| {"id": "icb_article_14_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 14", "title": "Equality Before Law", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA state government enacts a licensing regulation that arbitrarily grants commercial permits exclusively to politically connected businesses while denying similar permits to all other applicants under identical conditions.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 14.", "reasoning": "Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. State action that is patently arbitrary and lacks reasonable classification violates Article 14.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_14_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 14", "title": "कानून के समक्ष समानता", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक राज्य सरकार एक लाइसेंसिंग नियम बनाती है जो मनमाने ढंग से विशेष रूप से राजनीतिक रूप से जुड़े व्यवसायों को व्यावसायिक परमिट प्रदान करता है जबकि समान परिस्थितियों में अन्य सभी आवेदकों को ऐसे परमिट से वंचित करता है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 14 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 14 कानून के समक्ष समानता और कानूनों के समान संरक्षण की गारंटी देता है। राज्य की कार्रवाई जो स्पष्ट रूप से मनमानी है और जिसमें उचित वर्गीकरण का अभाव है, वह अनुच्छेद 14 का उल्लंघन करती है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_17_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 17", "title": "Abolition of Untouchability", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA hotel owner denies entry and dining service to a group of customers, citing traditional community customs that prohibit social mingling with members of a scheduled caste.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 17.", "reasoning": "Article 17 abolishes 'Untouchability' and forbids its practice in any form. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability is a severe, legally punishable offence.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_17_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 17", "title": "अस्पृश्यता उन्मूलन", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक होटल मालिक ग्राहकों के एक समूह को प्रवेश और भोजन सेवा से वंचित कर देता है, जिसमें पारंपरिक सामुदायिक रीति-रिवाजों का हवाला दिया गया है जो एक अनुसूचित जाति के सदस्यों के साथ सामाजिक मेलजोल को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 17 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 17 'अस्पृश्यता' को समाप्त करता है और किसी भी रूप में इसके अभ्यास को प्रतिबंधित करता है। अस्पृश्यता से उत्पन्न होने वाली किसी भी अक्षमता को लागू करना एक गंभीर, कानूनी रूप से दंडनीय अपराध है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_19_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 19", "title": "Protection of Certain Rights Regarding Freedom of Speech, Etc", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA peaceful assembly of citizens protesting local environmental degradation is ordered to disperse immediately by local police despite having no weapons and displaying absolutely no threat to public order.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 19.", "reasoning": "Article 19(1)(b) guarantees all citizens the right to assemble peaceably and without arms. The State cannot restrict this right arbitrarily unless there is a genuine threat to public order under Article 19(3).", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_19_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 19", "title": "बोलने की स्वतंत्रता आदि के संबंध में कुछ अधिकारों का संरक्षण", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nस्थानीय पर्यावरणीय गिरावट का शांतिपूर्ण विरोध कर रहे नागरिकों की एक सभा को स्थानीय पुलिस द्वारा तुरंत तितर-बितर होने का आदेश दिया जाता है, बावजूद इसके कि उनके पास कोई हथियार नहीं है और सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था को कोई खतरा नहीं है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 19 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 19(1)(b) सभी नागरिकों को शांतिपूर्वक और बिना हथियारों के इकट्ठा होने के अधिकार की गारंटी देता है। राज्य इस अधिकार को मनमाने ढंग से प्रतिबंधित नहीं कर सकता जब तक कि अनुच्छेद 19(3) के तहत सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था के लिए वास्तविक खतरा न हो।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_20_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 20", "title": "Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA citizen is formally tried, convicted of shoplifting, and serves a sentence of three months. A year later, a new magistrate issues a warrant to retry and sentence the exact same individual for the identical incident.