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The Governance of Physical Artificial Intelligence |
Yingbo Li*1,*, Anamaria-Beatrice Spulber2, and Yucong Duan*3,* |
1HainanUniversity |
2Visionogy |
3HainanUniversity |
*Correspondingauthor: xslwen@outlook.com,duanyucong@hotmail.com |
ABSTRACT |
Physicalartificialintelligencecanprovetobeoneofthemostimportantchallengesoftheartificialintelligence. Thegovernance |
3202 |
ofphysicalartificialintelligencewoulddefineitsresponsibleintelligentapplicationinthesociety. |
rpA Introduction |
ArtificialIntelligence(AI)hasgrowntobethefundamentaltechnologyintoday’sworld. Overthelastfewyears,notonlyhas |
AIbeenpopularlyappliedintypicalAIapplicationsofinformationandsignalprocessingsuchasNaturalLanguageProcessing |
6 |
(NLP),butithasalsoempoweredalltheotherindustriessuchashealthcareandrobotics. MiriyevandKovac1 proposedto |
]IA.sc[ definetheAIusedinRoboticsasPhysicalArtificialIntelligence(PAI)becausePAIinteractswiththephysicalworld,contrary |
tothenotionoftraditionalDigitalArtificialIntelligence(DAI)appliedindigitalinformationprocessing. Fromthisperspective, |
weproposetoextendthenotionofPAItoamuchwiderdomaintoalsoincludeInternetofThings(IoT),orautomaticdriving |
cars. Tothebestofourknowledge,mostresearchonAIgovernanceislimitedtothedomainofDAI,sointhepresentpaperwe |
proposetooutlinethegovernanceframeworkofPAI. |
1v42920.4032:viXra |
The application of PAI |
IntheproposedconceptofPAIbyMiriyevandMirko1,PAIreferstothetypicalrobotsystem. While,weproposetoextendthe |
conceptofPAItocoverallpotentialapplicationswiththebuilt-inAIperceivingandinteractingbetweenthecyberspaceandthe |
physicalworld. BesidestherobotsystemwiththeAIworkinginanintegratedandlimitphysicalenvironment,thedistributed |
intelligentsystemwithAIcapabilityisthetypicalDistributedPAI.AsshowninFig. 1,PAIcouldbeappliedinandinclude |
multipledistributedindustries,suchasIoT,self-drivingcars,agriculture,healthcareandlogistics. |
WeproposetoclassifyPAIintotwooverlappedkindsasshowninFig.1:IndependentPAIandDistributedPAI.Independent |
PAIreferstotheintelligentdeviceandtherobot1. DistributedPAIbecomesmoreandmorepopularwhentheedgecomputing2 |
ismatureandeverydeviceisconnectedtothenetworkinthewiderspace. IoTandedgecomputingaretypicalDistributedPAI |
subdomains. SinceitispopularforeveryintelligentsystemtobeonlineandindividualunitsinDistributedPAIhavestrong |
computingcapabilitiesnow,IndependentPAIandDistributedPAIwilloverlapinmultipleapplications3. |
TheIoTisatypicaldistributedsystemwithaspatialdistributionthatrangesfromasmallspacesuchasaroomtoawider |
areasuchasacity. TheIoTisformedofvarioussensorsthatcapturethesignalsandchangesinthephysicalworld. ItsAI |
powercouldhappeninbothserversideandtheedgeside. BasedontheAIanalysis,IoTcoulddirectlyorindirectlymake |
predictionsinthecyberspacetoinfluencethephysicalworld. Forexample,aself-drivingcarneedstofirstperceiverealtime |
roadsituationsandconnecttotheInternetfornavigation,thenadjustthedrivingbehavior. Theagricultureisoneofthemost |
successfulPAIapplications. Thesensorsintheagricultureincludingcameras,temperaturemeter,hygrometer,etc,monitorthe |
growthoftheplantandpredict,forexample,theoptimalpesticideinterventionandthebestharvestingtime. Inthehealthcare |
industry,families,nursinghomesorhospitalscouldusethebiologicalsensorsandthechemicalsensorstomonitorapatient |
andpredictpotentialriskssuchasfallingorunstablesituationsthroughamonitoringcenter. The"lastmile"istheexpensive |
andhardprobleminthelogisticindustry. AtypicaldistributedAIapplicationcouldhelpwithdeliverytasksthroughdelivery |
robotsanddronesconnectedtoandcommandedbythecenterserver. Anotherexampleistheautomaticsortingrobotthathas |
beenusedinthesortingcenterofthelogistics. ThegeneralframeworkofDistributedPAIisdescribedinFig. 2. |
DAImimicsthebraincapabilityoflogicalthinkingandinductioninhumanbrain,toprocessthedataandsignalsperceived |
byhumaneyesandears. Thehumanbrainisonlyresponsibleforprocessingthesignalsandtransmittingcommandstoother |
partsofthebodysuchasmovement,visionperception,soundperception,digestionandetc. Bycomparison,IndividualPAIis |
likeanindividualhumanbody,whileDistributedPAIfurtherextendstheAIcapabilitiesjustlikethehumansocietyiscomposed |
1 |
Figure1. TheapplicationsofDistributedPAI |
