id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
2,482 | Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. | [
{
"answer": "monist ontology",
"question": "What class does materialism belong to?"
}
] |
2,483 | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | [
{
"answer": "\"what does reality consist of?\"",
"question": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?"
},
{
"answer": "\"how does it originate?\"",
"question": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?"
},
{
"answer": "spirit or... |
2,484 | The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one vari... | [
{
"answer": "materialist",
"question": "Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?"
},
{
"answer": "how material substance should be characterized.",
"question": "Materialism does not define what?"
}
] |
2,485 | During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conc... | [
{
"answer": "dialectical materialism",
"question": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?"
}
] |
2,486 | Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC). | [
{
"answer": "Karl Jaspers",
"question": "Who coined the Axial Age?"
},
{
"answer": "Eurasia",
"question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?"
}
] |
2,487 | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | [
{
"answer": "600 BC",
"question": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy",
"question": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?"
},
{
"ans... |
2,488 | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explici... | [
{
"answer": "reductionism",
"question": "Materialism is linked to what?"
}
] |
2,489 | Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, ... | [
{
"answer": "Lucretius",
"question": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?"
},
{
"answer": "mechanistic explanations",
"question": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?"
}
] |
2,490 | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | [
{
"answer": "Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")",
"question": "Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta."
},
{
"answer": "materialistic Cārvāka philosophy",
"question": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?"
},
{
"answer": "a digest of all phi... |
2,491 | In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. | [
{
"answer": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)",
"question": "What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?"
}
] |
2,492 | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | [
{
"answer": "1592-1665",
"question": "Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1596-1650",
"question": "René Descartes lived from what year to what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1664-1729",
"question": "abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?"
},
... |
2,493 | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of ho... | [
{
"answer": "1788-1860",
"question": "Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?"
},
{
"answer": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived",
"question": "What did he say that the brain would decide?"
}
] |
2,494 | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | [
{
"answer": "Ludwig Feuerbach",
"question": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?"
},
{
"answer": "1841",
"question": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?"
},
{
"answer": "the outward projection of man's inward nature",
"question": "What did the author of ... |
2,495 | Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | [
{
"answer": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory",
"question": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?"
}
] |
2,496 | The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, un... | [
{
"answer": "matter",
"question": "What is hyle?"
}
] |
2,497 | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is... | [
{
"answer": "matter and energy",
"question": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?"
},
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?"
},
{
"answer": "fields",
"question": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main ... |
2,498 | According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about w... | [
{
"answer": "Lambda-CDM model",
"question": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "dark matter",
"question": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?"
}
] |
2,499 | With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actualit... | [
{
"answer": "things",
"question": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?"
}
] |
2,500 | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Dea... | [
{
"answer": "quantum mechanics and chaos theory.",
"question": "What are some of the findings that support their argument?"
},
{
"answer": "The Matter Myth",
"question": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?"
}
] |
2,501 | Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote: | [
{
"answer": "information",
"question": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?"
}
] |
2,502 | According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism... | [
{
"answer": "religions",
"question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?"
}
] |
2,504 | An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is im... | [
{
"answer": "materialism",
"question": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?"
}
] |
2,505 | If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely. | [
{
"answer": "Emergence, holism, and process philosophy",
"question": "What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?"
}
] |
2,506 | Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialisti... | [
{
"answer": "dual-aspect monism",
"question": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?"
}
] |
2,508 | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | [
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?"
},
{
"answer": "liquid-fueled rockets",
"question": "What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?"
},
{
"answer": "Wernher von Braun",
"question": "What engineer was recruit... |
2,510 | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | [
{
"answer": "Germany's rocket engineers",
"question": "After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Paperclip",
"question": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?"
},
{
"answer"... |
2,511 | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | [
{
"answer": "Sergei Korolev",
"question": "Who led the Soviet rocket engineers"
},
{
"answer": "Siberia",
"question": "Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?"
