric dental review under sedation, extract non-restorable teeth.

Explanation: Severe caries needs surgical management.

Explanation: Severe pediatric caries.


Close lateral view of lower anterior dentition with severe cervical caries on multiple teeth and dark brown stain extending to cervical surfaces; gingival margins inflamed.

Severe cervical caries on lower anteriors with brown cervical staining; gingival inflammation adjacent.

Excavate and restore cervical caries, scaling, hygiene reinforcement, fluoride.

Explanation: Cervical caries plus inflammation needs combined operative and periodontal care.

Explanation: Severe cervical caries on lowers.


Close smile view of upper anteriors showing intact white teeth with a small dark spot at the cervical region of one central incisor suggesting early caries.

Single small dark cervical spot on upper central incisor; adjacent teeth intact; gingiva pink and healthy.

Probe lesion, fluoride application, restoration if cavitated, six-month recall.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion needs evaluation for cavitation versus arrested caries before restoration.

Explanation: Small cervical lesion on central.


Upper palatal mirror view showing intact posterior dentition with two retained root remnants in the anterior position showing severe coronal destruction and dark necrotic tissue; surrounding gingiva moderately inflamed; remaining posteriors intact.

Two anterior retained roots with severe coronal destruction and necrotic appearance; posterior teeth intact; gingival inflammation localised around the retained roots; palatal mucosa unremarkable.

Extract retained anterior roots, plan prosthetic replacement with bridge or implants after healing, scaling of remaining dentition, antibiotic cover if signs of acute infection.

Explanation: Retained roots from severe coronal caries harbor chronic biofilm and infection that requires surgical removal before any prosthetic rehabilitation can proceed; the surrounding gingival inflammation will resolve with extraction and routine hygiene.

Explanation: Retained roots with severe destruction.


Close pediatric mouth view showing severely cavitated brown teeth and severely inflamed bleeding gingiva.

Severe pediatric caries and severe marginal gingivitis with bleeding.

Pediatric dental review, extractions, hygiene, fluoride.

Explanation: Severe caries plus gingivitis needs combined surgical and preventive care.

Explanation: Caries dominant over gingivitis here.


Frontal close view of upper and lower anterior dentition with fixed orthodontic brackets and green elastic ligatures; gingival tissues inflamed and slightly swollen adjacent to bracket bonding areas.

Generalised mild marginal gingival inflammation around orthodontic brackets with green ligatures; some bleeding at gingival margins.

Scale around brackets, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene training with interdental brushes and floss threaders.

Explanation: Orthodontic appliances retain plaque and drive marginal inflammation reversible with intensive hygiene.

Explanation: Peri-orthodontic gingival inflammation.


Right lateral intraoral view of intact upper and lower posterior dentition with mild yellow cervical staining and slight gingival redness on the upper margins; gingival contour preserved.

Mild marginal redness on upper posterior gingiva; mild yellow cervical staining; teeth intact and well-aligned.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis is reversible with biofilm control through brushing and routine scaling.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal inflammation.


Close frontal close view of dentition with severe bright red gingival inflammation, marked recession on upper anteriors exposing root surfaces, active bleeding at the gum line, and yellow cervical staining on the teeth.

Severe generalised gingival inflammation with marked recession exposing roots on upper anteriors; cervical staining on teeth; active marginal bleeding at multiple sites.

Full mouth scaling, periodontal probing for pocketing, soft-bristle technique demo, fluoride to exposed roots, recall in two weeks for re-evaluation possibly with periodontal referral.

Explanation: Severe marginal inflammation with recession indicates a combination of plaque-induced gingivitis and possible attachment loss; the recession may be exacerbated by aggressive brushing requiring technique modification alongside biofilm control.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with recession may indicate periodontitis.


Frontal close-up of lower anterior teeth showing severe crowding with rotated incisors and mild cervical yellow staining; gingiva visible with mild redness.

Severe lower anterior crowding with mild cervical staining and mild marginal inflammation.

Scaling, orthodontic consultation, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Crowding drives plaque retention and gingivitis; orthodontics addresses root cause.

