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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bollman_Hat_Company) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bollman Hat Company" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bollman+Hat+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Bollman Hat Company was founded in 1868 (156 years ago) ( 1868 ) in Adamstown, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Adamstown,_Pennsylvania) , United States. Bollman Hat Company manufactures men's and women's hats (/wiki/Hat) in Adamstown and has 300 employees on four continents. History [ edit ] This section possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollman_Hat_Company&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( May 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) At the time that George Bollman set up his hat factory in Adamstown, Pennsylvania in 1868, the area was home to many hat makers, due to access to plentiful water. Hat manufacturing required a great deal of fresh water to both operate the machinery and to felt wool. Today, manufacturers use other means to power machinery and mills and use water reclamation (/wiki/Water_reclamation) technology to minimize water usage. This has enabled felt making and other textile manufacturing to move to sites that would otherwise be less suitable. Hat making was, for many years, a major industry in Lancaster (/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania) and Berks County (/wiki/Berks_County) where Adamstown is located. Bollman Hat Company became one of the best known hat makers in the region, supplying hat bodies (the unshaped felted wool cones) to hat makers up and down the east coast. Over time they bought out the majority of the other hat makers in Adamstown. Hat making is still the major manufacturing employer in Adamstown. Bollman is one of only two hat makers remaining in this area. The hat making history is evident in the region, with many street names reflecting hat companies, or processing. In addition the many antique shops (Adamstown is quite renowned for its antique shops [1] (#cite_note-1) ) have names reflecting the local hat making history, and are often located in former hat buildings and other factories. Bollman is the only hat maker still working start ( wool (/wiki/Wool) ) to finish ( hats (/wiki/Hat) ) in Adamstown. As Bollman Hat Company acquired other brands including Bailey, Betmar (/w/index.php?title=Betmar&action=edit&redlink=1) , Country Gentleman, Helen Kaminski (/w/index.php?title=Helen_Kaminski&action=edit&redlink=1) and Ignite, as well as, global rights to Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) Headwear, Bollman become a global company. Bollman Hat Company is also a private label hat maker for other fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designers) , including Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) [2] (#cite_note-2) and Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) [3] (#cite_note-3) and companies, including Cabela's (/wiki/Cabela%27s) sporting goods. It was announced in February 2009 that Bollman were reviewing their worldwide operations, putting 33 jobs and the future of the Kangol head office in Cleator, England, in doubt. [4] (#cite_note-4) Currently the Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) brand has moved to America and is designed in New York City and manufactured both overseas and in the Adamstown plant. Bollman Hat Company now distributes to seventy seven countries. American made clothing and textiles [ edit ] Prior to the 1970s the majority of clothing worn by Americans were Made in USA (/wiki/Made_in_USA) . After the tariffs (/wiki/Tariffs) and restrictions on imports were lifted, many manufacturing jobs left the United States. The textile (/wiki/Textile) and clothing (/wiki/Clothing) industries were especially hard hit. [5] (#cite_note-5) Bollman Hat Company had to downsize (/wiki/Layoff) significantly and laid off over 100 workers owing to the increased competition of less expensive imports. This led to the founding of American Made Matters (/w/index.php?title=American_Made_Matters&action=edit&redlink=1) by Bollman CEO, Don Rongione. American Made Matters functions as a trade association (/wiki/Trade_association) and lists member companies that manufacture products in the US on their website and social media channel. According to some analyses, after the economic down turn in the 2000s there has been a revival of interest in American made products, [6] (#cite_note-6) which has helped the remaining American textile and clothing companies. [7] (#cite_note-7) However others dispute this claim, arguing that US manufacturing has continued to decline since the recession. [8] (#cite_note-8) Company organization [ edit ] Bollman Hat Company was founded by Mr. George Bollman in 1868. Bollman was a family owned business (/wiki/Family_owned_business) for most of its history. Bollman became an employee owned business (/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan) in 1985. The company is headquartered in Adamstown, Pennsylvania, with wool (/wiki/Wool) scouring (/wiki/Scoured_wool) facilities in Texas and showrooms and sales and design offices in New York City and Sydney, Australia. Other showrooms include London, Denver, Colorado and Atlanta, Georgia. Celebrity, television, and films [ edit ] Bollman Hats have covered many Hollywood actors from Humphrey Bogart (/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart) to Fred Astaire (/wiki/Fred_Astaire) and from Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) to Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) ; musicians from Run DMC (/wiki/Run_DMC) to Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) and from Pete Townshend (/wiki/Pete_Townshend) to Ne-Yo (/wiki/Ne-Yo) ; athletes from Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) to Donovan McNabb (/wiki/Donovan_McNabb) and from Chi Chi Rodriguez (/wiki/Chi_Chi_Rodriguez) to Jimmy Rollins (/wiki/Jimmy_Rollins) . Some notable moments in celebrity history include: Bailey Hats were the provider of official hats for the Mickey Mouse Club (/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Club) the space patrol (/w/index.php?title=Space_patrol&action=edit&redlink=1) and Hopalong Cassidy (/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy) [9] (#cite_note-9) Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) wore a Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) hat in the movie Jackie Brown (/wiki/Jackie_Brown_(film)) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) magazine has featured several celebrities wearing Bollman owned brands on their covers. Kaminski Hats maintains a celebrity watch, with photos of famous actresses wearing their hats. [10] (#cite_note-10) Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) berets are well known, and were worn by many celebrities, from General Montgomery (/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein) to LL Cool J (/wiki/LL_Cool_J) . Various Kangol and Bollman Hat brands were used in the movie New Jack City (/wiki/New_Jack_City) . See also [ edit ] International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Adamstown PA – Antiques Capital of the US" (http://lancasterpa.com/adamstown/) . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "x Marc by Marc Jacobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130806004428/http://kangol.com/4079/kangol-x-marc-by-marc-jacobs/) . Kangol. 2013-02-07. Archived from the original (http://kangol.com/4079/kangol-x-marc-by-marc-jacobs/) on 2013-08-06 . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Wilson, Julee (2012-10-25). "Samuel L. Jackson, Kangol Team Up For A Signature Hat Collection" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/25/samuel-l-jackson-launches-kangol-hat-line_n_2013971.html) . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Kangol jobs at risk as Cleator hat factory faces closure" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090423022826/http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/1.510908) . The Whitehaven News. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/1.510908) on 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "ILGWU web site – Home" (http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ilgwu/) . Ilr.cornell.edu. 2013-07-22 . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Foroohar, Rana (2013-04-11). "How 'Made in the USA' is Making a Comeback" (http://business.time.com/2013/04/11/how-made-in-the-usa-is-making-a-comeback/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sirkin, Harold L. (2013-01-17). "That "Made in USA" Label May Be Worth More Than You Think" (https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/commentary/consumer_products_retail_that_made_in_usa_label_may_be_worth_more_than_you_think/) . bcg.perspectives . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "An Apparel-Making Revival? This 'Made in USA' Story Doesn't Hold up" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-23/an-apparel-making-revival-this-made-in-usa-story-doesnt-hold-up) . Bloomberg.com . 23 April 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Bailey Hat Company – Bailey of Hollywood and Bailey Western Hats – Our History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130808171847/http://www.baileyhats.com/est1922-history.php) . Baileyhats.com. Archived from the original (http://www.baileyhats.com/est1922-history.php) on 2013-08-08 . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Celebrity Sightings" (http://www.helenkaminski.com/celeb_sightings) . Helen Kaminski . Retrieved 2013-08-15 . Rongione, D., 2021. Bollman Hat Company > Bollman Hat Company. [online] Bollman Hat Company. Available at: < https://www.bollmanhats.com/ (https://www.bollmanhats.com/) > [Accessed 29 December 2021]. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.bollmanhats.com/) Kangol Home page, with more history (http://kangol.com/) Lancaster news article (https://archive.today/20130629154050/http://lancasteronline.com/article/local/817675_Recapping-Bollman-hats-through-the-decades.html) a factory tour of the entire hat making process from the PA chamber of commerce (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAOAm-HK_WE) An interview with Don Rongione on Made in USA (http://thevalente.com/2013/03/28/american-made-matters/) Samual Jackson lends name to hats (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/kangol) Bailey hats - The L.A. Story (https://www.baileyhats.com/hollywood-learn) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐t6pbw Cached time: 20240701030821 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.251 seconds Real time usage: 0.322 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 890/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29842/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 255/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39673/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.157/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4523110/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 282.149 1 -total 53.76% 151.686 1 Template:Reflist 36.78% 103.776 6 Template:Cite_web 30.35% 85.625 1 Template:Refimprove 25.83% 72.875 2 Template:Ambox 8.44% 23.808 1 Template:Official_website 5.15% 14.522 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 4.68% 13.194 3 Template:Cite_news 3.28% 9.264 1 Template:Cite_magazine 2.79% 7.867 1 Template:Start_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39280882-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701030821 and revision id 1210886679. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollman_Hat_Company&oldid=1210886679 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollman_Hat_Company&oldid=1210886679) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1868 establishments in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:1868_establishments_in_Pennsylvania) Companies established in 1868 (/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1868) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2013) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles that may contain original research from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2022) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research)
(Redirected from Watchcoat (/w/index.php?title=Watchcoat&redirect=no) ) Oversized, heavy overcoat "Shinel" redirects here. For the short story, see The Overcoat . The greatcoat: Rear and front perspectives of the uniform greatcoat for an officer of the Light Infantry of the Grande Armée (/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e) commanded by Napoléon. A greatcoat (also watchcoat ) is a large, woollen overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) designed for warmth and protection against wind and weather, and features a collar that can be turned up and cuffs that can be turned down to protect the face and the hands, whilst the short rain-cape (/wiki/Cape) at the shoulders protects from the wind and repels rain. In the 19th century, the 'watchcoat' was part of a soldier's military uniform (/wiki/Military_uniform) , to be worn whilst on watch (guard duty), hence the term watchcoat . [1] (#cite_note-1) The drape of the greatcoat reached to below the knee of the wearer, the short cape drapes to the elbow, and the capacious external pockets allow the wearer to carry dry food and other items; an example is the Petersham coat , named after Viscount Petersham (/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Harrington) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In the fashion of the Regency era (/wiki/Regency_era) (1795–1837) a greatcoat might feature several short capes, usually designed, cut, and tailored (/wiki/Tailoring) to the specifications of fit and aesthetic taste (/wiki/Taste_(sociology)) of a dandy (/wiki/Dandy) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Gallery [ edit ] The greatcoat for a French dragoon soldier. (1812) Models of Bundeswehr (/wiki/Bundeswehr) greatcoats from the 1960s. The Border Guard Service of Russia (/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia) in greatcoat uniform. Royal Air Force (/wiki/Royal_Air_Force) officers in uniform greatcoat, inspecting a French aeroplane. Winston Churchill in a British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) coat; Stalin in a greatcoat, Yalta, 1945. A sentry of the Coldstream Guards (/wiki/Coldstream_Guards) dressed in his watchcoat . (2011) A British Tommy in his Army-issue greatcoat; First World War (1914–1918). Filipino Cadets Marching in the Rain Wearing greatcoats. See also [ edit ] Trench coat (/wiki/Trench_coat) Livery (/wiki/Livery) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shindler, Colin (2018-11-29). "Thieves Who Became Heroes" (https://www.thejc.com/news/all/australia-s-first-jews-thieves-who-became-heroes-1.473288) . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 2021-12-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Free Dictionary" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petersham) . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) French Gentleman’s Greatcoat (https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/french-gentlemans-greatcoat-march-1811/) , Regency World v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief 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Iraqi Arabic dress The Hashimi dress is a kind of dress, usually black and gold colored, that is typically worn by the Arab (/wiki/Arab) women of Iraq. [1] (#cite_note-1) Some non-Arab ethnic groups in Iraq have also adapted these traditional dresses into their cultures. [2] (#cite_note-2) The name of Hashimi dress is associated with the women of the Arabian tribe of Bani Hashim (/wiki/Bani_Hashim) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The dress can also come in other colors such as green and gold or red and gold. In addition, the dress is typically accompanied with jewelry such as gold earrings, necklaces, and headpieces. [4] (#cite_note-4) Iraqi Designers [ edit ] Hana Sadiq (/wiki/Hana_Sadiq) , a famous Iraqi designer in the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) and Jordan (/wiki/Jordan) , designs traditional Arabic (/wiki/Arabic) dresses. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) IRFAD. "Iraqi culture and fashion" (http://irfad.org/iraq-fashion/) . IRFAD . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Holes, Clive Holes (2001). Culture and traditions of the Arabian gulf . BRILL. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9004107630 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Oxford Islamic Studies. "Banu Hashim" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063210/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e292) . Archived from the original (http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e292) on September 24, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Stillman, Yedida (2000). Arab Dress (1 ed.). Brill. pp. 150–153. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789004113732 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashimi_Dress&action=edit) . v t e This Iraq (/wiki/Iraq) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashimi_Dress&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐5njvm Cached time: 20240719132443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.226 seconds Real time usage: 0.308 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 454/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12627/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 366/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23443/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.154/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4226516/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 288.192 1 -total 40.77% 117.508 1 Template:Reflist 33.23% 95.764 1 Template:Short_description 29.91% 86.198 2 Template:Cite_web 23.27% 67.058 2 Template:Asbox 23.19% 66.823 1 Template:Fashion-stub 16.87% 48.613 2 Template:Pagetype 11.52% 33.197 3 Template:Main_other 10.70% 30.824 1 Template:SDcat 3.57% 10.293 2 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47259938-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719132443 and revision id 1235478924. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashimi_Dress&oldid=1235478924 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashimi_Dress&oldid=1235478924) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Iraq (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Iraq) Iraqi fashion (/wiki/Category:Iraqi_fashion) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Iraq stubs (/wiki/Category:Iraq_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American menswear designer Maurice Tumarkin (1900–1972) was an American menswear designer. Tumarkin joined the Charles Baker Company (later Baker Clothes Inc.) in Philadelphia, after spending three years studying medicine. After the owner died, he took control of it and for 40 years until his retirement in 1970, was president of the company, which he brought to New York as well as Philadelphia. [1] (#cite_note-obit-1) In 1963 he won the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) , and in 1959, the Italian government awarded him an Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity (/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Italian_Solidarity) to thank him for helping revive the Italian silk industry. [1] (#cite_note-obit-1) Also in 1959, he won one of his four Caswell-Massey awards for "excellence of design." [1] (#cite_note-obit-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) He married Carolyn Kunst and they had two children. Tumarkin died on 23 June 1972, aged 72, at the Harkness Pavilion (/wiki/Presbyterian_Hospital_(New_York_City)) . [1] (#cite_note-obit-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Maurice Tumarkin, Led Baker Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/25/archives/aurctuarkn-ld-br_-cthsi.html) . The New York Times . 25 June 1972 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Awards Are Given For Men's Designs" (https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/30/archives/awards-are-given-for-mens-designs.html) . The New York Times . 30 September 1959 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Tumarkin&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐dm5x7 Cached time: 20240712202105 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.149 seconds Real time usage: 0.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 339/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7034/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 426/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12613/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.107/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3273892/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 177.995 1 -total 43.86% 78.068 1 Template:Reflist 37.86% 67.392 2 Template:Cite_news 30.93% 55.060 1 Template:Fashion-bio-stub 30.29% 53.911 1 Template:Asbox 22.14% 39.414 1 Template:Short_description 14.82% 26.386 2 Template:Pagetype 2.74% 4.871 3 Template:Main_other 1.96% 3.482 1 Template:SDcat 0.85% 1.505 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71089956-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712202105 and revision id 1094161504. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Tumarkin&oldid=1094161504 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Tumarkin&oldid=1094161504) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion biography stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_biography_stubs) 1900 births (/wiki/Category:1900_births) 1972 deaths (/wiki/Category:1972_deaths) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) Menswear designers (/wiki/Category:Menswear_designers) Businesspeople from Philadelphia (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Philadelphia) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Thomas Lyle Williams Thomas Lyle Williams Sr at age 18 Born January 19, 1896 Morganfield, Kentucky (/wiki/Morganfield,_Kentucky) Died September 26, 1976 (aged 80) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) Occupation(s) Cosmetician, business executive Known for Founder of Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) Thomas Lyle Williams Sr (January 19, 1896 – September 26, 1976) was an American cosmetician (/wiki/Cosmetician) and business executive. He was the founder of cosmetic firm The Maybelline Company (/wiki/Maybelline) . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Preface-1) Early life and family [ edit ] Thomas Lyle Williams Sr with his 14-year-old son, Thomas Lyle Williams Jr., in 1926 Thomas Lyle Williams Sr. was born in Morganfield, Kentucky (/wiki/Morganfield,_Kentucky) , in 1896 to Thomas "TJ" Jefferson and Susan Williams. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_1,_Inventing_Tom_Lyle_Williams-2) In 1912, he married Bennie Gibbs, with whom he had one son, Thomas Lyle Williams Jr (1912–1978), who was to become the General Partner at Williams Investments and President at Maybelline Co, Chicago. [3] (#cite_note-3) The marriage did not last long, however, and after it was annulled, Williams moved to Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) and there met Emery Shaver (September 15, 1903 – October 22, 1964), who was working part-time in advertising while studying literature at University of Chicago (/wiki/University_of_Chicago) . [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_2,_A_Thousand_Dimes_a_Day-4) Career [ edit ] In Chicago, Williams first went to work for Montgomery Ward (/wiki/Montgomery_Ward) , a firm printing a mail-order catalog founded in 1872. After Montgomery Ward, he opened his own mail-order business. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_2,_A_Thousand_Dimes_a_Day-4) In 1915, Williams, then 19 years old, seeing his sister Mabel using a homemade mixture of petroleum jelly (/wiki/Petroleum_jelly) , coal dust and burnt cork to darken her eyelashes, had the idea to create a commercial product to enhance the eyes. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_3,_A_Secret_from_the_Harem-5) [6] (#cite_note-Wilson-6) His own attempt was not a success but then he commissioned a drug manufacturer, and the resulting product was something that he could sell: the Lash-Brow. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_3,_A_Secret_from_the_Harem-5) In 1917 Williams started producing eyebrow beautifier and cake eyelash, calling the product Maybelline, inspired by his sister Mabel. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_4,_The_Little_Red_Box-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Maybelline was the first mascara produced in America. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_22,_Rags_and_Riches-9) In 1929 Williams expanded the production to eye shadow and eyebrow pencils. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_13,_This,_You_Gotta_See-10) Tom Lyle Williams and Emery Shaver After World War II Maybelline became an international venture. Williams moved to California with his life partner, Emery Shaver. They bought Rudolph Valentino (/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino) 's house in the Hollywood Hills (/wiki/Hollywood_Hills) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_13,_This,_You_Gotta_See-10) Shaver and Williams were in charge of advertising for the company, and in particular, Shaver contracted the movie stars of the time to promote Maybelline products. The headquarters of Maybelline remained in Chicago. [11] (#cite_note-madeinchicagomuseum-11) When Shaver died in 1964, Williams was deeply affected by the loss. He sold the business in 1968. In 2001, Maybelline became "Maybelline New York". [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011hapter_57,_Glory-12) [11] (#cite_note-madeinchicagomuseum-11) Death [ edit ] Williams died in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California in 1976. He and Shaver are buried together in the Columbarium of Memories at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)) , Glendale, California (/wiki/Glendale,_California) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Preface_1-0) Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Preface. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_1,_Inventing_Tom_Lyle_Williams_2-0) Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 1, Inventing Tom Lyle Williams. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Flowers, Pugh Brown; Flowers, John Baxton (2000). Flowers chronicles: studies of Captain John Flower II, 1595–1657, mariner of London, Bermuda, and Virginia, and some of his descendants in the American South . Gateway Press. p. 440 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 2, A Thousand Dimes a Day. ^ Jump up to: a b Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 3, A Secret from the Harem. ^ (#cite_ref-Wilson_6-0) Wilson, Sheena; Carlson, Adam; Szeman, Imre (/wiki/Imre_Szeman) (2017). Petrocultures: Oil, Politics, Culture . McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 110. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7735-5040-7 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_4,_The_Little_Red_Box_7-0) Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 4, The Little Red Box. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Routledge. p. 427. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45166-2 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011Chapter_22,_Rags_and_Riches_9-0) Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 22, Rags and Riches. ^ Jump up to: a b Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. Chapter 13, This, You Gotta See. ^ Jump up to: a b "Maybelline Mascara by Maybelline Co. Distr., c. 1940s" (https://www.madeinchicagomuseum.com/single-post/2017/02/08/maybelline-co) . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsYoungs2011hapter_57,_Glory_12-0) Williams & Youngs 2011 (#CITEREFWilliamsYoungs2011) , p. hapter 57, Glory. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "MAYBELLINE STORY BLOG: Maybelline founder Tom Lyle Williams" (http://www.maybellinebook.com/2013/08/tom-lyle-williams-and-emery-shaver-are.html) . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Sources [ edit ] Williams, Sharrie; Youngs, Bettie (2011). The Maybelline Story: And the Spirited Family Dynasty Behind It . SCB Distributors. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-936332-17-5 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/311469576) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd9mHM46wGpvmPPYctrq) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014136844) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐7f8mr Cached time: 20240717175834 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.322 seconds Real time usage: 0.675 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2319/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21576/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1707/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33786/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5691119/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 364.594 1 -total 34.96% 127.451 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.78% 104.917 1 Template:Reflist 23.96% 87.352 4 Template:Cite_book 21.51% 78.430 1 Template:Authority_control 12.25% 44.655 11 Template:Sfn 6.42% 23.417 1 Template:Wikidata_image 5.65% 20.598 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.26% 15.525 25 Template:Main_other 2.83% 10.331 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54679647-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717175834 and revision id 1194037577. 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Hó-ra-tó-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, painted buffalo robe, and hair reaching the ground. Painted by George Catlin (/wiki/George_Catlin) , Fort Union (/wiki/Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site) 1832. A buffalo robe is a cured buffalo (/wiki/American_bison) hide, with the hair left on. They were used as blankets, saddles or as trade items by the Native Americans (/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) who inhabited the vast grasslands (/wiki/Great_bison_belt) of the Interior Plains (/wiki/Interior_Plains) . [1] (#cite_note-Waterston1863-1) Some were painted with pictographs or Winter counts (/wiki/Winter_count) that depict important events such as epidemics, famines and battles. [2] (#cite_note-2) Threat [ edit ] From the 1840s to the 1870s the great demand for buffalo robes in the commercial centers of Montreal, New York, St. Paul and St. Louis was a major factor that led to the near extinction of the species. The robes were used as blankets and padding in carriages and sleighs and were made into Buffalo coats (/wiki/Buffalo_coat) . [3] (#cite_note-Welsted1996-3) Only hides taken in winter between November and March when the furs are in their prime were suitable for buffalo robes. [1] (#cite_note-Waterston1863-1) The summer hides were used to make coverings for tipis (/wiki/Tipis) and moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) and had little value to traders. [3] (#cite_note-Welsted1996-3) [1] (#cite_note-Waterston1863-1) Gallery [ edit ] Chief Big Elk painted from life by George Catlin (/wiki/George_Catlin) 1832 at Fort Leavenworth. Karl Bodmer (/wiki/Karl_Bodmer) 's portrait of an Arikara (/wiki/Arikara) warrior wearing a beaded buffalo robe, early 1840s. Six Blackfeet Chiefs - Paul Kane (/wiki/Paul_Kane) 1859 Hubert Vos (/wiki/Hubert_Vos) - Sioux Chief In Buffalo Robes Knife River Villages (/wiki/Knife_River_Indian_Villages_National_Historic_Site) buffalo robe featuring the "Feathered Sun" motif, photo by Chris Light 1880 Commercially-made bison coat See also [ edit ] Métis buffalo hunt#Buffalo robe trade (/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt#Buffalo_robe_trade) Plains hide painting (/wiki/Plains_hide_painting) Koryaks § Culture (/wiki/Koryaks#Culture) External links [ edit ] Lakota winter counts (https://web.archive.org/web/20140124142812/http://wintercounts.si.edu/html_version/pdfs/lakotaTG_full.pdf) Painted Buffalo Robe (https://web.archive.org/web/20140222230746/http://peabody2.ad.fas.harvard.edu/Lewis_and_Clark/robe.html) Decorative robes (http://www.womenofthefurtrade.com/wst_page19.html) Buffalo Robe, 1850-1875 (http://teh.salemstate.edu/educatorsguide/pages/expansion-pdfs/BuffaloRobe.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210718034315/http://teh.salemstate.edu/educatorsguide/pages/expansion-pdfs/BuffaloRobe.pdf) 2021-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c William Waterston (1863). A Cyclopaedia of Commerce, Mercantile Law, Finance, Commercial Geography, and Navigation . H.G. Bohn. pp. 142 (https://archive.org/details/acyclopaediacom00wategoog/page/n154) –144. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pictograph Robes of the Plains First Nations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130412111916/http://glenbow.org/exhibitions/online/robes/srobe.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.glenbow.org/exhibitions/online/robes/srobe.htm) on 2013-04-12 . Retrieved 2014-02-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b John Welsted (1 January 1996). The Geography of Manitoba: Its Land and Its People . Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 89. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-88755-375-2 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) by culture (/wiki/Culture) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69bb66bfc6‐8vm6g Cached time: 20240716132714 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62665681-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716132714 and revision id 932499645. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. G Early Germanic hairstyles (/wiki/Category:Early_Germanic_hairstyles) ‎ (2 P) Pages in category "Hairstyles by culture" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . African hair threading (/wiki/African_hair_threading) G Greco-Roman hairstyle (/wiki/Greco-Roman_hairstyle) J Hairstyles of Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) K Koroba (hairstyle) (/wiki/Koroba_(hairstyle)) N Nihongami (/wiki/Nihongami) R Roman hairstyles (/wiki/Roman_hairstyles) S Singapore long hair ban (/wiki/Singapore_long_hair_ban) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hairstyles_by_culture&oldid=932499645 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hairstyles_by_culture&oldid=932499645) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hairstyles (/wiki/Category:Hairstyles) Categories by culture (/wiki/Category:Categories_by_culture)
American fashion designer, actress, model Kathrine Baumann Born ( 1949-09-11 ) September 11, 1949 (age 74) Independence, Ohio (/wiki/Independence,_Ohio) , U.S. Alma mater Bowling Green State University (/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University) Occupations Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) model (/wiki/Model_(person)) actress (/wiki/Actress) Years active 1971-1988 (as actress) Known for 99 and 44/100% Dead (/wiki/99_and_44/100%25_Dead) Title Miss Ohio (/wiki/Miss_Ohio) 1969 This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Kathrine Baumann" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kathrine+Baumann%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kathrine Baumann is an American actress, model, and couture handbag designer. [1] (#cite_note-Paul2010-1) She established Kathrine Baumann Beverly Hills (KBBH), a haute-couture accessory and handbag collection. Several of her creations have been purchased by celebrities and have been carried to red-carpet events. Baumann creates accessories in the American pop art style. She includes cartoon characters and well-known product logos in her fashion designs. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) She designed a Titanic -shaped minaudiere (/wiki/Minaudiere) , which was carried to events surrounding the release of the 1997 feature film. [4] (#cite_note-Editors1999-4) Baumann created several seasons of her Americana Collection and characters such as Betty Boop, Mickey and Minnie Mouse, Miss Piggy, [5] (#cite_note-5) Barbie and Ms. Green M&M were made into crystal-encrusted minaudieres. [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life and education [ edit ] Baumann was born on September 11, 1949. She grew up in Independence, Ohio (/wiki/Independence,_Ohio) . She was a cheerleader in high school, and in 1966 was named Miss Independence. [7] (#cite_note-7) Kathrine is a 1971 graduate of Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Kathy Lynn Baumann was "Miss Cleveland" in the 1968 Miss USA-World Pageant prior to becoming Miss Ohio (/wiki/Miss_Ohio) 1969. [9] (#cite_note-9) At the 1970 "Miss America Pageant" (held in September, 1969) Baumann became first runner-up to Miss America (/wiki/Miss_America) [10] (#cite_note-10) winning both talent and swimsuit awards. Her talent presentation consisted of a space travel gymnastic routine to "Those Were the Days." (The Moon landing was still fresh in everyone's minds, having occurred only a few months prior to the pageant.) She later traveled to Vietnam as part of USO with Bob Hope (/wiki/Bob_Hope) to entertain the troops. Baumann became an actress, and guest-starred on a variety of television shows, including season 2 M*A*S*H (/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)) as Nancy Sue Parker in the 1974 episode entitled 'Henry In Love', The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson) , Knight Rider (/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)) , Simon and Simon (/wiki/Simon_and_Simon) , The Fall Guy (/wiki/The_Fall_Guy) , Banacek (/wiki/Banacek) , Fantasy Island (/wiki/Fantasy_Island) , Trapper John M.D. (/wiki/Trapper_John_M.D.) , CHiPs (/wiki/CHiPs) , The Dukes of Hazzard (/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard) , Vegas (/wiki/Vegas_(1978_TV_series)) and several movies of the week. Her film credentials include a co-starring role with Richard Harris (/wiki/Richard_Harris) and Chuck Connors (/wiki/Chuck_Connors) in 99 and 44/100% Dead (/wiki/99_and_44/100%25_Dead) (1974), [11] (#cite_note-Goodwin2003-11) [12] (#cite_note-Quinlan1999-12) and roles in Chrome and Hot Leather (/wiki/Chrome_and_Hot_Leather) (1971), The Thing with Two Heads (/wiki/The_Thing_with_Two_Heads) (1972), The Take (/wiki/The_Take_(1974_film)) (1974) and Slashed Dreams (/wiki/Sunburst_(film)) (1975). Baumann appeared on TV Guide Channel and E! Entertainment's live 2003 Countdown from the Red Carpet Academy Awards pre-show. Other notable television appearances include a segment on NBC's EXTRA , ABC's Inside Edition , and appearances on Fox's Good Day Los Angeles , KTLA Channel 5's Morning News , CNN's Larry King Live and Business Unusual . Baumann also made regular television appearances at local stations as a featured guest when she was traveling for trunk shows to display her collection. Modeling [ edit ] Kathrine's modeling work has been featured in publications such as Time , [13] (#cite_note-13) People , US Weekly , Vogue , Cosmopolitan , InStyle , Town & Country , Allure , Nylon , Las Vegas Magazine , LA Confidential , Gotham , Elle , WWD , and W , and she has appeared on CBS' Day & Date , ABC's Caryl & Marilyn , The Home & Family Show , Variety , V Life , The Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Magazine , and Orange County . She was regularly featured in Accessories Magazine . Trade publications such as JCK , Luxury , Professional Jeweler and Modern Jeweler covered Baumann's work regularly from season to season. She has also served as the national spokeswoman for Schlitz, Rubbermaid, the Family Fitness Centers, and Chrysler. She was featured on several posters along with Farrah Fawcett. Kathrine Baumann Beverly Hills [ edit ] In 1988, Baumann founded K. Baumann Design in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , California (now known as Kathrine Baumann Beverly Hills), where she designs luxury evening bags (minaudieres) and other women's accessories. [14] (#cite_note-MacLean2010-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-Inc.1999-16) The handbags were made in California and Italy. [1] (#cite_note-Paul2010-1) In 2001 Baumann sued a group of entrepreneurs in Manhattan who were selling unauthorized copies of her designer handbags. [17] (#cite_note-17) Her work was included in a fashion exhibit at Stephens College (/wiki/Stephens_College) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1971 Evel Knievel (/wiki/Evel_Knievel_(1971_film)) Sorority Girl #2 Biographical film (/wiki/Biographical_film) Chrome and Hot Leather (/wiki/Chrome_and_Hot_Leather) Susan (as Kathy Baumann) Action film (/wiki/Action_film) 1972 The Thing with Two Heads (/wiki/The_Thing_with_Two_Heads) Patricia (as Kathy Baumann) Science fiction film (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) 1974 The Take (/wiki/The_Take_(1974_film)) James' Girl (as Kathy Bauman) Action (/wiki/Action_film) crime film (/wiki/Crime_film) 99 and 44/100% Dead (/wiki/99_and_44/100%25_Dead) Baby Action (/wiki/Action_film) adventure film (/wiki/Adventure_film) 1975 Sunburst (/wiki/Sunburst_(film)) Jenny Horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1973 The Great American Beauty Contest (/wiki/The_Great_American_Beauty_Contest) Melinda Wilson (as Kathy Baumann) TV film Letters from Three Lovers (/wiki/Letters_from_Three_Lovers) Girl at Pool TV film 1974 M*A*S*H (/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)) Nancy Sue Parker Episode: "Henry in Love" Banacek (/wiki/Banacek) Gloria Barker Episode: "Now You See Me, Now You Don't" Rural Doctor Sue Ellen McKendrick Episode: "A Time to Grow" Episode: "Survival" Apple's Way (/wiki/Apple%27s_Way) Nurse Episode: "The Accident" 1975 Harry O (/wiki/Harry_O) Betsy Episode: "For the Love of Money" Episode: "The Confetti People" Episode: "Sounds of Trumpets" Death Among Friends Carol TV film 1976 McCloud (/wiki/McCloud_(TV_series)) Eunice Episode: "Our Man in the Harem" Switch (/wiki/Switch_(American_TV_series)) Kathy Episode: "Come Die with Me" 1977 Flight to Holocaust Sheila Waters TV film 1979 Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders (/wiki/Dallas_Cowboy_Cheerleaders) Ginny O'Neil TV film CHiPs (/wiki/CHiPs) Sorrell Episode: "Roller Disco: Part 1" Episode: "Roller Disco: Part 2" The Dukes of Hazzard (/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard) Sally (as Kathrine Bauman) Episode: "Arrest Jesse Duke" 1980 The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (/wiki/The_Misadventures_of_Sheriff_Lobo) Erika Episode: "Treasure of Nature Beach" Trapper John, M.D. (/wiki/Trapper_John,_M.D.) Mrs. Sheldon Episode: Girl Under Glass: Part 1" Episode: "Girl Under Glass: Part 2" 1981 Fantasy Island (/wiki/Fantasy_Island) Kathi Fox (as Katherine Baumann) Episode: "High Off the Hog/Reprisal" Enos (/wiki/Enos_(TV_series)) Sgt. Parton Episode: "The House Cleaners" 1980-1981 Vegas (/wiki/Vegas_(1978_TV_series)) Ann (as Katherine Baumann) Katy Hedrick Episode: "Consortium" Episode: "Seek and Destroy" 1981 B.J. and the Bear (/wiki/B.J._and_the_Bear) Gypsy (as Katherine Baumann) Episode: "Who Is BJ?" Border Pals Corporal Juliet Marais TV film 1982 Terror at Alcatraz Sally TV film Rooster (/wiki/Rooster_(film)) Amy Hammond TV film Simon & Simon (/wiki/Simon_%26_Simon) Rhonda Fairbanks Episode: "Sometimes Dreams Come True" 1981-1984 The Fall Guy (/wiki/The_Fall_Guy) Marylou Virginia Carly Episode: "The Fall Guy" Episode: "The Winner" 1985 Knight Rider (/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)) Tyler Jastrow (as Katherine Baumann) Episode: "Knight Strike" 1988 Ohara (/wiki/Ohara_(TV_series)) Deirdre Lynn Episode: "Last Year's Model" References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Tessa Paul (June 1, 2010). Handbags . Chartwell Books. pp. 307–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7858-2592-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fashion designer wants Betty Boop bag found at area Goodwill" (http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/lifestyles/fashion-designer-wants-betty-boop-bag-found-at-are/nM24D/) . Dayton Daily News , July 22, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "NBA tests advertising on backboards" (http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2008/02/20080225/This-Weeks-News/NBA-Tests-Advertising-On-Backboards.aspx) . Sports Business Journal , February 25, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-Editors1999_4-0) Time Inc., People Books Editors (April 1, 1999). 1999 Entertainment Weekly Yearbook . Grand Central Pub. (/wiki/Grand_Central_Pub.) p. 93. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-883013-58-5 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "16 Amazing Facts About the Muppets That’ll Make You Laugh, Cry & Sing Along" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150925015026/http://time.com/money/4044639/muppets-facts-money-history/) . Time Money , Brad Tuttle Sept. 22, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Designer Kathrine Baumann has introduced a trio of opulently beaded purses depicting McDonald's french fries, a Coke bottle and a burger . International Review of Food & Wine Associates. July 1997. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |work= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored) ) ("Designer Kathrine Baumann has introduced a trio of opulently beaded purses depicting McDonald's french fries, a Coke bottle and a burger.") ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Miss Independence 1966, Dick Goddard to lead Home Days parade" (http://blog.cleveland.com/parmasunpost/2011/08/miss_independence_1966_dick_go.html) . Susan Ketchum, Sun News , on August 05, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Miss America runner-up returns to college roots" (https://www.sent-trib.com/news/front_page/miss-america-runner-up-returns-to-college-roots/article_482fd53a-1844-504d-91d3-41e6cdd9b814.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Miss Ohio: Where are they now?" (http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/story/news/2014/06/07/miss-ohio-where-are-they-now/10174389/) . Lou Whitmire June 7, 2014. Mansfield News Journal ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Shimmer for the stars: Ohio native's shiny creations have become hot accessories on Hollywood's red carpet" (http://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2004/09/16/Shimmer-for-the-stars-Ohio-native-s-shiny-creations-have-become-hot-accessories-on-Hollywood-s-red-carpet.html) . Toledo Blade , By RHONDA B. SEWELL Sept. 16, 2004 ^ (#cite_ref-Goodwin2003_11-0) Cliff Goodwin (2003). Behaving Badly: The Life of Richard Harris 1930-2002 . Virgin. p. 172. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85227-957-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-Quinlan1999_12-0) David Quinlan (April 1, 1999). The Times TV and Video Guide . Anova Books. p. 114. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7134-8443-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) TIME . 1997. p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-MacLean2010_14-0) Natalie MacLean (December 15, 2010). Red, White, and Drunk All Over: A Wine-Soaked Journey from Grape to Glass . A&C Black. pp. 81–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4088-2065-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "TLC Unveils ‘Brides of Beverly Hills’ Oct. 28" (http://www.lovetripper.com/weddings/2011/10/tlc-unveils-brides-of-beverly-hills-oct-28.html) . Love Tripper , October 24, 2011 by Grace Sydney ^ (#cite_ref-Inc.1999_16-0) Tampa Bay Publications, Inc. (November 1999). Tampa Bay Magazine . Tampa Bay Publications, Inc. pp. 34–. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1070-3845 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1070-3845) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Designer Kathrine Baumann Wins Lawsuit Over Knockoffs" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/designer-kathrine-baumann-wins-lawsuit-over-knockoffs-708665/) . WWD ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Show and Tell: Stephens College exhibit explores how children interact with fashion" (http://www.columbiatribune.com/arts_life/pulse/show-and-tell-stephens-college-exhibit-explores-how-children-interact/article_1f36ab60-cf91-555a-8fd3-eb6eaa90e4ae.html) , by Caroline Dohack, Columbia Tribune , Mar 6, 2016 External links [ edit ] Kathrine Baumann (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0062233/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐trsf8 Cached time: 20240712134152 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.374 seconds Real time usage: 0.542 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2386/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30551/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2049/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44444/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.233/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6886147/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 497.705 1 -total 35.83% 178.308 1 Template:Infobox_person 26.39% 131.342 1 Template:Reflist 21.58% 107.391 8 Template:Cite_book 13.62% 67.808 1 Template:Short_description 13.34% 66.403 1 Template:BLP_sources 12.66% 63.017 1 Template:Ambox 11.18% 55.657 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.46% 37.104 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.37% 36.659 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46272524-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712134152 and revision id 1209666299. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Body shape (/wiki/Body_shape) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐79cbf896bd‐tcnlx Cached time: 20240707064257 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.035 seconds Real time usage: 0.050 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 374/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627095/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 43.729 1 Template:Cat_main 100.00% 43.729 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10157017-0!canonical and timestamp 20240707064257 and revision id 728462118. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. B Body image in popular culture (/wiki/Category:Body_image_in_popular_culture) ‎ (4 C, 86 P) Bodybuilding (/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding) ‎ (15 C, 31 P) C Cosmetic surgery (/wiki/Category:Cosmetic_surgery) ‎ (4 C, 32 P) F Fat acceptance movement (/wiki/Category:Fat_acceptance_movement) ‎ (1 C, 24 P) H Human body weight (/wiki/Category:Human_body_weight) ‎ (5 C, 24 P) O Obesity (/wiki/Category:Obesity) ‎ (11 C, 72 P) S Shapeshifting (/wiki/Category:Shapeshifting) ‎ (4 C, 103 P) Sizes in clothing (/wiki/Category:Sizes_in_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 20 P) Pages in category "Body shape" The following 43 pages are in this category, out of 43 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Body shape (/wiki/Body_shape) A Air displacement plethysmography (/wiki/Air_displacement_plethysmography) B Beefcake (/wiki/Beefcake) Body adiposity index (/wiki/Body_adiposity_index) Body composition (/wiki/Body_composition) Body dysmorphic disorder (/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder) Body image (/wiki/Body_image) Body image law (/wiki/Body_image_law) Body mass index (/wiki/Body_mass_index) Body shape index (/wiki/Body_shape_index) Bodybuilding (/wiki/Bodybuilding) Bustline (/wiki/Bustline) Bust/waist/hip measurements (/wiki/Bust/waist/hip_measurements) C Constitution type (/wiki/Constitution_type) Corpulence index (/wiki/Corpulence_index) D Dysmorphic feature (/wiki/Dysmorphic_feature) E Effects of advertising on teen body image (/wiki/Effects_of_advertising_on_teen_body_image) F Facial symmetry (/wiki/Facial_symmetry) Female body shape (/wiki/Female_body_shape) Flat forehead (/wiki/Flat_forehead) H Hourglass figure (/wiki/Hourglass_figure) I Inverted binocular phenomenon (/wiki/Inverted_binocular_phenomenon) L Lean body mass (/wiki/Lean_body_mass) M Media depictions of body shape (/wiki/Media_depictions_of_body_shape) N Narrow face (/wiki/Narrow_face) O Obesity (/wiki/Obesity) Obesity and the environment (/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment) Obesity and walking (/wiki/Obesity_and_walking) Obesogen (/wiki/Obesogen) P Penile dysmorphic disorder (/wiki/Penile_dysmorphic_disorder) Pro-ana (/wiki/Pro-ana) R Relative Fat Mass (/wiki/Relative_Fat_Mass) S Sauna suit (/wiki/Sauna_suit) Sizeism (/wiki/Sizeism) Somatotype and constitutional psychology (/wiki/Somatotype_and_constitutional_psychology) T Thigh gap (/wiki/Thigh_gap) Thin (film) (/wiki/Thin_(film)) Thin ideal (/wiki/Thin_ideal) TOFI (/wiki/TOFI) Tucking (/wiki/Tucking) W Waist–hip ratio (/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio) Waist-to-height ratio (/wiki/Waist-to-height_ratio) Wasp waist (/wiki/Wasp_waist) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Body_shape&oldid=728462118 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Body_shape&oldid=728462118) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Anthropometry (/wiki/Category:Anthropometry) Human appearance (/wiki/Category:Human_appearance) Human body (/wiki/Category:Human_body) Physical attractiveness (/wiki/Category:Physical_attractiveness)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐6fd88dbd96‐p8fdg Cached time: 20240703223817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76414969-0!canonical and timestamp 20240703223817 and revision id 1214938853. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. F Defunct women's fashion magazines published in France (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_France) ‎ (6 P) J Defunct women's fashion magazines published in Japan (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_Japan) ‎ (4 P) U Defunct women's fashion magazines published in the United States (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_the_United_States) ‎ (1 C, 20 P) Pages in category "Defunct women's fashion magazines" The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A AneCan (/wiki/AneCan) Anna (magazine) (/wiki/Anna_(magazine)) B Der Bazar (/wiki/Der_Bazar) La Belle Assemblée (/wiki/La_Belle_Assembl%C3%A9e) C Corriere delle dame (/wiki/Corriere_delle_dame) Cosmopolitan Russia (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Russia) Costume (magazine) (/wiki/Costume_(magazine)) D Die Dame (/wiki/Die_Dame) Dolgozó nő (/wiki/Dolgoz%C3%B3_n%C5%91) La Dona Catalana (/wiki/La_Dona_Catalana) E Egg (magazine) (/wiki/Egg_(magazine)) Elle Girl (/wiki/Elle_Girl) Essentials (magazine) (/wiki/Essentials_(magazine)) Eva (Italian magazine) (/wiki/Eva_(Italian_magazine)) F Flare (magazine) (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) G Gallery of Fashion (/wiki/Gallery_of_Fashion) Gioia (magazine) (/wiki/Gioia_(magazine)) Gothic & Lolita Bible (/wiki/Gothic_%26_Lolita_Bible) J Journal des dames et des modes (/wiki/Journal_des_dames_et_des_modes) Journal des Luxus und der Moden (/wiki/Journal_des_Luxus_und_der_Moden) L Lidel (magazine) (/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)) Look (UK magazine) (/wiki/Look_(UK_magazine)) Love Berry (/wiki/Love_Berry) M Mehâsin (/wiki/Meh%C3%A2sin) More! (/wiki/More!) P Petticoat (magazine) (/wiki/Petticoat_(magazine)) S Sibylle (magazine) (/wiki/Sibylle_(magazine)) Style: (magazine) (/wiki/Style:_(magazine)) Svijet (/wiki/Svijet) T Tea Moderna (/wiki/Tea_Moderna) V La Violeta (/wiki/La_Violeta) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines&oldid=1214938853 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines&oldid=1214938853) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_fashion_magazines) Defunct women's magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_magazines) Women's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_fashion_magazines)
Japanese illustrator (1913–1983) Jun'ichi Nakahara 中原淳一 Nakahara, circa 1949 Born ( 1913-02-16 ) February 16, 1913 Died April 19, 1983 (1983-04-19) (aged 70) Nationality Japanese Known for Graphic design, illustration, fashion design Jun'ichi Nakahara ( 中原淳一 , Nakahara Jun'ichi , February 16, 1913 – April 19, 1983) was a Japanese graphic artist and fashion designer born in Higashikagawa, Kagawa (/wiki/Higashikagawa,_Kagawa) Prefecture. He became famous as an illustrator in the 1920s when his work appeared in the magazine Shojo No Tomo . [1] (#cite_note-1) According to the scholar Nozomi Masuda, Nakahara "greatly developed the eyes of shojo manga (/wiki/Shojo_manga) characters". [2] (#cite_note-Toku2015-2) See also [ edit ] Shōjo manga (/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga) Yumeji Takehisa (/wiki/Yumeji_Takehisa) Katsuji Matsumoto (/wiki/Katsuji_Matsumoto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "中原淳一の紹介 | 中原淳一ホームページ" (https://www.junichi-nakahara.com/profile) (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2021-09-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-Toku2015_2-0) Masuda, Nozomi (5 June 2015). "Shojo Manga and Its Acceptance" (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1LLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24) . In Masami Toku (ed.). International Perspectives on Shojo and Shojo Manga: The Influence of Girl Culture . Routledge. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-61076-2 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.junichi-nakahara.com/) 中原淳一公式Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/JUNICHI.NAKAHARA.OFFICIAL) 中原淳一公式twitter (https://twitter.com/himawariya_info) 中原淳一公式instagram (https://instagram.com/jun_nak_official/) 歴史秘話ヒストリア 第101回 “カワイイ”に恋して (http://www.nhk.or.jp/historia/backnumber/116.html) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/79787/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000059616900) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/62873878) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRWTT6GXcx3Wv9RyyTpP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/138277133) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007446417305171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81110430) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00051256) Academics CiNii (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00573856?l=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jg9sg Cached time: 20240713035849 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.369 seconds Real time usage: 0.514 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1803/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15243/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1243/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14499/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.276/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19786998/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 477.691 1 -total 28.42% 135.776 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.45% 97.707 1 Template:Nihongo 19.02% 90.859 1 Template:Reflist 18.23% 87.098 1 Template:Authority_control 15.50% 74.037 1 Template:Cite_web 13.45% 64.269 1 Template:Short_description 8.89% 42.464 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.62% 36.409 2 Template:Pagetype 6.36% 30.395 16 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48595781-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713035849 and revision id 1171303247. 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Hair accessory Examples of claw clips A claw clip , also called a jaw clip , is a hair accessory with metal or plastic teeth that clamp into the wearer's hair. Origin and design [ edit ] The clap clip was designed by Christian Potut, a French businessman. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 1986, his company CSP Diffusion opened its first factory located in Oyonnax, France (/wiki/Oyonnax) , where it produced plastic items like combs and yo-yos. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) "One day I kept crossing and uncrossing my fingers and that's when I had my lightbulb moment. I said to myself: 'I sell combs and clips, why don't I combine the two?'" he told the BBC (/wiki/BBC) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) By the mid-1990s, the company sold hundreds of thousands of hair clips each month and had more than fifty employees. Potut's top markets were US and Japan. He did not apply for a patent, and though his design was protected in France, it was not legally protected worldwide. He told the BBC that "it's been copied because only good things are worth copying." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The claw clip may have been inspired by the banana clip, which was popular during the 1980s. [3] (#cite_note-Vox-3) History [ edit ] Claw clips were common in the 1990s when plastic hair accessories grew in popularity. [4] (#cite_note-4) Hairdos with claw clips tend to be simple and easy to perform, ranging from spiky 90s-style updos (/wiki/Updo) , twisted buns (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) held in place by the clip, and a "waterfall" style in which hair flows over of the top of the clip. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Unlike tight hairstyles, claw clip updos result in less hair breakage. [6] (#cite_note-6) Claw clips were associated with Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) 's character Rachel Green (/wiki/Rachel_Green) on the TV show Friends (/wiki/Friends) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [3] (#cite_note-Vox-3) In 2018, an Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) fashion show featured large chrome silver claw clips stamped with Wang's name. [3] (#cite_note-Vox-3) [8] (#cite_note-8) Claw clips had a resurgence in the 2020s as part of the Y2K fashion (/wiki/Y2K_fashion) revival, gaining popularity on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) and receiving attention from celebrities such as Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , and Hailey Bieber (/wiki/Hailey_Bieber) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) In several instances, car accidents have caused the clips to lodge into the wearers' heads. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "French inventor Christian Potut on designing the iconic claw clip" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-63455879) . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c " (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63401869) 'My dad, the claw hair clip inventor' (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63401869) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63401869) . 2022-11-02 . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Nguyen, Terry (2021-11-12). "The lasting appeal of the claw clip" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22776439/claw-clips-noticed-90s-trend) . Vox . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "I Wore '90s Hair Accessories for a Week" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/hair/a20687991/90s-hair-accessories-trend/) . ELLE . 2018-05-30 . Retrieved 2023-12-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rasmus, Grace (2023-06-14). " (https://www.wsj.com/articles/claw-clip-hairstyle-y2k-hair-trend-360dee4a) 'I Wear It Every Single Day.' Why 20-Somethings Can't Get Enough of This Y2K Hair Trend" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/claw-clip-hairstyle-y2k-hair-trend-360dee4a) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Benefits of Switching to Claw Clips" (https://www.bkmag.com/2022/11/04/claw-clips-benefits-revela/) . Brooklyn Magazine . 2022-11-04 . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Malone Kircher, Madison (September 9, 2022). "Claw Clips Claw Their Way Back" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/style/claw-clips.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ruffner, Zoe (2018-02-16). "19 Iconic Women Who Made the Claw Clip Look Good, From Julia Roberts to Hillary Clinton" (https://www.vogue.com/article/claw-clip-jaw-hair-alexander-wang-runway-gwyneth-paltrow-julia-roberts-hillary-clinton) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cochrane, Lauren (2021-08-13). "Straight from 2000s: latest fashion 'it' piece is the £3 claw clip" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/aug/13/straight-from-2000s-latest-fashion-it-piece-is-the-3-claw-clip) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "How TikTok helped the resurgence of claw clips" (https://www.nbcnews.com/select/shopping/best-hair-claw-clips-ncna1259492) . NBC News . 2021-03-03 . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "University of Derby student's hair claw clip warning after car crash" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-64966149) . 2023-03-16 . Retrieved 2023-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Woman reveals how hair claw clip lodged into her head" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/claw-clip-car-accident-head-injury-tiktok-b2306631.html) . The Independent . 2023-03-24 . Retrieved 2023-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Camero, Katie (2023-03-15). "You'll Never Want To Ride In A Car While Wearing A Claw Clip After Hearing These Stories" (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katiecamero/claw-clips-car-crashes) . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 2023-12-11 . v t e Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Hats (/wiki/Hat) caps (/wiki/Cap) General Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Easter (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Military Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Mitznefet (/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Wrapped Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Crowns (/wiki/Crown) and bands Astral (/wiki/Astral_crown) Chaplet (/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)) Circlet (/wiki/Circlet) Camp (/wiki/Camp_crown) Consort (/wiki/Consort_crown) Corolla (/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)) Coronation (/wiki/Coronation_crown) Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) Diadem (/wiki/Diadem) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_crown) Ferronnière (/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re) Fillet 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(/wiki/Hairnet) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Headphones (/wiki/Headphones) Headpiece (/wiki/Headpiece) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Peineta (/wiki/Peineta_(comb)) Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) Scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) Shpitzel (/wiki/Shpitzel) Eyewear Eyeglasses (/wiki/Glasses) Browline (/wiki/Browline_glasses) Bug-eye (/wiki/Bug-eye_glasses) Cat eye (/wiki/Cat_eye_glasses) GI (/wiki/GI_glasses) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) Pince-nez (/wiki/Pince-nez) Lensless (/wiki/Lensless_glasses) Lorgnette (/wiki/Lorgnette) Monocle (/wiki/Monocle) Rimless (/wiki/Rimless_eyeglasses) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) Glacier (/wiki/Sunglasses#Sports) Iggaak (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Mirrored (/wiki/Mirrored_sunglasses) Solar viewer (/wiki/Solar_viewer) Shutter shades (/wiki/Shutter_shades) Teashades (/wiki/Sunglasses#Teashades) Wayfarer (/wiki/Ray-Ban_Wayfarer) Head-mounted display (/wiki/Head-mounted_display) List of headwear 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claw_clip&oldid=1229684267 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claw_clip&oldid=1229684267) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2020s fashion (/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion) Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hairdressing (/wiki/Category:Hairdressing) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Women's cloth head scarf This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head_tie) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Head_tie) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Some of this article's listed sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) may not be reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head_tie) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Head tie" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Head+tie%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Head+tie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Head+tie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Head+tie%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Head+tie%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Head+tie%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) An elaborate head tie worn by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf) , President of Liberia A head tie , also known as a headwrap , is a women's cloth head scarf (/wiki/Head_scarf) that is commonly worn in many parts of West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) and Southern Africa (/wiki/Southern_Africa) . The head tie is used as an ornamental head covering or fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , or for functionality in different settings. Its use or meaning can vary depending on the country and/or religion of those who wear it. [ citation needed ] Among Jewish women, the Biblical source for covering hair comes from the Torah in the book of Bamidbar Parshas Nasso which contains the source for the obligation of a married woman to cover her hair. An eesha sotah is a woman whose husband suspects her of having acted immorally. The Torah commands the Kohein to take various steps to demonstrate that the sotah has deviated from the modest and loyal path of most married Jewish women (Rashi 5:15-27). Among the procedures, the pasuk clearly states: "ufora es rosh haisha..." and he shall uncover the hair of the head of the woman (5:18). One can only uncover something that has previously been covered; in this case the Torah is referring to the married woman's hair. [1] (#cite_note-1) Among Christian women in certain parts of the world, such as Africa and the Caribbean, the head tie is worn as a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_head_covering) in obedience to 1 Corinthians 11:4–13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:4–13&version=nrsv) . [2] (#cite_note-Lum2000-2) There are varying traditional names for headties in different countries, which include: moussor ( Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) ), gele ( Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) ), duku ( Malawi (/wiki/Malawi) , Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) ), dhuku ( Zimbabwe (/wiki/Zimbabwe) ), tukwi ( Botswana (/wiki/Botswana) ), doek ( South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) ) [3] (#cite_note-3) and tignon ( United States (/wiki/United_States) ) [4] (#cite_note-4) Jewish women refer to their head ties as a tichel or mitpachat . West Africa [ edit ] In West Africa, Gele (/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)) is are Yoruba style of headdresses which are elaborate. Although the gele can be worn for day-to-day activities, the more elaborate ceremonial ones are worn to weddings, special events, and church and other religious activities. [5] (#cite_note-5) They are unique to the Yoruba culture. [6] (#cite_note-6) There are different types of Gele, some more flared and others fanlike. Geles are tied around the head in different fabrics, It is usually made of a material that is firmer than regular cloth. [7] (#cite_note-7) Asooke, Damask, Sego, Brocade, Jawu, Seghosen are materials usually used for Gele, though Adire can be used. A more recent invention available is the option of the Autogele which come pre-made and worn like an hat. When worn, especially for more elaborate events, the gele typically covers a woman's entire hair as well as her ears. The only part exposed is her face and earrings on the lower part of her earlobes. The gele is accompanied by traditional local attire that may or may not have the same pattern as the headtie itself. [8] (#cite_note-8) Yoruba woman in Gele (/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)) In Ghana, opportunity to wear a duku usually falls on a religious day of Friday, Saturday or Sunday. This depends on whether the wearers are Muslim, Seventh-Day Adventists or Sunday church-going Christians. Senegalese women used to cover their hair and ears in day to day activities or special events such as baptism or wedding ceremonies, or during prayers with colourful headties called Moussor. The headties were made of different fabrics with different patterns and could be styled in a variety of ways from the simplest to the most intricate. Southern Africa [ edit ] In South Africa and Namibia, the Afrikaans (/wiki/Afrikaans) word doek (meaning "cloth") is used for the traditional head covering used among most elderly local women in rural areas. Malawian head-ties are usually small and conservative compared to the Nigerian style. Women wear duku at special events like funerals. Urban women with plaited hair also wear a duku when visiting rural areas out of cultural respect. In addition, women may wear duku during sleep to protect the hair. [9] (#cite_note-9) In South African church services women may wear white "dukus" to cover their heads. At the International Pentecostal churches in South Africa, married women wear white 'dukus'. [ citation needed ] The Shangaan (/wiki/Shangaan) women in Zimbabwe and South Africa wear 'dukus' as fashion accessories. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-11) At other social gatherings in Zimbabwe women may wear a dhuku. [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-11) According to Professor Hlonipha Mokoena of the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research, [12] (#cite_note-12) historically the doek or headscarf was imposed on black women in many colonies by convention or by law as a way to control the sensuality and exoticism that "confused" white men. [13] (#cite_note-13) 2016 saw a resurgence of wearing doeks through the #FeesMustFall (/wiki/FeesMustFall) movement among students around South Africa. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Reiss, Breindy (28 June 2012). "The Torah Source For Covering One's Hair" (https://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/judaism-101/the-torah-source-for-covering-ones-hair/2012/06/28/) . Retrieved 2021-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lum2000_2-0) Lum, Kenneth Anthony (18 January 2000). Praising His Name In The Dance: Spirit Possession in the Spiritual Baptist Faith and Orisha Work in Trinidad, West Indies . Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . p. 224. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-76630-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ogan, Amma (18 September 2016). "Lupita Nyong'o, Who Designed Your Nigerian-Style Head Tie?" (https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/09/18/493965969/lupita-nyongo-who-designed-your-nigerian-style-head-tie) . NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Tignon Laws: Policing Black Women's Hair in the 18th Century" (https://www.amplifyafrica.org/post/tignon-law-policing-black-women-s-hair-in-the-18th-century) . amplifyafrica.org . Retrieved 2021-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) David (2016-12-19). "Yoruba Head Wrap (Gele)" (https://www.ileoduduwa.com/yoruba-head-wrap-gele/) . IleOduduwa.com the Source . Retrieved 2024-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ubby, Ify (2023-11-07). "Fashion designer Ify Ubby speaks on the Gele's history and its evolving significance" (https://vogue.sg/olive-ankara-nigeria-gele/) . Vogue Singapore . Retrieved 2024-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Evolution of 'gele' as female fashion, from Nigeria to African diaspora stage" (https://www.africanartswithtaj.com/2020/08/evolution-of-gele-as-female-fashion_9.html) . Retrieved 2024-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) HQ, CIAFE (2022-12-16). "The Gele - Explainer" (https://www.ciafe.org/post/the-gele-explainer) . CIAFE . Retrieved 2024-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "African Head Gear and African Identity" (https://www.globalblackhistory.com/2016/06/african-head-gear-african-identity.html) . Global Black History . 2016-06-13 . Retrieved 2020-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205123/http://www.evanchurch.com/portraits/shangaan%20woman/shangaan.html) "Shangaan Woman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205123/http://www.evanchurch.com/portraits/shangaan%20woman/shangaan.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205123/http://www.evanchurch.com/portraits/shangaan%20woman/shangaan.html) . Evan Church. Archived from the original (http://www.evanchurch.com/portraits/shangaan%20woman/shangaan.html) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 2013-10-08 . ^ a b D., Cannon (19 April 2000). "Culture of Zimbabwe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040716152608/http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/99_00/AF/Zim/zim_cul.htm) . Winthrop, Iowa: East Buchanan Community School District. Archived from the original (http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/99_00/AF/Zim/zim_cul.htm) on 16 July 2004 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Hlonipha Mokoena" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044759/http://wiser.wits.ac.za/users/hlonipha-mokoena) . WiSER . Wits Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Witwatersrand (/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand) . Archived from the original (http://wiser.wits.ac.za/users/hlonipha-mokoena) on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Khoabane, Rea (31 January 2016). "Doeks: mark of a good woman – or a bad hair day?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182110/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/opinion/2016/01/31/Doeks-mark-of-a-good-woman-or-a-bad-hair-day) . Sunday Times . TimesLIVE. Archived from the original (http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/opinion/2016/01/31/Doeks-mark-of-a-good-woman-or-a-bad-hair-day) (PDF) on 14 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Khoabane, Rea (2 June 2016). "The doek - more than just a fashion statement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094706/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016/06/02/the-doek---more-than-just-a-fashion-statement) . Sowetan LIVE (/wiki/Sowetan_LIVE) . Tiso Blackstar Group. Archived from the original (http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016/06/02/the-doek---more-than-just-a-fashion-statement) on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pumza Fihlani (11 June 2016). "How South African women are reclaiming the headscarf" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36461213) . BBC News . Johannesburg. External links [ edit ] "How to tie or wear your African head-gear (gele)" (http://www.africastyles.com/resources/head-wrap.html) . Africastyles . 2014. Thony Anyiam (2013). "How to tie headwrap and wrapper" (http://www.anyiams.com/wrapping.htm) . Anyiams Creations International . "Career Wear: Abada ca-1016" (http://www.africastyles.com/Women/career-wear/457.shtml) . Africastyles . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . "Elegant Evening Wear: Mali High Klass ee-1370" (http://www.africastyles.com/Women/elegant-evening-wear/465.shtml) . Africastyles . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Dozie Okpalaobieri (6 March 2006). "In pictures: Nigerian Igbo wedding" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4717608.stm) . BBC News . "Why I love Africa: BBC listeners and readers share their personal experiences of the African continent" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4486930.stm) . 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(/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea 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Florence Wallace Pomeroy, Viscountess Harberton Born Florence Wallace Legge ( 1843-06-14 ) 14 June 1843 Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) Died 30 April 1911 (1911-04-30) (aged 67) Onslow Square (/wiki/Onslow_Square) , South Kensington (/wiki/South_Kensington) Nationality British Occupation Campaigner for dress reform Florence Wallace Pomeroy, Viscountess Harberton ( née Wallace Legge ; 14 June 1843 – 30 April 1911) was a British campaigner for dress reform. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) [2] (#cite_note-times-2) She was born at Malone House in Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) , the daughter of wealthy landowner William Wallace Legge (died 1868), a JP (/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom) and DL (/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant) for County Antrim (/wiki/County_Antrim) , and his wife, Eleanor Wilkie Forster. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She married James Spencer Pomeroy (1836–1912) on 2 April 1861, and in 1862 she became Viscountess Harberton when he became the 6th Viscount Harberton (/wiki/Viscount_Harberton) . They had four children, Aline Florence, Hilda Evelyn, Ernest Arthur George (1867-1944, 7th Viscount), and Ralph Legge (1869-1956, 8th Viscount). [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) [2] (#cite_note-times-2) Pomeroy became involved in the campaign for dress reform in 1880, after the death of her daughter Aline. In 1883 she became President of the Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) (which she possibly co-founded in 1881), which described the attributes of "perfect" dress as: Freedom of Movement. Absence of pressure over any part of the body. Not more weight than is necessary for warmth, and both weight and warmth evenly distributed. Grace and beauty combined with comfort and convenience. Not departing too conspicuously from the ordinary dress of the time. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) In 1893, The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) mentioned her "Short Skirts League" whose members would wear skirts of at least 5 inches (130 mm) above the ground when out walking. In 1898, she founded the Rational Dress League. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) She was a keen cyclist, [6] (#cite_note-cripps-6) and one of her most celebrated moments was when the landlady of the Hautboy Inn at Ockham, Surrey (/wiki/Ockham,_Surrey) , refused to serve her because she was wearing her "rational dress" of baggy knickerbockers instead of a skirt. Pomeroy sued the landlady, but lost the case because she had been offered service in an alternative room, albeit one occupied by three men. The Cycling UK (/wiki/Cycling_UK) (formerly the Cycle Touring Club (CTC), which removed its badge of approval from the Hautboy at the time) says that "the case hit the national headlines, made CTC a lot of friends, led to more women's cycling groups, and was a milestone on the road to female emancipation". [7] (#cite_note-upfold-7) [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) In October 1899 she hosted the first attempt to set up a Ladies Automobile Club, at her London home. [8] (#cite_note-8) There was not sufficient support at that time and a club of that name was not successfully established until 1903. [9] (#cite_note-9) In later years she took up the cause of women's suffrage (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage) . Her obituary in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) says that she had written pieces for that newspaper to express the view that women could do more of the work currently done by men, and had also campaigned for reforms to prevent tuberculosis (/wiki/Tuberculosis) . It ended by saying that: Thus by the death of Lady Harberton the "pioneer women" of the day lose a spirited, energetic and daring supporter and society a remarkable personality". [2] (#cite_note-times-2) She died in Onslow Square (/wiki/Onslow_Square) , South Kensington (/wiki/South_Kensington) , aged 67. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Levitt, Sarah. "Pomeroy [née Legge], Florence Wallace, Viscountess Harberton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/ref:odnb/45796 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F45796) . (Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Obituary: Viscountess Harberton". The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . 2 May 1911. p. 11. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Births". The Belfast Newsletter . Belfast, Northern Ireland. 16 June 1843. p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Walford, Edward (1869). The County Families of the United Kingdom . R. Hardwicke. p. 590 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Burke, Bernard (1871). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland . Harrison. p. 771 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-cripps_6-0) Cripps, Aaron (30 January 2015). "Women on the Move: Cycling and the Rational Dress Movement" (https://cyclehistory.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/women-on-the-move-cycling-and-the-rational-dress-movement/) . Cyclling History . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-upfold_7-0) Upfold, Tony. "Since 1878 – our journey from the Bicycle Touring Club to Cycling UK" (https://www.cyclinguk.org/article/cycling-guide/journey-bicycle-touring-club-cycling-uk) . Cycling UK . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Metropolitan Gossip". Belfast News-Letter . 23 October 1899. p. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "A New Automobile Club for Ladies". Daily News . 2 May 1903. p. 11. This biographical article about a United Kingdom activist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Argentine photographer duo Luciana Val (born 31 January 1971, Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) , Argentina) and Franco Musso (born 10 December 1974, San Miguel de Tucumán (/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n) , Tucumán) are an Argentine photographer duo. They work together in commercial and personal projects. Their work has been published in books and international fashion magazines. Paris by Luciana Val & Franco Musso Biography [ edit ] Luciana Val and Franco Musso first met while studying at the Manuel Belgrano Fine Arts School in Buenos Aires. They took part in several art exhibitions after graduating and became involved in photography both as a work of art and a line of work. They were soon introduced to the fashion world and began shooting both editorial and advertising in Buenos Aires, where they quickly became known for their unique style. [1] (#cite_note-1) Luciana worked as photography editor at Superlab magazine, [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) an independent publication that appeared during the 90's while Franco Musso started a modelling career that sent him abroad to work in campaigns and fashion shows. [4] (#cite_note-4) Paris [ edit ] Val and Musso moved to Paris in 2002, following the economic crisis in their country. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2004 they won the 19th Festival international de mode et de photographie à Hyères [6] (#cite_note-6) with a series of surrealist miniature still life. [7] (#cite_note-7) Since then, their work has been widely published in magazines such as: 10 Magazine, Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar) , Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Japanese Vogue, Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Numéro Tokyo, Russian Vogue, The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) UK, Vogue Turkey and V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Their style has been sought after for the advertising campaigns of luxury and fashion clients like Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior Joaillerie, Dom Perignon (/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(wine)) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Kate Spade (/wiki/Kate_Spade_New_York) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) , L’Oréal (/wiki/L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al) Le Printemps (/wiki/Printemps) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Piper by Victor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) , Repetto, Roger Vivier (/wiki/Roger_Vivier) and Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , among others. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2009 they were commissioned to create the photography for the sixth studio album by French electronic music duo Air (/wiki/Air_(French_band)) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2012 Val and Musso shot the 111th Anniversary Collection for Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Alice in Wonderland [ edit ] They collaborate frequently with Argentine fashion designers Vero Ivaldi [13] (#cite_note-13) and Pablo Ramírez, [14] (#cite_note-14) with whom they worked for the Alice in Wonderland (/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)) project that accompanied the release of the film by Tim Burton (/wiki/Tim_Burton) of the same name. [15] (#cite_note-15) The resulting photographs were displayed during Buenos Aires Fashion Week and later auctioned for the Make a Wish foundation (/wiki/Make-A-Wish_Foundation) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Buenos Aires' first fashion retrospective [ edit ] Over the months of July and August 2013 the city of Buenos Aires held its first great fashion design retrospective at the Centro Cultural Recoleta (/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Recoleta) by the name "De Gino Bogani al diseño de autor". Val and Musso were approached to create the images that would illustrate the exhibition, along with over 100 dresses and accessories. The show focused on the career of Gino Bogani, whose elaborate and over-the-top creations have dressed Argentine celebrities for the last decades and also included pieces from a wide array of designers, ranging from established and commercial to emerging and experimental ones. The exhibit was seen by over fifty thousand visitors and a book containing the photographs created by Luciana and Franco was published. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Recent work [ edit ] The year 2014 found them showing their work at the Museum of Modern Art in Buenos Aires, in Eduardo Costa’s restaging of Fashion Fiction, [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) and opening an individual exhibition called Lullaby at the Galerie Madé in Paris. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In April 2015 they participated in a retrospective celebrating the 30th anniversary of Hyères’ International Festival of Fashion and Photography. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Later that year, they prepared a huge exhibition showcasing their collaborations with fashion designer Pablo Ramírez. Under the name Magia Negra (Black Magic), this exhibit featured photographs, garments and video. It first opened at the Osde Foundation in the Argentine city of Rosario and afterwards it travelled to the foundation’s main building in Buenos Aires, gathering great levels of attendance and media coverage in both cities. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Books [ edit ] Their work has been published in the following books: Dior: New Looks, Jerome Gautier (Author), Harper Collins (Publisher), 2015, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0062410887 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062410887) ) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) Hair: Fashion and Fantasy, Laurent Philippon (Author), Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni (Contributor), Daphne Guinness (Contributor), Thames & Hudson (Publisher), 2013, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0500291085 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500291085) ) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Louis Vuitton: City Bags, Marc Jacobs (Contributor), Florence Muller (Contributor), Takashi Murakami (Contributor), Rizzoli International Publications (Publisher), October 2013, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847840878 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847840878) ) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Louis Vuitton / Marc Jacobs: In Association with the Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Pamela Golbin (Editor), Yves Carcelle (Preface), Helene David Weill (Preface), Beatrice Salmon (Preface), Veronique Belloir (Contributor), Rizzoli International Publications (Publisher). April 2012, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847840878 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847840878) ) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Dior Joaillerie, Michele Heuze (Author), Victoire de Castellane (Preface), Rizzoli International Publications (Publisher), March 2012, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847837182 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847837182) ) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) High Heels: Fashion, Femininity & Seduction, Valerie Steele (Author), Tim Blanks (Author), Philip Delamore (Author), James Crump (Author), Ivan Vartanian (Editor), Goliga (Publisher), January 2012, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1935202691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935202691) ) [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) Mon carnet d'addresses, Chantal Thomass (Author), Dominique Foufelle (Contributor), Valérie Vangreveninge (Contributor), Victoire Meneur (Contributor), Editions du Chêne (Publisher), 2011, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2812304781 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2812304781) ) [47] (#cite_note-47) Atlas of Fashion Designers, Laura Eceiza (Author), Rockport Publishers (Publisher), September 2010, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1592536610 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592536610) ) [48] (#cite_note-48) Delvaux: 180 Years of Belgian Luxury, Hettie Judah (Author), Vronique Pouillard (Author), Lannoo Publishers (Publisher), April 2010, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9020985993 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9020985993) ) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Babeth, Babeth Djian (Photographer), Steidl (Publisher), November 2008, (Publisher), ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3865214829 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3865214829) ) [51] (#cite_note-51) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) About Luciana Val & Franco Musso , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Lescano, Victoria (6 August 2010), "Amor y trabajo" (http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/las12/13-5897-2010-08-09.html) , Página12 (in Spanish), Buenos Aires , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lescano, Victoria (7 March 2011), "Fetichistas y voyeurs" (http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/fotografia/Urko_Suaya-Gustavo_di_Mario-Luciana_Val-Franco_Musso-Cecilia_Glik_0_439756230.html) , Revista Ñ, Diario Clarín (in Spanish), Buenos Aires , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fotografías con color argentino" (http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/2-15491-2009-10-02.html) , Página12 (in Spanish), Buenos Aires, 2 October 2009 , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bell, Vanessa (June 2013). "Interview with Luciana Val and Franco Musso" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407124042/http://creme-de-la-creme-ba.tumblr.com/post/50842666501/l-u-c-i-a-n-a-v-a-l-a-n-d-f-r-a-n-c-o-m-u-s-s-o) . Buenos Aires: Creme de la creme. Archived from the original (https://creme-de-la-creme-ba.tumblr.com/post/50842666501/l-u-c-i-a-n-a-v-a-l-a-n-d-f-r-a-n-c-o-m-u-s-s-o) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Archives Villa Noailles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081626/http://www.villanoailles-hyeres.com/en/archives) . Villa Noailles. Archived from the original (http://www.villanoailles-hyeres.com/en/archives) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Photo Exhibition - Festival International de Mode et de Photographie à Hyères 2004" (http://valmusso.com/web/festival-hyeres-2004/01-7/) . valmusso.com . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Luciana Val & Franco Musso - Editorial work" (http://models.com/models/Luciana-Val-and-Franco-Musso/year/editorial) . models.com . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Luciana Val & Franco Musso - Advertising work" (http://models.com/models/Luciana-Val-and-Franco-Musso/client/) . models.com . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Special Edition Air 'Love 2' - Limited Edition Art & Vinyl Box Set" (http://www.dmcworld.net/dj-tv/entry/interviews/special-edition-air-love-2---limited-edition-art--vinyl-box-set.html) , DMC World , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The Anniversary Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093402/http://blog.bergdorfgoodman.com/bg-magazine/the-anniversary-collection) . Bergdorf Goodman Magazine. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://blog.bergdorfgoodman.com/bg-magazine/the-anniversary-collection) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Behind the scenes. The Anniversary Collection" (http://blog.bergdorfgoodman.com/bg-magazine/behind-the-scenes-111-years-of-extraordinary) . Bergdorf Goodman Magazine. 