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 20.", "reasoning": "Article 20(2) protects citizens from double jeopardy, mandating that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_20_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 20", "title": "अपराधों के लिए दोषसिद्धि के संबंध में संरक्षण", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक नागरिक पर दुकान से चोरी का औपचारिक मुकदमा चलाया जाता है, उसे दोषी ठहराया जाता है, और वह तीन महीने की सजा काटता है। एक साल बाद, एक नया मजिस्ट्रेट उसी घटना के लिए उसी व्यक्ति पर फिर से मुकदमा चलाने और सजा देने का वारंट जारी करता है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 20 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 20(2) नागरिकों को दोहरे दंड (डबल जियोपार्डी) से बचाता है, यह अनिवार्य करता है कि किसी भी व्यक्ति पर एक ही अपराध के लिए एक से अधिक बार मुकदमा नहीं चलाया जाएगा और न ही दंडित किया जाएगा।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_21_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 21", "title": "Protection of Life and Personal Liberty", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nAn activist is placed under indefinite detention by police authorities without being informed of any charges or brought before a magistrate, with zero legislative authorization or judicial warrant.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 21.", "reasoning": "Article 21 protects life and personal liberty, declaring that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_21_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 21", "title": "जीवन और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता की सुरक्षा", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक कार्यकर्ता को पुलिस अधिकारियों द्वारा बिना किसी आरोप की सूचना दिए या मजिस्ट्रेट के सामने पेश किए, बिना किसी विधायी प्राधिकरण या न्यायिक वारंट के अनिश्चितकालीन हिरासत में रखा गया है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 21 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 21 जीवन और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा करता है, यह घोषणा करता है कि किसी भी व्यक्ति को कानून द्वारा स्थापित प्रक्रिया के अलावा उसके जीवन या व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता से वंचित नहीं किया जाएगा।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_24_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 24", "title": "Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, Etc", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA local mining company hires children who are twelve years old to work long daily shifts underground sorting coal, citing their smaller size as an advantage for narrow mining tunnels.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 24.", "reasoning": "Article 24 categorically prohibits the employment of children below the age of fourteen in any factory, mine, or other hazardous employment, with zero exceptions.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_24_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 24", "title": "कारखानों आदि में बच्चों के रोजगार पर प्रतिबंध", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक स्थानीय खनन कंपनी बारह वर्ष की आयु के बच्चों को कोयले की छंटाई के लिए भूमिगत लंबी दैनिक पारियों में काम करने के लिए रखती है, संकीर्ण खनन सुरंगों के लिए उनके छोटे आकार को एक लाभ के रूप में बताती है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 24 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 24 बिना किसी अपवाद के चौदह वर्ष से कम उम्र के बच्चों को किसी भी कारखाने, खदान या अन्य खतरनाक रोजगार में नियोजित करने पर स्पष्ट रूप से प्रतिबंध लगाता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_25_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 25", "title": "Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA district administrative order places an outright ban on a peaceful minority group from practicing their traditional prayers in their registered private community center, without citing any threat to public order, health, or morality.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 25.", "reasoning": "Article 25(1) guarantees all persons freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject only to public order, morality, and health.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_25_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 25", "title": "अंतरात्मा की स्वतंत्रता और धर्म का स्वतंत्र व्यवसाय, अभ्यास और प्रचार", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक जिला प्रशासनिक आदेश एक शांतिप्रिय अल्पसंख्यक समूह पर उनके पंजीकृत निजी सामुदायिक केंद्र में अपनी पारंपरिक प्रार्थना करने पर पूर्ण प्रतिबंध लगाता है, जिसमें सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था, स्वास्थ्य या नैतिकता को किसी भी खतरे का हवाला नहीं दिया गया है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 25 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 25(1) सभी व्यक्तियों को अंतःकरण की स्वतंत्रता और धर्म को स्वतंत्र रूप से मानने, आचरण करने और प्रचार करने के अधिकार की गारंटी देता है, जो केवल सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था, नैतिकता और स्वास्थ्य के अधीन है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_32_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 32", "title": "Remedies for Enforcement of Rights Conferred by This Part", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA citizen seeks to file a writ petition directly in the Supreme Court to halt an ongoing violation of their fundamental rights, but the executive issues a decree suspending all citizens' access to judicial remedies.