Explanation: Severe crowding dominates.


Right lateral retracted view of intact adult dentition with well-aligned teeth, mild cervical yellow staining, and pink gingival margins with slight localised redness.

Intact adult lateral dentition; mild cervical yellow staining; gingiva pink with localised mild marginal redness.

Explanation: Mild localised marginal gingivitis from cervical biofilm; scaling and hygiene resolve.

Explanation: Mild marginal redness.


Frontal close view of upper anterior teeth showing severe bright red gingival inflammation with significant gingival overgrowth surrounding the teeth and a yellow tooth shade.

Severe gingival enlargement and inflammation surrounding upper anteriors; yellow tooth shade; rolled bulbous gingival contour.

Full mouth scaling, evaluate for drug-induced enlargement if patient on medications, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement may be plaque-induced or drug-induced; both require biofilm control as first-line therapy.

Explanation: Severe gingival enlargement.


Frontal smile view showing well-aligned upper and lower dentition with mostly normal tooth shade, mild yellow cervical tint and pink gingival margins with no overt inflammation; teeth otherwise intact.

Well-aligned dentition with mild cervical yellow tint; gingival margins pink with no significant inflammation; teeth intact without cavitation.

Maintain current oral hygiene practices, professional polish at next recall, demonstrate continued interdental cleaning, six-month recall to monitor marginal health.

Explanation: The presentation appears largely healthy with at most subclinical inflammation; ongoing biofilm control through daily brushing and interdental hygiene maintains gingival health and prevents progression to overt gingivitis.

Explanation: Tissues appear largely healthy; ext label questionable.


Posterior lateral view showing teeth with a gold crown on a premolar and a broken posterior tooth with cervical staining; gingiva moderately inflamed.

Gold crown on premolar; broken posterior tooth with cervical stain; gingival inflammation.

Restore broken tooth, scaling, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Combined restorative and periodontal needs.

Explanation: Crown and broken tooth dominate.


Frontal close view of well-aligned adult dentition with intact white teeth and pink healthy-appearing gingival margins with normal contour.

Intact well-aligned dentition; gingival margins pink and knife-edge; no inflammation or deposits visible.

Maintain current oral hygiene, professional polish at next recall, six-month recall.

Explanation: Largely healthy presentation; ongoing biofilm control maintains gingival health.

Explanation: Healthy-appearing tissues.


Upper palatal close view showing intact posterior teeth, gold crown on a premolar, and a soft pinkish raised swelling adjacent to the gingival margin suggesting a possible gingival lesion or cyst.

Pinkish gingival swelling adjacent to a gold crown on upper premolar; teeth otherwise intact; localised soft-tissue mass concerning for cyst or reactive lesion.

Periapical radiograph, biopsy or excision of soft-tissue mass if persistent, oral surgery referral.

Explanation: Localised gingival mass adjacent to existing crown warrants biopsy to differentiate reactive lesion from neoplastic process.

Explanation: Soft-tissue lesion is dominant finding.


Frontal retracted view of overexposed upper and lower anterior dentition showing white teeth with multiple cervical white-spot lesions and bright red severely inflamed gingival margins with bleeding evident at the cervical region.

Multiple cervical white-spot lesions on upper anteriors suggesting early enamel demineralisation; severe bright-red marginal gingival inflammation with active bleeding; teeth otherwise intact and well-aligned.

Full mouth scaling, fluoride varnish on white-spot lesions, chlorhexidine 0.2% rinse two weeks, hygiene reinforcement with interdental cleaning, dietary counselling, two-week recall to assess gingival response and lesion stability.

Explanation: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis combined with white-spot lesions indicates an active biofilm and acid challenge; combined biofilm removal plus fluoride therapy halts the demineralisation and resolves the gingival inflammation.

Explanation: Severe gingivitis with concurrent white-spot lesions.


Lateral view of upper and lower anteriors with a noticeable space between the upper central incisors (midline diastema).

Midline diastema between upper centrals; teeth intact; gingiva pink.

Panoramic radiograph, orthodontic consult.

