vinaypri/physics_trial · Datasets at Hugging Face

You will answer questions about physics

What is electrostatics?

Electrostatics deals with the study of forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is electrostatics? ### Response: Electrostatics deals with the study of forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.

You will answer questions about physics

What causes the crackling sound when taking off synthetic clothes in dry weather?

It is caused by the discharge of electric charges accumulated on insulating surfaces due to rubbing.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What causes the crackling sound when taking off synthetic clothes in dry weather? ### Response: It is caused by the discharge of electric charges accumulated on insulating surfaces due to rubbing.

You will answer questions about physics

Who discovered that amber attracts light objects when rubbed, and when?

Thales of Miletus discovered this around 600 BC.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Who discovered that amber attracts light objects when rubbed, and when? ### Response: Thales of Miletus discovered this around 600 BC.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the origin of the word 'electricity'?

It is derived from the Greek word 'elektron,' meaning amber.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the origin of the word 'electricity'? ### Response: It is derived from the Greek word 'elektron,' meaning amber.

You will answer questions about physics

What are the two types of charges?

Positive and negative charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What are the two types of charges? ### Response: Positive and negative charges.

You will answer questions about physics

What happens when two glass rods rubbed with silk are brought close to each other?

They repel each other.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens when two glass rods rubbed with silk are brought close to each other? ### Response: They repel each other.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the outcome when a glass rod and silk are brought close after rubbing?

They attract each other.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the outcome when a glass rod and silk are brought close after rubbing? ### Response: They attract each other.

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Why do charges neutralize each other when brought in contact?

Because unlike charges cancel each other’s effects.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why do charges neutralize each other when brought in contact? ### Response: Because unlike charges cancel each other’s effects.

You will answer questions about physics

Who named the charges as positive and negative?

Benjamin Franklin.

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You will answer questions about physics

What happens to a glass rod when rubbed with silk?

The glass rod becomes positively charged, and the silk becomes negatively charged.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens to a glass rod when rubbed with silk? ### Response: The glass rod becomes positively charged, and the silk becomes negatively charged.

You will answer questions about physics

What is a gold-leaf electroscope used for?

It is used to detect the presence of charge on a body.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is a gold-leaf electroscope used for? ### Response: It is used to detect the presence of charge on a body.

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What is the principle behind electrification of objects?

It is based on the transfer of electrons between objects.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the principle behind electrification of objects? ### Response: It is based on the transfer of electrons between objects.

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What happens when a conductor is charged?

The charge is distributed over the surface of the conductor.

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Why does a nylon comb get electrified when rubbed?

Because nylon is an insulator and holds the charge, unlike conductors where the charge leaks.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why does a nylon comb get electrified when rubbed? ### Response: Because nylon is an insulator and holds the charge, unlike conductors where the charge leaks.

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What are conductors?

Substances that allow the passage of electricity easily, like metals.

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What are insulators?

Substances that resist the flow of electricity, like plastic or wood.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What are insulators? ### Response: Substances that resist the flow of electricity, like plastic or wood.

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Define additivity of charges.

The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define additivity of charges. ### Response: The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges.

You will answer questions about physics

State the conservation of charge.

The total charge of an isolated system remains constant; charges are neither created nor destroyed.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:State the conservation of charge. ### Response: The total charge of an isolated system remains constant; charges are neither created nor destroyed.

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What is quantization of charge?

All free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is quantization of charge? ### Response: All free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

You will answer questions about physics

How is one coulomb defined?

One coulomb is the charge that flows through a wire in one second when the current is one ampere.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How is one coulomb defined? ### Response: One coulomb is the charge that flows through a wire in one second when the current is one ampere.

You will answer questions about physics

What is Coulomb’s law?

The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is Coulomb’s law? ### Response: The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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How did Coulomb verify his law?

Using a torsion balance to measure forces between small charged spheres.

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What is the value of the Coulomb constant k?

9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the value of the Coulomb constant k? ### Response: 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

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What is the vector form of Coulomb’s law?

F₁₂ = (1 / 4πε₀) * (q₁q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the vector form of Coulomb’s law? ### Response: F₁₂ = (1 / 4πε₀) * (q₁q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂.

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What does ε₀ represent?

It is the permittivity of free space, 8.854 × 10⁻¹² C²/N·m².

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What does ε₀ represent? ### Response: It is the permittivity of free space, 8.854 × 10⁻¹² C²/N·m².

