id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
1,856 | Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland: | [
{
"answer": "Politechnika",
"question": "What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?"
}
] |
1,857 | The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portu... | [
{
"answer": "bacharelatos",
"question": "What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?"
},
{
"answer": "Bologna Process",
"question": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?"
}
] |
1,858 | Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom... | [
{
"answer": "Millennia Institute",
"question": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?"
}
] |
1,859 | Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely: | [
{
"answer": "5",
"question": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?"
}
] |
1,860 | The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighb... | [
{
"answer": "queen Maria Theresa",
"question": "What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?"
},
{
"answer": "1735",
"question": "What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?"
},
{
"answer": "silver and gold",
"question": "The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in w... |
1,861 | South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to awa... | [
{
"answer": "Technikons",
"question": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?"
}
] |
1,862 | Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to co... | [
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?"
}
] |
1,863 | Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Tech... | [
{
"answer": "technical colleges",
"question": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?"
},
{
"answer": "bachelor's degrees",
"question": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?"
},
{
"... |
1,864 | There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). | [
{
"answer": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi",
"question": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?"
},
{
"answer": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education",
"question": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technolog... |
1,865 | Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological... | [
{
"answer": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology",
"question": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?"
},
{
"answer": "Suranaree University of Technology",
"question": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?"
},
... |
1,866 | In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as... | [
{
"answer": "Bursa Technical University",
"question": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
1,867 | Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for... | [
{
"answer": "1970",
"question": "What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?"
},
{
"answer": "the UK Council for National Academic Awards",
"question": "What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Insti... |
1,868 | In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and po... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?"
},
{
"answer": "Loughborough University of Technology",
"question": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?"
},
{
"answer": "196... |
1,869 | Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities. | [
{
"answer": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992",
"question": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?"
},
{
"answer": "CNAA",
"question": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?"
}
] |
1,870 | Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated w... | [
{
"answer": "university colleges",
"question": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?"
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?"
},
{
"answer": "hi... |
1,871 | Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-inte... | [
{
"answer": "1824",
"question": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"question": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?"
}
] |
1,872 | Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy. | [
{
"answer": "middle class",
"question": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?"
},
{
"answer": "1950s",
"question": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?"
}
] |
1,873 | Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopt... | [
{
"answer": "Caracas",
"question": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?"
},
{
"answer": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio",
"question": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?"
}
] |
1,874 | The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The se... | [
{
"answer": "World Wide Web",
"question": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Internet Archive",
"question": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?"
},
{
"answer": "San Francisco",
"question": "Where is Internet Archive headquartere... |
1,875 | Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archi... | [
{
"answer": "Linux",
"question": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?"
},
{
"answer": "if the content has changed",
"question": "When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?"
},
{
"answer": "to archive the entire Internet",
"question": "What is the ulti... |
1,876 | The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pro... | [
{
"answer": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show",
"question": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?"
},
{
"answer": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman",
"question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?"
},
{... |
1,877 | In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on ... | [
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?"
},
{
"answer": "crawlers",
"question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?"
},
{
"answer": "robots exclusion standard",
... |
1,878 | Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. | [
{
"answer": "digital tape",
"question": "What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?"
},
{
"answer": "researchers and scientists",
"question": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?"
},
{
"answer": "fifth anniversary",
"question": "At what m... |
1,879 | Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. | [
{
"answer": "Snapshots",
"question": "What are the saved versions of a site called?"
},
{
"answer": "six months",
"question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?"
},
{
"answer": "variable",
"question": "What term characteri... |
1,880 | After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation. | [
{
"answer": "After August 2008",
"question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?"
},
{
"answer": "Jeff Kaplan",
"question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the... |
1,881 | As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. | [
{
"answer": "three petabytes",
"question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?"
},
{
"answer": "12 terabytes/month",
"question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?"
},
{
"answer": "PetaBox rack sy... |
1,882 | In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. | [
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Open Storage",
"question": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Microsystems' California campus",
"question": "Where does Internet... |
1,883 | In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?"
}
] |
1,884 | In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no furt... | [
{
"answer": "March 2011",
"question": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "The newer ve... |
1,885 | In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries. | [
{
"answer": "Save a Page",
"question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?"