Explanation: Midline diastema differential includes hypodontia of mesiodens or congenital absence.

Explanation: Midline diastema more likely malocclusion than hypodontia.


Frontal smile view showing well-aligned upper and lower dentition with intact white teeth and pink gingival margins; no obvious missing teeth visible.

Intact well-aligned dentition; gingiva pink with healthy contour; no overt missing teeth visible.

Panoramic radiograph if hypodontia suspected by history, otherwise routine recall.

Explanation: Apparent intact dentition; imaging needed to confirm any congenital absence.

Explanation: No visible missing teeth; ext label questionable.


Pediatric smile view showing upper anteriors with a small dark spot on one central incisor and a slight gap suggesting either small caries or partial eruption of an adjacent tooth.

Small dark cervical spot on upper central; mild interdental space; mixed dentition pattern.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, dental review for the dark spot.

Explanation: Combination of small cavitation and gap needs radiograph to confirm both caries activity and tooth bud presence.

Explanation: Small caries lesion is dominant finding.


Upper palatal close view showing the alveolar ridge with two amputated tooth stumps at the anterior region (apparent root tip retainers or implant abutments) and intact posterior teeth on either side; surrounding palatal tissue inflamed.

Two anterior alveolar stumps with inflamed surrounding gingiva; possibly root remnants or surgical sites with healing tissue; intact posteriors on either side; palatal tissue moderately inflamed.

Oral surgery consultation for the alveolar stumps, radiograph for any root remnants or implant fixtures, plan prosthetic replacement after surgical clearance, antibiotic cover if needed.

Explanation: Severe anterior tooth loss with possibly retained root remnants requires surgical clearance and comprehensive prosthodontic planning to restore function and aesthetics.

Explanation: Acquired anterior tooth loss with retained roots.


Pediatric smile view showing upper anterior dentition with a single missing central incisor space; adjacent teeth intact.

Single missing upper central incisor space.

Explanation: Single central absence in a child may be agenesis or delayed eruption.

Explanation: Single central tooth space.


Older patient close view showing yellow-stained worn upper anteriors with one missing central incisor space and adjacent severely decayed teeth with cervical caries lesions.

Missing upper central incisor space in older patient; adjacent teeth with severe cervical caries; yellow staining; mild gingival inflammation.

Panoramic radiograph, restorative planning, possible extraction of decayed teeth, prosthetic replacement.

Explanation: Acquired single tooth loss with severe caries in adult dentition; not classical hypodontia.

Explanation: Acquired loss with active caries on adjacent teeth.


Pediatric mouth open view showing severely missing upper anterior teeth with only the central incisors present and large gaps where laterals would be; lower anteriors intact.

Missing upper lateral incisor spaces bilaterally; centrals present; lower anteriors intact.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, orthodontic referral, prosthetic planning.

Explanation: Bilateral lateral incisor absence is the most common congenital agenesis pattern in hypodontia.

Explanation: Classic bilateral lateral incisor agenesis pattern.


Red-filtered close lateral view showing dentition with several missing teeth in the anterior region and severely worn or broken remaining teeth; the heavy red filter creates dramatic shadows that partially obscure the underlying tissues.

Multiple missing anterior teeth with broken or worn remaining structures; gingival contour difficult to assess due to red filter; image quality limits detailed soft-tissue evaluation.

Panoramic radiograph, comprehensive prosthodontic and restorative planning, oral surgery consultation if retained roots present, recapture image with better lighting.

Explanation: Multiple missing teeth with broken remnants in adult or older patient is more consistent with acquired loss rather than congenital agenesis; comprehensive rehabilitation needed.

Explanation: Multiple missing teeth; aetiology ambiguous under red filter.


Bright pink-red filtered close view of mouth showing dentition with anterior missing teeth and irregular alignment.

Multiple anterior missing teeth visible against pink filter; remaining teeth irregularly aligned.

Panoramic radiograph, prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Multiple missing anteriors need comprehensive prosthodontic care.

Explanation: Filter obscures detail; missing teeth evident.