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What is a point charge?

A charge whose size is negligible compared to the distances involved.

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Explain the principle of superposition in electrostatics.

The total force on a charge is the vector sum of forces due to all other charges in the system.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Explain the principle of superposition in electrostatics. ### Response: The total force on a charge is the vector sum of forces due to all other charges in the system.

You will answer questions about physics

What is an electric field?

It is the force per unit positive test charge placed at a point in space.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is an electric field? ### Response: It is the force per unit positive test charge placed at a point in space.

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Write the expression for the electric field due to a point charge.

E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (Q / r²) * r̂.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Write the expression for the electric field due to a point charge. ### Response: E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (Q / r²) * r̂.

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What is the SI unit of electric field?

Newton per coulomb (N/C).

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What is electrostatics?

Electrostatics deals with the study of forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is electrostatics? ### Response: Electrostatics deals with the study of forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.

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What causes the crackling sound when taking off synthetic clothes in dry weather?

It is caused by the discharge of electric charges accumulated on insulating surfaces due to rubbing.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What causes the crackling sound when taking off synthetic clothes in dry weather? ### Response: It is caused by the discharge of electric charges accumulated on insulating surfaces due to rubbing.

You will answer questions about physics

Who discovered that amber attracts light objects when rubbed, and when?

Thales of Miletus discovered this around 600 BC.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Who discovered that amber attracts light objects when rubbed, and when? ### Response: Thales of Miletus discovered this around 600 BC.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the origin of the word 'electricity'?

It is derived from the Greek word 'elektron,' meaning amber.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the origin of the word 'electricity'? ### Response: It is derived from the Greek word 'elektron,' meaning amber.

You will answer questions about physics

What are the two types of charges?

Positive and negative charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What are the two types of charges? ### Response: Positive and negative charges.

You will answer questions about physics

What happens when two glass rods rubbed with silk are brought close to each other?

They repel each other.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens when two glass rods rubbed with silk are brought close to each other? ### Response: They repel each other.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the outcome when a glass rod and silk are brought close after rubbing?

They attract each other.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the outcome when a glass rod and silk are brought close after rubbing? ### Response: They attract each other.

You will answer questions about physics

Why do charges neutralize each other when brought in contact?

Because unlike charges cancel each other’s effects.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why do charges neutralize each other when brought in contact? ### Response: Because unlike charges cancel each other’s effects.

You will answer questions about physics

Who named the charges as positive and negative?

Benjamin Franklin.

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You will answer questions about physics

What happens to a glass rod when rubbed with silk?

The glass rod becomes positively charged, and the silk becomes negatively charged.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens to a glass rod when rubbed with silk? ### Response: The glass rod becomes positively charged, and the silk becomes negatively charged.

You will answer questions about physics

What is a gold-leaf electroscope used for?

It is used to detect the presence of charge on a body.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is a gold-leaf electroscope used for? ### Response: It is used to detect the presence of charge on a body.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the principle behind electrification of objects?

It is based on the transfer of electrons between objects.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the principle behind electrification of objects? ### Response: It is based on the transfer of electrons between objects.

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What happens when a conductor is charged?

The charge is distributed over the surface of the conductor.

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Why does a nylon comb get electrified when rubbed?

Because nylon is an insulator and holds the charge, unlike conductors where the charge leaks.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why does a nylon comb get electrified when rubbed? ### Response: Because nylon is an insulator and holds the charge, unlike conductors where the charge leaks.

You will answer questions about physics

What are conductors?

Substances that allow the passage of electricity easily, like metals.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What are conductors? ### Response: Substances that allow the passage of electricity easily, like metals.

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What are insulators?

Substances that resist the flow of electricity, like plastic or wood.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What are insulators? ### Response: Substances that resist the flow of electricity, like plastic or wood.

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Define additivity of charges.

The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define additivity of charges. ### Response: The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges.

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State the conservation of charge.

The total charge of an isolated system remains constant; charges are neither created nor destroyed.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:State the conservation of charge. ### Response: The total charge of an isolated system remains constant; charges are neither created nor destroyed.

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What is quantization of charge?

All free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is quantization of charge? ### Response: All free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

You will answer questions about physics

How is one coulomb defined?

One coulomb is the charge that flows through a wire in one second when the current is one ampere.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How is one coulomb defined? ### Response: One coulomb is the charge that flows through a wire in one second when the current is one ampere.