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 32.", "reasoning": "Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. It is itself a fundamental right and cannot be suspended except by constitutional amendment.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_32_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 32", "title": "इस भाग द्वारा प्रदत्त अधिकारों को लागू करने के उपाय", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक नागरिक अपने मौलिक अधिकारों के निरंतर उल्लंघन को रोकने के लिए सीधे सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में एक रिट याचिका दायर करना चाहता है, लेकिन कार्यपालिका न्यायिक उपचारों तक सभी नागरिकों की पहुंच को निलंबित करने वाला एक डिक्री जारी करती है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 32 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 32 मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन के लिए उपयुक्त कार्यवाही द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय जाने के अधिकार की गारंटी देता है। यह स्वयं एक मौलिक अधिकार है और संवैधानिक संशोधन के बिना इसे निलंबित नहीं किया जा सकता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_50_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 50", "title": "Separation of Judiciary from Executive", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA state legislative assembly passes an administrative bill that places all judicial magistrates under the direct control and evaluation of the local district executive heads.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 50.", "reasoning": "Article 50, a Directive Principle of State Policy, commands the State to take active steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_50_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 50", "title": "न्यायपालिका को कार्यपालिका से अलग करना", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक राज्य विधानसभा एक प्रशासनिक विधेयक पारित करती है जो सभी न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेटों को स्थानीय जिला कार्यकारी प्रमुखों के सीधे नियंत्रण और मूल्यांकन के अधीन रखती है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 50 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्वों का अनुच्छेद 50 राज्य को राज्य की सार्वजनिक सेवाओं में कार्यपालिका से न्यायपालिका को अलग करने के लिए सक्रिय कदम उठाने का आदेश देता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article19(2)_article19(1)(a)_en", "task_type": "linking", "language": "en", "article": "Article 19(2)", "title": "Relation between Article 19(2) and Article 19(1)(a)", "input": "What is the formal constitutional relationship between Article 19(2) and Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution?\nOptions: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "limits", "reasoning": "Article 19(2) places constitutional limits on the fundamental right to freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a).", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article19(2)_article19(1)(a)_hi", "task_type": "linking", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 19(2)", "title": "Article 19(2) और Article 19(1)(a) के बीच संबंध", "input": "भारतीय संविधान के Article 19(2) और Article 19(1)(a) के बीच औपचारिक संवैधानिक संबंध क्या है?\nविकल्प: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "limits", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 19(2) अनुच्छेद 19(1)(a) के तहत गारंटीकृत भाषण और अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता के मौलिक अधिकार पर संवैधानिक सीमाएं (limits) लगाता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 80, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article45_article21a_en", "task_type": "linking", "language": "en", "article": "Article 45", "title": "Relation between Article 45 and Article 21A", "input": "What is the formal constitutional relationship between Article 45 and Article 21A of the Indian Constitution?\nOptions: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "references", "reasoning": "Article 45 historically served as the DPSP foundation that was referenced and transformed into the enforceable Article 21A right to education.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article45_article21a_hi", "task_type": "linking", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 45", "title": "Article 45 और Article 21A के बीच संबंध", "input": "भारतीय संविधान के Article 45 और Article 21A के बीच औपचारिक संवैधानिक संबंध क्या है?\nविकल्प: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "references", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 45 ऐतिहासिक रूप से नीति निर्देशक सिद्धांत (DPSP) की नींव के रूप में कार्य करता था जिसे संदर्भित किया गया और शिक्षा के प्रवर्तनीय अधिकार अनुच्छेद 21A में परिवर्तित किया गया।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 80, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article52_article53_en", "task_type": "linking", "language": "en", "article": "Article 52", "title": "Relation between Article 52 and Article 53", "input": "What is the formal constitutional relationship between Article 52 and Article 53 of the Indian Constitution?