[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Terminal Device, Method, And Integrated Circuit

Technical Field and Background:
In communication systems approved by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) (a registered trademark), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), or in communication systems approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), such as Wireless LAN and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), a base station device (a cell, a first communication device (a communication device that is different from the terminal device), or an eNodeB) and a terminal device (a mobile terminal, a mobile station device, a second communication device (a communication device that is different from the base station device), or user equipment (UE)) each include multiple transmit and receive antennas, and spatial-multiplex a data signal and realize high-speed data communication by using a Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) technology. In the communication system, in order to realize the data communication between the base station device and the terminal device, the base station device needs to perform various control processes on the terminal device. For this reason, the base station device notifies the terminal device of control information using a predetermined resource, and thus performs the data communication for downlink and uplink. For example, the base station device notifies the terminal device of resource allocation information, data signal modulation and coding information, information about the number of spatial multiplexing in the data signal, transmit power control information, and the like, and thus realizes the data communication. The communication system supports Time Division Duplex (TDD). LTE that employs a TDD scheme is also referred to as TD-LTE or LTE TDD. TDD is a technology that makes downlink and uplink communication possible in a single frequency band (a carrier frequency or a component carrier) by time-division multiplexing an uplink signal and a downlink signal. In LTE, with pre-setting, the downlink and the uplink can be switched on the subframe basis. Moreover, in TDD, a subframe (a downlink subframe, or a subframe reserved for downlink transmission) on which the downlink transmission is possible, a subframe (an uplink subframe, or a subframe reserved for uplink transmission) on which the uplink transmission is possible, and a guard period (GP) are provided, and thus for the downlink transmission and the uplink transmission, a subframe (a special subframe) is defined that is switchable in a time domain (a symbol region). Moreover, in the special subframe, the time domain on which the downlink transmission is possible is referred to as a downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS), and the time domain on which the uplink transmission is possible is referred to as an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS). For example, in a case where a subframe i is the downlink subframe, the terminal device can receive the downlink signal that is transmitted from the base station device, and in a case where a subframe j that is different from the subframe i is the uplink subframe, the terminal device can transmit the uplink signal from the terminal device to the base station device. Furthermore, in a case where a subframe k that is different from the subframe i or the subframe j is the special subframe, the downlink signal can be received in the time domain DwPTS of the downlink, and the uplink signal can be transmitted in the time domain UpPTS of the uplink (NPL 1). Furthermore, in order to perform communication in compliance with a TDD scheme in LTE or LTE-A, notification is provided with a special information element (TDD UL/DL configuration (TDD uplink-downlink configuration(s)), TDD configuration (tdd-Config or TDD config), or UL/DL configuration (uplink-downlink configuration(s))). The terminal device regards a certain subframe as any of the uplink subframe, the downlink subframe, and the special subframe, and can perform transmission and reception processing based on information that is notified. Furthermore, a configuration (lengths of the DwPTS, the UpPTS, and a GP within the special frame) of the special subframe is defined by multiple patterns, and is managed using a table. The multiple patterns are associated with their respective values (indexes) and the value is notified, and thus the terminal device performs processing of the special subframe based on the pattern that is notified.

Invention Disclosure:
Provided is a terminal device configured to communicate with a base station device, the terminal device being configured to: transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to a first subframe set, based on a first parameter and a third parameter relating to power control adjustment; set transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to a second subframe set, based on a second parameter and a fourth parameter relating to the power control adjustment; reset a value of the third parameter in a case that accumulation is enabled, and a random access response is received; and reset a value of the third parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the first parameter is changed.

[Assistant]
1. A terminal device configured to communicate with a base station device using one cell, the terminal device comprising:
reception circuitry configured and/or programmed to receive information that indicates a subframe in a first subframe set and a subframe in a second subframe set, information that indicates a first parameter for the first subframe set, and information that indicates a second parameter for the second subframe set; and
transmission circuitry configured and/or programmed to
set transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the first subframe set, based on the first parameter and a third parameter relating to power control adjustment,
set transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the second subframe set, based on the second parameter and a fourth parameter relating to the power control adjustment,
reset a value of the third parameter, while maintaining a value of the fourth parameter, in a case that accumulation is enabled, and a random access response is received,
reset a value of the third parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the first parameter is changed, and
reset a value of the fourth parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the second parameter is changed.

2. The terminal device according to claim 1, wherein
the transmission circuitry is configured to, in the case that the accumulation is enabled,
calculate the value of the third parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set, and
calculate the value of the fourth parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set.

3. The terminal device according to claim 1, wherein
the transmission circuitry is configured to set an initial value for the third parameter, based on a parameter relating to power adjustment for transmission of a random access preamble, in a case that the value of the third parameter is reset by receiving the random access response message,
the transmission circuitry is configured to set the initial value for the third parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the third parameter is reset by the value of the first parameter being changed, and
the transmission circuitry is configured to set an initial value for the fourth parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the fourth parameter is reset by the value of the second parameter being changed.

4. The terminal device according to claim 2, wherein
the transmission circuitry is configured not to accumulate the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set exceeds a maximum transmission power set to the terminal device, and
the transmission circuitry is configured not to accumulate the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the transmission power based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set exceeds the maximum transmission power set to the terminal device.

5. The terminal device according to claim 2, wherein
the transmission circuitry is configured not to accumulate the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set is equal to or smaller than a minimum transmission power, and
the transmission circuitry is configured not to accumulate the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the transmission power based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set is equal to or smaller than the minimum transmission power.

6. A method to be used by a terminal device configured to communicate with a base station device using one cell, the method comprising:
receiving information that indicates a subframe in a first subframe set and a subframe in a second subframe set, information that indicates a first parameter for the first subframe set, and information that indicates a second parameter for the second subframe set;
setting transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the first subframe set, based on the first parameter and a third parameter relating to power control adjustment;
setting transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the second subframe set, based on the second parameter and a fourth parameter relating to the power control adjustment;
resetting a value of the third parameter, while maintaining a value of the fourth parameter, in a case that accumulation is enabled, and a random access response message is received;
resetting a value of the third parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the first parameter is changed; and
resetting a value of the fourth parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the second parameter is changed.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising:
in the case that the accumulation is enabled, calculating the value of the third parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set; and
in the case that the accumulation is enabled, calculating the value of the fourth parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set.

8. The method according to claim 6, further comprising:
setting an initial value for the third parameter, based on a parameter relating to power adjustment for transmission of a random access preamble, in a case that the value of the third parameter is reset by receiving the random access response message;
setting the initial value for the third parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the third parameter is reset by the value of the first parameter being changed; and
setting an initial value for the fourth parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the fourth parameter is reset by the value of the second parameter being changed.

9. The method according to claim 7, further comprising:
not accumulating the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set exceeds a maximum transmission power set to the terminal device; and
not accumulating the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set exceeds the maximum transmission power set to the terminal device.