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lescano, Victoria (15 September 2006), "Artilugios en pasarela" (http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/las12/18-2889-2006-09-19.html) , Página12 (in Spanish), Buenos Aires , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ramírez, Pablo (June 2012). " (http://pabloramirezblog.blogspot.com.ar/2012/06/carmen-produccion-de-fotos-por-luciana.html) "Carmen" producción de fotos por Luciana Val y Franco Musso" (http://pabloramirezblog.blogspot.com.ar/2012/06/carmen-produccion-de-fotos-por-luciana.html) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Nwosu-Hope, Vicky (12 March 2010). "BAF Week: Movers, Shakers and Beautiful Clothes Makers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081708/http://www.argentinaindependent.com/life-style/fashion/baf-week-movers-shakers-and-beautiful-clothes-makers/) . Buenos Aires: The Argentina Independent. Archived from the original (http://www.argentinaindependent.com/life-style/fashion/baf-week-movers-shakers-and-beautiful-clothes-makers/) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) López Salón, Mariángeles (21 February 2010), "Vistiendo a Alicia" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1235463-vistiendo-a-alicia) , La Nación (in Spanish), Buenos Aires , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-17) "La moda: una llave maestra para la fantasía de (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090354/http://www.latercera.com/contenido/737_229472_9.shtml) Alicia en el país de las maravillas " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090354/http://www.latercera.com/contenido/737_229472_9.shtml) , La Tercera (in Spanish), Chile, 26 February 2010, archived from the original (http://www.latercera.com/contenido/737_229472_9.shtml) on 7 April 2014 , retrieved 28 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Buenos Aires Hosts Bogani's Fashion Retrospective Show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140324151202/http://www.dailynewslatin.com/buenos-aires-hosts-boganis-fashion-retrospective-show) . Daily News Latin. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.dailynewslatin.com/buenos-aires-hosts-boganis-fashion-retrospective-show) on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Pinto, Lucía (3 July 2013), "Homenaje al gran maestro Gino Bogani" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1597903-homenaje-al-gran-maestro-gino-bogani) , La Nación (in Spanish), Buenos Aires , retrieved 31 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-20) Zacharías, María Paula (July 2013), "Gino Bogani" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130806091740/http://www.parati.com.ar/moda/protagonistas/gino-bogani/14324.html) , Para Ti (in Spanish), Buenos Aires, archived from the original (http://www.parati.com.ar/moda/protagonistas/gino-bogani/14324.html) on 6 August 2013 , retrieved 31 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "De Bogani al diseño de autor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093633/http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/cultura/al_dia/bogani_07_13.php?menu_id=20277) (in Spanish). Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. July 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/cultura/al_dia/bogani_07_13.php?menu_id=20277) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Eduardo Costa" (http://www.cosmocosa.com/eduardo-costa-4/1965/?lang=en) . Cosmocosa . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Moda ficción, naturaleza, joyas y bicicletas. Eduardo Costa en el MAMBA" (http://elgranotro.com.ar/index.php/moda-ficcion-naturaleza-joyas-y-bicicletas-eduardo-costa-en-el-mamba/) . El Gran Otro . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Press Release" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160918192616/http://galeriemade.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PressReleaseValMusso-EN.pdf) (PDF) . Galerie Madé. Archived from the original (http://galeriemade.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PressReleaseValMusso-EN.pdf) (PDF) on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Lullaby" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810102342/http://fr.actuphoto.com/28727--lullaby-une-exposition-de-luciana-val-franco-musso-a-la-galerie-made.html) . Actuphoto. Archived from the original (http://fr.actuphoto.com/28727--lullaby-une-exposition-de-luciana-val-franco-musso-a-la-galerie-made.html) on 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Surrealismo Experimental" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.ar/confidencial/mujeres-arte/surrealismo-experimental/823.html) . Harper's Bazaar Argentina . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Images de Mode" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160430215036/http://www.villanoailles-hyeres.com/en/exposition/images-de-mode) . Villa Noailles. Archived from the original (http://www.villanoailles-hyeres.com/en/exposition/images-de-mode) on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Villa Noailles: Fashion in Images" (http://tlmagazine.com/villa-noailles-fashion-in-images/) . TL Magazine. 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "30 ans d'images de mode" (http://culturebox.francetvinfo.fr/tendances/mode/30-ans-d-images-de-mode-a-la-villa-noailles-229563) . Culture Box . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Magia Negra" (http://www.ramona.org.ar/node/58887) . Ramona.org.ar . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Magia Negra" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.ar/agenda-destacada/magia-negra/1786.html) . Harper's Bazaar Argentina . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Tres de negro en un cruce mágico" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1837087-tres-de-negro-en-un-cruce-magico) . LaNacion.com.ar . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Arte y moda, unidos por la "magia negra" de Pablo Ramírez" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1874057-arte-y-moda-unidos-por-la-magia-negra-de-pablo-ramirez) . LaNacion.com.ar . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Hair: Dior: New Looks" (http://www.dior.com/couture/en_us/the-house-of-dior/the-books/dior-new-looks) . Dior.com . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Hair: Dior: New Looks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160508030305/http://www.thamesandhudson.com/Dior/9780500518069) . ThamesandHudson.com. Archived from the original (http://www.thamesandhudson.com/Dior/9780500518069) on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Hair: Fashion and Fantasy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093004/http://www.thamesandhudson.com/Hair_Fashion_and_Fantasy/9780500291085) . ThamesandHudson.com. Archived from the original (http://www.thamesandhudson.com/Hair_Fashion_and_Fantasy/9780500291085) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Where Fashion meets Fantasy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407221324/http://en.vogue.fr/beauty-tips/buzz-day/diaporama/where-fashion-meets-fantasy/15659) . Vogue Paris Online. Archived from the original (http://en.vogue.fr/beauty-tips/buzz-day/diaporama/where-fashion-meets-fantasy/15659) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Politanoff, Evelyne (14 October 2013). "Louis Vuitton City Bags: A Natural History" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/evelyne-politanoff/louis-vuitton-city-bags-a_b_4098677.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "City Bags: A Natural History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407032157/http://www.louisvuitton.com/front/#/eng_US/New-Now/articles/CITY-BAGS-A-NATURAL-HISTORY) . LouisVuitton.com. Archived from the original (http://www.louisvuitton.com/front/#/eng_US/New-Now/articles/CITY-BAGS-A-NATURAL-HISTORY) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Louis Vuitton / Marc Jacobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407032157/http://www.louisvuitton.com/front/#/eng_US/Collections/Women/Books--Writing/products/R07698-WO-AESTHETIC-LINE-R07698) . LouisVuitton.com. Archived from the original (http://www.louisvuitton.com/front/#/eng_US/Collections/Women/Books--Writing/products/R07698-WO-AESTHETIC-LINE-R07698) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Felner, Jeffrey. "Louis Vuitton / Marc Jacobs: In Association with the Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Paris" (http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/louis-vuitton-marc-jacobs-association-mus%C3%A9e-des-arts-decoratifs-paris) . New York Journal of Books . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) McKay, Caragh (18 May 2012). "Book: Dior Joaillerie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073533/http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/book-dior-joaillerie/5811) . Wallpaper.com. Archived from the original (http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/book-dior-joaillerie/5811) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Dior Joaillerie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140703145123/http://www.dior.com/couture/en_gb/the-house-of-dior/the-library/dior-joaillerie) . Dior.com. Archived from the original (http://www.dior.com/couture/en_gb/the-house-of-dior/the-library/dior-joaillerie) on 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Yaeger, Lynn (4 March 2012). "The Jewels in the Crown: The Magnificent Dior Joaillerie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082334/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/the-jewels-in-the-crown-the-magnificent-dior-joaillerie/#1) . Wallpaper.com. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/the-jewels-in-the-crown-the-magnificent-dior-joaillerie/#1) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) High Heels . Artbook.com . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Vartanian, Ivan (2011). High Heels . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781935202691 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Les secrets de mode de Chantal Thomass" (http://www.editionsduchene.fr/actualites/les-secrets-de-mode-de-chantal-thomass.html) . EditionsduChene.fr . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Atlas of Fashion Designers . Rockport Publishers. 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 – via Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . atlas of fashion designers. ^ (#cite_ref-49) Moreno, Lucy (8 September 2009). "Delving into Delvaux" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/4498/1/delving-into-delvaux) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Voyatzis, Costas (4 October 2009). "Delving into Delvaux" (http://www.yatzer.com/Delvaux-180-years-of-Belgian-luxury-Veronique-Branquinho) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "BABETH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140420140303/http://mendo.nl/books/babeth?shelf=mendo-classics) . Mendo.nl. Archived from the original (http://mendo.nl/books/babeth?shelf=mendo-classics) on 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . "BABETH" (http://www.librairie7l.com/babeth-by-babeth-djian-book.php) . Librairie 7L . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . External links [ edit ] Valmusso.com - Online Portfolio [1] (http://valmusso.com/web/about/) . 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Season of television series Britain's Next Top Model Season 12 Judges Abbey Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) [1] (#cite_note-judges-1) Cindy Bishop (/wiki/Cindy_Bishop) [a] (#cite_note-Host-2) Nicky Johnston Max Rogers No. of contestants 14 Winner Ivy Watson No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(UK_and_Ireland)) Original release 19 October ( 2017-10-19 ) – 21 December 2017 ( 2017-12-21 ) Series chronology ← Previous Cycle 11 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_(series_11)) List of episodes (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model#Cycles) The twelfth and final cycle of Britain's Next Top Model (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model) premiered on 19 October 2017 on Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(UK_and_Ireland)) . This was the third cycle of the series to be hosted by former contestant Abbey Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) . Photographer Nicky Johnston returned for the new series as well. Previous judges Hilary Alexander (/wiki/Hilary_Alexander) and Paul Sculfor (/wiki/Paul_Sculfor) did not return. Sculfor was replaced by British male model Max Rogers, while Hilary Alexander's place at judging remained open for a guest judge each week. [2] (#cite_note-cont-3) [1] (#cite_note-judges-1) This cycle re-introduced individual critiques as elimination. The prizes for this cycle included a modelling contract with Models 1 (/w/index.php?title=Models_1&action=edit&redlink=1) , a fashion spread in Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine, nationwide campaigns for Show Beauty, Missguided, Cinere, and Lola Make Up along with a yearly supply of each brand's products, and a gift of portable electronic devices courtesy of Alcatel (/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile) . [3] (#cite_note-4) The winner of the competition was 22-year-old Ivy Watson from Lincoln, Lincolnshire (/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire) . [4] (#cite_note-5) Watson was the first and only winner of the show to have never placed in the bottom two. Cast [ edit ] Contestants [ edit ] (Ages stated are at start of contest) [2] (#cite_note-cont-3) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Ocean Lane 19 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Swindon (/wiki/Swindon) Episode 1 14-13 Gabriella Jukes 20 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Port Talbot (/wiki/Port_Talbot) Georgia Mason-Mottram [5] (#cite_note-6) 18 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Surrey (/wiki/Surrey) Episode 2 12 Alisia Grant [6] (#cite_note-7) 19 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) Episode 3 11 Tamsin Hough [7] (#cite_note-8) 19 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Cornwall (/wiki/Cornwall) Episode 4 10 Efi Muntoni-Clements [8] (#cite_note-9) 21 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) London (/wiki/London) Episode 5 9 (quit) Shaunagh Slattery [9] (#cite_note-10) 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Port Talbot (/wiki/Port_Talbot) Episode 6 8 Louisa Northcote [10] (#cite_note-11) 20 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) London 7 Martha Miller [11] (#cite_note-12) 23 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) Episode 7 6 (quit) Cirrah Leah Webb [12] (#cite_note-13) 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) Episode 8 5 Sophia Chawki [13] (#cite_note-14) 20 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Essex (/wiki/Essex) Episode 9 4 Kira MacLean [14] (#cite_note-15) 23 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Nairn (/wiki/Nairn) Episode 10 3-2 Eleanor Sippings 19 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Colchester (/wiki/Colchester) Ivy Watson [15] (#cite_note-16) 22 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Lincoln (/wiki/Lincoln,_England) 1 Judges [ edit ] Abbey Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) (host) Cindy Bishop (/wiki/Cindy_Bishop) (host) [a] (#cite_note-Host-2) Nicky Johnston Max Rogers Episodes [ edit ] No. overall No. in season Title Original air date 129 1 [16] (#cite_note-17) "Episode 1" 19 October 2017 ( 2017-10-19 ) The semi-finalists arrived at a country manor in Chelmsford (/wiki/Chelmsford) for a fairy tale themed boot camp, and met host Abbey Clancy for the first time. After changing into nude leotards to show off their catwalks and have one on one interviews with Clancy, the models were styled for a princess photo shoot with judge and photographer Nicky Johnston. On set, the contestants had to pose alongside judge Max Rogers. At the end of the week the models faced their first elimination, as the judges revealed that only 11 contestants would be moving into the model house. At the first elimination, Ocean and Gabriella were the first to leave. Special guests: Paul Edmonds, Lee Pycroft Featured photographer: Nicky Johnston 130 2 [17] (#cite_note-18) [18] (#cite_note-19) "Episode 2" 26 October 2017 ( 2017-10-26 ) The contestants moved into the model home, and learned that former contestant Eleanor Sippings would be joining them in the competition after having had to drop out from her original cycle (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_11)) due to an eye injury. On set, the models were introduced to designer Savannah Miller (/wiki/Savannah_Miller) , and had a lookbook photo shoot showcasing a range of fall-winter accessories for Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) . They later had to practice their runway walks in a Kinky Boots (/wiki/Kinky_Boots_(musical)) catwalk challenge at the Adelphi Theatre. Efi was chosen as the best performer, winning immunity from the upcoming elimination. At panel the judges were joined by designer and guest judge Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) , and Shaunagh received picture of the week. Ivy & Louisa also receive praise from the judges while Georgia and Kira landed in the bottom two, and Georgia was eliminated from the competition. Special guests: Savannah Miller, Robyn Bright, Dominic Tribuzio, Philip Town, Giles Deacon Featured photographer: David Yeo 131 3 [19] (#cite_note-20) [20] (#cite_note-21) "Episode 3" 2 November 2017 ( 2017-11-02 ) The contestants arrived at Big Sky Studios and had a photo shoot for PETA (/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) , where they had to pose in a campaign regarding issues concerning the commercialized abuse of animals. They were later taken to the woods and had a challenge in which they had to film a nude commercial advertisement for Creative Nature Superfoods. Cirrah Leah was chosen as the best performer, winning immunity from the upcoming elimination. At panel, global PETA ambassador Lucy Watson was introduced as the week's guest judge, and Kira received picture of the week. Martha, Cirrah-Leah, Ivy & Eleanor also receive praise from the judges while Alisia and Sophia landed in the bottom two, and Alisia was eliminated from the competition. Special guests: Dan Matthews (/wiki/Dan_Matthews) , Julianne Ponan, Lucy Watson Featured photographer: Ruth Rose Featured director: Charlotte Taylor 132 4 [21] (#cite_note-22) [22] (#cite_note-23) "Episode 4" 9 November 2017 ( 2017-11-09 ) The remaining 10 contestants attended "beauty bootcamp" and received makeovers under the direction of professional beauty experts. The models were later taken to a studio and had a photo shoot for Ghost fragrances in which they were suspended in the air over a crescent moon. Each model was required to embody the essence of one of the brands two new scents, Whitelight or Deep Night. At panel, fashion designer Daniel Lismore (/wiki/Daniel_Lismore) was introduced as the week's guest judge, and Kira received picture of the week. Martha & Cirrah-Leah also receive praise from the judges while Eleanor and Tamsin landed in the bottom two, and Tamsin was eliminated from the competition. Special guests: Paul Edmunds, Lee Pycroft, Bennett Connelly, Louise Rigley, Daniel Lismore Featured photographer: Alex Beer 133 5 [23] (#cite_note-24) "Episode 5" 16 November 2017 ( 2017-11-16 ) Efi disclosed to the other contestants that she had been diagnosed with depression some time prior to the competition, and was taking medication to cope with her condition. The models took part in a photo shoot for Spectrum Collections makeup brushes in which they had to pose as life-size dolls. On set, Efi decided to quit the competition. The remaining eight contestants later had a challenge at the Bridge Academy (/wiki/The_Bridge_Academy) in which they had to coach child models for a press event featuring clothing from Kimberley Walsh (/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh) 's Kimba collection. Eleanor was chosen as the best performer, winning immunity from the upcoming elimination. At panel, Cosmopolitan editor in chief Farrah Storr (/wiki/Farrah_Storr) was introduced as the week's guest judge, and Martha received picture of the week. Eleanor also receive praise from the judges while Cirrah Leah and Louisa landed in the bottom two, and were both allowed to remain in the competition due to Efi's decision to quit earlier that week. Special guests: Hannah Pycroft, Sophie Pycroft, Kimberley Walsh, Farrah Storr (/wiki/Farrah_Storr) Featured photographer: Joseph Sinclair 134 6 [24] (#cite_note-25) "Episode 6" 23 November 2017 ( 2017-11-23 ) The contestants arrived at Dalston Heights and took part in a casting challenge to star in a digital marketing campaign for Tinder (/wiki/Tinder_(app)) , which entailed creating personalized profiles to impress a panel of judges. Sophia was chosen as the best performer, winning immunity from the upcoming elimination. The models later had a photo shoot for Carmex (/wiki/Carmex) lip balm with male model David Tausz in which they had to deliver a passionate kiss. Model and actress Kelly Brook (/wiki/Kelly_Brook) was introduced as the week's guest judge at panel, where the contestants learned that a double elimination would be taking place. Ivy received picture of the week, while Cirrah-Leah, Kira & Sophia receive praise from the judges and Louisa, Martha, and Shaunagh landed in the bottom three. The judges decided to save Martha, and the other two contestants were eliminated from the competition. Special guests: Farrah Storr (/wiki/Farrah_Storr) , Rosette Pambakian, Steve Bartlett, Oliver Proudlock, Stephanie Begin, David Tausz, Kelly Brook Featured photographer: Catherine Harbour 135 7 [25] (#cite_note-26) "Episode 7" 30 November 2017 ( 2017-11-30 ) The contestants were taken to the Blok London fitness center, and took part in a paired challenge for Fitbit (/wiki/Fitbit) overseen by former Pussycat Doll (/wiki/Pussycat_Doll) Kimberly Wyatt (/wiki/Kimberly_Wyatt) in which they had to perform in a series of instructional exercise videos. As the winners of the challenge, Cirrah Leah and Eleanor had their video featured on the brand's social media platforms. The models also had a beauty photo shoot inside a bathtub for Lola Make Up's new matte lipstick collection, whilst the judges secretly watched their performance in a separate room. Abbey Clancy later paid the contestants a visit to reveal that the remaining five models at the end of the episode would be flown to Thailand for the remainder of the competition, and that Asia's Next Top Model (/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model) ' s Cindy Bishop (/wiki/Cindy_Bishop) would be taking over the competition's hosting duties during their time abroad. At elimination, Karen Diamond, the agency director of Models 1, was introduced as the week's guest judge. The Photo's with the most praise are Ivy & Kira while Martha became ill during deliberation, and had to drop out of the competition per a doctor's advice due to her recurring fainting spells. As a result of the circumstances, no elimination took place. Special guests: Kimberly Wyatt, Karen Mcadoo, Estrella Corral, Karen Diamond Featured photographer: Fern Berresford 136 8 [26] (#cite_note-27) "Episode 8" 7 December 2017 ( 2017-12-07 ) The remaining five contestants were flown to Bangkok and moved into their new home at the Lebua State Tower. They later had a go-see challenge with designers from Asava, Vatanika and Crème de la Crème, and took part in a photo shoot with photographer Nat Prakobsantisuk overlooking the ancient city of Ayutthaya (/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)) decked out in traditional Thai attire. The models were introduced to host Cindy Bishop for the first time at elimination, where designer Polpat Asavaprapha joined the panel as the week's guest judge. Eleanor and Kira were revealed to be the winners of the go-see challenge that had taken place earlier in the episode, and after deliberation, Ivy received picture of the week. Eleanor also receive praise while Cirrah-Leah and Kira landed in the bottom two, and Cirrah-Leah was eliminated from the competition. Special guests: Sven Brunssen, Victoria Sertic, Polpat Asavaprapha, Sirisak, Vatanika Patamasingh Featured photographer: Nat Prakobsantisuk 137 9 [27] (#cite_note-28) "Episode 9" 14 December 2017 ( 2017-12-14 ) The remaining four contestants were asked to memorize lines from a script to perform in a bilingual Thai-English commercial for Thai Airlines (/wiki/Thai_Airlines) . Sophia was deemed as the best performer, and was allowed to bring Kira with her on a boat ride through the city. The models were later introduced to representatives from sportswear label Sixty Ninety, and had to perform in a photo shoot for the brand. Kira received picture of the week at elimination. Ivy also receive praise while Eleanor and Sophia landed in the bottom two, and Sophia was eliminated from the competition, leaving Eleanor, Ivy, and Kira as the three remaining finalists who would be flown back to London for the finale. Special guests: Featured photographer: Olmo Reverter 138 10 [28] (#cite_note-29) "Episode 10" 21 December 2017 ( 2017-12-21 ) The finalists were sent to take part in a final photo shoot for Radox, where they each had to embody a different Radox fragrance as they were splashed with cold water. After the challenge, the models met host Abbey Clancy at the Mayfair Hotel, where she revealed to them that they would be taking part in a final catwalk show wearing designs by Giles Deacon during London Fashion Week Festival in front the press and important fashion A-listers. The final three later reunited with the previously eliminated contestants, as well as contestants from cycle's past. Immediately after the final show, the judges deliberated over each finalists' work and progress throughout the competition, and Ivy was crowned as the winner. Special guests: Featured photographer: Results [ edit ] Order Abbey's Call Out Order 1 2 [b] (#cite_note-Episode_2-30) 3 4 [c] (#cite_note-Episode_4-31) 5 [d] (#cite_note-Episode_5-32) 6 [e] (#cite_note-Episode_6-33) 7 [f] (#cite_note-Episode_7-34) 8 9 10 1 Shaunagh Shaunagh Kira Kira Martha Ivy Cirrah Leah Eleanor Ivy Kira Sophia Ivy Kira Ivy 2 Efi Efi Cirrah Leah Martha Eleanor Sophia Eleanor Ivy Eleanor Kira 3 Ivy Ivy Martha Cirrah Leah Kira Cirrah Leah Sophia Eleanor 4 Sophia Louisa Efi Shaunagh Shaunagh Kira Kira Sophia 5 Cirrah Leah Martha Eleanor Efi Ivy Eleanor Cirrah Leah 6 Alisia Cirrah Leah Louisa Louisa Sophia Martha Martha 7 Tamsin Tamsin Ivy Sophia Cirrah Leah Louisa Louisa 8 Georgia Alisia Shaunagh Ivy Shaunagh 9 Martha Eleanor Tamsin Eleanor Efi 10 Louisa Sophia Sophia Tamsin 11 Kira Kira Alisia 12 Gabriella Ocean Georgia 13 The contestant was eliminated eliminated The contestant returned from the previous season in the second episode The contestant quit the competition The contestant was put through collectively to the next round The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition Bottom two/three [ edit ] Episode Contestants Eliminated 1 Gabriella, Kira & Ocean Gabriella & Ocean 2 Kira & Georgia Georgia 3 Alisia & Sophia Alisia 4 Eleanor & Tamsin Tamsin 5 Cirrah-Leah & Louisa Efi 6 Louisa, Martha & Shaunagh Shaunagh Louisa 7 — Martha 8 Cirrah-Leah & Kira Cirrah-Leah 9 Eleanor & Sophia Sophia 10 Eleanor, Ivy & Kira Eleanor Kira The contestant was eliminated after her first time in the bottom two/three The contestant was eliminated after her second time in the bottom two/three The contestant quit the competition The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed as the runner-up Average call-out order [ edit ] Episode 7 & 10 is not included. Rank by average Place Model Call-out total Number of call-outs Call-out average 1 9 Efi 13 4 3.25 2 1 Ivy 30 8 3.75 3-4 6 Martha 26 6 4.33 3-4 8 Shaunagh 26 6 4.33 5 5 Cirrah-Leah 31 7 4.43 6 2-3 Kira 36 8 4.50 7 2-3 Eleanor 35 7 5.00 8 4 Sophia 46 8 5.75 9 7 Louisa 40 6 6.67 10 10 Tamsin 33 4 8.25 11 11 Alisia 25 3 8.33 12 12 Georgia 20 2 10.00 13-14 13-14 Gabriella 12 1 12.00 13-14 13-14 Ocean 12 1 12.00 Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Cindy Bishop took over the shows hosting duties for episodes 8 and 9, which were filmed overseas in Thailand. Clancy resumed her role for the finale, which took place back in London. ^ (#cite_ref-Episode_2_30-0) In episode 2, Eleanor entered the competition. She was originally a contestant on the show's previous cycle (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_11)) , but had to drop out of the competition after being diagnosed with a corneal ulcer (/wiki/Corneal_ulcer) . She was invited back by the show's producers to continue competing in this year's cycle. ^ (#cite_ref-Episode_4_31-0) In episode 4, there was no immunity challenge. It was replaced by the makeover segment. ^ (#cite_ref-Episode_5_32-0) In episode 5, Efi decided to quit the competition. Cirrah Leah and Louisa landed in the bottom two at panel, but were both allowed to remain in the competition due to Efi's decision to quit. ^ (#cite_ref-Episode_6_33-0) In episode 6, Louisa, Martha, and Shaunagh landed in the bottom three. The final results were revealed in reverse order with Shaunagh placing 8th and Louisa placing 7th. ^ (#cite_ref-Episode_7_34-0) In episode 7, Martha had to withdraw from the competition at panel due to health reasons. No elimination or call-out took place that week. The remaining five contestants at the end of the episode advanced collectively to the next round. Makeovers [ edit ] Tamsin - Cut to shoulder length and dyed chestnut brown Efi - Cut short with bangs and dyed brown Louisa - Cut to chin length and dyed chocolate brown Shaunagh - Cut to chin length and dyed red Martha - Cut to shoulder length with light pink highlights Cirrah Leah - Volumized curls, dyed auburn and eyebrows lightened Sophia - Dyed dark brown with bangs Eleanor - Cut to chin length and dyed light blonde Kira - Pixie cut and dyed brown Ivy - Cut to shoulder length and dyed platinum blonde References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/meet-your-judges/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Best TV Shows, Box Sets & Movies | Stream now on BT TV | BT TV" (https://www.bt.com/tv/best-of-tv) . www.bt.com . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) BNTM12 EP1 PRIZE PACKAGE , 7 September 2017 , retrieved 12 August 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lincoln’s Ivy Watson wins Britain’s Next Top Model , thelincolnite.co.uk, 22 December 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/georgia-mason-mottram/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/alisia-grant/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/tamsin-hough/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/efi-muntoni-clements/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/shaunagh-slattery/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/louisa-northcote/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/martha-miller/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/cirrah-leah-webb/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/sophia-chawki/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/kira-maclean/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "bntm.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/ivy-watson/) . bntm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-1-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-2-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "[Exclusive] Britain's Next Top Model Eliminee Georgia Discusses Her Experience" (http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/britains-next-top-model-exclusive-interview-georgia-1102137.html?f=rss) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-3-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) " (https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/britains-next-top-model-contestants-pose-peta-campaigns/) 'Britain's Next Top Model' Contestants Pose for PETA Campaigns" (https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/britains-next-top-model-contestants-pose-peta-campaigns/) . 3 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-4-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "[Exclusive] Britain's Next Top Model's Latest Eliminee Discusses Her Wild Ride" (https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/britains-next-top-model-ghost-photoshoot-elimination-interview-1105708.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-5-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-6-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-7-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-8-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-9-season-12/) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "BNTM.co.uk" (http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-10-season-12/) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20160322151302/http://bntm.co.uk/) v t e Britain's Next Top Model (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model) Cycles 1 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_1) 2 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_2) 3 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_3) 4 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_4) 5 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_5) 6 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_6) 7 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_7) 8 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_8) 9 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_9) 10 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_10) 11 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_11) 12 Hosts Lisa Butcher (/wiki/Lisa_Butcher) Lisa Snowdon (/wiki/Lisa_Snowdon) Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) Abbey Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) Paul Sculfor (/wiki/Paul_Sculfor) Judges Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) Jonathan Phang (/wiki/Jonathan_Phang) Paula Hamilton (/wiki/Paula_Hamilton) Gerry DeVeaux (/wiki/Gerry_DeVeaux) Huggy Ragnarsson (/wiki/Huggy_Ragnarsson) Julien Macdonald (/wiki/Julien_Macdonald) Charley Speed (/wiki/Charley_Speed) Grace Woodward (/wiki/Grace_Woodward) Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) Whitney Port (/wiki/Whitney_Port) Dannii Minogue (/wiki/Dannii_Minogue) Hilary Alexander (/wiki/Hilary_Alexander) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) Winners Alex Evans (/wiki/Alex_Evans_(model)) Tiffany Pisani (/wiki/Tiffany_Pisani) Other alumni Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) Jasmia Robinson (/wiki/Jasmia_Robinson) Georgina Edewor-Thorley (/wiki/Eku_Edewor) Rachael Cairns (/wiki/Rachael_Cairns) Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) Jade McSorley (/wiki/Jade_McSorley) Charlotte Holmes (/wiki/Charlotte_Holmes) Susan Loughnane (/wiki/Susan_Loughnane) Juste Juozapaityte (/wiki/Juste_Juozapaityte) Lisa Madden (/wiki/Lisa_Madden) Holly Carpenter (/wiki/Holly_Carpenter) Alannah Beirne (/wiki/Alannah_Beirne) Simone Murphy (/wiki/Simone_Murphy) Related America's Next Top Model: British Invasion (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_18) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐cptnl Cached time: 20240722004029 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.706 seconds Real time usage: 0.849 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6360/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 142482/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7373/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 115940/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.436/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 28541068/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 766.307 1 -total 26.47% 202.869 1 Template:Infobox_television_season 25.89% 198.387 2 Template:Reflist 23.04% 176.571 2 Template:Infobox 21.64% 165.861 26 Template:Cite_web 19.15% 146.711 1 Template:Episode_table 16.89% 129.451 10 Template:Episode_list 11.34% 86.909 29 Template:Main_other 10.57% 81.003 1 Template:Britain's_Next_Top_Model 10.46% 80.161 2 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55224556-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722004029 and revision id 1228895601. 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This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles This template was considered for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) on 2018 May 14 . The result of the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_May_14#Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_navboxes) was " no consensus ". __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Merging models from the deleted 1964\u20131969 navbox&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Merging models from the deleted 1964\u20131969 navbox&quot;} Merging models from the deleted 1964–1969 navbox [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z","replies":["c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox","timestamp":"2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Merging models from the deleted 1964\u20131969 navbox&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Merging models from the deleted 1964\u20131969 navbox&quot;} In May 20018, Template:1964–1969 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit (/w/index.php?title=Template:1964%E2%80%931969_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit&action=edit&redlink=1) was deleted per this deletion discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_May_14#Template:1964–1969_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit) , with the added comment, "If anyone wants to expand the 1970-79 template to include these years, they can discuss it on that template's talk page. I've gone ahead and added the two models with articles. We probably need to make it clear that these weren't the only models, though I'm not sure how best to do that. So, should we merge the entire 1964-69 navbox into this one? (See User:BilCat/Sandbox/List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue models (/w/index.php?title=User:BilCat/Sandbox/List_of_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue_models&action=edit&redlink=1) for the entire list.) If so, we may need to look at a way to divide the list section of the navbox into 2 columns to limit whitespace and navbox length. Thanks. - BilCat (/wiki/User:BilCat) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:BilCat) ) 19:55, 5 July 2018 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1964%E2%80%931979_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit#c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964–1969_navbox) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z","author":"BilCat","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-BilCat-2018-07-05T19:55:00.000Z-Merging_models_from_the_deleted_1964\u20131969_navbox","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐c9rkq Cached time: 20240722013804 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.007 seconds CPU time usage: 0.140 seconds Real time usage: 0.201 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 353/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12852/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 588/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9613/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1608528/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 170.000 1 -total 81.25% 138.132 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 44.12% 75.009 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 9.97% 16.951 1 Template:Oldtfdfull 8.66% 14.721 1 Template:Tq 6.18% 10.510 1 Template:Tmbox 3.67% 6.242 1 Template:Encodefirst 2.01% 3.422 2 Template:Date 1.28% 2.172 1 Template:Pagetype 0.68% 1.162 1 Template:Trim Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23234006-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20240722013804 and revision id 1197117444. 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British clothing company THTC (The Hemp Trading Company) Industry clothing retailer (/wiki/Clothing_retailer) Founded 1999 Founders Drew Lawson, Gavin Lawson and Daniel Sodergren. [1] (#cite_note-roberts-1) Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , W3 (/wiki/W_postcode_area) United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Website www.thtc.co.uk (http://www.thtc.co.uk) THTC ( The Hemp Trading Company ) is an ethically driven underground clothing label, specialising in environmentally friendly (/wiki/Environmentally_friendly) , politically conscious street wear made of hemp (/wiki/Hemp) , bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo_textile) , organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) and other sustainable fabrics. It was founded by brothers Drew (Dru) and Gav Lawson, and Dan Sodegren in 1999. Origins [ edit ] The Hemp Trading Company had its origins in Hempology,a "hemp awareness group" at University of Hull (/wiki/University_of_Hull) . Offshoots of the group appeared on other campuses, helping consolidate the brand's clubbing and music image. [2] (#cite_note-pilcher-2) In 1999, the founders, brothers Dru and Gav Lawson and their friend, Dan Sodergren, [1] (#cite_note-roberts-1) [3] (#cite_note-lucy-3) then set up their business in Bristol and London. [4] (#cite_note-visor-4) Company history [ edit ] In 2008, Jeremy Smith, editor of The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) said that when he started at the magazine in 2001, the general idea of fashionable clothing that was also environmentally friendly was "laughable," but that the Lawson brothers had proved this wrong. He is quoted as saying: "While everyone else seemed to be making ill fitting and deeply unflattering clothes that wouldn't make it into a Littlewoods (/wiki/Littlewoods) catalogue, they were – years before anyone else that I knew of – actually responding to what the young people with whom they remain so connected wanted to be seen wearing. Now of course every Kate (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Sienna (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) and Lily (/wiki/Lily_Cole) wants to be seen in green, but for me it will always be THTC that got there first and did and said it best." [5] (#cite_note-5) In addition to hemp, THTC clothing uses bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo_textile) and organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) . [6] (#cite_note-sparkes-6) The firm networked widely with DJs, MCs, musicians and celebrities, to build up their business. In 2006 they were shortlisted for The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) 's annual Ethical Fashion Awards partly due to the support of Woody Harrelson (/wiki/Woody_Harrelson) , who was on the judging panel. [1] (#cite_note-roberts-1) By 2008 they had produced merchandise for the bands Beardyman (/wiki/Beardyman) , Morcheeba (/wiki/Morcheeba) and Braintax (/wiki/Braintax) , widening their customer reach and increasing awareness of sustainable design. [6] (#cite_note-sparkes-6) By 2011, the company had an annual turnover of £100,000 and a London-based team of nine staff, and their clothing had been worn by people as diverse as the performance poet Benjamin Zephaniah (/wiki/Benjamin_Zephaniah) , the American rap group De La Soul (/wiki/De_La_Soul) , and the actor Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) . [3] (#cite_note-lucy-3) In 2012 THTC collaborated with the Soil Association (/wiki/Soil_Association) , Carbon Trust (/wiki/Carbon_Trust) and Fair Wear Foundation (/wiki/Fair_Wear_Foundation) to produce a line of shirts made from 100% organic, hand-harvested cotton, specifically produced using wind power (/wiki/Wind_power) and stated to have a carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) that was 90% smaller than that of more typically produced equivalents. [7] (#cite_note-mogul-7) Some of the earliest THTC designs were explicitly political, such as a slogan reading " George Bush (/wiki/George_H._W._Bush) & son (/wiki/George_W._Bush) , family butchers (est.1989)" [2] (#cite_note-pilcher-2) This combination of political activism, urban music, and street art (/wiki/Street_art) is central to the brand, which also produces clothing with prints designed by street artists such as the British graffiti (/wiki/Graffiti) artist Mau Mau. [1] (#cite_note-roberts-1) [7] (#cite_note-mogul-7) See also [ edit ] The Hempest (/wiki/The_Hempest) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Roberts, Zoe. "THTC – Inspiring change; one Hip-Hop head at a time" (http://www.bboynews.co.uk/style/fashion/thtc-%E2%80%93-inspiring-change-one-hip-hop-head-at-a-time/) . B-Boy News . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pilcher, Tim (2005). Spliffs 3 : the last word in cannabis culture? . London: Collins & Brown. p. 96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781843403104 . ^ Jump up to: a b Siegle, Lucy (2011). "Pick of the green crop" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/windofchange/story/0,,2217319,00.html.Rob) . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-visor_4-0) Siegle, Lucy (30 January 2005). "Good buy: Visor from The Hemp Trading Company" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/jan/30/ethicalliving) . The Observer . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dryden, Sarah (8 February 2008). "Cutting-Edge Fashion With a Clear Conscience" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194036/http://www.newconsumer.com/news/item/cutting_edge_fashion_with_a_clear_conscience/) . New Consumer . New Consumer Ltd. Archived from the original (http://www.newconsumer.com/news/item/cutting_edge_fashion_with_a_clear_conscience/) on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sparkes, Matthew (19 February 2008). "THTC brings musicians on board with hemp" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081029061925/http://www.smartplanet.com/news/fashion/10000774/thtc-brings-musicians-on-board-with-hemp.htm) . Smart Planet . CBS Interactive Limited. Archived from the original (http://www.smartplanet.com/news/fashion/10000774/thtc-brings-musicians-on-board-with-hemp.htm) on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mogul, Priyanka (25 January 2012). "Urban legend: THTC takes environmentalism to the streets" (http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/clothing/1218684/urban_legend_thtc_takes_environmentalism_to_the_streets.html) . The Ecologist . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Further reading Black, Sandy (2008). Eco-chic : the fashion paradox . London: Black Dog Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781906155094 . 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Angolan model and beauty pageant titleholder Whitney Houston Shikongo Born Whitney Shikongo ( 1995-01-27 ) January 27, 1995 (age 29) Lubango (/wiki/Lubango) , Angola (/wiki/Angola) Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Angola 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Angola) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Major competition(s) Miss Angola 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Angola) (Winner) Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) (Unplaced) (Miss Congeniality) Whitney Shikongo (born January 27, 1995) is an Angolan model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Angola 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Angola) and represented her country (/wiki/Angola) at the Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) pageant. Personal life [ edit ] Shikongo was taking a humanities course in the eleventh-grade semester [1] (#cite_note-1) when she decided to join the Miss Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) pageant. On August 25, 2014, she was crowned Miss Huíla Angola 2014 and represented the region at Miss Angola 2014. [2] (#cite_note-2) Miss Angola 2014 [ edit ] After being crowned as Miss Huíla Angola 2014, Shikongo competed at the Miss Angola pageant. She made history as the first woman from Huíla to win the pageant when she won the title of Miss Angola 2014 on December 20, 2014 in the capital city of Angola, Luanda (/wiki/Luanda) . [3] (#cite_note-3) As of 2015, she is the 17th Angolan woman to compete at the Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) pageant. Miss Universe 2015 [ edit ] Whitney represented Angola (/wiki/Angola) at Miss Universe 2015 and was unplaced. She was awarded Miss Congeniality . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Whitney Shikongo Elected Miss Angola 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141221021639/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412200269.html) . allafrica.com/. 2014-12-20. Archived from the original (http://allafrica.com/stories/201412200269.html) on 2014-12-21. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Miss Huíla Angola 2014 Results" (http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/7/34/Huila-Witney-Shikongo-eleita-Miss-Huila-2014,a9a09137-b018-4d72-9948-8f62f209462b.html) . portalangop.co.ao. August 25, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miss Angola 2015 - Whitney Shikongo Compromete Se Em Apoiar as Criancas Desfavorecidas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225438/http://www.platinaline.sapo.ao/index.php/vidas/item/13271-miss-angola-2015-whitney-shikongo-compromete-se-em-apoiar-as-criancas-desfavorecidas/13271-miss-angola-2015-whitney-shikongo-compromete-se-em-apoiar-as-criancas-desfavorecidas) . platinaline.sapo.ao. December 20, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.platinaline.sapo.ao/index.php/vidas/item/13271-miss-angola-2015-whitney-shikongo-compromete-se-em-apoiar-as-criancas-desfavorecidas/13271-miss-angola-2015-whitney-shikongo-compromete-se-em-apoiar-as-criancas-desfavorecidas) on 2016-03-03. External links [ edit ] Official Miss Angola website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120224181627/http://missangolaoficial.com/) Awards and achievements Preceded by Zuleica Wilson (/wiki/Zuleica_Wilson) Miss Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) 2014 Succeeded by Luísa Baptista (/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Baptista) v t e Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) national titleholders AGO : Whitney Shikongo ARG : Claudia Barrionuevo (/wiki/Claudia_Barrionuevo) ARU : Alysha Boekhoudt (/wiki/Alysha_Boekhoudt) AUS : Monika Radulovic (/wiki/Monika_Radulovic) AUT : Amina Dagi (/wiki/Amina_Dagi) BAH : Toria Nichole Penn (/wiki/Toria_Nichole_Penn) BOL : Romina Rocamonje (/wiki/Romina_Rocamonje) BRA : Marthina Brandt (/wiki/Marthina_Brandt) BUL : Radostina Todorova (/wiki/Radostina_Todorova) CHN : Jessica Xue (/wiki/Jessica_Xue) COL : Ariadna Gutiérrez (/wiki/Ariadna_Guti%C3%A9rrez) CRI : Brenda Castro (/wiki/Brenda_Castro) CUR : Kanisha Sluis (/wiki/Kanisha_Sluis) CZE : Nikol Švantnerová (/wiki/Nikol_%C5%A0vantnerov%C3%A1) DNK : Cecilie Wellemberg (/wiki/Cecilie_Wellemberg) DOM : Clarissa Molina (/wiki/Clarissa_Molina) SLV : Idubina Rivas (/wiki/Idubina_Rivas) FIN : Rosa-Maria Ryyti (/wiki/Rosa-Maria_Ryyti) FRA : Flora Coquerel (/wiki/Flora_Coquerel) GEO : Janet Kerdikoshvili (/wiki/Janet_Kerdikoshvili) DEU : Sarah-Lorraine Riek (/wiki/Sarah-Lorraine_Riek) GHN : Hilda Akua Frimpong (/wiki/Hilda_Akua_Frimpong) GBR : Narissara France (/wiki/Narissara_France) GRE : Mikaela Fotiadis (/wiki/Mikaela_Fotiadis) GUA : Jeimmy Aburto (/wiki/Jeimmy_Aburto) GYN : Shauna Ramdyhan (/wiki/Shauna_Ramdyhan) HAI : Lisa Drouillard (/wiki/Lisa_Drouillard) HUN : Nikoletta Nagy (/wiki/Nikoletta_Nagy) IND : Urvashi Rautela (/wiki/Urvashi_Rautela) IDN : Anindya Kusuma Putri (/wiki/Anindya_Kusuma_Putri) IRL : Joanna Cooper (/wiki/Joanna_Cooper) ISR : Avigail Alfatov (/wiki/Avigail_Alfatov) JAM : Sharlene Rädlein (/wiki/Sharlene_R%C3%A4dlein) JPN : Ariana Miyamoto (/wiki/Ariana_Miyamoto) KOR : Kim Seo-yeon (/wiki/Kim_Seo-yeon) KOS : Mirjeta Shala (/wiki/Mirjeta_Shala) MYS : Vanessa Tevi (/wiki/Vanessa_Tevi) MEX : Wendolly Esparza (/wiki/Wendolly_Esparza) MNG : Maja Čukić (/wiki/Maja_%C4%8Cuki%C4%87) MMR : May Barani Thaw (/wiki/May_Barani_Thaw) NED : Jessie Jazz Vuijk (/wiki/Jessie_Jazz_Vuijk) NZL : Samantha McClung (/wiki/Samantha_McClung) NIC : Daniela Torres (/wiki/Daniela_Torres) NGA : Debbie Collins (/wiki/Debbie_Collins) NOR : Martine Rødseth (/wiki/Martine_R%C3%B8dseth) PAN : Gladys Brandao Amaya (/wiki/Gladys_Brandao) PAR : Myriam Arévalos (/wiki/Myriam_Ar%C3%A9valos) PER : Laura Spoya (/wiki/Laura_Spoya) PHL : Pia Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) POL : Weronika Szmajdzińska (/wiki/Weronika_Szmajdzi%C5%84ska) PUR : Catalina Morales (/wiki/Catalina_Morales) RUS : Vladislava Evtushenko (/wiki/Vladislava_Evtushenko) SRB : Daša Radosavljević (/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Radosavljevi%C4%87) SGP : Lisa Marie White (/wiki/Lisa_Marie_White) SVK : Denisa Vyšňovská (/wiki/Denisa_Vy%C5%A1%C5%88ovsk%C3%A1) ESP : Carla Barber (/wiki/Carla_Garc%C3%ADa) SWE : Paulina Brodd (/wiki/Paulina_Brodd) THA : Aniporn Chalermburanawong (/wiki/Aniporn_Chalermburanawong) TUR : Aslı Melisa Uzun (/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Melisa_Uzun) URU : Bianca Sánchez (/wiki/Bianca_S%C3%A1nchez) USA : Olivia Jordan (/wiki/Olivia_Jordan) VEN : Mariana Jiménez (/wiki/Mariana_Jim%C3%A9nez) VNM : Phạm Hương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) This Angolan biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British businesswoman Jennifer Anne Jankel (born May 1940) [1] (#cite_note-Jankel_Group-1) is a retired British businesswoman (/wiki/Businesswoman) and, since 2011, chair of the Jewish Music Institute (/wiki/Jewish_Music_Institute) in London. [2] (#cite_note-MRJ-2) The daughter of bandleader Joe Loss (/wiki/Joe_Loss) and his wife Mildred, she was educated in London at St Paul's Girls' School (/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Girls%27_School) , Hammersmith (/wiki/Hammersmith) and the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle (/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_Charles_de_Gaulle) in South Kensington (/wiki/South_Kensington) . She became UK managing director and, later, vice-president of French shoe company Charles Jourdan (/wiki/Charles_Jourdan) before opening her own shoe business, [3] (#cite_note-David-3) Luc Berjen. Examples of her shoes are now in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . [4] (#cite_note-V&A-4) She was married to the car designer Robert Jankel (/wiki/Robert_Jankel) from 1962 until his death in 2005. [5] (#cite_note-Chapman-5) The couple, who had three sons and a daughter together, were founder members of North West Surrey Synagogue (/wiki/North_West_Surrey_Synagogue) in Weybridge (/wiki/Weybridge) , [3] (#cite_note-David-3) [6] (#cite_note-Thomas-6) of which she is now president. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Jankel_Group_1-0) "The Jankel Group Limited" (https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/company/04145115-the-jankel-group-limited) . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-MRJ_2-0) "Jennifer Jankel" (https://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/jennifer-jankel/) . Movement for Reform Judaism (/wiki/Movement_for_Reform_Judaism) . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ a b David, Keren (19 June 2017). "Jennifer Jankel: Let's face the music and dance" (https://www.thejc.com/culture/music/jennifer-jankel-jmi-1.440219) . The Jewish Chronicle (/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle) . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-V&A_4-0) "Shoes" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1246616/shoes-luc-berjen/) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . 9 April 1995 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Chapman_5-0) Chapman, Giles (8 June 2005). "Obituary: Robert Jankel" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/robert-jankel-493342.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Thomas_6-0) Thomas, Alastair (23 January 2018). "How Weybridge community founded by phone book has rung the changes" (https://www.thejc.com/community/community-news/how-weybridge-community-founded-by-phone-book-has-rung-the-changes-1.457279?highlight=Jennifer+Jankel) . The Jewish Chronicle (/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle) . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jenny Jankel named as President of North West Surrey Synagogue (NWSS)" (https://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/nwss/) . Movement for Reform Judaism (/wiki/Movement_for_Reform_Judaism) . 24 January 2020 . Retrieved 24 January 2020 . External links [ edit ] Profile on Jewish Music Institute website (https://www.jmi.org.uk/about-us/people/) Interview, 2013 (https://www.jmi.org.uk/podcast/year-jmi-jennifer-jankel-sophie-solomon-interview/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐656d68974c‐5gd2b Cached time: 20240701113355 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.193 seconds Real time usage: 0.318 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 664/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12596/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 693/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25916/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.119/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3936533/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 304.505 1 -total 46.47% 141.492 1 Template:Short_description 44.68% 136.050 1 Template:Reflist 34.10% 103.844 4 Template:Cite_news 26.96% 82.098 4 Template:Main_other 26.20% 79.770 1 Template:SDcat 15.43% 46.987 2 Template:Pagetype 5.45% 16.605 1 Template:EngvarB 4.28% 13.022 2 Template:DMCA 4.05% 12.342 3 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58081499-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701113355 and revision id 1223589131. 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< Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Project‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Project (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7dd97bcdbb‐jjvxw Cached time: 20240722135524 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.005 seconds CPU time usage: 0.095 seconds Real time usage: 0.144 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4769/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4867/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.070/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1375296/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 127.138 1 -total 100.00% 127.138 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 1.54% 1.959 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74100932-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722135524 and revision id 1161339027. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Proposals&oldid=1161339027 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Proposals&oldid=1161339027) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Project-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Hidden category: WikiProject banners without banner shells (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_banners_without_banner_shells)
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000s portal (/wiki/Portal:2000s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2005 (/wiki/2005) . 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_fashion) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_fashion) 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_fashion) 2005 2006 (/wiki/Category:2006_in_fashion) 2007 (/wiki/Category:2007_in_fashion) 2008 (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion) 2009 (/wiki/Category:2009_in_fashion) 2010 (/wiki/Category:2010_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐rn9fz Cached time: 20240718161811 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.150 seconds Real time usage: 0.222 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 161/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4886/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.104/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1355864/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 208.235 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 208.235 1 -total 61.43% 127.910 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 27.53% 57.327 1 Template:Portal 7.22% 15.026 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 5.81% 12.106 1 Template:FindYDCportal 4.88% 10.157 1 Template:Category_other 3.79% 7.898 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.96% 6.160 6 Template:Title_year 1.03% 2.144 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39096663-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718161811 and revision id 949562903. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2005 in fashion" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2005 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2005) M Make Me a Supermodel (British TV series) (/wiki/Make_Me_a_Supermodel_(British_TV_series)) N Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) P Project Runway season 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_1) Project Runway season 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_2) Psycho Bunny (/wiki/Psycho_Bunny) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) W Wedding dress of Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2005_in_fashion&oldid=949562903 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2005_in_fashion&oldid=949562903) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2005 (/wiki/Category:2005) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Czech socialites (/wiki/Socialite) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Czech Republic portal (/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐k4mtx Cached time: 20240715053047 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.039 seconds Real time usage: 0.054 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1148/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.021/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 668488/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 43.046 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 43.046 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25885941-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715053047 and revision id 924063255. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Czech socialites" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . T Ivana Trump (/wiki/Ivana_Trump) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Czech_socialites&oldid=924063255 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Czech_socialites&oldid=924063255) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Czech people by occupation (/wiki/Category:Czech_people_by_occupation) Socialites by nationality (/wiki/Category:Socialites_by_nationality)
Indian fashion retailer and businessman This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( November 2017 ) Umar Kamani Born Umar Kamani ( 1988-03-21 ) 21 March 1988 (age 36) Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) , England Alma mater Manchester Metropolitan University (/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University) Occupations Entrepreneur Fashion retailer, Restaurant partner Known for Co-founder and CEO of PrettyLittleThing (/wiki/PrettyLittleThing) Spouse Nada Adelle Omar Bataweel ​ ​ ( m. 2024) ​ Parent Mahmud Kamani (/wiki/Mahmud_Kamani) Relatives Adam Kamani (/wiki/Adam_Kamani) (brother) Umar Kamani (born 21 March 1988) is an English fashion retailer (/wiki/Fashion_retailer) and businessman. At 24, Kamani and his brother Adam co-founded a fashion firm and online retail company selling clothing, accessories and other items to women mainly aged between 12 and 25, "PrettyLittleThing.com." [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] Boohoo.com [ edit ] In 2006, Kamani began working in the family business as a manager at Boohoo.com (/wiki/Boohoo.com) . In 2014, Boohoo debuted on the Alternative Investment Market (/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market) with a market value of £560 million. [2] (#cite_note-2) This float was a major contribution to the Kamani family's wealth. [3] (#cite_note-3) In September 2016, analysts began speculating that Boohoo.com would acquire PrettyLittleThing after reviewing Boohoo's financials, which showed a 40% increase in turnover to £127.3 million for the half year which ended in August 2016. [4] (#cite_note-4) PrettyLittleThing.com [ edit ] Brothers Umar and Adam Kamani (/wiki/Adam_Kamani) co-founded PrettyLittleThing.com (/wiki/PrettyLittleThing) in January 2012. By the middle of 2013, celebrities including Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) , Michelle Keegan (/wiki/Michelle_Keegan) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) , Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) , Ryan Thomas [5] (#cite_note-5) and Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) had been seen wearing clothing from their rapidly growing fashion retailer. 66% of the company was acquired by Boohoo for £3.3 million in December 2016. The PrettyLittleThing.com (/wiki/PrettyLittleThing) team grew from 65 to 300 employees from 2014 to the end of 2015. This increase was to accommodate the workload influx from fulfilling 20 orders a day in 2014 to shipping 20,000 parcels a day by the middle of 2015. [6] (#cite_note-6) Additionally Umar reported a 500% increase in full-year sales to £30 million. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2016, PrettyLittleThing opened their flagship USA location in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) . The launch party was hosted by Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In May 2020, Kamani sold his 34 per cent remaining stake in PrettyLittleThing.com to BooHoo for £330 million. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) The deal gave him £161 million in cash and a stake worth roughly 2.6 percent in Boohoo. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) In April 2023, Kamani announced he was stepping down as Chief Executive at PrettyLittleThing.com. [10] (#cite_note-10) Personal life [ edit ] Kamani married British-Saudi model Nada Adelle in May 2024. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Brothers plan to grow PrettyLittle brand to big thing" (http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/enterprise/brothers-plan-grow-prettylittle-brand-6065745) . Manchester Evening News . 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Family behind Boohoo.com pocket £240m from sale of company shares" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/07/boohoo-sale-company-shares) . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Boohoo raises a smile for Manchester's Kamani family" (https://www.ft.com/content/c4a97b8c-a603-11e3-b9ed-00144feab7de) . Financial Times . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Boohoo.com mulls Pretty Little Thing acquisition" (http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/740348-boohoo.com-mulls-pretty-little-thing-acquisition.html) . The Business Desk . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Panther, Lewis (9 July 2016). "Coronation Street star Ryan Thomas lands his first Hollywood role - but it's not in a film" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/coronation-street-star-ryan-thomas-8387408) . Mirror . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Umar Kamani on making Pretty Little Thing the next big thing" (http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/umar-kamani-making-pretty-little-9150671) . Manchester Evening News . 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Boohoo.com founder's son racks up sales of £30m with online fashion venture PrettyLittleThing" (https://www.retail-week.com/sectors/fashion/boohoo-founders-son-racks-up-30m-annual-sales-with-prettylittlething/7003066.article) . Retail Week . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Kylie Jenner Rocks Tamara Mellon Heels At Pretty Little Thing's U.S.A. Launch" (http://footwearnews.com/2016/fn-spy/parties/kylie-jenner-rocks-tamara-mellon-heels-pretty-little-things-launch-238593/) . Footwear News . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ a b Editor, Ashley Armstrong, Retail. "Pretty Little Thing's Umar Kamani got £3.4m dividend before selling out to Boohoo, run by his father" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pretty-little-things-umar-kamani-got-3-4m-dividend-before-selling-out-to-boohoo-run-by-his-father-q38zx73mc) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Editor, Isabella Fish, Retail. "PrettyLittleThing co-founder Umar Kamani quits Boohoo Group" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prettylittlething-co-founder-umar-kamani-quits-boohoo-group-k0f89mnhv) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Humphries, Will (5 May 2024). "Fashion tycoon marries in extravagant four-day wedding" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fashion-tycoon-marries-in-extravagant-four-day-wedding-mnl8clwr5) . The Times . 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A gentleman and a lady in smock. Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany. Ghana's former president John Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock. A boy wearing a heavy smock A man wearing a light smock A sleeveless smock in display The Ghanaian Smock or Tani is a fabric worn by both women and men in Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) . [1] (#cite_note-mysite-1) It is the most popular traditional attire in the country. The fabric is called Tani in Dagbani (/wiki/Dagbani_language) , while the male and female wear are respectively called Bin'gmaa and Bin'mangli . The smock is formally worn with a hat (zipligu)/ scarf (bobga), footwear (muɣri), and a trouser (kurugu). [ citation needed ] The smock was famously worn by Ghana's founding fathers (/wiki/The_Big_Six_(Ghana)) when they declared Ghana's independence (/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ghana)) from the British (/wiki/British_Empire) on March 6, 1957. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Other names [ edit ] The smock is also called Bun-nwↃ or Bana by Mamprusis (/wiki/Mampruli_language) , fugu in Mossi (/wiki/Mossi_people) , batakari in the southern Ghana, dansika in Frafra (/wiki/Farefare_language) , and Banaa in Kusaal (/wiki/Kusaal_language) both in the upper east region (/wiki/Upper_East_Region) . [4] (#cite_note-Ghana_Committee_for_the_Implementaion_of_Textile_Agreements-4) It is worn by Royals and civilians across Dagbon (/wiki/Dagbon) and other northern regions, but popular across Ghana. The smock originated in the northern region of Ghana, during the reign of Yaa Naa (/wiki/Yaa_Naa) Zanjina (/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dagbon) , but widely used in West Africa and across the world. It is similar to the national attire of Burkina Faso (/wiki/Burkina_Faso) known as faso dan fadi . The smock and Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) are the national dress (/wiki/National_dress) of Ghana. Kente cloth originated in the southern region of Ghana. How it is made [ edit ] The smock is traditionally made from hand-loomed strips comprising a blend of dyed and undyed cotton yarns. It is intricately sewn together by hand, resulting in a distinctive plaid pattern that characterizes the smock. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Some variations showcase additional artistic elements, such as embroidery adorning the neckline. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) A significant accessory to the smock is the Zipligu, a hat worn in conjunction with this traditional attire. [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) An interesting aspect of the production process is the division of labour: women are traditionally responsible for making the strips, while men take on the task of making the smock itself. Origin [ edit ] The smock was introduced in the 1600s during the reign of Yaa Naa (/wiki/Yaa_Naa) Zanjina (/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dagbon) . [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) [10] (#cite_note-:6-10) It predates the modern suit (/wiki/Suit) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Today, the smock has been adopted widely outside Dagbon (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon) . The smock in the West [ edit ] Historically, the smock was rarely seen in the West. As recently as the 1990s, immigrants from Ghana were the only individuals seen wearing the smock. All of that changed as the popularity of films produced in Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) increased among Black Americans (/wiki/Black_Americans) and Caribbeans (/wiki/Caribbean) . In recent years people of African descent (/wiki/African_descent) have started wearing smocks to churches (/wiki/Church_service) , mosques (/wiki/Mosque) , African festivals (/wiki/Festivals) , and Kwanzaa (/wiki/Kwanzaa) celebrations in major Western cities like New York (/wiki/New_York_City) and Kingston, Jamaica (/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica) . Popular culture and art [ edit ] Purple Hibiscus [ edit ] Purple Hibiscus was a temporary, large-scale public art installation created by Ghanaian artist Ibrahim Mahama (/wiki/Ibrahim_Mahama_(artist)) . Unveiled in April 2024, it transformed the facade of the Barbican Centre (/wiki/Barbican_Centre) , a brutalist art (/wiki/Brutalist_architecture) and conference centre, in London, England (/wiki/London) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) It was part of the Barbican Centre's exhibition "Unravel: The Power & Politics of Textiles in Art." The installation was on display from April 10 to August 18, 2024. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Description [ edit ] The centrepiece of Purple Hibiscus was approximately 2,000 square meters of bespoke, hand-woven pink and purple fabric. Hundreds of craftspeople from Tamale, Ghana (/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana) , created this fabric specifically for the installation. [10] (#cite_note-:6-10) Sewn onto the fabric were roughly 100 "batakari" robes, traditionally worn by Ghanaians (/wiki/Ghanaians) in both northern and southern regions. Mahama acquired these robes through barter and exchange within communities across Northern Ghana. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) Significance The title, Purple Hibiscus, referenced Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie) 's novel of the same name, which explores themes of family, tradition, and change in post-colonial Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) . The vibrant colours and textures of the installation contrasted starkly with the Barbican's concrete exterior. [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) Mahama's use of handcrafted textiles highlighted the importance of human labour and traditional craft practices. The batakari robes themselves embodied the concept of intergenerational knowledge and cultural heritage. The artwork sparked discussions about colonialism, trade, and the history embedded within everyday objects. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) I Knew Nothing Till You Taught Me [ edit ] A man is seen wearing a smock in the opening scene of the Jackie Aygemang (/wiki/Jackie_Aygemang) movie, I Knew Nothing Till You Taught Me . See also [ edit ] Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) National costume (/wiki/National_costume) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-mysite_1-0) "Northern Ghana Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm) . Archived from the original (http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm) on 2014-09-11 . Retrieved 2009-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Smock Fashion Culture in Ghana's Dress Identity-Making" (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=92447e90f707e902f0a31ef03d1e30c3b091b260) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Bernard Monarh details history behind Nkrumah's Independence Smock" (https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bernard-Monarh-details-history-behind-Nkrumah-rsquo-s-Independence-Smock-1849916) . ^ (#cite_ref-Ghana_Committee_for_the_Implementaion_of_Textile_Agreements_4-0) "CULTURE AND CULTURAL PRACTICES AND THE MOTIVE BEHIND THEM B" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090109065939/http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/fr2003/deter9.htm) . Archived from the original (http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/fr2003/deter9.htm) on 2009-01-09 . Retrieved 2009-01-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Folkwear. "Inspiration for the Ghanaian Smock" (https://www.folkwear.com/blogs/news/inspiration-for-the-ghanaian-smock) . Folkwear . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Smock Fashion Culture in Ghana's Dress Identity-Making" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319417874) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ghana Month: Styles and meanings portrayed by wearing of 'fugu' hat - MyJoyOnline" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-month-styles-and-meanings-portrayed-by-wearing-of-fugu-hat/) . www.myjoyonline.com . 2021-03-11 . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b Quaye, Grace Tsotsoo (2023-03-07). "Ghana Month: Northern Styles Of Wearing A Hat And What They Mean" (https://www.theghanareport.com/ghana-month-northern-styles-of-wearing-a-hat-and-what-they-mean/) . The Ghana Report . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b "2–11: Naa Zanjina" (https://www.adrummerstestament.com/2/2-11_The_Chieftaincy_of_Naa_Zanjina_web_chapter.html) . www.adrummerstestament.com . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Islam and the Dagbon Traditional Political System: Na Zangina's Reign" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373579713) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Do You Know the History of the Suit?" (https://www.montagio.com.au/cms/the-history-of-the-mens-suit) . www.montagio.com.au . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . Duration: 39 seconds. 0:39 A female smock weaver at work External links [ edit ] Media related to Ghanaian smocks (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghanaian_smocks) at Wikimedia Commons I Knew Nothing Until You Taught Me on DVD. (http://www.africanmoviesmall.com/ViewProduct.asp?ModelNumber=SE-076) Buying a smock - Dead Link Feb 24 (http://ryanaroundtheworld.blogspot.com/2009/01/smock-talk.html) Kente Cloth (http://kentecloth.net) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐bdssd Cached time: 20240719054806 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.269 seconds Real time usage: 0.552 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 813/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18471/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 756/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40584/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.168/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15140220/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 285.731 1 -total 42.39% 121.112 1 Template:Reflist 36.14% 103.254 11 Template:Cite_web 26.94% 76.977 1 Template:Transl 20.00% 57.154 1 Template:Cn 13.34% 38.116 1 Template:Fix 8.71% 24.883 2 Template:Category_handler 8.57% 24.475 1 Template:Commonscatinline 7.76% 22.162 1 Template:Sister-inline 2.00% 5.720 1 Template:Delink Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21213877-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719054806 and revision id 1226849511. 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Textile upcycling company in Los Angeles Suay Sew Shop Formation 2017 ; 7 years ago ( 2017 ) Founder Tina Dosewell Lindsay Rose Medoff Headquarters Frogtown, Los Angeles (/wiki/Frogtown,_Los_Angeles) CEO Lindsay Rose Medoff Website https://suayla.com (https://suayla.com) Suay Sew Shop is a sustainable clothing and accessory manufacturing company based in Frogtown, Los Angeles (/wiki/Frogtown,_Los_Angeles) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Through upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) of textiles, Suay reclaims used garments and uses them to create new items. Activity [ edit ] Suay Sew Shop was founded in late 2017 by Lindsay Rose Medoff (now the chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) along with Tina Dosewell. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) The two met in 2004 through the local sewing community. [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) After working in the field of recycled and reworked clothing for over a decade, during which she also spent time as an organic farmer (/wiki/Organic_farming) , Medoff opened Suay for the initial purpose of manufacturing Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) 's "ReCrafted" line of apparel made from recycled Patagonia gear. The shop subsequently entered several other partnerships with corporations. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The name Suay means "beautiful" in Dosewell's native Thai language (/wiki/Thai_language) . [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) We are focused on helping individuals participate in a community-based cleanup economy. Suay CEO Lindsay Rose Medoff [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) shifted the focus of Suay's activity. Setting corporate partnerships aside, the organization instead developed a high-filtration face mask (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) made from shop towels (/w/index.php?title=Shop_towel&action=edit&redlink=1) , a design that was endorsed by Cleveland Clinic (/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic) . By January 2021, the shop had donated over 220,000 of the masks to individuals in high-risk environments as well as schools, hospitals, and organizations including Refugee Health Alliance (/w/index.php?title=Refugee_Health_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1) , Seeding Sovereignty (/w/index.php?title=Seeding_Sovereignty&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Watts Community Core (/w/index.php?title=Watts_Community_Core&action=edit&redlink=1) . Suay additionally began a food distribution program for garment workers (/wiki/Garment_worker) and a textile upcycling program at the local level. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) As of September 2022, Suay was planning a partnership with the National Day Laborer Organizing Network (/wiki/National_Day_Laborer_Organizing_Network) . [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) Food distribution [ edit ] Through a program dubbed "Know Your Grower, Know Your Sewer", Suay has provided garment workers in the Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) area who had been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with fresh produce (/wiki/Produce) for themselves and their families. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The program, a partnership with Frecker Farms (/w/index.php?title=Frecker_Farms&action=edit&redlink=1) and the Garment Worker Center (/w/index.php?title=Garment_Worker_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) , [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) functions as a one for one (/wiki/One_for_one) process in which customers can donate a produce box by buying one for themselves, or can choose to only donate. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Textile upcycling and repair [ edit ] Suay collects donations of old clothing and other fabric items from the local community. Repairable items are fixed and given away for free, while other pieces are upcycled (/wiki/Upcycling) into new items to be sold [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) at an onsite retail store. Products include pants and shorts, beanies (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) , and sweatshirts among other items. [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) As of March 2021 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suay_Sew_Shop&action=edit) , the shop was taking in thousands of pounds of textiles per week for repair or upcycling. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) As of September 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suay_Sew_Shop&action=edit) , Suay had diverted 381 short tons (346 metric tons) of clothing from landfills. [3] (#cite_note-:5-3) The shop additionally offers clothing repair services, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) fixing customers' damaged items with a turnaround time of three to seven days. [6] (#cite_note-6) Costs for repair range from $10 to $40, with proceeds going to a fund for LA garment workers. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Tailoring (/wiki/Tailoring) , clothing customization, and quilting (/wiki/Quilting) are also offered, and a dye bath (/wiki/Dyeing) open to the community for $12 to $16 per pound allows customers to re-dye their textiles in any of three colors Suay chooses each month. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Structure [ edit ] Suay exists to prove you can supply open air, bright light, a true living wage, security, safety and career advancement to your production team and still have a business. Lindsay Rose Medoff [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) Suay employs 30 sewers (/wiki/Sewing) as of January 2021 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suay_Sew_Shop&action=edit) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) These employees are paid above minimum wage (/wiki/Minimum_wage) and play a role in the decision-making process at the company for various matters including the hiring process (/wiki/Recruitment) . [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) The company is planned to become worker-owned (/wiki/Worker_cooperative) within the next few years, and intends to expand to other cities. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) The central ethos of Suay is circular production (/wiki/Circular_economy) , in which textiles are reused and upcycled for as long as possible Awards [ edit ] Suay founder and CEO Lindsay Rose Medoff was named one of 11 "Women of the Year" for 2021 by Time Out for her work with the shop. [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Stuart, Gwynedd (January 14, 2021). "During the Pandemic, Frogtown's Suay Sew Shop Took Its Activist Mission to the Next Level" (https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/suay-sew-shop/) . Los Angeles Magazine (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Magazine) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211020190401/https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/suay-sew-shop/) from the original on October 20, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gragert, Anna (December 7, 2021). "L.A.'s Suay Sew Shop Is Creating A Movement Around Reuse and Sustainable Shopping By Turning Over 250 Tons Of Textile Waste Into Brand-New Apparel" (https://bust.com/living/198588-suay-sew-shop-reuse-movement.html) . Bust (/wiki/Bust_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211208115843/https://bust.com/living/198588-suay-sew-shop-reuse-movement.html) from the original on December 8, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ramirez, Erika (September 14, 2022). "What would it look like to truly transform the fashion industry from the ground up?" (https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/image/story/2022-09-14/image-makers-suay-sew-shop-is-transforming-the-los-angeles-fashion-industry-from-ground-up) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved September 16, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farra, Emily (June 23, 2020). "L.A.'s Garment Workers Are Facing an Economic Crisis—Here's How You Can Help" (https://www.vogue.com/article/suay-upcycling-shop-los-angeles-garment-workers-farm-boxes) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808210525/https://www.vogue.com/article/suay-upcycling-shop-los-angeles-garment-workers-farm-boxes) from the original on August 8, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chua, Jasmin Malik. "Can The Age-Old Art Of Mending Make Sustainable Fashion More Accessible?" (https://www.nylon.com/fashion/mending-sustainable-fashion-movement) . Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808210527/https://www.nylon.com/fashion/mending-sustainable-fashion-movement) from the original on August 8, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cernansky, Rachel (May 5, 2022). "Costly, time-consuming and a sales barrier: Why fashion hates repairs" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/costly-time-consuming-and-a-sales-barrier-why-fashion-hates-repairs) . Vogue Business (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220528191351/https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/costly-time-consuming-and-a-sales-barrier-why-fashion-hates-repairs) from the original on May 28, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Medina, Sarah (March 15, 2021). "11 Women Who Changed the World In the Last Year" (https://www.timeout.com/usa/things-to-do/women-of-the-year-2021) . Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220425130803/https://www.timeout.com/usa/things-to-do/women-of-the-year-2021) from the original on April 25, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . 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Italian fashion magazine You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giornale_delle_dame_e_delle_mode_di_Francia) in Italian . (February 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View (https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIl_Giornale_delle_dame_e_delle_mode_di_Francia&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en) a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic (/wiki/Template:Expand_Italian#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 700 articles in the main category (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Italian_Wikipedia) , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Il Giornale delle dame e delle mode di Francia]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Il Giornale delle dame e delle mode di Francia}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Giornale_delle_Dame_e_delle_Mode_di_Francia) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Giornale delle Dame e delle Mode di Francia , was an Italian fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) , published between 1786 and 1794. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is recognized to be one of the first fashion magazines in the world. [2] (#cite_note-2) The magazine was preceded by the Cabinet des Modes (/wiki/Cabinet_des_Modes) , which became the world's first fashion magazine one year prior, and was followed by Journal des Luxus und der Moden (/wiki/Journal_des_Luxus_und_der_Moden) (1786-1827) in Germany and Giornale delle Dame e delle Mode di Francia in Italy (1786-1794), which thereby became the second and the third fashion magazine in the world, respectively. As the French fashion magazine was discontinued during the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) , its two foreign successors came to have a leading role in the fashion journalism of Europe for several years, when the branch was still a new a pioneer one. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kate Nelson Best, The History of Fashion Journalism (https://books.google.com/books?id=6L9NDQAAQBAJ&dq=Cabinet+des+modes+first+fashion+magazine&pg=PT30) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Koning, Georgette, and Els Verhaak. New for Now: the Origin of Fashion Magazines. Translated by Lynne Richards. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, 2015 This fashion magazine or journal-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giornale_delle_Dame_e_delle_Mode_di_Francia&action=edit) . See tips for writing articles about magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) . 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" Cynthia " was a mannequin (/wiki/Mannequin) created in 1932 by Lester Gaba (/wiki/Lester_Gaba) , a sculptor, retail display designer and later a teacher and writer. An unusually natural and human-looking mannequin, Gaba used the attention Cynthia garnered to further anthropomorphize (/wiki/Anthropomorphism) her. As a result, Gaba and Cynthia became famous, with Gaba becoming known for his mannequins, and with Cynthia appearing on the cover of Life magazine, and being invited to the wedding of the former Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) and Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) in 1937. [1] (#cite_note-mf-1) Gaba's development of lighter-weight mannequins, with more natural, human features, along with Cynthia's popularity impacted the use of mannequins in retail sales marketing. History [ edit ] In 1932, artist Lester Gaba created Cynthia for Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , a 100-pound (45 kg) plaster model who, unusually, had realistic human imperfections like freckles (/wiki/Freckle) , pigeon toes (/wiki/Pigeon_toe) , and even different sized feet. [1] (#cite_note-mf-1) Gaba posed with Cynthia around New York City for a Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine shoot, and Cynthia appeared on the cover of the magazine, humorously demonstrating how life-like mannequins had become. Gaba further anthropomorphized (/wiki/Anthropomorphism) Cynthia, and she began to receive invitations, fan mail (/wiki/Fan_mail) and gifts, and to attend events. Gaba insisted that Cynthia had laryngitis (/wiki/Laryngitis) , to account for her lack of speech during personal appearances. Additionally, a whole host of "Gaba Girls" were to follow. The Gaba Girls were life-sized, carved-soap (/w/index.php?title=Carved_soap&action=edit&redlink=1) mannequins modeled after well-known New York debutantes for the windows of Best & Company (/wiki/Best_%26_Company) . They were much lighter, at 30 pounds (14 kg), than the typical 200-pound (91 kg) New York store mannequin. With the Gaba Girls and their realistic successors’ appeal, mannequins became an important new tool used by sellers to attract their clientele. Cynthia herself soon became dazzlingly famous. Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_SA) and Tiffany (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) sent her jewelry, Lilly Daché (/wiki/Lilly_Dach%C3%A9) designed hats for her, and couturiers (/wiki/Couturier) sent her their latest fashions, furrieries sent minks. Cynthia began to receive large quantities of fan mail and was photographed by Alfred Eisenstaedt (/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt) . She was given a credit card from Saks Fifth Avenue, and had a box seat subscription to the Metropolitan Opera House (/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera) . She had her own newspaper column and a successful radio show. In 1938, she went to Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) to appear in the movie Artists and Models Abroad (/wiki/Artists_and_Models_Abroad) . In 1939, she was back in New York to see the notorious play Madame Bovary (/wiki/Madame_Bovary) at the Broadhurst Theater (/wiki/Broadhurst_Theater) . Cynthia met her demise when she slipped from a chair in a beauty salon and shattered. [1] (#cite_note-mf-1) The press reported her death, and Gaba appeared distraught, but eventually reconstructed her. In December 1942, however, Gaba was inducted into the Army. Cynthia retired, and it wasn't until 1953 that she came back to the public in a TV show. But the magic was over, and Cynthia was soon to be stored in a cupboard for good. [ verification needed ] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Conradt, Stacy (February 12, 2012). "In the 1930s, a Mono-Named Mannequin Took New York by Storm" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120214213000/http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/116563) . Mental Floss . Archived from the original (http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/116563) on February 14, 2012 . Retrieved February 15, 2012 . Further reading [ edit ] ” Mannequin Pixie Dream Girl (https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/mannequin-pixie-dream-girl/) ”. 99 Percent Invisible , ep. 380. 26 Nov 2019. ” Our Mannequins, Ourselves (https://beta.prx.org/stories/438844) ”. Articles of Interest . 10 May 2022. 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This category holds contestants in the different Top Model franchises (/wiki/Top_Model_series) of the world. Do not add to this category if the article belongs to one of the subcategories. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐bss22 Cached time: 20240712160236 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.005 seconds Real time usage: 0.009 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 2/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34947621-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712160236 and revision id 986430014. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. A America's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/Category:America%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) ‎ (1 C, 29 P) B Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/Category:Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) ‎ (17 P) C Canada's Next Top Model participants (/wiki/Category:Canada%27s_Next_Top_Model_participants) ‎ (3 P) N Next Top Model winners (/wiki/Category:Next_Top_Model_winners) ‎ (3 C, 44 P) T Top Model finalists (/wiki/Category:Top_Model_finalists) ‎ (1 C, 23 P) Pages in category " Top Model contestants" The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . List of Asia's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/List_of_Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) List of China's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/List_of_China%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) List of Mexico's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/List_of_Mexico%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) List of Vietnam's Next Top Model contestants (/wiki/List_of_Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) A Jessica Amornkuldilok (/wiki/Jessica_Amornkuldilok) B Jess Bush (/wiki/Jess_Bush) C Helena Chan (/wiki/Helena_Chan) Choi Han-bit (/wiki/Choi_Han-bit) Lori Chow (/wiki/Lori_Chow) Madeline Cowe (/wiki/Madeline_Cowe) D Samantha Downie (/wiki/Samantha_Downie) E Fiona Erdmann (/wiki/Fiona_Erdmann) F Giuliana Farfalla (/wiki/Giuliana_Farfalla) G India Gants (/wiki/India_Gants) Kate Grigorieva (/wiki/Kate_Grigorieva) H Vanessa Hegelmaier (/wiki/Vanessa_Hegelmaier) I Yulia Ivanova (model) (/wiki/Yulia_Ivanova_(model)) J Laura James (/wiki/Laura_James) HoYeon Jung (/wiki/HoYeon_Jung) K Milla von Krockow (/wiki/Milla_von_Krockow) Senem Kuyucuoğlu (/wiki/Senem_Kuyucuo%C4%9Flu) L Aamito Lagum (/wiki/Aamito_Lagum) Sarah Lawrence (actress) (/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_(actress)) List of Germany's Next Topmodel contestants (/wiki/List_of_Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_contestants) Gina-Lisa Lohfink (/wiki/Gina-Lisa_Lohfink) M May Myat Noe (/wiki/May_Myat_Noe) N H'Hen Niê (/wiki/H%27Hen_Ni%C3%AA) P Phạm Hương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) Aastha Pokharel (/wiki/Aastha_Pokharel) R Gwendoline Ruais (/wiki/Gwendoline_Ruais) S Rubini Sambanthan (/wiki/Rubini_Sambanthan) Micaela Schäfer (/wiki/Micaela_Sch%C3%A4fer) Miro Slavov (/wiki/Miro_Slavov) Magdalena Swat (/wiki/Magdalena_Swat) T Romana Tabak (/wiki/Romana_Tabak) Josephine Tan (/wiki/Josephine_Tan) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Top_Model_contestants&oldid=986430014 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Top_Model_contestants&oldid=986430014) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Reality modeling competition participants (/wiki/Category:Reality_modeling_competition_participants) Top Model (/wiki/Category:Top_Model) 21st-century people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_people)
