[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Beat Tone Full Waveform Inversion

Technical Field and Background:
In order to determine the composition and structure of an underground formation, seismic data may be utilized. As understood in the art, when a seismic wave propagates through the earth from a source to a receiver, the received seismic wave may bring information about geophysical properties of the subsurface volume. The properties may include, without limitation, seismic wave velocity, mass density, and anisotropy properties. In exploration geophysics, by recording the seismic waves at the surface by one or more geophones or hydrophones, a model of the subsurface strata may be determined through various seismic processing techniques. The time between transmission of the seismic wave and reception of the reflected seismic waves may be measured to determine the distance to an interface. More advanced techniques, such as reflection velocity tomography, are capable of using kinematic information contained in the seismic reflection data to transform the seismic data gathered from the reflected waves to determine a more detailed and complete model of the underground seismic velocity model. Another technique, known as full waveform inversion (FWI), utilizes full waveform information, i.e. both phase and amplitude data, both transmission seismic data and reflection seismic data, both primaries and multiples, contained in the seismic data gathered from the recorded seismic waves to generate a high resolution velocity model or other geophysical property model of the underground formation through optimal data fitting. Because of hardware limitations of geophones and hydrophones, seismic data is typically band limited, rendering low frequency seismic data unavailable. Due to the lack of low frequency data, large underground structures are less able to be identified due to issues including without limitation nonlinearity of the FWI and the cycle-skipping phenomenon. Nonlinearity and cycle-skipping can result in incorrect data fitting as, for example, the inversion may be trapped in local minima, preventing the updated models from progressing properly. Nonlinearity and cycle-skipping each increase in effect and likelihood with increasing frequency during an inversion operation.

Invention Disclosure:
A full wave inversion (FWI) may utilize an Amplitude-Frequency-Differentiation (AFD) or a Phase-Frequency-Differentiation (PFD) operation to form a velocity model of a subterranean formation utilizing recovered low wavenumber data. Received seismic data is processes to isolate two data signals at different frequencies. In an AFD operation, the two data signals are summed and the data of the envelope of the summed function is used for the FWI. In a PFD operation, the phase data of the quotient of the two data signals is used for the FWI. The FWI proceeds iteratively utilizing either the AFD or PFD data or with single frequency data until the cost function of the AFD or PFD is satisfied.

[Assistant]
1. A method for generating a model of an underground formation from seismic data comprising:
emitting seismic waves into the underground formation by a source;
measuring seismic data from one or more receivers in the time domain, the one or more receivers positioned to receive seismic waves from the underground formation, the seismic waves forming the seismic data;
converting the seismic data from the time domain to the frequency domain to form frequency domain seismic data;
extracting, from the frequency domain seismic data, first measured frequency domain data corresponding to a first signal at a first frequency;
extracting, from the frequency domain seismic data, second measured frequency domain data corresponding to a second signal at a second frequency, the second frequency different from the first frequency;
generating, from a first velocity model, first simulated frequency domain data at the first frequency and second simulated frequency domain data at the second frequency;
calculating a gradient of a cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and
generating a second velocity model based at least in part on the calculated gradient, the second velocity model corresponding to at least one feature of the underground formation.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
calculating a residual of the cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and if the residual is over a predetermined threshold:
repeating the generating from a first velocity model, calculating a gradient, generating a second velocity model, and calculating a residual operations until the residual is below the predetermined threshold.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
calculating a residual of the cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and if the residual is over a predetermined threshold:
repeating the generating from a first velocity model, calculating a gradient, generating a second velocity model, and calculating a residual operations until the residual is minimized.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second model is generated utilizing an Amplitude-Frequency-Differentiation (AFD) operation, and the cost function is
C  ( m n ) = 1 2 || | S  ( ω 1 ) + S  ( ω 2 )  | 2  - | M  ( ω 1 ) + M  ( ω 2 )  | 2  || 2  + λ n  R n  ( m n )
where S is the simulated data, M is the measurement data, m is an unknown vector, a function of seismic velocity model v or compressibility model κ, to be inverted, λ is a regularization parameter, R is a regularization term, ω is an angular frequency, and n is an iteration index.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the gradient of the cost function is
∂ p ∂ κ = - ρω 2  ∫ τ  p  ( ω, κ; x, x r )  G  ( ω, κ; x, x s )  dx
where p is the pressure, Q is the injected volume acting as the source, ρ is a mass density, κ is the compressibility of a medium, and G(ω, κ; x, x s ) is the solution to
∇ 2 p+ω 2 ρκ p =δ( x−x s ).

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second model is generated utilizing a Phase-Frequency-Differentiation (PFD) operation, and the cost function is
C  ( m n ) = 1 2 || Φ  [ S  ( ω 2 )  /  S  ( ω 1 ) ] - Φ  [ M  ( ω 2 )  /  M  ( ω 1 ) ]  || 2  + λ n  R n  ( m n )
where S is simulated data, M is the received seismic data, m is an unknown vector to be inverted, λ is a regularization parameter, R is a regularization term, ω is an angular frequency, Φ is a phase extraction operator, and n is an iteration index.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the gradient of the cost function is
∂ p ∂ κ = - ρω 2  ∫ τ  p  ( ω, κ; x, x r )  G  ( ω, κ; x, x s )  dx
where p is a pressure, Q is an injected volume acting as the source, ρ is a mass density, κ is the compressibility of a medium, and G(ω, κ; x, x s ) is the solution to
∇ 2 p+ω 2 ρκ p =δ( x−x s ).

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising pre-processing the received seismic data.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining the first and second frequencies, the first and second frequencies determined at least in part due to one or more of knowledge of the initial velocity model, the frequency range of the received seismic data, or the quality of the received seismic data.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second frequencies are between 4 and 100 Hz, between 5 and 30 Hz, or between 5 and 15 Hz.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second frequencies are separated by 5 Hz or less, 2 Hz or less, or 0.5 Hz or less.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first velocity model is determined through one or more of well logs or velocity tomography procedures.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating the first velocity model to a second velocity model operation is based at least in part on water bottom profile or salt body geometry.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Cluster Analysis For Selecting Reservoir Models From Multiple Geological Realizations

Technical Field and Background:
A virtual simulation may be performed based on a model of a geological region to assist in understanding characteristics of the geological area represented by the model. For example, with regard to a well, the virtual simulation may assist a well operator in improving production of fluids from an associated reservoir. The model of the geological region may be constructed of a grid of cells, with each of the cells being associated with one or more geological properties (e.g., porosity, permeability, etc.) that define the formation of geological structures in the region. In conventional geological modeling, simulations are based on geological data values corresponding to the grid cells in a corresponding geological model. Because of the large number of grid cells in the model, a single simulation may take a significant amount of time and processing power. Moreover, to address uncertainty in interpreting a geological model through a simulation, a stochastic process may be used to produce multiple realizations of the same model, each with different values. Multiple simulations are then produced based on the realizations for evaluation by an operator. However, processing multiple realizations compounds the amount of time and processing power required to produce the simulations.

Invention Disclosure:
A computing device facilitates the organization of a plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations into respective one-dimensional arrays of geological property values, with each geological property value corresponding to a three-dimensional grid location of a respective three-dimensional geological data realization. The computing device then facilitates the grouping of the one-dimensional arrays into two or more array clusters based on a comparison of geometric locations of the geological property values within the respective arrays, and selects at least one of the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations for each of the two or more array clusters. The selected data realizations are then provided at a user interface.