},
{
"answer": "October 2013",
"question": "When was Save a Page made available?"
}
] |
1,886 | In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed... | [
{
"answer": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.",
"question": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?"
},
{
"answer": "Chordiant",
"question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?"
},
{
"answer": "the robots.txt file",
"q... |
1,887 | Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pag... | [
{
"answer": "Internet Archive",
"question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?"
},
{
"answer": "Chordiant",
"question": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?"
}
] |
1,888 | Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. | [
{
"answer": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd",
"question": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division",
"question": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?"
},
{
"answer": "Chordiant",... |
1,890 | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determin... | [
{
"answer": "in examining a patent application",
"question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?"
},
{
"answer": "authoritative statement of the archivist",
"question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered... |
1,891 | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports,... | [
{
"answer": "technical",
"question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?"
},
{
"answer": "underlying links",
"question": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?"
},
{
"answer": "forms",
"question": "What elements ... |
1,892 | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FA... | [
{
"answer": "copyright laws",
"question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "delete pages from its system",
"question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?"... |
1,893 | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners d... | [
{
"answer": "Scientology",
"question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?"
},
{
"answer": "the site owner",
"question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from t... |
1,894 | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then ... | [
{
"answer": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey",
"question": "Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?"
},
{
"answer": "Healthcare Advocates",
"question": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?"
},
{
"answer": "Inter... |
1,895 | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the ... | [
{
"answer": "voluntary",
"question": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?"
},
{
"answer": "Robots.txt",
"question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?"
},
{
"answer": "Robots.txt",
"question": "If a site preven... |
1,896 | The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of ... | [
{
"answer": "Internet Archive",
"question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?"
}
] |
1,897 | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, s... | [
{
"answer": "Suzanne Shell",
"question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "profane-justice.org",
"question": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern District of California",
"question": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's count... |
1,898 | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable c... | [
{
"answer": "April 25, 2007",
"question": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?"
},
{
"answer": "Internet Archive",
"question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?"
},
{
"answer": "Suzanne Shell",
"question": "Who st... |
1,899 | In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada. | [
{
"answer": "DMCA requests",
"question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Court of Canada",
"question": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?"
}
] |
1,900 | The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands s... | [
{
"answer": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)",
"question": "What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?"
},
{
"answer": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated fro... |
1,901 | Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was un... | [
{
"answer": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg",
"question": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Flanders",
"question": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?"
}
] |
1,902 | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | [
{
"answer": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg",
"question": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?"
},
{
"answer": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V",
"question": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?"
},
{
"answer": "1568",
"question": "... |
1,903 | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | [
{
"answer": "1579",
"question": "In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?"
},
{
"answer": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries",
"question": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?"
},
{
"answer": "the Act of Abjuration",
"question": "What was the declaration of in... |
1,904 | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | [
{
"answer": "1582",
"question": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?"
},
{
"answer": "1583",
"question": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?"
},
{
"answer": "10 July 1584",
"question": "When was William of Oran... |
1,905 | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and re... | [
{
"answer": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795",
"question": "What events created the Batavian Republic?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "The republican forces fled to which country?"
},
{
"answer": "the Batavian Republic",
"question": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of H... |
1,906 | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands... | [
{
"answer": "1813",
"question": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?"
},
{
"answer": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"",
"question": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?"
},
{
"answer": "Austrian Netherland... |
1,907 | During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. | [
{
"answer": "the Dutch Golden Age",
"question": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?"
},
{
"answer": "The County of Holland",
"question": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?"
}
] |
1,908 | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | [
{
"answer": "1602",
"question": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?"
},
{
"answer": "Rotterdam",
"question": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?"... |
1,909 | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | [
{
"answer": "1590–1712",
"question": "The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa and the Pacific",
"question": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?"
},
{
"answer": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of infl... |
1,910 | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | [
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?"
},
{
"answer": "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government",
"question": "Who were the Generality Lands governed by?"