10. The method according to claim 7, further comprising:
not accumulating the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set is equal to or smaller than a minimum transmission power; and
not accumulating the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set is equal to or smaller than the minimum transmission power.

11. An integrated circuit to be mounted on a terminal device configured to communicate with a base station device using one cell, the integrated circuit being configured to cause the terminal device to perform at least:
setting a subframe in a first subframe set and a subframe in a second subframe set, based on information that indicates the subframe in the first subframe set and the subframe in the second subframe set;
setting transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the first subframe set, based on a first parameter for the first subframe set and a third parameter relating to power control adjustment;
setting transmission power for transmission of a physical uplink shared channel in a subframe belonging to the second subframe set, based on a second parameter for the second subframe set and a fourth parameter relating to the power control adjustment;
resetting a value of the third parameter while maintaining a value of the fourth parameter, in a case that accumulation is enabled, and a random access response message is received;
resetting the value of the third parameter a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the first parameter is changed; and
retting a value of the fourth parameter in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and a value of the second parameter is changed.

12. The integrated circuit according to claim 11, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to cause the terminal device to further perform:
in the case that the accumulation is enabled, calculating the value of the third parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set; and
in the case that the accumulation is enabled, calculating the value of the fourth parameter by accumulating a correction value indicated by a transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set.

13. The integrated circuit according to claim 11, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to cause the terminal device to further perform:
setting an initial value for the third parameter, based on a parameter relating to power adjustment for transmission of a random access preamble, in a case that the value of the third parameter reset by receiving the random access response message;
setting the initial value for the third parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the third parameter is reset by the value of the first parameter being changed; and
setting an initial value for the fourth parameter to 0, in a case that the value of the fourth parameter is reset by the value of the second parameter being changed.

14. The integrated circuit according to claim 12, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to cause the terminal device to further perform:
not accumulating the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set exceeds a maximum transmission power set to the terminal device; and
not accumulating the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power that is based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set exceeds the maximum transmission power set to the terminal device.

15. The integrated circuit according to claim 12, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to cause the terminal device to further perform:
not accumulating the correction value for the third parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the third parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the first subframe set is equal to or smaller than a minimum transmission power; and
not accumulating the correction value for the fourth parameter, in a case that the accumulation is enabled, and the transmission power based on the value of the fourth parameter calculated by accumulating the correction value indicated by the transmit power control command which corresponds to the subframe belonging to the second subframe set is equal to or smaller than the minimum transmission power.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Photo-Alignment Layer And Liquid Crystal Display Including The Same

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field Exemplary embodiments relate to a photo-alignment layer and a liquid crystal display including the same. 2. Discussion of the Background In order to implement an image by a liquid crystal diode, more specifically, in order to switch liquid crystals by an external electric field between transparent conductive glasses, the liquid crystals needs to be aligned in a predetermined direction at an interface between the liquid crystals and a transparent conductive glass electrode. The degree of uniformity of alignment of the liquid crystals is one of the most important factors in determining excellence of image quality of a liquid crystal display. Examples of aligning liquid crystals include a rubbing method of applying a polymer layer such as a polyimide on a substrate such as glass and rubbing a surface in a predetermined direction with fibers such as nylon or polyester. However, in the rubbing method, when the fibers and the polymer layer are rubbed together, fine dust or static electricity may occur, which may cause a serious problem when a liquid crystal panel is manufactured. In order to solve the aforementioned problem, recently, a photo-alignment method where anisotropy is induced on the polymer layer by radiation of light and the liquid crystals are arranged by using anisotropy has been researched. The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concept, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Invention Disclosure:
A liquid crystal display is provided. A photo-alignment layer thereof includes a polyimide and a crosslinker including an alkylene group (—CnH2n—, where n is a natural number) and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, wherein the plurality of crosslinking end groups include at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group.

[Assistant]
1. A photo-alignment layer comprising:
a polyimide; and
a crosslinker comprising: an alkylene group (—C m H 2m —), where m is a positive; and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, the crosslinker comprising at least one of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2, and Chemical Formula 3:
where n is a natural number of 3 to 11; m1, m2, m3, and m4 are independently a natural number of 1 to 4;
A1 and A2 are independently
where R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms;
A3 is
an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms;
A4 is a single bond, —CH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—, —O—, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and
X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, and X10 independently comprises —OH, —NH 2, an aryl group, a vinyl group,
aziridine, or carbodiimide,
wherein the plurality of crosslinking end groups comprise at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group.

2. The photo-alignment layer of claim 1, wherein the different functional groups are disposed at lateral ends of the crosslinker such that the crosslinking end groups form an asymmetrical structure.

3. The photo-alignment layer of claim 2, wherein the crosslinker comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1-1:
where n is a natural number of 3 to 11.

4. The photo-alignment layer of claim 2, wherein the polyimide comprises a repeated unit of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 5:
where R3 is a tetravalent organic group derived from an aliphatic cyclic acid dianhydride or an aromatic acid dianhydride; and R4 is a divalent organic group derived from an aromatic diamine.

5. The photo-alignment layer of claim 4, wherein the polyimide is a copolymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a first diamine.

6. The photo-alignment layer of claim 5, wherein the first diamine comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 6:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; and h1 and h2 are a combination of natural numbers selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10.

7. The photo-alignment layer of claim 6, wherein the copolymer further comprises a polymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a second diamine represented by Chemical Formula 7:

8. The photo-alignment layer of claim 7, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one of repeated units represented by Chemical Formula 9 and Chemical Formula 10:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that the sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group.

9. The photo-alignment layer of claim 8, wherein the copolymer comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 11:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that the sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; a:b is 20:80 to 50:50; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group.

10. A liquid crystal display comprising:
a first substrate;
a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate;
a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and
a first alignment layer disposed on the first electrode, wherein the first alignment layer comprises a polyimide and a crosslinker comprising an alkylene group (—C m H 2m —), where m is a positive integer; and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, and the plurality of crosslinking end groups comprise at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group, and
wherein the crosslinker comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1-1:
where n is a natural number of 3 to 11.

11. The liquid crystal display of claim 10, wherein the different functional groups are disposed at lateral ends of the crosslinker such that the crosslinking end groups form an asymmetrical structure.

12. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least one of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2 and Chemical Formula 3:
where n is a natural number of 3 to 11; m1, m2, m3, and m4 are independently a natural number of 1 to 4; A3 is
an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and A4 is a single bond, —CH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—, —O—, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, and X10 independently comprise —OH, —NH 2, an aryl group, a vinyl group,
aziridine, or carbodiimide.

13. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the polyimide comprises a repeated unit of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 5:
where R3 is a tetravalent organic group derived from an aliphatic cyclic acid dianhydride or an aromatic acid dianhydride; and R4 is a divalent organic group derived from an aromatic diamine.

14. The liquid crystal display of claim 13, wherein the polyimide is a copolymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a first diamine.