Italian women's magazine (1937–2018) Gioia Editor in Chief (/wiki/Editor_in_Chief) Maria Elena Viola Former editors Marina Fausti Categories Women's magazine (/wiki/Women%27s_magazine) Fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) Frequency Weekly Publisher Hearst Magazines Italia Founded 1937 First issue 7 March 1937 Final issue 2018 Company Hearst Magazines (/wiki/Hearst_Magazines) Country Italy Based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) Language Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) Gioia ( Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) : Joy ) was a weekly fashion and women's magazine (/wiki/Women%27s_magazine) published in Milan, Italy, between 1937 and 2018. History and profile [ edit ] Gioia was first published on 7 March 1937. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Its owner and publisher was Rusconi Editore S.p.A. [3] (#cite_note-wipo-3) The owner of the company was Edilio Rusconi, an Italian journalist, writer, publisher and film producer. [4] (#cite_note-bran-4) The company acquired the magazine in 1954 and first published it under the name Rusconi A Polazzi Editore in December 1956. [3] (#cite_note-wipo-3) The company was the founder and owner of news magazine Gente (/wiki/Gente_(magazine)) . [4] (#cite_note-bran-4) [5] (#cite_note-lag-5) In February 1999 Hachette Filipacchi Médias (/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias) , a subsidiary of Lagardère SCA (/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_SCA) , bought majority stake (90%) of Rusconi Group, the owner of Rusconi Editore S.p.A. [5] (#cite_note-lag-5) Then Gioia began to be published by Hachette Rusconi. [6] (#cite_note-fran-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2011 Hearst Magazines (/wiki/Hearst_Magazines) acquired it from Hachette Rusconi. [6] (#cite_note-fran-6) [8] (#cite_note-8) Following the acquisition Hachette Rusconi changed its name to Hearst Magazines Italia. [6] (#cite_note-fran-6) Gioia was published weekly by Hearst Magazines Italia. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-mii-10) The headquarters of the weekly was in Milan. [10] (#cite_note-mii-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) The magazine covered articles about beauty, fashion and health. [12] (#cite_note-ad30-12) Its target audience was middle-class (/wiki/Middle-class) women over 30. [12] (#cite_note-ad30-12) From 2002 to 2006 Marina Fausti served as the co- editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) of Gioia . [13] (#cite_note-13) Maria Elena Viola also served in the post. [12] (#cite_note-ad30-12) The weekly was redesigned in June 2013. [12] (#cite_note-ad30-12) The website was relaunched in July 2015. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2018 Gioia ceased publication. [15] (#cite_note-15) Circulation [ edit ] Gioia sold 403,246 copies in 1984. [16] (#cite_note-16) Its circulation was 197,000 copies in 2007. [17] (#cite_note-17) See also [ edit ] List of magazines in Italy (/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "1940s/1950s/Early 1960s Italian Women's Magazines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220525013005/https://www.listal.com/list/1940s1950searly-1960s-italian-womens-magazines) . Listal . 28 January 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.listal.com/list/1940s1950searly-1960s-italian-womens-magazines) on 25 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Paolo Puppa; Luca Somigli, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies . New York; London: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . p. 979. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-135-45529-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Administrative panel decision" (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2001/d2001-0886.html) . WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center . 5 October 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Edilio Rusconi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150219163149/http://www.brandmilano.org/en/edilio-rusconi-2/) . Brand Milano . Archived from the original (http://www.brandmilano.org/en/edilio-rusconi-2/) on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hachette Filipacchi Médias acquiert la majorité du Groupe Rusconi" (http://www.lagardere.com/centre-presse/communiques-de-presse/communiques-de-presse-122.html&idpress=2413) (Press release) . Lagardère Group (in French). Paris. 3 February 1999 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hearst completa l'acquisizione di Hachette Rusconi" (http://www.francoabruzzo.it/document.asp?DID=6750) . Franco Abruzzo (in Italian). Milan. 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Maria Lombardo (2009). "Italia: i pericoli dell'omologazione" (https://books.google.com/books?id=aSYwsOs37ZwC&pg=PA33) . In Maria Lombardo (ed.). Giornali d'Europa (in Italian). Catania: editpress (/wiki/Editpress) . p. 33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-89726-30-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Daniele Lepido (6 July 2011). "Il gruppo Hearst fa shopping nei periodici italiani" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/economia/2011-07-05/gruppo-hearst-shopping-periodici-212735.shtml?uuid=Aa8pIalD) . Il Sole 24 Ore (/wiki/Il_Sole_24_Ore) (in Italian) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Pubblicita" (http://www.hearst.it/pubblicita.html) . Hearst Magazines Italia . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Best Italian Fashion, Beauty and Style Magazines" (http://www.made-in-italy.com/italian-fashion/magazines) . Made in Italy . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Factsheet" (http://www.adnative.net/switzerland/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/gioia/?PARAM1=RM4GM8#.VTza7mTtmko) . Adnative . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "New format for Gioia" (http://www.adnative.net/switzerland/media-news-events/news-detail/?newsid=102446&title=italy-new-format-for-gioia) . Adnative . 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Marina Faustina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022459/http://195.75.145.68/whoiswho/ricerca.php?code=WBWWWLJAWW) . Who's Who in Italy . Archived from the original (http://195.75.145.68/whoiswho/ricerca.php?code=WBWWWLJAWW) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Hearst Magazines Italia presenta "Gioia, l'evoluzione di un femminile autentico" e lancia il nuovo Gioia.it" (http://www.mediakey.tv/index.php?id=leggi-news&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=54425&cHash=fa82f4f90894e49213349845f394d9ce) . mediakey.tv (in Italian). 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Caterina Varpi (3 September 2018). "Hearst chiude Gioia! e trasforma Elle in settimanale" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013319/https://www.engage.it/media/hearst-trasforma-elle-in-settimanale-e-chiude-gioia/157765) . Engage (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.engage.it/media/hearst-trasforma-elle-in-settimanale-e-chiude-gioia/157765) on 17 January 2019 . Retrieved 30 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Maria Teresa Crisci. "Relationships between numbers of readers per copy and the characteristics of magazines" (http://www.pdrf.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/196.pdf) (PDF) . Print and Digital Research Forum . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Anne Austin; et al. (2008). "Western Europe Market and Media Fact" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150205131709/http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20%26%20MediaFact%202008.pdf) (PDF) . Zenith Optimedia . Archived from the original (http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20&%20MediaFact%202008.pdf) (PDF) on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gioia_(magazine)&oldid=1227230824 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gioia_(magazine)&oldid=1227230824) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1937 establishments in Italy (/wiki/Category:1937_establishments_in_Italy) 2018 disestablishments in Italy (/wiki/Category:2018_disestablishments_in_Italy) Defunct magazines published in Italy (/wiki/Category:Defunct_magazines_published_in_Italy) Defunct Italian-language magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_Italian-language_magazines) Defunct women's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines) Defunct women's magazines published in Italy (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_magazines_published_in_Italy) Lifestyle magazines (/wiki/Category:Lifestyle_magazines) Magazines established in 1937 (/wiki/Category:Magazines_established_in_1937) Magazines disestablished in 2018 (/wiki/Category:Magazines_disestablished_in_2018) Magazines published in Milan (/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_Milan) Weekly magazines published in Italy (/wiki/Category:Weekly_magazines_published_in_Italy) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2022) Articles containing Italian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1998 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1998) 1999 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1999) 2000 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2000) 2001 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2002) 2003 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2008) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐752l5 Cached time: 20240719112811 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.080 seconds Real time usage: 0.134 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 50/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.060/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 947603/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 123.565 1 -total 73.80% 91.191 1 Template:Navseasoncats 26.08% 32.227 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57060341-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719112811 and revision id 914445689. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2003" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 361 Degrees (/wiki/361_Degrees) C Chip and Pepper (/wiki/Chip_and_Pepper) Commando (company) (/wiki/Commando_(company)) H The Hundreds (/wiki/The_Hundreds) J Jovovich–Hawk (/wiki/Jovovich%E2%80%93Hawk) K Keen (shoe company) (/wiki/Keen_(shoe_company)) L Lilliput Kidswear (/wiki/Lilliput_Kidswear) M Moods of Norway (/wiki/Moods_of_Norway) S Sting Sports (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) W Webb Ellis (sportswear) (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Wunderkind (fashion) (/wiki/Wunderkind_(fashion)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2003&oldid=914445689 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2003&oldid=914445689) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2003 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2003) Manufacturing companies established in 2003 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2003) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment)
For the table tennis player, see An Jae-hyun (/wiki/An_Jae-hyun) . South Korean actor In this Korean name (/wiki/Korean_name) , the family name is Ahn (/wiki/Ahn_(Korean_surname)) . Ahn Jae-hyun Born ( 1987-07-01 ) July 1, 1987 (age 37) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea Occupation(s) Model, actor Years active 2009–present Agents ESteem (/wiki/ESteem_Entertainment) (modeling) HB Entertainment (acting) Height 186 cm (6 ft 1 in) Spouse Koo Hye-sun (/wiki/Koo_Hye-sun) ​ ​ ( m. 2016; div. 2019) ​ Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 안재현 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 安宰賢 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) An Jae-hyeon McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) An Chaehyŏn Ahn Jae-hyun ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 안재현 ; born July 1, 1987) is a South Korean model and actor. He is best known for his roles in television dramas such as You're All Surrounded (/wiki/You%27re_All_Surrounded) (2014), Blood (/wiki/Blood_(South_Korean_TV_series)) (2015), Cinderella with Four Knights (/wiki/Cinderella_with_Four_Knights) (2016), Reunited Worlds (/wiki/Reunited_Worlds) (2017), The Beauty Inside (2018), Love with Flaws (/wiki/Love_with_Flaws) (2019) and The Real Has Come! (/wiki/The_Real_Has_Come!) (2023). Career [ edit ] Ahn Jae-hyun began his entertainment career as a fashion model in 2009, appearing in runway shows, magazine editorials and commercials. He gained recognition in 2011 while playing a delivery man in the cable variety show Lee Soo-geun and Kim Byung-man's High Society . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) He also appeared in several music videos (/wiki/Music_video) , including "Sad Song" by Baek A-yeon (/wiki/Baek_A-yeon) , "Please Don't" by K.Will (/wiki/K.Will) , and " Gone Not Around Any Longer (/wiki/Gone_Not_Around_Any_Longer) " by Sistar19 (/wiki/Sistar19) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2013, Ahn's popularity rose while playing actress Jun Ji-hyun (/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun) 's younger brother in the hit drama My Love from Another Star (/wiki/My_Love_from_Another_Star) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) This led to more acting offers in 2014, including a role in police comedy You're All Surrounded (/wiki/You%27re_All_Surrounded) [7] (#cite_note-7) and the webtoon film adaptation Fashion King (/wiki/Fashion_King_(film)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) The same year, he was appointed to be MC for Mnet (/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)) 's weekly music program M Countdown (/wiki/M_Countdown) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2015, Ahn played his first leading role as a vampire doctor in Blood (/wiki/Blood_(South_Korean_TV_series)) , [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) and appeared in the two-episode fantasy drama Snow Lotus Flower alongside Lee Ji-ah (/wiki/Lee_Ji-ah) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2016, Ahn starred in tvN (/wiki/TvN) 's romantic comedy series Cinderella with Four Knights (/wiki/Cinderella_with_Four_Knights) , playing a chaebol and playboy vying for the main female lead's heart. [14] (#cite_note-14) He won the Top Excellence Award at the 9th Korea Drama Awards (/wiki/Korea_Drama_Awards) for his performance. [15] (#cite_note-15) He also joined the cast of travel reality show New Journey to the West (/wiki/New_Journey_to_the_West) , replacing Lee Seung-gi (/wiki/Lee_Seung-gi) who enlisted in the army. [16] (#cite_note-16) The same year, he starred in the Chinese romance film Perfect Imperfection (/wiki/Perfect_Imperfection_(film)) alongside Taiwanese actress Ady An (/wiki/Ady_An) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2017, Ahn was cast as the second lead in SBS's fantasy romance drama Reunited Worlds (/wiki/Reunited_Worlds) . [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2018, Ahn was cast in the romance melodrama The Beauty Inside (/wiki/The_Beauty_Inside_(TV_series)) . [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2019, Ahn returned to the small screen with a lead role in the romantic comedy drama Love with Flaws (/wiki/Love_with_Flaws) starring opposite Oh Yeon-seo (/wiki/Oh_Yeon-seo) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2022, Ahn published his first photo essay List of Things to Remember , which went on sale June 8, 2022 at offline bookstores nationwide. [21] (#cite_note-21) Later in February 2023, Ahn donated 10 million won from the 2022 exhibition to help orphans who have suffered from the coronavirus. [22] (#cite_note-22) Personal life [ edit ] Ahn and Koo in 2018 On March 11, 2016, Ahn was confirmed to be dating his Blood (/wiki/Blood_(South_Korean_TV_series)) co-star Koo Hye-sun (/wiki/Koo_Hye-sun) since April 2015. [23] (#cite_note-23) The couple officially registered their marriage at the Gangnam district office on May 20, 2016, and married on May 21, 2016. [24] (#cite_note-24) They announced that instead of holding a wedding party, they would donate money to the pediatric ward of Severance Hospital (/wiki/Severance_Hospital) , one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in Korea. [25] (#cite_note-25) The pair later appeared in the reality show Newlywed Diary produced by Na Young-seok (/wiki/Na_Young-seok) , showcasing their married life. [26] (#cite_note-26) In August 2019, it was reported Ahn requested a divorce from his wife. [27] (#cite_note-27) Ahn submitted an application to the Seoul Family Court on September 9, 2019 for divorce against Ku, and it was delivered to Ku on September 18, 2019. [28] (#cite_note-28) On October 21, 2019, he deleted all the photos on his Instagram account, which was speculated by the media to be an attempt to prevent further unnecessary issues and controversy about the divorce ahead of his upcoming TV series Love with Flaws (/wiki/Love_with_Flaws) . [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2014 Fashion King (/wiki/Fashion_King_(film)) Kim Won-ho Timing Kim Young-tak Webtoon 2016 Perfect Imperfection (/wiki/Perfect_Imperfection_(film)) Ann Chinese film Television series [ edit ] Year Title Role Ref. 2013–2014 My Love from the Star (/wiki/My_Love_from_the_Star) Cheon Yoon-jae 2014 You're All Surrounded (/wiki/You%27re_All_Surrounded) Park Tae-il 2015 Blood (/wiki/Blood_(South_Korean_TV_series)) Park Ji-sang/Jason Snow Lotus Ma Moon-jae 2016 Cinderella with Four Knights (/wiki/Cinderella_with_Four_Knights) Kang Hyun-min 2017 Reunited Worlds (/wiki/Reunited_Worlds) Cha Min-joon 2018 The Beauty Inside (/wiki/The_Beauty_Inside_(TV_series)) Ryu Eun-ho 2019 Love with Flaws (/wiki/Love_with_Flaws) Lee Kang-woo 2023 The Real Has Come! (/wiki/The_Real_Has_Come!) Gong Tae-kyung [31] (#cite_note-31) Television shows [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2011–2012 Lee Soo-geun (/wiki/Lee_Soo-geun) and Kim Byung-man (/wiki/Kim_Byung-man) 's High Society Cast member episodes 1–53 2013 Music Talk Talk Ma bling MC [32] (#cite_note-32) 2014 M Countdown (/wiki/M_Countdown) [33] (#cite_note-33) 2016–2018 New Journey to the West (/wiki/New_Journey_to_the_West) (Season 2–6) Cast member 2017 The Lovebirds with Koo Hye-sun (/wiki/Koo_Hye-sun) 2017–2019 Kang's Kitchen (/wiki/Kang%27s_Kitchen) [34] (#cite_note-34) 2021 Spring Camping Athletic Genius Ahn Jae-hyun Main Cast [35] (#cite_note-35) Music video appearances [ edit ] Year Song Title Artist 2012 "Sad Song" Baek A-yeon (/wiki/Baek_A-yeon) "Please Don't" K.Will (/wiki/K.Will) 2013 " Gone Not Around Any Longer (/wiki/Gone_Not_Around_Any_Longer) " Sistar19 (/wiki/Sistar19) 2014 "Hair Short" Wings "The Space Between" Urban Zakapa (/wiki/Urban_Zakapa) x Soyou (/wiki/Soyou) 2017 "On The Way Home" No Reply Discography [ edit ] Year Title Artist Notes 2013 "Maybe" Dal Shabet (/wiki/Dal_Shabet) Narration 2014 "That Was You" Ahn Jae-hyun Track from You're All Surrounded OST (/wiki/You%27re_All_Surrounded#Original_soundtrack) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2009 4th Asia Model Awards Best New Model — Won [36] (#cite_note-one-36) 2013 8th Asia Model Awards Best Fashion Model — Won [36] (#cite_note-one-36) 2014 7th Korea Drama Awards (/wiki/7th_Korea_Drama_Awards) Best New Actor My Love from the Star (/wiki/My_Love_from_the_Star) Won [37] (#cite_note-37) 3rd APAN Star Awards (/wiki/3rd_APAN_Star_Awards) Best New Actor Nominated SBS Drama Awards (/wiki/2014_SBS_Drama_Awards) New Star Award Won [38] (#cite_note-38) 3rd APAN Star Awards (/wiki/3rd_APAN_Star_Awards) Best New Actor You're All Surrounded (/wiki/You%27re_All_Surrounded) Nominated 2015 KBS Drama Awards (/wiki/2015_KBS_Drama_Awards) Popularity Award, Actor Blood (/wiki/Blood_(South_Korean_TV_series)) Nominated Best Couple Award with Koo Hye-sun (/wiki/Koo_Hye-sun) Nominated 2016 9th Korea Drama Awards (/wiki/9th_Korea_Drama_Awards) Top Excellence Award, Actor Cinderella with Four Knights (/wiki/Cinderella_with_Four_Knights) Won . [39] (#cite_note-39) Global Star Award Won 7th Macau International Television Festival (/wiki/Macau_International_Television_Festival) Best Actor Won [40] (#cite_note-40) 8th Macau International Movie Festival (/wiki/8th_Macau_International_Movie_Festival) Best Actor Perfect Imperfection Nominated 2017 SBS Drama Awards (/wiki/2017_SBS_Drama_Awards) Excellence Award, Actor in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama Reunited Worlds (/wiki/Reunited_Worlds) Nominated [41] (#cite_note-41) 2019 MBC Drama Awards (/wiki/2019_MBC_Drama_Awards) Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Wednesday-Thursday Miniseries Love with Flaws (/wiki/Love_with_Flaws) Nominated References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hwang, Hyo-jin (1 August 2012). "안재현: My name is…" (https://tenasia.hankyung.com/article/2020012331624) . TenAsia (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180628233502/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/15065) from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hwang, Hyo-jin (1 August 2012). 안재현: 에펠탑보다 너 . TenAsia (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190823205119/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/15064) from the original on 23 August 2019 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ahn Jae Hyun Embraces Bora in SISTAR19 MV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210600/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/27826/new-images-of-sistar19s-new-mv-released) . enewsWorld . 30 January 2013. Archived from the original (http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/27826/new-images-of-sistar19s-new-mv-released) on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "K.Will is Once Again a Guest for his Own MV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170811005517/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/17786/kwill-is-once-again-a-guest-for-his-own-mv) . enewsWorld . 16 October 2012. Archived from the original (http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/17786/kwill-is-once-again-a-guest-for-his-own-mv) on 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lee, Go-woon (25 January 2013). 인터뷰①: 모델 안재현 "모델로 기억되고 싶다" . Energy & Environment News (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073145/http://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=68060) from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lee, Go-woon (25 January 2013). 인터뷰②: 모델 안재현 "꿈은 멋진 아빠, 행복한 가정" . Energy & Environment News (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073314/http://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=68258) from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lee, Kyung-nam (13 March 2014). "Ahn Jae Hyeon Cast in (https://web.archive.org/web/20140318033140/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/60922/ahnjaehyeon-cast-in-new-drama) You Are All Surrounded with Lee Seung Gi and Cha Seung Won" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140318033140/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/60922/ahnjaehyeon-cast-in-new-drama) . enewsWorld . Archived from the original (http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/60922/ahnjaehyeon-cast-in-new-drama) on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ha, Soo-jung (8 November 2014). "Interview: Ahn Jae Hyeon Used to Starve Excessively in Order to Stay Lean" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141108074729/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79933/interview-ahn-jae-hyeon-used-to-starve-excessively-in-order-to-stay-lean) . enewsWorld . Archived from the original (http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/79933/interview-ahn-jae-hyeon-used-to-starve-excessively-in-order-to-stay-lean) on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Lee, Seung-mi (12 November 2014). "Actor fashions his own future" (http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2997161) . Korea JoongAng Daily (/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230123065458/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2997161) from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jung, Ahn will host 'M Countdown' (https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2985404) " (https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2985404) . Korea JoongAng Daily (/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily) . 25 February 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230123070223/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2985404) from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ahn, Sung-mi (12 February 2015). "Little brother from (https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150212000667) My Love gets shot at big time" (https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150212000667) . The Korea Herald (/wiki/The_Korea_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180706103903/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150212000667) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ahn Jae-hyun ready for vampire surgeon role" (https://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201502120912307719872_2) . Kpop Herald (/wiki/Kpop_Herald) . 12 February 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071811/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201502120912307719872_2&ACE_SEARCH=1) from the original on 30 November 2018 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) [단독]이지아·안재현, 웹드라마 '설련화' 출연 확정 . JTBC (/wiki/JTBC) (in Korean). 18 June 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220529014358/https://news.jtbc.joins.com/article/article.aspx?news_id=NB10931823) from the original on 29 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Ahn Jae-hyun, Jeong Il-woo and Park So-dam to star in "Cinderella and the Four Knights" (https://www.hancinema.net/ahn-jae-hyun-jeong-il-woo-and-park-so-dam-to-star-in-cinderella-and-the-four-knights-90642.html) " (https://www.hancinema.net/ahn-jae-hyun-jeong-il-woo-and-park-so-dam-to-star-in-cinderella-and-the-four-knights-90642.html) . HanCinema (/wiki/HanCinema) . 29 January 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230123073118/https://www.hancinema.net/ahn-jae-hyun-jeong-il-woo-and-park-so-dam-to-star-in-cinderella-and-the-four-knights-90642.html) from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "김소연, 데뷔 22년만에 첫 연기대상..2관왕 영예[2016 KDA 종합]" (http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1110510342) [Winners Of The 2016 Korea Drama Awards Revealed]. OSEN (in Korean). 7 October 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201526/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110510342) from the original on 4 August 2018 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Actor Ahn Jae-hyun joins season 2 of 'New Journey to the West' (https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/398_198422.html) " (https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/398_198422.html) . The Korea Times (/wiki/The_Korea_Times) . 19 February 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230123074340/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/398_198422.html) from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) 《处女座》定档 安以轩安宰贤星座虐恋 (in Chinese). 27 September 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164147/http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2016-09-27/doc-ifxwevmf2426730.shtml) from the original on 28 September 2016 . 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External links [ edit ] Ahn Jae-hyeon (https://www.instagram.com/aagbanjh/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Ahn Jae-hyeon (https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Ahn_Jae-hyeon.php) at HanCinema (/wiki/HanCinema) Ahn Jae-hyeon (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6220945/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) An Jae-hyeon (https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/per/00184498) at the Korean Movie Database (/wiki/Korean_Movie_Database) Awards for Ahn Jae-hyun v t e Korea Drama Awards (/wiki/Korea_Drama_Awards) for Top Excellence Award, Actor 2000s Kim Sang-joong (/wiki/Kim_Sang-joong) (2007) Choi Soo-jong (/wiki/Choi_Soo-jong) (2008) 2010s Jang Hyuk (/wiki/Jang_Hyuk) (2010) Lee Min-ho (/wiki/Lee_Min-ho) (2011) Kim Sang-joong (/wiki/Kim_Sang-joong) (2012) Jung Woong-in (/wiki/Jung_Woong-in) and Lee Jung-jin (/wiki/Lee_Jung-jin) (2013) Kim Jae-joong (/wiki/Kim_Jae-joong) (2014) Lee Jong-suk (/wiki/Lee_Jong-suk) (2015) Ahn Jae-hyun and Jang Hyun-sung (/wiki/Jang_Hyun-sung) (2016) Kim Ji-seok (/wiki/Kim_Ji-seok_(actor)) and Kwon Yul (/wiki/Kwon_Yul_(actor)) (2017) Kam Woo-sung (/wiki/Kam_Woo-sung) (2018) Kim Dong-wook (/wiki/Kim_Dong-wook) (2019) 2020s N/A (2020) N/A (2021) Kim Bum (/wiki/Kim_Bum) (2022) Oh Jung-se (/wiki/Oh_Jung-se) (2023) v t e Korea Drama Awards (/wiki/Korea_Drama_Awards) for Best New Actor 2010s Yoon Shi-yoon (/wiki/Yoon_Shi-yoon) (2010) Kim Soo-hyun (/wiki/Kim_Soo-hyun) (2011) Seo In-guk (/wiki/Seo_In-guk) (2012) Park Seo-joon (/wiki/Park_Seo-joon) and Yong Jun-hyung (/wiki/Yong_Jun-hyung) (2013) Ahn Jae-hyun and Seo Kang-joon (/wiki/Seo_Kang-joon) (2014) Park Chanyeol (/wiki/Park_Chanyeol) (2015) Seo Ha-joon (/wiki/Seo_Ha-joon) (2016) Yook Sung-jae (/wiki/Yook_Sung-jae) (2017) Cha Eun-woo (/wiki/Cha_Eun-woo) (2018) Ong Seong-wu (/wiki/Ong_Seong-wu) (2019) 2020s N/A (2020) N/A (2021) Kim Do-hoon (/wiki/Kim_Do-hoon_(actor)) (2022) Park Ji-hoon (/wiki/Park_Ji-hoon) (2023) v t e SBS Drama Awards for Best New Actor (/wiki/SBS_Drama_Awards#Best_New_Actor) 1990s Oh Dae-gyu (/wiki/Oh_Dae-gyu) (1993) Lee Jin-woo (/wiki/Lee_Jin-woo_(actor)) (1994) Lee Jung-jae (/wiki/Lee_Jung-jae) and Jung Woo-sung (/wiki/Jung_Woo-sung) (1995) Jung Heung-chae (1996) Kim Suk-hoon (/wiki/Kim_Suk-hoon) and Ryu Jin (/wiki/Ryu_Jin) (1998) Jung Woong-in (/wiki/Jung_Woong-in) and Cha Tae-hyun (/wiki/Cha_Tae-hyun) (1999) 2000s Jang Hyuk (/wiki/Jang_Hyuk) and So Ji-sub (/wiki/So_Ji-sub) (2000) Go Soo (/wiki/Go_Soo) , Ji Sung (/wiki/Ji_Sung) , Zo In-sung (/wiki/Zo_In-sung) , Park Jung-chul (/wiki/Park_Jung-chul) and Ryoo Seung-bum (/wiki/Ryoo_Seung-bum) (2001) Kim Jaewon (/wiki/Kim_Jaewon) , Kwon Sang-woo (/wiki/Kwon_Sang-woo) and Ryu Soo-young (/wiki/Ryu_Soo-young) (2002) Gong Yoo (/wiki/Gong_Yoo) , Kim Nam-jin (/wiki/Kim_Nam-jin) , Lee Dong-wook (/wiki/Lee_Dong-wook) and Jo Hyun-jae (/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae) (2003) Kim Sung-soo (/wiki/Kim_Sung-soo_(actor)) and Lee Wan (/wiki/Lee_Wan) (2004) Lee Kyu-han (/wiki/Lee_Kyu-han) , Lee Jae-hwang (/wiki/Lee_Jae-hwang) , Lee Tae-gon (/wiki/Lee_Tae-gon) , Cho Yeon-woo (/wiki/Cho_Yeon-woo) and Chun Jung-myung (/wiki/Chun_Jung-myung) (2005) Lee Jin-wook (/wiki/Lee_Jin-wook) , Yoon Sang-hyun (/wiki/Yoon_Sang-hyun) and Kang Ji-sub (/wiki/Kang_Ji-sub) (2006) Ryu Tae-joon (/wiki/Ryu_Tae-joon) , Park Si-hoo (/wiki/Park_Si-hoo) , Song Jong-ho (/wiki/Song_Jong-ho) and Shin Dong-wook (/wiki/Shin_Dong-wook) (2007) Ji Hyun-woo (/wiki/Ji_Hyun-woo) , Ha Seok-jin (/wiki/Ha_Seok-jin) , Bae Soo-bin (/wiki/Bae_Soo-bin) , Lee Sang-woo (/wiki/Lee_Sang-woo) , Lee Jun-hyuk (/wiki/Lee_Joon-hyuk_(actor,_born_1984)) (2008) Kim Bum (/wiki/Kim_Bum) , Lee Yong-woo (/wiki/Lee_Yong-woo) , Lee Hong-gi (/wiki/Lee_Hong-gi) , Jung Yong-hwa (/wiki/Jung_Yong-hwa) , Jung Gyu-woon (/wiki/Jung_Gyu-woon) and Jin Tae-hyun (/wiki/Jin_Tae-hyun) (2009) 2010s Kim Soo-hyun (/wiki/Kim_Soo-hyun) , No Min-woo (/wiki/No_Min-woo) , Joo Sang-wook (/wiki/Joo_Sang-wook) and Choi Si-won (/wiki/Choi_Si-won) (2010) Kim Jae-joong (/wiki/Kim_Jae-joong) , Sung Hoon (/wiki/Sung_Hoon) , Ji Chang-wook (/wiki/Ji_Chang-wook) and Lee Jae-yoon (/wiki/Lee_Jae-yoon) (2011) Choi Min-ho (/wiki/Choi_Min-ho) , Lee Jong-hyun (/wiki/Lee_Jong-hyun) , Lee Hyun-woo (/wiki/Lee_Hyun-woo_(actor,_born_1993)) and Jung Eun-woo (/wiki/Jung_Eun-woo) (2012) Kang Min-hyuk (/wiki/Kang_Min-hyuk) , Seo In-guk (/wiki/Seo_In-guk) , Lim Ju-hwan (/wiki/Lim_Ju-hwan) and Choi Jin-hyuk (/wiki/Choi_Jin-hyuk) (2013) Ahn Jae-hyun , Seo Ha-joon (/wiki/Seo_Ha-joon) , Kang Ha-neul (/wiki/Kang_Ha-neul) , Kim Young-kwang (/wiki/Kim_Young-kwang_(actor)) and Park Seo-joon (/wiki/Park_Seo-joon) (2014) Yoon Kyun-sang (/wiki/Yoon_Kyun-sang) , Byun Yo-han (/wiki/Byun_Yo-han) , Park Hyung-sik (/wiki/Park_Hyung-sik) , Yook Sung-jae (/wiki/Yook_Sung-jae) and Son Ho-jun (/wiki/Son_Ho-jun) (2015) Kwak Si-yang (/wiki/Kwak_Si-yang) , Jung Hae-in (/wiki/Jung_Hae-in) , Go Kyung-pyo (/wiki/Go_Kyung-pyo) , Kim Min-jae (/wiki/Kim_Min-jae_(actor,_born_1996)) , Kim Min-seok (/wiki/Kim_Min-seok_(actor)) and Baekhyun (/wiki/Baekhyun) (2016) Yang Se-jong (/wiki/Yang_Se-jong) (2017) Ahn Hyo-seop (/wiki/Ahn_Hyo-seop) (2018) Eum Moon-suk (/wiki/Eum_Moon-suk) (2019) 2020s Jo Byeong-kyu (/wiki/Jo_Byeong-kyu) (2020) Kim Young-dae (/wiki/Kim_Young-dae) , Choi Hyun-wook (/wiki/Choi_Hyun-wook) and Son Sang-yeon (/wiki/Son_Sang-yeon) (2021) Kim Hyun-jin (/wiki/Kim_Hyun-jin) , Bae In-hyuk (/wiki/Bae_In-hyuk) and Ryeoun (/wiki/Ryeoun) (2022) Kim Do-hoon (/wiki/Kim_Do-hoon_(actor)) , Kang Yoo-seok, Lee Shin-young (/wiki/Lee_Shin-young) , Lee Hong-nae (/wiki/Lee_Hong-nae) (2023) From 2001 to 2016, it was the New Star Award. 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This category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is for clothing worn in Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands, from the paleolithic to the pre-modern era. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐75759f6667‐nm96g Cached time: 20240708083044 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.031 seconds Real time usage: 0.042 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1172/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 145/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 628501/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 35.430 1 -total 100.00% 35.430 1 Template:Category_explanation 92.77% 32.868 1 Template:Hatnote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30594285-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708083044 and revision id 1219860815. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. A Australian Aboriginal clothing (/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_clothing) ‎ (6 P) Australian clothing (/wiki/Category:Australian_clothing) ‎ (4 C, 13 P) M Melanesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Melanesian_clothing) ‎ (2 P) P Polynesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Polynesian_clothing) ‎ (18 P) Pages in category "History of Oceanian clothing" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . ' ʻIe tōga (/wiki/%CA%BBIe_t%C5%8Dga) A Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft (/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft) B Buka cloak (/wiki/Buka_cloak) F Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) Flax in New Zealand (/wiki/Flax_in_New_Zealand) K Kapa (/wiki/Kapa) Kiekie (clothing) (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) L Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Lei (garland) (/wiki/Lei_(garland)) Liloa's Kāʻei (/wiki/Liloa%27s_K%C4%81%CA%BBei) M Māori traditional textiles (/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles) Mother Hubbard dress (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) Muumuu (/wiki/Muumuu) N Nāhienaena's Paū (/wiki/N%C4%81hienaena%27s_Pa%C5%AB) P Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Possum-skin cloak (/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak) Puletasi (/wiki/Puletasi) S Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) T Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tapa cloth (/wiki/Tapa_cloth) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing&oldid=1219860815 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing&oldid=1219860815) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Culture of Oceania (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania) History of Oceania by topic (/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceania_by_topic)
Annual fashion event in Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta Fashion Week Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Annually Location(s) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) primarily at Pondok Indah Mall 3 (/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall) Country Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Inaugurated 2008 Most recent 23–29 October 2023 Previous event 24–30 October 2022 Organized by Femina Group (2008 - 2018), GCM Group (2019 - present) Website www (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .jakartafashionweek (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .co (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .id (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) Jakarta Fashion Week or JFW is a fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) held annually in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . JFW is dubbed as the largest fashion event in Southeast Asia. [1] (#cite_note-1) JFW is organized as a collaboration platform between major stakeholders (/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)) of the fashion and creative industry with the industry actors and community by GCM Group (formerly part of Femina Group). The event aims to provide directions to the Indonesian fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) as well as a vehicle to demonstrate its wealth in talents and creativity, [2] (#cite_note-2) and ultimately transform Jakarta as a major fashion hub in the region and the world. All the shows are invites-only, targeted to celebrities, socialites (/wiki/Socialite) , buyers, local and foreign media and all who love fashion, that can ultimately enjoy the presentation from their favorite international and especially Indonesian designers, such as Anne Avantie (/wiki/Anne_Avantie) , Rinaldy Yunardi, and Dian Pelangi. Origins [ edit ] Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2005 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Lingkungan) and Miss World Indonesia 2006 (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) , Lindi Cistia Prabha (/w/index.php?title=Lindi_Cistia_Prabha&action=edit&redlink=1) walks in Jakarta fashion Week 2008. As a media group, Femina Group had been back and forth to all major fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) throughout the world. As the world's most populous Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) majority country, Indonesia has a high demand for clothing that adheres to religious rules emphasizing modesty for women. One of the main goals of JFW is to transform the country's fashion industry to become one of the global leaders in fashion, especially the modest fashion industry that is worth nearly $100 billion. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2008, JFW was initiated for the first time by Femina Group, with the support from the DKI Jakarta Tourism Office, Indonesian Fashion Designers Association (APPMI), and the Indonesian Fashion Designers Association (IPMI). [4] (#cite_note-4) Rebranding [ edit ] When Femina Group reorganized the group into Femina Group and GCM Group in late 2018, JFW became part of GCM Group entirely, along with Dewi Magazine , pesona.co.id, Primarasa, and Cita Cinta. JFW announced a new logo, eliminating the coin-shaped silhouette and the signature red "f" on January 30, 2019, initially on Instagram. The caption was simply: "We have been using the iconic coin-shaped logo since 2010. It's time to #StartFresh." [5] (#cite_note-5) Locations [ edit ] Since its first implementation in 2008 to 2011, JFW was held at Pacific Place Jakarta (/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2012, JFW was held at Plaza Senayan (/wiki/Plaza_Senayan) before finally being held at Senayan City (/wiki/Senayan_City) throughout 2013–2019. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2020, JFW 2021 came with a new concept as an adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire series of Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 events on 26–29 November 2020 was broadcast on www.jfw.tv and several digital platforms so that fashion enthusiasts from all over the world could watch the fashion shows, talk shows, and various JFW content. [8] (#cite_note-8) After the pandemic spread declined, JFW 2022 was held offline on 24–30 October 2022, in Pondok Indah Mall 3 (/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall) . [9] (#cite_note-9) After that, PIM 3 becomes the new venue of JFW on the next editions. Lomba Perancang Mode [ edit ] Miss Universe Indonesia 1995 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1995) and Puteri Indonesia 1995 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) , Susanty Priscilla Adresina Manuhutu (/wiki/Susanty_Manuhutu) walks at The Jakarta Fashion Week 2008. Since its inception in 1978, Fashion Designer Competition or Lomba Perancang Mode (LPM) has orbited several of Indonesia's top designers, [10] (#cite_note-10) such as Itang Yunasz, Samuel Wattimena, Chossy Latu, Edward Hutabarat, Carmanita, Ferry Soenarto, Denny Wirawan, Musa Widiatmodjo, Stephanus Hamy, Widhi Budimulia, Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) , Jeffrey Tan, Natalia Kiantoro, Andreas Odang, Cynthia Tan, and Billy Tjong. Had a hiatus due to the monetary crisis from 1997 to 2002, this annual event was reopened in 2003 and is now held every two years. With this change in implementation time, it is expected that the number of participants will become more numerous, and provide longer opportunities for prospective designers to think, so as to be able to provide their best work. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2008, Pia Alisjahbana, the same figure that initiated the Lomba Perancang Mode, coined the Lomba Perancang Aksesori that ever since then is also held biannually - alternating with the LPM competition. Rinaldy Yunardi, the godfather of Indonesian avant-garde accessory designers is a frequent judge-mentor in this competition. Some notable alumni of this competition are Amanda Mitsuri and Yonatan Digo Permadi. The rapid growth of men's lifestyle business was the focus in 2010s, providing a gap for the shining of new creative talents to reach for the fresh but not so new market. Embracing the new niche, Menswear Fashion Design Competition (LPM Menswear) was introduced in 2017 and is held annually ever since. Indonesia Fashion Forward [ edit ] Indonesia Fashion Forward (IFF) is an intensive and curative program for capacity development with a vision to polish Indonesian designers’ skills so that they're able to enter the regional and international market by giving guidance alongside training that involves business strategy and branding. [12] (#cite_note-12) Not just being an educational platform that equips designers with theory and simulations, IFF cooperates with strategic partners from the government to international so that the program can have continuity to practice on the ground. This program was initiated in 2012 by JFW and British Council (/wiki/British_Council) , with support from BEKRAF in its early years, and now has guided more than 40 designers about the ins and outs of the fashion business so that they have the right capitals to become a global player. Its main education partner is the Center for Fashion Enterprise London, and it has several platform exchange program with various fashion week through its organizers or local creative authorities, such as Tokyo Fashion Week, Seoul Fashion KODE, Virgin Australia Melbourne Fashion Festival, Style Bangkok, and India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) . The program stopped its curation in 2017 due to the lack of financial support from the national stakeholders, while British Council has never ceased its support for the program. Selection Year Designers 2012 Albert Yanuar, Barli Asmara, Bretzel (Imelda Kartini), Cotton Ink (Carline Darjanto and Ria Sarwono), Dian Pelangi, Jeffry Tan, Major Minor (Ari Seputra, Sari Seputra), Yosafat Dwi Kurniawan 2013 Milcah (Faustine dan Eda Arthaputri), N.F.R.T. (Prita Widyaputri and Theresia Alit Widyasari), TOTON (Toton Januar), Monday to Sunday (Dita Addlecoat dan Mellyun Xing), 8Eri (Eridani), NurZahra, La Spina (Lianna Gunawan), Friederich Herman, Jenahara (Jenahara Nasution), Vinora (Vinora Ng), Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) , Batik Chic (Novita Yunus) 2014 Monstore (Nicholas Yudha, Michael Krisyanto, and Agatha Carolina), TODJO ( Sapto Djojokartiko (/w/index.php?title=Sapto_Djojokartiko&action=edit&redlink=1) ), Peggy Hartanto (/wiki/Peggy_Hartanto) , Patrick Owen, Rosalyn Citta, Billy Tjong, fBudi (Felicia Budi), Tertia (Tertia Enda), ETU (Restu Anggraini), Andhita Siswandi, Norma Moi (Norma Hauri), JII (Gloria Agatha) 2015 LEKAT (Amanda Indah Lestari), D’leia (Lea Maria), Anthony Bachtiar, I.K.Y.K. (Anandia Putri), Ria Miranda, ShopAtVelvet / ByVelvet (Yessi Kusumo and Randy W. Sastra), alex(a)lexa / SOE Jakarta (Monique and Sandy Soeriaatmadja), Sean & Sheila (Sean Loh and Sheila Agatha), Lotuz (Michelle E. Surjaputra), Ellyhan / Valentino Mutiara (Lia Ellyhan) 2016 B-Y-O (Tommy Ambiyo Tedji), Day and Night / YELLE (Yelly and Konny Lumentu), Rani Hatta, BATEEQ (Michelle Tjokrosaputro), Paulina Katarina (Surya Paulina and Ratna Katarina) 2017 ATS The Label (Regina Rafika), PVRA (Kara Nugroho and Putri Katianda), Reves Studio (Karina Widjaja and Karina Priscilla), Kami Idea (Istafiana Candarini, Nadya Karina and Afina Candarini), Vivian Lee, Danjyo Hiyoji (Dana Maulana and Liza Masitha), Mazuki To further accommodate the growth of IFF, Fashionlink was initiated in 2012. On its first two days, usually held on the third day of JFW, professional buyers/retailers who have reserved their attendance can do a private viewing of the exclusive collections of selected designers in a special area. For ordinary visitors who want to shop, Fashionlink Hub & Market , the current name of Fashionlink Showroom and Market before its renaming in 2020, will be accessible throughout the remaining days. Fashionlink subsequently had its own permanent retail space: Fashionlink x #BLCKVNUE (since 2016) in Senayan City and Fashionhub (since 2018) in Gandaria City (/wiki/Gandaria_City) . It also has a special edition market, part of JFW's Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) festivity: Ramadhan Fashion Festiva l, that is held annually during the fasting month, known as Fashionlink Ramadhan Market. [13] (#cite_note-13) JFW Model Search [ edit ] Jakarta Fashion Week Model Search, or abbreviated as JFW Model Search , is held annually to look for the best talent in the modeling world as well as being the main audition event for all models that will walk on the Jakarta Fashion Week runway since the first JFW in 2008. [14] (#cite_note-14) This audition was exclusively held in Jakarta, until its expansion in 2017 that brought JFW Model Search to several other major cities in Indonesia, namely Bali, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. Also in 2017, JFW began searching for a figure called Face of Indonesia , the model ambassador for JFW. Wita Juwita became the first model to get this title. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2018, Face of JFW changed its name to Icons of JFW and chose not only one female model, but also one male model. In that year, Agnes Natasya Tjie and Adam Rosyidi were elected as Icons of JFW. With the high public interest in this model selection event, JFW presented The Search for JFW Icons in 2019, a web series that aired exclusively on the YouTube channel of Jakarta Fashion Week. The first pair of models chosen through this web series were Devona Cools and Axel Jan Thierry. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2020, two models who were selected as JFW Icons were Rizal Rama and Maria Karina. [17] (#cite_note-17) List of Jakarta Fashion Weeks [ edit ] Year Title Dates Location Numbers of Designers Notable Designers 2008 Jakarta Fashion Week 2008 20-24 August 2008 Pacific Place Jakarta (/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta) 47 designers Akira Isogawa (/wiki/Akira_Isogawa) (supported by Austrade (/wiki/Austrade) ) [18] (#cite_note-18) 2009 Jakarta Fashion Week 2009/2010 (presented by Bank BRI) 14–20 November 2009 Pacific Place Jakarta 108 designers Priyo Oktaviano, Sebastian Gunawan (/wiki/Sebastian_Gunawan) , Tarun Tahiliani (/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani) , and Malini Ramani. [19] (#cite_note-19) 2010 Jakarta Fashion Week 2010/2011 6–12 November 2010 Pacific Place Jakarta 159 designers Anne Avantie (/wiki/Anne_Avantie) , Ari Seputra, Edward Hutabarat, Lenny Agustin, Ghea Panggabean, Priyo Oktaviano, Oscar Lawalata (/wiki/Oscar_Lawalata) , Laura Miles [20] (#cite_note-20) 2011 Jakarta Fashion Week 2012 12-18 November 2011 Pacific Place Jakarta (unknown) Robby Tumewu, Andrea Risjad, Bin House, Tex Saverio, Biyan Wanaatmadja, Ashley Isham, Bernard Chandran, Tube Gallery, Sebastian Gunawan, Auguste Soesastro, Sally Koeswanto, Sapto Djojokartiko [21] (#cite_note-21) 2012 Jakarta Fashion Week 2013 3-9 November 2012 Plaza Senayan (/wiki/Plaza_Senayan) 180 designers Sebastian Gunawan, Lie Sang Bong, Ivan Gunawan, Anne Avantie, Hengky Kawilarang, Didiet Maulana, Iwet Ramadhan, Luna Maya, Bin House, Lenny Agustin [22] (#cite_note-22) 2013 Jakarta Fashion Week 2014 19-25 October 2013 Plaza Senayan 240 designers Oscar Lawalata, Populo Batik, Priyo Oktaviano, Tex Saverio, Toton, Eridani, Vinora Ng, Carmanita, Ferry Sunarto, Andreas Odang, Hian Tjen, Lenny Agustin, Billy Tjong, Patrick Owen, Soko Wiyanto [23] (#cite_note-23) 2014 Jakarta Fashion Week 2015 24–30 October 2014 Plaza Senayan 165 designers Auguste Susastro, Nur Zahra, Priyo Oktaviano, Sapto Djojokartiko, Vinora Ng, Ria Miranda, Ardistia New York, Barli Asmara, Deden Siswanto, Mel Ahyar, Priyo Oktaviano, Sapto Djojokartiko, Major Minor [24] (#cite_note-24) 2015 Jakarta Fashion Week 2016 24–30 October 2015 Plaza Senayan (unknown) Rinaldy A. Yunardi, Anne Avantie, Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Peggy Hartanto, Didi Budiardjo, Felicia Budi, Haryono Setiadi, Hanni Hananto, Chossy Latu, Stella Rissa, Peggy Hartanto, Albert Yanuar, Sapto Djojokartiko [25] (#cite_note-25) 2016 Jakarta Fashion Week 2017 22–28 October 2016 Plaza Senayan 250 designers Anne Avantie, Didi Budiardjo, Major Minor, Saptodjojokartiko, Toton, Vinora Ng, Itang Yunasz, Musa Widyatmodjo, Felicia Budi, Ali Charisma, Chitra Subiyakto, Mel Ahyar, Hannie Hananto, Jeffry Tan, Jenahara, Norma Hauri [26] (#cite_note-26) 2017 Jakarta Fashion Week 2018 21-27 October 2017 Plaza Senayan (unknown) Barli Asmara, Auguste Soesastro, Deden Siswanto, Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Jenahara, Rani Hatta [27] (#cite_note-27) 2018 Jakarta Fashion Week 2019 20-26 October 2018 Senayan City (unknown) Anne Avantie, Peggy Hartanto, Barli Asmara, Dian Pelangi, Rani Hatta, Hannie Hananto, Toton, Felicia Budi, Eri Dani, Ria Miranda, Restu Anggraini, Norma Hauri [28] (#cite_note-28) 2019 Jakarta Fashion Week 2020 22-29 October 2019 Senayan City 270 designers Auguste Soesastro, Mel Ahyar, Toton, Peggy Hartanto, Jeffry Tan, Adrian Gan, Eri Dani, Major Minor, Rani Hatta, Barli Asmara, Restu Anggraini [29] (#cite_note-29) 2020 Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 26-29 November 2020 Senayan City (unknown) Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Rinaldy A Yunardi, Toton, Yosafat Dwi Kurniawan, Albert Yanuar, Chitra Subiyakto, Restu Anggraini [30] (#cite_note-30) See also [ edit ] Jakarta portal (/wiki/Portal:Jakarta) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Indonesia Fashion Week (/wiki/Indonesia_Fashion_Week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Going with the times: Fashion graduates shine at JFW 2020" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/10/29/going-with-the-times-fashion-graduates-shine-at-jfw-2020.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) First Jakarta Fashion Week combines modern, traditional cultures (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/24/first-jakarta-fashion-week-combines-modern-traditional-cultures.html) The Jakarta Post August 24, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Indonesian designers defy stereotypes of Muslim fashion" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-fashion/indonesian-designers-defy-stereotypes-of-muslim-fashion-idUKBRE99N04F20131024) . Reuters . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "First Jakarta Fashion Week combines modern, traditional cultures" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/24/first-jakarta-fashion-week-combines-modern-traditional-cultures.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jakarta Fashion Week on Instagram: "We have been using the iconic coin shaped logo since 2010. It's time to #StartFresh. #WeAreJFW #JakartaFashionWeek" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/jfwofficial/1968071118445047038) " (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/jfwofficial/1968071118445047038) . Instagram . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BtP_kFDn2z-/) on 25 December 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Gemerlap Jakarta Fashion Week 2008" (https://gaya.tempo.co/read/131715/gemerlap-jakarta-fashion-week-2008) . Tempo . 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jakarta Fashion Week Celebrates 10th Anniversary With 'Bhinneka dan Berkarya' (https://jakartaglobe.id/features/jakarta-fashion-week-celebrates-10th-anniversary-bhinneka-dan-berkarya/) " (https://jakartaglobe.id/features/jakarta-fashion-week-celebrates-10th-anniversary-bhinneka-dan-berkarya/) . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 digelar daring libatkan 60 perancang busana" (https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1848456/jakarta-fashion-week-2021-digelar-daring-libatkan-60-perancang-busana/) . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Asiah, Nur (9 September 2022). "Pondok Indah Mall III Jadi Venue Baru Jakarta Fashion Week 2023" (https://www.womensobsession.com/detail/1525/pondok-indah-mall-iii-jadi-venue-baru-jakarta-fashion-week-2023) . Women's Obssesion (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 4 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Stella Rissa: Sizzling With Individuality" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120814115116/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/fashion/stella-rissa-sizzling-with-individuality/303840) . Archived from the original (https://thejakartaglobe.com/fashion/stella-rissa-sizzling-with-individuality/303840) on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lomba Perancang Mode - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Press Release for JFW 2020 Opening (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/img/pdf/47824a8112daf1012ca9ec8282a12437.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Fashionlink - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "JFW Model Search - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Lebih Dekat dengan Sosok Model Wita Juwita The Face of Jakarta..." (https://www.grid.id/read/04169037/lebih-dekat-dengan-sosok-model-wita-juwita-the-face-of-jakarta-fashion-week-2018-dalam-stylo-expert) www.grid.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) The Search for JFW 2020 Icons (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDExlkxtT2k&list=PLE0j9_eVYL0vzCK8CQIs5erxq53CTD4d6) web series on YouTube ^ (#cite_ref-17) "FINAL - The Search for JFW 2021 Icons" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1DJrcDVlNY&list=PLE0j9_eVYL0tosLcEtP8ImCbSdfyFDvKU&index=15/) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b1DJrcDVlNY) from the original on 21 December 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Home" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com/) . pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Indonesia Collaborates with India on Fashion (http://en.vivanews.com/news/read/89781-indonesia_collaborates_with_india_on_fashion) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090915190340/http://en.vivanews.com/news/read/89781-indonesia_collaborates_with_india_on_fashion) 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) VivaNews September 11, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "159 Desainer Di JFW 2010/2011" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com) . www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com (4 November 2011). "Jakarta Fashion Week 2011 Siap Digelar!" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com/) . pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Media, Kompas Cyber (4 November 2012). "Jakarta Fashion Week 2013 Resmi Dibuka" (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2012/11/04/08500764/jakarta.fashion.week.2013.resmi.dibuka) . shopee.co.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2014" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2014/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2015" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2015/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2016" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2016/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2017" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2017/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2018" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2018/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2019" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2019/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2020" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2020/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2021" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2021/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jakarta Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jakarta_Fashion_Week) . Official website (http://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id) Kompas-tv The Jakarta Fashion Week 2008 Channel (https://web.archive.org/web/20090908224115/http://www.kompas-tv.com/content/view/4615/223/) Pacific Place Jakarta Official Site (http://www.pacificplace.co.id/) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jwztc Cached time: 20240721190206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.468 seconds Real time usage: 0.932 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2016/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58739/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1880/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.297/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6368704/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 557.897 1 -total 37.10% 206.993 1 Template:Reflist 22.15% 123.554 14 Template:Cite_news 16.85% 94.014 1 Template:Short_description 16.45% 91.789 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks 15.68% 87.490 1 Template:Navbox 11.33% 63.189 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 10.95% 61.076 2 Template:Pagetype 10.59% 59.108 1 Template:Infobox 8.50% 47.416 12 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24414097-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721190206 and revision id 1212183392. 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Visual art style An Internet aesthetic , also simply referred to as an aesthetic or microaesthetic , is a visual art style (/wiki/Visual_arts) , sometimes accompanied by a fashion style (/wiki/Fashion) , subculture (/wiki/Subculture) , or music genre (/wiki/Music_genre) , that usually originates from the Internet (/wiki/Internet) or is popularized on it. Throughout the 2010s and 2020s, online aesthetics gained increasing popularity, specifically on social media platforms such as Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) , Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) , Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , and TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , and often were used by people to express their individuality and creativity. They can also be used to create a sense of community and belonging among people who share the same interests. The term aesthetic has been described as being "totally divorced from its academic origins", and is commonly used as an adjective. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Definition [ edit ] Internet aesthetics are characterized and identifiable by their visual style. Sarah Spellings from Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) stated, Over time, "aesthetic" has evolved from an academic word and something utilized by artists and auteurs to something to categorize our own identities by. It can mean both personal style and a vague stand-in for beauty. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Kaitlin Tiffany from The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) stated: At this point, the word aesthetic is totally divorced from its academic origins. While Tumblr users mainstreamed it years ago, many teenagers use aesthetic as an all-purpose adjective—"that's so aesthetic" as a shorthand for "that's so aesthetically pleasing to me." But in broader Internet parlance, it now means a collection of signifiers or, more precisely, a "vibe." [2] (#cite_note-Atlantic2.5.21-2) There are five primary categories of internet aesthetic: space, core, wave, group/subculture, and academic. [3] (#cite_note-3) Specific aesthetics use suffixes, such as -wave and -core, which, according to The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , originates from the word hardcore (/wiki/Hardcore_punk) . [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Other aesthetics come together under a central theme such as Space or Academia. History [ edit ] In 1735, German philosopher Alex Baumgarten derived the term "aesthetics" from the Greek word "aisthetike", establishing it as a field of study. The term "aesthetic" has evolved to reflect current trends in digital communication and multimedia art. Many Internet aesthetics have been credited with originating on Tumblr, including Dark academia (/wiki/Dark_academia) , Cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) , Art Hoe, [7] (#cite_note-7) Coquette/Nymphet, [8] (#cite_note-8) and Weirdcore. [9] (#cite_note-9) With the influence of new social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, however, internet aesthetics are being dominated by micro-trends such as mob wife and tomato girl summer. [10] (#cite_note-10) Aesthetics Wiki , a wiki hosted on Fandom (/wiki/Fandom_(website)) , has frequently been cited for its large database of information on online aesthetics. [2] (#cite_note-Atlantic2.5.21-2) [11] (#cite_note-11) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) According to The Atlantic , the wiki gained a 9,974% increase in traffic during the 2020 pandemic due to chronic online participation and desires for self discovery. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2022, Rebecca Jennings from Vox (/wiki/Vox_Media) argued that many trends from TikTok fall under one trend, calling it "TikTok couture" and describing it as a "way to describe the coalescence of trends that materialize on TikTok, whether from teenagers experimenting with clothes they've drifted from their local charity shop, from older folks revisiting the subcultural styles of their youth, or from professional and amateur trend watchers combining aesthetic clues into a single theory of what's coming next", adding "with the help of the supercharged TikTok algorithm that blasts viral content to millions of users within hours or days, these videos shape what mainstream culture considers stylish, which therefore can affect what we choose to wear ourselves." [13] (#cite_note-13) In July 2022, Sarah Spellings from Vogue stated that there was a "rise of hyper-specific Internet aesthetics". [14] (#cite_note-14) Notable examples [ edit ] This section may contain excessive (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size) or irrelevant (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight) examples . Please help improve the article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_aesthetic&action=edit) by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples (/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft) . ( June 2024 ) Corecore [ edit ] Main article: Corecore (/wiki/Corecore) Corecore (/wiki/Corecore) or CoreCore is an aesthetic and artistic movement aiming to capture post–2020 sensibilities. A product of youth culture in the 2020s (/wiki/Generation_Z) , the corecore aesthetic was largely found on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , where it juxtaposes various video clips while emotional music plays. Meant to evoke strong emotions, the corecore aesthetic juxtaposes imagery with its content made up of "seemingly unrelated clips" culled from a variety of sources including news footage, social media, films, livestreams, and memes, often overlaid on usually emotionally rousing, somber, or ambient music. [15] (#cite_note-15) Frutiger Aero [ edit ] Main article: Frutiger aero (/wiki/Frutiger_aero) Frutiger Aero was an internet aesthetic and UI/UX (/wiki/User_interface) design trend based on Windows Aero (/wiki/Windows_Aero) , which was popular from roughly 2004 to 2013. [16] (#cite_note-Dazeddigital-16) This aesthetic was named after typeface designer Adrian Frutiger (/wiki/Adrian_Frutiger) whose font and UI theme developments influenced the design choices of other major companies. Frutiger Aero term was coined in 2017, as a portmanteau (/wiki/Blend_word) of Aero and the Frutiger (/wiki/Frutiger_(typeface)) typeface. [17] (#cite_note-17) The aesthetic resonates heavily with Y2K, focusing around gloss, CGI renders of scenes with nature and technology together, transparency, nature symbolism, bokeh (/wiki/Bokeh) photography, and elements of skeuomorphic (/wiki/Skeuomorph) design. [16] (#cite_note-Dazeddigital-16) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) It began to decline after 2012, but made a comeback in the 2020s among members of Generation Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Dark Academia [ edit ] Main article: Dark academia (/wiki/Dark_academia) Architecture relevant in Dark Academia Dark Academia (/wiki/Dark_academia) is an aesthetic that focuses on higher education, specifically during the 19th century and early 20th century, and Collegiate Gothic (/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic) architecture, along with a dark color palette. It also reportedly "emphasizes inclusivity and gender fluidity" and "has a dedicated LGBTQ+ (/wiki/LGBT) following". [21] (#cite_note-NYTimes6.30.20-21) According to The INSIDER , the aesthetic dates back to 2014 on Tumblr, later getting popularized in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , specifically on TikTok and Instagram. [22] (#cite_note-22) Kristen Bateman of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) states, "Though it's unclear how and where, exactly, Dark Academia began, many users discovered it on Tumblr". [21] (#cite_note-NYTimes6.30.20-21) Light Academia [ edit ] Main article: Light academia (/wiki/Light_academia) Light Academia (/wiki/Light_academia) is an aesthetic and subculture often featured in literature and the world of higher education that emphasizes visually light aesthetics and positive themes, including optimism, joy, and friendship. Books such as Alice in Wonderland (/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland) and Peter Pan (/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)) emphasize light academia as it romanticizes the pursuit of knowledge and imagination. [23] (#cite_note-23) Accordingly, light academia is often considered to be the visually and emotionally lighter counterpart of dark academia, which has been described as "cottagecore with some more cosmopolitan elements". This aesthetic takes inspiration from school uniforms and early to mid-20th-century college wear, featuring staple and vintage pieces. It is a broad term and can refer to aspects such as architecture, artwork, and ceramics. [24] (#cite_note-24) The term light academia was coined on Tumblr in 2019 and gained popularity during the early 2020s. [ citation needed ] Neo-Victorian [ edit ] Main article: Neo-Victorian (/wiki/Neo-Victorian) A collection of people dressed in Neo-Victorian clothing Neo-Victorianism (/wiki/Neo-Victorian) is an aesthetic movement that features an overt nostalgia for the Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_era) period, generally in the context of the broader hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) subculture of the 1990s–2010s. [25] (#cite_note-25) It is also likened to other "neos" (e.g. neoconservatism (/wiki/Neoconservatism) , neoliberalism (/wiki/Neoliberalism) ), which do not simply look back to the past but also reiterate and replay it in more diverse and complicated ways. [26] (#cite_note-26) This characteristic makes neo-Victorian art difficult to define conclusively. [27] (#cite_note-27) Cottagecore [ edit ] Main article: Cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) Architecture relevant in Cottagecore Cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) is an aesthetic popularised by teenagers and young adults romanticizing rural life (/wiki/Rural_life) , centering on traditional rural clothing, interior design, and crafts such as drawing, baking, and pottery. The term for the aesthetic was coined in 2018 on Tumblr. [28] (#cite_note-28) The aesthetic gained heavy popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, where economic forces and other challenges facing these young people may have been a significant driver of this trend, along with these generations' emphasis on sustainability, and the recent trend to work from home (/wiki/Work_from_home) (initially during the pandemic). [29] (#cite_note-29) VSCO girl [ edit ] VSCO girls or VSCO kids emerged among teenagers during the summer of 2019, [30] (#cite_note-30) and are often described as "basic". [31] (#cite_note-Schwedel2019-31) Named after the VSCO (/wiki/VSCO) photography app, VSCO girls live by the statement “pics or didn't happen", using the app to create their social media aesthetic. [32] (#cite_note-32) They are stereotyped as having oversized T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , sweatshirts or sweaters, Fjällräven Kånkens (/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven#Fjällräven_Kånken) , scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) , Hydro Flasks (/wiki/Hydro_Flask) , Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) , Pura Vida bracelets (/wiki/Pura_Vida_Bracelets) , instant cameras (/wiki/Instant_camera) , Carmex (/wiki/Carmex) , metal straws, friendship bracelets (/wiki/Friendship_bracelet) , Birkenstocks (/wiki/Birkenstock) , shell necklaces, and other beach-related fashion. A typical VSCO girl outfit consists of leggings, an oversized and vibrant graphic T-shirt, and Birkenstock shoes. Environmentalism (/wiki/Environmental_protection) , especially topics relating to sea turtle conservation (/wiki/Threats_to_sea_turtles) , are also regarded as part of VSCO culture. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) VSCO girls have fallen out of fashion since 2019. [35] (#cite_note-35) E-Kid [ edit ] Main article: E-girls and e-boys (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) The E-Girl and E-Boy (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) aesthetics gained popularity on TikTok in 2019 primarily by members of Generation Z. It is an evolution of emo (/wiki/Emo) , scene (/wiki/Scene_(subculture)) and mall goth (/wiki/Mall_goth) fashion combined with Japanese street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) (such as anime (/wiki/Anime) , cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) , kawaii (/wiki/Kawaii) and lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) ) and Korean street fashion (such as K-pop (/wiki/K-pop#Fashion) ). [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) The E-Kid aesthetic often features bright hair colors, heavy and dark eye makeup, and accessories such as chain necklaces and beanies. Their wardrobe consists of oversized T-shirts, slim jeans, and checkered Vans (/wiki/Vans) shoes. [38] (#cite_note-38) According to Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) , the terms are not gender-specific, instead referring to two separate styles of fashion, stating that "While the e-boy is a vulnerable 'softboi' and embraces skate culture, the e-girl is cute and seemingly innocent". [ citation needed ] Kidcore/Indie Kid [ edit ] The " kidcore (/wiki/Kidult#Kidult_fashion) " or "indie kid" look centers around bright colors and nods to the late 1990s and 2000s. The aesthetic was first defined on Tumblr around the mid-2010s. In 2020, TikTok and Instagram contributed to a sharp increase in popularity. The indie kid (/wiki/Indie_kid) aesthetic is characterized by overly saturated photos and " crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , baggy pants/jeans (/wiki/Wide-leg_jeans) , tartan tennis skirts, tight-fitting tops, polo shirts, platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) or sneakers, as well as skate brands in general", along with Monster Energy (/wiki/Monster_Energy) also being considered "a staple". [39] (#cite_note-39) Unlike the hipster subculture (/wiki/Hipster_subculture) of the 2000s and early 2010s, indie kids of the 2020s favored a more childlike style that took inspiration from the late 1990s and 2000s, Japanese subculture, bedroom pop (/wiki/Lo-fi_music) , skater fashion (/wiki/Skateboarding) , energy drink (/wiki/Energy_drink) culture, and hyper pop (/wiki/Hyperpop) . Clean Girl [ edit ] Popularized in 2022 on TikTok, Clean Girl aesthetic is “[I] just got out of the shower, and I’m effortlessly gorgeous”. [40] (#cite_note-40) According to Bustle (/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)) , it is "about oversized, sporty basics", and consists of items such as "simple crop tops, loose-fit, high-rise denim, dainty gold jewelry, matching athleisure sets (probably from Aritzia), and the latest Nike drop". Clean Girl takes on a minimalist approach to wardrobe, makeup, and essentially, routine. According to Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) , the aesthetic "is basically just minimalist (/wiki/Minimalism) makeup" and "significantly low effort", citing that as the reason for its popularity. [41] (#cite_note-41) Influencers such as Hailey Bieber and Bella Hadid have mastered the Clean Girl aesthetic, contributing to the rise of slicked-back buns, chunky gold hoops, and skin-like makeup. [42] (#cite_note-42) See also [ edit ] 2010s in fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) 2020s in fashion (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) Aesthetics (/wiki/Aesthetics) Internet art (/wiki/Internet_art) Internet culture (/wiki/Internet_culture) New Aesthetic (/wiki/New_Aesthetic) Youth subculture (/wiki/Youth_subculture) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Spellings, Sarah (May 25, 2021). "Do I Have an Aesthetic?" (https://www.vogue.com/article/do-i-have-an-aesthetic) . Vogue . Retrieved August 5, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tiffany, Kaitlyn (February 5, 2021). "Cottagecore Was Just the Beginning" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2021/02/aesthetics-wiki-cottagecore-tumblr-tiktok/617923/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Spiders, Marcel Mensah (July 18, 2022). "Introduction to Internet Aesthetics and Cultural Movements" (https://www.lonerofficial.com/post/introduction-to-internet-aesthetics-and-cultural-movements) . LONER Magazine . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Cottagecore, cluttercore, goblincore — deep down, it's about who we think we are" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/cottagecore-goblincore-cluttercore/2021/09/09/4656e958-09b6-11ec-aea1-42a8138f132a_story.html) . Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved August 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A Glossary of '-core' Style Aesthetics" (https://ca.style.yahoo.com/glossary-core-style-aesthetics-120000108.html) . ca.style.yahoo.com . August 2, 2022 . Retrieved August 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ruane, Emily. "From Cottagecore To Goblincore — What's Your TikTok Fashion Aesthetic?" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/03/10353481/core-aesthetic-fashion-trends-tiktok) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved August 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/lifestyle/what-is-an-art-hoe-aesthetic-5555291) 'Art hoe' isn't just an aesthetic, although we've tried to make it one" (https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/lifestyle/what-is-an-art-hoe-aesthetic-5555291) . Vancouver Is Awesome . July 7, 2022 . Retrieved August 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why have young women on the internet always loved Lolita?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/56630/1/young-women-on-the-internet-love-lolita-nymphet-tumblr-coquette-aesthetic) . Dazed . July 28, 2022 . Retrieved August 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pradeep, Malavika (September 5, 2021). "Inside Weirdcore, an internet-born art movement triggering nostalgia of the unknown" (https://screenshot-media.com/culture/internet-culture/weirdcore-explained/) . Inside Weirdcore, an internet-born art movement triggering nostalgia of the unknown . Retrieved August 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Set, follow or skip? How brands should navigate micro-trends" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/fashion/set-follow-or-skip-how-brands-should-navigate-micro-trends) . Vogue Business . January 24, 2024 . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The Year in Aesthetics, From Dark Academia to McBling" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7vbma/the-year-in-aesthetics-from-dark-academia-to-mcbling) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . December 28, 2021 . Retrieved August 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Tiffany, Kaitlyn (February 5, 2021). "Cottagecore Was Just the Beginning" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2021/02/aesthetics-wiki-cottagecore-tumblr-tiktok/617923/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Jennings, Rebecca (February 1, 2022). "Fashion is just TikTok now" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22911116/tiktok-couture-fashion-trends) . Vox . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) " (https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/core) "Core" Is The New "Chic" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/core) " (https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/core) . British Vogue . Condé Nast. July 31, 2022 . Retrieved August 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mendez II, Moises (January 20, 2023). "What to Know About the Corecore Aesthetic Taking Over TikTok" (https://time.com/6248637/corecore-tiktok-aesthetic/) . TIME . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holliday, Laura (February 3, 2023). "What is frutiger aero, the aesthetic taking over from Y2K?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/58103/1/what-is-frutiger-aero-aesthetic-tiktok-msn-messenger-windows-vista-noughties) . Dazed . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Unveiling the Mystery: Exploring the Fascinating World of Frutiger Aero (https://www.reeditionmagazine.com/to-the-minute/unveiling-the-mystery-exploring-the-fascinating-world-of-frutiger-aero) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Cortés, Michelle Santiago. "What Frutiger Aero teaches us about niche internet aesthetics" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/88qyn3/what-frutiger-aero-teaches-us-about-niche-internet-aesthetics) . i-D . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Cinko, Anthony (December 17, 2022). "What is Frutiger Aero? Uncovering the nostalgic 2000's aesthetic - US Mobile blog" (https://www.usmobile.com/blog/frutiger-aero/) . Prepaid GSM Carrier News . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Fear, Natalie (January 4, 2024). "Why Gen Z is infatuated with the Frutiger Aero design aesthetic" (https://www.creativebloq.com/news/frutiger-aero-aesthetic-resurgance) . Creative Bloq . Retrieved July 20, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bateman, Kristen (June 30, 2020). "Academia Lives — on TikTok" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/style/dark-academia-tiktok.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "The Rise of Dark Academia" (https://www.vinsider.ca/voices/the-rise-of-dark-academia/) . The Insider . November 5, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Dark Academia, Light Academia, & Cottagecore: Breaking Down 3 Popular Internet Aesthetics" (https://www.wallflowerjournal.com/lifestyle/dark-academia-light-academia-amp-cottagecore-breaking-down-3-popular-internet-aesthetics) . wallflower . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Which Type of Academia Aesthetics Are You?" (https://www.theotheraesthetic.com/blog/types-of-academia-aesthetics-which-one-are-you/) . The Other Aesthetic . October 27, 2022 . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Heilmann, Ann; Llewellyn, Mark (2010). Neo-Victorianism: The Victorians in the Twenty-First Century, 1999-2009 . New York: Springer. p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-349-31685-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Ho, Elizabeth (2012). Neo-Victorianism and the Memory of Empire . London: A&C Black. p. 9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4411-6155-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Boehm-Schnitker, Nadine; Gruss, Susanne (2014). Neo-Victorian Literature and Culture: Immersions and Revisitations . New York: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-134-61469-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Jennings, Rebecca (August 3, 2020). "Cottagecore, Taylor Swift, and our endless desire to be soothed" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/8/3/21349640/cottagecore-taylor-swift-folklore-lesbian-clothes-animal-crossing) . Vox . Retrieved August 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Why is 'cottagecore' booming? Because being outside is now the ultimate taboo | Amelia Hall" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/15/why-is-cottagecore-booming-because-being-outside-is-now-the-ultimate-taboo) . the Guardian . April 15, 2020 . Retrieved August 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Leskin, Paige (December 12, 2019). "The summer of the 'VSCO girl' may be over, but retailers and the VSCO app itself are still reaping the benefits of the craze that swept Gen Z" (https://www.businessinsider.com/vsco-girl-purchases-boosted-brands-vsco-app-2019-8#the-vsco-girl-summer-is-over-but-sales-are-not-2) . Business Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-Schwedel2019_31-0) Schwedel, Heather (September 12, 2019). "Teens Explain the VSCO Girl—and Why You Never Want to Be One" (https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/09/vsco-girls-explained-by-teens.html) . Slate Magazine . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The Ultimate VSCO Girl Starter Pack" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/vsco-girl-starter-pack) . Teen Vogue . August 21, 2019 . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Minutaglio, Rose (August 16, 2019). "A Guide to the 'VSCO Girl' Aesthetic Taking Over Your Feeds" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/trend-reports/a28709397/vsco-girls-what-to-know/) . ELLE . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Aronoff, Kate (September 20, 2019). "Why VSCO Girls are Going on Strike for the Climate" (https://theintercept.com/2019/09/20/why-vsco-girls-are-going-on-strike-for-the-climate/) . The Intercept . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Mutum, Dilip S.; Ghazali, Ezlika M. (2023). Evolving Consumer Representations and Roles . Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 149–150. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-031-39359-4_7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-39359-4_7) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-031-39358-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Leskin, Paige. "Everything you need to know about e-girls and e-boys, teen gamers who have emerged as the antithesis of Instagram influencers" (https://www.businessinsider.com/e-girls-definition-tiktok-e-boys-anti-influencer-teen-gamers-2019-9) . Business Insider . Retrieved August 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "How to dress like an E-girl in 2022: your definitive guide" (https://heatworld.com/shopping/fashion/e-girl-style-guide/) . Heat . June 5, 2022 . Retrieved August 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Madi, Madi (July 4, 2023). "What is an Eboy? The True Eboy Style Explained" (https://manofmany.com/fashion/mens-fashion-trends/what-is-an-eboy-the-true-eboy-style-explained) . manofmany.com . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "The Indie Aesthetic has changed, here's what you need to know" (https://happymag.tv/indie-aesthetic/) . Happy Mag . July 1, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "What is the clean girl aesthetic? How to achieve the look" (https://nypost.com/2022/07/27/what-is-the-clean-girl-aesthetic-how-to-achieve-the-look/) . July 27, 2022 . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Let's Argue: How Do We Really Feel About The "Clean Girl Makeup" Aesthetic?" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/07/11048021/unbothered-clean-girl-makeup-black-women) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "How to Channel the Clean Girl Aesthetic, According to Fashion Influencers Who Have Already Nailed the Trend" (https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/clean-girl-aesthetic-fashion-trend) . InStyle . 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British milliner For other people named Justin Smith, see Justin Smith (disambiguation) (/wiki/Justin_Smith_(disambiguation)) . This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Smith_(milliner)&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Justin Smith (born in 1978) is a British milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) based in London, who creates bespoke millinery under the J Smith Esquire brand for private clients and films. Smith's hats have appeared in exhibits and been acquired by the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York [ citation needed ] and the Victoria & Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London (/wiki/London) . [1] (#cite_note-1) He has been a visiting lecturer at London's Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) and has conducted seminars and teaching workshops for the British Council (/wiki/British_Council) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] From 1998 to 2002, Smith served as the Creative Director and Head of Avant Garde for the Toni & Guy Group. [3] (#cite_note-3) Following this, in 2003, he founded his own J Smith Esquire hairdressing salon in London's Soho (/wiki/Soho) , focusing on conceptual and avant-garde styles, session styling for the style press, advertising campaigns, and private clients. He was a finalist for the British Hairdressing Awards in 2001 as Avant-Garde Hairdresser of the Year and won the first prize at the 2000 London Alternative Hair Show [ citation needed ] Smith is a graduate of the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , Kensington and Chelsea College (/wiki/Morley_College) , and Royal College of Art, where he obtained an MA in Millinery in 2007. [4] (#cite_note-4) Millinery career [ edit ] Smith established J Smith Esquire in 2007, following his Royal College of Art graduation collection called Le Cirque Macabre . The brand has produced sixteen collections since its launch. [ citation needed ] Hats by J Smith Esquire have been shown at London, Paris and Milan (/wiki/Milan) fashion weeks, as well as Rome Couture and Jakarta Fashion Week (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) . He has collaborated with designers including Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) , Oscar Lawalata (/wiki/Oscar_Lawalata) , Aganovich, Emilio de la Morena and Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) . [ citation needed ] In 2011, a retrospective exhibition, installation, and book launch took place at the Royal Horseguards Hotel (/wiki/Royal_Horseguards_Hotel) , London, including five bespoke doorman hats made for the hotel group (/wiki/Guoman_Hotels) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2012, as part of London's Jubilee celebrations, Smith was invited to take part in BT (/wiki/BT_Group) Artbox (/wiki/Red_telephone_box) , transforming a replica phone kiosk, and Hatwalk, [6] (#cite_note-6) commissioned by the Mayor of London (/wiki/Mayor_of_London) , in partnership with BT and Grazia magazine, putting a hat on the statue of Queen Victoria on London's Blackfriars Bridge (/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge) . In 2012, Smith created the leather head wraps for Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) in Maleficent (/wiki/Maleficent_(film)) on which he worked in collaboration with the actor. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Since Maleficent he has also produced hats for Jolie and Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) in By The Sea (/wiki/By_the_Sea_(2015_film)) ; for Amanda Seyfried (/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried) , Kathy Burke (/wiki/Kathy_Burke) and ensemble nuns in Pan (/wiki/Pan_(2015_film)) ; and Armie Hammer (/wiki/Armie_Hammer) and Alicia Vikander (/wiki/Alicia_Vikander) in The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._(film)) [ citation needed ] Neil Tennant (/wiki/Neil_Tennant) , Kelis (/wiki/Kelis) [9] (#cite_note-9) and Matthew Herbert (/wiki/Matthew_Herbert) have worn Smith's hats during live performances. [ citation needed ] Awards [ edit ] Smith was awarded the 2016 Generali Future Award by International Talent Support (/wiki/International_Talent_Support) at a live presentation in Trieste, Italy (/wiki/Trieste) in July 2016. [10] (#cite_note-10) Smith also won the Maria Louisa and I-D Styling awards by International Talent Support in 2007. His previous awards include "Young Fashion Entrepreneur of the Year" Award for 2011 awarded by the British Council (/wiki/British_Council) [11] (#cite_note-11) and New Generation sponsorship and inclusion over several years in the Hedonism millinery collective, awarded by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Millinery in Motion: Stephen Jones" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/m/millinery-in-motion/) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Justin Smith | People | Creative Economy | British Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114537/http://creativeconomy.britishcouncil.org/people/justin-smith/) . British Council | Creative Economy . Archived from the original (http://creativeconomy.britishcouncil.org/people/justin-smith/) on 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "J Smith Esquire" (https://www.notjustalabel.com/designer/j-smith-esquire) . notjustalabel.com . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Justin Smith" (https://www.rca.ac.uk/students/justin-smith/) . Royal College of Art . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "GREAT BRITAIN / London: J Smith Esquire for Guoman hotels | modem mag | modemonline.com" (http://www.modemonline.com/modem-mag/article/1381-great-britain--london-j-smith-esquire-pour-les-hotels-guonman) . www.modemonline.com . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "British Fashion Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305200930/http://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/pressreleases/Hatwalk) . britishfashioncouncil.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/pressreleases/Hatwalk) on 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kyriazis, Stefan (17 October 2014). " (http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/films/523670/Angelina-Jolie-Maleficent-horns-interview) 'Angelina Jolie is like family now,' Meet the man behind THOSE horns in Maleficent" (http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/films/523670/Angelina-Jolie-Maleficent-horns-interview) . Daily Express . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Culbertson, Alix (20 June 2014). "Angelina Jolie praises ex-Chelsea student who made Maleficent headpiece" (http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/angelina-jolie-praises-ex-chelsea-student-7297314) . getwestlondon . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "justin smith esquire News and Photos | Perez Hilton" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305191850/http://perezhilton.com/tag/justin_smith_esquire/) . perezhilton.com. Archived from the original (http://perezhilton.com/tag/justin_smith_esquire/) on 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Generali Future Award 2016 a Justin Smith" (http://www.firstonline.info/News/2016/07/08/generali-future-award-2016-a-justin-smith/MzdfMjAxNi0wNy0wOF9GT0w) . Firstonline . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Creative Entrepreneurship" (http://creativeconomy.britishcouncil.org/projects/young-creative-entrepreneur-programme/) . British Council | Creative Economy . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . External links [ edit ] Justin Smith (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6255636/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐bdcc7b545‐w7sr5 Cached time: 20240715171300 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.355 seconds Real time usage: 0.499 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2343/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40799/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5039/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42309/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.226/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5963095/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 469.276 1 -total 29.97% 140.642 1 Template:Reflist 23.94% 112.340 9 Template:Cite_web 15.97% 74.965 1 Template:Short_description 14.04% 65.902 7 Template:Citation_needed 13.59% 63.775 1 Template:Advert 12.61% 59.166 1 Template:Ambox 11.85% 55.615 1 Template:IMDb_name 11.70% 54.909 7 Template:Fix 9.81% 46.058 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53381864-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715171300 and revision id 1211149904. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Smith_(milliner)&oldid=1211149904 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Smith_(milliner)&oldid=1211149904) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : English fashion designers (/wiki/Category:English_fashion_designers) British milliners (/wiki/Category:British_milliners) 1978 births (/wiki/Category:1978_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from March 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_March_2020) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) EngvarB from November 2017 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_November_2017) Use dmy dates from November 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2017) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023)