You will answer questions about physics

What is Coulomb’s law?

The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is Coulomb’s law? ### Response: The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

You will answer questions about physics

How did Coulomb verify his law?

Using a torsion balance to measure forces between small charged spheres.

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What is the value of the Coulomb constant k?

9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the value of the Coulomb constant k? ### Response: 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

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What is the vector form of Coulomb’s law?

F₁₂ = (1 / 4πε₀) * (q₁q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the vector form of Coulomb’s law? ### Response: F₁₂ = (1 / 4πε₀) * (q₁q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂.

You will answer questions about physics

What does ε₀ represent?

It is the permittivity of free space, 8.854 × 10⁻¹² C²/N·m².

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What does ε₀ represent? ### Response: It is the permittivity of free space, 8.854 × 10⁻¹² C²/N·m².

You will answer questions about physics

What is a point charge?

A charge whose size is negligible compared to the distances involved.

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Explain the principle of superposition in electrostatics.

The total force on a charge is the vector sum of forces due to all other charges in the system.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Explain the principle of superposition in electrostatics. ### Response: The total force on a charge is the vector sum of forces due to all other charges in the system.

You will answer questions about physics

What is an electric field?

It is the force per unit positive test charge placed at a point in space.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is an electric field? ### Response: It is the force per unit positive test charge placed at a point in space.

You will answer questions about physics

Write the expression for the electric field due to a point charge.

E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (Q / r²) * r̂.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Write the expression for the electric field due to a point charge. ### Response: E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (Q / r²) * r̂.

You will answer questions about physics

What is the SI unit of electric field?

Newton per coulomb (N/C).

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What are field lines?

Imaginary lines representing the direction and strength of an electric field.

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How do field lines behave near a positive charge?

They radiate outward.

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Can electric field lines cross each other?

No, because the field at a point cannot have two directions.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Can electric field lines cross each other? ### Response: No, because the field at a point cannot have two directions.

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What is electric flux?

It is the total number of electric field lines passing through a given surface.

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Write the expression for electric flux.

Φ = E · A = EA cosθ.

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Define an electric dipole.

It is a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a distance.

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What is the dipole moment?

It is the product of the charge and the separation distance, p = q · d.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the dipole moment? ### Response: It is the product of the charge and the separation distance, p = q · d.

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Write the formula for the electric field on the axial line of a dipole.

E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (2p / r³).

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Write the formula for the electric field on the axial line of a dipole. ### Response: E = (1 / 4πε₀) * (2p / r³).

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Write the formula for the electric field on the equatorial line of a dipole.

E = -(1 / 4πε₀) * (p / r³).

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Write the formula for the electric field on the equatorial line of a dipole. ### Response: E = -(1 / 4πε₀) * (p / r³).

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How does the electric field due to a dipole vary with distance?

The electric field varies inversely as the cube of the distance, 1/r³.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How does the electric field due to a dipole vary with distance? ### Response: The electric field varies inversely as the cube of the distance, 1/r³.

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What is the direction of the electric field on the axial line of a dipole?

Along the dipole moment for a point outside the dipole.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the direction of the electric field on the axial line of a dipole? ### Response: Along the dipole moment for a point outside the dipole.

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What is the direction of the electric field on the equatorial line of a dipole?

Opposite to the dipole moment.

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Why is the total charge of a dipole zero?

Because it consists of equal and opposite charges.

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What is the torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field?

τ = p × E = pE sinθ.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field? ### Response: τ = p × E = pE sinθ.

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What happens when a dipole is placed parallel to a uniform electric field?

The torque on the dipole is zero.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens when a dipole is placed parallel to a uniform electric field? ### Response: The torque on the dipole is zero.

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What happens when a dipole is placed perpendicular to a uniform electric field?

The torque is maximum and equals pE.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens when a dipole is placed perpendicular to a uniform electric field? ### Response: The torque is maximum and equals pE.

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Define the stable equilibrium of a dipole in an electric field.

When the dipole is aligned with the field (θ = 0°).

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define the stable equilibrium of a dipole in an electric field. ### Response: When the dipole is aligned with the field (θ = 0°).

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Define unstable equilibrium of a dipole in an electric field.

When the dipole is aligned anti-parallel to the field (θ = 180°).