15. The liquid crystal display of claim 14, wherein the first diamine comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 6:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; and h1 and h2 are a combination of natural numbers selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10.

16. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein the copolymer further comprises a polymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a second diamine represented by Chemical Formula 7:

17. The liquid crystal display of claim 16, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one of repeated units represented by Chemical Formula 9 and Chemical Formula 10:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group.

18. The liquid crystal display of claim 17, wherein the copolymer comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 11:
where X is —(CH 2 ) h —, —S—(CH 2 ) h —S—, —O—(CH 2 ) h —O—,
h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10, a:b is 20:80 to 50:50; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group.

19. The liquid crystal display of claim 10, further comprising a second electrode disposed on the first substrate; and
an insulating layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

20. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, wherein the first electrode comprises a plurality of branch electrodes, and the second electrode has a planar shape.

21. The liquid crystal display of claim 20, wherein the plurality of branch electrodes overlap the planar-shaped second electrode when viewed from a direction perpendicular to a top surface of the first substrate.

22. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, further comprising a passivation layer disposed between the thin film transistor and the second electrode,
wherein the thin film transistor and the first electrode are connected with each other through a contact hole that penetrates the passivation layer and the insulating layer.

23. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, further comprising:
a second substrate facing the first substrate;
a second alignment layer disposed on the second substrate; and
a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and comprising liquid crystal molecules,
wherein the second alignment layer is formed of the same material as the first alignment layer.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Polarization Recovery In A Directional Display Device

Technical Field and Background:
Spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic displays typically align a parallax component such as a lenticular screen or parallax barrier with an array of images arranged as at least first and second sets of pixels on a spatial light modulator, for example an LCD. The parallax component directs light from each of the sets of pixels into different respective directions to provide first and second viewing windows in front of the display. An observer with an eye placed in the first viewing window can see a first image with light from the first set of pixels; and with an eye placed in the second viewing window can see a second image, with light from the second set of pixels. Such displays have reduced spatial resolution compared to the native resolution of the spatial light modulator and further, the structure of the viewing windows is determined by the pixel aperture shape and parallax component imaging function. Gaps between the pixels, for example for electrodes, typically produce non-uniform viewing windows. Undesirably such displays exhibit image flicker as an observer moves laterally with respect to the display and so limit the viewing freedom of the display. Such flicker can be reduced by defocusing the optical elements; however such defocusing results in increased levels of image cross talk and increases visual strain for an observer. Such flicker can be reduced by adjusting the shape of the pixel aperture, however such changes can reduce display brightness and can include addressing electronics in the spatial light modulator.

Invention Disclosure:
Disclosed is an imaging directional backlight polarization recovery apparatus including an imaging directional backlight with at least a polarization sensitive reflection component with optional polarization transformation and redirection elements. Viewing windows may be formed through imaging individual light sources and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. The base imaging directional backlight systems provide substantially unpolarized light primarily for the illumination of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) resulting in at least 50% loss in light output when using a conventional sheet polarizer as input to the display. The invention herein introduces a polarization sensitive reflecting element to separate desired and undesired polarization states for the purposes of transformation and redirection of the reflected light for usable illumination. Polarization transformation and redirection can be provided by additional components such as retarder films and specular mirror surfaces.

[Assistant]
1. A polarized directional illumination apparatus, comprising:
an imaging directional backlight comprising:
a waveguide for guiding light, further comprising:
a first light guiding surface operable to direct light from an illuminator array in a first direction; and
a second light guiding surface, operable to allow light to exit the waveguide; and
a light input surface operable to receive light from the illuminator array;
a polarization sensitive reflector configured to receive light from the waveguide on a first side of the reflector, transmit a first portion of the received light having a first polarization state therethrough towards a second side of the reflector, and reflect a second portion of the received light having a second polarization state back towards the waveguide; and
a retarder configured to receive reflected light from the polarization sensitive reflector and substantially alter the polarization state of the reflected light from the second polarization state to the first polarization state.

2. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a retarder film proximate to the second light guiding surface of the waveguide to alter the polarization state of reflected light.

3. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveguide is a wedge type directional backlight.

4. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 3, wherein the wedge type directional backlight is coated with alternating high refractive index material and low refractive index material.

5. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first light guiding surface of the wedge type directional backlight is coated with a reflecting layer.

6. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveguide is an optical valve.

7. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 5, wherein the optical valve has a stepped surface coated with a reflecting material.

8. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 7, wherein the optical valve is substantially transparent.

9. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 1, wherein the polarization sensitive reflector is a multi-layer birefringent film.

10. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 9, wherein the polarization sensitive reflector is a periodic metal wire grid structure provided on glass.

11. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 9, wherein the polarization sensitive reflector is a metal grid structure provided on film stock.

12. The polarized directional illumination apparatus of claim 1, wherein the retarder comprises a quarter-wave plate.

13. An imaging directional backlight comprising:
an input side located at a first end of a waveguide, wherein the input side is operable to receive light from at least an illuminator array;
a reflective side located at a second end of the waveguide;
a first light directing side and a second light directing side located between the input side and the reflective side of the waveguide, wherein the second light directing side is operable to allow light to exit the waveguide;
a polarization sensitive reflector configured to receive light from the waveguide on a first side of the reflector, transmit a first portion of the received light having a first polarization state therethrough towards a second side of the reflector, and reflect a second portion of the received light having a second polarization state back towards the waveguide; and
a retarder configured to receive the reflected light from the polarization sensitive reflector and alter the polarization state of the reflected light from the second polarization state to the first polarization state.

14. The imaging directional backlight of claim 13, wherein the retarder comprises a quarter-wave plate.

15. An optical valve system that provides polarization recovery, comprising:
a waveguide for guiding light, wherein the waveguide further comprises:
a first light guiding surface; and
a second light guiding surface, opposite the first light guiding surface, further comprising at least one guiding feature and a plurality of extraction features, wherein the plurality of extraction features allow light to pass with substantially low loss when the light is propagating in a first direction and allow light to exit the waveguide upon encountering at least a first extraction feature of the plurality of extraction features;
a spatial light modulator proximate to the waveguide;
a polarization sensitive reflector configured to receive light from the waveguide on a first side of the reflector, transmit a first portion of the received light having a first polarization state therethrough towards a second side of the reflector, and reflect a second portion of the received light having a second polarization state back towards the waveguide, and
a retarder configured to receive reflected light from the polarization sensitive reflector and alter the polarization state of the reflected light from the second polarization state to the first polarization state.

16. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 15, further comprising a quarter wave retarder plate located between the waveguide and the polarization sensitive reflector.

17. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 16, further comprising a sheet polarizer operable to function as a clean up polarizer and located in a light path after the polarization sensitive reflector.

18. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 17, wherein the optical valve further comprises a stepped surface coated with a reflecting material.

19. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 18, wherein the reflecting material is silver.

20. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 18, wherein the polarization sensitive reflector is approximately parallel to the stepped surface.