\nOptions: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "related_to", "reasoning": "Article 52 establishes the office of the President, and Article 53 is related to it by defining the executive power vested in that office.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article52_article53_hi", "task_type": "linking", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 52", "title": "Article 52 और Article 53 के बीच संबंध", "input": "भारतीय संविधान के Article 52 और Article 53 के बीच औपचारिक संवैधानिक संबंध क्या है?\nविकल्प: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "related_to", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 52 राष्ट्रपति के कार्यालय की स्थापना करता है, और अनुच्छेद 53 उस कार्यालय में निहित कार्यकारी शक्ति को परिभाषित करके इससे संबंधित (related_to) है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "train", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 80, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_21a_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 21A", "title": "Right to Education", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA primary school operated by a municipal corporation refuses to enroll a nine-year-old orphan child from a low-income neighborhood because the child cannot pay the mandatory school registration fees.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 21A.", "reasoning": "Article 21A guarantees free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of six and fourteen, meaning the State cannot deny access based on fee requirements.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "validation", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_21a_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 21A", "title": "शिक्षा का अधिकार", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक नगर निगम द्वारा संचालित प्राथमिक विद्यालय कम आय वाले पड़ोस के एक नौ वर्षीय अनाथ बच्चे को प्रवेश देने से इनकार करता है क्योंकि बच्चा अनिवार्य स्कूल पंजीकरण शुल्क का भुगतान नहीं कर सकता है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 21A का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 21A छह से चौदह वर्ष की आयु के सभी बच्चों के लिए मुफ्त और अनिवार्य शिक्षा की गारंटी देता है, जिसका अर्थ है कि राज्य शुल्क की आवश्यकताओं के आधार पर प्रवेश से इनकार नहीं कर सकता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "validation", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article21a_article21_en", "task_type": "linking", "language": "en", "article": "Article 21A", "title": "Relation between Article 21A and Article 21", "input": "What is the formal constitutional relationship between Article 21A and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution?\nOptions: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "extends", "reasoning": "Article 21A extends Article 21's guarantee of the right to life by explicitly establishing the right to free and compulsory education.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "validation", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article21a_article21_hi", "task_type": "linking", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 21A", "title": "Article 21A और Article 21 के बीच संबंध", "input": "भारतीय संविधान के Article 21A और Article 21 के बीच औपचारिक संवैधानिक संबंध क्या है?\nविकल्प: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "extends", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 21A मुफ्त और अनिवार्य शिक्षा के अधिकार को स्पष्ट रूप से स्थापित करके जीवन के अधिकार की अनुच्छेद 21 की गारंटी का विस्तार (extends) करता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "validation", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 80, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_15_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 15", "title": "Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA public water utility provider funded entirely by public taxpayers restricts access to drinking water wells in a municipal area, permitting only citizens belonging to specific religious groups to draw water.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 15.", "reasoning": "Article 15 explicitly prohibits discrimination by the State against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, specifically covering public assets like wells.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_15_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 15", "title": "धर्म, नस्ल, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर भेदभाव का निषेध", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nपूरी तरह से सार्वजनिक करदाताओं द्वारा वित्त पोषित एक सार्वजनिक जल उपयोगिता प्रदाता एक नगरपालिका क्षेत्र में पीने के पानी के कुओं तक पहुंच को प्रतिबंधित करता है, केवल विशिष्ट धार्मिक समूहों से संबंधित नागरिकों को पानी निकालने की अनुमति देता है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 15 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 15 स्पष्ट रूप से राज्य द्वारा केवल धर्म, मूलवंश, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर किसी भी नागरिक के खिलाफ भेदभाव को प्रतिबंधित करता है, विशेष रूप से कुओं जैसी सार्वजनिक संपत्तियों को कवर करता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_16_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 16", "title": "Equality of Opportunity in Matters of Public Employment", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA municipal school board publishes a recruitment notice for primary teachers stating that only residents born within that specific city will be eligible for appointment to the public offices.