[Assistant]
1. A method for selecting geological data realizations, comprising:
organizing a plurality of geological data realizations into respective arrays of geological property values, wherein each geological property value in an array is obtained from a grid location of a respective geological data realization, wherein the plurality of geological data realizations correspond to a geological area comprising a reservoir;
clustering the arrays into two or more array groups based on a comparison of geometric locations of similar values within the respective arrays of geological property values;
providing the two or more array groups at a user interface;
receiving a selection of at least one array from the two or more array groups; and
providing at least one of the plurality of geological data realizations corresponding to the selected at least one array to a geological model simulator configured to simulate fluid flow within the geological area for facilitating production of fluids from the reservoir.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein organizing a plurality of geological data realizations into respective arrays of geological property values comprises organizing a plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations into respective one-dimensional arrays of geological property values, and the method further comprises:
providing one or more three-dimensional data realizations corresponding to the two or more array groups to the geological model simulator to simulate the fluid flow within the geological area corresponding to the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically selecting a data realization from each of the array groups as a candidate selection based on a predetermined criteria.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the comparison of the geometric locations comprises:
determining a distance between a first geological property value in a first one of the respective arrays of geological property values and a second geological property value in a second one of the respective arrays of geological property values.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the distance is based on volumetric cell coordinates of the first and second geological property values.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the distance is a Euclidean distance.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining respective degrees of similarity between respective arrays of geological property values based on the comparison of the geometric locations, and
determining a number of array groups into which the arrays of geological property values are clustered based on an application of a threshold degree of similarity to the determined respective degrees of similarity between the respective arrays.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining respective degrees of similarity between cells at respective indices of the respective arrays based on a comparison of geological property values at the respective indices; and
determining cell clusters in the respective arrays based on the determined respective degrees of similarity and a threshold degree of similarity.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein clustering the arrays into two or more array groups based on the comparison of geometric locations of similar values comprises:
determining a geometrical similarity of cell clusters within the respective arrays of geological property values.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of geological data realizations is based on a result of a stochastical process.

11. A system, comprising:
one or more processors; and
a memory including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:
organizing a plurality of geological data realizations into respective arrays of geological property values, wherein each geological property value in an array is obtained from a grid location of a respective geological data realization, wherein the plurality of geological data realizations correspond to a geological area comprising a reservoir;
clustering the arrays into two or more array groups based on a comparison of geometric locations of similar values within the respective arrays of geological property values;
providing the two or more array groups at a user interface;
receiving a selection of at least one array from the two or more array groups; and
providing the at least one of the plurality of geological data realizations corresponding to the selected at least one array to a geological model simulator configured to simulate fluid flow within the geological area for facilitating production of fluids from the reservoir.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein organizing a plurality of geological data realizations into respective arrays of geological property values comprises organizing a plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations into respective one-dimensional arrays of geological property values, and the instructions, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform the step of:
providing one or more three-dimensional data realizations corresponding to the two or more array groups to the geological model simulator to simulate the fluid flow within the geological area corresponding to the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform the step of:
automatically selecting a data realization from each of the array groups as a candidate selection based on predetermined criteria.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein the comparison of the geometric locations comprises:
determining a distance between a first geological property value in a first one of the respective arrays of geological property values and a second geological property value in a second one of the respective arrays of geological property values.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the distance is based on volumetric cell coordinates of the first and second geological property values.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:
determining respective degrees of similarity between respective arrays of geological property values based on the comparison of the geometric locations, and
determining a number of array groups into which the arrays of geological property values are clustered based on an application of a threshold degree of similarity to the determined respective degrees of similarity between the respective arrays.

17. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:
determining respective degrees of similarity between cells at respective indices of the respective arrays based on a comparison of geological property values at the respective indices; and
determining cell clusters in the respective arrays based on the determined respective degrees of similarity and a threshold degree of similarity.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein clustering the arrays into two or more array groups based on the comparison of geometric locations of similar values comprises:
determining a geometrical similarity of cell clusters within the respective arrays of geological property values.

19. A computer program product tangibly embodied in a computer-readable storage device and comprising instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to:
organize a plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations into respective one-dimensional arrays of geological property values, wherein each geological property value in an array is obtained from a three-dimensional grid location of a respective three-dimensional geological data realization wherein the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations correspond to a geological area comprising a reservoir;
group the one-dimensional arrays into two or more array clusters based on a comparison of geometric locations of the geological property values within the respective arrays;
select at least one of the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations for each of the two or more array clusters; and
provide the selected at least one of the three-dimensional geological data realizations to a geological model simulator configured to simulate fluid flow within the geological area for facilitating production of fluids from the reservoir.

20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions that, when executed by the computing device, cause the computing device to:
provide one or more three-dimensional data realizations corresponding to the two or more array groups to the geological model simulator to simulate the fluid flow within the geological area corresponding to the plurality of three-dimensional geological data realizations.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Linear Guideway, Circulating Module Thereof, And Slider Thereof

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Invention The instant invention relates to a guideway; in particular, to a linear guideway, a circulating module of a linear guideway, and an end module of a linear guideway. 2. Description of Related Art The miniature linear guideway is defined by its size, but also can include the linear guideway having wire holders. Moreover, the spherical rollers in the miniature linear guideways are not fixed by any chains or belts. Specifically, the conventional miniature linear guideway defines a circulation channel via the slider, the circulator, and the wire holders, and the circulator is an integrally formed single piece and is engaged with the slider by directly pressing the circulator onto the slider. Moreover, the conventional miniature linear guideway includes two end modules respectively installed on two opposite sides of the slider. Specifically, each conventional end module has a lubricating sheet. When the conventional end module is assembled, the lubricating sheet easily generates a deforming problem to lose the original lubricating effect.

Invention Disclosure:
An end module of a linear guideway includes an end cap, a cover, and a lubricating sheet. The end cap has an accommodating trough, and the cover is installed on the end cap to cover the accommodating trough, so a surface of the end cap faces a surface of the cover. At least one supporting pillar is formed on one of the two facing surfaces of the end cap and the cover, and the supporting pillar abuts against the other one of the two facing surfaces of the end cap and the cover. The lubricating sheet is received in the accommodating trough. The lubricating sheet has at least one penetrating hole, and the supporting pillar is inserted into the penetrating hole. Thus, the lubricating sheet of the instant disclosure is provided without any deformation, which is caused by the end cap and the cover.

[Assistant]
1. A linear guideway, comprising:
an elongated rail defining a longitudinal direction;
a slider having a groove movably disposed on the rail, wherein the slider has two elongated inner loading surfaces arranged on two inner surfaces of the groove facing each other, wherein each one of the two inner loading surfaces parallels the longitudinal direction;
a circulator having two circulating bases respectively arranged at two opposite sides of the groove, wherein the two circulating bases are respectively corresponding to and connected to the two inner loading surfaces of the groove, and each circulating base comprises:
an outer loading surface defining an external channel and arranged outside the corresponding inner loading surface; and
two corner portions respectively extended from two opposite ends of the outer loading surface toward two opposite ends of the corresponding inner loading surface;
two wire holders respectively corresponding in position to the two inner loading surfaces, and each wire holder and the corresponding inner loading surface co-defining an internal channel;
two end modules disposed on the rail and respectively fixed on two opposite ends of the circulator, each end module comprising:
an end cap and a cover, wherein the end cap has two retaining troughs formed on a surface thereof and an accommodating trough formed an opposite surface thereof, the cover is installed on the end cap to cover the accommodating trough, so the opposite surface of the end cap faces a surface of the cover, wherein at least one supporting pillar is formed on one of the opposite surface of the end cap and the surface of the cover, and the supporting pillar abuts against the other one of the opposite surface of the end cap and the surface of the cover; and
a lubricating sheet received in the accommodating trough and partially protruding from the accommodating trough, wherein the lubricating sheet has at least one penetrating hole, the supporting pillar is inserted into the penetrating hole, and a portion of the lubricating sheet protruding from the accommodating trough abuts against the rail;
wherein the corner portions of the two circulating bases are respectively inserted into the retaining troughs of the two end modules, and each corner portion and the corresponding retaining trough co-define a corner channel, wherein each internal channel, the corresponding two corner channels, and the corresponding external channel are defined as a circulation channel; and
a plurality of rollers respectively received in the two circulation channels.

2. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 1, wherein each wire holder has two J-shaped hooks respectively arranged on two opposite portions thereof, each end cap has two hook troughs concavely formed on a bottom wall of the accommodating trough thereof, and the J-shaped hooks are respectively arranged in the hook troughs, wherein the number of the at least one penetrating hole of each lubricating sheet is two; at each end module, the number of the at least one supporting pillar is two, the two supporting pillar are formed on the cover and are respectively inserted into the two penetrating holes of the lubricating sheet, the ends of the two supporting pillars abut against the bottom wall of the accommodating trough and respectively correspond in position to the two hook troughs.

3. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 2, wherein at each end module, the end cap has at least one positioning tube formed on the bottom wall of the accommodating trough, the lubricating sheet has at least one positioning hole, the cover has at least one screwing hole, the positioning tube is inserted into the positioning hole and is corresponding in position to the screwing hole for providing a screw to fix in the positioning tube by passing through the screwing hole.

4. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 1, wherein the circulator is an integrally formed single piece, the circulator has two bridges each having a first end and an opposite second end, wherein the first ends of the two bridges are respectively connected to the two corner portions of one of the two circulating bases, and the opposite second ends of the two bridges are respectively connected to the two corner portions of the other circulating base, the two end caps respectively abut against the two bridges; each slider has two carrying surfaces respectively arranged at two opposite sides of the two inner loading surfaces, wherein each one of the carrying surfaces has an elongated first circular-arc segment and two elongated second circular segments respectively arranged at two opposite sides of the first circular-arc segment, each one of the first circular-arc segments and the second circular segments parallels the longitudinal direction, wherein in a cross-section of the slider perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, a radius of each first circular-arc segment is smaller than a radius of each second circular-arc segment; each circulating base has an elongated inner circular-arc segment arranged at an inner side of the outer loading surface and parallel to the longitudinal direction; wherein the slider is inserted into a space surrounded by the two circulating bases and the two bridges, the two carrying surfaces stretch a distance between the two inner circular-arc surfaces, each inner circular-arc surface is abutted against the two second circular-arc segments of the corresponding carrying surface, and a gap is formed between each inner circular-arc surface and the corresponding first circular-arc segment.

5. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 4, wherein in a cross-section of the slider and the circulator perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the two circle centers of the second circular-arc segments of each carrying surface are overlapped at a circle center of the abutted inner circular-arc surface.

6. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 4, wherein a surface of each bridge arranged away from the slider has two thru-holes, two guiding openings respectively in air communication with the two thru-holes, and an oil passage in air communication with the two thru-holes and the two guiding openings, wherein any two adjacent corner channels are respectively in air communication with the two guiding openings of the corresponding bridge; wherein at each end module, the end cap has two fixing tubes formed on the surface thereof having the two retaining troughs, the fixing tubes are respectively inserted into the thru-holes for providing two screws to fix on the slider by passing through the fixing tubes and the thru-holes.

7. The linear guideway as claimed in claim 6, wherein at each end module, the end cap and the cover each has an oil-injecting hole, the oil-injecting hole of the end cap is in air communication with the oil passage of the adjacent bridge, and the lubricating sheet has an oil-suction notch arranged between the two oil-injecting holes of the end cap and the cover.

8. An end module of a linear guideway, comprising:
an end cap and a cover, wherein the end cap has two retaining troughs formed on a surface thereof and an accommodating trough formed an opposite surface thereof, the cover is installed on the end cap to cover the accommodating trough, so the opposite surface of the end cap faces a surface of the cover, wherein at least one supporting pillar is formed on one of the opposite surface of the end cap and the surface of the cover, and the supporting pillar abuts against the other one of the opposite surface of the end cap and the surface of the cover; and
a lubricating sheet received in the accommodating trough and partially protruding from the accommodating trough, wherein the lubricating sheet has at least one penetrating hole, the supporting pillar is inserted into the penetrating hole.

9. The end module of the linear guideway as claimed in claim 8, wherein the end cap has two hook troughs concavely formed on a bottom wall of the accommodating trough thereof, the number of the at least one penetrating hole of the lubricating sheet is two, the number of the at least one supporting pillar is two, the two supporting pillar are formed on the cover and are respectively inserted into the two penetrating holes of the lubricating sheet, the ends of the two supporting pillars abut against the bottom wall of the accommodating trough and respectively correspond in position to the two hook troughs.

10. The end module of the linear guideway as claimed in claim 9, wherein the end cap has at least one positioning tube formed on the bottom wall of the accommodating trough, the lubricating sheet has at least one positioning hole, the cover has at least one screwing hole, the positioning tube is inserted into the positioning hole and is corresponding in position to the screwing hole for providing a screw to fix in the positioning tube by passing through the screwing hole.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Method And Apparatus For A Control Circuit With Multiple Operating Modes

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Disclosure The present invention relates generally to control circuits and, more specifically, the present invention relates to control circuits used in power converters that implement multiple operating modes. 2. Background Power converter control circuits may be used for a multitude of purposes and applications. Due to increasing global requirements for energy efficient power converter solutions, there is increasing demand for control circuit functionality to meet these requirements. In addition, most power converter applications have cost goals. In the case of a control circuit forming part of an integrated circuit, the package in which the integrated circuit is housed can significantly contribute to its cost. The number of pins or terminals that it uses in turn influences the cost of the integrated circuit package. It is therefore desirable for a control circuit to implement control modes that allow energy efficiency goals to be met in a package with low pin count to meet the cost goals of the power converter application. Energy efficient power converters typically employ a switching power converter configuration in which a switch is coupled to the control circuit and to an energy transfer element. The energy transfer element could be a transformer in power converters such as flyback or forward converters or a simple inductor in other power converter configurations such as buck, Cuk or SEPIC converters. The control circuit controls switching of the switch to regulate energy transferred through the energy transfer element and therefore power delivered to an output of the power converter. Many power converter control solutions implement two or more control modes. Typically one control mode of operation is implemented for normal load conditions and another mode is implemented under very light load, standby or no-load conditions. A typical control mode of operation for very light load, standby or no-load conditions is referred to as cycle skipping or burst mode control. These modes of control typically maintain the regulation of an output parameter of the power converter by alternating between periods where power is delivered to the output of the power converter and periods where the power delivered to the output of the power converter to substantially zero. In this type of control mode, the period of time for which substantially zero power is delivered to an output of the power converter is regulated in order to maintain regulation of an output parameter, typically an output voltage appearing across output terminals of the power converter. These modes of control improve the efficiency and therefore reduce the energy consumption of the power converter since the periods for which substantially zero power is delivered to the power converter output are typically achieved by suspending switching of the switch coupled to the energy transfer element. Switching losses associated with the switching of the switch are therefore eliminated for the period for which switching is suspended. This burst mode or cycling skipping mode of operation is well suited to very light load, standby or no-load conditions. However, emerging energy efficiency standards are requiring that stringent power converter efficiency goals are achieved over a wide range of load conditions. At higher load conditions the cycle skipping or burst mode control schemes described above are less effective since they tend to lead to power converter instability, increased power converter output voltage ripple and potentially audible noise. At higher load conditions therefore pulse width modulation (PWM) control or duty cycle control schemes are better suited. For the purpose of this disclosure, these PWM or duty cycle control schemes are defined as those schemes that do not require cycle skipping to regulate power delivered to an output of the power converter. Such control schemes avoid the need to skip switching cycles by instead controlling various other parameters to regulate the power delivered to the output of the power supply. For example, voltage mode control employs a fixed switching frequency and varies an on-time of the switch during each switching period. The switching frequency being the reciprocal of one switching cycle period of the switch. The ratio of the switch on-time to the overall period of the switching cycle is referred to as the duty cycle.

Invention Disclosure:
A method for controlling a power converter switch to regulate power delivered to an output of a power converter includes operating the power converter switch in first, second, and third duty cycle control modes in response to a feedback signal. The first duty cycle control mode includes modulating a peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value. The second duty cycle control mode includes modulating the switching frequency in response to the feedback signal, and maintaining the peak switch current substantially at a peak switch current threshold value. The third duty cycle control mode includes modulating the peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value.