Mouth open view showing dentition with anterior central incisor missing and severe attrition or fractures on remaining teeth.

Missing upper central incisor; remaining teeth show severe attrition or fractures; surrounding tissues unclear.

Panoramic radiograph, comprehensive restorative and prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Single central absence with severe attrition on remaining teeth needs comprehensive rehabilitation.

Explanation: Acquired loss with severe wear on remaining teeth.


Pediatric mouth showing severely missing upper anterior teeth with only a few small remaining anteriors and large gaps; mixed dentition pattern.

Multiple missing upper anteriors in pediatric mixed dentition; remaining teeth small and irregularly positioned.

Panoramic radiograph for tooth bud assessment, paediatric orthodontic and prosthetic consult, space management.

Explanation: Severe oligodontia in pediatric dentition needs comprehensive radiographic workup and combined orthodontic-prosthodontic planning.

Explanation: Severe oligodontia pattern in child.


Pediatric mouth showing severely affected mixed dentition with multiple missing teeth, severe yellow staining on remaining teeth, and broken-down crowns; gingiva mildly inflamed; soft tissues otherwise unremarkable.

Multiple missing teeth in pediatric mixed dentition with severe yellow staining and broken-down remaining crowns; mild gingival inflammation adjacent to affected areas.

Pediatric dental review with sedation if needed, panoramic radiograph for comprehensive dental status, extract non-restorable teeth, restorative care for salvageable teeth, space maintenance planning, three-monthly recall for caries prevention.

Explanation: Severely affected mixed dentition with combined hypodontia and severe caries needs comprehensive pediatric dental management; preserving arch length and function during the transition to permanent dentition is the priority.

Explanation: Combined caries and tooth loss; caries dominant.


Close view of yellow upper teeth with brown stain spots at the cervical region and gingival margins.

Yellow staining with brown cervical spots on upper anteriors; mild gingival redness.

Scaling and polishing, dietary counselling.

Explanation: Mixed extrinsic stain responds to professional cleaning.

Explanation: Mixed cervical extrinsic stain.


Very close view of upper anteriors showing heavy grey-black plaque or calculus deposits along the cervical margins of multiple teeth; gingival tissues inflamed.

Heavy grey-black cervical calculus or plaque on upper anteriors; severe marginal inflammation.

Multi-session scaling, chlorhexidine rinse, hygiene reinforcement, two-week recall.

Explanation: Heavy calculus drives severe marginal inflammation reversible with scaling.

Explanation: Heavy calculus is dominant finding.


Close lateral view of lower posterior teeth showing yellow cervical staining and small calculus deposits along the gingival margins; surrounding gingival tissue inflamed.

Mild yellow cervical staining with calculus deposits on lower posteriors; gingival inflammation adjacent.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, six-month recall.

Explanation: Cervical staining and calculus respond well to professional scaling.

Explanation: Cervical staining with calculus.


Promotional dental clinic image showing a man smiling with very yellow stained teeth visible; lighting is bright and the image is professional clinic marketing material rather than clinical documentation.

Generalised severe yellow tooth shade across upper anteriors; promotional photo quality; teeth structurally intact without cavitation; gingival margins not clearly visible.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic component, supervised vital bleaching consultation for the intrinsic yellow shade, dietary counselling on chromogenic foods and tobacco, hygiene reinforcement.

Explanation: Severe yellow staining of teeth is often a combination of intrinsic enamel colour and extrinsic dietary chromogens; combined polishing and supervised bleaching may improve appearance significantly though underlying enamel shade is genetically determined.

Explanation: Severe yellow generalised discoloration.


Close view of upper anteriors showing horizontal brown banded discoloration across the cervical regions of multiple teeth.

Brown horizontal banded cervical staining on upper anteriors; teeth otherwise intact.

Scaling and polishing, dietary advice, three-month recall.

Explanation: Horizontal banded extrinsic stain responds to professional polish.

Explanation: Banded cervical staining.


Frontal lateral view of lower anteriors showing yellow cervical staining and visible plaque deposits at the gingival margins; mild marginal redness.