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define unstable equilibrium of a dipole in an electric field. ### Response: When the dipole is aligned anti-parallel to the field (θ = 180°).

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What is the potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field?

U = -p · E = -pE cosθ.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field? ### Response: U = -p · E = -pE cosθ.

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Write the expression for the force between two point charges in a medium.

F = (1 / 4πε) * (q₁q₂ / r²), where ε is the permittivity of the medium.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Write the expression for the force between two point charges in a medium. ### Response: F = (1 / 4πε) * (q₁q₂ / r²), where ε is the permittivity of the medium.

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How does the permittivity of a medium affect the force between charges?

Higher permittivity reduces the force between charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How does the permittivity of a medium affect the force between charges? ### Response: Higher permittivity reduces the force between charges.

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What is the ratio of electric to gravitational force between two protons?

Approximately 1.3 × 10³⁶.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the ratio of electric to gravitational force between two protons? ### Response: Approximately 1.3 × 10³⁶.

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What is the significance of the principle of superposition?

It helps calculate the net force or field in systems with multiple charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the significance of the principle of superposition? ### Response: It helps calculate the net force or field in systems with multiple charges.

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How is the electric field at a point calculated for multiple charges?

By vector addition of the fields due to each charge.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How is the electric field at a point calculated for multiple charges? ### Response: By vector addition of the fields due to each charge.

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Explain the concept of field due to a charge.

A charge creates an electric field in the space around it, which exerts force on other charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Explain the concept of field due to a charge. ### Response: A charge creates an electric field in the space around it, which exerts force on other charges.

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Why are electric field lines closer near charges?

Because the electric field is stronger near charges.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why are electric field lines closer near charges? ### Response: Because the electric field is stronger near charges.

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What does the density of electric field lines indicate?

The strength of the electric field.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What does the density of electric field lines indicate? ### Response: The strength of the electric field.

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What is the unit of dipole moment?

Coulomb meter (C·m).

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the unit of dipole moment? ### Response: Coulomb meter (C·m).

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Define a point dipole.

A dipole where the separation distance tends to zero while the dipole moment remains finite.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define a point dipole. ### Response: A dipole where the separation distance tends to zero while the dipole moment remains finite.

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How does an electric dipole behave in a non-uniform electric field?

It experiences both torque and a net force.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How does an electric dipole behave in a non-uniform electric field? ### Response: It experiences both torque and a net force.

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What is the role of a test charge in measuring an electric field?

A test charge determines the magnitude and direction of the field without disturbing the source charge.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the role of a test charge in measuring an electric field? ### Response: A test charge determines the magnitude and direction of the field without disturbing the source charge.

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How does the electric field vary with distance for a point charge?

It decreases as 1/r².

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How does the electric field vary with distance for a point charge? ### Response: It decreases as 1/r².

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What is the relationship between electric flux and field lines?

Electric flux is proportional to the number of field lines crossing a surface.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the relationship between electric flux and field lines? ### Response: Electric flux is proportional to the number of field lines crossing a surface.

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Can electric flux be negative?

Yes, when the field lines enter a surface.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Can electric flux be negative? ### Response: Yes, when the field lines enter a surface.

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What does the net flux through a closed surface indicate?

It indicates the total charge enclosed within the surface.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What does the net flux through a closed surface indicate? ### Response: It indicates the total charge enclosed within the surface.

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What happens to a conductor in an external electric field?

Charges redistribute, and the field inside the conductor becomes zero.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What happens to a conductor in an external electric field? ### Response: Charges redistribute, and the field inside the conductor becomes zero.

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How is the electric field inside a hollow conductor?

It is zero.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:How is the electric field inside a hollow conductor? ### Response: It is zero.

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Why do electric field lines never intersect?

Because a unique direction of the field exists at every point.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Why do electric field lines never intersect? ### Response: Because a unique direction of the field exists at every point.

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What is the electric flux through a spherical surface enclosing a charge q?

Φ = q / ε₀.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:What is the electric flux through a spherical surface enclosing a charge q? ### Response: Φ = q / ε₀.

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Define the term permittivity.

It is the measure of resistance to the formation of an electric field in a medium.

Below is an instruction which describes a tasks paired with a question that provides further context. Write a response that completes the request. ### Instruction: You will answer questions about physics ### Input:Define the term permittivity. ### Response: It is the measure of resistance to the formation of an electric field in a medium.