21. The optical valve system that provides polarization recovery of claim 15, wherein the retarder comprises a quarter-wave plate.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Railcar Collision Energy Absorbing Device And Railcar

Technical Field and Background:
Collision energy absorbing devices have been used in railcars. For example, PTL 1 discloses a railcar collision energy absorbing device in which an energy absorbing element is covered with a cover member, the energy absorbing element being crushed in collision. The cover member of the collision energy absorbing device disclosed in PTL 1 prevents a slight shock from being applied to the energy absorbing element. The cover member breaks in the collision to cause the energy absorbing element to function. Specifically, the cover member has a box shape which opens toward a supporting plate so as to cover the energy absorbing element from a tip end of the energy absorbing element, the energy absorbing element projecting from the supporting plate toward a front side. A slit extending in a leftward/rightward direction is provided at a center of a front wall of the cover member. Slits extending in a forward/rearward direction are provided on both respective side walls of the cover member. In the collision, the cover member breaks along the slits to be divided into upper and lower parts in a V shape toward the supporting plate.

Invention Disclosure:
A railcar collision energy absorbing device includes: an energy absorbing element crushed in collision; and a casing extending in a car longitudinal direction so as to accommodate the energy absorbing element. One end of the casing is supported by a main structure of a railcar. The casing is constituted by a plurality of tubular bodies whose overlapping portions are coupled to each other. The casing telescopically contracts in the collision by breaking of a coupling portion between the tubular bodies.

[Assistant]
1. A railcar collision energy absorbing device comprising:
an energy absorber crushed in collision; and
a casing extending in a car longitudinal direction so as to accommodate the energy absorber, the casing including one end supported by a main structure of a railcar, the casing being constituted by at least three tubular bodies having pairs of adjacent ends overlapping each other, and being fixed to each other by couplers at each of said pairs of adjacent ends, the casing being configured to telescopically contract in the collision by breaking of the couplers at each of said pair of adjacent ends, wherein
a gap is formed between the energy absorber and each of all of the plurality of tubular bodies, the at least three tubular bodies being made substantially the same length such that upon a full collapse of the energy absorbing device, before any deforming of the tubular bodies, both ends of each tubular body are in contact with respective transverse flat surfaces facing the ends of the each tubular body.

2. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1, wherein the energy absorber is a roll member formed by rolling up a hollow sheet around a central axis extending in the car longitudinal direction, the hollow sheet being formed by stacking a flat plate and a corrugated plate on each other.

3. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a base plate attached to the main structure of the railcar, the one end of the casing being fixed to the base plate; and
a top plate provided such that the energy absorber is sandwiched between the top plate and the base plate, wherein
both end surfaces of the roll member are attached to the base plate and the top plate by an adhesive.

4. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a base plate which is attached to the main structure of the railcar and to which the one end of the casing is fixed; and
a top plate provided such that the energy absorber is sandwiched between the top plate and the base plate, wherein:
the roll member includes a through hole located at a center of the roll member;
the base plate includes a guide fitted in the through hole; and
the top plate includes a guide fitted in the through hole.

5. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a base plate which is attached to the main structure of the railcar and to which the one end of the casing is fixed; and
a top plate provided such that the energy absorber is sandwiched between the top plate and the base plate, wherein:
the roll member includes a through hole located at a center of the roll member; and
the roll member is tied to the top plate and the base plate by a wire inserted into the through hole.

6. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1, wherein the energy absorber is crushed in advance by a predetermined amount.

7. A railcar comprising the railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1.

8. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1, wherein the crushed energy absorber is held in the casing contracted telescopically.

9. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1, wherein the coupler is positioned to overlap with the energy absorber when viewing the energy absorber in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinally extending central axis of the energy absorber.

10. The railcar collision energy absorbing device according to claim 1, wherein the top plate is in contact with or adjacent to the energy absorber.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Three Dimensional Interlocked Fullerene Lattice Go-Tube Truss

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a three dimensional weight bearing structure enclosing two or three tubes with a maximum ratio of interior tube cross sectional area to overall cross sectional area, while minimizing overall structure mass and structural profile size to ease integration in a diversity of applications and locations. The structure needs to have a high transverse load bearing capacity and stiffness to afford long spans. Further benefit is provided if the structure supporting the tubes is itself enclosed efficiently to allow a temperature controlled environment to the transport tubes and it is advantageous for the structure to be partially transparent in case the transport tubes themselves are transparent. 2. Prior Art Trusses are generally designed as fully constrained and stationary 2 dimensional structures supporting one major load type, resisting a gravitational load, over a distance between supporting points, a span. Most trusses are composed of elements that carry stress along their principal axis as tensile or compressive loads between nodes or points of connection. Engineered structures such as I-beams are designed to resist bending and tubes are designed to carry torsional loads. There are applications such as torsion bar automobile suspensions that use torsional stresses to manage vertical, gravitational loads, translating the vertical force into a torsional stress, but these are considered machines and trusses generally, do not currently use torsional stress to manage vertical loads Three dimensional trusses or frames in use include the space truss formed by connected tetrahedron frames or shapes, Geodetic aircraft frames and the Iso-truss consisting at least in part of straight elements helically wound about a longitudinal axis. Three dimensional trusses are designed to handle multidimensional loads, or to handle a principal load, such as gravity, using a solution outside of the plane formed by the gravitational load over a span.

Invention Disclosure:
Two or three parallel Fullerene Tube lattice structures, each similar to the carbon nanotube are connected by sharing parallel nodes along the length of the tubes, interlocking the tubes in such a way that bending or displacing one tube perpendicular to its axis induces a torsion in that tube and the adjacent one or two tubes. This arrangement provides a three dimensional Fullerene truss with a maximum cross-sectional area available for enclosed transport tubes relative to the total cross-sectional area with a minimal profile while maximizing the strength, stiffness, load bearing and ability to withstand multidirectional and dynamic stresses within this profile. The two or three Fullerene tubes may be further enclosed and interlinked within a single similar tube composed of a similar lattice where each cell may be one, two or more times the size of the primary tube lattice cells supporting thermal management of the inter-tube environment.

[Assistant]
1. A three dimensional Fullerene truss structure comprising two or three interlocked inner tube structures enclosed within an outer tube structure wherein:
each of said inner tube structures and said outer tube structure consists of hexagonal links mimicking a carbon nanotube;
each of said inner tube structures surrounds and supports a continuous reduced-pressure transportation tube used for transporting capsules or vehicles at high speed;
said inner tube structures are joined at nodes by three pairs of directly opposing link elements, thereby passing torsion forces from one of said inner tube structures to an adjoined one of said inner tube structures and facilitating a conversion of transverse gravitational loads into torsional or rotational loads;
a size of said hexagonal links forming said outer tube structure is one, two or more multiples of a size of said hexagonal links forming said inner tube structures with slight variations to ensure that said links are aligned.