[Assistant]
1. A method for controlling a power converter switch to regulate power delivered to an output of a power converter, comprising:
operating the power converter switch in a first duty cycle control mode in response to a feedback signal being between a first feedback signal value and a second feedback signal value, wherein said first duty cycle control mode includes modulating a peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value;
operating the power converter switch in a second duty cycle control mode in response to the feedback signal being between the second feedback signal value and a third feedback signal value, wherein said second duty cycle control mode includes modulating the switching frequency in response to the feedback signal, and maintaining the peak switch current substantially at a peak switch current threshold value;
operating the power converter switch in a third duty cycle control mode in response to the feedback signal being between the third feedback signal value and a fourth feedback signal value, wherein said third duty cycle control mode includes modulating the peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value; and
transitioning from the first duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a substantially constant overall control loop gain of the power converter in response to transitioning between the first duty cycle control mode and the second duty cycle control mode, and in response to transitioning between the second duty cycle control mode and the third duty cycle control mode.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the second duty cycle control mode to the third duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the second switching frequency value.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the third duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the second duty cycle control mode to the first duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the first switching frequency value.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising switching the power converter switch at a maximum duty cycle, at a 100% peak switch current, and at a 100% switching frequency in response to the feedback signal being outside of a range between the first feedback signal value and the fourth feedback signal value.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said switching the power converter switch at the maximum duty cycle, at the 100% peak switch current, and at the 100% switching frequency occurs during a start-up condition.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein said switching the power converter switch at the maximum duty cycle, at the 100% peak switch current, and at the 100% switching frequency occurs during a fault condition.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first switching frequency value is a maximum switching frequency, and wherein the second switching frequency value is a minimum switching frequency.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the second switching frequency value is just above an audible frequency range.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the peak switch current threshold value is less than a 100% peak switch current limit of the power converter switch.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said first duty cycle control mode is a voltage control mode in which the power converter switch on-time is regulated.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said second duty cycle control mode comprises varying a switching cycle time of the power converter switch.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said third duty cycle control mode is a voltage control mode in which the power converter switch on-time is regulated.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first switching frequency value is greater than the second switching frequency value.

16. A controller for use in a power converter, the controller comprising:
an oscillator to be coupled to a switch of the power converter to determine a time at which the switch is turned on at a beginning of a switching cycle of the switch, wherein the oscillator includes a capacitor, a charging current source coupled to charge the capacitor, and a discharging current source coupled to discharge the capacitor, wherein a time period for the capacitor to charge and discharge between first and second voltage levels is a time period of the switching cycle of the switch;
a circuit coupled to the oscillator and coupled to capture an oscillator voltage across the capacitor at an end of the time at which the switch is turned on, wherein a value of the discharge current of the discharging current source is responsive to the captured oscillator voltage; and
a logic circuit to be coupled to the switch to determine the end of the time at which the switch is turned on in response to a feedback signal of the power converter to regulate power delivered to an output of the power converter,
wherein the controller includes first and second duty cycle control modes responsive to a magnitude of a feedback signal to regulate the power delivered to the output of the power converter, wherein during the first duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate an output signal to switch the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value, and wherein during the second duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate the output signal to vary the time period of the switching cycle of the switch,
wherein the controller further includes a third duty cycle control mode responsive to the magnitude of the feedback signal to regulate the power delivered to the output of the power converter, wherein during the third duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate the output signal to switch the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value, and
wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the first duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to a peak switch current of the power converter reaching a peak switch current threshold value.

17. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to modulate the peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal during the first and third duty cycle control modes, and wherein the controller is further coupled to maintain the peak switch current substantially at the peak switch current threshold value during the second duty cycle control mode.

18. The controller of claim 16, wherein the first switching frequency value is greater than the second switching frequency value.

19. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to maintain a substantially constant overall control loop gain of the power converter in response to transitioning between the first duty cycle control mode and the second duty cycle control mode, and in response to transitioning between the second duty cycle control mode and the third duty cycle control mode.

20. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the first duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value.

21. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the second duty cycle control mode to the third duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the second switching frequency value.

22. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the third duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value.

23. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the second duty cycle control mode to the first duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the first switching frequency value.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Vehicle Driving Support Device And Vehicle Driving Support Method

Technical Field and Background:
Conventionally, for example, one technology of controlling a vehicle speed or a steering angle based on information from various sensors for autonomous travel includes the technology described in JP H09-161196 A. In this technology, when an automatic driving mode in which a vehicle travels autonomously and a manual driving mode in which the driver manually drives the vehicle are switched, the switching of the driving mode is alarmed to the driver by an alarm display, sound, sheet vibration, or the like. In the technology as described in JP H09-161196 A, however, the switching of the driving mode is alarmed to the driver by the alarm display, sound, sheet vibration, or the like. Hence, it is difficult for the driver to understand what the alarm intends to notify. Thus, the present invention has an object to provide a vehicle driving support device and vehicle driving support method, by which it is easy for the driver to understand the switching of the driving mode.

Invention Disclosure:
A vehicle travel controller carries out automatic travel control of controlling a vehicle to travel automatically based upon travel state information of the vehicle and information on an exterior of the vehicle. An automatic/manual traveling changeover switch is capable of switching between an automatic driving mode in which the automatic travel control is carried out by the vehicle travel controller and a manual driving mode in which the driver drives the vehicle manually. A driving posture controller controls a reclining motor so that the reclining angle of the driver's seat in the automatic driving mode is larger than the reclining angle of the driver's seat in the manual driving mode.

[Assistant]
1. A vehicle driving support device, comprising:
a reclining angle adjustment unit capable of adjusting a reclining angle of a driver's seat; and
a reclining angle controller configured to change the reclining angle by controlling the reclining angle adjustment unit depending on a driving mode, the driving mode being switchable between an automatic driving mode in which the vehicle steers autonomously and a manual driving mode in which a driver manually steers the vehicle,
wherein the reclining angle controller is configured to change the reclining angle, when the driving mode is switched between the automatic driving mode and the manual driving mode, so that the reclining angle in the automatic driving mode is larger than the reclining angle in the manual driving mode.

2. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a body size estimation unit configured to estimate a driver's body size; and
a manual driving posture setting unit configured to set a posture in which a driver's pressing force against a steering wheel is equal to or larger than a certain value that enables stable steering that is determined by the driver's body size estimated by the body size estimation unit, as a driving posture in accordance with the manual driving mode,
wherein the reclining angle controller is configured to control the reclining angle adjustment unit so that the driving posture of the driver in the manual driving mode is the posture set by the manual driving posture setting unit.

3. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 2, further comprising:
a physical feature estimation unit configured to estimate a personal physical feature of the driver; and
a manual driving posture correction unit configured to correct the driving posture in accordance with the manual driving mode set by the manual driving posture setting unit with the personal physical feature estimated by the physical feature estimation unit.

4. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 3, wherein the physical feature estimation unit is configured to estimate a physical flexibility of the driver as the personal physical feature of the driver, based on an action of the driver when the driver gets in or out of a vehicle.

5. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 2, further comprising a front-rear position adjustment unit capable of adjusting a seat bottom face of the driver's seat in a front-rear direction of the vehicle,
wherein the reclining angle controller is configured to control the front-rear position adjustment unit in addition to the reclining angle adjustment unit, and
wherein the reclining angle controller, when detecting switching from the automatic driving mode to the manual driving mode, is configured to control the front-rear position adjustment unit so that a position of the seat bottom face of the driver's seat in the front-rear direction of the vehicle becomes a position in which the driving posture of the driver becomes the posture set by the manual driving posture setting unit.

6. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 2, further comprising a steering adjustment unit capable of adjusting a position of a steering wheel in a front-rear direction and a top-bottom direction of the vehicle,
wherein the reclining angle controller is configured to control the steering adjustment unit in addition to the reclining angle adjustment unit, and
wherein the reclining angle controller, when detecting switching from the manual driving mode to the automatic driving mode, is configured to control the steering adjustment unit so that the position of the steering wheel in the front-rear direction and the top-bottom direction of the vehicle becomes the position in which the driving posture of the driver is the posture set by the manual driving posture setting unit.

7. The vehicle driving support device according to claim 1,
wherein in the automatic driving mode, an automatic travel control makes the vehicle travel automatically independent of a steering operation of the driver with a steering element,
further comprising a reliability degree detection unit configured to detect a reliability degree of the automatic travel control, based upon at least one of a number of sensing objects in the automatic travel control, a number of sensors necessary for sensing in the automatic travel control, a complexity of a sensing object in the automatic travel control, and an operation amount in the automatic travel control,
wherein the reclining angle controller is configured to control the reclining angle adjustment unit so that as the reliability degree detected by the reliability degree detection unit is lower in the automatic travel control, a driving posture of the driver is closer to a driving posture in accordance with the automatic driving mode from a driving posture in accordance with the manual driving mode.

8. A vehicle driving support method, comprising:
switching between an automatic driving mode in which the vehicle steers autonomously and a manual driving mode in which a driver manually steers the vehicle; and
changing a reclining angle of the driver's seat, when the driving mode is switched between the automatic driving mode and the manual driving mode, so that the reclining angle of the driver's seat in the automatic driving mode is larger than the reclining angle of the driver's seat in a manual driving mode.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Speaker Module And Electronic Device Using The Same

Technical Field and Background:
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electronic device and elements thereof, and more particularly to an electronic device and a speaker module thereof. Description of the Related Art Recently, with advances in technology, electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, e-Books, and note book computers are being widely used in day-to-day life. An electronic device generally includes a speaker module for producing sound, and the speaker module is commonly equipped with a casing and a speaker. The speaker is positioned in the casing and is used for transforming an electrical signal into structural vibration so as to generate sound. The sound quality of the speaker module is not only related to the speaker itself but also to the casing of the speaker module. Generally speaking, the casing of a speaker module with a greater volume will reduce the damping effect of the air inside the speaker module as the sound is produced by the speaker. In such a manner, the lowest resonant frequency of the speaker can be lower, thereby achieving a better low-frequency response effect, and thus improving the sound quality of the speaker module. As mentioned above, the low-pitched sound performance of the speaker is related to the internal volume of the casing. In order to have better low-pitched sound performance, a larger casing is required. However, in a relatively small electronic device, the overall size of the speaker module is constrained, and the effective volume in the casing has to be decreased, which causes an increase of the low frequency resonant frequency of the speaker module. This increase not only degrades the low-pitched sound performance but also enhances distortion of the speaker, thereby influencing the sound quality of the electronic device.

Invention Disclosure:
A speaker module is provided. The speaker module includes a housing, a speaker unit, and a modulating unit. The housing has a main segment and an extension segment connecting to the main segment and extending away from the main segment. The speaker unit is disposed in the housing in a position that is relative to the main segment. The modulating unit is relative to the extension segment and disposed in the housing. The shape of a cross section of the modulating unit is compatible with the shape of a cross section of the extension segment.

[Assistant]
1. A speaker module, comprising:
a housing, having a main segment and an extension segment connected to the main segment and extending away from the main segment, wherein the main segment and the extension segment communicate with each other and form a chamber;
a speaker unit, disposed in the housing in a position that is relative to the main segment; and
a modulating unit, arranged to correspond to the extension segment and positioned in the housing, wherein the shape of a cross section of the modulating unit is compatible with the shape of a cross section of the extension segment;
wherein a ratio of a length (L 1 ) of the chamber, between the speaker unit and the modulating unit, a length (L 2 ) of the modulating unit, and a length (L 3 ) of the chamber, between the modulating unit and an end of the extension segment that is away from the speaker unit, is about 1:1:2.

2. The speaker module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the extension segment comprises:
a first sub-segment, connected to the main segment and extending in a first direction; and
a second sub-segment, connecting to the first sub-segment and extending in a second direction away from the main segment;
wherein the modulating unit is positioned in the second sub-segment.

3. The speaker module as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first direction is different from the second direction.

4. The speaker module as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first direction is the same as the second direction.

5. The speaker module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the main segment is greater than the width of the extension segment.

6. The speaker module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the modulating module comprises one or more materials selected from a group consisting of polyurethane, Polyethylene, foam rubber, melamine, glass fiber, rockwool, OFAN polyester fiber, cyanuramide, and active carbon.

7. The speaker module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of a length of the modulating unit and a length of the extension segment is about 0.25.

8. The speaker module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the main body has a sound outlet, and the speaker unit is arranged to correspond to the sound outlet and positioned in the housing;
wherein the sound outlet is sealed by the speaker unit, and a sealed chamber which is secluded from the surrounding is defined in the housing.

9. An electronic device comprising:
a speaker module comprising:
a housing, having a main segment and an extension segment connected to the main segment and extending away from the main segment, wherein the main segment and the extension segment communicate with each other and form a chamber;
a speaker unit, disposed in the housing in a position that is relative to the main segment; and
a modulating unit, arranged to correspond to the extension segment and positioned in the housing, wherein the shape of a cross section of the modulating unit is compatible with the shape of a cross section of the extension segment;
wherein a ratio of a length (L 1 ) of the chamber, between the speaker unit and the modulating unit, a length (L 2 ) of the modulating unit, and a length (L 3 ) of the chamber, between the modulating unit and an end of the extension segment that is away from the speaker unit, is about 1:1:2.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Electronically Illuminated Open Sight For Handguns And Rifles

Technical Field and Background:
About 70 percent of all shootings occur in low light situations. Because of low light environments, shooters have a hard time sighting in the target to place a well-aimed shot into the target. In fact, in the most serious consequences a tragic mistake is made, a bystander is wounded or a fatal accident occurs. Sights that are currently on the market do not produce enough light to obtain a proper sight picture, as they are filled with gas to achieve their light intensity. Gas filled night sights slowly lose their intensity to the point of being useless as a night sight, and during this illumination loss period, the dimmed sights could lead the operator to being harmed. Gas filled night sights are fragile and the gas comprises radioactive poisonous gas. If the vial is broken, this gas is a serious health hazard. Manufacturing of these gas night sights are dangerous to factory assemblers as well. Current sights also do not have parts that may be purchased off the shelf for light repair which results in gas night vision sights being irreparable once damaged. These sights do not accommodate rifles, since rifles do not have both rear and front light up sights. The present invention serves to solve all these issues and provide a safer, more effective alternative to the current sights available to gun owners. The present invention comprises a front sight, a rear sight, and a neck. The present invention utilizes a higher intensity front and rear sight that provides a clearer picture, even when in total darkness. The present invention is battery powered, allowing the user to easily carry out light output power adjustments maintenance and avoid loss of sight visibility in low lighting situations. The present invention comprises non-hazardous illumination components that are safe to manufacture, assemble, and replace. The present invention comprises controllable power settings which allows the user to save the battery power and remain unseen. The present invention is also not limited to guns but rifles as well.

Invention Disclosure:
An electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles utilizes one or more light-emitting diodes to illuminate fiber optic rods held within rid compartments within a plurality of sight posts, including a front sight post and a rear sight post. Each fiber optic rod is viewable through a rod viewing port in the rear surface of each housing, making the illuminated fiber optic rods viewable only to the user of the handgun or rifle. The LEDs are housed within a sight body or control housing and fiber optic cables are run from the LEDs to the fiber optic rods in order to transfer light from the LEDs to the fiber optic rods within the sight posts. The LEDs can be switched on or off by a power switch, and a potentiometer controls the intensity of the LEDs.