ofmultiplehumans. |
DuetotheprobabilisticdataprocessingofthecurrentDAI,decisionsfromDAIareunsubstantial,notbeingabletoreduce |
theuncertaintyofapplications. OntheothersideofpromotingtheapplicationofDAI,theexplainablepropertyofcurrentDAI |
posesincreasinggovernancechallengesagainstnegativeandmaliciouspracticeofDAI,includingdatabiasesandAIfrauds, |
etc. ExplainableAItriestoexplainandunderstandtheinternaloperatingmechanismofAI.DistributedPAIinteractswiththe |
physicalworldwithamuchlargerspatialareaandconsequentlyaccumulatesBigDataAIfootprintswhichincludesmuch |
longerinteractiontrajectoriescrossingcyberspaceandphysicalworld. SoexplainableAIappliedinDistributedPAIhasthe |
advantagetorevealtheinternalmechanismofDAIandtheintegratedhuman-cyber-physicalsocialphenomena. |
PAIneedstocombinemultiplestreamsofinformationincludingmaterials,temperature,vision,sound,etc,crossingmultiple |
modalsfrommultiplesensorsasshowninFig.1. Throughthemixofthemultimodalinformation,PAIbuildscompetitive |
capabilitythatusesmultipletypesofinformationwhichallowsittomakebetterdecisionandbetterprecision,inthecontext |
ofimprecisedatacollection,inconsistentinformationandincompleteknowledgescatteringovervariousabstractionlevels. |
Thevarioussourcesofdataandinformationbringmultiplekindsofdata,whichoutperformasinglesourceofdata,tomake |
real-timedecisionsandpredictions. ThisisasignificantfeatureofPAI. |
The governance of PAI |
ThegovernanceofDAIhasbeenchallengedbyresearchersfromafairnesstosocialimpactperspective. DAIhasbeenfacing |
thechallengesofriskandgovernance4from,butnotlimitedto,thefollowingaspects: 1)Thestorageandtransfersecurity;2) |
Thefakedata;3)Thesocialprivacy;4)Thebiasofthesex,gender,andracebecauseofthelimitedtrainingdatasets. |
Asaconsequencetothemulti-sourceperceptionandmulti-dimensioninteractioninamuchlargerspace,PAI,especially |
DistributedPAI,bringsmoreuncertaintyandriskfromthesocialimpacttothetechnologyinfluence: |
• Theexistenceproblem. PAIespeciallyDistributedPAIsuchasIoTneedsmultiplekindsofsensorstointeractwiththe |
physicalworld. IfPAIisdistributedinalimitedspacesuchasafactory,itwillnotencounterchallengingregulation |
problemsbecauseitisinaninternalspace. However,ifthespaceisextendedtoalargerspacesuchasacitywhichisnot |
underoneuniqueregulation,PAIwillfaceproblemsofsocialregulations. |
• Thedataorganizationproblem. Themultiplesourcesofdatafromthephysicalworldofawiderspacewillincrease |
thestructuralconstructionandintegrationcomplexityofthedataandinformation. TheKnowledgeGraphcouldbethe |
potentialsolutionfortheinformationorganizationinthehierarchicalstructure. |
2/4 |
Figure2. DistributedPAI |
• CannikinLaw. ThedevelopmentofPAIdependsonatleast5disciplinesofmaterialsscience,mechanicalengineering, |
chemistry,biologyandcomputerscience. Therefore,theslowerdevelopmentofonedisciplinewillcausetheproblemof |
CannikinlawandprohibitthedevelopmentofPAI. |
• Thesocialacceptance. SimilartothedilemmaofDAI,theubiquitousapplicationofPAIwillcausetheworryofthe |
societyregardingtheincreaseofunemployment,broadeningofthegapinincome,theshrinkingofprivacyspace,etc. |
TheacceptancefrommultipleaspectsofthelawandsocietywillinfluencetheapplicationofPAIintheresearch,the |
industryandthesociety. So,theacceptanceofthesocietyandthecorrespondinglegislationisapotentialfactorforPAI. |
WeillustratesabovegovernanceproblemsofPAIinFigure3. ThedevelopmentofPAIhastoresolvethesefourproblems. |
Conclusion |
WehavesuggestedextendingthenotionofPAItoalargerphysicalspacewiththedistributedapplicationswiththenotionof |
DistributedPAI.ThespatialvarietyofDistributedPAIcouldvaryfromaroomspacetoacityspace,whileitsapplications |
includeIoT,agriculture,andsoforth. SincePAI,especiallyDistributedPAI,perceivesandinteractswithdifferentphysical |
entitiesindifferentspaces,thegovernanceissuesincludingtheexistenceproblemhasbeenchallenged. Wehaveputforwarda |
3/4 |
Figure3. PAIgovernanceproblems |
frameworkofgovernanceproblemsofPAIhoweverthisisopentofurtherdiscussionssinceitisaresearchtopicapplyingnot |
onlytotheresearchbutalsothedevelopmentofthewholehumansociety. |
References |
1. Miriyev,Aslan,andMirkoKovacˇ."Skillsforphysicalartificialintelligence."NatureMachineIntelligence2.11(2020): |
658-660. |
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