},
{
"answer": "the Chief Designer",
"question": "What was his \"secret\" title after World War II?"
},
{
... |
2,512 | After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to... | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "What year was the R1 rocket born?"
}
] |
2,513 | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not bee... | [
{
"answer": "Robert H. Goddard",
"question": "What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "1921",
"question": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?"
}
] |
2,514 | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | [
{
"answer": "New Mexico",
"question": "The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
"question": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"questio... |
2,516 | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | [
{
"answer": "27 million",
"question": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "1941",
"question": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "Until what year, was the US the sole... |
2,517 | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | [
{
"answer": "Korolev",
"question": "Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket?"
},
{
"answer": "German G-4",
"question": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?"
},
{
"answer": "August 21, 1957",
"question": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successf... |
2,518 | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | [
{
"answer": "1945",
"question": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "MX-774",
"question": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?"
},
{
"answer": "1947",
"question": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
2,520 | Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his ex... | [
{
"answer": "September 20, 1956",
"question": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?"
}
] |
2,521 | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | [
{
"answer": "Vanguard",
"question": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?"
},
{
"answer": "December 6, 195",
"question": "Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "Florida",
"question": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located i... |
2,523 | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | [
{
"answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson",
"question": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?"
},
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics",
"question": "What was NA... |
2,524 | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give... | [
{
"answer": "July 1, 1960",
"question": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?"
},
{
"answer": "von Braun",
"question": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?"
}
] |
2,525 | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | [
{
"answer": "4",
"question": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?"
},
{
"answer": "1959",
"question": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "Luna 3",
"question": "Which Luna probe successfully ph... |
2,526 | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | [
{
"answer": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory",
"question": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?"
},
{
"answer": "Ranger 4",
"question": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?"
},
{
"answer": "Block III Ranger 7",
"question": "The first Rang... |
2,528 | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | [
{
"answer": "Cosmonautics Day",
"question": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?"
},
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?"
}
] |
2,529 | The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA... | [
{
"answer": "US Air Force",
"question": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?"
},
{
"answer": "Project Mercury",
"question": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?"
}
] |
2,530 | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | [
{
"answer": "Alan Shepard",
"question": "The first American to travel into space was whom?"
},
{
"answer": "May 5, 1961",
"question": "When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?"
},
{
"answer": "Freedom 7",
"question": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?"
},
... |
2,531 | Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportun... | [
{
"answer": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson",
"question": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?"
}
] |
2,532 | Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". Full text | [
{
"answer": "May 25",
"question": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?"
}
] |
2,533 | He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his "We choose to go to the Moon" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houst... | [
{
"answer": "Rice University Stadium",
"question": "\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?"
}
] |
2,534 | American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendshi... | [
{
"answer": "John Glenn",
"question": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?"
},
{
"answer": "February 20, 1962",
"question": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "Atlantic Ocean",
"question": "Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back fr... |
2,535 | The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extendi... | [
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?"
}
] |
2,536 | Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two ... | [
{
"answer": "Gherman Titov",
"question": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?"
},
{
"answer": "August 6, 1961",
"question": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4",
"question": "Radio com... |
2,537 | The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova w... | [
{
"answer": "Valentina Tereshkova",
"question": "The first woman that went into space was whom?"
},
{
"answer": "Vostok 6",
"question": "What spacecraft carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?"
},
{
"answer": "June 16, 1963",
"question": "The first woman to launch in... |
2,538 | The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The "Vostok spaceship" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on it... | [
{
"answer": "July 1961 Tushino air show",
"question": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?"
}
] |
2,539 | On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy's proposal. | [
{
"answer": "September 20, 1963",
"question": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?"
}
] |
2,540 | On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint ve... | [
{
"answer": "November 22, 1963",
"question": "President Kennedy was killed when?"
},
{
"answer": "assassination",
"question": "How did US President Kennedy die?"