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Potential violation of Article 16.", "reasoning": "Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment and prohibits discrimination based on residence, except as prescribed under a specific parliamentary law under Article 16(3).", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_16_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 16", "title": "सार्वजनिक रोजगार के मामलों में अवसर की समानता", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक नगर निगम स्कूल बोर्ड प्राथमिक शिक्षकों के लिए एक भर्ती सूचना प्रकाशित करता है जिसमें कहा गया है कि केवल उसी विशिष्ट शहर में पैदा हुए निवासी ही सार्वजनिक पदों पर नियुक्ति के लिए पात्र होंगे।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 16 का संभावित उल्लंघन।", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 16 सार्वजनिक रोजगार में अवसर की समानता की गारंटी देता है और निवास स्थान के आधार पर भेदभाव को प्रतिबंधित करता है, सिवाय इसके कि अनुच्छेद 16(3) के तहत एक विशिष्ट संसदीय कानून के तहत निर्धारित किया गया हो।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_44_t3_reas_en", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "en", "article": "Article 44", "title": "Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens", "input": "Analyze the following legal scenario:\n\nA petitioner files a public interest litigation asking the High Court to direct the central government to establish a single civil code governing marriage, divorce, and inheritance for all citizens across all states.\n\nIdentify the constitutional article and explain the reasoning.", "output": "Reference to Article 44.", "reasoning": "Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy directs the State to endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 70, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_article_44_t3_reas_hi", "task_type": "reasoning", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 44", "title": "नागरिकों के लिए समान नागरिक संहिता", "input": "निम्नलिखित कानूनी परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें:\n\nएक याचिकाकर्ता उच्च न्यायालय में एक जनहित याचिका दायर करता है जिसमें केंद्र सरकार को सभी राज्यों के सभी नागरिकों के लिए विवाह, तलाक और विरासत को नियंत्रित करने वाला एक एकल नागरिक संहिता स्थापित करने का निर्देश देने की मांग की जाती है।\n\nसंवैधानिक अनुच्छेद की पहचान करें और तर्क समझाएं।", "output": "अनुच्छेद 44 का संदर्भ।", "reasoning": "राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्वों का अनुच्छेद 44 राज्य को भारत के पूरे क्षेत्र में नागरिकों के लिए एक समान नागरिक संहिता सुनिश्चित करने का प्रयास करने का निर्देश देता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "synthetic_reasoning", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "jurisprudential", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "legal_argument_quality", "hallucination_resistance", "adversarial_robustness"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article15_article14_en", "task_type": "linking", "language": "en", "article": "Article 15", "title": "Relation between Article 15 and Article 14", "input": "What is the formal constitutional relationship between Article 15 and Article 14 of the Indian Constitution?\nOptions: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "supports", "reasoning": "Article 15 explicitly supports Article 14's broad guarantee of equality by prohibiting discrimination on specific social grounds.", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 75, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": false} | |
| {"id": "icb_link_article15_article14_hi", "task_type": "linking", "language": "hi", "article": "Article 15", "title": "Article 15 और Article 14 के बीच संबंध", "input": "भारतीय संविधान के Article 15 और Article 14 के बीच औपचारिक संवैधानिक संबंध क्या है?\nविकल्प: supports, extends, limits, references, related_to", "output": "supports", "reasoning": "अनुच्छेद 15 विशिष्ट सामाजिक आधारों पर भेदभाव को प्रतिबंधित करके अनुच्छेद 14 के समानता के व्यापक आश्वासन का स्पष्ट रूप से समर्थन (supports) करता है।", "difficulty": "hard", "source_type": "article_linking", "split": "test", "citation_evidence": "", "expert_reviewer_1": "", "expert_reviewer_2": "", "difficulty_score": 80, "reasoning_depth": 4, "knowledge_type": "historical", "capability_tags": ["constitutional_reasoning", "multi_hop_legal_reasoning", "cross_lingual_transfer"], "benchmark_subset": "IndicConBench-Hard", "is_crosslingual": true} | |