2. The truss structure of claim 1, wherein said outer tube is covered with and enclosed by panels permitting temperature control of said inner tube structures and said transportation tubes allowing substantial reduction or elimination of expansion joints in said transportation tubes.

3. The truss structure of claim 2, wherein said transportation tubes and said panels are transparent or translucent allowing viewing from inside said transportation tubes.

4. The truss structure of claim 2, wherein solar films or panels are integrated within or upon said panels to collect power for temperature control, for motive power and for other uses.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Display Control Apparatus And Method For Same

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a display control technique that displays an operation of a robot. 2. Description of the Related Art It is known that it is useful for understanding a situation when, in operation teaching of a robot, movement of a target object, such as a part, or an inserting operation, or the like, is taught, if a misalignment of its position or orientation or, and force generated at a time of insertion of a target is visualized for an teacher. In the first “Next-generation Robot Intelligence Technology Development Project” (post evaluation) subcommittee, document 5-1, a user interface that aids an teacher by superimposing, with a graph and a size of arrows for each XYZ axis of a three-dimensional space, information such as that of a position/orientation misalignment with the target or an acting force onto an image of a camera attached to an end effector of a robot is proposed. However, for a method of visualizing information by arrows or a graph, for example, in a case in which all of position misalignment, orientation misalignment, and a force acted are visualized at once, displayed content of an image becomes very complicated due to many arrow or graphs, and may impede an teacher's intuitive understanding.

Invention Disclosure:
A display control apparatus operable to display an operation of a robot comprising: an obtaining unit configured to obtain measurement information of a processing target that includes at least one of the robot and a target that the robot operates; an emphasizing unit configured to generate emphasized display information that emphasizes a feature of a portion of the processing target, based on the measurement information; a composition unit configured to generate composite display information in which the emphasized display information and non-emphasized display information other than the emphasized display information are composed; and an output unit configured to output the composite display information to a display unit.

[Assistant]
1. A display control apparatus configured to display an operation of a robot, the display control apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the display control apparatus to:
obtain measurement information of a processing target that includes at least one of the robot and a target that the robot operates;
generate, based on the measurement information, display information that is viewable by a viewer;
generate emphasized display information that emphasizes a feature of a portion of the processing target by magnifying or changing angle of or deforming the processing target, based on the display information;
generate composite display information in which the emphasized display information and non-emphasized display information other than the emphasized display information are composed, the composite display information being generated by matching the emphasized display information and the non-emphasized display information in the display information; and
output the composite display information to a display device.

2. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
input an image of the processing target,
wherein the display information, which is based on the measurement information, is generated by processing the input image of the processing target based on the measurement information.

3. The display control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
image the processing target,
wherein the imaged processing target is input as the image of the processing target.

4. The display control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
generate a computer graphics (CG) image of the processing target,
wherein the generated CG image of the processing target is input as the image of the processing target.

5. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at a position at which the measurement information of the processing target changes, the feature of the portion of the processing target is emphasized by causing a magnitude of the processing target in a predetermined area centered on the position to change.

6. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feature of the portion of the processing target is emphasized by making a displacement amount of the measurement information of the processing target larger than in reality.

7. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feature of the portion of the processing target is emphasized by, in accordance with a speed or an acceleration of the processing target, magnifying a magnitude of the processing target in a direction that the speed or the acceleration is occurring.

8. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feature of the portion of the processing target is emphasized by causing a magnitude of a shape of the processing target to deform in accordance with an action force.

9. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
select a portion that is emphasized, if a plurality of candidates of the portion of the processing target that is emphasized are present.

10. The display control apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the portion to be emphasized is selected based on predetermined task content that is an objective of the robot, an operation by a viewer, or both.

11. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
dynamically change a degree of emphasis.

12. The display control apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the degree of emphasis is dynamically changed based on a difference between a current value and a predetermined target value for the feature of the processing target.

13. The display control apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the degree of emphasis is dynamically changed in accordance with an operation from a viewer.

14. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the display control apparatus to:
control the operation of the robot by transmitting a control parameter to the robot,
wherein the control parameter causes an operation gain of the robot to change in accordance with a degree of emphasis of the feature, which is emphasized.

15. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the emphasized display information and the non-emphasized display information are composed by causing a degree of emphasis between the emphasized display information and the non-emphasized display information to change continuously.

16. A display control method for displaying an operation of a robot, the method comprising:
obtaining measurement information of a processing target that includes at least one of the robot and a target that the robot operates;
generating, based on the measurement information, display information that is viewable by a viewer;
generating emphasized display information that emphasizes a feature of a portion of the processing target by magnifying or changing angle of or deforming the processing target, based on the display information;
generating composite display information in which the emphasized display information and non-emphasized display information other than the emphasized display information are composed, the composite display information being generated by matching the emphasized display information and the non-emphasized display information in the display information; and
outputting the composite display information to a display device.

17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program for causing a computer to execute a display control method that displays an operation of a robot, the method comprising:
obtaining measurement information of a processing target that includes at least one of the robot and a target that the robot operates;
generating, based on the measurement information, display information that is viewable by a viewer;
generating emphasized display information that emphasizes a feature of a portion of the processing target by magnifying or changing angle of or deforming the processing target, based on the display information;
generating composite display information in which the emphasized display information and non-emphasized display information other than the emphasized display information are composed, the composite display information being generated by matching the emphasized display information and the non-emphasized display information in the display information; and
outputting the composite display information to a display device.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Wlan And Lte Time Division Based Scheduling Devices And Methods

Technical Field and Background:
Collocated radio-frequency (RF) technologies may suffer from interference to each other that can cause service interruption or degradation of link or packet-level performance. Such interferences can be due to a number of factors, for example, physical proximity, spectral adjacency, imperfection of RF filtering that drifts with temperature, and RF harmonics or intermediate modulations with transmissions associated with multiple radio technologies. Even simultaneous transmission (Tx) and receiving (Rx) of the same RF technology over the same or different carriers, such as long-term evolution (LTE) carrier aggregation and LTE/3G data-plus-2G voice, may encounter the interference problem. For instance, wireless local-area network (WLAN) and Bluetooth (BT) can both operate at 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, and cannot be resolved by purely radio-frequency (RF)-level filtering for a single-die WLAN-BT combo chip. In LTE, time-division duplexing (TDD) transmission and reception are done based on time division such that a ten milli-second (ms) frame is split into one-ms uplink (UL) transmission occasions and one-ms Downlink (DL) transmission occasions. To achieve time division coexistence between LTE and WLAN, BT-special-interest group (SIG) has specified a wireless-coexistence interface-2 (WCI-2) protocol that allows LTE to provide WLAN with LTE UL occasion and LTE DL occasion signals, so that LTE and WLAN transceivers can synchronize their UL/DL transmissions. A WLAN transmitter can perform its WLAN UL transmissions or DL activities when it receives an LTE uplink transmission occasion signal (e.g., a WCI-2 Type 0 message).