}
] |
2,541 | As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. | [
{
"answer": "Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities",
"question": "What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?"
},
{
"answer": "Gemini and Apollo",
"question": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?"
}
] |
2,542 | Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moo... | [
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?"
},
{
"answer": "2",
"question": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?"
}
] |
2,543 | The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA "spacewalk" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to ach... | [
{
"answer": "October 12, 1964",
"question": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?"
},
{
"answer": "Voskhod 1",
"question": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "The US Apollo ... |
2,544 | Between October 14–16, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the "Wednesday conspiracy". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskh... | [
{
"answer": "January 14, 1966",
"question": "Korolev died on what date?"
}
] |
2,546 | Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions. | [
{
"answer": "Apollo",
"question": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?"
}
] |
2,547 | The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev... | [
{
"answer": "Vladimir Chelomey",
"question": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?"
},
{
"answer": "Soyuz 7K-L1",
"question": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?"
}
] |
2,548 | Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module ("Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander ("Lunniy Korabl", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface. | [
{
"answer": "N1",
"question": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?"
}
] |
2,549 | The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. | [
{
"answer": "1959",
"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "United Nations",
"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?"
}
] |
2,550 | On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to "extend the rules... | [
{
"answer": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly",
"question": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?"
},
{
"answer": "December 1962",
"question": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?"
}
] |
2,551 | The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10. | [
{
"answer": "January 27, 1967",
"question": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?"
}
] |
2,552 | In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews. | [
{
"answer": "Apollo and Soyuz",
"question": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?"
}
] |
2,553 | On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month... | [
{
"answer": "January 27, 1967",
"question": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "electrical spark",
"question": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?"
},
{
"answer": "Command Pil... |
2,554 | Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot ... | [
{
"answer": "Vladimir Komarov",
"question": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?"
},
{
"answer": "April 24, 1967",
"question": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?"
}
] |
2,555 | The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's... | [
{
"answer": "October 11, 1968",
"question": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "Walter Schirra",
"question": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?"
}
] |
2,556 | The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each ... | [
{
"answer": "October 26, 1968",
"question": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "January 1969",
"question": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?"
},
{
"answer": "Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5",
"question": "Which two space missions w... |
2,557 | The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968... | [
{
"answer": "Gulf of Guinea",
"question": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?"
}
] |
2,559 | On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmi... | [
{
"answer": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders",
"question": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?"
},
{
"answer": "December 21, 1968",
"question": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?... |
2,560 | The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where t... | [
{
"answer": "47,400 feet",
"question": "How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1969",
"question": "The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?"
}
] |
2,561 | Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroy... | [
{
"answer": "July 3, 1969",
"question": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?"
}
] |
2,562 | Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launc... | [
{
"answer": "Sea of Tranquility",
"question": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?"
},
{
"answer": "July 16, 1969",
"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?"
},
{
"answer": "Florida",
"question": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?"
},
{
"... |
2,563 | The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an... | [
{
"answer": "three days",
"question": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?"
},
{
"answer": "Eagle",
"question": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?"
},
{
"answer": "Armstrong",
"question": "Who was the first human to take ... |
2,564 | The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent... | [
{
"answer": "723 million",
"question": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?"
},
{
"answer": "The next day",
"question": "When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?"
}
] |
2,565 | Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 ... | [
{
"answer": "July 24, 1969",
"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "Pacific Ocean",
"question": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?"
}
] |
2,567 | Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972. | [
{
"answer": "1976",
"question": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?"
}
] |
2,568 | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | [
{
"answer": "April 19, 1971",
"question": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?"
},
{
"answer": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev",
"question": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?"
}
] |
2,569 | Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated ... | [
{
"answer": "October 11",
"question": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?"
},
{
"answer": "175 days",
"question": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?"
},
{
"answer": "rocket failure",
"question": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach o... |
2,570 | The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoro... | [
{
"answer": "May 14, 1973",
"question": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?"