},
{
"answer": "representatives of each of the seven pro... |
1,911 | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | [
{
"answer": "the County of Drenthe",
"question": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?"
},
{
"answer": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes",
"question": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?"
},
{
"answer": "raa... |
1,912 | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | [
{
"answer": "the states of each province",
"question": "Who appointed the stadtholders?"
},
{
"answer": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent",
"question": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
1,913 | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | [
{
"answer": "Orangists",
"question": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?"
},
{
"answer": "Republicans",
"question": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?"
}
] |
1,914 | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | [
{
"answer": "the Peace of Westphalia",
"question": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?"
},
{
"answer": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)",
"question": "The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?... |
1,915 | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | [
{
"answer": "The States General of the United Provinces",
"question": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?"
},
{
"answer": "Holland and/or Zeeland",
"question": "Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?"
}
... |
1,916 | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | [
{
"answer": "The framers of the US Constitution",
"question": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?"
},
{
"answer": "James Madison",
"question": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinc... |
1,917 | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | [
{
"answer": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579",
"question": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?"
},
{
"answer": "personal religion",
"question": "What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?"
},
{
"answer": "William of O... |
1,918 | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | [
{
"answer": "the Reformed Church",
"question": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?"
},
{
"answer": "the time period and regional or city leaders",
"question": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?"
}... |
1,919 | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | [
{
"answer": "predestination",
"question": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?"
},
{
"answer": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants",
"question": "The contr... |
1,920 | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | [
{
"answer": "in the 18th century",
"question": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?"
},
{
"answer": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches",
"question": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as ... |
1,921 | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | [
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?"
},
{
"answer": "lichens",
"question": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?"
}
] |
1,922 | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | [
{
"answer": "130 years",
"question": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?"
}
] |
1,923 | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | [
{
"answer": "obligate",
"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?"
},
{
"answer": "facultative",
"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?"
},
{... |
1,924 | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | [
{
"answer": "mistletoe",
"question": "What is an example of ectosymbiosis?"
},
{
"answer": "disjunctive symbiosis",
"question": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?"
},
{
"answer": "endosymbiosis",
"question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives wit... |
1,925 | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | [
{
"answer": "insects",
"question": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?"
},
{
"answer": "Frankia",
"question": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?"
},
{
"answer": "algae",
"question": "What endosymbionts live in coral? "
}
] |
1,926 | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | [
{
"answer": "barnacles",
"question": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?"
},
{
"answer": "lice",
"question": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont."
},
{
"answer": "exosymbiosis",
"question": "What is another name for ectosymbiosis?"
}
] |
1,927 | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | [
{
"answer": "interspecies reciprocal altruism",
"question": "What is another term for mutualism?"
},
{
"answer": "lifelong",
"question": "Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?"
}
] |
1,928 | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | [
{
"answer": "mutualistic",
"question": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?"
},
{
"answer": "Coral reefs",
"question": "What do coral and algae produce together?"
},
{
"answer": "fix carbon from the air",
"question": "How do plants cont... |
1,929 | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | [
{
"answer": "ocellaris clownfish",
"question": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?"
},
{
"answer": "A special mucus",
"question": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?"
},
{
"answer": "mutual symbiosis",
"question": "What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone ... |
1,930 | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | [
{
"answer": "the goby fish",
"question": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?"
},
{
"answer": "its tail",
"question": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?"
}
] |
1,931 | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | [
{
"answer": "non-obligate",
"question": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?"
}
] |
1,932 | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | [
{
"answer": "the late 1980s",
"question": "When were the worms found?"
},
{
"answer": "nutrition",
"question": "What does the bacteria give the worm?"
},
{
"answer": "the Galapagos Islands",
"question": "What land is near the worms' first known location?"
}
] |
1,933 | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing popu... | [
{
"answer": "nutrients",
"question": "What is given to the host cell?"
},
{
"answer": "specialized cells",
"question": "What does the host make that affect its genes?"
},
{
"answer": "vertical transmission",
"question": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to ... |
1,935 | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | [
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Commensalism",
"question": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?"
}
] |
1,936 | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | [
{
"answer": "inquilinism",
"question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?"