Invention Disclosure:
A device with concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and WLAN uplink transmission includes a WLAN transceiver coupled to an LTE transceiver via an interface. The LTE transceiver includes an LTE Layer-1 module that determines whether an LTE data downlink activity is scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame. When determination is made that the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame, a message may be communicated through the interface to notify the WLAN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication. The LTE time frame includes multiple LTE downlink sub-frames each including the first portion and a second portion. The first portion provides the information that indicates whether the LTE data downlink activity is scheduled for the second portion of that LTE sub-frame.

[Assistant]
1. A method for facilitating concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local-area network (WLAN) transmission, the method comprising:
determining whether an LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame of an LTE transceiver, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion; and
based on the determination, facilitating communication of a notification from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication including WLAN uplink, wherein the notification includes a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame is based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending an LTE-uplink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately two milli-second in advance, and wherein sending LTE-uplink occasion indication comprises sending a WCI-2 type-0 message.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending an LTE-downlink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately one milli-second in advance, wherein sending the LTE-downlink occasion indication comprises sending a WCI-2 type-0 message.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein communication of the notification including the WCI message comprises communication of a WCI-2 type-6 message.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein communication of the WCI-2 type-6 message causes the WLAN transceiver to override a WCI-2 type-0 message indicating an LTE-uplink occasion, received approximately one milli-second ago.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising causing the WLAN transceiver to immediately start WLAN uplink transmission by using the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, in response to receiving the WCI-2 type-6 message.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and wherein the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises an LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a multi-frequency LTE-FDD time frame with separate LTE-FDD sub-frames allocated for simultaneous LTE data uplink and LTE data downlink activities at each frequency, and wherein determining whether the LTE data downlink is not scheduled comprises determining whether simultaneous LTE-FDD data downlink is not scheduled for the LTE-FDD sub-frame of all frequencies.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE transceiver and the WLAN transceiver are coexisting on a single device, wherein the single device comprises a mobile communication device.

12. A device with concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local-area network (WLAN) transmission, the device comprising:
a WLAN transceiver; and
an LTE transceiver coupled to the WLAN transceiver via an interface, the LTE transceiver comprising an LTE Layer-1 module configured to:
determine whether an LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame; and
based on the determination, facilitate communication of a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication including WLAN uplink,
wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion.

13. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to determine whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion.

14. The device of claim 12, wherein the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion.

15. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is further configured to send an LTE-uplink occasion indication comprising a WCI-2 type-0 message to the WLAN transceiver approximately two milli-seconds in advance.

16. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to send an LTE-downlink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately one milli-second in advance, and wherein the LTE-downlink occasion indication comprises a wireless-coexistence interface (WCI)-2 type-0 message.

17. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to facilitate communication of the WCI message by communicating a WCI-2 type-6 message causing the WLAN transceiver to override a WCI-2 type-0 message indicating an LTE-uplink occasion, received approximately one milli-second ago and to immediately start WLAN uplink transmission by using the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame.

18. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and wherein the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises an LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed.

19. A communication system comprising:
memory;
one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to execute one or more program modules to perform:
determining whether a long-term evolution (LTE) data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion; and
based on the determination, facilitating communication of a notification from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLAN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication including WLAN uplink, wherein the notification includes a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message.

20. The communication system of claim 19, wherein:
determining whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame is based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame,
the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion,
the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion,
the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and
the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises the LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Manufacturing Method Of Electronic Component, Electronic Component, And Manufacturing Apparatus Of Electronic Component

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Invention One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a manufacturing method of an electronic component configured by connecting a circuit component such as a flexible wiring substrate to a substrate, this electronic component, and a manufacturing apparatus of the electronic component. 2. Description of Related Art An electronic component configured by connecting a circuit component such as a flexible wiring substrate to a substrate is used as a component of an electronic device such as a portable terminal. A method for connecting the circuit component to the substrate includes, for example, a method (see Patent Reference 1, for instance) for soldering mutual connection leads respectively formed in a rigid substrate and a flexible substrate as the circuit component, or a method (see Patent References 2, 3, for instance) for bonding the circuit component to the substrate using an adhesive such as a thermosetting resin. In the case of handling of the electronic component with such a configuration, for example, work of incorporation into the electronic device, an external force acts on a connection between the circuit component and the substrate, and trouble of poor connection tends to occur. Particularly, in the case of involving work of an operation form of twisting the circuit component, the external force is concentrated at the end of the connection, with the result that a serious defect in which the electronic component itself is disabled, for example, peeling from the end of the connection may occur. In order to prevent the occurrence of such a defect in a product, various measures to reinforce the connection between the circuit component and the substrate are taken conventionally. For example, a related art illustrated in Patent Reference 1 is constructed so as to provide the vicinity of both sides pinching a solder connection with a fastening part for fastening the flexible substrate to the rigid substrate with the fastening part extending through the substrates in a thickness direction. Also, another related art illustrated in Patent Reference 2 is constructed so that an anisotropic conductive material is projected to an upper surface through a hole bored in a flexible substrate as the circuit component and this anisotropic conductive material is cured in a rivet head shape to thereby form a connection reinforced structure. Further, a still another related art illustrated in Patent Reference 3 is constructed so as to improve a joining effect by setting a region of application of anisotropic conductive paste so that the anisotropic conductive paste surrounds the edge of a flexible substrate from the periphery in a mounting region in which the flexible substrate as the circuit component overlaps with a printed wiring substrate. Patent Reference 1 is JP-A-8-116145, Patent Reference 2 is JP-A-2009-157186, and Patent Reference 3 is JP-A-2014-220363.

Invention Disclosure:
A manufacturing method of an electronic component including a circuit component provided with plural first electrodes in an end, and a substrate provided with plural second electrodes includes: pressing a part of a second surface of an inside of a second edge of the circuit component in the end to the substrate by a press attaching surface of the press attaching tool with an adhesive arranged between the circuit component and the substrate; making a part of the adhesive reach the second surface to cover at least a part of the second edge by the pressing; and curing the adhesive between the end and the substrate and the part of the adhesive covering the at least the part of the second edge.

[Assistant]
1. A manufacturing method of an electronic component, wherein
the electronic component includes a circuit component provided with plural first electrodes in an end, and a substrate provided with plural second electrodes, the plural first electrodes connected to the plural second electrodes on the substrate by press attaching using a press attaching tool,
the circuit component includes a first surface provided with the plural first electrodes thereon in the end, and a second surface which is an upper surface of the circuit component and a back surface of the first surface,
the end is surrounded by a first edge and two second edges extending from both ends of the first edge in a direction intersecting with the first edge, and
the plural first electrodes are arranged along the first edge and are formed within a region sandwiched between the two second edges,
the manufacturing method comprising:
pressing the second surface inside of the second edges in the end to the substrate by a press attaching surface of the press attaching tool with an adhesive arranged between the circuit component and the substrate;
making a part of the adhesive reach the second surface to cover at least a part of the second edges and at least a part of the second surface by the pressing; and
curing the adhesive between the end and the substrate and the part of the adhesive covering at least the part of the second edges and the at least the part of the second surface,
wherein at least a portion of the press attaching tool is downwardly recessed to form an overhang part overhung to an upward side of the part of the adhesive covering the part of the second edges and the part of the second surface, wherein the press attaching is performed with a sheet interposed between the press attaching tool and the circuit component, and wherein in the making, a gap is present between a lower surface of the overhang part and the sheet.

2. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a thermosetting adhesive, and the adhesive between the end and the substrate and the part of the adhesive covering the part of the second edges and the part of the second surface are thermally cured using heat from the press attaching tool.

3. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the part of the adhesive covering the part of the second edges and the part of the second surface is cured using heat from the overhang part.

4. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 1, wherein, in the press attaching, the sheet makes contact with a part of the adhesive protruding from between the end and the substrate to an outside of the second edges from the upward side.

5. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 2, wherein after the press attaching tool is separated from the end, the part of the adhesive covering the part of the second edges and the part of the second surface is heated to accelerate thermal curing of the part of the adhesive.

6. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 1, wherein in the making, at least the part of the second surface is covered with a part of the adhesive protruding from between the end and the substrate to an outside of the second edges.

7. The manufacturing method of the electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the part of the adhesive covering the part of the second edges and the part of the second surface is cured using heat from the overhang part.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Ac Gate Ion Filter Method And Apparatus

Technical Field and Background:
Many analytical instruments, such as ion mobility spectrometers (IMS), can require a gating device for turning on and off a flowing stream of ions and/or other charged particles. IMS are widely used in field chemical analysis. IMS separate ionic species based on their ion mobility in a given media (either gas or liquid). Recent development of the IMS technology results in two forms of IMS instruments and systems. The time-of-flight (TOF) IMS separate ions based on their steady state ion mobilities under constant electric field. High resolving power with IMS has been achieved with the TOF-IMS instruments. Alternatively, devices that separate ions based their mobility changes under high field conditions, such as field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometer (FAIMS) or differential mobility spectrometer (DMS), can also be used. Even though the gating device is a minor component in the overall design of an IMS, if manufactured correctly, this component can improve the IMS resolution and system performance. The gating device is used to regulate the injection of ion packets into the analytical instrument. There are many deficiencies with the current approaches for manufacturing gating devices. Traditionally the gating device has been used to regulate the injection of ion packets into the analytical instrument. Even though the gating device is a minor component in the overall design of an IMS, this device is an important part that can improve the level resolution between peaks in the IMS by providing a compact ion packet without significant diffusion. Many inventions have been proposed around the manufacturing and designing the gating device for improving the resolution without major improvements. The present invention modifies the gating device in a manner that improves peak resolution and is able to control which size ions are injected into the analytical instrument. This novel gating device significantly reduces the analysis of complex samples with multiple components such that lower mobility ions are not able to enter the drift tube.

Invention Disclosure:
The present invention uses an AC voltage instead of DC voltage on an ion gate to filter/selectively pass ions. The ions that pass through the AC ion gate can be further separated in a spectrometric instrument. An ion mobility spectrometer using the AC ion gate can achieve better gating performance. For a time of flight ion mobility spectrometer with an AC ion gate, a narrow pulse of selected ions can be passed into a drift tube where they are separated based on their low field ion mobility. Moreover, when the AC voltage at the AC ion gate has a waveform as used for differential ion mobility spectrometry, the time of flight ion mobility spectrometer is converted into a two dimensional separation spectrometer, where ions are first separated based on their high field ion mobility and then further separated based on their low field ion mobility.

[Assistant]
1. A method for operating an ion mobility spectrometer comprising:
(a) ionizing a sample to form sample ions;
(b) guiding some of the sample ions toward an ion gate, passing some of the sample ions through the ion gate, and continuously guiding the ions in a drift tube after the ion gate;
(c) applying at least one AC voltage to at least one of the grid elements of the ion gate to selectively pass a pulse of at least one kind of sample ions through the ion gate, wherein the pulse of ions is generated by applying a first frequency and a first amplitude of the AC voltage to at least one of the grid elements for a period time and subsequently applying a second frequency and/or a second amplitude of the AC voltage; and
(d) separating the sample ions in a drift tube.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein guiding the ionized sample includes using a gas flow and/or an electric field.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the AC voltage has a constant or a varying frequency and/or amplitude during one ion mobility measurement.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein selectively passing ions is realized by changing a waveform of the AC voltage and/or frequency.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the waveform is asymmetric or symmetric.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the AC voltage has a waveform that is same as the asymmetric waveform used in differential/field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometers.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the AC voltage is a controlled sweep through a range of voltages and/or frequencies to select different sample ions to pulse into the drift tube.

8. An apparatus of an ion mobility spectrometer comprising:
(a) an ionization source for ionizing a sample to form sample ions;
(b) an ion gate to pulse some of the sample ions into a drift tube that separates the sample ions; and
(a) an AC voltage that is applied to at least one of the grid elements of the ion gate to selectively pass a pulse of at least one kind of sample ions through the ion gate, wherein the pulse of ions is generated by applying a first frequency and a first amplitude of the AC voltage to at least one of the grid elements for a period time and subsequently applying a second frequency and/or a second amplitude of the AC voltage.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprise an electric field in the drift tube guiding the ionized sample ions.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the AC voltage has a constant or a varying frequency and/or amplitude during one ion mobility measurement.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein selectively passing ions is achieved by changing a waveform of the AC voltage and/or frequency.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the waveform is asymmetric or symmetric.

13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the AC voltage has a waveform that is the same as the asymmetric waveform used in differential/field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometers.

14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the AC voltage is a controlled sweep through a range of voltages and/or frequencies to select different sample ions to pulse into the drift tube.