[Assistant]
1. An electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles comprises:
a plurality of sight posts;
a plurality of fiber optic cables;
at least one light-emitting diode (LED);
a control housing;
a rear sight body;
a front sight mount;
a rear sight mount;
a power source;
the plurality of sight posts comprises a front sight post, a first rear sight post, and a second rear sight post;
each of the plurality of sight posts comprises a fiber optic rod, a rod compartment, a rod viewing port, an ambient light slot, a rear surface and a top surface, wherein the rear surface and the top surface are oriented perpendicular to each other;
each of the plurality of fiber optic cables comprises an input end and an output end;
the control housing comprises an LED control;
the rear sight body comprises a viewing slot;
the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post being connected to the rear sight body;
the first rear sight post, the second rear sight post and the viewing slot being oriented parallel to each other on the rear sight body, wherein each of the plurality of sight posts and the viewing slot are oriented longitudinally;
the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post being positioned symmetrically about the viewing slot of the rear sight body, wherein the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post are laterally separated by the viewing slot;
the fiber optic rod being positioned within the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts;
the rod viewing port traversing through the rear surface adjacent to the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts;
the ambient light slot traversing through the top surface adjacent to the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts;
the input end of each of the fiber optic cables being positioned adjacent to one of the at least one LED;
the output end of each of the fiber optic cables traversing into the rod compartment adjacent to the fiber optic rod of one of the plurality of sight posts;
the power source being electrically connected to the LED control and each of the at least one LED;
the front sight mount being connected to a bottom surface of the front sight post; and
the rear sight mount being connected to a bottom surface of the rear sight body.

2. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the control housing being connected adjacent to the rear sight body.

3. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 2 comprises:
a neck;
the neck being laterally aligned with the viewing slot of the rear sight body; and
the neck being connected between the control housing and the front sight post.

4. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a neck;
the neck being laterally aligned with the viewing slot of the rear sight body; and
the neck being connected between the rear sight body and the front sight post.

5. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the rod compartment and the fiber optic rod being cylindrical; and
the rod compartment and the fiber optic rod being oriented longitudinally.

6. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the power source being positioned within the control housing.

7. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the at least one LED being positioned within the rear sight body.

8. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the at least one LED being positioned within the control housing.

9. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the output end of each of the fiber optic cables traversing into the rod compartment opposite the rod viewing port.

10. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the rear sight body comprises a first fiber optic channel and a second fiber optic channel;
the neck comprises a third fiber optic channel;
the plurality of fiber optic cables comprises a first fiber optic cable, a second fiber optic cable, and a third fiber optic cable;
the at least one LED being positioned within the rear sight body;
the first fiber optic channel traversing from the at least one LED through the rear sight body and the neck to the rod compartment of the front sight post;
the second fiber optic channel traversing through the rear sight body from the at least one LED to the rod compartment of the first rear sight post;
the third fiber optic channel traversing through the rear sight body from the at least one LED to the rod compartment of the second rear sight post;
the first fiber optic cable being positioned within the first fiber optic channel;
the second fiber optic cable being positioned within the first fiber optic channel;
the third fiber optic cable being positioned within the third fiber optic channel;
the output end of the first fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the front sight post;
the output end of the second fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the first rear sight post; and
the output end of the third fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the second rear sight post.

11. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the rear sight mount being a dovetail mount.

12. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the rear sight mount being a picatinny mount.

13. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the LED control comprises a potentiometer and a power switch;
the power source being electrically connected to the power switch;
the power switch being electrically connected to the potentiometer; and
the potentiometer being connected to each of the at least one LED.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Enhancements To Enable Fast Security Setup

Technical Field and Background:
Secure communications is often used between a wireless network and a wireless device. The wireless device may be a device such as a cellular telephone, computer, tablet, or other wireless devices that communicates with the wireless network. Often to establish secure communications an establishment procedure is followed that may include exchanging messages between the wireless network and the wireless device. The establishment procedure results in providing the wireless network and the wireless device with authentication, integrity, and encryption keys to secure communicate. However, the establishment procedure takes time, and users of the wireless devices continue to demand faster and faster devices.

Invention Disclosure:
WTRUs, ARSs, APs, WLG/AAA proxies, networks, and methods thereon are disclosed for fast security setup on a multi-RAT WTRU. Methods of sharing security associations between RATs on a multi-RAT WTRU are disclosed. Methods of caching security associations are disclosed. Methods are disclosed for alerting an ANDSF server of an AP that should be considered for association. Enhancements to advertisements from an AP are disclosed where the advertisements may include SSID with a FQDN, a HESSID type information, or TAI type information. Methods of resolving AP identities to a reachable address are disclosed. An address resolution protocol is disclosed for resolving AP identities. ARSs are disclosed that may resolve a BSSID to a network routable address. Protocols for carrying AP identities and security parameters are disclosed. Methods are disclosed of using ANDSF to provide the WTRU with security information and parameters of an AP. An RSN may indicate security capabilities.

[Assistant]
1. A method for fast security setup for use in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) capable of supporting multiple radio access technologies (RATs), the method comprising:
associating, by the WTRU, with a first access point access point (AP) associated with a first RAT;
authenticating, by the WTRU, with a network associated with the first AP, wherein the authenticating generates a master key stored by the WTRU and stored by the network;
discovering, by the WTRU, a second AP associated with a second RAT;
sending, by the WTRU, identity information of the second AP to the network via the first AP; and
using, by the WTRU, the master key for establishing secure communications with the second AP.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
discovering that the second AP supports a third RAT;
associating the master key with a corresponding third RAT protocol stack of the WTRU; and
deriving a pairwise temporal key (PTK) for the third RAT using the master key and using information received from the second AP via the third RAT.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
authenticating with the second AP using the third RAT and the PTK.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the network is at least one of: a private network, a private network with guest access, a chargeable public network, a free public network, or a service provider network, and wherein the authenticating is performed at an application layer of the network, and wherein the second RAT is an 802.11 type network.

5. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) capable of supporting multiple radio access technologies (RATs), the WTRU comprising:
a first transceiver configured to associate with a first access point access point (AP) associated with a first RAT, and to authenticate with a network associated with the first AP;
at least one storage configured to store a master key associated with the authentication of the WTRU with the network;
a second transceiver configured to discover a second AP associated with a second RAT;
wherein the first transceiver is further configured to transmit identity information of the second AP to the network via the first AP; and
wherein the second transceiver is further configured to use the master key for establishing secure communications with the second AP.

6. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the second transceiver is further configured to discover that the second AP supports a third RAT, further comprising:
a processor configured to associate the master key with a corresponding third RAT protocol stack, and to derive a pairwise temporal key (PTK) for the third RAT using the master key and using information received from the second AP via the third RAT.

7. The WTRU of claim 6, further comprising:
a third transceiver configured to authenticate with the second AP using the third RAT and the PTK.

8. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the network is at least one of: a private network, a private network with guest access, a chargeable public network, a free public network, or a service provider network, and wherein the authenticating is performed at an application layer of the network, and wherein the second RAT is an 802.11 type network.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Pixel, Display Device Comprising The Same And Driving Method Thereof

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field The one or more aspects of the present invention relate to a pixel, a display device including the pixel and a method of driving the display device. More particularly, one or more aspects of the present invention relate to a pixel having an excellent display quality, a display device including the pixel and a method of driving the display device. 2. Description of the Related Art An organic light emitting diode display uses organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) having a luminance controlled by a current or a voltage. The organic light emitting diode display is suitable for high contrast and rapid response, and thus, has been used for a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a terminal for digital broadcasting, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, a slate personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a wearable device, a digital television (TV), a desktop computer, a digital signage, and the like. An active matrix OLED (AMOLED) includes a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of power lines, and a plurality of pixel circuits connected to the lines and arranged in a matrix form. In general, each of the pixel circuits includes an OLED, two transistors, that is, a switching transistor for delivering a data signal and a driving transistor for driving the OLED according to the data signal, and one capacitor for maintaining a data voltage. The organic light emitting diode display has relatively low power consumption, but a magnitude of a current flowing through the OLED may vary with a variation in a voltage between a gate and a source of the driving transistor that drives the OLED. For example, a threshold voltage variation of the driving transistors, may cause display unevenness. In this regard, research into a compensating circuit including a plurality of transistors and capacitors to compensate for the threshold voltage has been conducted. For example, a compensating circuit may be formed in each pixel circuit. However, the compensating circuit generally utilizes a large number of transistors and capacitors that are mounted on each pixel. The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form prior art.