American socialite, environmentalist Plaque commemorating the foundation of the Audubon Society Minna B. Hall (1860 – 24 July 1951) was an American (/wiki/Americans) socialite (/wiki/Socialite) and environmentalist (/wiki/Environmentalist) . Her most notable achievements include the co-founding of the Massachusetts Audubon Society (/wiki/Massachusetts_Audubon_Society) and the ratification of the Weeks-McLean Act (/wiki/Weeks-McLean_Act) by the US Congress (/wiki/United_States_Congress) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Together with her cousin, Harriet Lawrence Hemenway (/wiki/Harriet_Hemenway) , Hall organized ladies' teas at which she urged women to stop wearing hats with feathers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Hall's boycott of the fashion of wearing plumes (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) ultimately changed the future of the American feather trade, and her activism remains a key event in the history of ornithological conservation. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Minna lived on 156, Ivy Street in Brookline, Massachusetts (/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts) , for over 90 years. The pond by her house has been preserved as a wildlife sanctuary (/wiki/Wildlife_refuge) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "How Two Women Ended the Deadly Feather Trade" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-two-women-ended-the-deadly-feather-trade-23187277/) . Smithsonian.com . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Feather Trade - Wildlife Journal Junior" (https://nhpbs.org/wild/feather.asp) . New Hampshire PBS . 2019 . Retrieved April 13, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Weeks, Linton (July 15, 2015). "Hats Off To Women Who Saved The Birds" (https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/07/15/422860307/hats-off-to-women-who-saved-the-birds) . NPR.org . Retrieved April 13, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hall's Pond and Amory Woods" (http://friendsofhallspond.org/about-history/significance-of-halls-pond/) . The Friends of Hall's Pond . January 18, 2015 . Retrieved April 13, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Brookline Conservation Commission, Friends of Hall's Pond (1996). "A Plan for Hall's Pond Sanctuary" (http://friendsofhallspond.org/a-plan-for-halls-pond-sanctuary-optimized.pdf) (PDF) . Friends of Hall's Pond . External links [ edit ] Official website of the Massachusetts Audubon Society (https://www.massaudubon.org/) This biographical article about a United States activist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minna_B._Hall&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐sm4v8 Cached time: 20240712232907 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.469 seconds Real time usage: 0.638 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 657/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13580/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 783/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22948/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.337/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4157664/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 593.684 1 -total 37.99% 225.567 1 Template:Reflist 33.09% 196.461 5 Template:Cite_web 29.54% 175.402 1 Template:Short_description 27.30% 162.050 1 Template:US-activist-stub 26.87% 159.523 1 Template:Asbox 16.10% 95.604 4 Template:Main_other 15.52% 92.150 1 Template:SDcat 10.26% 60.897 2 Template:Pagetype 3.93% 23.338 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60460088-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712232907 and revision id 1183173671. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minna_B._Hall&oldid=1183173671 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minna_B._Hall&oldid=1183173671) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1860 births (/wiki/Category:1860_births) 1951 deaths (/wiki/Category:1951_deaths) American conservationists (/wiki/Category:American_conservationists) People from Brookline, Massachusetts (/wiki/Category:People_from_Brookline,_Massachusetts) American activist stubs (/wiki/Category:American_activist_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2020) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Tall, conical hat of the 16th–17th centuries This article is about the hat associated with Puritan costume. For the hat used by pilgrims on the Way of St. James, see Pilgrim's hat (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) . Woman in a Capotain by Nicholas Hilliard (/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard) , 1602 A capotain , capatain , copotain , or steeple hat is a tall-crowned, narrow-brimmed, slightly conical (/wiki/Pointed_hat) " sugarloaf (/wiki/Sugarloaf) " hat, usually black, worn by men and women from the 1590s into the mid-seventeenth century in England (/wiki/England) and northwestern Europe (/wiki/Europe) . Earlier capotains had rounded crowns; later, the crown was flat at the top. The capotain is especially associated with Puritan (/wiki/Puritan) costume in England in the years leading up to the English Civil War (/wiki/English_Civil_War) and during the years of the Commonwealth (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England) . It is also commonly called a flat-topped hat and a Pilgrim hat , the latter for its association with the Pilgrims (/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers) who settled Plymouth Colony (/wiki/Plymouth_Colony) in the 1620s. Contrary to popular myth, capotains never included buckles on the front of them; [1] (#cite_note-1) this image was created in the 19th century. [2] (#cite_note-2) It has been theorised that the capotain inspired the top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) . England, 1592 ( Portrait of an Unknown Lady , attributed to Robert Peake the Elder (/wiki/Robert_Peake_the_Elder) ) England, 1600s (Detail from a contemporary engraving of the Gunpowder Plotters (/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot) ) Holland, 1615 ( Elegant Couples Courting by Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech (/wiki/Willem_Pieterszoon_Buytewech) ) Flanders, 1630s ( Man with a Hat painting by Adriaen Brouwer (/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer) ) England, 1640s ( Ester Tradescant and Son , attributed to Thomas de Critz (/wiki/Thomas_de_Critz) ) A spurious buckled capotain, as carved by Augustus St. Gaudens (/wiki/Augustus_St._Gaudens) on The Puritan and (/wiki/The_Puritan_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)) The Pilgrim , 1887 See also [ edit ] 1550–1600 in fashion (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_fashion) 1600–1650 in fashion (/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_fashion) 1650–1700 in fashion (/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_fashion) List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) Toque (/wiki/Toque) Pilgrim's hat (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 17th century hats (http://gallery.villagehatshop.com/gallery/view_photo.php?set_albumName=chapter10&id=123_G) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20061016194826/http://gallery.villagehatshop.com/gallery/view_photo.php?set_albumName=chapter10&id=123_G) October 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (22 July 2018). "What Did the Pilgrims Wear?" (https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-did-pilgrims-wear/) . History of Massachusetts Blog . Rebecca Beatrice Brooks . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . Further reading [ edit ] Ashelford, Jane: The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500–1914 , Abrams, 1996. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-6317-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6317-5) . Arnold, Janet (/wiki/Janet_Arnold) : Patterns of Fashion: the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560–1620 , Macmillan 1985. Revised edition 1986. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-89676-083-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89676-083-9) . Black, J. Anderson and Madge Garland: A History of Fashion , Morrow, 1975. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-688-02893-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-02893-4) . External links [ edit ] Media related to Capotain (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capotain) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear 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(/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐w5djd Cached time: 20240719060119 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.310 seconds Real time usage: 0.626 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1351/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31355/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1294/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capotain&oldid=1226358031 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capotain&oldid=1226358031) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 16th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) Pointed hats (/wiki/Category:Pointed_hats) English clothing (/wiki/Category:English_clothing) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) Plymouth Colony (/wiki/Category:Plymouth_Colony) English Civil War (/wiki/Category:English_Civil_War) Religious headgear (/wiki/Category:Religious_headgear) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐l4f57 Cached time: 20240719192523 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60705509-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719192523 and revision id 896107245. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Saudi Arabian businesspeople in fashion" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz (/wiki/Deena_Aljuhani_Abdulaziz) N Noura bint Faisal Al Saud (/wiki/Noura_bint_Faisal_Al_Saud) Noura bint Mohammed Al Saud (/wiki/Noura_bint_Mohammed_Al_Saud) S Loulwa bint Yazeed Al Saud (/wiki/Loulwa_bint_Yazeed_Al_Saud) Sora bint Saud Al Saud (/wiki/Sora_bint_Saud_Al_Saud) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Saudi_Arabian_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896107245 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Saudi_Arabian_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896107245) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion) Saudi Arabian businesspeople (/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabian_businesspeople)
Perfumery Aedes de Venustas Named after “Temple of Beauty” Established 1995 ; 29 years ago ( 1995 ) Founders Robert Gerstner and Karl Bradl Founded at 15 Christopher Street, New York Purpose Perfumery Headquarters 16A Orchard Street Location New York , United States Award(s) Fragrance Foundation Award (/wiki/Fifi_Awards) Website aedes (http://aedes.com) .com (http://aedes.com) Aedes de Venustas is a niche perfume (/wiki/Niche_perfume) store (also called Aedes Perfumery ) and fragrance line. Aedes has operated in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) since 1995. The house perfume line launched in 2012, although there was an earlier collaboration with L'Artisan Parfumeur (/wiki/L%27Artisan_Parfumeur) creating a home fragrance (2005) and perfume (2008) also named Aedes de Venustas. History [ edit ] Aedes de Venustas window display at 9 Christopher Street in 2013 Founded by Robert Gerstner and Karl Bradl, Aedes de Venustas, which Gerstner translates as “Temple of Beauty”, [1] (#cite_note-1) first opened at 15 Christopher Street in the West Village (/wiki/West_Village) in 1995. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-instyle-3) Gerstner and Bradl had worked for a German shipping company that closed and starting a business offered them a way to stay in New York. Both long-time perfume fans, they decided to offer hard-to-find lines, beginning with L'Artisan Parfumeur (/wiki/L%27Artisan_Parfumeur) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) After their first year in business, Bradl earned a small notice in Vogue after he made a cold-call visit to the Vogue offices with a selection of scents in a flower-adorned box, [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) presentation that became an Aedes signature. [3] (#cite_note-instyle-3) This won a new customer with deep pockets: supermodel Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) did her holiday shopping at the store. Bradl and Gerstner began sending similar floral arrangement packages to fashion industry leaders and the business took off. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Other early customers noted in an InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) magazine piece the following year included actresses Molly Ringwald (/wiki/Molly_Ringwald) and Debi Mazar (/wiki/Debi_Mazar) and designer Todd Oldham (/wiki/Todd_Oldham) . [3] (#cite_note-instyle-3) The store later moved down the block to 9 Christopher Street, then in 2016 to a larger space at 7 Greenwich Avenue; in 2018 Aedes moved across town to 16A Orchard Street on the Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) . The store’s decor has remained similar across its moves, described as “a velvet-lined fragrance box”, [4] (#cite_note-4) a “cabinet de curiosités” [5] (#cite_note-5) and a “jewel-box store” [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) with “the feeling of a Victorian drawing room”. [7] (#cite_note-7) Products [ edit ] Perfume [ edit ] Over time, Aedes continued to bring in lines previously unavailable in the US, becoming the first to import A-esop from Australia, Czech & Speake and Bella Freud from the UK, [8] (#cite_note-8) and Etro (/wiki/Etro) from Italy. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Home and body products [ edit ] In addition to perfume, Aedes is known for luxury candles from brands like Diptyque (/wiki/Diptyque) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Agraria, Mariage Frères (/wiki/Mariage_Fr%C3%A8res) , [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) and Cire Trudon (/wiki/Cire_Trudon) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Aedes branded fragrances [ edit ] For the store’s tenth anniversary in 2005, [11] (#cite_note-guest-11) Aedes developed a signature home scent, a room spray called Aedes de Venustas Parfum d’Ambiance, through a collaboration with L'Artisan Parfumeur (/wiki/L%27Artisan_Parfumeur) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The scent was so popular that it was adapted in 2008 to sell as a personal fragrance, Aedes de Venustas Eau de Parfum by L’Artisan Parfumeur. Bertrand Duchaufour (/wiki/Bertrand_Duchaufour) was the perfumer to develop the scent, [13] (#cite_note-13) based on a visit to the store and Bradl and Gerstner’s taste, which they described as “we love dark fragrances, we love incense." [11] (#cite_note-guest-11) Aedes later created an independent fragrance line that shares the names of the store. The line’s first fragrance, called Aedes de Venustas Eau de Parfum, or Aedes de Venustas Signature, launched in 2012. [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Duchaufour was the “nose” for this fragrance as well, [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) creating a rhubarb (/wiki/Rhubarb) and tomato leaf scent. [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) In the 2018 edition of Perfumes: The Guide (/wiki/Perfumes:_The_Guide) , Luca Turin (/wiki/Luca_Turin) gave the fragrance four (of five) stars and called it a “superlatively clever accord.” [15] (#cite_note-guide-15) Reviewing the perfume for Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Anthony Rotunno wrote, “Everything, down to the crimson-tinted glass bottle’s packaging—a burgundy velvet box inspired by a swatch of fabric cut from the store—was deliberately chosen to promote the Aedes de Venustas vision, one of indulgent opulence that’s become synonymous with the store.” [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) The next addition to the line was Iris Nazarena by perfumer Ralf Schweiger (/w/index.php?title=Ralf_Schweiger&action=edit&redlink=1) , which won the 2014 “Perfume Extraordinaire of the Year” at the Fragrance Foundation Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Subsequent releases include Copal Azur, an incense fragrance, [17] (#cite_note-17) and Oeillet Bengale, a rose and carnation fragrance, in 2014; [18] (#cite_note-18) the rosewood (/wiki/Rosewood) perfume Palissandre d’Or in 2015, [19] (#cite_note-19) vanilla fragrance Cierge de Lune and vetiver fragrance Grenadille d’Afrique in 2016; [20] (#cite_note-20) Natalie Feisthauer’s geranium scent Pélargonium in 2017; [21] (#cite_note-21) and Musc Encensé in 2018. In 2022, the line was relaunched with new packaging and a new fragrance named for the store’s new location, 16a Orchard. Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) said, “With a ginger center, this warm, vibrant scent is a little moody, a bit unexpected, and very much of its neighborhood.” [22] (#cite_note-22) Aedes co-owner Karl Bradl is also co-founder of the fragrance line Nomenclature. [23] (#cite_note-:3-23) This line focuses on synthetic ingredients, molecules scientists have developed for use in perfumery. [23] (#cite_note-:3-23) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Penny, Denise (October 13, 2005). "Robert Gerstner of Aedes de Venustas" (https://nymag.com/nymetro/shopping/columns/askshopclerk/14766/) . New York Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302193015/https://nymag.com/nymetro/shopping/columns/askshopclerk/14766/) from the original on 2021-03-02 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ a b c d e f Burr, Chandler (2005-12-04). "The Essence of Buzz" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/style/the-essence-of-buzz.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-10-24 . ^ a b c Sayers, Robin (November 1996). "Beauty black book". InStyle . p. 78. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kennedy, Sarah (2019-12-11). "Heading to New York this Christmas? Don't miss our luxury guide to the city's unique shopping spots" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/heading-new-york-christmas-dont-miss-luxury-guide-citys-unique/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302193016/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/heading-new-york-christmas-dont-miss-luxury-guide-citys-unique/) from the original on 2021-03-02 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Camille Goutal's little black book" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4344046/Camille-Goutals-little-black-book.html) . The Telegraph . January 26, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302193026/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4344046/Camille-Goutals-little-black-book.html) from the original on 2021-03-02 . Retrieved 2020-10-29 . ^ a b Barsamian, Edward (March 28, 2012). "Vain Glorious | Aedes de Venustas Signature Eau de Parfum" (https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/vain-glorious-aedes-de-venustas-signature-eau-de-parfum/) . T Magazine . The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084712/https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/vain-glorious-aedes-de-venustas-signature-eau-de-parfum/) from the original on February 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) McKeough, Tim (2009-03-25). "Shifting the Mood" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/garden/26shopp.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084600/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/garden/26shopp.html) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Stover, Laren (2014-12-13). "If Ginsberg Is God, Bella Freud Is Goddess" (https://observer.com/2014/12/if-ginsberg-is-god-bella-freud-is-goddess/) . Observer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084644/https://observer.com/2014/12/if-ginsberg-is-god-bella-freud-is-goddess/) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ramzi, Lilah (April 12, 2016). "Candle Connoisseurs, Take Note: Why It's Time to Trim Your Wicks" (https://www.vogue.com/article/candle-wick-trim-aedes-de-venustas) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084604/https://www.vogue.com/article/candle-wick-trim-aedes-de-venustas) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Becker, Katie (1 August 2018). "Why Do Candles Cost So Much?" (https://coveteur.com/2018/08/01/why-scented-candles-are-expensive/) . Coveteur . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084612/https://coveteur.com/2018/08/01/august-2018-horoscopes-aquarius/) from the original on 14 February 2021 . Retrieved 24 October 2020 . ^ a b "Interview: Capturing The Essence Of West Village Perfumery Aedes de Venustas" (https://guestofaguest.com/new-york/interview/interview-capturing-the-essence-of-west-village-perfumery-aedes-de-venustas) . Guest of a Guest . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161016160043/http://guestofaguest.com/new-york/interview/interview-capturing-the-essence-of-west-village-perfumery-aedes-de-venustas) from the original on 2016-10-16 . Retrieved 2021-03-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Donovan, Kate (April 6, 2018). "12 Amazing Home Scents You Need In Your Life" (https://www.brides.com/gallery/home-scents-you-need) . Brides . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200901132327/https://www.brides.com/gallery/home-scents-you-need) from the original on 2020-09-01 . Retrieved 2020-10-24 . This rich, multi-layered scent is infused with Japanese incense, strawflowers, balsam, leather and musk (and we love the gorgeous vanity-worthy bottle it comes in). ^ (#cite_ref-13) Evans, Matthew W.; Brown, Rachel (2008-07-23). "L'Artisan Looks to the Power of Three" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/lartisan-looks-to-the-power-of-three-1642163/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121005235745/http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/lartisan-looks-to-the-power-of-three-1642163) from the original on 2012-10-05 . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ a b c Rotunno, Anthony (July 7, 2012). "Call It Aedes de Venustas's Very Own" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2012/06/Call-it-Aedes-de-Venustass-Very-Own) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084601/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2012/06/Call-it-Aedes-de-Venustass-Very-Own) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-guide_15-0) Turin, Luca; Sanchez, Tania (2018). Perfumes: The Guide 2018 . Perfüümista ÖÜ. p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9949-88-553-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Shapouri, Beth (17 June 2014). "Check Out All the 2014 FIFI Award Winners???Did Your Favorite Perfume Make the Cut?" (https://www.glamour.com/story/check-out-all-the-2014-fifi-aw) . Glamour . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084632/https://www.glamour.com/story/check-out-all-the-2014-fifi-aw) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Barbery-Coulon, Lili (2015-02-06). "Parfums boisés, odeurs de sainteté" (https://www.lemonde.fr/m-styles/article/2015/02/06/parfums-boises-odeurs-de-saintete_4570353_4497319.html) . Le Monde (in French). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084642/https://www.lemonde.fr/m-styles/article/2015/02/06/parfums-boises-odeurs-de-saintete_4570353_4497319.html) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Suchet, Jean-Luc (2015-05-04). "Parfums : déclarations d'amour" (https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/actualites/parfums-declarations-d-amour-23-04-2015-4718431.php) . Le Parisien (in French). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084612/https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/actualites/parfums-declarations-d-amour-23-04-2015-4718431.php) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Thomas, Ellen (2015-10-27). "The Smell Test: Aedes de Venustas Palissandre d'Or" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/the-smell-test-aedes-de-venustas-palissandre-dor-10268554/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084612/https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/the-smell-test-aedes-de-venustas-palissandre-dor-10268554/) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Gift Guide: Beauty" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/11/gift-guide-beauty) . Vanity Fair . November 30, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084555/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/11/gift-guide-beauty) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Perilli, Di Vanessa (2018-04-08). "Come si diventa un naso? Intervista a Nathalie Feisthauer" (https://www.marieclaire.com/it/bellezza/profumi/a19711488/nathalie-feisthauer-naso-intervista/) . Marie Claire (in Italian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084605/https://www.marieclaire.com/it/bellezza/profumi/a19711488/nathalie-feisthauer-naso-intervista/) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Matlin, Jessica (February 2022). "BEAUTY: NEWS". Harper's Bazaar . p. 79. ^ a b Grinnell, SunHee (November 10, 2015). "Modern Science of Perfume-Making: Introducing Nomenclature" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/11/modern-science-of-perfume-making-introducing-nomenclature) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214084609/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/11/modern-science-of-perfume-making-introducing-nomenclature) from the original on 2021-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-10-24 . External links [ edit ] Aedes.com (https://www.Aedes.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐ddt9r Cached time: 20240701011258 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.375 seconds Real time usage: 0.448 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2571/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51982/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1042/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 92070/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.236/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5731400/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 411.337 1 -total 55.82% 229.590 1 Template:Reflist 33.34% 137.137 11 Template:Cite_web 21.94% 90.242 1 Template:Infobox_organization 20.21% 83.125 1 Template:Infobox 18.51% 76.153 1 Template:Short_description 11.55% 47.494 2 Template:Pagetype 9.54% 39.254 8 Template:Cite_news 5.10% 20.979 2 Template:Unbulleted_list 4.32% 17.790 6 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65664846-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701011258 and revision id 1177519738. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aedes_de_Venustas&oldid=1177519738 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aedes_de_Venustas&oldid=1177519738) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumery (/wiki/Category:Perfumery) Niche perfumes (/wiki/Category:Niche_perfumes) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description)
English drag queens (/wiki/Drag_queen) , persons, usually male, who used drag clothing (/wiki/Drag_(clothing)) and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate female gender signifiers (/wiki/Femininity) and gender roles (/wiki/Gender_roles) for entertainment purposes. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6fcf4fdbb9‐kqsdf Cached time: 20240716003215 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39102641-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716003215 and revision id 1145127350. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "English drag queens" The following 59 pages are in this category, out of 59 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A A'Whora (/wiki/A%27Whora) Anubis Finch (/wiki/Anubis_Finch) April Ashley (/wiki/April_Ashley) B Baby (drag queen) (/wiki/Baby_(drag_queen)) Danny Beard (/wiki/Danny_Beard) Juno Birch (/wiki/Juno_Birch) Joe Black (drag queen) (/wiki/Joe_Black_(drag_queen)) Kenzie Blackheart (/wiki/Kenzie_Blackheart) Bimini Bon-Boulash (/wiki/Bimini_Bon-Boulash) Bette Bourne (/wiki/Bette_Bourne) Reg Bundy (/wiki/Reg_Bundy) C Lady Camden (/wiki/Lady_Camden) Jamie Campbell (personality) (/wiki/Jamie_Campbell_(personality)) Cheddar Gorgeous (/wiki/Cheddar_Gorgeous) Baga Chipz (/wiki/Baga_Chipz) Crystal (drag queen) (/wiki/Crystal_(drag_queen)) D Divina de Campo (/wiki/Divina_de_Campo) Sminty Drop (/wiki/Sminty_Drop) Myra DuBois (/wiki/Myra_DuBois) F Elektra Fence (/wiki/Elektra_Fence) Ford and Sheen (/wiki/Ford_and_Sheen) G Julia Grant (transgender activist) (/wiki/Julia_Grant_(transgender_activist)) Larry Grayson (/wiki/Larry_Grayson) Veronica Green (/wiki/Veronica_Green) H Scarlett Harlett (/wiki/Scarlett_Harlett) Jodie Harsh (/wiki/Jodie_Harsh) Charlie Hides (/wiki/Charlie_Hides) Cheryl Hole (/wiki/Cheryl_Hole) David Hoyle (performance artist) (/wiki/David_Hoyle_(performance_artist)) J Violetta J'Adore (/wiki/Violetta_J%27Adore) Rex Jameson (/wiki/Rex_Jameson) Ty Jeffries (/wiki/Ty_Jeffries) Ginger Johnson (drag queen) (/wiki/Ginger_Johnson_(drag_queen)) K Charity Kase (drag queen) (/wiki/Charity_Kase_(drag_queen)) Gothy Kendoll (/wiki/Gothy_Kendoll) Bobbie Kimber (/wiki/Bobbie_Kimber) Kitty Scott-Claus (/wiki/Kitty_Scott-Claus) Tia Kofi (/wiki/Tia_Kofi) L Danny La Rue (/wiki/Danny_La_Rue) Foo Foo Lammar (/wiki/Foo_Foo_Lammar) Ginny Lemon (/wiki/Ginny_Lemon) M Asttina Mandella (/wiki/Asttina_Mandella) Marilyn (singer) (/wiki/Marilyn_(singer)) River Medway (drag queen) (/wiki/River_Medway_(drag_queen)) Vanity Milan (/wiki/Vanity_Milan) Bailey J Mills (/wiki/Bailey_J_Mills) O Paul O'Grady (/wiki/Paul_O%27Grady) P Pixie Polite (/wiki/Pixie_Polite) S Scaredy Kat (/wiki/Scaredy_Kat) Dakota Schiffer (/wiki/Dakota_Schiffer) Malcolm Scott (entertainer) (/wiki/Malcolm_Scott_(entertainer)) Sister Sister (drag queen) (/wiki/Sister_Sister_(drag_queen)) Starlet (drag queen) (/wiki/Starlet_(drag_queen)) Vinegar Strokes (/wiki/Vinegar_Strokes) Sum Ting Wong (drag queen) (/wiki/Sum_Ting_Wong_(drag_queen)) T Maisie Trollette (/wiki/Maisie_Trollette) V Ella Vaday (/wiki/Ella_Vaday) Cherry Valentine (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine) Krystal Versace (/wiki/Krystal_Versace) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:English_drag_queens&oldid=1145127350 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:English_drag_queens&oldid=1145127350) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British drag queens (/wiki/Category:British_drag_queens) English LGBT entertainers (/wiki/Category:English_LGBT_entertainers) English performance artists (/wiki/Category:English_performance_artists)
A pair of peep-toe shoes A peep-toe shoe is a woman's shoe (/wiki/Shoe) (usually a pump (/wiki/Court_shoe) , slingback (/wiki/Slingback) , bootie, or any other dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) ) in which there is an opening at the toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) which allows the toes to show. Peep-toe shoes were popular beginning in the 1940s (/wiki/1940s) [1] (#cite_note-40s2-1) [2] (#cite_note-40s-1-2) but disappeared by the 1960s (/wiki/1960s) . [3] (#cite_note-wayout-3) Peep-toe shoes had a brief resurgence in the 1970s/80s, before falling out of fashion by the mid-1990s. More recently, [ when? ] they have become popular again, with variations such as "peep-toe boots" appearing. [4] (#cite_note-peep1-4) [5] (#cite_note-lat1-5) Not to be confused with "tow shoes", invented by Scott J. Wiener, which are used to rig and tow small vehicles and floor-bound items. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-40s2_1-0) Critchell, Samantha (11 March 2007). This spring, wear a heel of a shoe (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=20070311&id=EssyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4013,3899661) , Tuscaloosa News (Associated Press story) ("There were open toe shows before the 1940s but that's when they started to be called peep-toe shoes to imply a sexual overtone") ^ (#cite_ref-40s-1_2-0) (8 October 2005). Peep-Toe Pumps Step Out (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112872186755063176?mod=googlewsj) , Wall Street Journal ^ (#cite_ref-wayout_3-0) (18 June 1955). Peep-toe show may be on way out (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6uhYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hksMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5739,6429685&dq=) , The Bulletin (Glasgow) ^ (#cite_ref-peep1_4-0) (2 August 2010). Are Peep-Toe Shoes Too Provocative for Women Lawyers? (http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/are_peep-toe_shoes_too_provocative_for_women_lawyers/) , ABA Journal ^ (#cite_ref-lat1_5-0) (17 October 2010). Peep-toe boots let them all hang out (http://www.latimes.com/features/image/la-ig-1017-peeptoe-20101017,0,1111713.story) , Los Angeles Times ("Open-toe shoes made their way back into style after the Depression with a rise in the influence of beach culture. Sandals evolved into peep-toe evening shoes, a style that stayed strong through the 1940s. They resurfaced in fashion during the 1970s (/wiki/1970s) and more recently as tough, Frankenstein-goes-on-holiday, platform booties on the Alexander Wang spring 2009 runway....") v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari 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Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneaker) Ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) Climbing shoes (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) Cross country running shoes (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Cycling shoes (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) Football boots (/wiki/Football_boot) Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boot) Ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skate) Inline skates (/wiki/Inline_skates) Kung fu shoes (/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe) Minimalist shoes (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Motorcycle boots (/wiki/Motorcycle_boot) Mountaineering boots (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) Plimsolls (/wiki/Plimsoll_(shoe)) Racing flats (/wiki/Racing_flat) Racing shoes (/wiki/Racing_shoes) Riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boot) Roller shoes (/wiki/Roller_shoe) Roller skates (/wiki/Roller_skates) Sabatons (/wiki/Sabaton) Safari boots (/wiki/Safari_boot) Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneaker) Swimfins (/wiki/Swimfin) Water shoes (/wiki/Water_shoe) Wrestling shoes 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footwear Areni-1 shoes (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boot) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbill shoes (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Flowerpot shoes (/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe) Hessians (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoe) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Shoe construction Bespoke shoes (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) Toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Spool heels (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Wedges (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Hosiery Anklets (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐v25sz Cached time: 20240716053358 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.264 seconds Real time usage: 1.519 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 528/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37178/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 651/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14481/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.137/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15531999/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 269.486 1 -total 73.39% 197.789 4 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peep-toe_shoe&oldid=1161937087 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peep-toe_shoe&oldid=1161937087) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoes (/wiki/Category:Shoes) Toes (/wiki/Category:Toes) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st-century fashion (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) Hidden categories: All articles with vague or ambiguous time (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time) Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2020)
French fashion designer (born 1971) Haider Ackermann Born ( 1971-03-29 ) March 29, 1971 (age 53) Bogotá (/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1) , Colombia Nationality French Education Royal Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1994–present Awards Fashion Group International Award (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) (2012) Website haiderackermann (http://haiderackermann.be) .be (http://haiderackermann.be) Haider Ackermann (born 29 March 1971) is a Colombian-born French designer of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) fashion. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) He lives in Paris. [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life [ edit ] Born in Bogotá (/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1) , Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) in 1971, Ackermann was adopted at the age of nine months by a French (/wiki/French_people) Alsatian (/wiki/Alsace) family. His adoptive father is a mapmaker. [6] (#cite_note-6) Ackermann spent his childhood in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) , Chad (/wiki/Chad) , Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) and France before the family moved to the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) when he was twelve. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Inspired by the work of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , Ackermann went to Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) in 1994 and studied fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) in Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) . He was expelled in 1997 for failing to turn in course assignments. [9] (#cite_note-9) After five months of internship with John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , Ackermann worked as an assistant to one of his teachers, the Belgian designer Wim Neels. In the following years he worked for various brands, including Bernhard Willhelm (/wiki/Bernhard_Willhelm) and Patrick Van Ommeslaeghe before working as a designer for Mayerline. In 2001, Ackermann created his own label and presented his first women's wear collection in March 2001 during Paris fashion week (/wiki/Paris_fashion_week) . His 2002 collection drew the attention of house Ruffo, premium leather clothing specialist, which hired him to direct the spring-summer collections and autumn-winter 2003 for Ruffo Research. In 2005, he signed with the Belgian group bvba 32 and set up his studio in Paris. [10] (#cite_note-10) Haider Ackermann fashion show at the Paris Fashion Week Fall-Winter 2015 Ackermann was one of the designers approached to succeed Galliano at Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) , after declining the proposed succession of Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) in 2009. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2010, Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) described him as his ideal successor at Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [12] (#cite_note-12) and some commentators called him a "new Yves Saint-Laurent". Influenced by cultural differences, Ackermann's fashion contrasts and blends dress codes. The simple cuts of his creations are often asymmetric and sewn of different materials. His creations have been worn by Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , Timothée Chalamet (/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet) , Nastya Hevchuk (/w/index.php?title=Nastya_Hevchuk&action=edit&redlink=1) , Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) and Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) . In 2010, Ackermann launched a one-off menswear collection during the Pitti (/wiki/Pitti_Immagine) trade shows in Florence. [13] (#cite_note-13) In June 2013, entrepreneur Anne Chapelle of 32 BVBA fashion house announced that the Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) and Haider Ackermann labels would be split into two independent companies. [14] (#cite_note-Ann_Demeulemeester_Exits_Fashion-14) Ackermann subsequently launched his first full menswear line that year. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2014, Ackermann worked on a Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) campaign with Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Ackermann joined Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) as creative director in September 2016, succeeding Alessandro Sartori (/wiki/Alessandro_Sartori) and showed his first collection for the label in January 2017. [17] (#cite_note-17) During his tenure, he introduced a more languid, feminine edge into the collections, which were shown on men and women. His role involved not only the full product design, including sporting accessories, but also ad campaigns, image and stores. [18] (#cite_note-18) He also continued to run his own women’s and men’s lines concurrently with his job at Berluti. [19] (#cite_note-19) By March 2018, Ackermann and Berluti parted ways after just three seasons. [20] (#cite_note-20) In December 2021, Ackermann alongside close collaborator Timothée Chalamet (/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet) , designed a hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) with 100% of the proceeds going to French (/wiki/France) organization Afghanistan Libre, which is centered around preserving the rights of women in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Awards [ edit ] Year Title 2004 Swiss Textiles Award 2012 Fashion Group International Award (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) , presented by Karl Lagerfeld References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kate Abnett, Berluti Names Haider Ackermann Creative Director (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/berluti-names-haider-ackermann-creative-director) businessoffashion.com September 1, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-2) LUKE LEITCH Why Haider Ackermann’s New Berluti Gig Is Menswear’s Most Tantalizing Appointment (http://www.vogue.com/13471779/haider-ackermann-berluti-appointment/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160903085612/http://www.vogue.com/13471779/haider-ackermann-berluti-appointment/) 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) vogue.com SEPTEMBER 1, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Vanessa Friedman, Haider Ackermann Named Creative Director of Berluti (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/fashion/berluti-haider-ackermann-creative-director.html?_r=0) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) 2016/09/01 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Megan Gustashaw, Berluti Names Haider Ackermann as Creative Director (https://www.gq.com/story/haider-ackermann-berluti) GQ.com ^ (#cite_ref-5) Giovanna Campagna (July 25, 2013), Haider Ackermann Celebrates His Colombian Roots (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/haider-ackermann-colombia) W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Susannah Frankel (June 18, 2012), Haider Ackermann: The Draped Crusader (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/haider-ackermann-the-draped-crusader-7857145.html) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pouliquen, Katell (4 March 2011). "Haider Ackermann, entre épure et volupté" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/fashion-week/defiles/haider-ackermann-entre-epure-et-volupte_968811.html) . L'Express (in French) . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Susannah Frankel (June 18, 2012), Haider Ackermann: The Draped Crusader (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/haider-ackermann-the-draped-crusader-7857145.html) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mark C. O’Flaherty (January 18, 2017), Haider Ackermann: Berluti’s new boy (https://www.ft.com/content/e3ff7060-b87d-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Milligan, Lauren (2 December 2010). "No More Menswear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110101134409/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101202-haider-ackermann-quits-menswear-col.aspx) . Vogue . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101202-haider-ackermann-quits-menswear-col.aspx) on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Susannah Frankel (June 18, 2012), Haider Ackermann: The Draped Crusader (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/haider-ackermann-the-draped-crusader-7857145.html) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Milligan, Lauren (19 November 2010). "Karl's Choice" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122205704/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101119-karl-lagerfeld-tips-haider-ackerman.aspx) . Vogue . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101119-karl-lagerfeld-tips-haider-ackerman.aspx) on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Mark C. O’Flaherty (January 18, 2017), Haider Ackermann: Berluti’s new boy (https://www.ft.com/content/e3ff7060-b87d-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-Ann_Demeulemeester_Exits_Fashion_14-0) Socha, Miles (21 November 2013). "Ann Demeulemeester Exits Fashion" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/ann-demeulemeester-to-exit-house-7284094?src=nl/mornReport/20131121) . WWD . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mark C. O’Flaherty (January 18, 2017), Haider Ackermann: Berluti’s new boy (https://www.ft.com/content/e3ff7060-b87d-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Mark C. O’Flaherty (January 18, 2017), Haider Ackermann: Berluti’s new boy (https://www.ft.com/content/e3ff7060-b87d-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Mark C. O’Flaherty (January 18, 2017), Haider Ackermann: Berluti’s new boy (https://www.ft.com/content/e3ff7060-b87d-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Vanessa Friedman (September 1, 2016), Haider Ackermann Named Creative Director of Berluti (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/fashion/berluti-haider-ackermann-creative-director.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Vanessa Friedman (September 1, 2016), Haider Ackermann Named Creative Director of Berluti (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/fashion/berluti-haider-ackermann-creative-director.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Joelle Diderich (March 30, 2018), EXCLUSIVE: Haider Ackermann Leaves Berluti (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/haider-ackermann-exits-berluti-successor-1202640964/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Hess, Liam (December 23, 2021). "Timothée Chalamet and Haider Ackermann Design a Hoodie for Afghan Women's Rights" (https://www.vogue.com/article/timothee-chalamet-haider-ackermann-charity-hoodie) . Vogue . Retrieved December 28, 2021 . 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American rapper (1996–2017) Lil Peep Lil Peep in August 2016 Born Gustav Elijah Åhr ( 1996-11-01 ) November 1, 1996 Allentown, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania) , U.S. Died November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15) (aged 21) Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) , U.S. Cause of death Accidental fentanyl (/wiki/Fentanyl) and alprazolam (/wiki/Alprazolam) (Xanax) overdose (/wiki/Overdose) [1] (#cite_note-people-1) Other names Trap Goose Citizenship Sweden United States Occupations Rapper singer songwriter Years active 2014–2017 Relatives John Womack (/wiki/John_Womack) (grandfather) Musical career Origin Long Beach, New York (/wiki/Long_Beach,_New_York) , U.S. Genres Emo rap (/wiki/Emo_rap) lo-fi (/wiki/Lo-fi_music) trap (/wiki/Trap_music) pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) rap rock (/wiki/Rap_rock) [2] (#cite_note-2) alternative hip hop (/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop) [3] (#cite_note-Bell-3) Instrument(s) Vocals Labels First Access (/wiki/First_Access_Entertainment) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_Records) AWAL (/wiki/AWAL) Formerly of GothBoiClique (/wiki/GothBoiClique) Website lilpeep (http://lilpeep.com) .com (http://lilpeep.com) Musical artist Gustav Elijah Åhr ( Swedish pronunciation: [ˈoːr] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish) ; November 1, 1996 – November 15, 2017), known professionally as Lil Peep , was an American rapper and singer-songwriter. [4] (#cite_note-4) He was a member of the emo rap (/wiki/Emo_rap) collective GothBoiClique (/wiki/GothBoiClique) . Helping pioneer an emo revival (/wiki/Emo_revival) -style of rap (/wiki/Rapping) and rock (/wiki/Rock_music) music, Lil Peep has been credited as a leading figure of emo rap music and served as an inspiration to outcasts and youth subcultures (/wiki/Youth_subculture) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Born in Allentown, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania) , to an American mother and a Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_people) father and raised on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) , Åhr started producing and releasing music on SoundCloud (/wiki/SoundCloud) in 2013 under the name Trap Goose , [6] (#cite_note-6) later changing his stage name (/wiki/Stage_name) to Lil Peep because his mother had called him "Peep" since he was a baby. [7] (#cite_note-:13222-7) Two years later, in 2015, he emerged as an immensely popular musician on the platform following the release of his single "Star Shopping", and his popularity grew further with his release of mixtapes Lil Peep; Part One (/wiki/Lil_Peep;_Part_One) and Live Forever later that year. In 2016, Lil Peep released his widely acclaimed mixtapes Crybaby and Hellboy . He also participated in collaborative musical projects, leading to the release of California Girls and Vertigo . Lil Peep's first live performance was as a member of Schemaposse on February 12, 2016, in Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) . Later that year, he toured briefly with Fat Nick (/wiki/Fat_Nick) , Smokepurpp (/wiki/Smokepurpp) , and others. In the spring of 2017, Lil Peep embarked on his first solo tour, performing to packed venues in three Russian cities, making his way across western Europe, and then across the United States. Soon after the tour, Lil Peep moved to London, where he recorded his EP Goth Angel Sinner (/wiki/Goth_Angel_Sinner) , and in August he released his debut studio album, Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) . [8] (#cite_note-8) While his mixtapes explored emo (/wiki/Emo) , trap (/wiki/Trap_music) , lo-fi (/wiki/Lo-fi_music) and alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) , his debut album was a transition into pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) and rap rock (/wiki/Rap_rock) . [9] (#cite_note-9) His second album, Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._2) , was released in 2018 and debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) . [10] (#cite_note-BB2002-10) A documentary film (/wiki/Documentary_film) about him, Everybody's Everything (/wiki/Everybody%27s_Everything_(film)) , was released in 2019. On November 15, 2017, two weeks after his 21st birthday, Lil Peep died on his tour bus before a scheduled performance in Tucson, his second to last scheduled show on a 33-date tour of the United States. The Pima County (/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona) medical examiner's office, which conducted toxicology (/wiki/Toxicology) tests on Lil Peep, ruled his cause of death an accidental overdose of fentanyl (/wiki/Fentanyl) , a powerful opioid (/wiki/Opioid) , and Xanax (/wiki/Alprazolam) , a benzodiazepine (/wiki/Benzodiazepine) sedative (/wiki/Sedative) . His death was observed as a great loss to 21st-century music. "He could have been his generation's Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) ", a Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) profile stated. [11] (#cite_note-deathofficial2-11) [12] (#cite_note-rollingstone.com-12) Early life Lil Peep was born Gustav Elijah Åhr on November 1, 1996, in Allentown, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania) , the second child of first grade teacher Liza Womack. His maternal grandfather is John Womack (/wiki/John_Womack) , a former Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) professor of Latin American (/wiki/Latin_America) history and economics and a specialist on Emiliano Zapata (/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata) , a leader of the early 20th century Mexican Revolution (/wiki/Mexican_Revolution) . [13] (#cite_note-13) He had one sibling, Karl "Oskar" Åhr. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-:0-15) His parents were both Harvard (/wiki/Harvard_University) graduates. [15] (#cite_note-:0-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) His mother's family is from Oklahoma (/wiki/Oklahoma) and his father is Swedish. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-V_Magazine_2019-18) Åhr's Swedish citizenship was granted to him through his father in accordance with Swedish law, which automatically grants Swedish citizenship at birth to anyone with at least one Swedish parent. [19] (#cite_note-Swedish_Migration_Agency-19) Before turning five years old, he and his family relocated to Long Beach, New York (/wiki/Long_Beach,_New_York) , on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) . [20] (#cite_note-:2-20) Education Åhr attended Lindell Elementary School, located just across the street from his mother's apartment in Long Beach. A few days into Åhr's kindergarten year, the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) took place, and smoke plumes were visible from Åhr's kindergarten classroom. In third grade, Åhr was placed in Long Beach's gifted and talented program. Later, in middle school, he was placed in accelerated classes. He played the trombone and tuba, [21] (#cite_note-21) and expressed an interest in music and fashion from a young age. In 2012, at age 15, Åhr's parents separated. The following year, around age 16, he began experiencing anxiety (/wiki/Anxiety) , according to his mother. He began self-medicating with marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) and Xanax (/wiki/Alprazolam) . [12] (#cite_note-rollingstone.com-12) Lil Peep had a close relationship with his mother, going so far as to tattoo her initials and birthday on his arm as his first tattoo at the age of 14. [7] (#cite_note-:13222-7) Following his parents' split, he moved with his mother and older brother to Long Beach, New York, where he would eventually record " Lil Peep; Part One (/wiki/Lil_Peep;_Part_One) ", Feelz, Vertigo, most of "California Girls", "Garden", "In the Bedroom I Confess", "Mall Music", "Romeo's Regrets", and several tracks that were released as singles, including "Star Shopping". As a teenager, Lil Peep was a self-described loner who made most of his friends online. Inspired by underground acts like Seshollowaterboyz (/wiki/Seshollowaterboyz) and iLoveMakonnen (/wiki/ILoveMakonnen) , [22] (#cite_note-HAM_ON_EVERYTHING-22) Peep made music while residing on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) [23] (#cite_note-For_Lil_Peep-23) under the pseudonym "Trap Goose" [24] (#cite_note-:10-24) and lived temporarily with childhood friend Brennan Savage until both decided to move to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [25] (#cite_note-:23-25) Åhr attended Long Beach High School (/wiki/Long_Beach_High_School_(New_York)) in Lido Beach, New York (/wiki/Lido_Beach,_New_York) , In 2012, the school was impacted by Hurricane Sandy (/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy) , which caused the school to close for several weeks. When the school reopened, the faculty and administrators were more relaxed on students, which led Åhr to enjoy his junior year of high school more than the prior years. But when he returned for his senior year the following year, a new administration had been installed that was unfamiliar with the student body and culture. An exhausted Åhr was ready to drop out, but was assisted by a teacher named Maria Hartmann to finish school. With the help of two other teachers who Åhr knew and trusted, he finished high school by completing his last two necessary courses, English and Social Studies, and graduated six months early in January 2014. Later that January, Åhr was accepted into SUNY Old Westbury (/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Old_Westbury) on Long Island, but chose not to attend, and instead enrolled as an out of state student at Glendale Community College (/wiki/Glendale_Community_College_(California)) in Pasadena, California (/wiki/Pasadena,_California) , where he enrolled in one class with a middle school friend, who ultimately dropped out. After his first semester at Glendale Community College, Åhr also chose to leave, and enrolled at Nassau Community College (/wiki/Nassau_Community_College) in Uniondale, New York (/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York) , on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) . In fall of 2015, in his only semester at Nassau Community College, Åhr took four classes online, including two business classes, one criminal justice class, and one art history class, and was named to the dean's list. Instead of returning for his second term, Åhr dropped out, and began performing with Schemaposse. By the end of 2015, he completed a large body of work in his bedroom. [26] (#cite_note-Official_Website_of_the_Estate_of_Gustav_Ahr_/_Lil_Peep_2021-26) [27] (#cite_note-:22-27) [24] (#cite_note-:10-24) [28] (#cite_note-28) At the age of 18, Åhr got his first face tattoo, a broken heart below his left eye, as a sign of commitment to avoiding a straight life. "A tattoo on your face is gonna stop you from getting a lot of jobs," he later said. [12] (#cite_note-rollingstone.com-12) [29] (#cite_note-The_Guardian-29) Career In February 2016, he relocated to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) to begin a music career, performing for the first time under the stage name Lil Peep. [30] (#cite_note-auto1-30) He moved to Los Angeles, he later explained, because living on Long Island depressed him. [27] (#cite_note-:22-27) Lil Peep (left) performing with Fat Nick (/wiki/Fat_Nick) in San Antonio (/wiki/San_Antonio) in November 2016 Lil Peep performing in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) in May 2017 Lil Peep performing in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) in October 2017 [31] (#cite_note-31) Lil Peep performing in October 2017 In Los Angeles, Lil Peep initially lived in Skid Row (/wiki/Skid_Row,_Los_Angeles) , where he dipped in and out of homelessness, [32] (#cite_note-:1-32) staying at Savage's apartment while Savage pursued a degree. The two eventually went separate ways, [25] (#cite_note-:23-25) and Peep met Atlanta rapper and producer JGRXXN, Florida rapper Ghostemane (/wiki/Ghostemane) and Houston rapper Craig Xen (/wiki/Craig_Xen) , living with them while forming the collective Schemaposse. [33] (#cite_note-:4-33) He originally met Craig Xen online and was introduced to JGRXXN, who needed a singer. [34] (#cite_note-34) Lil Peep also attended Glendale Community College (/wiki/Glendale_Community_College_(California)) during his first year in Los Angeles. [20] (#cite_note-:2-20) In 2015, Peep released his first extended play, Feelz. This was followed by his debut mixtape Lil Peep; Part One , which generated 4,000 plays in its first week. Shortly thereafter, he released a follow-up mixtape, Live Forever (/wiki/Live_Forever_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) . [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) Feelz was described by Peeps close friends as sounding reminiscent of Dylan Ross (/wiki/Dylan_Ross) , an artist who Lil Peep studied and was inspired by. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) In fall of 2015, Lil Peep began to grow in popularity, garnered by the popularity of songs such as "Star Shopping", later released as a single posthumously, [39] (#cite_note-39) and made waves in underground hip hop circles. [33] (#cite_note-:4-33) Lil Peep's popularity continued to rise after the release of the song "Beamer Boy", which led to him performing live for the first time with the rest of Schemaposse in February 2016 in Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) . [40] (#cite_note-40) In April, Schemaposse broke up and Lil Peep was no longer associated with a collective, though they remained on good terms. [41] (#cite_note-41) Shortly after Schemaposse's breakup, Peep began to associate with Los Angeles-based rap collective GothBoiClique (/wiki/GothBoiClique) , featuring members of the group on his full-length mixtape Crybaby (/wiki/Crybaby_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) . [42] (#cite_note-:3-42) The group shared a squat in Skid Row with Peep and often shared beds. [29] (#cite_note-The_Guardian-29) Crybaby was recorded over the span of one month and was completed hours before its original release on SoundCloud in June 2016. Peep completed a majority of the mixing and mastering himself. [22] (#cite_note-HAM_ON_EVERYTHING-22) In August, First Access Entertainment (/wiki/First_Access_Entertainment) (FAE) partnered with Lil Peep on a joint venture to invest in and advise him on his career. [43] (#cite_note-43) In September 2016, Lil Peep released his fourth and final solo mixtape, Hellboy (/wiki/Hellboy_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) . [44] (#cite_note-44) Songs from Hellboy such as "Girls" and "OMFG" received millions of views and plays on SoundCloud (/wiki/SoundCloud) and YouTube. [45] (#cite_note-45) Hellboy 's success led to Peep's first solo tour across the United States and Europe in the spring of 2017, which included performances in Russia and the UK for the first time in his career. [46] (#cite_note-46) In May 2017, the band Mineral (/wiki/Mineral_(band)) accused Peep of copyright infringement (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) for including an unlicensed and uncredited sample (/wiki/Sampling_(music)) of their song "LoveLetterTypewriter" on his track "Hollywood Dreaming". Peep said that he was only trying to "show some love" with the sample. [47] (#cite_note-47) Soon after the tour was completed, Peep was involved in a disentanglement with Gothboiclique, and emigrated to London (/wiki/London) , England, where he associated Atlanta rapper iLoveMakonnen and longtime friend Bexey, and recorded Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) and Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._2) , the EP Goth Angel Sinner (/wiki/Goth_Angel_Sinner) and Diamonds with iLoveMakonnen. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-:24-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Peep released his debut studio album, Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1, on August 15, 2017. [51] (#cite_note-:12-51) Shortly thereafter he embarked on his second world tour, beginning in the UK in September [52] (#cite_note-:25-52) and moving to Germany before finishing in the United States in November, which was cut short by his death. [53] (#cite_note-:26-53) Posthumous releases After his death, Lil Peep's fanbase and popularity grew quickly, resulting in a significant increase in sales and streams of his music. [54] (#cite_note-54) The single " Awful Things (/wiki/Awful_Things) " from Come Over When You're Sober, Part One charted, becoming his first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 79. Due to Peep's prolific work rate, a number of songs and projects were completed prior to his death. The first official posthumous release arrived within 24 hours of his death, as Wiggy, a director of many of Peep's music videos, released the official video for the then-unreleased song "16 Lines". [55] (#cite_note-55) On January 12, 2018, Marshmello (/wiki/Marshmello) officially released a collaboration titled " Spotlight (/wiki/Spotlight_(Marshmello_and_Lil_Peep_song)) ". [56] (#cite_note-56) The video for "Spotlight" was released on February 12, 2018. On January 15, 2018, rapper Juicy J (/wiki/Juicy_J) released the song "Got 'Em Like", which featured Lil Peep and Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) . [57] (#cite_note-57) On January 27, 2018, SoundCloud rapper Teddy released a song collaboration with Lil Peep, "Dreams & Nightmares". [58] (#cite_note-58) In March 2018, Peep's music archive was acquired by Columbia Records (/wiki/Columbia_Records) . On May 13, 2018, a posthumous single, " 4 Gold Chains (/wiki/4_Gold_Chains) ", featuring Clams Casino (/wiki/Clams_Casino_(musician)) , was released as well as a music video. [59] (#cite_note-59) A collaboration album between Peep and rapper iLoveMakonnen (/wiki/ILoveMakonnen) is expected to be released on Makonnen's label Warner Bros. [60] (#cite_note-60) On August 17, 2018, Makonnen announced a new Lil Peep single, " Falling Down (/wiki/Falling_Down_(Lil_Peep_and_XXXTentacion_song)) ", a reworking of "Sunlight on Your Skin" that he recorded with Peep in the fall of 2017 in London. The new version features recently deceased rapper XXXTentacion (/wiki/XXXTentacion) , who recorded his verses following Peep's death. [61] (#cite_note-61) The creation of the single was condemned by some surviving members of GothBoiClique, who said there had been unresolved conflict between the two artists stemming from latter's alleged history of violence (/wiki/XXXTentacion#Legal_issues) towards women. [62] (#cite_note-Daramola-62) This was disputed by other close friends of Lil Peep. [63] (#cite_note-hotnewhiphop.com-63) "Falling Down" was released on September 19, 2018, and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. [64] (#cite_note-fallingdown-64) The original "Sunlight on Your Skin" was released on September 27, 2018. [65] (#cite_note-65) On October 14, 2018, Lil Peep's estate revealed that his first posthumous project, Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 , was finished in September 2018 and Lil Peep's executive producer for the project, Smokeasac, confirmed that it was just awaiting approval from Peep's family. [66] (#cite_note-66) On October 17, 2018, Lil Peep's estate confirmed that the lead single from Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2, "Cry Alone", would be released on October 18, 2018. [67] (#cite_note-67) Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 was released on November 9, 2018. [68] (#cite_note-:16222-68) On November 1, 2018, the second single from the album, "Runaway", was officially released. [69] (#cite_note-69) On November 7, 2018, the third single, "Life is Beautiful"—a remix of the track "Life" from the Feelz EP—was released. [70] (#cite_note-70) Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 with 81,000 album-equivalent units (/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit) (including 43,000 pure album sales), making it Lil Peep's first US top 10 album. [10] (#cite_note-BB2002-10) [71] (#cite_note-71) On January 31, 2019, the first single from the upcoming collaboration album with iLoveMakonnen, " I've Been Waiting (/wiki/I%27ve_Been_Waiting_(song)) ", featuring Fall Out Boy (/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy) , was released. [72] (#cite_note-72) The song was originally a demo by ILoveMakonnen; Peep then performed on it, spawning a partnership that created up to 20 songs. Fall Out Boy was added to the song after Peep's death. [73] (#cite_note-73) On March 10, 2019, the documentary Everybody's Everything (/wiki/Everybody%27s_Everything_(film)) , which chronicles Lil Peep's life, premiered at the SXSW Film Festival (/wiki/SXSW_Film_Festival) . [74] (#cite_note-74) On November 1, 2019, the estate announced the release of the soundtrack (/wiki/Everybody%27s_Everything_(album)) to the documentary, which features both previously released and unreleased tracks. In April 2019, "Gym Class" and "Star Shopping", two Lil Peep singles that were originally released in March 2016 and August 2015 respectively, were re-released onto all streaming platforms by the Lil Peep estate. [75] (#cite_note-75) The 2016 EP Vertigo was subsequently released by the estate to streaming platforms on March 5, 2020. [76] (#cite_note-76) The Peep estate officially released the Crybaby mixtape with most samples cleared to all streaming platforms on June 10, 2020, to coincide with the four-year anniversary of the original release. [77] (#cite_note-:11-77) The track "falling 4 me" was missing as it could not be cleared with Radiohead. [77] (#cite_note-:11-77) The estate released the Hellboy (/wiki/Hellboy_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) mixtape with most samples cleared on September 25, 2020, the fourth anniversary of its original release. [78] (#cite_note-78) The song "drive by" was reproduced due to sample clearance issues. [79] (#cite_note-79) On January 26, 2021, the estate announced that the California Girls EP was to be re-released. [80] (#cite_note-80) It was released on January 29, 2021, with a music video for the song "lil kennedy". [81] (#cite_note-81) Later, on June 30, 2021, the estate announced the re-release of the Lil Peep and Lil Tracy collaboration EPs, Castles and Castles II . They were released on July 2, 2021, with video of past live performances of certain tracks from the EPs. In the fall of 2021, the estate released Friends and High Fashion , two previously unreleased EPs made in collaboration with Yunggoth and Harry Fraud (/wiki/Harry_Fraud) , respectively. [82] (#cite_note-82) On May 20, 2022, the Feelz EP was re-released, with the videos for "feelz" and "life" also being released. [83] (#cite_note-EDMDemons.com_2022-83) On December 2, 2022, the mixtape LIVE FOREVER (/wiki/Live_Forever_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) was re-released, with the music video for the mixtape's title track also being released. [84] (#cite_note-Twitter-84) On September 1, 2023, the estate released the collaboration with ILoveMakonnen (/wiki/ILoveMakonnen) "November" on all platforms. The estate also confirmed the duo's 2017 collaboration album Diamonds would be released on September 8, 2023. [85] (#cite_note-85) On November 10, 2023, the estate released the project Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 (OG Version) . [86] (#cite_note-86) The album features the original recorded versions of nine songs from the eventual Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 release from 2018. It also featured the first official release of the song "in the car". Fashion Lil Peep had been into fashion since his teenage years, and during the last months of his life he modelled for Vlone (/wiki/Vlone) and was invited to and attended several fashion shows such as Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) men's show at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) and Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) Gamme Bleu MFW Mens Spring Summer show in Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [87] (#cite_note-:14222-87) [88] (#cite_note-:15-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) Nico Amarca of Hypebeast said, "Even though Peep's brand of trendy sits on a far more niche spectrum than most modern-day tastemakers, something that largely attributed to his success. In a time where genuine individuality is becoming increasingly obsolete, Peep was the tattoo-covered, Manic Panic-hued mall rat the creative world needed to disrupt its ever-growing homogeny." [90] (#cite_note-HYPEBEAST-90) Rapper Playboi Carti (/wiki/Playboi_Carti) described Lil Peep as a "trendsetter". [90] (#cite_note-HYPEBEAST-90) His style has been described as evoking fashion styles associated with emo [91] (#cite_note-91) and mall goth (/wiki/Mall_goth) . [92] (#cite_note-Vogue_Death-92) He often wore items including graffitied jackets, colored fur, [93] (#cite_note-93) and pink clothes. [92] (#cite_note-Vogue_Death-92) He cited Fat Mike (/wiki/Fat_Mike) , Marcelo Burlon and the Casualties (/wiki/The_Casualties) as style influences. In a 2017 interview with GQ (/wiki/GQ) , he stated: I never dress the same way for a week—I'll dress like a whole other person the next week. I like to get weird and mix things. Not necessarily draw on the streets, but mix darker, dirtier cultures with high class shit. And kind of fuse them together and see how they can become one. And I think that already happens when I put on any really elegant piece of clothing, because of the way I look. You expect me to dress like a fucking punk. [87] (#cite_note-:14222-87) In late 2018, it was announced that a Lil Peep clothing line was being created called "No Smoking" (stylized as "NO SMOK!NG") which was developed before Lil Peep's death. [94] (#cite_note-94) Musical style "Move On Be Strong" (/wiki/File:LP_MOBS.ogg) "Move On Be Strong" contains a sample from Avenged Sevenfold (/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold) . The song combines distorted (/wiki/Distortion_(music)) guitar riffs (/wiki/Riff) with abrasive trap beats (/wiki/Trap_(music)) and features Lil Peep's use of screaming vocals (/wiki/Screaming_(music)) . "Cobain" (/wiki/File:LP_HB_Track_6.ogg) "Cobain" from his breakthrough mixtape Hellboy (/wiki/Hellboy_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) (2016) harbors downcast lyrics, and the title references Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) frontman Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) . [95] (#cite_note-Amorosi-95) Lil Peep intones emotionally raw lines laced with hazy, narcotic melodies (/wiki/Melodies) in a deadpan (/wiki/Deadpan) voice. [96] (#cite_note-Lal-96) [97] (#cite_note-pitchfork-97) The song features poignant samples of "Bad News" by indie-folk (/wiki/Indie_folk) singer-songwriter Owen (/wiki/Owen_(musician)) . [96] (#cite_note-Lal-96) Problems playing these files? See media help (/wiki/Help:Media) . Lil Peep was described as making lo-fi rap (/wiki/Lo-fi_music) , [98] (#cite_note-98) being an "emo-trap heart throb" [99] (#cite_note-Tiny_Mix_Tapes-99) and an "emo rapper". [100] (#cite_note-AllMusic-100) [101] (#cite_note-Nme-101) Music journalists often compared Lil Peep to singer-songwriter and guitarist Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) . [102] (#cite_note-Robles-102) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) music critic Jon Caramanica (/wiki/Jon_Caramanica) defined Peep as the Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) of lo-fi rap, describing his music as gloomy and diabolically melodic. [103] (#cite_note-103) Lil Peep himself encouraged the connection and persona in his musical and lyrical content, saying that he wanted to become the "New Kurt Cobain". [102] (#cite_note-Robles-102) [15] (#cite_note-:0-15) According to Angus Harrison from The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Lil Peep was "repurposing Kurt Cobain for bedroom diarists who are more used to rap than they are guitars." [104] (#cite_note-Harrison-104) AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic) described Lil Peep's music as a blend of hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) and rock (/wiki/Rock_music) influences along with trap (/wiki/Trap_music_(hip_hop)) , punk (/wiki/Punk_rock) , and dream pop (/wiki/Dream_pop) . [105] (#cite_note-:5-105) His songs generally drew on the triple-time (/wiki/Triple_metre) hi-hats (/wiki/Hi-hats) of Southern rap (/wiki/Southern_rap) and the angsty introspection of post-hardcore (/wiki/Post-hardcore) . [104] (#cite_note-Harrison-104) He combined elements of emo and pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) into rap music, bringing a fresh take on the genre. [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) This resulted in him being described as the "future of emo" by Steven J. Horowitz of online magazine Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) . [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) As a burgeoning artist, Lil Peep gained a significant amount of traction in the alternative hip-hop (/wiki/Alternative_hip-hop) scene, establishing a better platform for himself to speak to fans about topics of his concern such as mental health (/wiki/Mental_health) . [3] (#cite_note-Bell-3) His lyrical themes include topics such as depression (/wiki/Mood_disorder) , drug use (/wiki/Substance_abuse) , past relationships, and suicidal thoughts (/wiki/Suicidal_thoughts) and meshes together third-wave emo, alternative rock, pop-punk and dream pop with trap music and hip-hop. [105] (#cite_note-:5-105) A close friend and the executive producer of Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 said that Peep "wanted to give a voice to people that suffer from anxiety and depression, people who have been abused, bullied, and the people who were misunderstood like him. He had demons of his own and he faced those demons by creating music." [23] (#cite_note-For_Lil_Peep-23) Personal life Lil Peep was candid about struggles with his sexuality, depression (/wiki/Clinical_depression) , heartbreak, and drug use. [107] (#cite_note-Brandle-107) Lil Peep came out as bisexual (/wiki/Bisexual) in a Twitter post on August 8, 2017. [108] (#cite_note-108) [109] (#cite_note-109) [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) He took to Twitter to open up about this aspect of his personal life to his fans. [3] (#cite_note-Bell-3) Lil Peep simply stated, "yes i'm bi sexual." [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) After coming out as bisexual, he would regularly confront homophobes (/wiki/Homophobia) on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . [110] (#cite_note-Greene-110) He was also known collaborators with iLoveMakonnen (/wiki/ILoveMakonnen) , an openly gay recording artist whose music also blurs the line between rap and rock. [110] (#cite_note-Greene-110) Lil Peep came out around the time he and actress and singer Bella Thorne (/wiki/Bella_Thorne) began dating in September 2017. [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) [111] (#cite_note-111) Shortly after the release of his debut studio album, the two were spotted kissing. They briefly dated, before Thorne became involved with rapper Mod Sun (/wiki/Mod_Sun) . [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) While on the Come Over When You're Sober tour (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) , Lil Peep had met and started dating Instagram influencer Arzaylea Rodriguez around the time of his death in November. [112] (#cite_note-Peisner_Peisner_2019-112) Lil Peep actively talked about his issues with depression, anxiety (/wiki/Anxiety) and substance abuse (/wiki/Substance_abuse) and stated that he had bipolar disorder (/wiki/Bipolar_disorder) . [27] (#cite_note-:22-27) Alongside drug use, Lil Peep struggled with suicidal impulses (/wiki/Suicidal_ideation) that date back to his adolescent years. [113] (#cite_note-Blend-113) On the track "OMFG" from his breakthrough mixtape Hellboy (/wiki/Hellboy_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) , Lil Peep talked about wanting to kill himself. [114] (#cite_note-Horowitz-114) During an interview, he was asked if he was suicidal. Lil Peep replied, "Yeah, it is serious. I suffer from depression and some days I wake up and I'm like, Fuck, I wish I didn't wake up. That was part of why I moved to California, trying to get away from the place that was doing that to me, and the people I was around." [114] (#cite_note-Horowitz-114) He continued, "I realized it was just myself—it's a chemical imbalance (/wiki/Chemical_imbalance) in my brain. Some days I'll be very down and out, but you won't be able to tell, really, because I don't express that side of myself on social media. That's the side of myself that I express through music. That's my channel for letting all that shit out." [114] (#cite_note-Horowitz-114) He claims the frankness with which he spoke about difficulties in his life led to an intense connection with his fans through his music. In an interview with The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , Lil Peep stated, "They tell me that it saved their lives. They say that I stopped them from committing suicide, which is a beautiful thing. ... It's great for me to hear. It helps. It boosts me, because music saved my life as well." [113] (#cite_note-Blend-113) Lil Peep was not medicated for depression. While those around him insisted, he did not want to, and opted to instead smoke cannabis (/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)) and consume whichever other drugs came his way. [114] (#cite_note-Horowitz-114) In his final interview before his death with Zane Lowe, Peep confessed that his depression was getting worse saying "Things just get worse. Things already get worse and worse and worse every day." [115] (#cite_note-115) Lil Peep regularly referenced addictions to cocaine (/wiki/Cocaine_addiction) , ecstasy (/wiki/MDMA) and Xanax (/wiki/Alprazolam) in his lyrics and posts on social media, [116] (#cite_note-116) where he described himself as a "productive junkie" and advised his audience to avoid drug use. [117] (#cite_note-117) At the time of his death, Lil Peep was residing in Portobello Road (/wiki/Portobello_Road) , London, with his friend and close collaborator Bexey, [118] (#cite_note-118) [27] (#cite_note-:22-27) and Smokeasac. The move was provoked by Peep's need to escape his circumstances and his then-collective GothBoiClique. [49] (#cite_note-:24-49) [97] (#cite_note-pitchfork-97) Death On November 15, 2017, Lil Peep was found dead on his tour bus when his manager went to check on him in preparation for that night's performance at a Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) , venue. [119] (#cite_note-119) Foul play was not suspected, [120] (#cite_note-auto-120) with his death believed to be from an overdose. [121] (#cite_note-121) In a series of Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) posts in the hours leading up to his death, Lil Peep claimed to have ingested psilocybin mushrooms (/wiki/Psilocybin_mushrooms) and cannabis concentrate (/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate) . In another, he claimed to have consumed six Xanax (/wiki/Alprazolam) pills following a video depicting his attempts to drop an unidentified pill into his mouth several times before successfully swallowing one and shaking a full prescription bottle. A subsequent post was captioned, "When I die, you'll love me." [122] (#cite_note-122) In the days after his death, a police report revealed that Lil Peep had taken a nap around 5:45 p.m. before the concert. His manager checked on him twice and found him sleeping and breathing fine, but was unable to wake him. When the manager checked on Lil Peep a third time, he was unresponsive and not breathing. Lil Peep's manager performed CPR (/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation) before medics arrived, though he was pronounced dead at the scene. [123] (#cite_note-123) On December 8, Pima County (/wiki/Pima_County) 's Office of the Medical Examiner certified his cause of death as an accidental overdose from the powerful pain medication fentanyl (/wiki/Fentanyl) and the benzodiazepine (/wiki/Benzodiazepine) Xanax (/wiki/Alprazolam) , a sedative (/wiki/Sedative) . [124] (#cite_note-deathofficial-124) Toxicology tests were also positive for cannabis (/wiki/Cannabis) , cocaine (/wiki/Cocaine) and the painkiller Tramadol (/wiki/Tramadol) . Urine tests also showed the presence of multiple powerful opioids (/wiki/Opioid) , including hydrocodone (/wiki/Hydrocodone) , hydromorphone (/wiki/Hydromorphone) (marketed under the brand name Dilaudid), oxycodone (/wiki/Oxycodone) and oxymorphone (/wiki/Oxymorphone) . There was no alcohol in his system. [1] (#cite_note-people-1) Wrongful death lawsuit The rapper's mother Liza Womack filed wrongful death charges (/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim#United_States) against Lil Peep's management FAE grp (/wiki/FAE_grp) in 2019, accusing them of "negligence and other breaches of contract which, the lawsuit alleges, contributed to his death in 2017 of an accidental drug overdose." Among the claims in the lawsuit are that FAE was complicit in providing access to "illegal drugs" and "prescription medications", and that the company knowingly allowed drug use to take place during the rapper's tour "despite being aware of his addiction". At one point, the lawsuit charges that FAE encouraged the star to take drugs. [125] (#cite_note-CMU_2019-125) In a responding statement, FAE expressed disappointment in the lawsuit: Lil Peep's death from an accidental drug overdose was a terrible tragedy. However, the claim that First Access Entertainment, any of its employees, or Chase Ortega, or anyone else under our auspices, was somehow responsible for, complicit in, or contributed to his death is categorically untrue. In fact, we consistently encouraged Peep to stop abusing drugs and to distance himself from the negative influence of the drug users and enablers with whom he chose to associate. [125] (#cite_note-CMU_2019-125) FAE formally filed court documents at the Los Angeles County Superior Court (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court) on December 23, 2019, to dispute all claims, including claims of negligence, breach of contract, "and wrongful death". Stennett told Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) that "[she] felt very protective of Lil Peep from day one." In later documents and court filings, the company said that their work with Lil Peep was an "arm's length business arrangement", something disputed by the rapper's mother. [126] (#cite_note-126) Despite court filings, FAE supported the release of Peep's first posthumous (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posthumous) album Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._2) (2018), which reached number four on the US Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) chart, a career-best for the rapper. [127] (#cite_note-127) At the start of 2020, the company released statements about their belief that they had no contractual responsibility for Lil Peep's personal life, and that a ruling to suggest so would damage management businesses, "Imposing a duty on FAE Ltd. or FAE LLC to prevent [Lil Peep's] drug overdose would extend the boundaries of legal obligations far beyond any precedent, and far beyond the contractual obligations and reasonable expectations of parties doing business. It would convert businesses engaged in the music and entertainment industries into full-time babysitters for artists. That clearly was not the parties' intent upon entering 'the JVA [(joint-venture agreement)].'" [128] (#cite_note-MBW_JVAs-128) After four years in the court system, the lawsuit was settled in February 2023 before going to trial. [129] (#cite_note-129) While the majority of the terms of the settlement were not made public, it was revealed that, moving forward, Peep's entire catalog of music would move from FAE to the care of his surviving family. [130] (#cite_note-130) Tributes Numerous artists in the music industry paid tribute to Lil Peep following his death, including Diplo (/wiki/Diplo) , Post Malone (/wiki/Post_Malone) , Pete Wentz (/wiki/Pete_Wentz) , Marshmello (/wiki/Marshmello) , Mark Ronson (/wiki/Mark_Ronson) , Zane Lowe (/wiki/Zane_Lowe) , Sam Smith (/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)) , Bella Thorne (/wiki/Bella_Thorne) , Trippie Redd (/wiki/Trippie_Redd) , A$AP Nast (/wiki/ASAP_Nast) , Rich Brian (/wiki/Rich_Brian) , Playboi Carti (/wiki/Playboi_Carti) , Ugly God (/wiki/Ugly_God) , Lil Uzi Vert (/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert) , Lil Xan (/wiki/Lil_Xan) , Logic (/wiki/Logic_(rapper)) , Ty Dolla Sign (/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign) , Lil Pump (/wiki/Lil_Pump) , XXXTentacion (/wiki/XXXTentacion) , Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) , Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) , and El-P (/wiki/El-P) . [131] (#cite_note-:6-131) [132] (#cite_note-:7-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) [134] (#cite_note-Soffer_2019_e576-134) Jon Caramanica (/wiki/Jon_Caramanica) , a music critic for The New York Times , held a special remembrance podcast episode to honor Peep following his death which was released on November 22, 2017. [135] (#cite_note-:8-135) Good Charlotte (/wiki/Good_Charlotte) also honored Lil Peep, releasing a cover of "Awful Things", which was shown at his memorial in Long Beach, New York on December 2, 2017. [136] (#cite_note-:9-136) Three Days Grace (/wiki/Three_Days_Grace) paid tribute by posting a video on Instagram and Twitter of a remix of Peep's song "Witchblades" featuring Lil Tracy (/wiki/Lil_Tracy) . The remixed song's beat was a slowed down instrumental track of the band's song "The Real You". Lil Peep would be mentioned by Juicy J (/wiki/Juicy_J) (who had collaborated with him before his death) on Rae Sremmurd (/wiki/Rae_Sremmurd) 's " Powerglide (/wiki/Powerglide_(song)) ". Lil Peep was also honored during the 60th Grammy Awards (/wiki/60th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#In_Memoriam) . On June 19, 2018, Juice Wrld (/wiki/Juice_Wrld) released a two-song EP titled Too Soon.. dedicated to him and XXXTentacion, the latter being killed in June 2018 (/wiki/Killing_of_XXXTentacion) . [137] (#cite_note-137) [138] (#cite_note-138) In The 1975 (/wiki/The_1975) track, " Love It If We Made It (/wiki/Love_It_If_We_Made_It) ", there is a lyric that gives a tribute to Lil Peep: "Rest in peace Lil Peep, The poetry is in the streets". [139] (#cite_note-139) In the song "Glass House" by Machine Gun Kelly (/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(musician)) , which pays tribute to many deceased artists, Lil Peep is mentioned in the lines: "Wish Lil Peep and me had met, but I can't get that back". Fellow emo rapper XXXTentacion shared similar sentiments, saying that if he and Lil Peep had known each other better that they would have been good friends. [140] (#cite_note-140) XXXTentacion recorded a verse for a song in tribute to Lil Peep prior to his own murder, which was later turned into the posthumous collaboration " Falling Down (/wiki/Falling_Down_(Lil_Peep_and_XXXTentacion_song)) ". Grimes (/wiki/Grimes) stated that she wrote the song " Delete Forever (/wiki/Delete_Forever) " on the night of Lil Peep's death, with the lyrics being inspired by substance abuse. [141] (#cite_note-Shaffer_Shaffer_2020-141) Lil Peep was cremated at Huntington Station, New York (/wiki/Huntington_Station,_New_York) . [20] (#cite_note-:2-20) On December 2, 2017, friends, family and fans paid their respects to Lil Peep at his memorial in Long Beach, New York (/wiki/Long_Beach,_New_York) . [142] (#cite_note-142) A memorial was also held in London on the same day that a large picture of Lil Peep was projected onto the side of the Houses of Parliament (/wiki/Houses_of_parliament) in central London (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) . [143] (#cite_note-143) Legacy and influence Before he died of an accidental overdose (/wiki/Drug_overdose) on November 15, 2017, in Tucson (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) , Lil Peep was believed to be on track in taking SoundCloud rap (/wiki/SoundCloud_rap) into the pop mainstream. [144] (#cite_note-End-144) Before dying at the age of 21, Lil Peep came to be an inspiration to outcasts and youth subcultures (/wiki/Youth_subculture) drawn together by the internet. [145] (#cite_note-Hypebeast-145) He earned legions of fans in a short time from both hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) and emo (/wiki/Emo_Subculture) subcultures. [146] (#cite_note-Kornhaber-146) Although he did not claim so himself, he is widely considered to have made a style of music that has been since regarded "emo rap". [147] (#cite_note-Eloise-147) [104] (#cite_note-Harrison-104) He has been credited as the leading figure of the mid–late 2010s emo music (/wiki/Emo_music) scene [148] (#cite_note-148) and is commonly cited as an inspiration for upcoming emo rappers. [149] (#cite_note-149) At the time of Lil Peep's death, he was on the cusp of something significant. Three months earlier, he'd released Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) , the album that took the skeleton sound he'd developed in his bedroom — emo sentimentality, thunderous hip-hop underbelly, rock-star insouciance — and thickened it up. His mixtapes Hellboy (/wiki/Hellboy_(Lil_Peep_mixtape)) and Crybaby , released on SoundCloud, were on the front lines of hip-hop's open-eared engagement with other genres, as well as documents of the ways emo and pop-punk had begun to make room for hip-hop. He was at the musical vanguard and, covered in a symphony of tattoos, an emerging fashion icon as well. – New York Times music critic Jon Caramanica (/wiki/Jon_Caramanica) [150] (#cite_note-150) In 2017, Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) hailed Lil Peep as "the future of emo". [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) Regarding his death, in January 2018, John Jeremiah Sullivan (/wiki/John_Jeremiah_Sullivan) of GQ (/wiki/GQ) wrote, "When Lil Peep died late last year, he left behind an outsized legacy." [151] (#cite_note-151) Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) journalist Elias Leight concurred similarly and wrote that Lil Peep's "rise to stardom was powered by relentless drive." [152] (#cite_note-152) A profile on his artistry was written by Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) editor Steven Horowitz. [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) The lengthy article resulted in an influx of think pieces (/wiki/Think_piece) centered around Lil Peep amongst writers, with music publications such as Noisey (/wiki/Noisey) discussing his role within the broader emo genre. Though it allowed Peep to gather attention from a wide audience beyond his SoundCloud base, the piece polarized readers, some of whom protested applying the "future of emo" label to the young rapper in the headline. [147] (#cite_note-Eloise-147) [106] (#cite_note-Tenreyro-106) However, Lil Peep has since become regarded being an integral part of a " post-emo revival (/wiki/Emo_revival) style of hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) and rock (/wiki/Rock_music) ", [153] (#cite_note-:17-153) [154] (#cite_note-:18-154) [155] (#cite_note-:19-155) [156] (#cite_note-:20-156) and had been described as "arguably the biggest emo icon of the past few years" [157] (#cite_note-:21-157) The death of Lil Peep left an impact on several of his musical contemporaries. [158] (#cite_note-Valentine-158) Lil Uzi Vert (/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert) offered tribute by sharing on Twitter an edited version of one of the final photos Lil Peep had shared online. [158] (#cite_note-Valentine-158) The news of Lil Peep's death greatly affected Lil Uzi Vert, who shortly tweeted, "We would love 2 stop ..... but do you really care cause we been on xanax (/wiki/Xanax) all fucking year. [...] Rip buddy I 100% understand and I don't fault u." [158] (#cite_note-Valentine-158) The prescription pills Xanax (/wiki/Xanax) has since become an epidemic in the hip hop realm, particularly among the current SoundCloud generation. [159] (#cite_note-Newstead-159) The SoundCloud rap (/wiki/SoundCloud_rap) scene Lil Peep originated from is notorious for its drug use, with artists often abusing prescription pills such as Xanax which have since become a go-to metaphor (/wiki/Metaphor) in their lyrics. [160] (#cite_note-Brown,_August-160) In an assessment of the reactions, many were hopeful Lil Peep's death has served as a wake-up call for the community regarding drug abuse (/wiki/Drug_abuse) . [159] (#cite_note-Newstead-159) After offering their thoughts, Lil Uzi Vert indicated they were looking to do something for themselves in response to Lil Peep's untimely death. [159] (#cite_note-Newstead-159) Lil Uzi Vert also seemed to make attempts to detox (/wiki/Detox) , and the following Thursday tweeted an update saying they were sober (/wiki/Sobriety) for the day and already shaking. [158] (#cite_note-Valentine-158) In the years following his death, Lil Peep became influential on the development of the e-girls and e-boys (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) subculture. [161] (#cite_note-161) In addition to calling him "the future of emo", Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) also posited that Lil Peep's willingness to be vulnerable was an antidote to the toxic attitude towards women, which in the past has been a core element of hip-hop culture and its rap-rock (/wiki/Rap-rock) variant. [162] (#cite_note-Weiss-162) According to fellow GothBoiClique member, Fish Narc, Lil Peep explicitly rejected contemporary SoundCloud rapper XXXTentacion for his alleged history of violence against his ex-girlfriend (/wiki/XXXTentacion#Legal_issues) , spending time and money removing XXXTentacion's songs from his Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) playlists. [62] (#cite_note-Daramola-62) On the contrary, rapper Fat Nick, a mutual friend of Lil Peep and XXXTentacion, said on Twitter that right before Peep died, he and Peep had a conversation about XXXTentacion and had planned to meet up with him, and that XXXTentacion was "super happy about it". [63] (#cite_note-hotnewhiphop.com-63) Fat Nick also spoke about the matter on an Instagram livestream (/wiki/Livestream) , where he dismissed the claims from Fish Narc and others about tension between XXXTentacion and Lil Peep, and confirmed that Lil Peep wanted to meet XXXTentacion once he was off tour. In the livestream, he also implied that members of GothBoiClique were responsible for Lil Peep's death, saying, "Some of y'all are siding with the people that took advantage of Peep. I don't get it... That's crazy. Y'all say shit about fucking X, but you're not saying shit about the people that killed [Lil Peep]... The people that gave him fentanyl. Y'all don't say shit to them." [163] (#cite_note-163) After this, Fish Narc faced criticism for his initial statement condemning the song. Fish Narc responded on Twitter, "I feel that people think I am trying to insult X. But really I wish him rest. I protest a posthumous collab between unaffiliated artists", and clarified that he did not wish to attack XXXTentacion and that his comments were, "how I interpreted what Peep told me as a friend." [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-165) When the posthumous 2018 single, " Falling Down (/wiki/Falling_Down_(Lil_Peep_and_XXXTentacion_song)) ", was created without Lil Peep's consent, uniting the two deceased rappers, some Lil Peep fans and some of Lil Peep's friends opposed the retroactive inclusion of XXXTentacion. Some surviving band members posted a story onto Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) disavowing the collaboration and imploring others not to listen to it. [62] (#cite_note-Daramola-62) Following his death, Mic (/wiki/Mic_(media_company)) bemoaned: "Sadly, Peep had barely just begun bringing emo into the future with a message that many of his less woman-friendly influences, like Brand New (/wiki/Brand_New_(band)) , have failed to put forward." He continued saying, "For a 'crybaby' who left this world so young, Peep inspired a lot of people to keep going." [162] (#cite_note-Weiss-162) The day after hearing news of his death, rapper Lil B (/wiki/Lil_B) paid tribute through a tweet. He wrote, "I remember Lil peep telling me he is against the sexual abuse (/wiki/Sexual_abuse) of women and people in the music industry ... I will continue to push his vision." [166] (#cite_note-166) Achievements Having arisen from SoundCloud scene, Lil Peep was a large presence on social media and came to be revered online. [167] (#cite_note-Garland-167) [104] (#cite_note-Harrison-104) He attracted a cult following (/wiki/Cult_following) through the songs he released and their emotional, downtrodden lyrics. [168] (#cite_note-The_Associated_Press-168) Lil Peep also enjoyed the draw of his YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel, where several millions of views were generated by his music videos for "Awful Things", " Benz Truck (/wiki/Benz_Truck) ", " The Brightside (/wiki/The_Brightside) " among others. [107] (#cite_note-Brandle-107) According to The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) , "If you were going to bet on the young musicians most likely to soon be superstars, until yesterday, a lot of smart money would have been on Lil Peep." [146] (#cite_note-Kornhaber-146) Lil Peep had laid before him a promising career, which had been on the rise since 2015 thanks to a series of tracks, EPs (/wiki/Extended_play) and mixtapes (/wiki/Mixtape) released on SoundCloud. [107] (#cite_note-Brandle-107) After being around for a little more than a year, Lil Peep had already managed to amass millions of hits on YouTube and SoundCloud. [167] (#cite_note-Garland-167) A year after posting his first song, Lil Peep attracted 82,000 followers on SoundCloud and 112,000 followers on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [114] (#cite_note-Horowitz-114) The burgeoning rapper had generated millions of online streams (/wiki/Streaming_media) before releasing his debut album Come Over When You're Sober Pt. 1 in August 2017. [169] (#cite_note-Garrett-169) Despite being involved with GothBoiClique (/wiki/GothBoiClique) for the shortest amount of time, Lil Peep became the first member of the group to be paid serious critical attention as well as tour internationally. [167] (#cite_note-Garland-167) Due in part to his divisive nature, Lil Peep made his way onto Pitchfork 's " Best Songs of the Year" list and completed a largely sold-out tour of Russia and Europe. [167] (#cite_note-Garland-167) Discography Main article: Lil Peep discography (/wiki/Lil_Peep_discography) Studio albums Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) (2017) Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2 (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._2) (2018) Collaborative albums Diamonds (/wiki/Diamonds_(Lil_Peep_and_iLoveMakonnen_album)) (with iLoveMakonnen (/wiki/ILoveMakonnen) ) (2023) Filmography Year Title Role Ref. 2019 Everybody's Everything (/wiki/Everybody%27s_Everything_(film)) Himself (archival footage) [170] (#cite_note-170) Concert tours Come Over When You're Sober (/wiki/Come_Over_When_You%27re_Sober,_Pt._1) Tour (2017) [171] (#cite_note-171) References ^ a b "Lil Peep Died of Toxic Fentanyl-Xanax Overdose: Report" (http://people.com/music/lil-peep-died-of-toxic-fentanyl-xanax-overdose-report/) . People.