15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the grid elements have a large surface area in the direction that is parallel to the charged particle stream.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Programmable Lighting Device And Method And System For Programming Lighting Device

Technical Field and Background:
Lighting technology continues to evolve providing enhanced functionality and efficiency for end users. For example, digital lighting technologies, i.e. illumination based on semiconductor light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), offer a viable alternative to traditional fluorescent, HID, and incandescent lamps. Functional advantages and benefits of LEDs include high energy conversion and optical efficiency, durability, lower operating costs, and many others. Recent advances in LED technology have provided efficient and robust full-spectrum lighting sources that enable a variety of lighting effects in many applications. Some of the lighting fixtures embodying these LED-based sources feature a lighting module, including one or more LEDs capable of producing different colors, e.g. red, green, and blue, as well as a processor for independently controlling the output of the LEDs in order to generate a variety of colors and color-changing lighting effects, for example, as discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,016,038 and 6,211,626, incorporated herein by reference. Commonly, one or more light sources may be driven by a lighting driver which may convert input power, for example from AC Mains, into an appropriate form for use by the particular light source, and supply the converted power to the light source(s). For example, an LED driver may receive AC Mains power, convert or format the power to an appropriate form for use by one or more LEDs, and supply the converted power to drive one or more LED-based lighting units. To provide enhanced performance and flexibility, different lighting devices (e.g., LED drivers) may operate with one or more different configurations and/or operating parameters. Here, the term “configuration” refers to an operating mode of a lighting device. For example, LED drivers may be configured to operate with different dimming interfaces in order to dim the light source(s) which they drive. In particular, one LED driver may be configured to operate with a DALI interface, another LED driver may be configured to operate with an analog 0-10 V dimming signal, still another may operate with phase-cut AC dimming, and yet another LED driver may be configured to operate with a Digital MultipleX (DMX) interface, etc. Meanwhile, the term “operating parameter” refers to a value or setting of an operational variable of the lighting device. For example, an LED driver may be configured to stop supplying current to drive an LED load if the temperature of the LED load exceeds a threshold value. This threshold value is an operating parameter of the LED driver, and may change from LED driver to LED driver, depending on a particular installation or target application for the LED driver. A variety of other configuration settings and operating parameters may change from one LED driver to another. However, it is undesirable for a manufacturer to manufacture a large number of different lighting devices just to provide a large number of different configurations and different operating parameters—especially if large portions of the lighting devices are the same as each other. It is also undesirable for a manufacturer, vendor, and/or end user to have to maintain in inventory a large number of different lighting devices, each having its own specific configuration and/or its own specific operating parameters. Accordingly, a manufacturer may manufacture a programmable lighting device (e.g., a programmable LED driver) which includes a programming interface or connector by means of which the device may be programmed with different configuration settings and/or with different operating parameters. In that way, a manufacturer may design and manufacture one generic lighting device for a large number of different applications or target installations, and then program each device to tailor it for its particular target application or installation. A programmable lighting device may be programmed by the manufacturer, the vendor, or the end user. For example, the manufacturer may maintain the generic programmable lighting devices in stock, and then program the devices with particular configuration setting(s) and/or operating parameter(s) to fill specific orders, prior to shipment.

Invention Disclosure:
A programmable lighting device includes a power stage, a controller, a nonvolatile memory and a near field communication device. The power stage is configured to receive power from an external supply and supplying power to at least one light source. The controller is configured to control operation of the power stage according to an operating parameter and/or configuration setting for the programmable lighting device. The nonvolatile memory device stores the operating parameter and/or configuration setting. The near field communication device receives a radio frequency signal which communicates the operating parameter and/or configuration setting, and in response thereto stores the operating parameter and/or configuration setting in the nonvolatile memory. The near field communication device generates a supply voltage for powering the nonvolatile memory device from the RF signal.

[Assistant]
1. A programmable lighting driver, comprising:
a power stage configured to receive power from an external supply and to supply power to at least one light source;
a controller configured to control an operation of the power stage according to at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver;
a nonvolatile memory configured to store therein the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver; and
a near field communication driver configured to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal which communicates the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver, and in response thereto to store the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver in the nonvolatile memory,
wherein the near field communication driver is configured to generate from the RF signal a supply voltage for powering the nonvolatile memory while the near field communication driver stores in the nonvolatile memory the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver,
wherein the at least one operating parameter for the programmable lighting driver includes at least one of: an output current to be supplied by the power stage to the at least one light source; a variable startup time parameter for the at least one light source; an operating time period after which the lighting driver should increase the output current; at least one temperature threshold for reducing the output current; an operating time period after which the lighting driver should trigger an end of life signal; and at least one time setting for automatically dimming the at least one light source; and
the RF signal communicates the at least one configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver, wherein the at least one configuration setting identifies an active dimming interface for the programmable lighting driver among a plurality of dimming interfaces available for the programmable lighting driver.

2. The programmable lighting driver of claim 1, wherein the near field communication device is further configured to generate from the RF signal a second supply voltage for powering the controller.

3. The programmable lighting driver of claim 1, further comprising an antenna or a coil configured to provide the radio frequency signal to the near field communication driver.

4. The programmable lighting driver of claim 3, wherein the near field communication device is further configured to transmit a verification signal via the antenna or coil in response to receiving the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver.

5. The programmable lighting driver of claim 3, wherein the near field communication device is further configured to transmit via the antenna or coil at least one additional operating parameter, at least one additional configuration setting, or operating data for the programmable lighting driver.

6. The programmable lighting driver of claim 3, further comprising a substantially metallic housing having at least one non-metallic aperture through which the radio frequency signal may be communicated to the antenna or coil.

7. The programmable lighting driver of claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile memory is a dual port memory having a first port for communicating with the near field communication device and a second and a second port for communicating with the controller.

8. The programmable lighting driver of claim 1, further comprising a second nonvolatile memory, wherein the second nonvolatile memory is configured to store operating data for programmable lighting driver in response to the controller.

9. The programmable lighting device of claim 1, wherein the power stage comprises a controllable current source for supplying a current to drive at least one LED.

10. The programmable lighting driver of claim 9 wherein the power stage is configured to receive AC Mains voltage and further comprises a rectifier for rectifying the AC Mains voltage to produce the current to drive the at least one LED.

11. The programmable lighting driver of claim 1, wherein the plurality of dimming interfaces available for the programmable lighting driver include a DALI interface, an analog dimming signal interface, a Digital MultipleX (DMX) interface, and a phase-cut AC dimming interface.

12. A method of programming a programmable lighting driver the method comprising:
receiving a radio frequency (RF) signal which communicates at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver;
generating from the RF signal a supply voltage for powering a nonvolatile memory of the programmable lighting driver;
while the nonvolatile memory is powered by the voltage generated from the RF signal, storing at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver in the nonvolatile memory, and
wherein a power stage of the programmable lighting driver is configured to receive power from an external supply and to be controlled to supply power to at least one light source according to the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver; and
generating from the RF signal a second supply voltage for powering a controller which is configured to control the power stage.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the controller retrieving the least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver from the nonvolatile memory.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising transmitting a verification signal from the programmable lighting driver in response to receiving the at least one operating parameter or configuration setting for the programmable lighting driver.

15. The method of claim 12, further comprising transmitting from the programmable lighting driver via a reply RF signal at least one additional operating parameter, at least one additional configuration setting, or operating data for the programmable lighting driver.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein receiving the RF signal comprises receiving the RF signal via least one non-metallic aperture in a substantially metallic housing.

17. The method of claim 12, further comprising identifying an active dimming interface for the programmable lighting driver among a plurality of dimming interfaces available for the programmable lighting driver, wherein the plurality of dimming interfaces available for the programmable lighting driver include a DALI interface, an analog 0-10 V dimming signal interface, a Digital MultipleX (DMX) interface, and a phase-cut AC dimming interface.