Yellow cervical staining and plaque deposits on lower anteriors; mild marginal gingival inflammation.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, dietary counselling, six-month recall.

Explanation: Cervical extrinsic staining with plaque responds to professional cleaning.

Explanation: Cervical stain with plaque.


Close occlusal view of upper anterior teeth showing pinkish-grey discoloration on multiple teeth with a translucent appearance; gingiva visible at margins.

Pinkish-grey discoloration on multiple upper anteriors; translucent enamel appearance; gingival margins healthy.

Vitality testing, periapical radiograph for non-vital teeth, restorative aesthetic consultation.

Explanation: Pinkish discoloration may indicate internal resorption or pulpal pathology requiring vitality assessment.

Explanation: Pinkish translucent discoloration unusual.


Promotional-style image showing a male patient smiling broadly with severely yellow-orange stained teeth; the image is taken in a clinical or studio setting with bright lighting; teeth appear structurally intact without cavitation.

Severe generalised yellow-orange tooth shade across visible dentition; teeth intact without cavitation; gingival margins partially visible appear normal in colour; the dramatic stain pattern is characteristic of either tobacco use or significant extrinsic chromogen accumulation.

Professional scaling and polishing to remove extrinsic stain, dietary and tobacco cessation counselling, supervised in-office vital bleaching consultation for residual intrinsic component, oral hygiene reinforcement, three-month recall.

Explanation: Severe yellow-orange staining is typically extrinsic from tobacco or dietary chromogens that respond well to scaling and polishing; combined behaviour modification and professional bleaching can dramatically improve aesthetics in such cases.

Explanation: Severe yellow-orange staining likely tobacco-related.


Close lateral view of upper anteriors showing mild brown cervical staining with otherwise normal-shade teeth; gingival margins pink.

Mild brown cervical staining on upper anteriors; teeth otherwise normal shade; gingiva healthy.

Scaling and polishing, six-month recall.

Explanation: Mild cervical extrinsic stain responds to polish.

Explanation: Mild cervical extrinsic stain.


Frontal lateral view of lower anteriors showing yellow cervical staining and visible plaque deposits with mild marginal gingivitis on lower posterior teeth.

Yellow cervical staining on lower anteriors with mild plaque deposits; mild marginal gingivitis adjacent.

Scaling and polishing, hygiene reinforcement, brushing technique demonstration.

Explanation: Cervical staining with plaque drives mild marginal inflammation reversible with scaling.

Explanation: Cervical stain with plaque and mild gingivitis.


Upper palatal close view of intact dentition showing mild yellow cervical staining on palatal surfaces of upper teeth; mild plaque deposits visible at gingival margins.

Mild yellow palatal cervical staining with localised plaque; teeth otherwise intact; gingival contour normal.

Scaling and polishing, brushing technique for palatal surfaces, six-month recall.

Explanation: Palatal cervical staining is plaque-driven and responds to polish and proper brushing.

Explanation: Mild palatal cervical staining.


Close view of upper anterior teeth showing severe yellow-grey translucent enamel appearance with thin enamel and underlying yellower dentin visible; gingival tissues inflamed.

Severe yellow-grey translucent appearance suggesting enamel thinness with prominent underlying dentin; teeth structurally intact without cavitation; gingival inflammation evident at margins.

Vitality testing, professional polish, supervised vital bleaching consultation, restorative veneer evaluation, hygiene reinforcement, three-month recall.

Explanation: Severe yellow-grey translucent appearance may reflect amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis, or other developmental enamel defects; treatment options range from bleaching for mild cases to full-coverage restorative crowns or veneers for severely affected dentition.

Explanation: Severe intrinsic-appearing discoloration.


Red-filtered close view of severely affected yellow-stained dentition with missing upper anterior tooth and heavy cervical calculus deposits.

Heavy yellow cervical calculus on upper and lower anteriors with one missing upper tooth.

Multi-session scaling, prosthetic consult for missing tooth.

Explanation: Heavy calculus plus tooth loss needs combined periodontal and prosthetic care.

Explanation: Dominant finding is the missing tooth alongside calculus.