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171213233814/http://people.com/music/lil-peep-died-of-toxic-fentanyl-xanax-overdose-report/) from the original on December 13, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Weiss, Dan (November 17, 2017). "Lil Peep was going to take emo and rap to new places" (https://www.mic.com/articles/186177/lil-peep-was-going-to-take-emo-and-rap-to-new-places) . Mic . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210128122930/https://www.mic.com/articles/186177/lil-peep-was-going-to-take-emo-and-rap-to-new-places) from the original on January 28, 2021 . Retrieved July 18, 2020 . by coming out in August as bisexual, a rarity in rap-rock, the music world's capital for toxic masculinity. ^ a b c Bell, Sadie (August 9, 2017). "Emerging Emo Artist Lil Peep Comes Out as Bisexual" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7897119/lil-peep-emo-rap-comes-out-bisexual) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 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"Kane Brown Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Experiment' (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8485588/kane-brown-experiment-billboard-200-chart-no-1) " (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8485588/kane-brown-experiment-billboard-200-chart-no-1) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407001951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8485588/kane-brown-experiment-billboard-200-chart-no-1) from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved November 19, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-deathofficial2_11-0) Sommerfeldt, Chris (December 8, 2017). "Lil Peep died from powerful drug overdose" (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rapper-lil-peep-died-powerful-fentanyl-xanax-overdose-article-1.3686651) . New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191109065346/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-trailer-lil-peep-documentary-everybodys-everything-2552217) from the original on November 9, 2019 . Retrieved November 9, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-171) "Oct 17, 2017: "Come Over When You're Sober" tour at Amsterdam Bar and Hall Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States | Concert Archives" (https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/come-over-when-you-re-sober-tour) . www.concertarchives.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211021080550/https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/come-over-when-you-re-sober-tour) from the original on October 21, 2021 . Retrieved October 21, 2021 . Further reading "Emo rapper Lil Peep embodies sadboi aesthetic in new album" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191021/https://collegian.com/2017/09/emo-rapper-lil-peep-embodies-sadboi-aesthetic/) . Rocky Mountain Collegian . September 7, 2017. Archived from the original (https://collegian.com/2017/09/emo-rapper-lil-peep-embodies-sadboi-aesthetic/) on September 20, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 – via collegian.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lil Peep (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lil_Peep) . 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Also known as U.S. Nationals & Pageant, this national dance competition for precision dance teams, dance-drill teams, and dance studios is recognized as the origin of the competitive dance (/wiki/Competitive_dance) industry. The event was trademarked under the name Miss Drill Team U.S.A. and registered as a non-profit organization in 1973 by Dr. Kay Teer Crawford (creator of drill team (/wiki/Drill_team) , dance squad (/wiki/Dance_squad) , and precision dance-sport teams). In 1989, the competition re-branded itself as Miss Dance Drill Team USA in an effort to recognize the varying performing arts interests of the many out-of-state teams that regularly traveled to Southern California (/wiki/California) to attend the annual event, which over the years has been held in the cities of Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , Long Beach (/wiki/Long_Beach,_California) , and Irvine (/wiki/Irvine,_California) . [1] (#cite_note-1) U.S. Dance Nationals & Pageant [ edit ] The idea for a national drill team (/wiki/Drill_team) ( dance team (/wiki/Dance_team) ) competition was Dr. Kay Teer Crawford (/wiki/Kay_Teer_Crawford) ’s thesis project while studying at the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) for her Master’s Degree in Physical Education (/wiki/Physical_Education) . The first “ Miss Drill Team U.S.A. (http://www.mddtusa.com) ” national dance competition (http://www.mddtusa.com/mddt-usa-national-dance-competition/) was held in 1968 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium (/wiki/Santa_Monica_Civic_Auditorium) in Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica) , California (/wiki/California) . Teams from 56 high schools and colleges from across the United States (/wiki/United_States) participated in the inaugural event. At that time, there [2] (#cite_note-2) were only 3 team performance categories that were adjudicated at the national competition: Songleading (Pom), Baton Twirling (Majorette), and Flag Twirling. Team group performances were adjudicated in the areas of routine choreography, technical execution, and showmanship. The highlight of the event was the national soloist dance category. Solo title contestants were adjudicated in the same areas for their dance routine (with the first 10 seconds of the solo routine required to demonstrate military dance-drill stylized choreography). The soloist competition was structured much like a beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) , and contestants were additionally required to perform a modeling presentation and deliver a speech on the subject of drill team (/wiki/Drill_team) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The inaugural U.S. national dance solo title winner to be crowned “Miss Drill Team U.S.A.” at the 1968 competition was Carolyn Buford from John F. Kennedy High School (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(La_Palma,_California)) in Cyprus, CA. Awards for runner-up winners were presented as follows: [5] (#cite_note-5) Miss Drill Team USA: Carolyn Buford (John F. Kennedy High School) 1st Runner-Up: Wendy Beesley (Mira Costa High School) 2nd Runner-Up: Vicki Jessop (Glendora High School) 3rd Runner-Up: Barbara Lopes (St. Joseph High School) 4th Runner-Up: Sue Wells (Cerritos College) Over 30 U.S. States have sent delegations of teams and soloists to the national dance competition (http://www.mddt-usa-national-dance-competition/) since its inception. Regional Competitions [ edit ] Solo title dance nationals (http://www.mddtusa.com) contestants must place in the Top 10 at an affiliated regional state dance competition (or qualify via video submission) in order to compete in the solo title pageant division at U.S. Nationals. Independently organized MDDTUSA regional charter organizations have operated region-specific events in numerous U.S. states and foreign countries, such as: Alaska (/wiki/Alaska) , Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) , California (/wiki/California) , Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) , Florida (/wiki/Florida) , Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) , Idaho (/wiki/Idaho) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , Indiana (/wiki/Indiana) , Iowa (/wiki/Iowa) , Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) , Minnesota (/wiki/Minnesota) , Montana (/wiki/Montana) , Nebraska (/wiki/Nebraska) , Nevada (/wiki/Nevada) , New Mexico (/wiki/New_Mexico) , Ohio (/wiki/Ohio) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , Utah (/wiki/Utah) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , and Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Single performers not competing for the solo title and team group routines do not need to pre-qualify at a regional event; they can participate in the national competition at-will without any pre-qualification requirements. [11] (#cite_note-11) Celebrities [ edit ] The original 1968 national dance-drill team competition was hosted by Jim Lange (/wiki/Jim_Lange) ( The Dating Game (/wiki/The_Dating_Game) ) and Terry Becker (/wiki/Terry_Becker) ( Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea) ). The following celebrities have made public appearances during the competition to participate as a judge and/or crown the national solo title winner during the awards show: [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) 1968: Terry Becker (/wiki/Terry_Becker) 1969: Kent McCord (/wiki/Kent_McCord) 1970: Chad Everett (/wiki/Chad_Everett) 1972: Peter Brown (/wiki/Peter_Brown_(actor)) 1973: Anson Williams (/wiki/Anson_Williams) 1974: Reid Smith (/wiki/Reid_Smith) 1975: Bruce Fairbairn (/wiki/Bruce_Fairbairn) and Tim Donnelly (/wiki/Tim_Donnelly_(actor)) 1975: Pat Haden (/wiki/Pat_Haden) 1976: Jan-Michael Vincent (/wiki/Jan-Michael_Vincent) 1977: Shaun Cassidy (/wiki/Shaun_Cassidy) 1978: Grant Goodeve (/wiki/Grant_Goodeve) 1979: Stephen Shortridge (/wiki/Stephen_Shortridge) 1980: Michael Young (actor) (/wiki/Michael_Young_(actor)) 1981: Ted McGinley (/wiki/Ted_McGinley) 1982: John James (actor) (/wiki/John_James_(actor)) 1983: John Stamos (/wiki/John_Stamos) 1984: Sam Behrens (/wiki/Sam_Behrens) 1985: Rex Smith (/wiki/Rex_Smith_(entertainer)) 1986: George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) 1988: Matthew Perry (/wiki/Matthew_Perry) 1989: Weird Al Yankovic (/wiki/Weird_Al_Yankovic) 1995: Teri Hatcher (/wiki/Teri_Hatcher) Scholarships [ edit ] The MDDTUSA competition exists to support the Dr. Kay Teer Crawford (/wiki/Kay_Teer_Crawford) Scholarship Foundation, with various annual college scholarship awards presented in a variety of categories, such as: [16] (#cite_note-16) Kay Teer Crawford (/wiki/Kay_Teer_Crawford) Scholarship Award Solo Title Pageant Scholarship Award Brenda Caspary-Crawford Scholarship Award References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "United States Patent and Trademark Office" (http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4801:n914v6.2.6) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Oliver, Myrna (September 7, 2001). "Kay Crawford; The Mother of Drill Team" (http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/07/local/me-43200) . The Los Angeles Times. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miss Drill Team USA Due" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19780125.2.8) . Vol. 49, no. 16. Corsair. January 25, 1978. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "National Dance Team Competitions" (http://www.danceteamnews.com/national-dance-drill-team-competitions/) . Dance Team News . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kennedy High Sweeps Honors In Miss Drill Team USA Contest" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19680228.2.8) . Vol. 40, no. 16. Corsair. February 28, 1968. ^ (#cite_ref-6) " (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19710120.2.5) 'Miss Drill Team USA' Awards Fete Coronettes" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19710120.2.5) . Vol. 42, no. 13. Corsair. January 20, 1971. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Miss Dance Drill Team International Japan" (http://www.dancedrilljapan.com) . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kofford, Lauralynn. "Miss Drill Utah" (http://www.uddsc.com/miss-drill-utah/) . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Raiche, Jenny. "Miss Dance Team Minnesota" (http://www.missdanceteammn.com) . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Arellano, Cathy. "Miss Dance Drill Team Texas" (http://www.mddttexas.com) . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Caspary-Crawford, Brenda. "Miss Dance Drill Team USA" (http://www.mddtusa.com) . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Miss Drill Team Contest Readied" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19680214.2.13) . Vol. 40, no. 14. Corsair. February 14, 1968. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Jan Crawford - Miss Drill Team" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19700225.2.9) . Vol. 52, no. 15. Corsair. February 25, 1970. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Coronettes Host Fifth Annual Miss Drill Team USA Contest" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19720216.2.7) . Corsair. February 16, 1972. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Coronettes Host Contest For Female Drill Teams" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19740213.2.5) . Vol. 45, no. 15. Corsair. February 13, 1974. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Miss Drill Team Crowned" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CRS19690226.2.19.2) . Vol. 41, no. 15. Corsair. February 26, 1969. 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Last edited by Hildreth gazzard (/wiki/User:Hildreth_gazzard) 2 seconds ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Assumed_knowledge&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Submission declined on 13 December 2023 by Liance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Liance) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Liance) ). 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Comment: Don't feel that the subject meets WP:NACTOR (/wiki/Wikipedia:NACTOR) . ~ Liance (/wiki/User:Liance) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Liance) 20:55, 13 December 2023 (UTC) British actress and writer Matilda Broadbridge Alma mater Royal High School, Bath (/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Bath) Occupation Actress Years active 2023 Television The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) Matilda Broadbridge is a British actress from Bath, Somerset (/wiki/Bath,_Somerset) . In 2023 she played the role of Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) in the sixth series of Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) show The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) . Early life [ edit ] Broadbridge attended the Royal High School (/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Bath) in Bath, Somerset (/wiki/Bath,_Somerset) , where she was awarded the Young Actor of the Year in 2019. [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] In 2023, she was announced to be playing the role of Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) in the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) series The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) as her debut television role. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2023 The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Who's that girl? The Crown announces its Pippa Middleton" (https://www.tatler.com/article/the-crown-announces-its-pippa-middleton-matilda-broadbridge) . Tatler . 17 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Crown Casts Pippa Middleton for Final Season" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a45558960/who-is-matilda-broadbridge-pippa-middleton-the-crown/) . Townandcountrymag . 17 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) McTaggart, India (15 October 2023). "Unknown teenage actress cast as Pippa Middleton in The Crown" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/10/15/the-crown-pippa-middleton-matilda-broadbridge-bath-somerset/) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . 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Spanish fashion label headquartered in Barcelona Desigual Company type Sociedad Anónima (S.A.) Industry Fashion Genre Fashion brand, business, traditional company, retail firm Founded Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain (1984) Founder Thomas Meyer (/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Meyer_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1) Headquarters Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Catalonia , Spain Products Clothing, accessories, shoes Revenue €371 million (2021) Number of employees 2,600 (2022) Website www (http://www.desigual.com) .desigual (http://www.desigual.com) .com (http://www.desigual.com) Desigual ( Spanish: [desiˈɣwal] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) ); Catalan: Catalan: [dəziˈɣwal] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan) ); meaning "unequal, uneven") is a Spanish fashion label. The company was founded by Thomas Meyer in 1984, and is headquartered in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) . [1] (#cite_note-1) As of 2022, it had a presence in 109 countries, with different distribution channels and several partners. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) History [ edit ] In 1983, founder Thomas Meyer designed a jacket made from scraps of second-hand jeans, then known as the "Iconic Jacket". [3] (#cite_note-3) The following year, he launched the brand Desigual. The idea came from Spanish filmmaker Isabel Coixet (/wiki/Isabel_Coixet) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1986, the company opened its first own store in the harbor of Ibiza (/wiki/Ibiza) and included its first logo – a graphical representation of a naked man and woman holding hands – designed by Peret. [5] (#cite_note-5) [ who? ] Thomas Meyer, Desigual founder In 2011, Desigual started collaborating with French designer Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2012, the company officially opened its headquarters in the neighborhood of La Barceloneta (/wiki/La_Barceloneta,_Barcelona) in Barcelona, a glass building designed by Ricardo Bofill (/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill) with 24,000 square meters of floor space distributed over six stories, which required an investment of 50 million euros. [7] (#cite_note-7) Desigual then joined the Textile Exchange. In 2015, it inaugurated its logistics center in Viladecans (/wiki/Viladecans) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2019, the company redefined its products, including new materials, patterns and designs, in an effort to expand its audience and incorporate new generations. [9] (#cite_note-9) Development [ edit ] Known for a different kind of styling based on ethnic fabrics, colorful garments and creative designs, Desigual launches two collections every year: spring-summer and autumn-winter. [10] (#cite_note-10) The company has ten sales channels, both physical and online, and distribution is centralized in logistics centers located in Viladecans, Gavà, New Jersey (USA) and Hong Kong. Desigual was managed by Manel Adell from 2002 until December 2013. [11] (#cite_note-fashionmag-11) It achieved a 60% annual growth from 2002 to 2009, and a turnover of €250 million in 2009, [12] (#cite_note-d2009-12) €440 million in 2010 [13] (#cite_note-13) and €560 million in 2011. In 2011 it employed 2,900 people of 72 nationalities. [14] (#cite_note-cirque-14) In 2013 Manel Jadraque became the CEO. [15] (#cite_note-15) Further on, Alberto Ojinaga has been the managing director since 2016. In 2022 the firm has a presence in 109 countries, with 393 mono-brand stores and more than 2,600 employees worldwide, 547 of whom work at the Barcelona headquarters in the neighborhood of La Barceloneta. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2020, the company was ranked among the most valuable Spanish brands on BrandZ, [16] (#cite_note-textilexpres.com-16) and received the bronze Laus Award for the new brand identity it launched in 2019. [16] (#cite_note-textilexpres.com-16) In 2021, Desigual introduced a four-day work week, allowing three days in the office and one day from home. The measure was approved by 86%, after being introduced at headquarters to a group of 500 employees. The work week was launched in October and was the first time an international fashion brand established such a week in Spain. [17] (#cite_note-17) Desigual is part of Amfori and Sedex to audit and control its supply chain. [18] (#cite_note-18) The company have also signed agreements with international platforms focused on environmental responsibility like Textile Exchange, Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC), Better Cotton Initiative (BCI) or the Fashion Pact. [19] (#cite_note-19) Brand image [ edit ] Some of the names of collections launched by the company are "Real Life", "Magic Stories", "Luxury Feelings", "Me&You", "Better&Better", "Wow", "All Together", "Handmade", "Rainbow", "El Love" "La Difference", "El Now", "We are Animals" and "La vida es Chula". [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2004, the company launched a line of T-shirts inspired by drawings of Thomas Meyer's daughters. In January 2010, Desigual launched a campaign in Spain and Portugal to promote the sale period: customers were invited to enter stores in their underwear, with the first 100 customers receiving a free outfit. The slogan for this campaign was: "Enter naked, leave dressed". 200 people queued in their underwear on the street outside the Madrid store to take advantage of the winter sale. The campaign was repeated in London, Berlin, Stockholm, Madrid, Prague and New York in June 2011; and in Madrid, Seville and Lyon in January 2012. [21] (#cite_note-21) One of the brand’s most notable campaigns starred Winnie Harlow (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) , a Canadian model with vitiligo, who was the face of the spring-summer 2014 collection. Desigual regularly creates collections with cultural and artistic figures. In addition to the collaboration with French designer Christian Lacroix, which began in 2011. [22] (#cite_note-22) Desigual signed a worldwide partnership with Cirque du Soleil (/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil) in June 2011to develop a clothing collection named "Desigual inspired by Cirque du Soleil" including sixty items of clothing and accessories. [14] (#cite_note-cirque-14) Desigual also collaborated with Disney (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) in a collection inspired by the iconic denim jacket, created by Thomas Meyer in the 80s from denim scraps with leather embellishments of different colour. [23] (#cite_note-23) Desigual, first logo Starting in 2018, the firm established new collaborations with well-known personalities and other companies through which it has launched capsule collections featuring new materials, campaigns promoting diversity, and artistic projects. These collaborations have involved the likes of artists Miranda Makaroff and Okuda San Miguel (/wiki/Okuda_San_Miguel) , [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) designer María Escoté, [26] (#cite_note-Ullate-26) actor Jordi Mollá (/wiki/Jordi_Moll%C3%A0) and Najwa Nimri (/wiki/Najwa_Nimri) , [26] (#cite_note-Ullate-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) as well as with Ecoalf, [28] (#cite_note-28) Victoria or Sonar Barcelona. [29] (#cite_note-29) In June 2019, the firm launched its new brand image, which featured a new logo that flipped the brand name backwards, along with a product revamp (more urban, versatile and sustainable garments and accessories) and a more personalized shopping experience. This required a redesign of strategic stores in Europe, America and Asia. [30] (#cite_note-30) Notable among them was the Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) district in Tokyo, Japan, one of the company's most important markets. This store dedicated one of its floors to offering customers the opportunity to customize garments and attend workshops led by artists. [31] (#cite_note-31) At the end of the same year, as part of the international art event Art Basel Miami Beach (/wiki/Art_Basel) , Desigual presented its spring-summer 2020 collection with a fashion show, as well as an artistic show directed by Spanish artist Carlota Guerrero (/wiki/Carlota_Guerrero) and inspired by the kiss. It starred personalities from the world of fashion, art, film and music, who performed a choreography, and was followed by a show where couples and trios kissed in front of the audience wearing garments from the new collection and, later on, nothing at all. [32] (#cite_note-32) In 2020, the brand continued to roll out its revamped image and a new retail store concept based on art galleries: uncluttered spaces with fewer clothes and hangers, with the garment as the central item, to impress the customer. This new concept is expanding to flagship stores in all markets. [33] (#cite_note-33) The 2022 fall-winter campaign was designed and carried out in black and white by photographer Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) and model Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) , who had previously modelled for Victoria’s Secret, Chanel and Fendi. [34] (#cite_note-34) The 2022 fall-winter campaign image is Nathy Peluso (/wiki/Nathy_Peluso) , the Argentine singer and songwriter, also known for her radical image, that embodies the brand's values. [35] (#cite_note-35) Digitalization [ edit ] The transformation plan adopted in 2015 required an investment of more than 80 million euros in logistics processes, IT (/wiki/Information_technology) , innovation and the distribution network. RFID (/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification) technology has been implemented across all Desigual stores, enabling the inventory to be managed accurately and in real time, while also establishing stock traceability from the source. At physical points of sale, the company uses the "Ask Me" service, allowing multiple transactions to be carried out, from exchanges or returns to making purchases. [36] (#cite_note-modaes.es-36) The "Ship From Store" service has also been launched, a system that allows packages to be prepared at the closest store to the delivery point. [36] (#cite_note-modaes.es-36) As for the online channel, the company has its own website and sells its products through e-tailers and flash sales. Created in 1998, the desigual.com website was refreshed at the end of 2019 to align it with the new brand image, featuring advances in terms of personalization, scalability and localization. [37] (#cite_note-37) Available in more than 150 markets, the online store is supported by cross-border e-commerce technologies from logistics and technology partner Global-e. It also integrates a system of recommendations based on artificial intelligence and offers users country-specific payment methods. [36] (#cite_note-modaes.es-36) The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a change in consumption and purchasing habits which boosted digital channels. Since May 2020, online sales on desigual.com have recorded an average growth of 50%, with peaks of up to 70%. [38] (#cite_note-38) Desigual's use of blockchain technology (/wiki/Blockchain_technology) to improve visibility in the supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) has been noted as an "important step" towards building in more transparency and accountability into the process of meeting customer needs. [39] (#cite_note-39) [ unreliable source? ] Innovation [ edit ] In 2021, Desigual created Awesome Lab, a startup accelerator to drive tech innovation in the fashion sector and provide solutions to the industry's main challenges. This was a pioneering initiative in the fashion business in Spain. [40] (#cite_note-40) In its first call, it was developed with the Plug and Play open innovation platform. Seven companies were chosen from more than 150: Vestico, Syrup Tech, Swearit, Personify XP, Resortecs, Exonode and SXD, with ideas around blockchain, artificial intelligence, new materials and machine learning. The second call, in 2022, is being carried out with Wayra (/wiki/Wayra) , Telefónica (/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica) 's open innovation hub. [41] (#cite_note-41) Sustainable production [ edit ] Desigual's clothing is mainly manufactured in Asia (73% of production), primarily in countries such as China and India. [42] (#cite_note-42) Some is also manufactured in Europe and the Middle East (27% of production). In 2020 the company made public the list of garment factories actively working for it around the world (Tier 1 suppliers). [43] (#cite_note-43) To ensure compliance with the company's Code of Conduct for suppliers (including regulations on compliance with the law, human rights, employee rights, as well as labor, environmental, quality and safety conditions), Desigual conducts audits which are carried out through an independent third-party entity, [44] (#cite_note-44) in accordance with the BSCI and SMETA international standards. Along the years, the company has introduced sustainable fibers and launched collections featuring garments made from organic and recycled fibers, such as the "Love the World" collection released in January 2021. [45] (#cite_note-45) In 2020, the brand accelerated its sustainability and corporate social responsibility (/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility) (CSR) plan. With this plan enforced, 55% of Desigual’s garments are currently sustainable, a percentage that will increase to 70% for the 2023 spring-summer collection. The company also introduced a new ecofriendly labeling model that qualifies garments according to how much recycled or organic material they are made of. [46] (#cite_note-46) In 2022, the company announced its aim to reduce its absolute GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions by 65% in 2026, compared to its 2019 rates. This initiative is part of the company's more challenging goal of reaching carbon neutrality (/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) by 2050. [47] (#cite_note-47) The company has also joined the Roadmap to Zero project of ZDHC (Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals) to ensure best chemical  practices throughout the value chain, moving closer to the goal of zero discharges. [48] (#cite_note-48) Regarding waste management, in 2021 the firm recovered 97% of the waste generated in its buildings and stores in Spain, around 1,100 tons. Overall, the company reduced waste generation by 20% compared to 2018. The goal of more sustainable packaging was achieved in 2021, when single-use plastic was removed from the packaging process. [49] (#cite_note-49) Desigual Store, Osaka, Japan Commercial network [ edit ] Desigual has stores and points of sale in 109 countries: with recent store openings in Asia (China, [50] (#cite_note-50) Japan, [51] (#cite_note-51) India [52] (#cite_note-52) ), South Africa, [53] (#cite_note-53) Latin America (Colombia, [54] (#cite_note-54) Peru, [55] (#cite_note-55) Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador), [56] (#cite_note-56) Europe (Italy [57] (#cite_note-57) ), and ecommerce launching in Hong Kong, Russia and Turkey, [58] (#cite_note-58) among other markets. More precisely in Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bermuda, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Curaçao, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, El Salvador, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Russian Federation, United Arab Emirates, Finland, France, Germany, Mexico, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Guadeloupe, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Cayman Islands, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, South Korea, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Dominican Republic, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Cuba, Spain, Serbia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Switzerland, Sweden, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Peru, Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) , Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) and Guatemala (/wiki/Guatemala) . Disputes [ edit ] In July 2008, the company Custo Barcelona, owned by designer Custo Dalmau (/wiki/Custo_Dalmau) , threatened to sue Desigual for systematically copying several of its products in an attempt to confuse customers, but the complaint never reached the courts. [59] (#cite_note-59) Within the textile industry, this was believed to be an advertising strategy of Custo’s to find new partners. [60] (#cite_note-60) Later that year, the firm Dolores Promesas filed a complaint against Desigual for copyright infringement after the company marketed a T-shirt with a design identical to one of its own. The complaint was settled out of court, with Desigual issuing a formal apology and withdrawing all garments with that design. [61] (#cite_note-61) In 2014 the company received criticism for releasing a television commercial around Mother's Day (/wiki/Mother%27s_Day) which featured a woman poking a hole in a condom (/wiki/Condom) , displaying the words "You decide" on the screen. [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-63) The company stated in its official Twitter profile that it was a humorous and fictional commercial, that included the warning text "do not try it at home". [64] (#cite_note-64) See also [ edit ] Bonds (clothing) (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Zara (retailer) (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) List of companies of Spain (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Spain) European Retail Round Table (/wiki/European_Retail_Round_Table) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Desigual Continues Worldwide Rollout" (http://www.sportswearnet.com/marketnews/pages/show.prl?params=keyword%3D%26all%3D%26type%3D1%26laufzeit%3D&id=771&currPage=100&ori=find) . Sportswear International Magazine. 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b WW, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual returns to profit with a turnover of €371 million" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-returns-to-profit-with-a-turnover-of-371-million,1394930.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Iconic Jacket Desigual" (https://www.neo2.com/tienda/producto/desigual-original-jacket-mickey/) . neo2.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "La vida (muy) chula del fundador de Desigual" (https://www.elmundo.es/loc/2014/03/29/5335be95e2704e31078b457c.html) . ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Nuevo logo de Desigual ¿Atrevimiento o locura?" (https://graffica.info/nuevo-logo-desigual-atrevimiento-o-locura/) . Gràffica (in Spanish). 14 June 2019 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Christian Lacroix designs for Desigual - Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8274279/Christian-Lacroix-designs-for-Desigual.html) . fashion.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sede de Desigual" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102950/https://ricardobofill.com/es/projects/sede-de-desigual/) . Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (in European Spanish). Archived from the original (https://ricardobofill.com/es/projects/sede-de-desigual/) on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Desigual inaugura su nuevo centro logístico en Viladecans" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182910/https://www.cadenadesuministro.es/noticias/desigual-inaugura-su-nuevo-centro-logistico-en-viladecans/) . Cadena de Suministro (in Spanish). 5 November 2015. Archived from the original (https://www.cadenadesuministro.es/noticias/desigual-inaugura-su-nuevo-centro-logistico-en-viladecans/) on 9 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Desigual se resetea a la caza del 'millennial' (https://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2019/06/17/5d07c3b2fdddff178b8b4618.html) " (https://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2019/06/17/5d07c3b2fdddff178b8b4618.html) . ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 17 June 2019 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "CURSO DISEÑO DE MODA, CÓMO HACER UNA COLECCIÓN. - ANDRESPERT ©" (https://www.andrespert.com/curso-diseno-de-moda-como-hacer-una-coleccion/) (in Spanish). 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 29 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashionmag_11-0) Manel Adell parts ways with Desigual (http://uk.fashionmag.com/news/Manel-Adell-parts-ways-with-Desigual-in-January,269776.html) ^ (#cite_ref-d2009_12-0) Desigual: the new Spanish phenomenon (http://celebrityhunted.com/like/desigual_the_new_spanish_phenomenon/265217/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110304125943/http://celebrityhunted.com/like/desigual_the_new_spanish_phenomenon/265217/) 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-13) ESADE, Matins ESADE with Manel Adell, CEO and partner of Desigual (http://www.esade.edu/web/eng/about-esade/today/events/viewelement/156203/1/27-01-2011/matins-esade-with-manel-adell,-ceo-and-partner-of-desigual) ^ Jump up to: a b "Cirque du Soleil and Desigual Sign a Worldwide Partnership" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110615070741/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/news/2011/desigual-partnership-announcement.aspx) . 1 June 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/news/2011/desigual-partnership-announcement.aspx) on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Swiss Billionaire Meyer Forms Fortune with Kissing Party" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/swiss-billionaire-meyer-forms-fortune-with-kissing-party.html) . Bloomberg . Bloomberg News. March 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "TEXTIL EXPRES - La Revista del Sector Textil y de la Moda" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214074019/http://www.textilexpres.com/TE/index.php/breves-extra-portada/6859-desigual-recibe-un-premio-laus-al-diseno-de-su-logotipo-espejo) . textilexpres.com . Archived from the original (http://www.textilexpres.com/TE/index.php/breves-extra-portada/6859-desigual-recibe-un-premio-laus-al-diseno-de-su-logotipo-espejo) on 14 February 2021 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Preuss, Simone (11 October 2021). "Desigual employees vote for four-day work week" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/desigual-employees-vote-for-four-day-work-week/2021101158291) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Burgos, Gabriela (24 November 2020). "Sostenibilidad: Desigual se alía con la plataforma Sedex y fortalece sus objetivos de sostenibilidad" (https://www.america-retail.com/sostenibilidad/sostenibilidad-desigual-se-alia-con-la-plataforma-sedex-y-fortalece-sus-objetivos-de-sostenibilidad/) . América Retail (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) ES, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual se suma al Fashion Pact y amplía sus objetivos de sostenibilidad" (https://es.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-se-suma-al-fashion-pact-y-amplia-sus-objetivos-de-sostenibilidad,1268098.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Group, Mini STUDIO Publishing. "DESIGUAL "La vida es Chula" home collection" (https://www.luxurytopics.com/living/decor/desigual-%E2%80%9Cla-vida-es-chula%E2%80%9D-home-collection) . LuxuryTopics . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150106154511/http://www.luxurytopics.com:80/living/decor/desigual-%E2%80%9Cla-vida-es-chula%E2%80%9D-home-collection) from the original on 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "PHOTOS: Why Are These Shoppers Practically Naked?" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/naked-shoppers-desigual_n_1179380) . HuffPost . 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) telegraph.co.uk, Christian Lacroix designs for Desigual (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8274279/Christian-Lacroix-designs-for-Desigual.html) ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Desigual and Disney Collaboration featuring Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck" (https://www.belledivino.co.uk/blogs/news/desigual-and-disney-collaboration-featuring-mickey-mouse-and-donald-duck) . Belle Divino . 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Scofield, Por Marina (7 December 2020). "La nueva colección de Miranda Makaroff x Desigual es la más bonita hasta la fecha" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/es/moda/noticias-moda/g34872639/desigual-miranda-makaroff-rossy-de-palma-valentina-sampaio/) . Harper's BAZAAR (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Ena, Nacho Viñau (7 January 2020). "Okuda Sanmiguel pinta un mural para Desigual en Nueva York" (https://decoracion.trendencias.com/arte/okuda-sanmiguel-pinta-mural-para-desigual-nueva-york) . Decoesfera (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ullate, Por Sara (7 September 2020). "Con las flores y el estilo urbano como grandes protagonistas: así es la colección de María Escoté para Desigual" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/es/moda/noticias-moda/a33927273/desigual-maria-escote-coleccion-flores-urbano-positivismo/) . Harper's BAZAAR (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Sanz, Raquel (22 October 2019). "NAJWA NIMRI x DESIGUAL: La colección hecha por y para cañeras" (https://vanidad.es/moda/236974323/NAJWA-NIMRI-x-DESIGUAL-La-coleccion-hecha-por-y-para-caneras.html) . vanidad.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Scofield, Por Marina (29 October 2020). "Desigual y Ecoalf o cómo el plumífero más tendencia de 2020 puede ser totalmente sostenible" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/es/moda/noticias-moda/a34517775/desigual-y-ecoalf-plumifero-invierno-abrigo-sostenible/) . Harper's BAZAAR (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Martinez, Jaime (17 July 2019). "Desigual une moda, creatividad y música en el Sónar 2019" (https://fashionunited.es/noticias/cultura/desigual-une-moda-creatividad-y-musica-en-el-sonar-2019/2019071730770) . FashionUnited (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) ES, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual revisa su estrategia y presenta su nueva identidad" (https://es.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-revisa-su-estrategia-y-presenta-su-nueva-identidad,1108934.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) por. "Nueva Desigual Shop Harajuku – La Cámara de Comercio Oficial de España en Japón" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210712175818/https://spanishchamber.jp/es/new-desigual-shop-harajuku/) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (https://spanishchamber.jp/es/new-desigual-shop-harajuku/) on 12 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Desigual recrea un beso colectivo para presentar su concepto "Love Different" (https://www.reasonwhy.es/actualidad/desigual-presenta-concepto-love-different-performance-artistica) " (https://www.reasonwhy.es/actualidad/desigual-presenta-concepto-love-different-performance-artistica) . Reason Why (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Desigual da la vuelta a su retail y renueva sus 'flagships' en Preciados y Plaza Cataluña" (https://www.modaes.com/empresa/desigual-da-la-vuelta-a-su-retail-y-renueva-sus-flagships-en-preciados-y-plaza-cataluna) . www.modaes.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Grace Elizabeth Strikes a Pose for Desigual, Lensed by Mario Sorrenti" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/desigual-fall-2022-campaign-mario-sorrenti/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 14 September 2022 . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Ullate, Por Sara (22 September 2022). "Desigual x Nathy Peluso: así es la campaña de la firma española junto al icono 'millennial' (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/es/moda/noticias-moda/a41280942/nathy-peluso-desigual-campana-imagen-coleccion/) " (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/es/moda/noticias-moda/a41280942/nathy-peluso-desigual-campana-imagen-coleccion/) . Harper's BAZAAR (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Desigual acelera su digitalización: la Red copa ya el 14,1% de las ventas" (https://www.modaes.es/empresa/desigual-acelera-su-digitalizacion-la-red-copa-ya-el-141-de-las-ventas.html) . modaes.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Economía/Empresas.- Desigual lanza nueva tienda 'online' y pone el foco en la personalización" (https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20191217/472302873760/economiaempresas--desigual-lanza-nueva-tienda-online-y-pone-el-foco-en-la-personalizacion.html) . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 December 2019 . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) ES, FashionNetwork com. "David Sgreccia (Desigual): "El Covid-19 ha sido un acelerador para lo que queríamos hacer en el futuro" (https://es.fashionnetwork.com/news/David-sgreccia-el-covid-19-ha-sido-un-acelerador-para-lo-que-queriamos-hacer-en-el-futuro-,1223679.html) " (https://es.fashionnetwork.com/news/David-sgreccia-el-covid-19-ha-sido-un-acelerador-para-lo-que-queriamos-hacer-en-el-futuro-,1223679.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Blackman, J., Fashion brand Desigual deploys blockchain solution to keep tabs on supply chain (https://enterpriseiotinsights.com/20201208/channels/news/desigual-deploys-blockchain-to-keep-tabs-on-supply-chain) , Enterprise IOT Insights , published 8 December 2020, accessed 3 June 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-40) Palmieri, Jean E. (15 July 2021). "Desigual to Launch Incubator Program Called Awesome Lab" (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/desigual-to-launch-incubator-program-called-awesome-lab-1234881513/) . WWD . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) UK, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual launches the second edition of its Awesome Lab program" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-launches-the-second-edition-of-its-awesome-lab-program,1443712.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Barciela, Fernando (24 January 2010). "Estrategias muy de moda" (https://elpais.com/diario/2010/01/24/negocio/1264341803_850215.html) . El País (in Spanish). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1134-6582 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Corporate Desigual Suppliers. List of manufacturing factories (https://www.desigual.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-DsglSharedLibrary/default/dw5e7d0eab/docs/corporate/LoveTheWorld/Corporate_DesigualSuppliers_2020_EN.pdf) (Tier1) ^ (#cite_ref-44) V.Pinuaga, Paula (19 November 2020). "Desigual refuerza su compromiso social con la cadena de suministro" (https://fashionunited.es/noticias/retail/desigual-refuerza-su-compromiso-social-con-la-cadena-de-suministro/2020111934005) . FashionUnited (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Desigual (19 January 2021). "Love the World, la nueva colección 100% sostenible de Desigual | Noticias Ambientales | España" (https://www.cienciasambientales.com/es/noticias-ambientales/love-the-world-la-nueva-coleccion-100-sostenible-de-desigual-19729) . CienciasAmbientales.com (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 25 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Desigual tiene el 55 % de referencias sostenibles y llegará al 70 % en 2023" (https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20220519/8278542/desigual-55-referencias-sostenibles-llegara-70-2023.html) . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) US, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual aims to reduce emissions by 65% over next four years" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-aims-to-reduce-emissions-by-65-over-next-four-years,1448786.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "The Brands: Why Desigual joins Roadmap to Zero project of ZDHC" (https://www.the-spin-off.com/news/stories/The-Brands-Desigual-joins-Roadmap-to-Zero-to-increase-its-sustainable-commitment-16671) . the-spin-off.com . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Desigual Sustainability Report 2019 (https://www.desigual.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-DsglSharedLibrary/default/dwa9ea2594/docs/corporate/LoveTheWorld/Corporate_DesigualMemoriaDeSostenibilidad_2019_ES.pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) UK, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual strengthens its business in China with a joint venture" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-strengthens-its-business-in-china-with-a-joint-venture,1436363.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) WW, FashionNetwork com. "Inside Desigual's plan to conquer Japan" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Inside-desigual-s-plan-to-conquer-japan,1139544.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) WW, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual makes physical debut in India" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-makes-physical-debut-in-india,1252134.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) International, Retail & Leisure (15 September 2020). "Desigual Launches in South Africa" (https://www.rli.uk.com/desigual-launches-in-south-africa/) . Retail & Leisure International . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Camara, Sharon (28 October 2019). "Desigual ouvre une nouvelle boutique en Colombie" (https://fashionunited.fr/actualite/retail/desigual-ouvre-une-nouvelle-boutique-en-colombie/2019102822237) . FashionUnited (in French) . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) admin (7 April 2016). "Desigual alista nueva apertura en el Jockey Plaza" (https://www.infomarketing.pe/marketing/noticias/desigual-alista-nueva-apertura-en-el-jockey-plaza/) . Infomarketing (in Spanish) . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Desigual se renueva en Latinoamérica: lleva su nueva imagen a Colombia, Perú, México y Guatemala" (https://www.modaes.es/empresa/desigual-se-renueva-en-latinoamerica-lleva-su-nueva-imagen-a-colombia-peru-mexico-y-guatemala-es.html) . modaes.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Distribuzione Moderna Web (3 May 2021) "Desigual riapre il suo negozio a Torino Le Gru con un nuovo concept creativo" (https://distribuzionemoderna.info/news/desigual-riapre-il-suo-negozio-a-torino-le-gru-con-un-nuovo-concept-creativo) ^ (#cite_ref-58) US, FashionNetwork com. "Desigual to extend e-tail activity to 108 new markets, integrating franchisees" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Desigual-to-extend-e-tail-activity-to-108-new-markets-integrating-franchisees,1277776.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Custo denuncia a Desigual ante los tribunales por copiar sus diseños" (https://elpais.com/economia/2008/07/21/actualidad/1216625575_850215.html) . El País (in Spanish). 21 July 2008. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1134-6582 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582) . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Custo y Desigual: el caso de la demanda perdida" (https://www.modaes.es/empresa/custo-y-desigual-el-caso-de-la-demanda-perdida.html) . modaes.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 29 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Dolores Promesas se instala en Murcia" (https://www.modaes.es/empresa/dolores-promesas-se-instala-en-murcia.html) . modaes.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 29 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Critican a Desigual por un 'spot' en el que una mujer pincha preservativos para quedarse embarazada" (http://www.lavanguardia.com/de-moda/moda/20140502/54406529854/criticas-desigual-polemico-anuncio-libertad-sexual.html) . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 May 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Desigual la vuelve a liar con un anuncio "denigrante" y "sexista" (http://www.publico.es/actualidad/desigual-vuelve-liar-anuncio-denigrante.html) " (http://www.publico.es/actualidad/desigual-vuelve-liar-anuncio-denigrante.html) . Público (in Spanish). 3 May 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Desigual genera polémica con su última campaña para el Día de la Madre" (https://www.europapress.es/desconecta/viral/noticia-desigual-genera-polemica-ultima-campana-dia-madre-20140503143223.html) . Europa Press. 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 March 2021 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Desigual (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Desigual) . Official website (https://www.desigual.com/) Official Desigual blog (https://www.desigual.com/en_US/corporate/newsroom/) Desigual Sustainability Platform (https://www.desigual.com/en_US/corporate/love-the-world/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐c89lh Cached time: 20240720165622 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.044 seconds Real time usage: 1.202 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4215/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 121546/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3274/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 215815/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.714/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17671067/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1097.901 1 -total 49.82% 547.020 1 Template:Reflist 36.90% 405.160 47 Template:Cite_web 15.87% 174.228 2 Template:IPA 15.83% 173.812 1 Template:IPA-es 12.53% 137.571 1 Template:Infobox_company 11.09% 121.762 1 Template:Infobox 8.35% 91.720 1 Template:Short_description 4.98% 54.684 2 Template:Pagetype 3.94% 43.296 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26757872-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165622 and revision id 1217019430. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67b8b5b86b‐4t89j Cached time: 20240704032148 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28020927-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704032148 and revision id 1192253181. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Sneaker culture" The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Adidas Stan Smith (/wiki/Adidas_Stan_Smith) B Boombox Saints (/wiki/Boombox_Saints) C Cactus Plant Flea Market (/wiki/Cactus_Plant_Flea_Market) Chuck Taylor All-Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) G Jordan Geller (/wiki/Jordan_Geller) GOAT (platform) (/wiki/GOAT_(platform)) H Highsnobiety (/wiki/Highsnobiety) Hypebeast (company) (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) J Just for Kicks (2005 film) (/wiki/Just_for_Kicks_(2005_film)) K Benjamin Kapelushnik (/wiki/Benjamin_Kapelushnik) Kicks Crew (/wiki/Kicks_Crew) Kiks Tyo (/wiki/Kiks_Tyo) M Kevin Ma (/wiki/Kevin_Ma) My Adidas (/wiki/My_Adidas) N Nike Air Force (/wiki/Nike_Air_Force) Nike Air Max (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max) P Presto (Nike) (/wiki/Presto_(Nike)) S Sneaker collecting (/wiki/Sneaker_collecting) Sneaker Freaker (/wiki/Sneaker_Freaker) Sole Collector (/wiki/Sole_Collector) Stadium Goods (/wiki/Stadium_Goods) StockX (/wiki/StockX) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) V Vans challenge (/wiki/Vans_challenge) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sneaker_culture&oldid=1192253181 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sneaker_culture&oldid=1192253181) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Athletic shoes (/wiki/Category:Athletic_shoes)
This is the talk page (/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines) for discussing improvements to the Costume (/wiki/Template:Costume) template. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. (/wiki/Special:NewSection/Template_talk:Costume) New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit (/wiki/Help:Introduction) ; get help (/wiki/Wikipedia:Questions) . Assume good faith (/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith) Be polite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility) and avoid personal attacks (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks) Be welcoming to newcomers (/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers) Seek dispute resolution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_requests) if needed This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Helpful_but_huge-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge&quot;,&quot;c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Helpful but huge&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Helpful but huge&quot;} Helpful but huge [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Helpful_but_huge-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","replies":["c-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge","c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge","timestamp":"2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__4__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Helpful_but_huge-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge&quot;,&quot;c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Helpful but huge&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Helpful but huge&quot;} This is a potentially useful template but, unfortunately, even when unexpanded it consumes a significant amount of premium space near the top of every article in which it resides — with information that is related to but largely irrelevant to the primary topic. May I respectfully suggest that instead of using it near the tops of costume articles, as a sidebar, it be redesigned for use at the bottom of the article (e.g., like Template:Ballet (/wiki/Template:Ballet) )? Lambtron (/wiki/User:Lambtron) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Lambtron) ) 14:28, 12 October 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Costume#c-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","author":"Lambtron","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge","replies":["c-EarthFurst-2016-01-03T19:33:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","c-FeRD_NYC-2016-06-28T17:44:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z"]}} Saw this at top of Kigurumi article and noticed the template wasn't in any categories. I was about to add it to Category:Arts and culture sidebar templates (/wiki/Category:Arts_and_culture_sidebar_templates) when I noticed Lambtron's suggestion. Changing this template into a navbox for bottom of article seems good to me. Sound good to you? Also, how about making a simplified version similar to Template:LGBT sidebar (/wiki/Template:LGBT_sidebar) for the top of articles? -- EarthFurst (/wiki/User:EarthFurst) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:EarthFurst) ) 19:33, 3 January 2016 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Costume#c-EarthFurst-2016-01-03T19:33:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-01-03T19:33:00.000Z","author":"EarthFurst","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-EarthFurst-2016-01-03T19:33:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","replies":[]}} I'm in agreement that this would better serve the articles it incorporates, as well as Wikipedia as a whole, if it were provided as a Navbox. In addition to the points already made, the Navbox formatting is also far more compatible with the box's content than a sidebar, as can be seen by expanding its "Awards" section. The current "Awards" content in its sidebar form (when expanded)... Part of a series on Costume (/wiki/Costume) Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) AACTA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) César Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Fantasy Costume Design for Film (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Fantasy_Costume_Design_for_Film) David di Donatello for Best Costumes (/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Costumes) Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Golden Arena for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Golden_Arena_for_Best_Costume_Design) IIFA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) National Film Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Robert Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Robert_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Satellite Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Costume Designers Guild Award for Best Costume Design – Contemporary TV Series (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_%E2%80%93_Contemporary_TV_Series) Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Fantasy Costume Design for Film (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Fantasy_Costume_Design_for_Film) vs. the same content (alphabetized, as is the convention, and with the duplicate entry removed) as a Navbar group... Costume Awards AACTA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) César Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Costume Designers Guild Award for Best Costume Design – Contemporary TV Series (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_%E2%80%93_Contemporary_TV_Series) Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Fantasy Costume Design for Film (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Fantasy_Costume_Design_for_Film) Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) David di Donatello for Best Costumes (/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Costumes) Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Golden Arena for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Golden_Arena_for_Best_Costume_Design) IIFA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) National Film Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Robert Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Robert_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Satellite Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) If the sidebar content really felt like a "series" overview, rather than just a laundry list of related-article links, I might see an argument for it. But in a "series on Costume" listing, I'd expect "Awards" to be one entry, linking to an article about awards in the costuming field. Listing sets of articles on related content is exactly what a Navbox is intended for, and unsurprisingly it's better suited to the task. -- FeRD_NYC (/wiki/User:FeRD_NYC) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:FeRD_NYC) ) 17:44, 28 June 2016 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Costume#c-FeRD_NYC-2016-06-28T17:44:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-06-28T17:44:00.000Z","author":"FeRD NYC","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-FeRD_NYC-2016-06-28T17:44:00.000Z-Lambtron-2015-10-12T14:28:00.000Z","replies":[],"displayName":"FeRD_NYC"}} Unrelatedly I just noticed this and piped all the award links to make them shorter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Costume&diff=prev&oldid=745304852) - the expanded template is briefly visible when any page first loads, and yes, is far too wide. -- McGeddon (/wiki/User:McGeddon) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:McGeddon) ) 11:06, 20 October 2016 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Costume#c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z","author":"McGeddon","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-McGeddon-2016-10-20T11:06:00.000Z-Helpful_but_huge","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐564fc95469‐v6kpd Cached time: 20240716204804 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.009 seconds CPU time usage: 0.241 seconds Real time usage: 0.327 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1044/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17576/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2122/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 32/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18103/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.157/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2263822/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 271.451 1 -total 37.44% 101.621 1 Template:Talk_header 28.36% 76.974 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 20.81% 56.482 1 Template:Navbox 18.19% 49.364 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 13.94% 37.839 1 Template:Yearly_archive_list 13.30% 36.098 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 12.44% 33.777 1 Template:For_loop 10.88% 29.523 2 Template:Pagetype 8.10% 21.978 23 Template:Ifexist_not_redirect Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48183835-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716204804 and revision id 1229399456. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Costume&oldid=1229399456 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Costume&oldid=1229399456) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Template-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles)
American fashion photographer This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Victoria_Janashvili&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Victoria+Janashvili&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Victoria+Janashvili) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Victoria_Janashvili) for suggestions. ( March 2019 ) Victoria Janashvili (Nelson) Janashvili in 2015 Nationality American, Russian Occupation(s) Photographer, public speaker, entrepreneur Victoria Nelson (Janashvili) is an American fashion photographer (/wiki/Fashion_photography) , book author, and entrepreneur. Early life and education [ edit ] Victoria Janashvili was born in St Petersburg (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) , Russia. She moved to London, UK at the age of 17. She attended the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) and moved to New York City in 2009. [1] (#cite_note-Huffington_Post-1) Photography career [ edit ] Janashvili shot multiple advertising campaigns for fashion houses such as Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) , Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) , MiracleSuit (/w/index.php?title=MiracleSuit&action=edit&redlink=1) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , Lord and Taylor (/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor) , Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) and many others. [1] (#cite_note-Huffington_Post-1) She has shot covers and spreads for GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) , Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) and Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) magazines worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-Huffington_Post-1) Her editorial published in the January 2012 issue of PLUS Model Magazine which highlighted the disparities between real women and runway models was widely acclaimed in the media. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Since then Victoria created many more images featuring plus size models that made headlines all over the world. [5] (#cite_note-abcnews1-5) Janashvili is also known for her expert appearances and features on television such as MTV (/wiki/MTV_Networks) , [6] (#cite_note-6) ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) , [5] (#cite_note-abcnews1-5) FOX news (/wiki/Fox_News_Channel) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Canal + France (/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)) [8] (#cite_note-8) and many others. Janashvili has also made guest appearances at the ABC (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) 's Today Show (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) [9] (#cite_note-9) as well as in a TV shows Real Housewives of Miami (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Miami) and Curvy Girls (/w/index.php?title=Curvy_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1) on Nuvo TV (/wiki/NuvoTV) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Activism [ edit ] In 2015 Janashvili published a highly controversial art book, Curves, that was widely critically acclaimed. [11] (#cite_note-11) The book features semi nude portraits (/wiki/Portrait) of 70 women of various ethnic (/wiki/Ethnic_group) and social backgrounds along with stories about self discovery and empowerment (/wiki/Empowerment) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The book helped change the landscape of modern fashion casting (/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Entrepreneurship [ edit ] In 2017 Janashvili co-founded a sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) company, ChicCartel. The company is an incubator for local female designers making sustainable fashion. [1] (#cite_note-Huffington_Post-1) [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Huffington Post" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/5a01d1e4e4b03f96552bfd77) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Magazine editorial reveals shocking disparity between sizes of models and real women , FoxNews.com, January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-3) La campagna anti anoressia di Plus Model Magazine , La Republica, January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-4) ON the (plus) model size , NYDailyNews.com, January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ a b "Plus-Size Model Magazine Fights 'Body Shaming' | Video – ABC News" (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/size-model-magazine-fights-body-shaming-17451113) . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Катя Жаркова в ТАЙН.НЕТ на MTV" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzJbBMGtlg4&list=UUYOBrOlkFyn2tsrxnCpd1Yw&index=37&feature=plcp) . YouTube. February 16, 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Magazine editorial reveals shocking disparity between sizes of models and real women" (http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/01/11/new-magazine-editorial-highlights-shocking-differences-between-plus-size-and/) . Fox News . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Katya Zharkova – France – Canal +" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tFZRgcXwIE) . YouTube . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Today Show" (https://www.today.com/style/curves-photobook-victoria-janashvili-battles-body-image-issues-1D80390090) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Picture Perfect | nuvoTV's: THE LAB" (http://secure.mynuvotv.com/blog/picture-perfect) . Secure.mynuvotv.com. October 1, 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "ELLE" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/news/a19681/denise-bidot-stunning-nude-images/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Telegraph" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/photographing-naked-curvy-women-is-my-passion-and-you-can-help/) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Vanity Fair" (https://www.vanityfair.it/news/mondo/14/12/30/progetto-fotografico-curves-donne-oversize) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Thrive Global" (https://journal.thriveglobal.com/your-team-is-everything-ee976e7e0ef5) . External links [ edit ] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/margaret-wheeler-johnson/plus-size-magazine-models-anorexia_b_1205285.html (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/margaret-wheeler-johnson/plus-size-magazine-models-anorexia_b_1205285.html) https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/most-models-meet-criteria-for-anorexia-size-6-is-plus-size-magazine/ (https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/most-models-meet-criteria-for-anorexia-size-6-is-plus-size-magazine/) http://fashionista.com/2012/01/plus-size-model-editorial-says-runway-models-meet-the-physical-criteria-for-anorexia/ (http://fashionista.com/2012/01/plus-size-model-editorial-says-runway-models-meet-the-physical-criteria-for-anorexia/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67b8b5b86b‐4ltv7 Cached time: 20240704055614 Cache expiry: 2397828 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.465 seconds Real time usage: 0.737 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2117/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24286/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2214/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43895/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.281/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6893226/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 615.022 1 -total 32.27% 198.443 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.66% 176.239 1 Template:Reflist 20.46% 125.839 6 Template:Cite_news 16.16% 99.375 1 Template:Short_description 12.53% 77.045 1 Template:Orphan 11.92% 73.324 1 Template:Draft_other 11.45% 70.411 1 Template:Ambox 9.37% 57.603 1 Template:Wikidata_image 8.76% 53.880 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34390654-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704055614 and revision id 1232443734. 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Late medieval piece of clothing. Pourpoint de Charles Deblois in the museum of textiles in Lyon The pourpoint (formerly called jack or paltock) was a garment worn by noblemen in the late 14th century in civilian or military situations. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) It is not to be confused with the earlier gambeson (/wiki/Gambeson) . This garment is known for its wasp waisted and round silhouette achieved thanks to its sewing pattern, its quilting and its "grande assiette" style sleeves. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Etymology [ edit ] Pourpoint is a loan from the French "pourpoint" which came from the Middle French noun "Pourpoint" [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) (meaning doublet, jack and paltock) from the Middle French "pourpoindre" (meaning to quilt or to embroider) [4] (#cite_note-4) which came from the Latin "perpunctus". [5] (#cite_note-5) In the medieval period, the word pourpoint wasn't used in English. Instead, they were commonly referred to as jacks or paltocks. [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] The pourpoint marked a major shift in western European fashion as it led to people moving away from the boxy silhouettes of ancient (/wiki/Ancient_history) and medieval (/wiki/Middle_Ages) clothes into the elaborate garb of the modern period which began their development in the 15th century. [7] (#cite_note-7) The pourpoint was invented as a military garment which cut into the waist in order to prepare the body for the breastplate that sat between the ribs and the pelvis. Thus, shifting its weight from the shoulders to the hips. Instead of wearing the armor's weight on the shoulders, late medieval knights opted to distribute their harness' (/wiki/Armour) weight throughout the body. [8] (#cite_note-8) Eventually, this garment started being worn by noble men in their day-to-day lives as outer garments (over the undertunic (/wiki/Underwear) ) replacing the tunic (/wiki/Tunic) . As soon as the 15th century, manuscripts depict people wearing doublets (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) instead. The word was also used for a women's garment in the 16th century. An inventory of the wardrobe of Mary, Queen of Scots (/wiki/Wardrobe_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots) at Chartley Castle (/wiki/Chartley_Castle) in 1586, written in French, lists fifteen "pourpoincts" of satin, taffeta, and canvas. These were described as doublets in later lists. [9] (#cite_note-9) Design [ edit ] Pattern [ edit ] Diagram of a pourpoint The pourpoint featured many sewing techniques unseen in 21st century clothes. These include the ogee (/wiki/Ogee) shaped front panels which make the torso rounder by forcing the belly inwards, [10] (#cite_note-10) an armscye big enough to cover part of the ribs and chest (grande assiette style) and curved sleeves designed to allow mobility despite the light padding and tight fitting woven fabric. Fabric [ edit ] Many fabrics have been used for the pourpoint but the main ones are wool, fustian (/wiki/Fustian) [11] (#cite_note-11) silk Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) and silk satin/canvas of Reims [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) as outer fabrics. The same fabrics were used as lining but soft wool fabrics were commonly used even by the nobility. As for interlining, wool fabrics such as "blanchet" and "carisé" were used. Blanchet was an umbrella term for white canvas of varying qualities and prices while carisé was a twill rudimentary wool fabric imported from england to france and the dutchy of burgundy [12] (#cite_note-12) otherwise, strong linen or cotton was used. Doublets made of silk fabric were worn in the battlefield. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6455702b/f33.item.texteImage (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6455702b/f33.item.texteImage) page 12 in bold letters ^ a b Karbonik, Katelin (2021). Clothing the Medieval Body: A Reconstruction of the Pourpoint of Charles de Blois . ^ a b "Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) - ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine - http://www.atilf.fr/dmf" (http://zeus.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=dmfXdeaid;XLEMME=pourpoint;MENU=menu_dmf;ISIS=isis_dmf2020.txt;MENU=menu_dmf;OUVRIR_MENU=1;ONGLET=dmf2020;OO1=2;OO2=1;s=s0f260cc8;LANGUE=FR;FERMER;;XMODE=STELLa;FERMER;XXX=4;;AFFICHAGE=6) . zeus.atilf.fr . Retrieved 2024-02-18 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : External link in |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) - ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine - http://www.atilf.fr/dmf" (http://zeus.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=dmfXdeaic;ISIS=isis_dmf2020.txt;MENU=menu_dmf;OUVRIR_MENU=1;ONGLET=dmf2020;OO1=2;OO2=1;s=s0f260cc8;LANGUE=FR;FERMER;AFFICHAGE=0;MENU=menu_dmf;OUVRIR_MENU=1;XMODE=STELLa;FERMER;) . zeus.atilf.fr . Retrieved 2024-02-18 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : External link in |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW) - Lire Page" (https://lecteur-few.atilf.fr/lire/80/261?DMF) . lecteur-few.atilf.fr . Retrieved 2024-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The medieval inventories of the Tower armories 1320-1410 by Roland Thomas Richardson on page 182-183 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Katelin Karbonik, Clothing the Medieval Body: A Reconstruction of the Pourpoint of Charles de Blois , p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Arms and Armor—Common Misconceptions and Frequently Asked Questions (4th fact)" (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart , vol. 7 (London: Dolman, 1844), pp. 234–35. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kelly, Tasha Dandelion. "Pourpoint of Charles de Blois: In-Person Observations" (https://cottesimple.com/articles/observations-pourpoint-charles-de-blois/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "How in Man Shall Be Armed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111228020504/http://www.chronique.com/Library/Armour/armyd1.htm) . 2011-12-28. Archived from the original (http://www.chronique.com/Library/Armour/armyd1.htm) on 2011-12-28 . Retrieved 2024-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jolivet, Sophie (2003-11-23). Pour soi vêtir honnêtement à la cour de monseigneur le duc : costume et dispositif vestimentaire à la cour de Philippe le Bon, de 1430 à 1455 (phdthesis thesis) (in French). Université de Bourgogne. v t e Armour (/wiki/Armour) types Body armor (/wiki/Body_armor) Vehicle armour (/wiki/Vehicle_armour) Barding (/wiki/Barding) Historical armour types Linothorax (/wiki/Linothorax) Gambeson (/wiki/Gambeson) Buff coat (/wiki/Buff_coat) Lorica segmentata (/wiki/Lorica_segmentata) Manica (/wiki/Manica_(armguard)) Lorica hamata (/wiki/Lorica_hamata) Lorica plumata (/wiki/Lorica_plumata) Lorica squamata (/wiki/Lorica_squamata) Lamellar armour (/wiki/Lamellar_armour) Laminar armour (/wiki/Laminar_armour) Scale armour (/wiki/Scale_armour) Chain mail (/wiki/Chain_mail) Hauberk (/wiki/Hauberk) Transitional armour (/wiki/Transitional_armour) Mail and plate armour (/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour) Coat of plates (/wiki/Coat_of_plates) Brigandine (/wiki/Brigandine) Jack of plate (/wiki/Jack_of_plate) Splint armour (/wiki/Splint_armour) Mirror armour (/wiki/Mirror_armour) Klivanion (/wiki/Klivanion) Breastplate (/wiki/Breastplate) Cuirass (/wiki/Cuirass) Muscle cuirass (/wiki/Muscle_cuirass) Plate armour (/wiki/Plate_armour) Munition armour (/wiki/Munition_armour) Greenwich armour (/wiki/Greenwich_armour) Almain rivet (/wiki/Almain_rivet) Kasten-brust armour (/wiki/Kasten-brust_armour) White armour (/wiki/White_armour) Gothic plate armour (/wiki/Gothic_plate_armour) Maximilian armour (/wiki/Maximilian_armour) Lame (armor) (/wiki/Lame_(armor)) Karuta (Japanese armour) (/wiki/Karuta_(Japanese_armour)) Kikko (Japanese armour) (/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)) Kusari (Japanese mail armour) (/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)) Ō-yoroi (/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi) Dō-maru (/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru) Haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)) Tatami (/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)) Boiled leather (cuir bouilli) (/wiki/Boiled_leather) Modern armour types Bullet-resistant armour (/wiki/Bulletproof_vest) Ballistic plate (/wiki/Ballistic_plate) Ceramic plate (/wiki/Ceramic_plate) Doron plate (/wiki/Doron_plate) Steel plate (/wiki/Steel_plate) Ballistic fabrics Gold Flex (/wiki/Gold_Flex) Aramid (/wiki/Aramid) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Kevlar KM2 (/wiki/Kevlar_KM2) Twaron (/wiki/Twaron) UHMWPE/HPPE (/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene) Spectra Shield (/wiki/Spectra_Shield) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Armor systems Armour of the Kelly gang (/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang) Brewster Body Shield (/wiki/Brewster_Body_Shield) Steel Bib (/wiki/Steel_Bib) PASGT (/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops) Ranger Body Armor (/wiki/Ranger_Body_Armor) IBA/OTV (/wiki/Interceptor_Body_Armor) Dragon Skin (/wiki/Dragon_Skin) CIRAS (/wiki/Combat_Integrated_Releasable_Armor_System) FSBE AAV QR (/wiki/Full_Spectrum_Battle_Equipment_Amphibious_Assault_Vest) HRM (/wiki/High_Risk_Modular_tactical_vest) IOTV (/wiki/Improved_Outer_Tactical_Vest) MTV/IMTV (/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest) PRU-70 (/wiki/PRU-70) Osprey body armour (/wiki/Osprey_body_armour) SPCS (/wiki/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System) SPC (/wiki/Scalable_Plate_Carrier) MSV (/wiki/Modular_Scalable_Vest) Body armor performance standards (/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards) BA 9000 (/wiki/BA_9000) Flak jacket (/wiki/Flak_jacket) Riot gear (/wiki/Riot_gear) Bomb suit (/wiki/Bomb_suit) Stab vest (/wiki/Stab_vest) Components Medieval (/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components) Fictional armour types Banded mail (/wiki/Banded_mail) Ring armour (/wiki/Ring_armour) Power armor (/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton#Fictional_depictions) v t e Helmets (/wiki/Helmet) Individual historical helmets Agighiol (/wiki/Helmet_of_Agighiol) Agris (/wiki/Agris_Helmet) Benty Grange (/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet) Broe (/wiki/Broe_helmet) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_helmet) Ciumeşti (/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania#Helmet_of_Ciumeşti) Coppergate (/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet) Coțofenești (/wiki/Helmet_of_Co%C8%9Bofene%C8%99ti) Coventry Sallet (/wiki/Coventry_Sallet) Crosby Garrett (/wiki/Crosby_Garrett_Helmet) Emesa (/wiki/Emesa_helmet) Gevninge (/wiki/Gevninge_helmet_fragment) Gjermundbu (/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet) Guilden Morden (/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar) Guisborough (/wiki/Guisborough_Helmet) Hallaton (/wiki/Hallaton_Helmet) Hellvi (/wiki/Hellvi_helmet_eyebrow) Henry VIII's Horned (/wiki/Horned_helmet_of_Henry_VIII) Horncastle (/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head) Iron Gates (/wiki/Helmet_of_Iron_Gates) Lokrume (/wiki/Lokrume_helmet_fragment) Meyrick (/wiki/Meyrick_Helmet) Nemiya (/wiki/Nemiya_Helmet) Newstead (/wiki/Newstead_Helmet) Nijmegen (/wiki/Nijmegen_Helmet) Peretu (/wiki/Helmet_of_Peretu) Pioneer (/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet) Ribchester (/wiki/Ribchester_Helmet) Shorwell (/wiki/Shorwell_helmet) Staffordshire (/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet) Sutton Hoo (/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet) Tjele (/wiki/Tjele_helmet_fragment) Veksø (/wiki/Veks%C3%B8_helmets) Venetian (/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet) Waterloo (/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet) Witcham Gravel (/wiki/Witcham_Gravel_helmet) Yarm (/wiki/Yarm_helmet) Combat (/wiki/Combat_helmet) Ancient Attic (/wiki/Attic_helmet) Boar's tusk (/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet) Boeotian (/wiki/Boeotian_helmet) Chalcidian (/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet) Coolus (/wiki/Coolus_helmet) Corinthian (/wiki/Corinthian_helmet) Galea (/wiki/Galea_(helmet)) Illyrian (/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet) Imperial (/wiki/Imperial_helmet) Kegelhelm (/wiki/Kegelhelm) Konos (/wiki/Konos) Late Roman ridge (/wiki/Late_Roman_ridge_helmet) Montefortino (/wiki/Montefortino_helmet) Negau (/wiki/Negau_helmet) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_helmet) Pilos (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Shmarjet (/wiki/Shmarjet) Medieval and Early Modern Armet (/wiki/Armet) Aventail (/wiki/Aventail) Barbute (/wiki/Barbute) Bascinet (/wiki/Bascinet) Burgonet (/wiki/Burgonet) Cervelliere (/wiki/Cervelliere) Close (/wiki/Close_helmet) Dragoon (/wiki/Dragoon_helmet) Enclosed (/wiki/Enclosed_helmet) Falling buffe (/wiki/Falling_buffe) Frog-mouth (/wiki/Frog-mouth_helm) Germanic boar (/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet) Great (/wiki/Great_helm) Hounskull (/wiki/Bascinet#Hounskull) Jingasa (/wiki/Jingasa) Kabuto (/wiki/Kabuto) Katapu (/wiki/Katapu) Kettle (/wiki/Kettle_hat) Kulah khud (/wiki/Kulah_khud) Lamellenhelm (/wiki/Lamellenhelm) Lobster-tailed pot (/wiki/Lobster-tailed_pot_helmet) Mempo (/wiki/Men-yoroi) Morion (/wiki/Morion_(helmet)) Nasal (/wiki/Nasal_helmet) Paseki (/wiki/Paseki) Pickelhaube (/wiki/Pickelhaube) Sallet (/wiki/Sallet) Secrete (/wiki/Secrete_(helmet)) Spangenhelm (/wiki/Spangenhelm) Takula tofao (/wiki/Takula_tofao) Turban (/wiki/Turban_helmet) Viking (/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour#Helmet) Late Modern Dragoon (/wiki/Dragoon_helmet) Pickelhaube (/wiki/Pickelhaube) Pith helmet (/wiki/Pith_helmet) Tarleton helmet (/wiki/Tarleton_helmet) 1914–1945 Adrian (/wiki/Adrian_helmet) Brodie (/wiki/Brodie_helmet) M36 (Bulgaria) (/wiki/Bulgarian_M36_helmet) M32 (Czechoslovakia) (/wiki/Czechoslovakian_M32_helmet) M1923 (Denmark) (/wiki/M1923_helmet_(Denmark)) Stahlhelm (Germany) (/wiki/Stahlhelm) M1934/39 (Greece) (/wiki/Greek_M1934/39_helmet) Helmet Steel Airborne Troop (/wiki/Helmet_Steel_Airborne_Troop) M33 (Italy) (/wiki/M33_helmet) M42 Duperite (/wiki/M42_Duperite_helmet) M1 (/wiki/M1_helmet) M1C (/wiki/M1C_helmet) Mk II talker helmet (/wiki/US_Navy_Mk_II_talker_helmet) Mk III (/wiki/Mk_III_helmet) Netherlands M34 (/wiki/Netherlands_M34) Hełm wz. 31 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._31) M1940 (Portugal) (/wiki/Portuguese_M1940_helmet) RAC (/wiki/RAC_helmet) SSh-36 (/wiki/SSh-36) SSh-39 and SSh-40 (/wiki/SSh-39_and_SSh-40) M1921 (Spain) (/wiki/M1921_helmet_(Spain)) M1926 (Spain) (/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Spain)) M1934 (Spain) (/wiki/M1934_helmet_(Spain)) M1942 Modelo Z (/wiki/M1942_Modelo_Z) SSK 90 (/wiki/SSK_90_helmet) M1926 (Sweden) (/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Sweden)) M1937 (Sweden) (/wiki/M1937_helmet_(Sweden)) L'Eplattenier (/wiki/L%27Eplattenier_helmet) M1918 (Switzerland) (/wiki/Swiss_M1918_Helmet) Type 92 Tetsubo (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army) 1945–1980 Bangtan Helmet (/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet) CABAL II (/wiki/CABAL_II) Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet (/wiki/Czechoslovak_Vz._53_Helmet) GK80 (/wiki/GK80) Hungarian M70 (/wiki/Hungarian_M70) Romanian M73 helmet (/wiki/Romanian_M73_helmet) JK 96 (/wiki/JK_96_helmet) Mº 44 E.T.A. (/wiki/M%C2%BA_44_E.T.A._de_Paracaidista) M59/85 (/wiki/M59/85) Hełm wz. 50 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._50) Hełm wz. 63 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._63) Hełm wz. 67 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._67) M63 (/wiki/M63_helmet) M76 Para (/wiki/M76_paratrooper_helmet) Mk IV (/wiki/Mk_IV_helmet) Mk 6 (/wiki/Mk_6_helmet) Modèle 1951 (/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1951_helmet) Modèle 1978 (/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1978_helmet) MPC-1 (/wiki/MPC-1) OR-201 (/wiki/OR-201) Paratrooper (/wiki/Paratrooper_helmet) SSh-60 (/wiki/SSh-60) SSh-68 (/wiki/SSh-68) Swiss M71 (/wiki/Swiss_M1971_Helmet) Type 66 (/wiki/Type_66_helmet) 1980–2000 CG634 (/wiki/CG634) M92 (/wiki/Gefechtshelm_M92) GOLFO (/wiki/GOLFO) M90 (Iraq) (/wiki/Iraqi_M90_helmet) M59/85 (/wiki/M59/85) M87 (/wiki/M87_kevlar_helmet) PASGT (/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops) Hełm wz. 93 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._93) Hełm wz. 2000 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2000) Sfera (/wiki/Sfera_(helmet)) SPECTRA (/wiki/SPECTRA_helmet) 6B7 (/wiki/6B7_helmet) 2001–present A2 Helmet (/wiki/A2_Helmet) Advanced Combat Helmet (/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Helmet) BK-3 helmet (/wiki/BK-3_helmet) QGF-03 (/wiki/QGF-03) ECH (Australia) (/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(Australia)) ECH (US) (/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(United_States)) FAST (/wiki/Future_Assault_Shell_Technology_helmet) 6B47 (/wiki/6B47_helmet) Hełm wz. 2005 (/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2005) IHPS (/wiki/Integrated_Head_Protection_System) KH-B2000 (/wiki/KH-B2000) Lightweight Helmet (/wiki/Lightweight_Helmet) MICH (/wiki/Modular_Integrated_Communications_Helmet) Mk 7 (/wiki/Mk_7_helmet) Athletic Batting (/wiki/Batting_helmet) Coolflo (/wiki/Coolflo) Boxing / Martial Arts (/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)) Bicycle (/wiki/Bicycle_helmet) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_helmet) Equestrian (/wiki/Equestrian_helmet) Gridiron football (/wiki/Football_helmet) Eyeshield (/wiki/Eyeshield) Revolution (/wiki/Revolution_helmets) Hockey (/wiki/Hockey_helmet) Lacrosse (/wiki/Lacrosse_helmet) Motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet) Racing (/wiki/Racing_helmet) Scrum 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Frog mouth (/wiki/Frog_mouth_(helm)) Hounskull (/wiki/Hounskull) Lobster tail pot (/wiki/Capeline) Mail coif (/wiki/Mail_coif) Morion (/wiki/Morion_(helmet)) Nasal helmet (/wiki/Nasal_helmet) Sallet (/wiki/Sallet) Spangenhelm (/wiki/Spangenhelm) Kettle hat (/wiki/Kettle_hat) Face Visor (/wiki/Visor_(armor)) Falling buffe (/wiki/Falling_buffe) Neck Aventail (/wiki/Aventail) Bevor (/wiki/Bevor) Gorget (/wiki/Gorget) Pizaine (/wiki/Standard_(mail_collar)) Torso Breastplate (/wiki/Breastplate) Brigandine (/wiki/Brigandine) Cuirass (/wiki/Cuirass) Culet (/wiki/Culet_(armour)) Pauncer (/wiki/Breastplate) Plackart (/wiki/Plackart) Fauld (/wiki/Faulds_(armour)) Hauberk (/wiki/Hauberk) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Lance rest (/wiki/Lance_rest) Coat of plates (/wiki/Coat_of_plates) Jack of plate (/wiki/Jack_of_plate) Arms Ailette (/wiki/Ailette) Besagew (/wiki/Besagew) Couter (/wiki/Couter) Gauntlet (/wiki/Gauntlet_(glove)) Pauldron (/wiki/Pauldron) Rerebrace (/wiki/Rerebrace) Spaulder 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Independent tailoring company based in London, England Cad and the Dandy Company type Private Industry Tailoring (/wiki/Tailoring) Founded 2008 Founders James Sleater, Ian Meiers Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , W1 (/wiki/W_postcode_area) United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Website www (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk) .cadandthedandy (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk) .co (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk) .uk (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk) Cad and the Dandy is an independent tailoring (/wiki/Tailoring) company based in London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) with premises on Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) , in the City (/wiki/City_of_London) [1] (#cite_note-telegraph-1) and New York City, that sells bespoke suits (/wiki/Bespoke_suit) . History [ edit ] Cad and the Dandy was founded in 2008 James Sleater and Ian Meiers, two former bankers (/wiki/Bankers) . They met through a supplier, as both pursued a similar business idea independently, and agreed to start the company together, each contributing £20,000 of initial capital. [2] (#cite_note-financialtimes-2) Both had family connections to the tailoring industry, giving them knowledge helpful in launching the new company. [1] (#cite_note-telegraph-1) After initially conducting fittings in rented office space, they came to an arrangement with Chittleborough & Morgan (/wiki/Chittleborough_%26_Morgan) to allow appointments in their shop on Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) . In October 2009, the company opened its first permanent store in the City of London. [3] (#cite_note-CadNewShop-3) The company had a turnover of £1.3M in 2010, and was listed by The Guardian in the Courvoisier Future 500. [4] (#cite_note-CityAM-4) [5] (#cite_note-Future500-5) In July 2010 the founders won the Bento Entrepreneur of the Year Award at the Macworld Awards (/wiki/Macworld) [6] (#cite_note-Macworld-6) and in July 2013 they opened permanent premises on Savile Row. [7] (#cite_note-cadandthedandy.co.uk-7) In 2018, Cad and The Dandy opened a New York store, on W 57th St, and also bought Götrich (https://gotrich1730.com) , Scandinavia's oldest tailoring house. [8] (#cite_note-8) Operations [ edit ] Based in London, Cad & the Dandy employs more than 30 tailors in three workshops. The company launched a new flagship store at 13 Savile Row in June 2013. [7] (#cite_note-cadandthedandy.co.uk-7) The store is the first on the tailoring street to hand-weave a cloth before making it up into a fully finished suit. [9] (#cite_note-9) The company established an apprenticeship programme for would-be tailors in London. Since 2016, MSR Garments, located in Sri City (/wiki/Sri_City) , India (/wiki/India) produces majority of the bespoke suits for Cad & The Dandy. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Cad and the Dandy well suited to cutting it in the tailoring business" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/gloombusters/7354378/Cad-and-the-Dandy-well-suited-to-cutting-it-in-the-tailoring-business.html) . London: The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 4 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-financialtimes_2-0) Hugo Greenhalgh (4 April 2011). "Never mind the recession, feel the quality" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/707a1d60-5498-11e0-979a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2rFCmkglm) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-CadNewShop_3-0) "Our New Shop" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120313050921/http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk/wardrobe/?p=141) . Cad and the Dandy. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk/wardrobe/?p=141) on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-CityAM_4-0) "The City boys offering a cut above" (http://www.cityam.com/lifestyle/fashion/the-city-boys-offering-cut-above) . City AM (/wiki/City_AM) . 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Future500_5-0) "Future 500 - Fashion and Retail" (https://www.theguardian.com/courvoisier500/50-of-the-best-fashion) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London. 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Macworld_6-0) "Macworld Awards: Winners Cad and The Dandy profiled" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110610170540/http://www.macworld.co.uk/business/news/index.cfm?newsid=3233264) . Macworld (/wiki/Macworld) . 27 July 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.macworld.co.uk/business/news/index.cfm?newsid=3233264) on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ a b Cad & The Dandy, Savile Row Tailor – The Perfect Number:13 (http://www.cadandthedandy.co.uk/wardrobe/cad-the-dandy-savile-row-tailor-the-perfect-number13/) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Savile Row's Biggest Tailor, Cad & The Dandy, Buys Scandinavia's Oldest Tailor – Götrich" (https://www.myguide2stockholm.com/savile-rows-biggest-tailor-cad-the-dandy-buys-scandinavias-oldest-tailor-gotrich/) . MyGuide2Stockholm . 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cad & The Dandy launches Savile Row flagship (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/cad-and-the-dandy-launches-savile-row-flagship/5049928.article) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lee, Shaun (20 August 2019). "Savile Row's best-kept secret: The master tailors of Sri City" (https://lot.dhl.com/savile-rows-best-kept-secret-the-master-tailors-of-sri-city/) . DHL Logistics of Things . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . 51°30′47″N 0°5′9″W  /  51.51306°N 0.08583°W  / 51.51306; -0.08583 See also [ edit ] Suitsupply (/wiki/Suitsupply) Savile Row tailoring (/wiki/Savile_Row_tailoring) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6cc9f7fdd7‐qd8nq Cached time: 20240715162851 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.609 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1844/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23082/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33744/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.234/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5378459/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 547.293 1 -total 41.39% 226.513 1 Template:Reflist 29.20% 159.795 2 Template:Cite_news 23.63% 129.327 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.02% 115.054 1 Template:Infobox 18.49% 101.202 1 Template:Short_description 13.05% 71.409 9 Template:Main_other 9.02% 49.342 2 Template:Pagetype 8.34% 45.664 6 Template:Cite_web 6.42% 35.158 1 Template:Good_article Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28981348-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715162851 and revision id 1214366893. 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Traditional Vietnamese headwear This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nón lá" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22N%C3%B3n+l%C3%A1%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Nón lá Popular headgear of Vietnamese people The two most popular nón lá designs today Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet (/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet) Nón lá Chữ Nôm (/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m) 𥶄蘿 Nón lá at Sầm Sơn market in 1905 A bhikkhunī (/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB) in Huế is wearing a nón lá and riding a bicycle Nón lá ( chữ Nôm (/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m) : 𥶄蘿 ; lit. ' Leaf hat ' ) or nón tơi ( 𥶄𥵖 ) is a type of Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnam) headwear used to shield the face from the sun (/wiki/Sun) and rain (/wiki/Rain) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Nón lá is a typical symbol of the Vietnamese people (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) . It is a common name for many types of hats in Vietnam, but now it is mainly used to refer to cones (/wiki/Cone) with pointed tips. The hats have been worn since ancient times to protect the wearer from the sunshine and rain of Vietnam's tropical monsoon climate (/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate) . An image of the nón lá was carved on the Ngọc Lũ bronze drum (/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_L%C5%A9_drum) and the Đào Thịnh bronze jar (/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A0o_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh_jar&action=edit&redlink=1) around 2500–3000 BC. [2] (#cite_note-2) In Vietnam today, there are a number of traditional hat-making villages such as Đồng Di village ( Phú Vang (/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Vang_district) ), Dạ Lê ( Hương Thủy (/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%E1%BB%A7y) ), Trường Giang ( Nông Cống (/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%91ng) ), especially Phủ Cam hat village ( Huế (/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF) ), Chuông village ( Thanh Oai (/wiki/Thanh_Oai) - Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) ). Characteristics [ edit ] Some types of nón lá A stall selling Nón lá in Hanoi Nón lá are often woven with different types of leaves such as palm leaves, let leaves, straw (/wiki/Straw) , bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) , mortar leaves, hồ leaves, pandan leaves, du quy diệp leaves, and more but it is mainly made of conical leaves. Hats often have a strap made of soft fabric, velvet (/wiki/Velvet) , or silk (/wiki/Silk) to keep it on the neck. Nón lá during the Revival Lê dynasty (/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty) Painting of a man wearing a nón ngựa (a kind of hat for noble men) riding a horse in Nam Phong Tạp chí No. 2 Cones are usually conical in shape, but there are also some types of cones that are wide and flattened. The conical leaves are arranged on a frame consisting of small bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) slats bent into an arc (/wiki/Arch) , pinned with thread, or silk or monofilament. The spokes are made into thin, small and supple bamboo sticks and then bent into circles (/wiki/Circle) of different diameters to form cones. All are arranged next to each other on a pyramidal mold. Nón lá is made by flattening each leaf, cutting the top diagonally with scissors (/wiki/Scissors) , threading around 24 to 35 leaves together with a needle for one turn, and then equally arranging them on the hat mold. Since the conical leaves are thin and easily destroyed by heavy rain, the artisans created a layer between the two layers of conical leaves using the dry bamboo sheath, giving the hat strength and durability. In the next stage, the craftsman uses rope (/wiki/Rope) to tie the conical leaves that have been spread evenly on the mold with the hat frame together and then they begin to sew. The worker puts the leaves on the side of the cone and then uses a wire and a sewing needle to make the hat into a pyramid. After forming, the hat is coated with a layer of varnish (/wiki/Varnish) to increase durability and aesthetics (can add art decoration for hats used in art). In the middle of the 3rd and 4th spokes, the worker uses only two symmetrical pairs to tie the straps. Straps are usually made from velvet, soft silk, with many colors. Classification [ edit ] Two farmers resting after a morning of work Female student with áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) and nón lá. Nón lá is a common name for many other types of hats such as nón ngựa or nón Gò Găng (made in Bình Định, made of lụi leaves, often used when riding a horse); nón cụ (the type of hat that often appears in weddings in South Vietnam); nón Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) (the type of hat popular in the North of Vietnam); nón bài thơ (in Huế,is a thin white conical hat with pictures or a few verses); nón dấu (caps with pointed tips of beast soldiers in the feudal period); nón rơm (hat made of hard-pressed straw); nón cời (type of hat with tassels at the edge of the hat); nón gõ (hat made of straw, grafted for soldiers in the feudal period); nón lá sen (also known as nón liên diệp); nón thúng (the round conical hat is similar to the basket's basket, the idiom "nón thúng quai thao"); nón khua (caps of servants of feudal mandarins); nón chảo (the cone is round on the top like a pan upside down),... [3] (#cite_note-3) but the most common today is used to refer to the type of cone with a pointed tip. A man's nón ngựa on a rickshaw Uses [ edit ] Diorama of making nón lá inside the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology (/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology) , Hanoi Handmade nón lá knitting in Huế. Nón lá are often used to protect the wearer from the sun, rain, and can be used as a fan. Sometimes it can be used to draw water or to store it. Today, nón lá are also considered a special gift for tourists when visiting Vietnam. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Cultural [ edit ] The girls are performing the nón lá dance In theatrical art, nón lá appear in the girls' dance performances. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Asian conical hat (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The World Book encyclopedia . Vol. 20. Inc World Book. Chicago, IL. 2022. p. 366. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7166-0122-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1264736023 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1264736023) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nghề chằm nón lá" (https://baotangphunu.com/nghe-cham-non-la/) . Southern Vietnam Women's Museum. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Đại-học sư-phạm Huế . Dòng Việt. 2000. pp. 105–107. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Nón lá trong đời sống" (https://www.baocamau.com.vn/nghe-thuat/non-la-trong-doi-song-73319.html) . Cà Mau newspaper. ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://vtv.vn/viet-nam-va-the-gioi/du-lich-non-la-hap-dan-khach-quoc-te-20160113143249681.htm) "Du lịch nón lá" hấp dẫn khách quốc tế" (https://vtv.vn/viet-nam-va-the-gioi/du-lich-non-la-hap-dan-khach-quoc-te-20160113143249681.htm) . VTV (/wiki/Vietnam_Television) . 16 January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nón lá in cultural art" (https://vietnam.vnanet.vn/vietnamese/mua-non/256704.html) . Báo ảnh Việt Nam. 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Classification system for hair types The Andre Walker Hair Typing System , also known as The Hair Chart , is a classification system for hair types created in the 1990s by Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) 's stylist Andre Walker (/wiki/Andre_Walker) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) It was originally created to market Walker's line of hair care products but has since been widely adopted as a hair type classification system (/wiki/Hair_type_classification_system) . Walker's system includes images of each hair type to aid classification. The system has been criticised for an apparent hierarchy which values Caucasian hair over other hair types. In 2018 the system was the subject of episodes of the podcasts (/wiki/Podcast) 99% Invisible (/wiki/99%25_Invisible) and The Stoop . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Types [ edit ] The system is split into four types with subtypes labeled A, B and C for some of the types; the system has added new subtypes since its original version to Type 1. [6] (#cite_note-6) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Type Hair texture Hair description 1a Straight (fine) Hard to hold a curl, hair tends to be oily, hard to damage. 1b Straight (medium) Has much body. (i.e. more volume, more full). 1c Straight (coarse) Hard to curl (i.e. bone straight). 2a Wavy (loose waves) Can accomplish various styles. Loose "S" pattern. Hair sticks close to the head. 2b Wavy (defined waves) A bit resistant to styling. Hair has more of a defined "S" pattern. Hair tends to be frizzy (/wiki/Frizz) . 2c Wavy (wide waves) Hair has wider waves. Resistant to styling. Hair tends to be frizzy. 3a Curly (loose curls) Thick and full with much body. Definite curl pattern. Hair tends to be frizzy. Can have a combination texture. 3b Curly (tight curls) Medium amount of space of the curls. Can have a combined texture. 3c Curly (corkscrews) Tight curls in corkscrews. The curls are very tightly curled. 4a Kinky-coily (defined coil) Tightly coiled. Has a very defined O-shaped pattern. 4b Kinky-coily (z coil) Tightly coiled. Little less defined kink pattern. Has more of a Z-shaped pattern. 4c Kinky-coily (tight coil) Tightly coiled. Almost no visible defined kink pattern, unless seen from up close. Has more of a very tight O-shaped pattern. See also [ edit ] Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Andre Walker hair typing system - Women Health Info Blog" (https://www.women-info.com/en/andre-walker-hair-typing-system/) . Women Health Info Blog . 2017-02-01 . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ a b c "The Hair Chart - 99% Invisible" (https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-hair-chart/) . 99% Invisible . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Q&A with Andre Walker" (http://www.oprah.com/style/african-american-hair-advice-from-oprahs-stylist/all) . Oprah.com . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Andre Walker System: Hair Typing Chart - The Salon and Spa at Studio 2121" (https://www.studio2121.com/the-andre-walker-system-hair-typing-chart/) . www.studio2121.com . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Episode 13: Are you a 4C?" (http://www.thestoop.org/home/2018/4/20/episode-13-are-you-a-4c) . The Stoop . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Only Hair Typing System Article You'll Ever Need" (https://www.curlcentric.com/hair-typing-system/) . Curl Centric® | Rewrite the Rules of Natural Hair Care . 2017-03-09 . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20180425101616/https://www.andrewalkerhair.com/whats-my-hair-type/) v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) Victory rolls (/wiki/Victory_rolls) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Widow's peak (/wiki/Widow%27s_peak) Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Facial hair (/wiki/Facial_hair) ( list (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) ) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Chinstrap (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) Van Dyke (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) Moustache (/wiki/Moustache) Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) handlebar (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) pencil (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) walrus (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Hair subtraction cosmetic Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) Shaving (/wiki/Shaving) head (/wiki/Head_shaving) leg (/wiki/Leg_shaving) cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) soap (/wiki/Shaving_soap) Razor (/wiki/Razor) electric (/wiki/Electric_shaver) safety (/wiki/Safety_razor) straight (/wiki/Straight_razor) disorders Alopecia (/wiki/Hair_loss) areata (/wiki/Alopecia_areata) totalis (/wiki/Alopecia_totalis) universalis (/wiki/Alopecia_universalis) Frictional alopecia (/wiki/Frictional_alopecia) Pattern hair loss (/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss) Hypertrichosis (/wiki/Hypertrichosis) Management (/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss) Trichophilia (/wiki/Trichophilia) Trichotillomania (/wiki/Trichotillomania) Pogonophobia (/wiki/Pogonophobia) Haircare products Brush (/wiki/Hairbrush) Clay (/wiki/Hair_clay) Clipper (/wiki/Hair_clipper) Comb (/wiki/Comb) Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Dryer (/wiki/Hair_dryer) Gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) Hairstyling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) Iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) Pomade (/wiki/Pomade) Relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) Rollers (/wiki/Hair_roller) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) Volumizer (/wiki/Hair_volumizer) Wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Haircare techniques Backcombing (/wiki/Backcombing) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Shampoo and set (/wiki/Shampoo_and_set) Straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) Health and medical Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) Hair growth (/wiki/Human_hair_growth) Trichology (/wiki/Trichology) Related Andre Walker Hair Typing System Beard and haircut laws by country (/wiki/Beard_and_haircut_laws_by_country) Bearded lady (/wiki/Bearded_lady) Barber (/wiki/Barber) ( pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) ) 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Fashion show in Shanghai This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Fashion_Week&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shanghai Fashion Week is a fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) held two times every year in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , each time lasting for seven days which is a part of Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival (/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_International_Fashion_Culture_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) which usually lasts for a month. [1] (#cite_note-1) The event first began in 2001. [2] (#cite_note-2) Supported by the Ministry of Commerce (/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China) , Shanghai Fashion Week is a business and cultural event hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government (/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai) . With more and more young designers and models, Shanghai Fashion Week is aiming to build up an international and professional platform and attract top design talents from all over the world. Yearly events [ edit ] The current organizer of Shanghai Fashion Week is Shanghai Textile Group, who is in the center of the textile and clothing network in China. In cooperation with many consulates of other countries in Shanghai, Shanghai Fashion Week also invites many international designers to come present their latest work. It's also a venue for those designers who are targeting China. As part of Fashion Week, Mode Shanghai puts on the Fashion Trade show, offering an expansive window into China's vast geography of regions and markets, while providing a channel for export sales of international brands and China's emerging designers. In 2013, Mode Shanghai collaborated with ENK International, the leading fashion apparel trade show producers headquartered in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . 2013 [ edit ] Mode Shanghai 2013 was held from 12-14 March 2013. It will cover approximately 25,000 square metres at the state-of-the-art Shanghai New International Expo Center (/wiki/Shanghai_New_International_Expo_Center) in Pudong (/wiki/Pudong) , Shanghai. 2016 [ edit ] Designers who showcased collections at Shanghai Fashion Week 2016 included Zhang Na (Fake Natoo), Moti Bai (Black Spoon), C.J. Yao (C.J. Yao), Momo Wang (/w/index.php?title=Momo_Wang_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Museum of Friendship), Nicole Zhang (Nicole Zhang), Zhang Da (Boundless), Zhang Yuhao (Zhang Yuhao), Mushroom Song (WMWM), Lu Kun (Mikumkum), and Kain Picken and Fiona Lau (Ffixxed Studios). [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shanghai Fashion Week (http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hall, Casey (16 October 2015). "Shanghai Fashion Week Showcases Chinese Design Talent" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/shanghai-fashion-week-chinese-designers-10264488/) . WWD . Retrieved 2016-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hall, Casey (16 October 2015). "Shanghai Fashion Week Showcases Chinese Design Talent" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/shanghai-fashion-week-chinese-designers-10264488/) . WWD . Retrieved 2016-04-22 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://shanghaifashionweek.com) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐xmp8c Cached time: 20240712172453 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.465 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 491/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19949/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 524/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18352/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.247/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4652378/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 427.193 1 -total 28.62% 122.251 1 Template:Reflist 25.50% 108.915 2 Template:Cite_web 25.20% 107.659 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 24.90% 106.351 1 Template:Short_description 24.60% 105.099 1 Template:Navbox 15.73% 67.180 1 Template:Advert 14.14% 60.417 1 Template:Ambox 12.68% 54.184 2 Template:Pagetype 8.16% 34.863 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30541481-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172453 and revision id 1218200204. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christopher+Scharff%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Christopher+Scharff%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Christopher_Scharff) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Christopher_Scharff&defaults=y) Declined by Theroadislong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Theroadislong) 5 months ago. Last edited by Theroadislong (/wiki/User:Theroadislong) 5 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Britany.robinson&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Submission declined on 19 October 2023 by Greenman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Greenman) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Greenman) ). This submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . Entries should be written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) , and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery) that promote the subject. Declined by Greenman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Greenman) 8 months ago. Submission declined on 23 July 2023 by Voorts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Voorts) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Voorts) ). This submission appears to read more like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#Advertisements_masquerading_as_articles) than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) , and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) , not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. This is important so that the article can meet Wikipedia's verifiability policy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and the notability (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) of the subject can be established. If you still feel that this subject is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, please rewrite your submission to comply with these policies. Declined by Voorts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Voorts) 11 months ago. Comment: A great CV, but not such a good encyclopaedia article. Theroadislong (/wiki/User:Theroadislong) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Theroadislong) ) 09:52, 18 February 2024 (UTC) Comment: See WP:COI (/wiki/Wikipedia:COI) . Greenman (/wiki/User:Greenman) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Greenman) ) 11:30, 19 October 2023 (UTC) Comment: The lead (/wiki/MOS:LEAD) in particular requires rewriting. voorts (/wiki/User:Voorts) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Voorts) / contributions (/wiki/Special:Contributions/Voorts) ) 16:58, 23 July 2023 (UTC) Fashion Executive Christopher Scharff (born December 19,1961 in Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) ) was the CEO of Dreamgirl International (also known as DG Brands) for 14 years. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Prior to his role at Dreamgirl, he served as vice president for BCBG Max Azria and held executive roles at Movado (/wiki/Movado) Group, St. John Knits, and Lanz Incorporated. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Scharff's father, Werner G. Scharff (/wiki/Werner_G._Scharff) , was the co-founder of Lanz Incorporated and creator of the Lanz “granny nightgown." [2] (#cite_note-2) Scharff is currently a real estate investor in Venice Beach (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) , California [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) where his family has contributed to the development of Venice as a tourist and artistic destination. [4] (#cite_note-4) He is a founding member of Altitude Intimates, an intimates apparel trade show held annually in Las Vegas. [5] (#cite_note-5) Higher Education [ edit ] Scharff attended the University of California at Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration in 1984. He completed his master's in business administration at Berkeley in 1987. [7] (#cite_note-7) While earning his master's, Scharff received the Earl F. Cheit Outstanding Teaching Award for teaching micro and macro economics to undergraduate students. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Christopher Scharff started working in fashion alongside his father, Werner G. Scharff, at Lanz Incorporated [9] (#cite_note-:4-9) , where he became vice president of marketing. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Lanz was a major retailer of dresses, sportswear, and sleepwear, selling to around 2,500 department and specialty stores in North America [12] (#cite_note-12) . Scharff left his role as Vice President of Marketing for Lanz in 1996 [13] (#cite_note-13) , for a new role as Vice President of St. John Knits (/wiki/St._John_(clothing)) , a luxury brand specializing in women's knitwear. He later held executive positions with BCBG Max Azria and Movado Group. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Scharff purchased Dreamgirl International in 2003 for an undisclosed amount. [9] (#cite_note-:4-9) CEO of Dreamgirl International [ edit ] Scharff purchased Dreamgirl International from founder and president Patricia Fischer. [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) Fischer started Lovin' Enterprises Inc. as a home party business in 1978. She launched the branded lingerie and costume line, Dreamgirl, under Lovin’ Enterprises in 1986. [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) Scharff was CEO of Dreamgirl for 14 years. [15] (#cite_note-15) The costume/lingerie brand grew to 2,000 retail accounts worldwide and 30 million in annual revenue. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2014, Dreamgirl International was awarded Lingerie/Apparel Company of the Year at the XBIZ Awards show. [17] (#cite_note-17) Scharff sold Dreamgirl in 2016. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ a b Nieder, Alison A. (November 16, 2017). "Dreamgirl CEO Scharff Leaving Company" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2017/nov/16/dreamgirl-ceo-scharff-leaving-company/) . www.apparelnews.net . Retrieved 2023-04-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hevesi, Dennis (2006-08-31). "Werner Scharff, 90, Designer of a Classic Warm Nightgown, Dies" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/business/werner-scharff-90-designer-of-a-classic-warm-nightgown-dies.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-04-30 . ^ a b c "Body Magazine // Wholesale Lingerie News // Christopher Scharff Exits As Dreamgirl CEO" (http://www.bodymagazine.us/news.php?idArticles=4862) . www.bodymagazine.us . Retrieved 2023-04-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nelson, Valerie J. (2006-08-27). "Werner Scharff, 90; Arts Patron, Clothier Helped Dress Up Venice" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-27-me-scharff27-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2023-04-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) XBIZ (2019-04-10). "Altitude Soars to Success With Diverse Exhibitor Mix" (https://www.xbiz.com/news/243327/altitude-soars-to-success-with-diverse-exhibitor-mix) . XBIZ . Retrieved 2023-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_6-0) Rutter, Jared (November 12, 2013). "California Dreamin': Q&A With Dreamgirl International's Christopher Scharff" (https://www.xbiz.com/features/171100/california-dreamin-qa-with-dreamgirl-internationals-christopher-scharff) . XBIZ . Retrieved 2023-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Haas Alumni Notes" (https://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2018_Spring_BHmag_FINAL.pdf) (PDF) . Berkeley Haas: The Magazine of the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley . Spring 2018. pp. 32–33 . Retrieved May 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Previous Cheit Award Recipients" (https://haas.berkeley.edu/faculty-research/teaching-awards/previous-awards/) . Berkeley Haas . Retrieved 2023-05-21 . ^ a b Figueroa, Claudia; June 6 (June 6, 2003). "Scharff Purchases Dreamgirl" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2003/jun/06/scharff-purchases-dreamgirl/) . www.apparelnews.net . Retrieved 2023-12-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Monget, Karyn (1996-03-11). "SAN FRANCISCO MERCANTILE WILL BUY LANZ TRADEMARK" (https://wwd.com/feature/article-1121252-1777747/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Staff, W. W. D. (1995-08-07). "SLEEPWEAR'S RESTLESS DAYS" (https://wwd.com/feature/article-1139663-1760805/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) LaMagna, Dal (2010). Raising eyebrows : a failed entrepreneur finally gets it right . Internet Archive. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-470-92141-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Staff, W. W. D. (1996-03-11). "SAN FRANCISCO MERCANTILE WILL BUY LANZ TRADEMARK" (https://wwd.com/feature/article-1121252-1777747/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ a b Staff, W. W. D. (2003-10-08). "Obituary: Patricia Fischer, 63" (https://wwd.com/feature/obituary-patricia-fischer-63-716028-1917237/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Rehberg, Peter (2017-11-14). "Christopher Scharff Leaving Dream Girl" (https://www.venus-adult-news.com/en/regions/world/christopher-scharff-leaving-dream-girl) . Venus Adult News . Retrieved 2023-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Nieder, Alison A. (November 16, 2017). "Dreamgirl CEO Scharff Leaving Company" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2017/nov/16/dreamgirl-ceo-scharff-leaving-company/) . www.apparelnews.net . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Rodriguez, Ariana (February 4, 2014). "Dreamgirl Receives XBIZ Award for Lingerie Company of the Year" (https://www.xbiz.com/news/174414/dreamgirl-receives-xbiz-award-for-lingerie-company-of-the-year) . XBIZ . Retrieved 2023-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) admin (2003-05-08). "USA: Dreamgirl Lingerie Firm Sold For Mystery Sum" (https://www.just-style.com/news/usa-dreamgirl-lingerie-firm-sold-for-mystery-sum/) . Just Style . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maurice_J_Koury) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Maurice_J_Koury) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . 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( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Maurice J Koury (1929-2016) was an American textile businessman and philanthropist who founded Carolina Hosiery Mills inc along with his brother Ernest Koury. [1] (#cite_note-1) Carolina Hosiery is the largest manufacture of socks in the US. [2] (#cite_note-2) Carolina Hosiery Mills [ edit ] Ernest Koury started the company in the basement of their parents home in their hometown in Burlington, NC (/wiki/Burlington,_North_Carolina) in 1945 after returning from serving the United States Air Force (/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) . Maurice joined after he finished his bachelor's degree in chemistry from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill) in 1948. The Koury brothers had been operating the mill for over 60 years before his death and it is now being led by their immediate family. Carolina Hosiery today manufactures well known brands such as Wrangler (/wiki/Wrangler_(jeans)) , Drake (/w/index.php?title=Drake_(brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Realtree (/wiki/Realtree_Outdoors) , Top Flite (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) , Ducks Unlimited (/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited) as well as private labels for department stores and sporting good chains. It also acquired another Burlington based mill, Jefferies Socks (https://www.jefferiessocks.com/) , a decade ago, which is now its division. Philanthropy [ edit ] The Koury brothers have been active supporters throughout their lives of public education and athletics in the Carolina community. Maurice was an active member of his alma mater's Board of Trustees, Elon University (/wiki/Elon_University) 's Board of Trustees and of the Medical Foundation of North Carolina. [3] (#cite_note-3) He led the successful fund-raising drive in the early 1980s as the president of the Educational Foundation to finance the construction of the Dean Smith Center (/wiki/Dean_Smith_Center) , the Tar Heels basketball (/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball) arena, and the adjacent natatorium, which is also named for Koury. Their donations helped establish The Edna J. Koury Distinguished Professorship in the College of Arts and Sciences at UNC-Chapelhill in honor of their mother. [4] (#cite_note-4) In recognition of their generosity various buildings have been named after them: The Koury Natatorium at UNC-Chapelhill (http://www.unc.edu/interactive-tour/athletics-and-recreation/koury-natatorium/) , The Koury Residence Hall at UNC Chapel Hill (https://housing.unc.edu/housing/residence-halls/building-name/koury) , Kenan-Flagler's Koury Auditorium (http://sph.unc.edu/location/koury-auditorium-unc-kenan-flagler-business-school/) , Koury Library in the George Watts Hill Alumni Center (https://alumni.unc.edu/the-koury-collection/) , The Ernest A. Koury Business Center at Elon University (http://www.elon.edu/E-Net/Article/26682) and The UNC Chapell Hill Koury Oral Health Sciences Building (http://www.unc.edu/campus-updates/dentistry-dedicates-koury-oral-health-sciences-building/) Honors [ edit ] Maurice Koury and his wife were honored in 2011 with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice (/wiki/Pro_Ecclesia_et_Pontifice) , which is the highest award of the Roman Catholic Church for their long life commitment of service to their community and catholic education. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Carolina Hosiery" (http://carolinahosiery.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ducks Unlimited Corporate Partners" (http://www.ducks.org/Get-Involved/Corporate-Partners-Products/Official-DU-Products-and-Services/Carolina-Hosiery) . Ducks.org . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Taylor, Madison. "Maurice Koury: Comfortable in the background" (http://madisontaylor.blogs.thetimesnews.com/11581/maurice-koury-comfortable-in-the-background/) . The Times News . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Edna J. Koury Distinguished Professorship" (http://college.unc.edu/foundation/distinguished-professorships/the-edna-j-koury-distinguished-professorship/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Maurice John Koury Obituary" (http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimesnews/obituary.aspx?pid=177983321) . Legacy . 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American fashion designer Annie Miller Anna Jenness Miller (January 28, 1859 – August 1935 [ citation needed ] ) was a pioneering clothing designer and an advocate for dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) , as well as an author and lecturer. Her main goals were to be an “advocate of correct principles of physical development and dress for women.” [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She also wanted to educate mass groups of men and women about the importance of hygiene and health to prevent the spread of diseases. As a lecturer, she spoke about human rights, arguing for equality. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Ancestry and early life [ edit ] Miller's father was Solomon Jenness and her mother was Susan Wendell Jenness, both New England natives. She was also descended from the family of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr (/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.) , [2] (#cite_note-2) and Wendell Phillips (/wiki/Wendell_Phillips) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Miller was born in the White Mountains (/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)) of New Hampshire in 1859. Although she was born in New Hampshire, she moved to Boston and stayed there until she married Conrad Miller in 1884. Before she was married, she was known in Boston as a “Women in Letters", [4] (#cite_note-4) a prestigious title in Boston, Massachusetts. This included women such as Louisa May Alcott (/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott) , Julia Ward Howe (/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe) , Susan Paul (/wiki/Susan_Paul) , Maria Stewart (/wiki/Maria_Stewart) , and Lucy Stone (/wiki/Lucy_Stone) . Women in Letters were activists, writers, and strove for positive changes in social justice. [5] (#cite_note-5) Dress reform [ edit ] Dress reform is defined as wearing and designing clothing that is more practical and more comfortable than fashion during a specific time period. During the mid to late 1800s, dress reform also meant a rise in feminism, athletic wear, and undergarments. [6] (#cite_note-:03-6) Dress reformers, such as Annie Miller, promoted a larger waist bodice called an emancipation waist. The emancipation waist was still tight however, it was not a corset. Dress reformers were trying to eliminate the need for always wearing corsets to opt for more comfortable and more practical daily attire. More effective and enjoyable undergarments were to follow after the achievement of the emancipation waist due to the success and attention it received by many reformers, activists, and even men enjoyed wearing the “reform” bodices in the winter under their clothing. [6] (#cite_note-:03-6) Another iconic article of clothing that was invented during this time was called the bloomers suit. The bloomers suit was renamed to just bloomers. Bloomers were loose pants that bunched up at the bottom and usually paired with a dress or skirt. Women who wore this typically were victims of harassment in public. [6] (#cite_note-:03-6) Miller also wrote a book, Mother and Babe that included plans, patterns, and ideas for better clothing for babies. [7] (#cite_note-7) Novelty, exaggeration and display have been the ends sought. The body has been cramped and distorted, its requirements for health and comfort disregarded according to the caprice of fashion’s arbiters. The fundamental laws of beauty have been violated, and the human form robbed of its expression to what end? Who can answer? One might offer defense of the dress of today, but he would be compelled to reverse his decision tomorrow, for what obtains today may be regarded by the fashionable world tomorrow as “perfectly hideous," as women are often heard to say of fashion plates that are out of date...When art in dress becomes recognized, every walk in life and every occasion will have its appropriate dress, and every class of society 'will be the gainer. Under the regime of art in dress no woman will be seen picking her way along filthy streets in a dress-skirt bedraggled with mud, nor will women wear gems and rich fabrics at church, cloth tailor-made gowns in the reception room and high hats loaded with bustling and aggressive trimmings at the theater. We shall not be served by kitchen girls arrayed in tawdry finery; shop girls in cheap jewelry and cotton lace, nor denied ourselves the privilege of proper selection in dress for time and place in any profession. In short, with the study of principles order will evolve from chaos, and each department of work will have its recognized dress, appropriate in detail, self-respecting, because the right thing for our immediate needs, and beautiful because appropriate. — Annie Jenness Miller Later years, death, and legacy [ edit ] As an advocate for dress reform, Miller lectured all over the United States and Canada on topics on athletics and dress, and designed a costume for women which she claimed "fulfilled the requirements of both hygiene and art." [8] (#cite_note-:13-8) She was the author of two books Physical Beauty and Father, Mother and Babe . Physical Beauty talks about her opinions of what is physical beauty, going against higher ideals, individuality, and the dress reform, and many other topics. [8] (#cite_note-:13-8) Annie would also “patent and sell clothing for athletics, leisure and even a business suit for women. But her styles hewed somewhat to the accepted norms so as not to be too provocative. Her middle way appealed to many women who simply wanted comfortable clothes, not a full-on fashion revolution.” [9] (#cite_note-9) For the last years of her life, she resided in Washington, D.C. where she had a large real estate interest. [8] (#cite_note-:13-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "History's Women – The Unsung Heroines" (https://historyswomen.com/) . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&oldid=918007242) , Wikipedia , 2019-09-26 , retrieved 2019-12-04 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Wendell Phillips" (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Phillips&oldid=923185654) , Wikipedia , 2019-10-26 , retrieved 2019-12-04 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Miller, Annie Jenness (b. 1859)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 04, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/miller-annie-jenness-b-1859 (https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/miller-annie-jenness-b-1859) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Boston Women in Letters -" (http://bostonlitdistrict.org/tour/women-in-letters/) . bostonlitdistrict.org . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Donati, Rosina Lippi aka Sara. "Dress Reform – The Gilded Hour" (https://thegildedhour.com/dress-reform-lacing/) . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Annie Jenness Miller 1859 ~" (http://www.ahgp.org/women/annie_jenness_miller_1859.html) . www.ahgp.org . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Annie Jenness Miller 1859 ~" (http://www.ahgp.org/women/annie_jenness_miller_1859.html) . www.ahgp.org . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Annie Jenness Miller Rescues Fashion Victims of the 1890s" (http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/annie-jenness-miller-rescues-fashion-victims-1880s/) . BUSINESS AND LABOR . 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190411110407/http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com:80/annie-jenness-miller-rescues-fashion-victims-1880s/) from the original on 2019-04-11. 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British women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "British women fashion designers" The following 147 pages are in this category, out of 147 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Reem Alasadi (/wiki/Reem_Alasadi) Leomie Anderson (/wiki/Leomie_Anderson) Laura Ashley (/wiki/Laura_Ashley) Rachel Auburn (/wiki/Rachel_Auburn) Jacqueline Ayer (/wiki/Jacqueline_Ayer) B Luella Bartley (/wiki/Luella_Bartley) Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) Ruqsana Begum (/wiki/Ruqsana_Begum) Mary Ann Bell (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bell) Linda Bennett (/wiki/Linda_Bennett) Judy Bentinck (/wiki/Judy_Bentinck) Sara Berman (fashion designer) (/wiki/Sara_Berman_(fashion_designer)) Mary Bettans (/wiki/Mary_Bettans) Celia Birtwell (/wiki/Celia_Birtwell) Lauren Bowker (/wiki/Lauren_Bowker) Moya Bowler (/wiki/Moya_Bowler) Felicity Brown (/wiki/Felicity_Brown) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) Kiki Byrne (/wiki/Kiki_Byrne) C Antonia Campbell-Hughes (/wiki/Antonia_Campbell-Hughes) Susie Cave (/wiki/Susie_Cave) Elspeth Champcommunal (/wiki/Elspeth_Champcommunal) Georgina Chapman (/wiki/Georgina_Chapman) Charlotte Olympia (/wiki/Charlotte_Olympia) Alexa Chung (/wiki/Alexa_Chung) Julia Clancey (/wiki/Julia_Clancey) Emily Clapham (/wiki/Emily_Clapham) Marian Clayden (/wiki/Marian_Clayden) Sue Clowes (/wiki/Sue_Clowes) Susannah Constantine (/wiki/Susannah_Constantine) Maria Cornejo (/wiki/Maria_Cornejo) Carolyn Cowan (/wiki/Carolyn_Cowan) Keren Craig (/wiki/Keren_Craig) Neisha Crosland (/wiki/Neisha_Crosland) D Wendy Dagworthy (/wiki/Wendy_Dagworthy) Helen David (/wiki/Helen_David) Orsola de Castro (/wiki/Orsola_de_Castro) Maxime de la Falaise (/wiki/Maxime_de_la_Falaise) Deborah & Clare (/wiki/Deborah_%26_Clare) Angele Delanghe (/wiki/Angele_Delanghe) Valerie Desmore (/wiki/Valerie_Desmore) Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon (/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon) E Petra Ecclestone (/wiki/Petra_Ecclestone) Gail Elliott (/wiki/Gail_Elliott) Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) Phoebe English (/wiki/Phoebe_English) F Nicole Farhi (/wiki/Nicole_Farhi) Paria Farzaneh (/wiki/Paria_Farzaneh) Amal Fashanu (/wiki/Amal_Fashanu) Marion Foale (/wiki/Marion_Foale) Graziella Fontana (/wiki/Graziella_Fontana) Gina Fratini (/wiki/Gina_Fratini) Bella Freud (/wiki/Bella_Freud) Holly Fulton (/wiki/Holly_Fulton) G Galvan (fashion brand) (/wiki/Galvan_(fashion_brand)) Kimberley Garner (/wiki/Kimberley_Garner) Bay Garnett (/wiki/Bay_Garnett) Elspeth Gibson (/wiki/Elspeth_Gibson) Darla Jane Gilroy (/wiki/Darla_Jane_Gilroy) Molly Goddard (/wiki/Molly_Goddard) Maria Grachvogel (/wiki/Maria_Grachvogel) Herta Groves (/wiki/Herta_Groves) Shirin Guild (/wiki/Shirin_Guild) Daphne Guinness (/wiki/Daphne_Guinness) Lulu Guinness (/wiki/Lulu_Guinness) H Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) Elizabeth Handley-Seymour (/wiki/Elizabeth_Handley-Seymour) Georgia Hardinge (/wiki/Georgia_Hardinge) Ade Hassan (/wiki/Ade_Hassan) Katie Hillier (/wiki/Katie_Hillier) Anya Hindmarch (/wiki/Anya_Hindmarch) Jennifer Hocking (/wiki/Jennifer_Hocking) Pam Hogg (/wiki/Pam_Hogg) Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace (/wiki/Aisleyne_Horgan-Wallace) Judy Hornby (/wiki/Judy_Hornby) Margaret Howell (/wiki/Margaret_Howell) Barbara Hulanicki (/wiki/Barbara_Hulanicki) I Roksanda Ilinčić (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilin%C4%8Di%C4%87) Janey Ironside (/wiki/Janey_Ironside) J Anna Jewsbury (/wiki/Anna_Jewsbury) K Clare Waight Keller (/wiki/Clare_Waight_Keller) Kate Ker-Lane (/wiki/Kate_Ker-Lane) Cath Kidston (/wiki/Cath_Kidston) Daisy Knatchbull (/wiki/Daisy_Knatchbull) Rena Koh (/wiki/Rena_Koh) L Kate Lambert (/wiki/Kate_Lambert) Ann Margaret Lanchester (/wiki/Ann_Margaret_Lanchester) Supriya Lele (/wiki/Supriya_Lele) Pearl Lowe (/wiki/Pearl_Lowe) M Claire Malcolm (/wiki/Claire_Malcolm) Lady Edward Manners (/wiki/Lady_Edward_Manners) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) Pat McDonagh (fashion designer) (/wiki/Pat_McDonagh_(fashion_designer)) Nadine Merabi (/wiki/Nadine_Merabi) Savannah Miller (/wiki/Savannah_Miller) Simone Mirman (/wiki/Simone_Mirman) Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone (/wiki/Michelle_Mone,_Baroness_Mone) Nina Morgan-Jones (/wiki/Nina_Morgan-Jones) Bianca Mosca (/wiki/Bianca_Mosca) Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Jean Muir (/wiki/Jean_Muir) Carri Munden (/wiki/Carri_Munden) N Stella Mary Newton (/wiki/Stella_Mary_Newton) O Eunice Olumide (/wiki/Eunice_Olumide) Beatrix Ong (/wiki/Beatrix_Ong) Kelly Osbourne (/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne) P Jenny Packham (/wiki/Jenny_Packham) Lady Melissa Percy (/wiki/Lady_Melissa_Percy) Katie Perry (/wiki/Katie_Perry) Gladys Peto (/wiki/Gladys_Peto) Phoebe Philo (/wiki/Phoebe_Philo) Jayne Pierson (/wiki/Jayne_Pierson) Arabella Pollen (/wiki/Arabella_Pollen) Thea Porter (/wiki/Thea_Porter) Q Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) R Janet Reger (/wiki/Janet_Reger) Kate Reily (/wiki/Kate_Reily) Cécile Reinaud (/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Reinaud) Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) Edina Ronay (/wiki/Edina_Ronay) Charlotte Ronson (/wiki/Charlotte_Ronson) Martine Rose (/wiki/Martine_Rose) Christabel Russell (/wiki/Christabel_Russell) S Tamara Salman (/wiki/Tamara_Salman) Samata (fashion entrepreneur) (/wiki/Samata_(fashion_entrepreneur)) Tanya Sarne 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(Redirected from Wendolly Esparza (Miss Mexico) (/w/index.php?title=Wendolly_Esparza_(Miss_Mexico)&redirect=no) ) Mexican model and journalist Wendolly Esparza Born Wendolly Esparza Delgadillo ( 1991-06-28 ) June 28, 1991 (age 33) Evanston (/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Height 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Nuestra Belleza Aguascalientes 2014 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Aguascalientes) Nuestra Belleza México 2014 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico_2014) Hair color Black Eye color Dark brown Major competition(s) Nuestra Belleza México 2014 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico_2014) (Winner) Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) (Top 15) Wendolly Esparza Delgadillo (born June 28, 1991) [1] (#cite_note-NB-1) is a Mexican-American journalist, model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Nuestra Belleza México 2014 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico_2014) and represented Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) at Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) pageant where she placed in the top fifteen. Personal life [ edit ] Wendolly Esparza was born in Illinois, but hails from the central Mexican state of Aguascalientes (/wiki/Aguascalientes) and has two siblings (one brother and one sister). [1] (#cite_note-NB-1) She graduated from the Loyola University Chicago (/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago) 's School of Communication with a bachelor's degree in journalism with a minor in Latin American Literature in 2013. [2] (#cite_note-LU-2) In between her studies, Esparza took part as a local news intern for Univision (/wiki/Univision) Chicago. [3] (#cite_note-UC-3) Soon after, she returned to Mexico and found herself participating in beauty pageants, the first of which was during the 2014 Feria Nacional de San Marcos (/wiki/Feria_Nacional_de_San_Marcos) . Nuestra Belleza México 2014 [ edit ] Wendolly Esparza competed in and won her state's preliminary contest Nuestra Belleza Aguascalientes (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Aguascalientes) 2014 in order to advance to the national competition Nuestra Belleza México (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico) . [1] (#cite_note-NB-1) She eventually beat out thirty-one other contestants from all over the country during the 2014 edition of that nationwide event directed by former Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) Lupita Jones (/wiki/Lupita_Jones) . Esparza's crowning, which automatically gave her the right of representing Mexico at the Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) pageant, took place at the Jardines de México park in Jojutla (/wiki/Jojutla) , Morelos (/wiki/Morelos) on October 25, 2014. In Miss Universe she placed in the top fifteen. Notes [ edit ] On June 29, 2015, Televisa (/wiki/Televisa) and the Nuestra Belleza Mexico (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Mexico) Organization decided to cut ties to Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) , who was then a part-owner of the Miss Universe Organization, and thus pulled out Mexico's delegate from participating in the Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) pageant. At this point the Nuestra Belleza Mexico (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Mexico) Organization was examining the possibility of sending Wendy to the Miss World 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) Competition. This was due to the controversial remarks the American business magnate made about Mexican immigrants during his presidential candidacy speech on June 16. [4] (#cite_note-CNN-4) [5] (#cite_note-ABC-5) However, in September the same year, Trump bought NBC (/wiki/NBC) 's stock of the Miss Universe Organization - briefly becoming its sole owner - only to sell it entirely to WME (/wiki/William_Morris_Endeavor) / IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) . With new owners behind the company and more importantly, Trump being out of the picture, it was eventually decided that Mexico would return to Miss Universe and Wendolly was sent to compete. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Nuestra Belleza México - Nuestras Reinas - Wendolly Esparza (http://www2.esmas.com/nuestra-belleza-mexico/nuestras-reinas/816153/wendolly-esparza/) Archived (https://archive.today/20150310050736/http://www2.esmas.com/nuestra-belleza-mexico/nuestras-reinas/816153/wendolly-esparza/) 2015-03-10 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) ^ (#cite_ref-LU_2-0) Scott, Madie (2014-11-05). "Cap, Gown and now a Crown" (http://loyolaphoenix.com/2014/11/cap-gown-and-now-crown/) . Loyola Phoenix . Retrieved 2019-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-UC_3-0) Univision Chicago - Los inicios de Miss México Wendolly Esparza en Univision Chicago (http://chicago.univision.com/videos/video/2014-11-04/miss-mexico-wendy-esparza) ^ (#cite_ref-CNN_4-0) Kludt, Tom (2015-06-30). "Mexico pulls out of Trump's Miss Universe pageant" (https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/30/media/trump-miss-universe-mexico/index.html) . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2019-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-ABC_5-0) "Mexico's Televisa Drops Miss Universe After Trump Remarks - ABC News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150701125222/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/mexicos-televisa-drops-miss-universe-trump-remarks-32114712) . Archived from the original (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/mexicos-televisa-drops-miss-universe-trump-remarks-32114712) on 2015-07-01 . Retrieved 2015-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) México regresa al certamen Miss Universo 2015 (http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1510/mexico-regresa-certamen-miss-universo-2015/) Noticieros Televisa . Retrieved 02 November 2015. External links [ edit ] Awards and achievements Preceded by Josselyn Garciglia (/w/index.php?title=Josselyn_Garciglia&action=edit&redlink=1) Nuestra Belleza México (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico) 2014 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico_2014) Succeeded by Kristal Silva (/wiki/Kristal_Silva) Preceded by Vianey Vázquez (/w/index.php?title=Vianey_V%C3%A1zquez&action=edit&redlink=1) Nuestra Belleza Aguascalientes (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Aguascalientes) 2014 Succeeded by María Gabriela Bonilla v t e Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) national titleholders AGO : Whitney Shikongo (/wiki/Whitney_Shikongo) ARG : Claudia Barrionuevo (/wiki/Claudia_Barrionuevo) ARU : Alysha Boekhoudt (/wiki/Alysha_Boekhoudt) AUS : Monika Radulovic (/wiki/Monika_Radulovic) AUT : Amina Dagi (/wiki/Amina_Dagi) BAH : Toria Nichole Penn (/wiki/Toria_Nichole_Penn) BOL : Romina Rocamonje (/wiki/Romina_Rocamonje) BRA : Marthina Brandt (/wiki/Marthina_Brandt) BUL : Radostina Todorova (/wiki/Radostina_Todorova) CHN : Jessica Xue (/wiki/Jessica_Xue) COL : Ariadna Gutiérrez (/wiki/Ariadna_Guti%C3%A9rrez) CRI : Brenda Castro (/wiki/Brenda_Castro) CUR : Kanisha Sluis (/wiki/Kanisha_Sluis) CZE : Nikol Švantnerová (/wiki/Nikol_%C5%A0vantnerov%C3%A1) DNK : Cecilie Wellemberg (/wiki/Cecilie_Wellemberg) DOM : Clarissa Molina (/wiki/Clarissa_Molina) SLV : Idubina Rivas (/wiki/Idubina_Rivas) FIN : Rosa-Maria Ryyti (/wiki/Rosa-Maria_Ryyti) FRA : Flora Coquerel (/wiki/Flora_Coquerel) GEO : Janet Kerdikoshvili (/wiki/Janet_Kerdikoshvili) DEU : Sarah-Lorraine Riek (/wiki/Sarah-Lorraine_Riek) GHN : Hilda Akua Frimpong (/wiki/Hilda_Akua_Frimpong) GBR : Narissara France (/wiki/Narissara_France) GRE : Mikaela Fotiadis (/wiki/Mikaela_Fotiadis) GUA : Jeimmy Aburto (/wiki/Jeimmy_Aburto) GYN : Shauna Ramdyhan (/wiki/Shauna_Ramdyhan) HAI : Lisa Drouillard (/wiki/Lisa_Drouillard) HUN : Nikoletta Nagy (/wiki/Nikoletta_Nagy) IND : Urvashi Rautela (/wiki/Urvashi_Rautela) IDN : Anindya Kusuma Putri (/wiki/Anindya_Kusuma_Putri) IRL : Joanna Cooper (/wiki/Joanna_Cooper) ISR : Avigail Alfatov (/wiki/Avigail_Alfatov) JAM : Sharlene Rädlein (/wiki/Sharlene_R%C3%A4dlein) JPN : Ariana Miyamoto (/wiki/Ariana_Miyamoto) KOR : Kim Seo-yeon (/wiki/Kim_Seo-yeon) KOS : Mirjeta Shala (/wiki/Mirjeta_Shala) MYS : Vanessa Tevi (/wiki/Vanessa_Tevi) MEX : Wendolly Esparza MNG : Maja Čukić (/wiki/Maja_%C4%8Cuki%C4%87) MMR : May Barani Thaw (/wiki/May_Barani_Thaw) NED : Jessie Jazz Vuijk (/wiki/Jessie_Jazz_Vuijk) NZL : Samantha McClung (/wiki/Samantha_McClung) NIC : Daniela Torres (/wiki/Daniela_Torres) NGA : Debbie Collins (/wiki/Debbie_Collins) NOR : Martine Rødseth (/wiki/Martine_R%C3%B8dseth) PAN : Gladys Brandao Amaya (/wiki/Gladys_Brandao) PAR : Myriam Arévalos (/wiki/Myriam_Ar%C3%A9valos) PER : Laura Spoya (/wiki/Laura_Spoya) PHL : Pia Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) POL : Weronika Szmajdzińska (/wiki/Weronika_Szmajdzi%C5%84ska) PUR : Catalina Morales (/wiki/Catalina_Morales) RUS : Vladislava Evtushenko (/wiki/Vladislava_Evtushenko) SRB : Daša Radosavljević (/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Radosavljevi%C4%87) SGP : Lisa Marie White (/wiki/Lisa_Marie_White) SVK : Denisa Vyšňovská (/wiki/Denisa_Vy%C5%A1%C5%88ovsk%C3%A1) ESP : Carla Barber (/wiki/Carla_Garc%C3%ADa) SWE : Paulina Brodd (/wiki/Paulina_Brodd) THA : Aniporn Chalermburanawong (/wiki/Aniporn_Chalermburanawong) TUR : Aslı Melisa Uzun (/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Melisa_Uzun) URU : Bianca Sánchez (/wiki/Bianca_S%C3%A1nchez) USA : Olivia Jordan (/wiki/Olivia_Jordan) VEN : Mariana Jiménez (/wiki/Mariana_Jim%C3%A9nez) VNM : Phạm Hương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐24k9q Cached time: 20240712172928 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.459 seconds Real time usage: 0.595 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3554/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35509/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6972/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25131/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.312/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7548081/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 548.978 1 -total 36.09% 198.129 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 21.04% 115.520 1 Template:Reflist 16.37% 89.881 3 Template:Cite_web 14.60% 80.156 1 Template:Miss_Universe_2015_delegates 14.27% 78.355 1 Template:Navbox 13.20% 72.479 1 Template:Short_description 9.96% 54.665 27 Template:Main_other 8.05% 44.219 1 Template:Infobox 7.17% 39.377 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45152198-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172928 and revision id 1208962910. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendolly_Esparza&oldid=1208962910 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendolly_Esparza&oldid=1208962910) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1991 births (/wiki/Category:1991_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Nuestra Belleza México winners (/wiki/Category:Nuestra_Belleza_M%C3%A9xico_winners) Mexican beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Mexican_beauty_pageant_winners) Mexican journalists (/wiki/Category:Mexican_journalists) People from Evanston, Illinois (/wiki/Category:People_from_Evanston,_Illinois) People from Aguascalientes City (/wiki/Category:People_from_Aguascalientes_City) Miss Universe 2015 contestants (/wiki/Category:Miss_Universe_2015_contestants) Hidden categories: Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
American fashion designer (1900–1978) Louella Ballerino Ballerino in an advertisement for Bates fabrics, 1946 Born Louella Smith ( 1900-06-04 ) June 4, 1900 Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn,_Iowa) , Iowa Died April 13, 1978 (1978-04-13) (aged 77) Alma mater University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) Occupation Fashion designer Louella Ballerino (née Smith ; June 4, 1900 – April 13, 1978) [1] (#cite_note-VFG-1) was an American fashion designer, best known for her work in sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . Biography [ edit ] Louella Smith was born in Brooklyn, Iowa (/wiki/Brooklyn,_Iowa) and her family later moved to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [2] (#cite_note-Togs-2) She attended the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) as an art history (/wiki/Art_history) major, and worked with MGM (/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) costume designer André-ani (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-ani) . [1] (#cite_note-VFG-1) She supported her family by selling fashion sketches to wholesale manufacturers. She also studied pattern-making and tailoring at the Frank Wiggins Trade High School (/wiki/Frank_Wiggins_Trade_High_School) . While there she was made a tutor of fashion design, and began to create some of her own designs at a custom dress shop where she worked. [1] (#cite_note-VFG-1) [3] (#cite_note-Ingenuity-3) In the late 1930s, she and a friend established their own business. In the 1940s, Ballerino became well known as a member of the California Design sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) movement. Following in the footsteps of Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Ballerino drew inspiration from African, Latin American, Pacific, and Caribbean native styles, [3] (#cite_note-Ingenuity-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) and helped popularize ethnic garments such as the hopsack dress, midriff top (/wiki/Midriff_top) , pollera (/wiki/Pollera) , and dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-VFG-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) She designed a popular line of swimwear for Portland manufacturer Jantzen (/wiki/Jantzen) and went on to become their chief designer in the 1950s. [1] (#cite_note-VFG-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e "Louella Ballerino" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-history/louella-ballerino/) . Vintage Fashion Guild. August 20, 2013 . Retrieved December 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Togs_2-0) "California Shows the Way When Summer Togs Go Out to Play" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87050780/california-shows-the-way-when-summer/) . The Des Moines Register (/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register) . June 1, 1947. p. 75 . Retrieved October 13, 2021 – via newspapers.com. ^ a b Harrison Martin, Richard (1998). "Profiles of Designers" (https://books.google.com/books?id=0ByvsBRNapAC&pg=PA78) . American Ingenuity: Sportswear, 1930s-1970s . New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870998638 . Retrieved December 6, 2016 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Polan, Brenda; Tredre, Roger (October 1, 2009). "Claire McCardell (1905–1958)". The Great Fashion Designers . Berg (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) . p. 213 (https://archive.org/details/greatfashiondesi0000pola/page/213) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851758 . Retrieved December 6, 2016 – via Internet Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Top five posts of 2011—Louella Ballerino crop top, 1946" (https://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2011/12/top-five-posts-of-2011-louella-ballerino-crop-top-1946.html#more) . Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Design_%26_Merchandising) . December 30, 2011 . Retrieved December 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell D. (October 30, 2014). "Pollera" (https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234) . Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia . Rowman & Littlefield (/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield) . p. 234. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780759121508 . Retrieved December 6, 2016 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Every Gal Needs 12 Swim Suits?" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87050648/every-gal-needs-12-swim-suits/) . The Indianapolis Star (/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star) . April 22, 1956. p. 67 . Retrieved October 13, 2021 – via newspapers.com. External links [ edit ] Listen to this article ( 2 minutes ) This audio file (/wiki/File:En-Louella_Ballerino-article.ogg) was created from a revision of this article dated 16 April 2019 ( 2019-04-16 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help (/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) · More spoken articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles) ) v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (/wiki/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7d9465d464‐b6vhz Cached time: 20240722132204 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.414 seconds Real time usage: 0.598 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2424/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31793/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1787/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 38663/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.276/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6450343/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 551.950 1 -total 28.12% 155.223 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.59% 130.226 1 Template:Reflist 16.09% 88.810 1 Template:Short_description 15.54% 85.782 2 Template:Cite_web 14.69% 81.055 1 Template:American_sportswear 14.23% 78.525 1 Template:Navbox 9.97% 55.051 1 Template:Spoken_Wikipedia 9.66% 53.293 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.91% 49.153 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52497930-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722132204 and revision id 1210031651. 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Not to be confused with pandemonium (/wiki/Pandemonium_(disambiguation)) . Pandemonia Movement Post PoP-Art Website pandemonia (https://pandemonia.art/) .art (https://pandemonia.art/) Pandemonia is a character and persona created as conceptual art (/wiki/Conceptual_art) by an anonymous London-based artist that has appeared in the art and fashion world since 2009. [1] (#cite_note-Stylist-1) Clad in a latex full-head mask with stylized hair and latex dresses, [1] (#cite_note-Stylist-1) Pandemonia is seven feet tall and was described by Katia Ganfield of Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) as " Roy Lichtenstein (/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein) 's blonde caricatures ... brought to life as a 7 ft Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) inflatable". [2] (#cite_note-Vice-2) She is often accompanied by an inflatable white dog named Snowy. [1] (#cite_note-Stylist-1) [2] (#cite_note-Vice-2) Pandemonia told Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) : Back in 2008 the newspapers were full of celebrities. I was drawn towards creating art that documented our time. It seemed evident to me that the best way to parody this world would be to create my very own celebrity. I created a truly artificial one, in the spirit of consumerist values. Slim, tall, glossy, forever young and, of course, famous. [1] (#cite_note-Stylist-1) Initially a " crasher (/wiki/Gate_crashing) " at fashion and social events, Pandemonia eventually became a London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) VIP guest. [1] (#cite_note-Stylist-1) Pandemonia is a critical reflection and, as such, an intervention upon ideas of celebrity and femininity. She is a pointed manifestation of how these ideas intersect with mass media, social media, and the marketability of desire. The art of Pandemonia herself is that of a constructed figure placed in the landscape of media, fashion and art events that has instigated the media response by feeding back to the media its own language, imagery and ideals. [3] (#cite_note-3) When I pop up in celebrity circles I can see the mechanism of fame from both the inside and outside. Just as celebrities presented their image to the public, I present the celebrities my image. At least I know I'm acting out celebrity. My dog, Snowy, breaks the ice. People relate to him. Funny how people relate to an inflatable dog, isn't it? — Pandemonia, [2] (#cite_note-Vice-2) The growth of Pandemonia's celebrity is one of the themes in her art, which also explores archetypes of pop myth and reality. [2] (#cite_note-Vice-2) Pandemonia's art is not only cross-media (sculpture, digital art, photography, and performance), but also cross-generational as she ties the earliest moments of Pop Art (/wiki/Pop_Art) to the most current worlds of celebrity, fashion and contemporary art, creating an arc and evolution which continues its ongoing exploration. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2016, Pandemonia was chosen by Camper (/wiki/Camper_(company)) as the protagonist and muse for its Kobarah shoe style, and has been featured in stores and billboards in several major cities including Paris, London, New York, and Tokyo. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Meet Pandemonia" (http://www.stylist.co.uk/fashion/londonfashionweek/meet-pandemonia) . Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ganfield, Katia (28 August 2011). "Pandemonia" (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/pandemonia-roy-lichtenstein-inflatable-seven-foot-tall-) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cappellaro, Susanna (12 March 2012). "Focus On: Pandemonia (Interview)" (http://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/focus-on/2012/03/pandemonia) . Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "ODDA Magazine Home Page" (http://oddamagazine.com/) . oddamagazine.com . Retrieved 2016-05-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Camper Celebrates Kobarah Shoe During Milan's Salone Del Mobile" (http://footwearnews.com/2016/fashion/designers/camper-kobarah-shoe-event-milan-salone-del-mobile-211601/) . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐967764f4‐l4g5p Cached time: 20240628040625 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76550848-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628040625 and revision id 1217703570. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "British fashion photographers" The following 48 pages are in this category, out of 48 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) Nigel Barker (photographer) (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) Kate Barry (photographer) (/wiki/Kate_Barry_(photographer)) Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) Harry Benson (/wiki/Harry_Benson) Gemma Booth (/wiki/Gemma_Booth) Nicholas Boothman (/wiki/Nicholas_Boothman) C Willie Christie (/wiki/Willie_Christie) John Cole (photographer) (/wiki/John_Cole_(photographer)) Elaine Constantine (/wiki/Elaine_Constantine) D Corinne Day (/wiki/Corinne_Day) Terence Donovan (photographer) (/wiki/Terence_Donovan_(photographer)) Brian Duffy (photographer) (/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(photographer)) Natalie Dybisz (/wiki/Natalie_Dybisz) F Robert Fairer (/wiki/Robert_Fairer) Candice Farmer (/wiki/Candice_Farmer) John French (photographer) (/wiki/John_French_(photographer)) G Joe Gaffney (/wiki/Joe_Gaffney) John Raymond Garrett (/wiki/John_Raymond_Garrett) Abigail Good (/wiki/Abigail_Good) H Misan Harriman (/wiki/Misan_Harriman) Sam Haskins (/wiki/Sam_Haskins) Jamie Hawkesworth (/wiki/Jamie_Hawkesworth) Steve Hiett (/wiki/Steve_Hiett) I Nadine Ijewere (/wiki/Nadine_Ijewere) J Elsbeth Juda (/wiki/Elsbeth_Juda) K Nick Knight (photographer) (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) L Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) Jim Lee (photographer) (/wiki/Jim_Lee_(photographer)) Glen Luchford (/wiki/Glen_Luchford) M David McCabe (photographer) (/wiki/David_McCabe_(photographer)) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Tom Munro (/wiki/Tom_Munro) P Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) R Rankin (photographer) (/wiki/Rankin_(photographer)) Paul Reiffer (/wiki/Paul_Reiffer) Johnny Rozsa (/wiki/Johnny_Rozsa) S Nigel Shafran (/wiki/Nigel_Shafran) David Sims (photographer) (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) Jez Smith (/wiki/Jez_Smith) Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) Marilyn Stafford (/wiki/Marilyn_Stafford) T Stefan Tyszko (/wiki/Stefan_Tyszko) V Max Vadukul (/wiki/Max_Vadukul) Claude Virgin (/wiki/Claude_Virgin) W Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Albert Watson (photographer) (/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_fashion_photographers&oldid=1217703570 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_fashion_photographers&oldid=1217703570) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion photographers (/wiki/Category:Fashion_photographers) British photographers (/wiki/Category:British_photographers)
Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This is a container category (/wiki/Category:Container_categories) . Due to its scope, it should contain only subcategories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Subcategorization) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐tl4zg Cached time: 20240720195944 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.114 seconds Real time usage: 0.156 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 67/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2964/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.080/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 935727/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 139.643 1 -total 53.86% 75.212 1 Template:Portal 45.79% 63.947 1 Template:Container_category 41.18% 57.501 1 Template:Cmbox 2.75% 3.847 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.42% 1.988 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69565345-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720195944 and revision id 1061435412. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Australian female models by state or territory (/wiki/Category:Australian_female_models_by_state_or_territory) ‎ (1 C) W Models from Western Australia (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Western_Australia) ‎ (2 C) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Australian_models_by_state_or_territory&oldid=1061435412 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Australian_models_by_state_or_territory&oldid=1061435412) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Australian models (/wiki/Category:Australian_models) Australian people by occupation by state or territory (/wiki/Category:Australian_people_by_occupation_by_state_or_territory) Hidden category: Container categories (/wiki/Category:Container_categories)
British author and journalist Lisa Armstrong OBE (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) is a British author and journalist. She is Head of Fashion of The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . [1] (#cite_note-bof-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Born in the UK, Armstrong grew up in Dorset (/wiki/Dorset) in the sixties and seventies, where she says that "fashion didn't really exist". [2] (#cite_note-how-2) She graduated in 1984 from the University of Bristol (/wiki/University_of_Bristol) , [3] (#cite_note-3) where she studied English and French Literature, then journalism at City, University of London (/wiki/City,_University_of_London) . [4] (#cite_note-matches-4) In 2011, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2002, Armstrong was awarded with Fashion Journalist of the Year at the Fashion Awards. In 2017, she was presented with the Fashion Journalist of the Year award by the Press Association (/wiki/Press_Association) , which she was also presented with in 2019. Journalism [ edit ] After graduating, Armstrong was offered a job at Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) UK after her freelance writing work was spotted by the then-editor Sally Brampton (/wiki/Sally_Brampton) . [4] (#cite_note-matches-4) From there, she moved to British edition of Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) , working under Liz Tilberis (/wiki/Liz_Tilberis) , and made her way from fashion writer to fashion features director. [4] (#cite_note-matches-4) She was Fashion Editor of The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) before returning to Vogue under Alexandra Shulman (/wiki/Alexandra_Shulman) . [4] (#cite_note-matches-4) Prior to her role at Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , she held the fashion editor post at The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . [4] (#cite_note-matches-4) Armstrong is a contributor to Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , for whom she published her 2011 style manual. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2000, Armstrong was the fashion journalist chosen by the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) to choose that year's most representative outfit for their Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) collection. [7] (#cite_note-7) She decided on the green chiffon dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) designed by Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) and famously worn by Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) . [8] (#cite_note-edge-8) Armstrong used her expertise to argue that this dress, which received a great deal of media attention through being worn by Lopez, Geri Halliwell (/wiki/Geri_Halliwell) , and others, represented "some kind of high water mark in the current symbiosis (/wiki/Symbiosis) between fashion and celebrity." [8] (#cite_note-edge-8) She is known for accessibly written articles which show a keen eye and a sense of wit, and for being unafraid to express controversial opinions, such as criticising the Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)) brand for its multiple name changes. [1] (#cite_note-bof-1) Since 2015, she has also written a beauty column in The Telegraph . Armstrong was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours (/wiki/2022_New_Year_Honours) for services to fashion. [9] (#cite_note-9) Novels [ edit ] Armstrong has written four novels. Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) reviewed her first novel, Front Row , as "Has all the juice of a Jackie Collins (/wiki/Jackie_Collins) plus the kind of fash pack details that Armstrong, as fashion features director at Vogue , knows all about." [10] (#cite_note-10) In contrast, the Birmingham Post (/wiki/Birmingham_Post) thought it was amusing, affectionate and indulgent. [11] (#cite_note-rice-11) Armstrong herself commented on Front Row (/wiki/Front_Row_(radio_programme)) : "It would've been hypocritical of me to do a complete annihilation job. I still work in that world and although it can be absurd and stupid sometimes I just found it funnier the more I observed and wrote about it." [11] (#cite_note-rice-11) Her other novels are Dead Stylish (2001), Bad Manors (2004) and Déjà View (2005). Bibliography [ edit ] Front Row (1998) Dead Stylish (2001) Bad Manors (2004) Déjà View (2005) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Lisa Armstrong: Fashion Editor, The Daily Telegraph" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/lisa-armstrong) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 5 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-how_2-0) Armstrong, Lisa (10 September 2011). "How I became a fashion editor" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/lisa-armstrong/TMG8752744/How-I-became-a-fashion-editor.html) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Bristol University: Alumni working in journalism" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211723/http://www.bris.ac.uk/alumni/publications/alumnijournalism.html) . Bristol University. Archived from the original (http://www.bris.ac.uk/alumni/publications/alumnijournalism.html) on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ a b c d e Macalister-Smith, Tilly. "My Fashion Life: Lisa Armstrong" (http://www.matchesfashion.com/womens/the-style-report/my-fashion-life/lisa-armstrong) . MatchesFashion.Com . MatchesFashion.Com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lisa Armstrong biography" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/lisa-armstrong/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Armstrong, Lisa (2010). Mistry, Meenal (ed.). Harper's Bazaar fashion : your guide to personal style . London: Aurum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845136611 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Dress of the Year: 2000 - 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210002/http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/2000_-_2009.aspx) . Fashion Museum, Bath. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/2000_-_2009.aspx) on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ a b Evans, Caroline (2007). Fashion at the edge : spectacle, modernity and deathliness (3rd pr. ed.). New Haven [u.a.]: Yale University Press. p. 115. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300124675 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "No. 63571" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63571/supplement/N10) . The London Gazette (/wiki/The_London_Gazette) (Supplement). 1 January 2022. p. N10. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Seriously frothy: making fun of fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307163356/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20985534.html) . The Economist . 1 August 1998. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20985534.html) on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 – via HighBeam. ^ a b Rice, Carole Ann (29 July 1998). "Fashion Conscious with a Conscience; It's a Grim Job but Someone Has to Do It" (https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60774485) . The Birmingham Post . [ dead link ] External links [ edit ] Lisa Armstrong on Twitter (https://twitter.com/LisaDoesFashion/) Lisa Armstrong on Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/misslisaarmstrong/?hl=en) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000109935839) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/84072502) National Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010310321&CON_LNG=ENG) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2ca7d64f-51d6-442b-9ac9-edc7e0eb90c0) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5fd5d84b48‐xbdlf Cached time: 20240717121246 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.329 seconds Real time usage: 0.455 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1742/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27819/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1464/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46283/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5432978/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 427.721 1 -total 46.08% 197.077 1 Template:Reflist 21.79% 93.219 1 Template:Authority_control 21.34% 91.293 1 Template:Short_description 21.03% 89.943 4 Template:Cite_web 10.29% 44.011 2 Template:Pagetype 8.18% 34.974 6 Template:Main_other 8.06% 34.483 1 Template:Dl 7.54% 32.245 1 Template:SDcat 7.05% 30.147 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43431652-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717121246 and revision id 1227501383. 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Annual costume event in CA, US Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball Logo/poster for the 17th Ball, 2014 Status Active Genre Masquerade Ball (/wiki/Masquerade_Ball) Frequency Annually Venue Millennium Biltmore Hotel (/wiki/Millennium_Biltmore_Hotel) (currently) Location(s) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) Country United States (/wiki/United_States) Years active 27 Founded 1997 Founder Shawn Strider Attendance 5,500 [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) Organised by Shawn Strider Sypher Arts Studio Website https://labyrinthmasquerade.com/ (https://labyrinthmasquerade.com/) The Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball , shortened to LOJ or simply known as the Labyrinth Masquerade Ball , is an annual masquerade ball (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) and cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) event in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California. The ball was first held in 1997. Event [ edit ] Attendees wear elaborate costumes in the fantasy couture style, including a mask (/wiki/Mask) for most participants. Some attendees have worn mechanical wings. [2] (#cite_note-2) Faerie (/wiki/Fairy) and goblin (/wiki/Goblin) costumes typically predominate, [3] (#cite_note-3) although participants also dress in styles such as steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) , Venetian (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) and Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) . [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) The name of the ball is a reference to the 1986 fantasy film (/wiki/Fantasy_film) Labyrinth (/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)) , specifically the scene in which the protagonist, Sarah Williams (/wiki/Sarah_Williams_(Labyrinth)) , finds herself in a masquerade ball. The other ballgoers in the scene wear strange and grotesque (/wiki/Grotesque) , but also elaborate and formal costumes and masks. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The event's title namechecks Labyrinth' s main antagonist, Jareth, the Goblin King (/wiki/Jareth) . TravelPulse , a publication of TravAlianceMedia , characterized the ball in 2015 as one of five "must-see" masquerade balls around the world, along with the Carnival of Venice (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) , the Surva International Festival of Masquerade in Pernik (/wiki/Pernik) , Bulgaria, the Fancy Dress Festival (/wiki/Fancy_Dress_Festival) of Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) , and the Grand Masked Ball of Kamel Ouali held in France (/wiki/France) . [7] (#cite_note-7) History [ edit ] The ball was founded in 1997 by Shawn Strider and was chiefly inspired by the masquerade scene in Labyrinth as well as the Venetian tradition (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) of masquerade balls. [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) [8] (#cite_note-Feinblatt-8) Strider created the event as he wished to experience a masquerade in the style of 1980s fantasy films, namely Labyrinth , The Dark Crystal (/wiki/The_Dark_Crystal) and Legend (/wiki/Legend_(1985_film)) . [9] (#cite_note-Geek-9) The first Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball was held in San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) for an expected 50 people, with about 150 actual attendees. [9] (#cite_note-Geek-9) Although originally intended as a singular event, the success of the first ball, which attracted guests from New York (/wiki/New_York_City) and Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , led to successive balls, becoming an annual tradition. [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) [8] (#cite_note-Feinblatt-8) After being held in various U.S. (/wiki/U.S.) cities including New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica) and Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) , [10] (#cite_note-10) the ball eventually moved permanently to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and expanded into a two-day event. [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) 2014's event was the last to be held at Park Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Park_Plaza_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)) , Los Angeles, and since 2015 the ball has been held at its current venue, the Millennium Biltmore Hotel (/wiki/Millennium_Biltmore_Hotel) . [9] (#cite_note-Geek-9) As of 2017, the ball's attendance number is 5,500. [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) In its first five years, the theme of the ball generally revolved around Labyrinth , imitating the ballroom of the masquerade scene as well as the film's story. [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) In 2003 Brian Froud (/wiki/Brian_Froud) , the conceptual designer of Labyrinth and The Dark Crystal , took interest in the event and suggested Strider use his writing ideas to expand on the story and its universe, offering his knowledge of ancient faerie (/wiki/Faerie) lore and Arthurian legend (/wiki/Arthurian_legend) . [9] (#cite_note-Geek-9) Subsequently, the ball expanded beyond the universe of Labyrinth to create new characters and situations, while developing its own mythology around the film's original story. Strider told NerdAlert in 2017, "We sort of created legends of things that have happened [in the story] and things that are going forward. In our mythology, there have always been goblins within the Labyrinth (/wiki/Maze) , and there's a legend of maybe a faerie prince or a goblin prince that left [the Labyrinth] at some point due to a broken heart (/wiki/Broken_heart) , muttering something about some girl named Sarah". [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) Since 2003, the ball has developed a linear storyline which is built upon each year, with the story written by Strider and presented by Sypher Arts Studio, a team of sculptors, puppeteers, costumers, choreographers, performers and make-up artists. The narrative is performed at the ball across five stages, complete with elaborate sets and fantasy effects. Although a new story arc is introduced each year, the basis of the story revolves around the Court of Sypher, which has established itself inside the Labyrinth, a place where the flow of time no longer works properly. [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) According to Strider, attendees are encouraged to "create their own characters and their own mythologies" to add to the "court of strange mythological creatures and characters". [4] (#cite_note-Turns_20-4) Beyond the principal inspirations of Labyrinth and Venetian masquerades, further influences of the ball have included Celtic faerie and goblin folklore and Norse mythology (/wiki/Norse_mythology) , along with fantasy literature (/wiki/Fantasy_literature) such as A Midsummer Night's Dream (/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream) and The Lord of the Rings (/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings) . [1] (#cite_note-Cosplay_Culture-1) [8] (#cite_note-Feinblatt-8) Due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , the 23rd ball was deferred from 2020 to 2021. References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Savitsky, Steve (11 February 2017). "CONGRESS OF REALITIES: How The Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball Takes It To A New Level" (http://cosplayculture.com/2017/11/02/congress-of-realities-how-the-labyrinth-of-jareth-masquerade-ball-takes-it-to-a-new-level/) . Cosplay Culture Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190424062901/http://cosplayculture.com/2017/11/02/congress-of-realities-how-the-labyrinth-of-jareth-masquerade-ball-takes-it-to-a-new-level/) from the original on 24 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Libby Leyden (4 August 2016). "Fairy Wing Maker Casts Spell on Cosplay Community...and Katy Perry" (https://www.kqed.org/arts/11887678/fairy-wing-maker-casts-a-spell-on-cosplay-community-and-katy-perry) . KQED (/wiki/KQED_Inc.) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Laura Sirikul (4 April 2014). "The 2014 Labyrinth of Jareth XVII Masquerade Ball is near!" (http://nerdreactor.com/2014/04/04/the-2014-labyrinth-of-jareth-xvii-masquerade-ball-is-near/) . Nerd Reactor . ^ a b c d e f Kim Horcher (18 August 2017). The Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball Turns 20. Interview with Founder Shawn Strider (YouTube) . NerdAlert. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Star Foreman (27 August 2018). "Elves, Goblins and Lots of Batmans Explore the Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball XXI" (https://www.laweekly.com/slideshow/elves-goblins-and-lots-of-batmans-explore-the-labyrinth-of-jareth-masquerade-ball-xxi-9798730) . LA Weekly (/wiki/LA_Weekly) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Star Foreman (28 August 2017). "Cosplayers Dance Magic Dance at the 20th Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball" (https://www.laweekly.com/slideshow/cosplayers-dance-magic-dance-at-the-20th-labyrinth-of-jareth-masquerade-ball-8584310) . LA Weekly (/wiki/LA_Weekly) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "5 Must-See Masquerades Around the World" (https://www.travelpulse.com/news/features/5-must-see-masquerades-around-the-world.html) . TravelPulse . 11 February 2015. ^ a b c Feinblatt, Scott (21 August 2018). "Delving Into the Labyrinth of Jareth With Its Goblin King, Shawn Strider" (https://www.laweekly.com/arts/delving-into-the-labyrinth-of-jareth-with-its-goblin-king-shawn-strider-9778106) . LA Weekly . ^ a b c d Ashley, Kendall (13 August 2015). "BRINGING FANTASY TO LIFE – AN INTERVIEW WITH SHAWN STRIDER OF LABYRINTH OF JARETH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160801143522/http://geekandsundry.com/bringing-fantasy-to-life-an-interview-with-shawn-strider-of-labyrinth-of-jareth/) . Geek & Sundry (/wiki/Geek_%26_Sundry) . Archived from the original (https://geekandsundry.com/bringing-fantasy-to-life-an-interview-with-shawn-strider-of-labyrinth-of-jareth/) on 1 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The LoJ Masquerade Galleries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090524011850/http://www.labyrinthmasquerade.com/gallery/index.