},
{
"answer": "metabiosis",
"question": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?"
},
{
"answer": "phoresy",
"question... |
1,937 | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | [
{
"answer": "A parasitic relationship",
"question": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?"
},
{
"answer": "necrotrophic",
"question": "What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?"
},
{
"answer": "biotrophic",
"question": "What is it call... |
1,938 | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | [
{
"answer": "Amensalism",
"question": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?"
},
{
"answer": "competition and antibiosis",
"question": "What kinds of amensalism are there?"
},
{
"answer": "competition",
... |
1,939 | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | [
{
"answer": "weevils",
"question": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?"
},
{
"answer": "shrub",
"question": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?"
},
{
"answer": "Amensalism",
"question": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?... |
1,940 | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | [
{
"answer": "Synnecrosis",
"question": "What type of relationship harms both organisms?"
},
{
"answer": "death",
"question": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?"
},
{
"answer": "uncommon",
"question": "How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
1,941 | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | [
{
"answer": "the evolution of all eukaryotes",
"question": "What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists",
"question": "What are eukaryotes?"
}
] |
1,942 | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | [
{
"answer": "symbiosis",
"question": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?"
},
{
"answer": "Dorion Sagan",
"question": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?"
}
] |
1,943 | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | [
{
"answer": "a major role",
"question": "How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?"
},
{
"answer": "nectar and large sticky pollen",
"question": "What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?"
},
{
"answer": "dependent... |
1,944 | The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of ... | [
{
"answer": "Forces armées canadiennes",
"question": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Defence Act",
"question": "What law constitutes the CAF?"
},
{
"answer": "Her Majesty",
"question": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?"
},
... |
1,945 | This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organ... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many sub components are there?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Defence Act",
"question": "What act defines the CAF?"
}
] |
1,946 | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | [
{
"answer": "Queen Elizabeth II",
"question": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "the Governor General of Canada",
"question": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?"
},
{
"answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff",
"question": "Who le... |
1,947 | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | [
{
"answer": "Cold War",
"question": "What war were the CAF involved in?"
},
{
"answer": "the security of Europe",
"question": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?"
},
{
"answer": "the Soviet military threat",
"question": "What military thread did the CAF protect against... |
1,948 | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | [
{
"answer": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)",
"question": "What Treaty is the CAF part of?"
},
{
"answer": "international security operations",
"question": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?"
},
{
"answer": "Afghanistan",
"question": "What co... |
1,949 | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | [
{
"answer": "Canada First Defence Strategy",
"question": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "six core missions",
"question": "How many missions are carried out internal... |
1,950 | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | [
{
"answer": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy",
"question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?"
},
{
"answer": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés",
"question": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?"
},
{
"answer": "t... |
1,951 | Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces duri... | [
{
"answer": "1867",
"question": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?"
},
{
"answer": "French and British forces",
"question": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?"
},
{
"answer": "European powers",
"question": "What is one of the threats ... |
1,952 | The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military av... | [
{
"answer": "the British Crown-in-Council",
"question": "Who initially had military command?"
},
{
"answer": "Halifax",
"question": "Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?"
},
{
"answer": "1906",
"question": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?"
},
... |
1,953 | The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The... | [
{
"answer": "Second Boer War",
"question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?"
},
{
"answer": "British command",
"question": "Under what command did they serve?"
},
{
"answer": "the First World War",
"question": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to... |
1,954 | Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in ... | [
{
"answer": "more than 200 operations",
"question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?"
},
{
"answer": "72",
"question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?"
},
{
"answer": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Koso... |
1,955 | Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German ... | [
{
"answer": "the Normandy Landings",
"question": "What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?"
},
{
"answer": "the strategic bombing of German cities",
"question": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "the Battle of Vimy Ridg... |
1,956 | At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle.... | [
{
"answer": "the largest volunteer army ever",
"question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Soviet Union",
"question": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?"
},
{
"answer": "Japanese",
"question": "Wh... |
1,957 | The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the Fr... | [
{
"answer": "1 February 1968",
"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?"
},
{
"answer": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force",
"question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "the British government... |
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