Invention Disclosure:
A display device includes: a display unit including a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels including: an OLED; and a driving transistor to supply current to an anode of the OLED according to a voltage applied to a gate of the driving transistor and a power supply voltage; a scan driver to supply scan signals to the pixels; an initialization driver to supply initializing signals to the pixels; a data driver to supply data signals to the pixels; light emission drivers to supply first and second light emission signals to the pixels; and a power supply to supply the power supply voltage and an initialization voltage to the pixels, wherein the initialization voltage is supplied to the anode during a first period, and the power supply voltage corresponding to a threshold voltage of the driving transistor is supplied to the gate during a first sub-period of the first period.

[Assistant]
1. A display device comprising:
a display unit comprising a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the pixels comprising:
an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) configured to emit light in response to a current applied to an anode of the OLED; and
a driving transistor configured to supply the current to the anode according to a voltage applied to a gate of the driving transistor and a power supply voltage;
a scan driver configured to supply scan signals to the pixels;
an initialization driver configured to supply initializing signals to the pixels;
a data driver configured to supply data signals to the pixels;
first and second light emission drivers configured to supply first light emission signals and second light emission signals, respectively, to the pixels;
a power supply configured to supply the power supply voltage and an initialization voltage to the pixels; and
a timing controller configured to control the scan driver, the initialization driver, the data driver, the first and second light emission drivers, and the power supply,
wherein the timing controller is configured to specifically control:
the first and second light emission drivers and the initialization driver to supply the first light emission signals, the second light emission signals, and the initializing signals at enable levels to the pixels during an initialization period, so that the initialization voltage is supplied to the anode of the OLED,
the first emission drivers to change the levels of the first light emission signals to disable levels during a compensation period, so that the power supply voltage corresponding to a threshold voltage of the driving transistor is supplied to the gate of the driving transistor,
the second light emission drivers and the initialization driver to change the second light emission signals and the initializing signals to disable levels, and the scan driver to supply the scan signals at enable levels to the pixels during a data input period, so that the data signals are applied to the pixels, and
the first and second light emission drivers to change the levels of the first light emission signals and the second light emission signals to enable levels to emit light from the OLED during a light emission period.

2. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
the gate of the driving transistor is configured to receive the initialization voltage during a period included in a first period except for a first sub-period.

3. The display device of claim 2, wherein each of the pixels further comprises:
a first transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of first light emission lines through which a corresponding one of the first light emission signals is supplied, one end connected to a drain of the driving transistor and a second node, and another end connected to the anode; and
a second transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of second light emission lines through which a corresponding one of the second light emission signals is supplied, one end connected to the power supply voltage, and another end connected to a source of the driving transistor and a first node.

4. The display device of claim 3, wherein each of the pixels further comprises:
a third transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of initialization lines, one end connected to the initialization voltage, and another end connected to the anode.

5. The display device of claim 4, wherein each of the pixels further comprises:
a fourth transistor including a gate connected to the corresponding one of the initialization lines, one end connected to the gate of the driving transistor and a third node, and another end connected to the second node, the fourth transistor being configured to diode-connect the driving transistor according to a corresponding one of the initializing signals supplied through the corresponding one of the initialization lines.

6. The display device of claim 5, wherein each of the pixels further comprises:
a storage capacitor including one end connected to the gate of the driving transistor and another end connected to the initialization voltage;
a fifth transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of scan lines and one end connected to a corresponding one of data lines, the fifth transistor being configured to transmit a corresponding one of the data signals to the driving transistor according to a corresponding one of the scan signals supplied to the corresponding one of the scan lines;
a boosting capacitor including one end connected to another end of the fifth transistor and another end connected to the gate of the driving transistor; and
a sixth transistor including a gate connected to the corresponding one of the initialization lines, one end connected to the other end of the boosting capacitor, and another end connected to the source of the driving transistor.

7. The display device of claim 6, wherein:
the initialization driver and the second light emission driver are configured to supply an initializing signal from among the initializing signals and a second light emission signal from among the second light emission signals, respectively, at an enable level during the first period.

8. The display device of claim 7, wherein:
the first light emission driver is configured to supply a first light emission signal from among the first light emission signals at an enable level during a sub-period included in the first period except for the first sub-period.

9. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
the data driver is further configured to output a switching signal, and
the display device further comprises a demultiplexer connected to the data driver, the demultiplexer being configured to select ones of the data signals output from the data driver according to the switching signal when the scan signals at enable levels are supplied, and to output the selected ones of the data signals to respective ones of a plurality of data lines.

10. A method of driving a display device, the display device comprising:
a display unit comprising a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the pixels comprising:
an OLED configured to emit light in response to a current applied to an anode of the OLED; and
a driving transistor configured to supply the current to the anode of the OLED according to a voltage applied to a gate of the driving transistor and a power supply voltage;
a scan driver configured to supply scan signals to the pixels;
an initialization driver configured to supply initializing signals to the pixels;
a data driver configured to supply data signals to the pixels;
a first light emission driver connected to the pixels through a plurality of first light emission lines and configured to supply first light emission signals;
a second light emission driver connected to the pixels through a plurality of second light emission lines and configured to supply second light emission signals; and
a power supply configured to supply the power supply voltage and an initialization voltage to the pixels,
the method comprising:
supplying the initialization voltage to the anode of the OLED by supplying the first light emission signals, the second light emission signals, and the initializing signals at enable levels to the pixels during an initialization period;
supplying the power supply voltage corresponding to a threshold voltage of the driving transistor to the gate of the driving transistor by changing the levels of the first light emission signals to disable levels during a compensation period;
applying the data signals to the pixels by changing the levels of the second light emission signals and the initializing signals to disable levels, and supplying the scan signals at enable levels to the pixels during a data input period; and
changing the levels of the first light emission signals and the second light emission signals to enable levels to emit light from the OLED during a light emission period.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the pixels further comprises:
a first transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of the first light emission lines, one end connected to a drain of the driving transistor and a second node, and another end connected to the anode of the OLED;
a second transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of the second light emission lines, one end connected to the power supply voltage, and another end connected to a source of the driving transistor and a first node;
a third transistor including a gate connected to a corresponding one of initialization lines, one end connected to the initialization voltage, and another end connected to the anode of the OLED; and
a fourth transistor including a gate connected to the corresponding one of the initialization lines, one end connected to the gate of the driving transistor and a third node, and another end connected to the second node, the fourth transistor being configured to diode-connect the driving transistor according to a corresponding one of the initializing signals supplied through the corresponding one of the initialization lines, and
wherein the supplying of the initialization voltage comprises:
supplying the initialization voltage to the anode of the OLED by turning on the third transistor; and
supplying the initialization voltage to the gate of the driving transistor by turning on the first transistor, the second transistor, and the fourth transistor.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the supplying of the power supply voltage comprises diode-connecting the driving transistor when turning off the second transistor.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Bumper Absorber Structure