},
{
"answer": "169,950 pounds",
"question": "How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?"
},
{
"answer": "July 11, 1979",
"question": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?"
}
] |
2,571 | In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary "thaw" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing "race" began to s... | [
{
"answer": "Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev",
"question": "Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1972",
"question": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?"
}
] |
2,572 | The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz ... | [
{
"answer": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project",
"question": "ASTP stands for what?"
},
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?"
}
] |
2,573 | The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the c... | [
{
"answer": "July 15, 1975",
"question": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?"
}
] |
2,574 | In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, suppo... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "What year did the USSR disband?"
}
] |
2,575 | The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station. | [
{
"answer": "R-7 rocket",
"question": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?"
}
] |
2,576 | American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from child... | [
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?"
}
] |
2,577 | A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be... | [
{
"answer": "it is licensed to sell alcohol",
"question": "What is a pub licensed to sell?"
},
{
"answer": "the pub",
"question": "In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?"
},
{
"answer": "public house",
"question": "What is the term 'pub'... |
2,578 | The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century. | [
{
"answer": "to Roman taverns",
"question": "How far back does the history of pubs go back?"
},
{
"answer": "alehouse",
"question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? "
},
{
"answer": "the modern tied house system",
"question": "What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?"
},
{... |
2,579 | Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, ... | [
{
"answer": "to obscure the clientele from the street",
"question": "Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?"
},
{
"answer": "beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks",
"question": "What fares do most pubs offer?"
},
{
"answer": "smoked o... |
2,580 | The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to... | [
{
"answer": "pub landlord",
"question": "What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?"
},
{
"answer": "publican",
"question": "What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?"
},
{
"answer": "for their proximity to home or work",
"question": "Name... |
2,581 | Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a hand... | [
{
"answer": "jug and bottle",
"question": "What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? "
},
{
"answer": "1970s",
"question": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?"... |
2,582 | The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After th... | [
{
"answer": "the Bronze Age",
"question": "When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?"
},
{
"answer": "tabernae",
"question": "With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?"
},
{
"answer": "the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole... |
2,583 | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | [
{
"answer": "in monasteries",
"question": "In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?"
},
{
"answer": "1446",
"question": "When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?"
},
{
"answer": "Worshipful Company of Innholders",
"questio... |
2,584 | Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition... | [
{
"answer": "in the country or along a highway",
"question": "Where is an inn typically located?"
},
{
"answer": "community gathering places",
"question": "In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?"
},
{
"answer": "several centuries",
... |
2,585 | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not o... | [
{
"answer": "accommodation",
"question": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?"
},
{
"answer": "the UK",
"question": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?"
},
{
"answer": "The George",
"question": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard,... |
2,586 | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food a... | [
{
"answer": "lodging",
"question": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?"
},
{
"answer": "alcohol",
"question": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?"
},
{
"answer": "food and drink",
"question": "What are customers seeking when... |
2,587 | The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. | [
{
"answer": "Inns of Court",
"question": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?"
},
{
"answer": "Wales",
"question": "Outside England, what... |
2,588 | Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almos... | [
{
"answer": "fermented malt",
"question": "What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?"
},
{
"answer": "the Netherlands",
"question": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?"
},
{
"answer": "15th",
"question": "In what century was the process... |
2,589 | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used... | [
{
"answer": "the Glorious Revolution",
"question": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?"
},
{
"answer": "the Dutch",
"question": "What people introduced gin to England?"
},
{
"answer": "1688",
"question": "In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?"
},... |
2,590 | The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The ... | [
{
"answer": "William Hogarth",
"question": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?"
},
{
"answer": "The Gin Act 1736",
"question": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?"
},
{
"answer": "1742",
"question": "When were the Gin Act 1736 dut... |
2,591 | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (p... | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "Sketches by Boz",
"question": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?"
},
{
"answer": "1835–1836",
"question": "Over what two-year period wa... |
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