Technical Field and Background:
1. Technical Field Preferred embodiments relate to a bumper absorber structure. 2. Related Art Japanese Patent Application Laid-open (JP-A) No. 2014-198506 discloses a grille shutter structure for a vehicle. Specifically, the grille shutter structure is equipped with a bumper cover that is disposed on the vehicle front side, an air intake opening that is formed in the bumper cover and opens toward the vehicle front side, an air introduction path that delivers air entering from the air intake opening to a power unit compartment, and a grille shutter that is disposed on a vehicle rear side of the air introduction path. A guide frame portion is disposed on an outer peripheral edge portion of the grille shutter, and a flexible seal member is disposed on a front end of the guide frame portion. In a case where the grille shutter is closed, the flow of air in the air introduction path is cut off, the air remains stationary in the air introduction path, and the air flowing from the vehicle front side pushes against the air in the air introduction path, so the pressure in the air introduction path increases. When the pressure increases, the seal member becomes deformed and comes into contact with a wall portion of the air introduction path, so the gap between the guide frame portion and the air introduction path disappears. Because of this, the air does not flow out from the air introduction path, so more air is prevented by the stationary air from being introduced into the air introduction path. As a result, the air outside the vehicle does not enter the air intake opening but flows along a surface of the bumper cover toward the vehicle rear side, so a drop in aerodynamic performance is prevented. However, in the case of the configuration disclosed in JP-A No. 2014-198506, the vehicle upper side of the air introduction path is configured to include the bumper cover, a bumper absorber that is covered by the bumper cover and that is disposed spaced apart from the bumper cover, and a bumper reinforcement that is disposed on the vehicle rear side of the bumper absorber. For this reason, when the grille shutter becomes closed and the pressure in the air introduction path increases, there is a possibility for the air to flow out through the gap between the bumper cover and the bumper absorber. Because of this, the air does not remain stationary in the air introduction path, so the air outside the vehicle does not flow along the surface of the bumper cover toward the vehicle rear side but enters the air intake opening, which creates resistance, and the aerodynamic performance may drop. For this reason, the prior art described above has room for improvement in this respect.

Invention Disclosure:
A bumper absorber structure comprising a bumper reinforcement; a bumper cover that is equipped with an air intake opening; an air introduction path that is disposed on a rear side of the bumper cover and that introduces air from the air intake opening toward the vehicle rear side; a grille shutter that is disposed at the air introduction path and on a rear side of the bumper reinforcement and that opens and closes the air introduction path; and a bumper absorber that is attached to a front side of the bumper reinforcement, that is spaced apart from the bumper cover, that forms, together with the bumper reinforcement, a part of the air introduction path, and that has a front side surface on which is formed a raised portion that is in contact with or in close proximity to a back surface of the bumper cover.

[Assistant]
1. A bumper absorber structure for use with a vehicle, the bumper absorber structure comprising:
a bumper reinforcement disposed at a front portion of the vehicle and that is formed in a long shape lengthwise direction of the vehicle and coincides with a vehicle width direction;
a bumper cover that covers the bumper reinforcement from a vehicle front side and being equipped with an air intake opening that opens in a vehicle front and rear direction;
an air introduction path disposed on a rear side in the vehicle front and rear direction of the bumper cover as seen in a vehicle side view, the air introduction path introducing air from the air intake opening toward a vehicle rear side;
a grille shutter disposed at the air introduction path and on a rear side in the vehicle front and rear direction of the bumper reinforcement as seen in the vehicle side view, the grille shutter being configured to open and close the air introduction path; and
a bumper absorber attached to a front side in the vehicle front and rear direction of the bumper reinforcement, the bumper absorber forming a part of the air introduction path together with the bumper reinforcement, the bumper absorber having a front side surface including a raised portion that projects toward a vehicle front side relative to the vehicle front side surface, the raised portion being in contact with or in close proximity to a back surface of the bumper cover while the front side surface is spaced apart from the bumper cover.

2. The bumper absorber structure according to claim 1, wherein a deformation absorption space that allows deformation of the bumper cover at the time of a vehicle crash is: (i) disposed between the bumper absorber and the bumper cover, and (ii) not disposed between the raised portion and the bumper cover.

3. The bumper absorber structure according to claim 1, wherein
the raised portion includes a deformation receiving portion that is formed in a shape meandering in a vehicle up and down direction on the front side surface of the bumper absorber as seen in a vehicle front view, and
the raised portion receives deformation of the bumper cover toward the vehicle rear side.

4. The bumper absorber structure according to claim 1, wherein the raised portion is formed integrally with the bumper absorber.

5. The bumper absorber structure according to claim 1, wherein
the raised portion forms a complete circuit around the front side surface of the bumper absorber as seen in a vehicle front view, and
the raised portion is formed in a substantially rectangular shape.

6. The bumper absorber structure according to claim 1, wherein the raised portion includes an upper side raised portion and lateral side raised portions.


[System] You are an expert US patent attorney. Draft a set of independent and dependent claims based on the provided invention description. Use correct USPTO formatting.

[User]
Title: Automatic Weapon Magazine, Charging Handle, Bolt Carrier, Bolt Catch, Scope, And Bolt Features And Methods Of Operation

Technical Field and Background:
1. Field of the Invention Aspects of the present invention relate to automatic and semi-automatic firearms, such as M-4 or AR-15 firearms, and more particularly to mechanical enhancements to improve faster reload, smoother firing, a reduced failure rate, and easier operation, for example. 2. Background The basic mechanical structure of AR-15, M-16, HK 416, HK 417, HK MR556, FN SCAR, and SIG 516, among other similar firearms, is known in the art. FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of a standard AR-15, which serves as an example of a firearm to which the inventive improvements disclosed herein may be applied. As shown in FIG. 1 , the AR-15 firearm 10 includes, among other elements, a buttstock 12 , a lower receiver 14 , a handle 16 , a magazine well 18 , a magazine 20 , a trigger 22 , a barrel 24 , a bolt carrier 26 , a bolt 28 , a firing pin 30 , a charging handle 32 , an upper receiver 34 , a gas tube 36 , a bolt catch 38 , a sight 40 , gas rings 42 , a magazine catch 44 , and a magazine release button 46 . Standard operation of the AR-15 firearm is well known in the art. There are multiple flaws with existing automatic and semiautomatic weapons of the AR-15 type, which my lead to magazine loading difficulty, catastrophic failure due to charging handle malfunctions, failure due to bolt carrier malfunctions, and other areas that lead to unsustainable firing rates. These flaws can, among other problems, result in life threatening consequences in battle or decreased performance during competitions. There remains a need in the art for firearms of the direct impingement and piston type that allow for faster reload, more controllable firing rate, a reduced failure rate, and easier operation, as compared to current semi-automatic or automatic type firearms.

Invention Disclosure:
A magazine well for a firearm having an angled spine receiving portion. A charging handle for a firearm having latch that extends below a bottom surface of a crossbar. A bolt carrier for a firearm having a pair of vent holes disposed in the indented portion and at least one additional vent hole on indented portion adjacent to the pair of vent holes. A bolt catch for a firearm having a receiving portion curved to match the contours of a human thumb. A scope assembly for a firearm having markers on a scope and amount that correspond to the same radial positions. A bolt for a firearm having a plurality of ribs disposed on a main body and extending from a front end toward a tail portion of the bolt.

[Assistant]
1. A charging handle for a firearm, comprising:
a front end and a rear end;
a body extending from the rear end to the front end, the body having a lower surface lying in a first horizontal plane, and an upper surface lying in a second horizontal plane;
a crossbar disposed at the rear end, wherein the charging handle is receivable in a receiver;
a latch including an extension portion that extends beyond the crossbar below the first horizontal plane of the body, the extending portion being configured to enable an operator to grab the latch via the extension portion and pull the charging handle; and
a diverter body extending from the crossbar, the diverter body including a first diverter body portion extending above the second horizontal plane of the body so as to divert gas that escapes from a space formed between the charging handle and the receiver.

2. The charging handle of claim 1, wherein the diverter body further comprises:
a second diverter body portion extending in a direction toward the front end of the charging handle.

3. The charging handle of claim 1, wherein the receiver is an upper receiver.

4. The charging handle of claim 2, wherein the second diverter body portion
is configured to extend in a direction toward the front end of the charging handle so as to break a vertical plane defined by an upper front corner of the crossbar, so as to further divert gas discharged via the receiver forward relative to the rear end of the charging handle.

5. The charging handle of claim 1, wherein the crossbar comprises one or more vents each configured to provide a pathway to release gas in a direction that does not interfere with a view of an operator.

6. The charging handle of claim 1, wherein the diverter comprises a straight or curved perimeter.