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.labyrinthmasquerade.com/gallery/index.html) on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . External links [ edit ] Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball official website (https://labyrinthmasquerade.com/) Sypher Art Studio (https://www.youtube.com/user/sypherstudios/featured) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) v t e Labyrinth Characters Sarah Williams (/wiki/Sarah_Williams_(Labyrinth)) Jareth (/wiki/Jareth) Music (/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_soundtrack)) " Magic Dance (/wiki/Magic_Dance) " " As the World Falls Down (/wiki/As_the_World_Falls_Down) " " Underground (/wiki/Underground_(David_Bowie_song)) " Other media Labyrinth: The Computer Game (/wiki/Labyrinth:_The_Computer_Game) Return to Labyrinth (/wiki/Return_to_Labyrinth) Labyrinth: Coronation (/wiki/Labyrinth:_Coronation) Related Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball Category (/wiki/Category:Labyrinth_(1986_film)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69bb66bfc6‐2g8w4 Cached time: 20240716132012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.445 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1238/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32484/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1169/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.236/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5925435/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 408.787 1 -total 38.02% 155.410 1 Template:Reflist 24.79% 101.350 2 Template:Cite_magazine 21.43% 87.598 1 Template:Labyrinth_(franchise) 20.88% 85.338 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 20.75% 84.831 1 Template:Navbox 19.70% 80.543 1 Template:Infobox 17.33% 70.849 1 Template:Short_description 9.48% 38.767 2 Template:Pagetype 7.62% 31.142 7 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59539083-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716132012 and revision id 1233010148. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth_of_Jareth_Masquerade_Ball&oldid=1233010148 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth_of_Jareth_Masquerade_Ball&oldid=1233010148) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Labyrinth (1986 film) (/wiki/Category:Labyrinth_(1986_film)) Annual events in Los Angeles County, California (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Los_Angeles_County,_California) Fantasy conventions (/wiki/Category:Fantasy_conventions) Masquerade balls (/wiki/Category:Masquerade_balls) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Swedish journalist and fashion reporter Sofi Fahrman Sofi Margareta Fahrman (born July 20, 1979, in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) ) is a Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_people) journalist (/wiki/Journalist) and fashion reporter for the Aftonbladet (/wiki/Aftonbladet) newspaper. She runs and owns the blog (/wiki/Blog) Sofis Mode (https://www.aftonbladet.se/sofismode/) on the Aftonbladets official website, and publishes her own fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) , Sofis mode (/w/index.php?title=Sofis_mode&action=edit&redlink=1) , as a supplement to the Aftonbladet newspaper each week. [1] (#cite_note-Aftonbladet-1) Fahrman also runs a blog called Sofis snapshots (https://blogg.aftonbladet.se) . Before starting Sofis mode she was a celebrity editor for Aftonbladets celebrity and entertainment magazine Klick! . [2] (#cite_note-Dagensmedia-2) She currently resides in Stockholm. Career [ edit ] Fahrman worked for Elle magazine (/wiki/Elle_magazine) in Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) for a few years and then went to work for Aftonbladet; [1] (#cite_note-Aftonbladet-1) she has also worked for the editorial firm Loweforever. In 2006, she led the fashion television show Sofies mode (/w/index.php?title=Sofies_mode&action=edit&redlink=1) on Kanal 5 (/wiki/Kanal_5_(Sweden)) in Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) , which was later also broadcast on TV7 (/wiki/TV7_(Sweden)) . [3] (#cite_note-Aftonbladet2-3) In 2011, Sofi along with her sister Frida Fahrman (/w/index.php?title=Frida_Fahrman&action=edit&redlink=1) hosted the television show Stylisterna (the stylists) on Kanal 5 Play. [3] (#cite_note-Aftonbladet2-3) During 2007, she also hosted her own travelling television show on TV7 called Sofi and the city (/w/index.php?title=Sofi_and_the_city&action=edit&redlink=1) , where she travelled to seven cities in the world. [2] (#cite_note-Dagensmedia-2) In the show she guided the viewers to places where she usually shops and frequents, such as night clubs and restaurants. [2] (#cite_note-Dagensmedia-2) The seven cities covered in the show were: New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , London (/wiki/London) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) and Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [2] (#cite_note-Dagensmedia-2) Fahrman has also published two books: Elsas mode was released in stores in 2009; Elsas värld came out in 2010. [4] (#cite_note-Élle-4) The books tell the story about a young fashion blogger who moves to Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) and becomes entangled in the high-life of Stureplan (/wiki/Stureplan) . [4] (#cite_note-Élle-4) Royal friendship [ edit ] Fahrman's close friendship with the Swedish Princess Madeleine (/wiki/Princess_Madeleine) has been highly covered by Swedish media. [5] (#cite_note-Resume-5) It was even rumoured that the Princess and Fahrman were living together in Fahrman's apartment in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , something later denied by Fahrman's own fashion magazine Sofis mode . [5] (#cite_note-Resume-5) Personal life [ edit ] Sofi Fahrman is the older sister of Frida Fahrman, who is also fashion editor and reporter. She is divorced from Dutch businessman Nick Zijlstra (/w/index.php?title=Nick_Zijlstra&action=edit&redlink=1) and they have a daughter named Lily, born on 18 May 2013. [1] (#cite_note-Aftonbladet-1) Bibliography [ edit ] Elsas mode (2009) Elsas värld (2010) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Sofis mode" (https://www.aftonbladet.se/sofismode/) . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ a b c d "Glammigt reseprogram i TV7 med Sofi Fahrman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120319004205/http://www.dagensmedia.se/nyheter/article10803.ece) . Archived from the original (http://www.dagensmedia.se/nyheter/article10803.ece) on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ a b "Fahrman-systrarna blir "Stylisterna" (https://www.aftonbladet.se/sofismode/article12618067.ab) " (https://www.aftonbladet.se/sofismode/article12618067.ab) . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ a b "Sofi Fahrman debuterar med bok om ung modebloggerska i Stockholm" (https://elle.se/sofi-fahrman-debuterar-med-bok-om-ung-modebloggerska-i-stockholm/) . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ a b "Prinsessan Madeleine bor inte hos Sofi Fahrman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100515052511/http://www.resume.se/nyheter/2010/04/29/madeleine-bor-inte-hos-sof/index.xml) . Archived from the original (http://www.resume.se/nyheter/2010/04/29/madeleine-bor-inte-hos-sof/index.xml) on May 15, 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . External links [ edit ] Blog on Aftonbladet (https://www.aftonbladet.se/sofismode/) Stylisterna website, Kanal 5 (https://web.archive.org/web/20110319000844/http://kanal5.se/web/guest/stylisterna/-/artikel/av/b7xA/1097/4542673/1.0) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000072719074) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/103196976) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdcfxKFkqVDwm4GDgVG3) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014071342) Sweden (https://libris.kb.se/31fjptpm1fzbh02) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐7l4pz Cached time: 20240624063102 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.261 seconds Real time usage: 0.407 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 504/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12396/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 532/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24526/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4211277/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 375.000 1 -total 40.24% 150.916 1 Template:Authority_control 33.97% 127.384 1 Template:Reflist 29.43% 110.377 5 Template:Cite_web 24.16% 90.617 1 Template:Short_description 13.00% 48.748 2 Template:Pagetype 7.63% 28.623 3 Template:Main_other 6.77% 25.388 1 Template:SDcat 0.64% 2.396 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31577014-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624063102 and revision id 1119141257. 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Moksha women 19th century The Mordovian National Costume appeared in ancient times in peasant environments, and during that time it was endowed with characteristic features, such as particular cut (/wiki/Cut_(clothing)) , special cloth (/wiki/Cloth) , ornaments (/wiki/Jewelry) and special decoration (#Decorations) . The folk Mordovian costume, especially female, is very colorful. It is subdivided into Erzya (/wiki/Erzya_people) and Moksha (/wiki/Mokshas) types. Most fabrics for making clothes were homemade. Erzya (/wiki/Erzya_people) and Moksha (/wiki/Mokshas) folk costumes had reached their complete artistic expressiveness by the middle of the 19th century. The people, who worked on the land, could make fabrics themselves. They produced linen or stout canvas (/wiki/Canvas) for hempen shirts, woolen cloth for warm clothes, brightly colored wool embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) threads. [1] (#cite_note-1) They were painted using vegetable colorings. The most interesting is the women's clothing. It contains a lot of traditional features. Hand embroidery patterns has national symbols of ancient pagan beliefs. Moksha national costume [ edit ] Moksha women in their national costumes Outfit of the bride. Сhest decorations. Mordvins-moksha, Tambov province, Temnikov uezd, end of XIX - beg.XX centuries. 06 Moksha (/wiki/Mokshas) National Costume is very colorful. The main part of women’s costume is a white canvas (/wiki/Canvas) "Panar-shirt", which is decorated by hand embroidery. According to the cut, characteristic of embroidery, ornament (/wiki/Jewelry) , colour it is easy to identify the ethnic (/wiki/Ethnic) group a woman. The cut of Moksha “panar-shirt” differs from Erzya (/wiki/Erzya_people) shirt. “Panar-shirt” is made from the bent in two linen. The sleeves are longer than those of Erzya (/wiki/Erzya_people) shirt. The “Panar- shirt” has a deep low-neck. A traditional costume included like a kind of a dress put on over the blouse. There is a slit on the skirt in front. Such kind of cut in clothing was very popular among the people of the Volga region (/wiki/Volga_region) . Decorations [ edit ] Chest decorations included several circles of necklaces. Special circular collars had a hard base which was covered with canvas and embroidered with glass beads, buttons and chains. Also there were reticular breast-collars made of red glass-beads and copper buttons. They finally matched perfectly with a huge embroidery of «panar» and «ruca». The Moksha (/wiki/Mokshas) women wore plenty of decorations on their hips. These decorations were made of shells, buttons and pendants (/wiki/Pendants) . There were also special towels «kes-kolucjat» on hips. There could be 6 towels in one set. The footwear called « karht` » was made of bast. The bast shoes were criss-cross braided, with low sides and special loops. The Moksha women wrapped their legs around with white or black pieces of material called onuchi. Headwear [ edit ] Women headwear varied greatly: head towels, headscarves etc. Mokshas (/wiki/Mokshas) headwear consisted of 2 or 3 parts and hair dress looked like horns. Headwear showed the age and marital status. It was decorated with glass beads and lines of spangles, laces or gallons. There was a pattern on the front side which looked like ideogram (/wiki/Ideogram) . Ancient Mordovian (/wiki/Mordovian) embroidery beadwork with coins, buttons, medals and cowry shells (/w/index.php?title=Cowry_shells&action=edit&redlink=1) usually decorated a festive folk dress. Erzya national costume [ edit ] Erzya women in their national costumes The main element in the Mordvinian costume was a white canvas shirt, decorated with embroidery. Erzya shirt is made from two cloths, which beaned in two. In the middle, at the central suture there was a seam left to slit for the collar and the slit on the hem for a step. In the side seams on the top at right angle there were sewed sleeves. Traditional chest fastener in the Erzya costume was «fibula syulgamo». It was an oval buckle made of thick wire with a movable pin which was used for chipping the collar. Rich lower part covered a deep chest slit. In the 19th century, the collar was usually fastened by two fibulas , one of which had no decoration. Complex belt elements played a particular importance in Mordovian women`s costumes. Costume was loincloth- pulay , which was worn over a shirt. As a sign of pubescence, girls begin to wear a pulay since 13–14 years old and then it remained the woman`s costume accessory until her death. Mordvinian woman could not appear in men society without a «pulay». Depending on the place of existence, it had a different form: square, trapeziform or as a belt with magnificent fringe. Holiday « pulay» was decorated with shells, chains, copper buttons, badges, colored beads and along the edge with long, black, red, green or blue wool and with tassels on each side. As a result, the weight of such a «pulaya» was up to 6 kilograms. Waist decoration «pulay» was of two types. The right side of the cloth was decorated with embroidery. Then, almost to knees there was a fringe from the wool, usually black, but on holidays it could be of red or green wool. Wool decorated with copper chains and on each side attached tassels of beads. Typical thing for Erzya costume was a canvas over clothes- “rutsya”. It was the clothing accessory of married women and had options for different situations in life and ritual. Over the shirt or rutsya they wore an apron – « ikelga patsya». It was tied low on the abdomen to close the hem of her shirt. In the complex adornments, which included several tiers of necklaces, especially distinguished original round collars on a firm basis covered with a canvas embroidered with rows of beads, buttons and chains. All of them perfectly matched with massive embroidery “rutsi”. The quality of clothing was defined by the type of embroidery. Spruce Erzya shirt was embroidered all along longitudinal stripes. Erzya embroidery was characterized by a beautiful carpet texture, borders and planes distinguished high relief. Although the ornament was pretty simple: rhombus, crosses and polylines. Decorating clothes women choose the best patterns – « sermat ». In the old days they were the symbols of family belonging. Erzya women were endowed with a sense of proportion. Intuitively, without the knowledge of designing and modeling clothes, she sewed a masterpiece. Red and black vertical stripes on a white canvas looked noble. A wide belt, «pulay» with long black strands emphasized hips and women looked slimmer. Removable adornments –were an obligatory addition to the clothes. This is a necklace with different lengths and materials, beaded collars, fibula-syulgamo, badges and bells. Headdress [ edit ] Like other nations, the Mordovians distinguished hats for girls and women. The girls most widespread type headdress was headband in the form of a hoop made of cardboard, covered with a cloth and decorated with embroidery, beads- pry syuks. Headband can be soft and decorated with paper flowers, bells and beads. Headdress- there were several types. They had cover the hair completely. Headdress was on a solid and square base- ‘ «pango». The basis was covered with red material and decorated with embroidery, beads and chains. Footwear [ edit ] Traditional Mordovians footwear were bast shoes (/wiki/Bast_shoes) –kart` of lime or elm bast. For Mordovian bast shoes were characterized by slanting wickerwork, trapezoidal head and low edge. Holiday kind footwear was leather boots with pointed toes-kemt`. They were made of cow and calfskin leather. Boots had a massive back. In winter they wore gray and black, sometimes white valenki (/wiki/Valenki) - felt boot . Legs were wrapped in 2 pairs of puttees (/wiki/Puttees) ; lower- pil`galga which wrapped around the foot. Outer- ver`ga praksta wrapped around the calves. Men [ edit ] The main parts of a male costume was a shirt Erzi -"рanhard" and trousers -"ponskt". They were made of homespun canvas. In the summer men wore clothes made of canvas, like a bathrobe. In spring and autumn they wore "soumanou" representing the coat of black cloth or brown color. Headdress men [ edit ] Men's headdress were hats black and white with a few areas. In the summer to work in a field they wore a canvas hood, in winter, it was earflapped fur hat which covered with cloth. Literature [ edit ] Мордовский национальный костюм: Альбом/Сост.: Т.П. Прокина, М.И. Сурина.- Саранск: Мордовское книжное издательство, 1990. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Неведомый, чудный узор" (https://pattern.rusneb.ru/chudnyy-uzor) [Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire]. pattern.rusneb.ru . Retrieved 2022-10-14 . [ permanent dead link ] External links [ edit ] http://www.erzan.ru/news/moj-drevnij-jerzja-narod-preklonjaju-golovu-pered-tvoej-sedoj-starinoj (http://www.erzan.ru/news/moj-drevnij-jerzja-narod-preklonjaju-golovu-pered-tvoej-sedoj-starinoj) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170516023535/http://www.erzan.ru/news/moj-drevnij-jerzja-narod-preklonjaju-golovu-pered-tvoej-sedoj-starinoj) 2017-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) http://portal.do.mrsu.ru/info/arts/mordovia_suit.php?clear_cache=Y (http://portal.do.mrsu.ru/info/arts/mordovia_suit.php?clear_cache=Y) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024105/http://portal.do.mrsu.ru/info/arts/mordovia_suit.php?clear_cache=Y) 2020-01-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) http://www.finnougoria.ru/community/folk/section.php?SECTION_ID=351&ELEMENT_ID=2352 (http://www.finnougoria.ru/community/folk/section.php?SECTION_ID=351&ELEMENT_ID=2352) http://www.erzia-museum.ru/index.php?option=com_cont (http://www.erzia-museum.ru/index.php?option=com_cont) ... http://www.hnh.ru/culture/2010-11-30-4 (http://www.hnh.ru/culture/2010-11-30-4) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐dvbx2 Cached time: 20240710174020 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.185 seconds Real time usage: 0.259 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 389/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5886/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 925/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4663/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.126/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16840020/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 227.006 1 -total 50.81% 115.334 1 Template:Reflist 45.24% 102.693 3 Template:Transl 31.47% 71.448 1 Template:Cite_web 13.84% 31.425 1 Template:Dead_link 11.44% 25.961 1 Template:Fix 9.50% 21.573 2 Template:Category_handler 3.74% 8.484 2 Template:Webarchive 1.56% 3.532 1 Template:Fix/category 0.67% 1.524 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35847398-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710174020 and revision id 1215072786. 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American cosmetics brand Lime Crime Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Cosmetics Founded 2008 Founder Doe Deere Headquarters Los Angeles , United States of America Owner Stacy Panagakis Number of employees 56 Website https://limecrime.com (https://limecrime.com) Lime Crime is an American cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) brand that was founded and launched by Doe Deere. The brand is well known in the beauty community for its eccentric and colourful products, as well as the controversies surrounding Deere and the company. In addition, the brand was independently owned by Deere until its acquisition by Stacy Panagakis and the Tengram Capital Partners in 2018. [1] (#cite_note-:11-1) Lime Crime is also certified as vegan (/wiki/Veganism) and cruelty-free (/wiki/Cruelty-free) by both PETA (/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) and the Leaping Bunny. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The brand is currently stocked at retailers such as ASOS (/wiki/ASOS.com) , Revolve, Cult Beauty, Ulta and Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Launch [ edit ] In 2004, Doe Deere (previously Xenia Vorotova) initially launched Lime Crime as an original, handmade fashion line, which was exclusively sold from her eBay (/wiki/EBay) account. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The brand was cofounded by her partner, Mark Dumbleton. [6] (#cite_note-:18-6) Deere was 23 years old at the time of the launch. [7] (#cite_note-:10-7) The original aesthetic of Lime Crime fashion was Lolita-inspired (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) , presenting vibrant colours and abstract patterns. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) The official launch of Lime Crime Makeup was in October 2008, [7] (#cite_note-:10-7) which featured a small collection of colourful glitters, loose pigments, brushes and blush. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) The original prices of these products ranged from US$12 to US$25. [7] (#cite_note-:10-7) Products [ edit ] As of May 2019, Lime Crime offers various cosmetic and beauty products, which are separated into the following categories on their website: Lips; Eyes; Face; Hair; Bundles; Accessories. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) The brand is reported to offer 24 shades of its hair dye and 102 makeup (/wiki/Cosmetics) products. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Lip Products [ edit ] Their lip products include liquid cream lipsticks (/wiki/Lipstick) (“Lip Blaze”), matte lipsticks (“Plushies Soft Matte Lipstick”) and metallic lipsticks (“Velvetines Liquid Lipstick”), lip liners (“Velvetine Lip Liners”), lip glosses (/wiki/Lip_gloss) (“Wet Cherry Glosses”) and iridescent lip toppers (“Diamond Crushers”). [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) Their lipsticks are either in a liquid lipstick tube with a doe foot applicator or the traditional lipstick tube (as seen on Lime Crime's diamond lipstick). [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) The brand offers over 150 various colours and formulas of lip products. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) Eye Products [ edit ] Lime Crime's eye range features various eyeshadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) palettes (including the “Venus” grunge eye palettes), pocket-sized eyeshadows (called the “pocket candy”), as well as their “diamond dew” liquid eyeshadows. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) The company also sells pressed-pigment eyeshadow quads. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) These eyeshadows are one of the best-selling products on the Lime Crime website and feature matte, satin and metallic finishes. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) Face Products [ edit ] According to the Lime Crime website, the company also offers soft matte blushes, glow blushes, and “Hi-Lite” highlighter palettes. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) These products are very reminiscent of the original intentions of Lime Crime due to their colourful hues, particularly as the “Hi-Lite” palettes are mermaid (/wiki/Mermaid) and unicorn (/wiki/Unicorn) themed. Hair Products [ edit ] Lime Crime's hair range includes glitter (/wiki/Glitter) and pastel hair colour sprays, full coverage hair dyes, colour tints, hair colour mixers, as well as sample dye packets. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) Their range of semi-permanent hair dyes (/wiki/Hair_coloring) has been praised for being one of the only vegan hair dye formulas in the market. [11] (#cite_note-11) Bundles & Accessories [ edit ] Lime Crime offers various bundles for their hair colours, eyeshadows and lipsticks in an attempt to encourage their target market to purchase more products with a slightly discounted price. Moreover, the brand also offers accessories such as makeup brushes and makeup bags, which perpetuate the brand's unconventional image with the shimmer, vivid colours and holographic materials utilised in their makeup brushes and cosmetics bags. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) Marketing [ edit ] Lime Crime utilises customer engagement, public relations (/wiki/Public_relations) and marketing strategies (/wiki/Marketing_strategy) that revolve around creativity, individualism and uniqueness. [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) Due to the fact that the brand could only be purchased online until recently, Lime Crime had to employ online marketing (/wiki/Online_advertising) and develop a significant social media (/wiki/Social_media_marketing) presence in order to highlight their products. Their products are positioned as tools for self-expression, especially as they encourage creativity through the consumer's creation of unique looks with their brightly-coloured products. [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) On social media, the brand actively encourages fans to post photographs of their makeup looks that utilise Lime Crime products. The brand reposts these pictures in order to simultaneously support their customers and whilst inspiring other followers to purchase these products and use them creatively. Additionally, the brand's motto is “makeup for unicorns”, which emphasises how the company believes in cosmetics as a method of self-empowerment and creative expression. [13] (#cite_note-13) Lime Crime have been heavily marketed according to their cruelty-free, vegan brand ethos. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2018, there were rumours circulating that the company was interested in expanding the distribution of their products to China (/wiki/China) . [15] (#cite_note-:12-15) This is not surprising considering the fact that in 2017, the retail sales in the nation's cosmetics sector equated to US$36.4 million, with sales continuing to increase at an exponential rate. [16] (#cite_note-:13-16) However, this expansion would be challenging to the ethos and image of the brand, as cosmetic products manufactured from foreign companies are required by law to undergo animal testing (/wiki/Animal_testing) in order to sell in China. [17] (#cite_note-17) In order to retain the company's cruelty-free and vegan nature, Lime Crime sold their products through Revolve, who were able to ship to China directly from the United States of America and avoid the animal testing law. [15] (#cite_note-:12-15) As a result of this, the previous Global General Manager of Lime Crime, Kim Walls, has stated that this method of sales in China has eliminated approximately 1,700 monthly listings from counterfeit e-retailers. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Moreover, this has led to the confiscation and destruction of over US$2 million in product value in counterfeit goods from the previous year. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Operations [ edit ] Lime Crime was originally founded as an independent company (/wiki/Independent_business) by Doe Deere and her husband, Mark Dumbleton, in 2008. [6] (#cite_note-:18-6) However, in 2018, the brand was purchased by Tengram Capital Partners, a private equity firm (/wiki/Private_equity_firm) that aimed to develop Lime Crime as a conventional and commercially acceptable brand. [1] (#cite_note-:11-1) Due to Tengram's acquisition of Lime Crime, Stacy Panagakis would replace Doe Deere as the Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) . [1] (#cite_note-:11-1) The brand's shift from an independently owned brand to a company that is supported by corporate funding would allow the brand to expand its market offerings and product distributions. Thus, Deere has joined the brand's board of directors and stepped down from the daily operations. [1] (#cite_note-:11-1) Furthermore, Sasha Valentine, a long-time employee and Chief Creative Officer of Lime Crime, would continue to collaborate with Panagakis to succeed its growth prospects. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) In June, 2018, it was confirmed by a representative from Lime Crime that Kim Walls, the brand's Global General Manager had departed from the company. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) Controversy [ edit ] Legal action against online critics [ edit ] Lime Crime has threatened legal action against various influential bloggers (/wiki/Blog) who have given criticism to the brand and its products. These criticisms mostly revolved around the issue of repackaging wholesale pigments for a greater markup and the lack of transparency that Lime Crime provided to their customers regarding this issue. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) Due to this repackaging issue, many bloggers publicised the inconsistencies in product formulas, particularly in the colours and formulas of lipsticks, which were the same shade name. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) A beauty blogger identified as Le Gothique claimed that she was legally warned by Lime Crime in 2009. [20] (#cite_note-:16-20) She claimed that the brand insisted that she delete her negative review of her Lime Crime products and instead post their provided apology verbatim. [20] (#cite_note-:16-20) A similar incident occurred in 2014, when Lime Crime sued (/wiki/Lawsuit) blogger, Michelle Jascynski on the basis of defamation of character (/wiki/Defamation) and copyright infringement (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) . [20] (#cite_note-:16-20) Jascynski operated a blog entitled “Doe Deere Lies”, which was dedicated to exposing Lime Crime's alleged wrongdoings by providing evidence. [20] (#cite_note-:16-20) This lawsuit totalled approximately US$250,000, but was later dismissed as it had no legal grounds. [20] (#cite_note-:16-20) In addition to this, there are many unconfirmed claims from beauty influencers and bloggers that have stated that Lime Crime had sent them cease and desist letters. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) The brand has also been known for deleting critical or negative comments from their social media pages until late 2014, in an attempt to maintain their brand image. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) "China Doll" palette and cultural appropriation [ edit ] Lime Crime released a five-pan palette in early 2012, which sparked backlash from the makeup community due to its cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) of Chinese culture. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) The “China Doll” palette sparked outrage through both the product itself as well as the advertising campaign, which showcased a caucasian model in a Japanese (/wiki/Japan) kimono (/wiki/Kimono) whilst interchangeably exploiting an aesthetic based on 1920's Chinese (/wiki/1920_in_China) women. [21] (#cite_note-:17-21) This perpetuated the stereotype of the ‘ Lotus Blossom (/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_Asians_in_the_United_States) ’ and orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) . [21] (#cite_note-:17-21) This cultural stereotype was further reiterated through the description of the palette: “Don't let her milky skin, pouty mouth and flushed cheeks fool you, underneath the poised facade, there lies a heart of a tigress”. [21] (#cite_note-:17-21) Soon after this controversy arose, Lime Crime's founder, Doe Deere, issued an apathetic apology and justification of the "China Doll" advertising campaign on her blog. [15] (#cite_note-:12-15) Nevertheless, many members of the beauty community were left feeling unfulfilled by Deere's apology, claiming that it was still culturally insensitive and ignorant as she made limited efforts to adjust the product and campaign. [21] (#cite_note-:17-21) The Lime Crime Boycott at IMATS [ edit ] Despite Lime Crime's shift in target markets, there has not been a shift in the brand's ethics. The brand began to target younger audiences as many members of YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) 's ‘beauty guru’ community, such as Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) , publicised their dislike for the brand. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) This is considered one of the main reasons as to why Lime Crime began to decline in popularity. After many years of attending the International Make-Up Artists Trade Show in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) (IMATS LA), a renowned beauty and cosmetics convention, the brand failed to show in 2014. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) Members of the online beauty community believed that this was a consequence of a petition that was established to boycott the brand at IMATS NYC (International Make-Up Artists Trade Show in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) ). [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) This petition garnered approximately 12,600 signatures out of the goal of 20,000 signatures. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) Lime Crime's Cyber Security Leak [ edit ] On 15 February 2015, Lime Crime reported on their Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account that their website had been infiltrated by credit card hackers. [22] (#cite_note-:6-22) This security breach was active from 4 October 2014, to the date of the Instagram announcement, supposedly exposing customer data such as names, credit card details and addresses. [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) However, many patrons of the site claimed that Lime Crime was responsible and that they dishonestly handled this credit card leak. Some claimed that the company had knowingly been using an expired SSL certificate (/wiki/SSL_certificate) in order to secure and store customers’ credit card information. [22] (#cite_note-:6-22) Furthermore, the plaintiffs claimed that Lime Crime had been aware of these security breaches since November 2014, but have concealed this knowledge from consumers by ignoring early customer reports of the issue. [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) The customer information that was exposed was further utilised to make international purchases for months. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) Although the majority of the victims lost approximately $200–300 USD through unauthorised international purchases, some customers reported fraud of up to US$10,000. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) In December, 2017, Lime Crime faced continuous negotiations between counsel and mediation sessions with a retired judge before agreeing to a $110,000 class action settlement (/wiki/Class_action) . [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) This funding was to be allocated among qualifying Class Members who submitted timely and legitimate claims. [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) The potential award for these Class Members was a payment of up to $44 as well as entitlement to a fifteen-percent discount off future purchases from Lime Crime makeup. [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) This discount was redeemed through a coupon code, which was sent to each class member, and was valid for approximately one year. [23] (#cite_note-:7-23) The victims of this cyber security leak responded negatively to this compensation as they no longer wanted to support the brand and its products. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) FDA Scandal [ edit ] On 29 July 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) reviewed the Velvetines Liquid Matte Lipsticks and issued an official warning letter for the shade “red velvet.” [24] (#cite_note-:8-24) This letter stated that Lime Crime's use of ferric ferrocyanide (/wiki/Ferrocyanide) and ultramarines (/wiki/Ultramarine) in the formula of this particular lip stain violates the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act) . [25] (#cite_note-:9-25) Lime Crime's social media pages articulated that this violation was because of a misprint on the product's packaging. [25] (#cite_note-:9-25) Megan McSeveney, an FDA press officer, claims that the FDA investigation was launched as a result of receiving six complaints from consumers within a period of two months. [25] (#cite_note-:9-25) The majority of those who complained were ignored by the brand or were simply blocked on social media platforms, such as Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) Similarly to the security breach scandal, Lime Crime failed to email consumers when the FDA warning letter was released – addressing the issue through individual Instagram comments rather than by publishing a public declaration immediately. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) In November, 2015, Lime Crime published a FDA close-out letter on their website, which verified their corrections to the mislabelling on their product packaging. [19] (#cite_note-:15-19) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Utroske, Deanna (19 June 2018). "Lime Crime acquired by Tengram Capital Partners and now led by Stacy Panagakis" (https://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Article/2018/06/19/Lime-Crime-acquired-by-Tengram-Capital-Partners-and-now-led-by-Stacy-Panagakis) . William Reed Business Media . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Cruelty-Free and Vegan Halloween Makeup Brands" (https://www.peta.org/living/personal-care-fashion/best-halloween-cosmetic-companies/) . PETA . 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Leaping Bunny Approved Brands" (https://www.leapingbunny.org/guide/brands/list) . Leaping Bunny . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c d Wischhover, Cheryl (6 March 2018). "The Redemption of Lime Crime, the Internet's Most Notorious Beauty Company" (https://www.racked.com/2018/3/6/17081186/lime-crime-comeback-controversy-new-stores-ulta) . Racked . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_5-0) "2004: Lime Crime, the fashion label, launches on eBay" (https://www.revelist.com/bloggers/lime-crime-controversy-makeup/11991/2004-lime-crime-the-fashion-label-launches-on-ebay/2) . Revelist.com . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b LLC, Doe Deere Industries. "Lime Crime Founder Doe Deere Reassures Fans, Speaks Out on Decision to Sell Company, Her New Role, and Exciting Future Plans" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lime-crime-founder-doe-deere-reassures-fans-speaks-out-on-decision-to-sell-company-her-new-role-and-exciting-future-plans-300683887.html) . www.prnewswire.com (Press release) . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b c Nicola (18 November 2013). "Doe Deere & Lime Crime: A Sordid History" (https://cakeandhottease.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/377/) . Cake & Hot Tease . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c d "Why Lime Crime will never pay for its problematic past" (https://www.revelist.com/bloggers/lime-crime-controversy-makeup/11991) . Revelist.com . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g "Lime Crime: Vegan & Cruelty Free Makeup for Unicorns - Lime Crime" (https://www.limecrime.com/) . www.limecrime.com . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c "Lime Crime - REVOLVE" (https://www.revolveclothing.com.au/lime-crime/br/b7cf6d/) . www.revolveclothing.com.au . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lime Crime Launches Vegan Unicorn Hair Dye" (https://vegnews.com/2017/4/lime-crime-launches-vegan-unicorn-hair-dye) . VegNews.com . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b htc (2 January 2019). "Lime Crime: New Leadership, Same Beauty Mission" (https://hitechchronicle.com/2019/01/lime-crime-new-leadership-same-mission/) . HiTechChronicle . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Lime Crime: Leveraging the Crowds for "Makeup for Unicorns" – Digital Innovation and Transformation" (https://digit.hbs.org/submission/lime-crime-leveraging-the-crowds-for-makeup-for-unicorns/) . digit.hbs.org . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Cruelty-Free and Vegan Halloween Makeup Brands" (https://www.peta.org/living/personal-care-fashion/best-halloween-cosmetic-companies/) . PETA . 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b c "2018: Lime Crime expands to China" (https://www.revelist.com/bloggers/lime-crime-controversy-makeup/11991/2018-lime-crime-expands-to-china/17) . Revelist.com . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:13_16-0) "China's Cosmetics Market | HKTDC" (http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/China-Consumer-Market/China-s-cosmetics-market/ccm/en/1/1X000000/1X002L09.htm) . china-trade-research.hktdc.com . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Animal Testing In China: Required For Foreign Cosmetics Companies" (https://www.crueltyfreekitty.com/cruelty-free-101/animal-testing-china/) . Cruelty-Free Kitty . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b Wischhover, Cheryl (18 June 2018). "Lime Crime, Beauty's Most Controversial Brand, Was Just Sold" (https://www.racked.com/2018/6/18/17474588/lime-crime-doe-deere-sold-tengram-private-equity) . Racked . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sicardi, Arabelle (28 September 2015). "Why Lime Crime Is the Most Hated Beauty Company on the Internet" (https://www.vox.com/2015/9/28/9392021/lime-crime-doe-deere-hated-xenia-vorotova) . Vox . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b c d e "Lime Crime has threatened legal action against countless influential bloggers who have made these claims or criticize the brand in other ways" (https://www.revelist.com/makeup/lime-crime-controversies/8202/lime-crime-has-threatened-legal-action-against-countless-influential-bloggers-who-have-made-these-claims-or-criticize-the-brand-in-other-ways/3) . Revelist.com . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b c d Mai. "Lime Crime: The Issue of Cultural Appropriation" (https://www.portraitofmai.com/2012/01/lime-crime-youre-doing-it-wrong.html) . Retrieved 6 June 2019 . ^ a b Posamentier, Emma (15 December 2015). "Cyber Ethics Relating to Terms and Conditions Agreements" (https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/116/archive/fall2015/eposamentier.pdf) (PDF) . Tufts University . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c d e f "Lime Crime Data Breach Class Action Settlement" (https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/closed-settlements/829068-lime-crime-data-breach-class-action-settlement/) . Top Class Actions . 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:8_24-0) "Lime Crime - 07/29/2015" (https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/lime-crime-07292015) . www.fda.gov . 23 April 2019 . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . ^ a b c Chapman, Gray. "Lime Crime & The Scary Truth About Product Safety" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2015/08/93130/lime-crime-lipsticks-illegal-additives-fda-approval) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 12 May 2019 . 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Yellow garments in Hindu iconography Krishna (left) wearing yellow garments, with Arjuna (right). Pītāmbara ( Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) : पीताम्बर ) is a term in Hindu iconography (/wiki/Hindu_iconography) , meaning "yellow garment or shawl (/wiki/Shawl) ", [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) also translated as "clothed in yellow garments", [3] (#cite_note-3) and "name of Vishnu (/wiki/Vishnu) - Krishna (/wiki/Krishna) ". [4] (#cite_note-pītāmbara-4) It is primarily depicted on the deity Vishnu and his incarnations, [5] (#cite_note-5) regarded to represent the Vedas (/wiki/Vedas) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Description [ edit ] In Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) , the pītāmbara is regarded to represent a yajna (/wiki/Yajna) or sacrifice, [7] (#cite_note-Pitambara-7) and is referred to as a garment of Purusha (/wiki/Purusha) and the Vedic metre (/wiki/Vedic_metre) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In the Puranas (/wiki/Puranas) , pītāmbara means "yellow cloth", and is used to describe Vishnu. [10] (#cite_note-10) In Vaishnavism (/wiki/Vaishnavism) and Shaivism (/wiki/Shaivism) , the pītāmbara is the "yellow dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) " or "bright golden-yellow garment" described as the garment of Vishnu or Krishna. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) pitambar (https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/pitambar#English) , Wiktionary ^ (#cite_ref-2) Rao, T. A. Gopinatha (1985). Elements of Hindu Iconography . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 210. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-208-0878-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Walker, Benjamin (2019-04-09). Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z . Routledge. p. 624. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-429-62419-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-pītāmbara_4-0) pītāmbara पीताम्बर (https://sanskritdictionary.com/p%C4%ABt%C4%81mbara/86690/7) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Daniélou, Alain (December 1991). The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series . Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 158. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89281-354-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stutley, Margaret (2019-04-09). The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography . Routledge. p. 390. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-429-62425-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pitambara_7-0) Pitambara, Pitāmbara, Pītāmbara, Pita-ambara: 19 definitions (https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pitambara) , In Hinduism, Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa), wisdomlib.org ^ (#cite_ref-8) Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) (https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/11/11-12/) , Canto 12: The Age of Deterioration, CHAPTER ELEVEN ^ (#cite_ref-9) Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 12 (https://sites.google.com/site/100scriptures/srimad-bhagavatam-bhagavata-purana/srimad-bhagavatam-bhagavata-purana---canto-12) , SB 12.11: Summary Description of the Mahāpuruṣa (11-12) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Śivapurāṇa 2.3.43, The Shiva Purana by J. L. Shastri (https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226107.html) , Chapter 43 - Description of Śiva's wonderful sport, Pārvatī-khaṇḍa ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pitambara, Pitāmbara, Pītāmbara, Pita-ambara: 19 definitions (https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pitambara#pancaratra) , Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma), wisdomlib.org Sources [ edit ] Dowson, John: A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion – Geography, History and Religion; D.K.Printworld Ltd., New Delhi, India, 2005 External links [ edit ] Sanskrit - Dictionary (https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=pItAmbara&dir=se) This Hinduism-related (/wiki/Hinduism) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C4%ABt%C4%81mbara&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐s7pxq Cached time: 20240712204535 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.368 seconds Real time usage: 0.548 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 526/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12147/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 534/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23224/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.266/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14990143/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 416.813 1 -total 31.73% 132.257 1 Template:Lang-sa 27.57% 114.905 1 Template:Reflist 22.28% 92.870 4 Template:Cite_book 20.28% 84.524 1 Template:Short_description 19.09% 79.582 1 Template:Hinduism-stub 18.51% 77.151 1 Template:Asbox 12.07% 50.316 2 Template:Pagetype 4.97% 20.729 3 Template:Main_other 4.41% 18.371 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72507359-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712204535 and revision id 1211798995. 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Kansas City Fashion Week Status Active Genre Fashion Frequency Annual Location(s) Kansas City, Kansas Country United States Inaugurated 2010 Founders Philip Willoughby, Teisha Barber Most recent 2022 Next event 2023 Website kcfashionweek (https://kcfashionweek.com/) .com (https://kcfashionweek.com/) Kansas City Fashion Week ( KCFW ), is an annual two week fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_event) that showcases emerging local designers as well as established designers. The event typically includes kick-off parties, in-store shopping and runway shows. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The event began in 2010 and held its first full week of shows in spring 2012, [2] (#cite_note-2) Teisha Barber who had served as KSFW's executive director and later president, purchased ownership of the event for an undisclosed amount. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2021, Kansas City Fashion Week won a partnership with the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) as part of CFDA Connects, one of fifteen fashion organizations in the program. [4] (#cite_note-4) The event's most recent season was in 2022, [5] (#cite_note-5) with the next show planned for 2023. See also [ edit ] List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) List of fashion events in the United States (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events_in_the_United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lodos, Rebekah (2019-03-21). "What to know about Kansas City Fashion Week, which starts this weekend" (https://www.thepitchkc.com/kansas-city-fashion-week-starts-this-weekend-heres-what-to-know/) . The Pitch . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629203346/https://www.thepitchkc.com/kansas-city-fashion-week-starts-this-weekend-heres-what-to-know/) from the original on 2023-06-29 . Retrieved 2023-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hernandez, Joseph (2022-04-14). "Kansas City Fashion Week is in full swing. Here's what you need to know about the shows" (https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article260434212.html) . The Kansas City Star . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629201726/https://account.kansascity.com/paywall/subscriber-only?resume=260434212&intcid=ab_archive) from the original on 2023-06-29 . Retrieved 2023-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "New CEO for KC Fashion Week; transition keeps an industry champion on the runway" (https://www.startlandnews.com/2023/06/teisha-barber-kansas-city-fashion-week/) . Startland News . 2023-06-08. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629195855/https://www.startlandnews.com/2023/06/teisha-barber-kansas-city-fashion-week/) from the original on 2023-06-29 . Retrieved 2023-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CFDA Connects" (https://cfda.com/programs/designers/connects) . cfda.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629201011/https://cfda.com/programs/designers/connects) from the original on 2023-06-29 . Retrieved 2023-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Strader, Hannah (2022-09-07). "Kansas City Fashion Week 2022 was a spectacular make out sesh" (https://www.thepitchkc.com/kansas-city-fashion-week-2022-was-a-spectacular-make-out-sesh/) . The Pitch . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629200307/https://www.thepitchkc.com/kansas-city-fashion-week-2022-was-a-spectacular-make-out-sesh/) from the original on 2023-06-29 . Retrieved 2023-06-29 . This Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Clothing brand B.U.M. Equipment Product type Clothing brand (/wiki/Clothing) Owner BUM Equipment LLC Country Los Angeles, CA (/wiki/Los_Angeles) Introduced 1986 Website www (https://www.bum.com/) .bum (https://www.bum.com/) .com (https://www.bum.com/) B.U.M. Equipment , a clothing brand under the ownership of BUM Equipment LLC, is a street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) clothing company that was founded in 1986 in a Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) garage. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) The brand is known for its beginning as a Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) casual sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) brand for men, women, and children. [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) The brand had financial troubles in the mid-1990s under the management of the original owner, Chauvin International, Ltd. [3] (#cite_note-behind-3) It went bankrupt in 1996 and was acquired by the creditors of B.U.M. International Inc. and managed by SOS Management in 1997. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) [4] (#cite_note-sporting-4) SOS Management, and its successor B.U.M. Equipment LLC, subsequently relaunched B.U.M. Equipment. [4] (#cite_note-sporting-4) The brand's fashion lines include men's, women's, junior's, and children's sportswear apparel, as well as hosiery, footwear, backpacks, handbags, luggage, and eyewear. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) According to the LA Times , B.U.M. Equipment is "one of the most successful young men's sportswear brands in California fashion history." [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) History [ edit ] Origins (1986–1996) [ edit ] Chauvin International, Ltd., a manufacturing company that was led by Morty Forshpan, acquired B.U.M. in 1986. [3] (#cite_note-behind-3) The clothing line made its market debut in 1987 and featured basic clothing items with the brand's logo displayed across their T-shirts, tanks, and sweatshirts. [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) Within its first year, B.U.M. Equipment grossed $2 million and it brought in about $240 million in annual revenues by 1992. [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) In 1992, the B.U.M. parent company, Chauvin International, partnered with the Canadian casual wear company Chip and Pepper (/wiki/Chip_%26_Pepper_California) . Chauvin International purchased the assets of the Chip and Pepper Wetwear Inc., and distributed its products in the United States while the twin co-founders, Chip and Pepper (/wiki/Chip_and_Pepper) Foster, were still in charge of overseeing the design along with the marketing and promotion. In 1994 Chauvin International, Ltd. merged with Cami'z, Inc., the B.U.M. brand's retailer. [6] (#cite_note-6) In April 1996, B.U.M. International filed for Chapter 11 (/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code) bankruptcy due to what the company said was poor sales. [7] (#cite_note-7) The judge allowed reorganization plan by SOS Management in favor of the B.U.M. International Inc. creditors in 1997. [8] (#cite_note-8) The reorganization, managed by SOS Management and its successor BUM Equipment LLC, resulted in a plan that was in which the B.U.M. International creditors would be paid in full in five years. [9] (#cite_note-sos-9) After the five year payback period, the B.U.M. International Inc. operating unit was dissolved. [9] (#cite_note-sos-9) The trademarks (/wiki/Trademarks) were purchased by BUM Equipment LLC [9] (#cite_note-sos-9) and has continued to operate under that corporate structure. Relaunch and B.U.M. Equipment LLC, (1997–present) [ edit ] SOS Management was established in 1996 by Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) and chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Stephen Wayne and Vice Chairman (/wiki/Vice_Chairman) Steve Marra. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) Wayne was the president of Yves Saint Laurent Sportswear (1974–77), president of the menswear division of Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) (1977–81), and the president of Sasson Industries for five years prior to launching his own licensing firm, Stephen Wayne & Associates, [10] (#cite_note-10) in 1986. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) Wayne was the exclusive licensing agent for Sasson, Bugle Boy (/wiki/Bugle_Boy) , Andrew Fezza (/wiki/Andrew_Fezza) and Bum Equipment and owns and operates the Stephen Wayne & Associates company. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) [11] (#cite_note-11) Prior to co-founding SOS Management, Steve Marra worked for Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) for sixteen years, most recently as vice president of merchandising, and later worked as president of B.U.M. Equipment's retail division and executive vice president of sales and merchandising for the company. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) B.U.M. Equipment emerged from bankruptcy in 1997 under the management of SOS Management headed by Wayne and Marra. [4] (#cite_note-sporting-4) In 2002, SOS Management purchased the B.U.M. Equipment trademark, establishing the new trademark and licensing company called BUM Equipment LLC. [9] (#cite_note-sos-9) By 2005, B.U.M was operating more than 20 licenses around the world and gathering approximately $600 million annually. [12] (#cite_note-womens-12) Brand development [ edit ] B.U.M. Equipment's logo and athletic style were created by Seattle native Derek Federman about a year prior to Morty Forshpan becoming the chief executive officer (CEO) of Chauvin International, Ltd. [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Shortly after becoming the CEO of Chauvin International, Forshpan found the B.U.M. brand and acquired it. [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Forshpan pushed the brand into the market in 1987. [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Brand founder Federman left B.U.M. in 1988 as Forshpan moved the brand's design in a more trendy direction, and following its success and popularity in the late 1980s, Forshpan was nominated twice for the California Mart's West Coast Designer of the Year award. [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Chauvin International and B.U.M. brand designers insist the acronym "B.U.M." does not stand for anything, however, many people believed there was an unsaid meaning like "Basic Urban Merchandise" or "Body Under Maintenance". [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) Under SOS Management and Bum Equipment LLC, Wayne signed over 35 licenses in 1997 and 1998, which grew the business approximately $2 billion in sales over the next six years. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) This was accomplished by primarily selling product to Target Stores [13] (#cite_note-13) and many regional retailers like Ames, Caldor, Venture, Meijers, Shopko. [9] (#cite_note-sos-9) SOS Management began restructuring B.U.M. sportswear in the United States with a license with the Buffalo Group in 2005. [14] (#cite_note-14) The company also signed licensees in Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , England (/wiki/England) , Korea (/wiki/Korea) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , Argentina (/wiki/Argentina) and Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) . The B.U.M. brand was extended to non-apparel licenses in footwear, socks, sunglasses, and licenses in watches, luggage and eyewear were renewed. [1] (#cite_note-overview-1) B.U.M. Equipment signed licenses with New York-based Channel Creations in 2007 for their men's and women's sportswear. [12] (#cite_note-womens-12) In 2009, the company relaunched their young men's and juniors brands in department stores through a license with Sierra Fashions. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2004, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) listed B.U.M. Equipment as Number 5 on their "Top 10 Young Contemporary Hip List in 2004." [16] (#cite_note-16) Popular culture [ edit ] Billy Ray Cyrus (/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus) wore B.U.M. Equipment workout tanks during his concerts on his 1992 tour and was pictured in the 1991 October issue of Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) wearing a tank from the brand. [17] (#cite_note-17) Jane Fonda (/wiki/Jane_Fonda) wore a B.U.M. Equipment shirt in her 1992 workout video. [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) Christian Slater (/wiki/Christian_Slater) can be seen sporting a B.U.M. Equipment shirt in the movie Pump Up The Volume . [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Sponsorship [ edit ] As a sportswear and casual athletic fashion brand, B.U.M. has sponsored various athletes including Laila Ali (/wiki/Laila_Ali) [18] (#cite_note-18) and Oscar De La Hoya (/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya) . [19] (#cite_note-19) It was also the official off-the-rink casual wear of the LA Kings (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings) hockey team. [5] (#cite_note-womens2-5) B.U.M. Equipment also outfitted caddies for PGA Tour events beginning in 1998. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2012 B.U.M. Equipment participated with the Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) gifting suite for its 14th Season. [21] (#cite_note-leisure-21) Contestants from the show were able to choose items of the B.U.M. Equipment brand to wear during show rehearsals. [21] (#cite_note-leisure-21) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i "Brand Overview" (http://www.bumequipment.com/brandoverview.html) . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ a b c d e f Kissel, William (October 8, 1993). "Basics Instinct : B.U.M. Equipment Finds Success Making Comfortable Everyday Clothing With Reverse Snob Appeal" (http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-08/news/vw-43670_1_basic-items) . LA Times . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ a b Bonacich, E.; Appelbaum, R. P. (2000). Behind the Label: Inequality in the Los Angeles Apparel Industry . University of California Press. ^ a b c Tradetalk, Kristina (November 6, 1998). "B.U.M. Equipment". Sporting Goods Business . ^ a b c d e f Kim-Van, D. (October 14, 1992). "A B.U.M. Bonanza". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Cami'z to buy Chauvin Int'l for $66 million" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140629122646/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15557596.html) . Daily News Record . 1994. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15557596.html) on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "B.U.M. Hits Bottom, Files for Bankruptcy" (http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-19/business/fi-60258_1_bankruptcy-protection) . Los Angeles Times . April 1996 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Company News: Tarrant Ends Bid for Assets of B.U.M. International". The New York Times . September 5, 1997. ^ a b c d e Young, Vicki M. (December 18, 2002). "SOS Management to Acquire BUM Equipment Trademarks". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Spevack, Rachel (November 16, 1993). "Sasson Licensing Corp. Buys Trademarks of H. Cotler Co.: Future of Cotler Company Unclear". Daily News Record . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Gellers, Stan (February 7, 1994). "Licensed to Deal in the Mid-'90S Licensing Can Still Be a Big Money-Maker, But You Need a Strong Dose of Reality to Go Along wwith All The Hype". Daily News Report . ^ a b "B.U.M. Inks Two Sportswear Licenses". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Williamson, Rusty (February 20, 2002). "BUM Equipment Retools, Makes Run at Dept. Stores". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Lipke, David (July 11, 2005). "B.U.M. Equipment Signs Sportswear License with Buffalo Group" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131242/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134026696.html) . The Daily News . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134026696.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Thomas, Brenner (November 5, 2009). "BUM to Relaunch as Young Men's, Juniors Brand". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Greenberg, Julee (July 1, 2004). "The Top 10: Young Contemporary: The Hip List". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Country B.U.M.". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . September 29, 1992. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Johnson, Chuck (January 19, 2007). "Like dad, Ali's daughter rules the ring" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/boxing/2007-01-18-ali-laila_x.htm) . USA Today . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The Selling of the Golden Boy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120818170107/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-08-07/the-selling-of-the-golden-boy) . Business Week . August 7, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-08-07/the-selling-of-the-golden-boy) on August 18, 2012 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) King, Bill (August 31, 1998). "Caddies, Sportswear Maker Happy after Striking a B.U.M. Deal" (http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/1998/08/19980831/No-Topic-Name/Caddies-Sportswear-Maker-Happy-After-Striking-A-BUM-Deal.aspx) . Sports Business . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ a b "B.U.M. Equipment Llc; B.U.M. Equipment Announces Dancing with the Stars Season 14 Participation". Leisure & Travel Week . April 14, 2012. 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< Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Project‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Project (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. This is an archive (/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page) of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) . Archive 1 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_1) Archive 2 Archive 3 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_3) Archive 4 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_4) Archive 5 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_5) This page is an Archive of the discussions from WikiProject Fashion talk page (Discussion page) (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) . (January 2008 - December 2008) - Please Do not edit! __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;highlights\/remaining issues from 2007 discussion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;highlights\/remaining issues from 2007 discussion&quot;} highlights/remaining issues from 2007 discussion __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion","timestamp":"2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;highlights\/remaining issues from 2007 discussion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;highlights\/remaining issues from 2007 discussion&quot;} I archived all the 2007 discussion because it seemed like no one was talking about it, but here are some highlights and unresolved issues others might want to take up later. The categories Category:Clothing and textile companies (/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_and_textile_companies&action=edit&redlink=1) , Category:Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) , Category:Clothing manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_manufacturers) , and Category:Clothing retailers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers) are overlapping and poorly organized. Helpful templates include {{ Infobox Fragrance (/wiki/Template:Infobox_Fragrance) }} , {{ Lingerie (/wiki/Template:Lingerie) }} , {{ High heels (/wiki/Template:High_heels) }} , {{ Infobox Fashion Designer (/wiki/Template:Infobox_Fashion_Designer) }} , {{ Infobox Model (/wiki/Template:Infobox_Model) }} , {{ Style.com (/wiki/Template:Style.com) }} , and {{ Fashion invite (/wiki/Template:Fashion_invite) }} (though I think these are already at Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion/Style guidelines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion/Style_guidelines) ) Category:History_of_fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) and Category:History_of_clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) are sometimes poorly delineated. We also have Category:Costume by era (/w/index.php?title=Category:Costume_by_era&action=edit&redlink=1) but it only has a couple things in it. If anyone else wants to add important things here have at it... Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 16:25, 23 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-23T16:25:00.000Z-highlights\/remaining_issues_from_2007_discussion","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-model_vs._supermodel-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z-model_vs._supermodel&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;model vs. supermodel&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;model vs. supermodel&quot;} model vs. supermodel __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-model_vs._supermodel-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z-model_vs._supermodel"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Thiste-2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-model_vs._supermodel-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z-model_vs._supermodel&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;model vs. supermodel&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;model vs. supermodel&quot;} I see all sorts of models described as "X is a [Brazilian/French/etc] supermodel" in the opening sentence of their articles. I think this is POV and unnecessary, and it would be better to simply refer to them as models. Is there any support for this? I'd prefer to be able to cite community-wide discussion when making these changes. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 18:36, 15 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z-model_vs._supermodel) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z-model_vs._supermodel","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","c-Thiste-2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z"]}} Support : Without a citation for such a reference, I agree that should be demoted to simply "model". I mean, what is a supermodel, anyway? Do they exist anymore? Anna Wintour said they were dead, and probably did more to make that happen when she shifted the focus of Vogue covers to celebrities. It's an inherently subjective term that is too often applied to anybody's favorite model regardless of her (and it is always "her") status within the profession and the fashion world. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 18:45, 15 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:54:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z"]}} I guess I would go even farther and eliminate this in the intro even when there is a reference, preferring instead to name concrete achievements. Tons of models have been called a supermodel by someone at one point or another, but that doesn't mean that their "supermodel status" (assuming such can be established by a single citation) is relevant to the intro. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 18:54, 15 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:54:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-15T18:54:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:54:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-15T18:45:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Support . Even though I've been guilty of it at some point (I created Morgane Dubled (/wiki/Morgane_Dubled) 's article with the supermodel tag - mainly because there was a huge models list on the supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) 's article at the time), I actually think supermodel is a very bold statement and mainly a thing of the 90s : there should be only a handful of models considered as supermodels ie. models that the general public knows and recognizes as one. That, however, is very hard to quantify even if a few names obviously come to mind ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) ). Other than those lucky few, I don't think even very succesful models can be considered supermodels . As a general rule though I would advocate to change it to "top model" instead of "model" since as I've stated before, everybody and her sister calls herself "model" as soon as they've been in front of a camera. Thiste (/wiki/User:Thiste) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Thiste) ) 05:15, 20 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Thiste-2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z","author":"Thiste","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Thiste-2008-04-20T05:15:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-15T18:36:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Missing_Objective_Commentary-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z-Missing_Objective_Commentary&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Missing Objective Commentary&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Missing Objective Commentary&quot;} Missing Objective Commentary __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Missing_Objective_Commentary-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z","replies":["c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z-Missing_Objective_Commentary"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Missing_Objective_Commentary-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z-Missing_Objective_Commentary&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Missing Objective Commentary&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Missing Objective Commentary&quot;} I've noticed that for most fashion companies, brands, designers ,editors, and ## that we don't really have any "commentary-type" information. For instance Miu Miu is the lower-cost branch of the Prada company. Oscar de la Renta is primarily targeted at older women (30+). BCBG Max Azria goes up and down every year. Kenneth Cole used to lead NY FW but doesn't anymore. Chado Ralph Rucci (/wiki/Chado_Ralph_Rucci) (just added) was the first American line ever to be invited to Paris Haute Couture. Does anyone on the project besides myself have some year-to-year knowledge of the industry as a whole? Obviously it has to remain fairly objective, but simply stating statistics or lists shouldn't be the focus of this project. We need some good history. LaVieEntiere (/wiki/User:LaVieEntiere) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:LaVieEntiere) ) 04:50, 7 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z-Missing_Objective_Commentary) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z","author":"LaVieEntiere","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z-Missing_Objective_Commentary","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z"]}} We need all the editors we can get. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 13:08, 7 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-07T13:08:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:50:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Sample InfoBox __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Sample_InfoBox","replies":[],"uneditableSection":true}} Prada <<Company Logo>> Original Designer Miuccia Prada Current Designer Miuccia Prada Type Privately Held Clothing Ready-to-Wear Opened 1913 __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Assessing_articles-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z-Assessing_articles&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Assessing articles&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Assessing articles&quot;} Assessing articles __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Assessing_articles-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z","replies":["c-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z-Assessing_articles"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Miranda-2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Assessing_articles-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z-Assessing_articles&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Assessing articles&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Assessing articles&quot;} I am assessing articles for the project to reduce the backlog. Anyone can join. Miranda (/wiki/User_talk:Miranda) 07:01, 21 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z-Assessing_articles) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z","author":"Miranda","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z-Assessing_articles","replies":["c-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z"]}} I think I have assessed enough articles. But I did try to add pictures to companies that didn't have pictures. m ir a nd a 08:02, 23 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z","author":"Miranda","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-21T07:01:00.000Z","replies":["c-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z"]}} it's less than 198 now. m ir a nd a 01:42, 26 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z","author":"Miranda","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-23T08:02:00.000Z","replies":["c-Miranda-2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z"]}} ~114 now. I think that's enough articles for me to assess now. m ir a nd a 09:45, 26 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Miranda-2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z","author":"Miranda","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Miranda-2008-01-26T09:45:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-01-26T01:42:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;categorization - fashion vs. clothing&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;categorization - fashion vs. clothing&quot;} categorization - fashion vs. clothing __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-PKM-2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;categorization - fashion vs. clothing&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;categorization - fashion vs. clothing&quot;} The situation with the categories is very bad and confusing right now. Is there support for merging the categories to be "X clothing and fashion" (or "Clothing and fashion in X"), etc.? That way we don't have to battle over what's traditional clothing vs. modern fashion, and everything is in helpful categories. Thoughts? Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 20:19, 24 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z-categorization_-_fashion_vs._clothing","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","c-PKM-2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z"]}} These are the nationality categories, right? If this is so, yes. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 10:46, 26 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-26T22:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z"]}} There's the nationalities, and then there's also "History of clothing", "History of fashion" and "History of costume" generally... Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 22:39, 26 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-26T22:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-26T22:39:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-26T22:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-26T10:46:00.000Z","replies":[]}} I'd support that for categories. Individual articles I'd want to think through the implications. - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 01:59, 27 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-PKM-2008-01-27T01:59:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-24T20:19:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Labrador_Fashion-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Labrador Fashion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Labrador Fashion&quot;} Labrador Fashion __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Labrador_Fashion-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion","timestamp":"2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Labrador_Fashion-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Labrador Fashion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Labrador Fashion&quot;} A proposed deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion) template has been added to the article Labrador Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Labrador_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) , suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. 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Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 18:37, 27 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-27T18:37:00.000Z-Labrador_Fashion","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Chicago_Fashion_Week-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Chicago_Fashion_Week&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Chicago Fashion Week&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Chicago Fashion Week&quot;} Chicago Fashion Week __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Chicago_Fashion_Week-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Chicago_Fashion_Week"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Chicago_Fashion_Week-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Chicago_Fashion_Week&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Chicago Fashion Week&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Chicago Fashion Week&quot;} A proposed deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion) template has been added to the article Chicago Fashion Week (/wiki/Chicago_Fashion_Week) , suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_inclusion) , and the deletion notice should explain why (see also " What Wikipedia is not (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not) " and Wikipedia's deletion policy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) ). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{ dated prod (/wiki/Template:Dated_prod) }} notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page (/wiki/Talk:Chicago_Fashion_Week) . Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process (/wiki/Wikipedia:PROD) , the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria (/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion) or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion) , where it may be deleted if consensus (/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus) to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add {{ db-author (/wiki/Template:Db-author) }} to the top of Chicago Fashion Week (/wiki/Chicago_Fashion_Week) . Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 16:32, 30 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Chicago_Fashion_Week) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Chicago_Fashion_Week","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z"]}} I nominated this because there is no national coverage of this event and it does not appear to be a notable fashion week. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 16:32, 30 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z"]}} In the US, only New York's Fashion Week is truly notable at the moment (and probably for quite a few more moments, too). The others are creations of the local Chamber of Commerce. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 19:07, 30 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z"]}} I don't know if I'd go that far... The LA fashion week gets decent press and perhaps Portland is notable as well because of it's unique eco-fashion focus. (Portland's probably not notable from a fashion perspective but perhaps from an environmentalism perspective.) Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 19:34, 30 January 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-01-30T19:34:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-01-30T19:07:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-New_category?-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z-New_category?&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;New category?&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;New category?&quot;} New category? __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-New_category?-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z","replies":["c-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z-New_category?"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-New_category?-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z-New_category?&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;New category?&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;New category?&quot;} I noticed that one of the categories to which Natural Wonder (Revlon subsidiary brand) (/wiki/Natural_Wonder_(Revlon_subsidiary_brand)) was to be assigned is not yet up: Category:Cosmetics brands (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands) . Are there enough Articles so tagged to warrant creating the Category as stated? - B. C. Schmerker (/wiki/User:B.C.Schmerker) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:B.C.Schmerker) ) 09:33, 11 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z-New_category?) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z","author":"B.C.Schmerker","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z-New_category?","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z"],"displayName":"B. C. Schmerker"}} Search on the phrase and see. I'm sure we have enough articles to support a category if you wish to create it. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 17:31, 11 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-11T17:31:00.000Z-B.C.Schmerker-2008-02-11T09:33:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Can anyone identify these fashion show attendees?&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Can anyone identify these fashion show attendees?&quot;} Can anyone identify these fashion show attendees? __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__5__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__5__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Can anyone identify these fashion show attendees?&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Can anyone identify these fashion show attendees?&quot;} I just got a flickr user to release a whole huge set of photos taken outside a Hermes fashion show under a CC license. I've been picking through them and identifying people as I can, but there are * lots that I don't know. I'm sure many of these people are just various socialites and minor writers, but there may be some good editors and such buried in here. Please have a look! (This list removes a bunch of duplicates from the set, as well as people I already could identify.) Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 16:10, 15 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z-Can_anyone_identify_these_fashion_show_attendees?","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-15T17:52:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z"]}} http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265414405/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265414405/) <= Alexandra Golovanoff, french fashion journalist working at TV channel "Paris Premiere". http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265413853/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265413853/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265410159/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265410159/) (who's the girl on the left?) <= I think this is Bette Franke. http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265391943/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265391943/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407938/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407938/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407900/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407900/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407810/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407810/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407313/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265407313/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265406724/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265406724/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265406664/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265406664/) <= Ahn Duong? -LVE http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405614/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405614/) <= looks like Anne Christensen (NYT) -LVE http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405300/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405300/) <= looks like Anne Christensen (NYT) #2 -LVE http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405002/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265405002/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404933/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404933/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404675/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404675/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404053/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265404053/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403761/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403761/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403465/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403465/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403397/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265403397/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265402276/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265402276/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265402128/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265402128/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265401306/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265401306/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400737/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400737/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400679/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400679/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400589/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400589/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400399/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400399/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400245/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400245/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400064/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265400064/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399372/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399372/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399299/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399299/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399146/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399146/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399068/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265399068/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398602/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398602/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398169/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398169/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398115/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398115/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398034/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265398034/) <= Tonie Marshall (/wiki/Tonie_Marshall) , french cineast. http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265397972/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265397972/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265397866/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265397866/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396688/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396688/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396616/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396616/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396359/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396359/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396305/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265396305/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395637/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395637/) <= Most probably Maggie Cheung (/wiki/Maggie_Cheung) . http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395236/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395236/) <= looks like "Mr Mickey" of Paper -LVE http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395175/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395175/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395098/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265395098/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394300/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394300/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394141/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394141/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394036/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265394036/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265392302/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265392302/) http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265392249/ (http://flickr.com/photos/captaincatan/265392249/) I'll ask David Shankbone (/wiki/User:David_Shankbone) for some help. He's shot fashion people before for us; he may know. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 17:52, 15 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-15T17:52:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-15T17:52:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-02-15T17:52:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","replies":[]}} LVE -> LaVieEntiere. Looks like a lot of photogs and mag assistants though, no heavy-hitters. LaVieEntiere (/wiki/User:LaVieEntiere) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:LaVieEntiere) ) 04:05, 7 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z","author":"LaVieEntiere","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-02-15T16:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z"]}} Or ask Mike H (/wiki/User:Mike_H) . m ir a nd a 03:50, 17 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z","author":"Miranda","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z-LaVieEntiere-2008-05-07T04:05:00.000Z","replies":["c-Thiste-2008-04-19T03:53:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z"]}} Recognized a few of them, some others ring a bell but couldn't put a name on them... too bad. Thiste (/wiki/User:Thiste) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Thiste) ) 03:53, 19 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Thiste-2008-04-19T03:53:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-19T03:53:00.000Z","author":"Thiste","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Thiste-2008-04-19T03:53:00.000Z-Miranda-2008-02-17T03:50:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-chambray-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;chambray&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;chambray&quot;} chambray __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-chambray-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z","replies":["c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray","timestamp":"2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-chambray-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;chambray&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;chambray&quot;} As per [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_France#Chambray) . Does anyone know if chambray is another word for cambric (/wiki/Cambric) , or if it is something slightly different? Zigzig20s (/wiki/User:Zigzig20s) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Zigzig20s) ) 12:16, 20 February 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z","author":"Zigzig20s","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Zigzig20s-2008-02-20T12:16:00.000Z-chambray","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Categories-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z-Categories&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Categories&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Categories&quot;} Categories __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Categories-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z-Categories"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__5__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Categories-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z-Categories&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Categories&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Categories&quot;} What is going on with these? There have been some odd and rather inconsistent-seeming changes being made. Have these been discussed anywhere? Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 20:29, 4 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z-Categories) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z-Categories","replies":["c-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z"]}} TheEditrix2 (/wiki/User:TheEditrix2) ( Talk (/wiki/User_talk:TheEditrix2) ) is back I see. There was a full-blown edit war over her wholesale reclassification of fashion articles back in 2006 - see Talk:History_of_Western_fashion (/wiki/Talk:History_of_Western_fashion) for the details. I am bowing out of this discussion, as it is bad for my blood pressure. I'll support whatever the project team decides to do by proper consensus.- PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 20:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-03-04T20:29:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T21:54:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z","c-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z"]}} Concensus is the key. Have others noticed the changes? Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 21:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T21:54:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-04T21:54:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-03-04T21:54:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Could someone provide some examples? I do remember there was this big todo about "history of fashion" vs. "history of clothing". Has that returned? Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 04:43, 5 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-03-04T20:54:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z"]}} Just look at her contributions for March 4th; it's similar but not the same as last time, on the areas i'm interested in. She is also doing something on US v European, I think (also as last time), but that's not my period. Her talk page says (only) "My policy: Leave me alone. I'll delete any additions to my talk pages, unread." so I haven't bothered leaving a message! Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 13:03, 5 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-03-05T13:03:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-03-05T04:43:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;WikiProject Fashion: Articles of unclear notability&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;WikiProject Fashion: Articles of unclear notability&quot;} WikiProject Fashion: Articles of unclear notability __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z","replies":["c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability","timestamp":"2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;WikiProject Fashion: Articles of unclear notability&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;WikiProject Fashion: Articles of unclear notability&quot;} Hello, there are currently 12 articles in the scope of this project which are tagged with notability concerns (/wiki/Template:Notability) . I have listed them here (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Notability/Listing_by_project/Page_4#WikiProject_Fashion) . (Note: this listing is based on a database snapshot of 12 March 2008 and may be slightly outdated.) I would encourage members of this project to have a look at these articles, and see whether independent sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:INDY) can be added, whether the articles can be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:MERGE) into an article of larger scope, or possibly be deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion) . Any help in cleaning up this backlog is appreciated. For further information, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Notability (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Notability) . If you have any questions, please leave a message on the Notability project page (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Notability) or on my personal talk page (/wiki/User_talk:B._Wolterding) . (I'm not watching this page however.) Thanks! -- B. Wolterding (/wiki/User:B._Wolterding) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:B._Wolterding) ) 16:36, 23 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z","author":"B. Wolterding","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-B._Wolterding-2008-03-23T16:36:00.000Z-WikiProject_Fashion:_Articles_of_unclear_notability","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\&quot;Spring_Pardessus\&quot;-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-\&quot;Spring_Pardessus\&quot;&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Spring Pardessus\&quot;&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Spring Pardessus\&quot;&quot;} "Spring Pardessus" __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-\"Spring_Pardessus\"-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-\"Spring_Pardessus\""],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-\"Spring_Pardessus\"","timestamp":"2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\&quot;Spring_Pardessus\&quot;-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-\&quot;Spring_Pardessus\&quot;&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Spring Pardessus\&quot;&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Spring Pardessus\&quot;&quot;} Two good illustrations from an 1861 Harper's of a style of clothing referred to by them as a "Spring Pardessus". We don't seem to have an article on this (or even an appropriate redirect); "Pardessus" seems to appear in Wikipedia only as a person's name. Thought someone on this project might be interested. - Jmabel (/wiki/User:Jmabel) | Talk (/wiki/User_talk:Jmabel) 06:41, 28 March 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-"Spring_Pardessus") __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z","author":"Jmabel","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jmabel-2008-03-28T06:41:00.000Z-\"Spring_Pardessus\"","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Portal:Textile_Arts-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Portal:Textile Arts&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Portal:Textile Arts&quot;} Portal:Textile Arts (/wiki/Portal:Textile_Arts) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Portal:Textile_Arts-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z","replies":["c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts","timestamp":"2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Portal:Textile_Arts-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Portal:Textile Arts&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Portal:Textile Arts&quot;} This portal is currently undergoing its second Portal Peer Review (/wiki/Wikipedia:PPREV) , and your comments/feedback would be appreciated at the portal peer review subpage (/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_peer_review/Textile_Arts/archive2) . Cirt (/wiki/User:Cirt) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Cirt) ) 12:03, 9 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z","author":"Cirt","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Cirt-2008-04-09T12:03:00.000Z-Portal:Textile_Arts","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z-A_vexing_conundrum&quot;,&quot;h-More_on_the_issue-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A vexing conundrum&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;A vexing conundrum&quot;} A vexing conundrum __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z-A_vexing_conundrum","h-More_on_the_issue-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z-More_on_the_issue","timestamp":"2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z-A_vexing_conundrum&quot;,&quot;h-More_on_the_issue-A_vexing_conundrum-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A vexing conundrum&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;A vexing conundrum&quot;} The article on G-string (/wiki/G-string) says: A G-string (alternatively gee-string or gee string) is a type of thong, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as swimwear or underwear by both men and women. The two terms G-string and thong are often used interchangeably; however, they can refer to distinct pieces of clothing: The primary difference between the two garments is that a g-string has less material between the legs and buttocks, hence a string-like appearance. The article on Thong (clothing) (/wiki/Thong_(clothing)) says: Thongs are similar to g-strings, the main difference being that thongs have more material between the legs and back whereas a g-string has less, usually an actual "string" of material. Retailer FreshPair defines thong as "An underwear style for both men and women with a thin fabric back that rests between the buttocks" whereas a g-string is "A panty with a very thin (string-like) band of fabric in the back." The body of both articles categorically fails to make distinction, while the lead section I quote here lack reference badly. I was wondering - are these two really two different propositions, or is a G-string is a type of thong? A tanga is a thong in all meaning, a fundoshi is a very different concept. But, is a G-string (or a V-string or a T-string) really not-thongs? Looking at the meaning of a thong that seems hardly possible. Can someone explain? Aditya ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Aditya_Kabir) • contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/Aditya_Kabir) ) 20:46, 12 April 2008 (UTC) i think the most popular belief is that g strings tend to have actual "strings" holding them together, while thongs have more material on the straps. So really, g strings and thongs are diffrent garments, thongs being thin, and g strings very thin. Speedo113 (/wiki/User:Speedo113) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Speedo113) ) 22:42, 13 June 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z-A_vexing_conundrum) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z","author":"Aditya Kabir","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-12T20:46:00.000Z-A_vexing_conundrum","replies":[],"displayName":"Aditya"}} More on the issue I have looked a bit into the matter myself. And, here are some of the things I found: Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion by Valerie Steele (Thomson Gale; 2005) says: "The G-string, or thong, [is] a panty front with a half- to one-inch strip of fabric at the back that sits between the buttocks". Knickers: A Brief History by Sarah Tomczak, Rachel Pask (Allen & Unwin; 2004) says: "Minor tweaks to the cut earned these skimpy panties different titles — from the thong, which has a one-inch strip of fabric down AVPL is the underwear the back, to a G-string, which, as the name equivalent of spinach suggests, is more like a string of fabric akin between the teeth." Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show by Rachel Shteir (Oxford University Press; 2004) says: "The thong [is] an undergarment derived from the strippers G-string". Americanisms: The Illustrated Book of Words Made in the USA by Gary Luke, Susan R. Quinn (Sasquatch Books; 2003) says: "G-string, noun: a thong panty consisting of a small triangular piece of fabric supported by two elastic straps. Attributed to strippers circa 1936". Heinemann English Dictionary by Heinemann Staff, Martin Manser, Jessica Feinstein (Harcourt Heinemann; 2001) says: "Thong, noun: a pair of underpants or swimming costume in a very skimpy style like a G-string". The Guardian UK says: "But the thong wasn't always so popular: in the old days it used to be called the G-string". [2] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2001/may/29/netnotes.chrisalden) Apparently the biggest difference between a thong and a G-string lies in the minute difference in width of the fabric in the back, and probably their usage (G-string seems to be more of a stripper's thing). It also seems that all G-strings are thongs, but not all thongs are G-strings, which, if accepted as a fact, makes G-strings rather an extreme form of thongs than a really separate proposition (much like push-ups, which still are nothing but bras). Aditya ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Aditya_Kabir) • contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/Aditya_Kabir) ) 07:11, 14 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z-More_on_the_issue) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z","author":"Aditya Kabir","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-04-14T07:11:00.000Z-More_on_the_issue","replies":[],"displayName":"Aditya"}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Userboxes-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z-Userboxes&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Userboxes&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Userboxes&quot;} Userboxes __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Userboxes-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z-Userboxes"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Userboxes-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z-Userboxes&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Userboxes&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Userboxes&quot;} Hi! I've noticed that there are no userboxes for this project. I would be happy to make some!-- Listen to your Princess, dear Wikipedians. (/wiki/User:Princess_Janay) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Princess_Janay) ) 18:46, 29 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z-Userboxes) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z","author":"Princess Janay","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z-Userboxes","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z"],"displayName":"Listen to your Princess, dear Wikipedians."}} See {{ User Fashion (/wiki/Template:User_Fashion) }} (it's on my userpage, and some others), although we could certainly use a choice (it wouldn't be fashion if we didn't). Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 18:54, 29 April 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-04-29T18:54:00.000Z-Princess_Janay-2008-04-29T18:46:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt&quot;,&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Proposed collaboration: Aloha shirt&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Proposed collaboration: Aloha shirt&quot;} Proposed collaboration: Aloha shirt __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z","replies":["c-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt","c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt","timestamp":"2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__6__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt&quot;,&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Proposed collaboration: Aloha shirt&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Proposed collaboration: Aloha shirt&quot;} Aloha. Is this project very active? If it is, would anyone be interested in collaborating with WikiProject Hawaii (/wiki/Wikipedia:HAWAII) on Aloha shirt (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) ? I've spent the last week collecting some great sources, and I believe I have everything necessary to help bring this article to FA status, although images are always welcome. Please let me know. Viriditas (/wiki/User:Viriditas) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas) ) 09:50, 1 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z","author":"Viriditas","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z"]}} We're not really at the stage where we have enough regularly-involved editors to start a formal CotW yet, I think. However, you can certainly start the article and ask people here if they'd look at it ... I'd be happy to if you keep me advised. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 17:06, 1 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-01T09:50:00.000Z","replies":["c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z"]}} Great! I've started a sandbox over here (/wiki/User:Viriditas/Aloha_shirt) if anyone is interested in getting their hands on some of the sources that I'm using. I could use some guidance on the image policy. There are some very rare photos of early aloha shirts that can't be reproduced as a free image; would it be acceptable to scan in a few for the article? Viriditas (/wiki/User:Viriditas) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas) ) 11:58, 8 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z","author":"Viriditas","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-01T17:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z"]}} If they're rare and historically irrepeatable, they can be used under a fair use rationale. See WP:FUC (/wiki/Wikipedia:FUC) . Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 22:56, 18 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z-Viriditas-2008-05-08T11:58:00.000Z","replies":["c-Viriditas-2008-06-22T22:24:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z"]}} Thanks. The article is undergoing some expansion, so please keep an eye on it. Viriditas (/wiki/User:Viriditas) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas) ) 22:24, 22 June 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Viriditas-2008-06-22T22:24:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-06-22T22:24:00.000Z","author":"Viriditas","type":"comment","level":5,"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-06-22T22:24:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:56:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Status of article as of October 2008 can be found here (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hawaii/Outreach/Newsletter/October_2008) . Viriditas (/wiki/User:Viriditas) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas) ) 15:05, 6 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z","author":"Viriditas","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-10-06T15:05:00.000Z-Proposed_collaboration:_Aloha_shirt","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Hippie-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Hippie&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Hippie&quot;} Hippie (/wiki/Hippie) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Hippie-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z","replies":["c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie","timestamp":"2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Hippie-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Hippie&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Hippie&quot;} The hippie (/wiki/Hippie) article is seeking well-sourced expansion of fashion-related elements, as well as any photographs that can help illustrate hippie fashion. Thanks. Viriditas (/wiki/User:Viriditas) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Viriditas) ) 12:00, 8 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z","author":"Viriditas","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Viriditas-2008-05-08T12:00:00.000Z-Hippie","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Clothing_template-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z-Clothing_template&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Clothing template&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Clothing template&quot;} Clothing template __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Clothing_template-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z","replies":["c-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z-Clothing_template"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Clothing_template-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z-Clothing_template&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Clothing template&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Clothing template&quot;} I have expanded {{ Clothing (/wiki/Template:Clothing) }} to include sections on Historical garments, National costume, and History/Surveys. These sections are incomplete, and I'd appreciate folks adding appropriate articles. I don't have time right now to be thorough and systematic about this process. Thanks, all - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 18:31, 18 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z-Clothing_template) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z-Clothing_template","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z"]}} Wow! Great work. It honestly occurs to me, though, that we might be better off with some of those sections as separate navboxes (where we could then put in pictures). It's an awfully large navbox for some of the stubby articles it's been put in. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 22:58, 18 May 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-05-18T22:58:00.000Z-PKM-2008-05-18T18:31:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Call for contributions - YSL&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Call for contributions - YSL&quot;} Call for contributions - YSL __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL","timestamp":"2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Call for contributions - YSL&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Call for contributions - YSL&quot;} Hi all, the Yves Saint Laurent (designer) (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) is looking really sad and is likely getting loads of traffic because of his recent death. Please help expand the article with info from the linked obituaries! Mangostar (/wiki/User:Mangostar) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mangostar) ) 03:57, 3 June 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z","author":"Mangostar","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Mangostar-2008-06-03T03:57:00.000Z-Call_for_contributions_-_YSL","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-DC_Shoes-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z-DC_Shoes&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;DC_Shoes&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;DC Shoes&quot;} DC_Shoes (/wiki/DC_Shoes) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-DC_Shoes-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z","replies":["c-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z-DC_Shoes"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-DC_Shoes-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z-DC_Shoes&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;DC_Shoes&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;DC Shoes&quot;} Hi Can someone please have a quick look at Talk:DC_Shoes (/wiki/Talk:DC_Shoes) : User:Dcshoes (/wiki/User:Dcshoes) , who I had a lengthy discussion with about conflict of interest, has agreed to post his proposals on the discussion page. I don't feel qualified myself to include those, and it's probably a good idea if someone else tells him what's noteable information and what isn't since I kept reverting (almost) all of his edits so far. It's only 4 sentences and 3 links. Thanks, Amalthea (/wiki/User:Amalthea) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Amalthea) ) 19:37, 5 June 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z-DC_Shoes) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z","author":"Amalthea","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z-DC_Shoes","replies":["c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z"]}} Anyone? :) -- Amalthea (/wiki/User:Amalthea) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Amalthea) ) 00:22, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z","author":"Amalthea","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-06-05T19:37:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z"]}} WP:COI/N (/wiki/Wikipedia:COI/N) might be a better place to get some review of this. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 05:34, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z-Amalthea-2008-07-03T00:22:00.000Z","replies":["c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z"]}} Thanks, I wasn't aware that there's a category for that. I placed the appropriate template on Talk:DC_Shoes (/wiki/Talk:DC_Shoes) . Cheers, Amalthea (/wiki/User:Amalthea) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Amalthea) ) 14:17, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z","author":"Amalthea","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Amalthea-2008-07-03T14:17:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-07-03T05:34:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\u00c1o d\u00e0i&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\u00c1o d\u00e0i&quot;} Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z","replies":["c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i","timestamp":"2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\u00c1o d\u00e0i&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\u00c1o d\u00e0i&quot;} The Áo dài is a Vietnamese dress. I have nominated this as a "Good Article." Kauffner (/wiki/User:Kauffner) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Kauffner) ) 17:00, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-Áo_dài) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z","author":"Kauffner","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Kauffner-2008-07-03T17:00:00.000Z-\u00c1o_d\u00e0i","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Articles flagged for cleanup&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Articles flagged for cleanup&quot;} Articles flagged for cleanup __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z","replies":["c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup","timestamp":"2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Articles flagged for cleanup&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Articles flagged for cleanup&quot;} Currently, 752 of the articles assigned to this project, or 36.6%, are flagged for cleanup of some sort. (Data as of 18 June 2008.) Are you interested in finding out more? I am offering to generate cleanup to-do lists on a project or work group level. See User:B. Wolterding/Cleanup listings (/wiki/User:B._Wolterding/Cleanup_listings) for details. Subsribing is easy - just add a template (/wiki/User:WolterBot/Cleanup_listing_subscription) to your project page. If you want to respond to this canned message, please do so at my user talk page (/wiki/User_talk:B._Wolterding) . -- B. Wolterding (/wiki/User:B._Wolterding) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:B._Wolterding) ) 17:36, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z","author":"B. Wolterding","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-B._Wolterding-2008-07-03T17:36:00.000Z-Articles_flagged_for_cleanup","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Changes to the WP:1.0 assessment scheme&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Changes to the WP:1.0 assessment scheme&quot;} Changes to the WP:1.0 assessment scheme __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z","replies":["c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme","timestamp":"2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Changes to the WP:1.0 assessment scheme&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Changes to the WP:1.0 assessment scheme&quot;} As you may have heard (/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-06-23/Dispatches) , we at the Wikipedia 1.0 Editorial Team recently made some changes to the assessment scale, including the addition of a new level. The new description is available at WP:ASSESS (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment) . The new C-Class represents articles that are beyond the basic Start-Class, but which need additional references or cleanup to meet the standards for B-Class. The criteria for B-Class have been tightened up with the addition of a rubric (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment/B-Class_criteria) , and are now more in line with the stricter standards already used at some projects. A-Class article reviews will now need more than one person, as described here (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment/A-Class_criteria) . Each WikiProject should already have a new C-Class category at Category:C-Class_articles (/wiki/Category:C-Class_articles) . If your project elects not to use the new level, you can simply delete your WikiProject's C-Class category and clarify any amendments on your project's assessment/discussion pages. The bot (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Index) is already finding and listing C-Class articles. Please leave a message (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment#WikiProject_responses) with us if you have any queries regarding the introduction of the revised scheme. This scheme should allow the team to start producing offline selections for your project and the wider community within the next year. Thanks for using the Wikipedia 1.0 scheme! For the 1.0 Editorial Team (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team) , §hepBot ( Disable ) 21:55, 4 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z","author":"ShepBot","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-ShepBot-2008-07-04T21:55:00.000Z-Changes_to_the_WP:1.0_assessment_scheme","replies":[],"displayName":"\u00a7hepBot"}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-A_discussion-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A discussion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;A discussion&quot;} A discussion __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_discussion-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z","replies":["c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion","timestamp":"2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-A_discussion-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A discussion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;A discussion&quot;} An important discussion on " Should WikiProjects get prior approval of other WikiProjects (Descendant or Related or any ) to tag articles that overlaps their scope ? " is open here (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Council#Issues_with_WikiProject_Banner_Tagging) . We welcome you to participate and give your valuable opinions. -- TinuCherian (Wanna Talk?) (/wiki/User_talk:Tinucherian) - , member of WikiProject Council (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council) . 14:34, 8 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z","author":"Tinucherian","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Tinucherian-2008-07-08T14:34:00.000Z-A_discussion","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\&quot;Trouser\&quot;-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;} "Trouser" __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-\"Trouser\"-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z","replies":["c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-\"Trouser\""],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-\"Trouser\"","timestamp":"2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-\&quot;Trouser\&quot;-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Trouser\&quot;&quot;} Someone has moved Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) to Trouser (/wiki/Trouser) . I'd like the weight of project members to back a request for reversion. - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) The move has been reverted. - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 04:01, 13 July 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-"Trouser") __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-PKM-2008-07-13T04:01:00.000Z-\"Trouser\"","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Surface-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z-Surface&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Surface&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Surface&quot;} Surface __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Surface-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z","replies":["c-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z-Surface"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Surface-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z-Surface&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Surface&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Surface&quot;} I know next to nothing about the rag trade and I'm not in the US, so I really don't know: Is Surface (/wiki/Surface_(magazine)) a magazine of any significance? The existing article is grotesque, but I don't know whether it deserves improvement (how?) or deletion. -- Hoary (/wiki/User:Hoary) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Hoary) ) 04:47, 6 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z-Surface) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z","author":"Hoary","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z-Surface","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z"]}} I've heard of it, and it's pretty high in Amazon sales rankings, so I'd say yes. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 17:27, 14 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:27:00.000Z-Hoary-2008-08-06T04:47:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Identification_needed-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z-Identification_needed&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Identification needed&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Identification needed&quot;} Identification needed __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Identification_needed-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","replies":["c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z-Identification_needed"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__5__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Identification_needed-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z-Identification_needed&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Identification needed&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Identification needed&quot;} What are they wearing? I was wondering if the clothes featured in the image here can be identified as Tankini, a mixture of Tank tops (/wiki/Tank_top) and Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) bottoms. Please, help me out. Aditya ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Aditya_Kabir) • contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/Aditya_Kabir) ) 15:58, 14 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z-Identification_needed) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","author":"Aditya Kabir","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z-Identification_needed","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:44:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z"],"displayName":"Aditya"}} No, not really. I don't think there's a name for this outfit. Normally a tankini has a longer, tank-top-shaped top, and the top and the bottom typically match. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 17:28, 14 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:29:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z"]}} See also this google image search (http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=tankini&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi) . Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 17:29, 14 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:29:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-14T17:29:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:29:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-08-14T17:28:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Those could be called babydoll t-shirts, though babydolls aren't always quite that short. Google image search (http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&rls=GGLD%2CGGLD%3A2005-10%2CGGLD%3Aen&q=babydoll+t+shirt&btnG=Search+Images) . - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 21:44, 16 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:44:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-16T21:44:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:44:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Or cropped t-shirts ( images (http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-10,GGLD:en&q=cropped+t-shirt&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20) )... PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 21:47, 16 August 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-PKM-2008-08-16T21:47:00.000Z-Aditya_Kabir-2008-08-14T15:58:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Wikipedia 0.7 articles have been selected for Fashion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Wikipedia 0.7 articles have been selected for Fashion&quot;} Wikipedia 0.7 articles have been selected for Fashion __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z","replies":["c-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__5__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Wikipedia 0.7 articles have been selected for Fashion&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Wikipedia 0.7 articles have been selected for Fashion&quot;} Wikipedia 0.7 (/wiki/Wikipedia:Release_Version) is a collection of English Wikipedia articles due to be released on DVD, and available for free download, later this year. The Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team) has made an automated selection of articles for Version 0.7 (http://toolserver.org/~cbm/release-data/2008-9-13/HTML/) . We would like to ask you to review the articles selected from this project (http://toolserver.org/~cbm/release-data/2008-9-13/HTML/Fashion.s0.html) . These were chosen from the articles with this project's talk page tag, based on the rated importance and quality. If there are any specific articles that should be removed, please let us know at Wikipedia talk:Version 0.7 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Version_0.7) . You can also nominate additional articles for release, following the procedure at Wikipedia:Release Version Nominations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Release_Version_Nominations) . A list of selected articles with cleanup tags (http://toolserver.org/~cbm/cgi-bin/problems.cgi) , sorted by project, is available. The list is automatically updated each hour when it is loaded. Please try to fix any urgent problems in the selected articles. A team of copyeditors has agreed to help with copyediting requests (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Copyediting) , although you should try to fix simple issues on your own if possible. We would also appreciate your help in identifying the version of each article that you think we should use, to help avoid vandalism or POV issues. These versions can be recorded at this project's subpage (/wiki/User:SelectionBot/0.7/F-2) of User:SelectionBot/0.7 (/wiki/User:SelectionBot/0.7) . We are planning to release the selection for the holiday season, so we ask you to select the revisions before October 20. At that time, we will use an automatic process to identify which version of each article to release, if no version has been manually selected. Thanks! For the Wikipedia 1.0 Editorial team, SelectionBot (/wiki/User:SelectionBot) 22:52, 15 September 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z","author":"SelectionBot","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z-Wikipedia_0.7_articles_have_been_selected_for_Fashion","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z"]}} Should we not suggest inclusion of the History series of articles? Frankly I had never heard of half the biographical articles on the auto-list? Only a week to deadline. According to the autobot, Hilary Duff (/wiki/Hilary_Duff) is our 4th most significant article. All the History series, and Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , should go to High importance, just like nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) , which I will do. There is a good case for Top importance. Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 01:05, 15 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z-SelectionBot-2008-09-15T22:52:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:39:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z","c-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z"]}} Ok, I have re-rated 14th century to 1820s & between the Wars. 1945-60 doesn't even have the project tag. Unless anyone objects I will propose adding these, & some removals - do we need Hilary Duff, Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) (don't worry, I've heard of her), Acne vulgaris (/wiki/Acne_vulgaris) , Baldness (/wiki/Baldness) , Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) (likewise), Chloë Sevigny (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) and so on? Equally the founders of Armani, Versace, R Lauren, C Klein & Karl Lagerfeld narrowly missed the cut. Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 01:39, 15 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:39:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-15T01:39:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:39:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z","replies":[]}} What about shirt (/wiki/Shirt) , coat (clothing) (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) , jacket (/wiki/Jacket) , gown (/wiki/Gown) ? - PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PKM) ) 19:51, 18 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z","author":"PKM","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-10-15T01:05:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z"]}} Ok, today's the deadline, so 13 removals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Version_0.7&diff=prev&oldid=246557648) and 20 additions (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Release_Version_Nominations&diff=prev&oldid=246561655) requested. Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 19:43, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-10-20T19:43:00.000Z-PKM-2008-10-18T19:51:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Frankie_Morello-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Frankie Morello&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Frankie Morello&quot;} Frankie Morello (/w/index.php?title=Frankie_Morello&action=edit&redlink=1) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Frankie_Morello-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z","replies":["c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello","timestamp":"2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Frankie_Morello-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Frankie Morello&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Frankie Morello&quot;} Could anyone please create a page on Frankie Morello (/w/index.php?title=Frankie_Morello&action=edit&redlink=1) ? I can't believe they don't have a page! Zigzig20s (/wiki/User:Zigzig20s) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Zigzig20s) ) 23:31, 1 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z","author":"Zigzig20s","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Zigzig20s-2008-10-01T23:31:00.000Z-Frankie_Morello","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel&quot;,&quot;c-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel&quot;,&quot;h-This_says_all_that_needs_to_be_said-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;h-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Take 2 - Model vs. Supermodel&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Take 2 - Model vs. Supermodel&quot;} Take 2 - Model vs. Supermodel __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z","replies":["c-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel","c-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel","h-This_says_all_that_needs_to_be_said-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z","h-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Gar37bic-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial","timestamp":"2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__22__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__7__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel&quot;,&quot;c-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel&quot;,&quot;h-This_says_all_that_needs_to_be_said-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;h-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Take 2 - Model vs. Supermodel&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Take 2 - Model vs. Supermodel&quot;} Please comment: User:Catgut (/wiki/User:Catgut) has gone over a number of articles [3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Evangelista&diff=240542939&oldid=240013081) [4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Snowdon&diff=235264105&oldid=235210834) etc. and downgraded some established Supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) to Models (/wiki/Model_(person)) . Since the changes made by User:Catgut (/wiki/User:Catgut) have been in such a scope that it seems to involve every single established supermodel article on WP, it seems reasonable to discuss the matter centrally somewhere to see what a general consensus would be on this question? Do we need any supermodels on WP or not? So please comment. Thanks!-- Termer (/wiki/User:Termer) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Termer) ) 01:34, 18 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z","author":"Termer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Termer-2008-10-18T01:34:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel","replies":[]}} PS. The discussion above is noted. The questions still remain, who exactly would be a "top model"? supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) is a clearly defined term, that can be individually traced to number of sources. Considering this a POV? Really? not every fashion model gets titled so. The term is related to things like celebrity (/wiki/Celebrity) and pop culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) , and if someones says "these are the things of 90's" that doesn't sound like a valid argument I'm afraid. Anyway, lets see what comes of it. -- Termer (/wiki/User:Termer) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Termer) ) 04:30, 18 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z","author":"Termer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z-Take_2_-_Model_vs._Supermodel","replies":["c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z","c-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z"]}} Keep it at "models Well, Catgut began "downgrading" supermodels, but it's probably been me that's done it the most after being swayed in my opinion, so I'll comment here with a rational I used in Tarheelz123 (/wiki/User_talk:Tarheelz123) 's talk page and which he has subsequently ignored without comment: The problem is that the term "supermodel" is simply too subjective. Who's to say who is one and who isn't? Every model on earth has some news item calling them a "supermodel" nowadays no matter how farfetched the claim is (and some of them are so farfetched I'm amazed they have an article at all), so it's impossible to mark a divide and expect editors to comply by it and remain unbiased/neutral in using the term. Better to leave it at "model" so editors focus on constructive edits rather than bicker over claims of supermodel status, and so editors like me don't have to follow users like Tarheelz123 around as they rename their favorites to supermodels while ignoring all others. Mbinebri (/wiki/User:Mbinebri) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mbinebri) ) 14:02, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z","author":"Mbinebri","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z"]}} Agree with Mbinebri. See the discussion above (top of this page) where consensus was that "supermodel" is unnecessary POV. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 15:09, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T14:02:00.000Z","replies":["c-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z"]}} It's pretty clear there is no WP:consensus (/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus) on the subject if you "have to follow editors around" and instead of going back and forward changing people from supermodel to model and then back again, some simple WP rules should be followed. Every model on earth has some news item calling them a "supermodel" nowadays is not a fact and not even an issue from WP perspective for sure. The Princeton University English dictionary is very clear about who exactly is a "supermodel" a fashion model who has attained the status of a celebrity (http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=supermodel) . Now, since "news items" are primary sources but articles on WP have to be based on secondary sources, it seems to be pretty clear how to go about it by just following the WP:RS (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) and WP:OR (/wiki/Wikipedia:OR) . The bottom line, I don't think it's very productive to follow users around , such edit warring is never going to end unless the question is tied to something more solid than editorial opinions.-- Termer (/wiki/User:Termer) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Termer) ) 15:19, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z","author":"Termer","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:09:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z"]}} I think "supermodel" should be reserved for any models with proven powers far beyond those of mortal women: the ability to fit into garments sized in negative numbers, the ability to get through an entire week of trying shoots and shows without eating anything more than a cube of cheese, throwing up or shooting heroin ... Seriously, I think the Princeton definition quoted above is too flawed for us to use, for how do we say objectively when a model has become a celebrity? It is a term definitely worthy of an article, but it should not be used in intros. If it were, then any model meriting a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:BIO) is already automatically a supermodel. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 15:33, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":5,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T15:19:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z"]}} Agree, and also note that the role of the intro (especially the first sentence) is to objectively describe what the article is dealing with in basic terms. The first sentence of the Cindy Crawford article should say that she is a fashion model/former fashion model, and then perhaps later it should note that she is generally considered one of a handful of the biggest supermodels of the 1990s supermodel era. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 15:39, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":6,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-19T15:33:00.000Z","replies":["c-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z"]}} That sounds reasonable to me, avoiding the term in intros and by relying on secondary published sources taking it up later in articles. In case it's been established by any reliable sources that the model has either supernatural powers like suggested by Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) , or makes considerably more money than an average wikipedian by posing for such magazines like Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) etc. or anything else that may be relevant and has made the subject a celebrity according to WP:RS (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) can be taken care of in the content.-- Termer (/wiki/User:Termer) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Termer) ) 16:07, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z","author":"Termer","type":"comment","level":7,"id":"c-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-10-19T15:39:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z"]}} I can live with the term "supermodel" being avoided in intros but allowed use in the body of the article provided use of the term relates to a quoted/cited notable source, such as Anna Wintour calling Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) "the next supermodel." That way, the editor isn't being subjective so much as providing notable praise. As a side note to Termer: I don't know if your emphasis of me saying "following people around" was meant to be rude or not, but it seemed somewhat disrespectful to imply I'm edit warring. As a (hopefully) responsible editor, I felt obligated to revert edits I felt violate NPOV a single time, and since Tarheelz has subsequently reverted my reversions, I have taken no actions beyond discussing the issue here among responsible editors. Mbinebri (/wiki/User:Mbinebri) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mbinebri) ) 17:10, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z","author":"Mbinebri","type":"comment","level":8,"id":"c-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-19T16:07:00.000Z","replies":["c-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z","c-Flyer22-2008-10-19T18:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z"]}} RE: Mbinebri (/wiki/User:Mbinebri) Sorry if I sounded rude or disrespectful since it wasn't my intention. I was just quoting you follow users like Tarheelz123 around . I hope you understand that I knew nothing about your edits or Tarheelz123's and who was at the "right side" with this and who exactly follows someone around and who reverts what and how. It was just clear that something was going on since reverts were happening from both sides. That's why I initiated the discussion to find out what is going on with this and what would be the WP:Consensus (/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus) on the issue since I can't say that I'm an expert on supermodels exactly. I hope there are no hard feelings! all the best!-- Termer (/wiki/User:Termer) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Termer) ) 06:02, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z","author":"Termer","type":"comment","level":10,"id":"c-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z"]}} Sure, no hard feelings! Mbinebri (/wiki/User:Mbinebri) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mbinebri) ) 17:22, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z","author":"Mbinebri","type":"comment","level":11,"id":"c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-20T06:02:00.000Z","replies":[]}} As I stated on Tarheelz123 (/wiki/User:Tarheelz123) 's talk page, as long as there is a valid source calling that model a supermodel, then I do not see the problem. Also, I do not believe that there are many valid sources out there calling every famous model a supermodel. Who is a supermodel is easy in my eyes. It's simply what the lead (intro) of the Supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) article says. Yes, there will always be a few valid sources to call a model who is not a supermodel a supermodel, but so what? With the List of fictional supercouples (/wiki/List_of_fictional_supercouples) article, we have to deal with valid sites calling fictional couples who are not supercouples, well, supercouples as well. But you know what? Most regular or popular fictional couples are not called supercouples by valid sources or fans. The Internet certainly shows that that does not often happen. We also have articles on real-life supercouples...such as TomKat (/wiki/TomKat) and Posh and Becks (/wiki/Posh_and_Becks) . What, is this not being fair to other celebrity couples? I disagree with that. If other celebrity couples want to cry over not being a considered supercouples or not having a Wikipedia article about them, then let them cry. We go by sources and notability. The same goes for supermodels. Why should we disregard calling a model who is well-known (widely considered) as a supermodel a supermodel? If we go this route, then we might as well not even have the Supermodel article. The logic being thrown out there that we should not call any of these supermodels supermodels in their own articles because it is unfair/non-neutral to other models could go the same for the Supermodel article. Any model who feels that they are a supermodel, but does not see their name in the Supermodel article, could become upset as well. But so what? If they want to be considered a supermodel, then they are either going to have to work for that title or be called one by a valid source. In the case that a model is called a supermodel by a valid source, but we know that most people would not call that model a supermodel, then we can simply state, "described as a supermodel by [fill in valid site or newspaper here]"... To take away the title of supermodel from models who have rightly earned that title just to appease less well-known models is what is not fair and is non-neutral. As I stated on Tarheelz123's talk page, even if we do not note these supermodels as supermodels in the lead (intro) of their articles, we could note, in the lower part of the body, that they are considered supermodels by whatever valid site we have stating them as such. That's mainly most of what I have to say on this matter. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 18:39, 19 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-19T18:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-19T18:39:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":9,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-19T18:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-19T17:10:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Thanks for bringing up this question. I'm involved with the business and remember the days when we had a handful of models, including Claudia, Christy, Helena, Yasmeen etc, who were sort of supermodels. Those days are over. Now we have at least 200 girls who travel and work internationally, and earn a lot of bucks. Today supermodel has become mainly a PR term much too frequently used by fashion magazines. They've created a supermodel hype in order to prove that they're working with the elite. Unfortunately, the term supermodel has lost all of its former value. And even more important: There is no credible institution whose authoritative judgment we could use as a basis for calling someone a supermodel . Using the term supermodel would always mean violating WP:NPOV (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV) . Supermodel is sort of a title. It's not a profession. It's an assessment. You could compare it to movie star (/wiki/Movie_star) . Without doubt, Brad (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) and Bob (/wiki/Robert_De_Niro) and Scarlett (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) and Angelina (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) are movie stars. Nevertheless, in their respective articles they're called actor or actress , not movie star . That's what they are. They're professional actors and actresses. And the same goes for supermodels. They are models by profession. Nothing more, nothing less. Anything else is mere PR and/or vanity. -- Catgut (/wiki/User:Catgut) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Catgut) ) 01:12, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z","author":"Catgut","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-Termer-2008-10-18T04:30:00.000Z","replies":["c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z","c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-1"]}} I disagree with the comparison to the "movie star" title. I mean, every actor/actress who has starred in a Hollywood film is called a movie star. Not every model is called a supermodel, nor should they be. I do not see why we have to be neutral in this case. If a model is a supermodel, that model is a supermodel. Just as it is fact that Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) is widely considered one of the world's most beautiful people, as it states in the lead (intro) of her article. I mean, what, is that non-neutral to people who are not widely considered beautiful or beautiful at all? So what? Not everyone is going to be considered widely beautiful or beautiful even a little. It is almost silly and childish that we cannot call a model a supermodel because it is unfair to other models. I mean, life is not always fair. Not every model is going to be called a supermodel. The ones who are not called supermodels will just have to deal, and they do. I highly doubt that they are stressing because Wikipedia is not calling them supermodels. And if they are, then they will just have to get over it, just as they do in everyday life. But the true supermodels? Yes, I feel that if they were to stumble across their Wikipedia articles and see that they are only labeled as models, not as supermodels (titles that they have worked hard for), they will feel that it is off and will feel disrespected. I know for a fact that Janice Dickinson (/wiki/Janice_Dickinson) would, and I do not even personally know her. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 02:43, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z"]}} Is there some organization somewhere that hands out certificates saying a model has achieved supermodel status? Unless there is, it's an entirely subjective term, and not something you could be argued to have "worked hard for". I venture to guess that Mrs. Dickenson considers her checks to be something she worked hard for, not a word she claims to have been the first true person for in the modern sense. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 05:36, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z","replies":["c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z"]}} Your asking is their some organization somewhere that hands out certificates saying a model has achieved supermodel is the same as asking if a celebrity has reached A-list (/wiki/A-list) status. No certificate is needed. People simply know when a star has reached A-list status, just as they know who the supermodels are. But, yes, there are magazines such as Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) often listing A-list stars, and the Ulmer Scale (/wiki/James_Ulmer) being seen as an authortive source for who is A-list. Supermodels are not born anymore, as valid sources within the Supermodel article state. The certificate that came with naming supermodels happened back then. The true supermodels are the ones almost everyone knows of and knows that they are supermodels. To say that the term Supermodel is entirely subjective term, and not something you could be argued to have "worked hard for" is taking away from the fact that that term was specifically created for the big name models back in the 80s and 90s; they earned that title because they were not like your typical models, and other models who got that title back then worked work for that title; it was not handed to every model, and is still not today. If it were truly a subjective term, then this discussion would not have been started. The only reason this discussion was started is because some people disagree with some of these newer models being called supermodels. But who really disagrees with the big name models in the Supermodel article being called supermodels? That is my point. If it were truly subjective, there would be major dispute about Cindy Crawford being considered a supermodel. I have never seen any dispute about her being called one, because it does not exist. You say, "Mrs. Dickenson considers her checks to be something she worked hard for, not a word she claims to have been the first true person for in the modern sense." Then I say, obviously, you have not heard Ms. Dickinson talk. The term Supermodel is extremely important to her, so much so that, like you said, she claims to have created the term. Just about everywhere she goes in the public eye, she is saying how she is a supermodel. Yes, indeed she feels that she has worked hard to be called that title, not just by herself but by others. All in all, my thinking is this on this subject: For models we know there is no dispute over being called a supermodel (yes, we know them; the Supermodel article notes them), we title them supermodels in the lead (intro) without naming what source/sources considers them a supermodel. For less famous models that a dispute is likely to boil over about having the title Supermodel, we state in the lead (intro) a source that considers them supermodels. It's that simple. I really do not see the problem. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 19:39, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":5,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:36:00.000Z","replies":[]}} As I already stated, if a model is called a supermodel when we know that most people would disagree with them having that title, then we can simply state in the lead that they are considered a supermodel by whatever valid source we have to back up the claim. That way, people will get the clue that that model has most likely only been called a supermodel by that source and perhaps a few other sources, but, just as they figured, that model is not widely thought of as a supermodel. Besides that, as mentioned above, stating in the lower part of the article that a model is considered a supermodel is certainly more than allowed and neutral, considering that we would be using the word "considered" and sometimes stating by whom they are considered supermodels. I certainly do not feel that supermodels like Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) need a reference attributed to their title in the lead (intro) or that we should state by which source she is considered a supermodel, considering that many valid sources state her as a supermodel. But for less famous models who have been given the title and a good debate can be made for why they are not supermodels, then we should attribute a reference in the lead to their supermodel title and state which source considers them supermodels (only name one even if they have a few more who consider them supermodels). I really do not see the problem with this route. I doubt that we can keep articles on actual supermodels from stating them as supermodels in the lead (intro), anyway, unless an actual policy is made about this. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 02:43, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-1) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z-Catgut-2008-10-20T01:12:00.000Z-1","replies":["c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z"]}} But would a source for stating an obvious non-supermodel to be a supermodel make the use valid or would it just promote the continued overuse of the term? Take any new model to the SISE (Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition/Issue): in all likelihood, a dedicated editor can find some hometown newspaper of the model's to cite saying that so-and-so is now a supermodel when it's just flattery and not an honest assessment. So do we really want Wiki stubs saying the model is a supermodel because the Springfield County Cryer said so? IMO it undermines the validity of the article as opposed to validates it. And to me, it seems a bit unnecessary to use the term "supermodel" at all when the size of the article and what it contains will make its own greatest claim w/o need for the term. Mbinebri (/wiki/User:Mbinebri) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mbinebri) ) 17:22, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z","author":"Mbinebri","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z-Flyer22-2008-10-20T02:43:00.000Z","replies":["c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z"]}} A model is not notable simply because some valid source calls that model a supermodel. It does not mean that that model deserves a Wikipedia article, as we know. But I get what you mean; you are saying that if there is a valid article about a model or a valid article about that model, let's say about a female model, calling her a supermodel, like Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) , then she can have a Wikipedia article. But I still ask what is the problem? If Sports Illustrated called her a supermodel, then we state that. It's that simple. It gets across the point that that specific magazine called her one; it does not mean that it is Gospel. By stating a source that has called these less famous models a supermodel, we are not acting as though it is an undisputed fact that they are supermodels. Take the fictional supercouple article Lucas Roberts and Sami Brady (/wiki/Lucas_Roberts_and_Sami_Brady) , for example. They are not considered a supercouple by most soap opera fans (at least judging by the Internet community). But TV Guide (/wiki/TV_Guide) editor Nelson Branco comes along and declares them one, and suddenly they are? Well, as I stated, not according to most of the soap opera community. Most of the soap opera communty instead maintains that just one editor of a magazine has called that couple a supercouple; it does not mean that that they are indeed a supercouple. Thus, their Wikipedia article points out how they are considered a supercouple. When soap opera fans see that in their article, it's like, "Oh, so that explains it. Does't mean that I have to take that magazine/editor as Gospel (/wiki/Gospel) ." If their article flat-out stated that they are a supercouple, without clarifying why they are considered one (meaning the source), then I bet we would have to deal with soap opera viewers sometimes editing that article to remove Lucas and Sami's supercouple status. The same goes with Luke Snyder and Noah Mayer (/wiki/Luke_Snyder_and_Noah_Mayer) ; this article is put together well, and I address the supercouple discontent some fans have about this couple. You see, supercouples are created by a combination of the fans and the media. Supermodels are created by a combination of the fashion industry, media and how much work, in what ways, that model/his or her agent gets for that model. If people (and in the case of supercouples, fictional characters as well) are not generally accepted as supermodels or supercouples, then they are not supermodels or supercouples, and it is best to state a source that has defined them as supermodels or supercouples...despite not having that general acceptance. For Luke and Noah, though, once the media deemed them a supercouple, enough of their fans (which happens to be a lot of fans) started consistently calling them a supercouple, so much so that they are a supercouple now, as even more media started referring to them as one as well. And at least they have the impact to back up being called a supercouple. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 19:39, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":5,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Mbinebri-2008-10-20T17:22:00.000Z","replies":[]}} This says all that needs to be said There once was a Category:Supermodels, but it was deleted over two years ago (largely because every model we had articles on that time wound up being categorized that way. Read the CFD here (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_deletion/Log/2006_June_11#Category:Supermodels_to_Category:Models) ... the arguments are the same then as they are now. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 05:40, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z-This_says_all_that_needs_to_be_said) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z-This_says_all_that_needs_to_be_said","replies":["c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z"]}} I already knew about the deletion of that category. It came up when Category:Supercouples (/w/index.php?title=Category:Supercouples&action=edit&redlink=1) was deleted, though Category:Soap opera supercouples (/wiki/Category:Soap_opera_supercouples) was allowed to be created (because, well, fictional matters are typically considered less controversial than real-life matters; not that naming a supermodel a supermodel is actually controversial). I don't see how that means that we should not state models as supermodels in their own articles. The deletion of the Category:Supermodels was sort of needed because models who are not supermodels were being added to it, as in models who had no sources in their aticles calling them supermodels. If a valid source is in a model's article calling that model a supermodel, then, as I have stated a few times now, I do not see the problem. And I already gave a solution for these newer or less famous models who are declared supermodels. If we were to truly go by the logic of having deleted Category:Supermodels, as well as stating that we should not name supermodels supermodels in their own articles, then what is the point of the Supermodel article? Why not just delete it as well? What, we are allowed to call them supermodels there because that article is about supermodels? Well, I point out that for the true supermodels, being a supermodel is a significant part of their modeling history. That Supermodel article will get seen a lot less with hardly any articles linking to it if we go this route (which is probably what some people want). What, do you want no mention at all in the articles of these supermodels that they are indeed supermodels? We shouldn't mention it in the lower body of their aricles either? I mean, the word "supermodel" was thrown around a lot regarding the true supermodels, and was a significant part of their careers. Yes, I find it silly trying to eliminate this term from articles, even if it just eliminating it from the lead (intro) of articles, and even more silly to think that most people editing Wikipedia will abide by this elimination. Flyer22 (/wiki/User:Flyer22) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Flyer22) ) 19:39, 20 October 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z","author":"Flyer22","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Flyer22-2008-10-20T19:39:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-10-20T05:40:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Take 3: A historical approach would be beneficial I am completely uninvolved (and largely uninterested) in modeling, media, fashion, or the pop culture of the supermarket mags and television, so perhaps I can provide a bit of perspective on this 'supermodel' thing. In any case, I enjoy wading into others' arguments, so here goes. The discussion here provides the evidence for the problems with use of the term. In 10 or 50 years, description of almost any person of this era as a 'supermodel' will seem a quaint, dated conceit. So there is little reason to maintain an argument about this - it is equivalent to arguing whether someone should be described in Wikipedia as 'l33t'. It informs nothing, and demonstrates only the editor's cultural bias at the time of writing. The term 'supermodel' is not useful as a descriptive in Wikipedia. It does not inform the reader of anything substantive. A model is a model; a celebrity is a different 'category' (used loosely) which is attained by people via many different routes. 'Supermodel' is at best a citation of others' opinion and usually just a market droid's opinion of his/her client. It is not, despite protestations above, a mark of someone's achievement in any real sense although it may be a subject of someone's ambition - any more than 'l33t'. The above discussion of the term 'movie star' is germane. As I understand it, this term was originally reserved for a very few top stars at each of the major studios (when they had control of that sort of thing) but gradually came to mean someone has actually been in a movie. The term 'Superstar' was coined in an attempt to achieve the same distinction among actors after inflation of 'movie star' made it no longer useful. Now, almost anyone who has ever had a leading role is a 'Superstar'. Such terms are, at their core, marketing terms, equivalent to "Unsurpassed in taste tests", "pop star" and "supergroup". Even non-marketing culturally defined terms tend to get inflated to the point of irrelevance over time. This year's popular term for 'big' is 'massive', which is used for many things that are decidedly not massive in its primary sense - I have read recently of the threat of "massive inflation" in the economy, which is somewhere between an oxymoron and an absurdity. Nevertheless, 'Supermodel' is a commonly used descriptive with some value despite the problems, if a balanced non-POV apporach can be defined. My proposal: use of the term 'supermodel' should be limited to some form of referential status - for example, "X was cited as a supermodel by publications Y, W and Z in the years 2001-2004" or "X remained in the lists of celebrity models or 'supermodels' produced by publications Y, W, and Z in the years 2001-2004." This removes the burden on Wikipedians to make an arbitrary POV decision. Let other third parties make the decision, and cite that decision as a historical fact. Incidentally, having such a criterion would make it possible to re-introduce the 'Supermodel' listing page, with that criterion. If absolutely necessary, a criterion, for example having been on the cover of at least four non-fashion and non-tabloid magazines not as a model but as a celebrity, could be defined. Note that I have included a time frame. Certainly if they are no longer modeling they may be celebrities but no longer models, so 'supermodel' is no longer applicable. So, to extend the above example, "X remained a celebrity for many years after the end of her modeling career in 2007." There is still an argument about what constitutes celebrity in that phrase, but that's a different topic. In the meantime, I will return to my burrow, and ponder why this is of any importance whatsoever. I always wondered why People magazine exists, until I learned that monkeys will pay 'money' to see pictures of the dominant members of their tribe. -- Gar37bic (/wiki/User:Gar37bic) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Gar37bic) ) 16:57, 1 March 2009 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Gar37bic-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z","author":"Gar37bic","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Gar37bic-2009-03-01T16:57:00.000Z-Take_3:_A_historical_approach_would_be_beneficial","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-new_infobox-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z-new_infobox&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;new infobox&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;new infobox&quot;} new infobox __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-new_infobox-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z-new_infobox"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__6__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__4__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-new_infobox-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z-new_infobox&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;new infobox&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;new infobox&quot;} One user just made Template:Infobox Fashions (/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Fashions&action=edit&redlink=1) and is putting it on many fashion articles. What do other editors think of this? To me, it doesn't seem particularly helpful. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 16:46, 1 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z-new_infobox) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z-new_infobox","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z"]}} I'm not sure what the purpose or need for this infobox is. And, considering this is the fashion project, our infoboxes should be fabulous , not the same boring black-on-gray basic template. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 18:40, 1 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z-Calliopejen1-2008-11-01T16:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z"]}} Agreed, plus the dates & "eras" are very dubious. A load of this guy's fashion related categories are headed for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2008_November_1#Category:Postmodern_fashion) on today's CfD list. Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Johnbod) ) 19:35, 1 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","author":"Johnbod","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-11-01T18:40:00.000Z","replies":["c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-01T21:49:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-03T20:16:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z"]}} To be fair, I nominated most of the categories, and it seems a little early to say they're headed for deletion. — Arthur Rubin (/wiki/User:Arthur_Rubin) (talk) (/wiki/User_talk:Arthur_Rubin) 21:49, 1 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-01T21:49:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-01T21:49:00.000Z","author":"Arthur Rubin","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-01T21:49:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","replies":[]}} As a visitor to your fine project, I hesitate to suggest what should be done with the infobox, but there seem to be three questions you should resolve: Should there be infoboxes on articles about items of fashion? Is this information what should be there? Is the information there correct? I originally only had two, but my feeling is that the D00d (/wiki/User:OregonD00d) who created (/wiki/Special:Contributions/OregonD00d) the infobox, although he clearly has no concept of what is appropriate for Wikipedia, may also have no concept of accuracy. Hence, even if the infobox were to be kept, all instances should be deleted as being probably incorrect. — Arthur Rubin (/wiki/User:Arthur_Rubin) (talk) (/wiki/User_talk:Arthur_Rubin) 20:16, 3 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-03T20:16:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-03T20:16:00.000Z","author":"Arthur Rubin","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-03T20:16:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Now nominated (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_deletion/Log/2008_November_10#Template:Infobox_Fashions) for deletion. — Arthur Rubin (/wiki/User:Arthur_Rubin) (talk) (/wiki/User_talk:Arthur_Rubin) 15:26, 10 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z","author":"Arthur Rubin","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:26:00.000Z-Johnbod-2008-11-01T19:35:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;TfD nomination of Template:Infobox Fashions&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;TfD nomination of Template:Infobox Fashions&quot;} TfD nomination of Template:Infobox Fashions (/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Fashions&action=edit&redlink=1) __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z","replies":["c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions","timestamp":"2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;TfD nomination of Template:Infobox Fashions&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;TfD nomination of Template:Infobox Fashions&quot;} Template:Infobox Fashions (/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Fashions&action=edit&redlink=1) has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_deletion#Template:Infobox_Fashions) . Thank you. — Arthur Rubin (/wiki/User:Arthur_Rubin) (talk) (/wiki/User_talk:Arthur_Rubin) 15:27, 10 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z","author":"Arthur Rubin","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Arthur_Rubin-2008-11-10T15:27:00.000Z-TfD_nomination_of_Template:Infobox_Fashions","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;AfD nomination of List of Charvet customers&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;AfD nomination of List of Charvet customers&quot;} AfD nomination of List of Charvet customers __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers","timestamp":"2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;AfD nomination of List of Charvet customers&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;AfD nomination of List of Charvet customers&quot;} An article that you have been involved in editing, List of Charvet customers (/wiki/List_of_Charvet_customers) , has been listed for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Charvet customers (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/List_of_Charvet_customers) . Thank you. Calliopejen1 (/wiki/User:Calliopejen1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Calliopejen1) ) 19:06, 16 November 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z","author":"Calliopejen1","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calliopejen1-2008-11-16T19:06:00.000Z-AfD_nomination_of_List_of_Charvet_customers","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-List_of_fashion_topics-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z-List_of_fashion_topics&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;List of fashion topics&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;List of fashion topics&quot;} List of fashion topics __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-List_of_fashion_topics-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","replies":["c-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z-List_of_fashion_topics"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z","timestamp":"2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__9__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-List_of_fashion_topics-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z-List_of_fashion_topics&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;List of fashion topics&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;List of fashion topics&quot;} I do not believe List of fashion topics (/wiki/List_of_fashion_topics) ( edit (/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_fashion_topics) | talk (/wiki/Talk:List_of_fashion_topics) | history (/wiki/Special:PageHistory/List_of_fashion_topics) | protect (/wiki/Special:ProtectPage/List_of_fashion_topics) | delete (/wiki/Special:DeletePage/List_of_fashion_topics) | links (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_fashion_topics&limit=999) | watch (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fashion_topics&action=watch) | logs (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=List+of+fashion+topics) | views (https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?pages=List_of_fashion_topics&project=en.wikipedia.org) ) is encyclopaedic. It is a mish mush of terms alphabetically ordered. I can see the redlinks might be useful as a to-do list. Perhaps it could become a sub-page of this project - any views? -- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 19:27, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z-List_of_fashion_topics) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z-List_of_fashion_topics","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","c-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z"]}} That's actually standard for all such topical indexes (/wiki/Category:Topical_indexes) . Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 20:05, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","replies":["c-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z"]}} the mish mush is at very different levels though, whereas some of the other topical indexes are apparently more thought out for depth of coverage. Is there a guideline about topical indexes - inclusions and non-inclusions? -- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 20:08, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:05:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z"]}} Not that I can find so far. A lot of projects use their topical indexes mainly for developmental purposes. But ... can you show me an index you think we could emulate? Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 20:46, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T20:08:00.000Z","replies":["c-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z"]}} The best is perhaps List of management topics (/wiki/List_of_management_topics) which is part of a series including List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics (/w/index.php?title=List_of_business_ethics,_political_economy,_and_philosophy_of_business_topics&action=edit&redlink=1) , List of auditing topics (/wiki/List_of_auditing_topics) and List of accounting topics (/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics) - all related topics but keeping them separate means that the topics can be more clearly seen. I realise the lists are shorter but that is because they have been more judicious in selection and broken the lists down - it is not just an alphabetical grab bag of everything to do with business. The level of topics is similar too. I think if we broke down the list to fabric / material; headgear; decoration; ... other topics, it would be easier to follow - another example is List of human-computer interaction topics (/wiki/List_of_human-computer_interaction_topics) though layout could be improved.-- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 22:50, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":5,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T20:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z"]}} I see what you mean ... breaking it down by subtopic, with the topics themselves arranged in hierarchical trees. If you want to make this your project, go ahead. It does make sense — take it from me (and, I suppose, Jen). In the process of diffusing Category:Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) I found it necessary to create at least 20 categories, doubling the number of cats I had created in my whole time on Wikipedia. Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Daniel_Case) ) 22:58, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z","author":"Daniel Case","type":"comment","level":7,"id":"c-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T22:50:00.000Z","replies":["c-Matilda-2008-12-02T23:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z"]}} I will have a go in userspace and see how it works out. I will take the cat organisation as a structure in the first instance since that has been thought through.-- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 23:08, 2 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-02T23:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-02T23:08:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":8,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-02T23:08:00.000Z-Daniel_Case-2008-12-02T22:58:00.000Z","replies":[]}} Textiles seem to be a significant component - I have started work on List of textile-related topics/temp (/w/index.php?title=List_of_textile-related_topics/temp&action=edit&redlink=1) but still lot more work to go including reordering to group lace, fur, artificial fabrics etc - work in slow progress -- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 00:03, 3 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-02T19:27:00.000Z","replies":["c-Matilda-2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z"]}} Work in slow progress - I have moved to a temp file rather than userspace as Calliopejen working on too -- Matilda (/wiki/User:Matilda) talk (/wiki/User_talk:Matilda) 22:29, 3 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Matilda-2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z","author":"Matilda","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Matilda-2008-12-03T22:29:00.000Z-Matilda-2008-12-03T00:03:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Coogi-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Coogi&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Coogi&quot;} Coogi __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Coogi-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi","timestamp":"2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Coogi-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi&quot;],&quot;uneditableSection&quot;:true,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Coogi&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Coogi&quot;} I'd appreciate help and feedback at Coogi (/wiki/Coogi) to ensure it doesn't getd AfD'd again. :) Relaxing (/wiki/User:Relaxing) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Relaxing) ) 21:06, 31 December 2008 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2#c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z","author":"Relaxing","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Relaxing-2008-12-31T21:06:00.000Z-Coogi","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐mvkkg Cached time: 20240720101520 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.097 seconds CPU time usage: 0.432 seconds Real time usage: 0.773 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1214/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10976/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1196/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8186/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.114/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1654499/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 219.301 1 -total 67.54% 148.110 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 14.26% 31.262 1 Template:Talkarchivenav 5.09% 11.166 1 Template:Article 3.15% 6.907 1 Template:Cl 3.10% 6.806 2 Template:Date 3.09% 6.772 13 Template:Tl 2.85% 6.250 2 Template:Encodefirst 1.50% 3.291 1 Template:Category_link/core 0.91% 2.004 26 Template:Nowrap Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24661191-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720101520 and revision id 1136052419. 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Submission declined on 26 June 2024 by Ratnahastin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ratnahastin) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Ratnahastin) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . This submission appears to read more like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#Advertisements_masquerading_as_articles) than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) , and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) , not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Matthew+W.F.+Senior%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Matthew_W.F._Senior) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Matthew_W.F._Senior&defaults=y) Declined by Ratnahastin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ratnahastin) 22 days ago. Last edited by Thirtytwocatsmenever (/w/index.php?title=User:Thirtytwocatsmenever&action=edit&redlink=1) 21 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thirtytwocatsmenever&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. British film producer, recording artist, and fashion designer from Plymouth, UK Matthew W.F. Senior Matthew W.F. Senior, 2018 Background information Birth name Matthew William F. Senior Also known as Matt Senior Born ( 1998-10-15 ) October 15, 1998 (age 25) Plymouth, England (/wiki/Plymouth,_England) , U.K. (/wiki/U.K.) Genres Alternative Electronic Pop Singer/Songwriter Hip-Hop Classical Jazz Spoken Word Occupation(s) Artist Director Producer Writer Recording Artist Sound Designer Fashion Designer Photographer Instrument(s) Vocals keyboards drums guitar violin trumpet harp pianos Years active 2012–present Labels NOT ENOUGH KNIFE Website wfsenior (http://wfsenior.co/) .co (http://wfsenior.co/) Musical artist Matthew William F. Senior (born October 15, 1998) is a visionary English artist (/wiki/Artist) , film director (/wiki/Film_director) , [1] (#cite_note-1) musician (/wiki/Musician) , [2] (#cite_note-2) writer (/wiki/Writer) , [3] (#cite_note-3) and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . [4] (#cite_note-4) He is the founder and creative director of NOT ENOUGH KNIFE, [5] (#cite_note-5) the art studio under which he releases primarily independent (/wiki/Independent) films, music, art, and apparel. Personal Life [ edit ] A self-taught film producer, writer and multi-instrumentalist, and professionally-taught photographer, Senior was born in Plymouth, England (/wiki/Plymouth,_England) . He grew up creating unreleased short home videos with friends. In 2015, after adapting a short story from Emmy (/wiki/Emmy) -Award-winning author D.M. Larson, Senior created the company NOT ENOUGH KNIFE, a multi-faceted creative outlet for film, music, clothing and writing, which would respectively release work under the following divisions: INTEGRAL, PROSPERITY, PARADIGM and IMPERIAL. The following year, he directed his debut feature film titled The Boy Who Commits a Murder at the age of 16, which was released through Amazon Prime Video (/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video) , as well as on Blu-ray. Later that year, Senior created The Operator , a short film created in collaboration with Grammy (/wiki/Grammy) nominated musicians Elysian Fields (band) (/wiki/Elysian_Fields_(band)) , BBC (/wiki/BBC) Broadcaster Zulfi Mirza and Tom Holland (/wiki/Tom_Holland) 's cousin James Holland. In 2017, Senior released 'william.', a short film based on his now-late grandfather William Henry Senior, a head chef and lead boxing instructor who served on the HMS Ark Royal R09 (/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_R09) during the creation of BBC (/wiki/BBC) 's Sailor (TV series) (/wiki/Sailor_(TV_series)) , cooking for the likes of Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) , The Queen Mother (/wiki/The_Queen_Mother) , American presidents and more. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2018, he began studying BA (Hons) Film at Arts University Plymouth (/wiki/Arts_University_Plymouth) , which he graduated from in 2020. Senior has also achieved over thirty qualifications from prestigious establishments worldwide, as well as a black belt diploma in the martial art Ju-Jitsu (/wiki/Ju-Jitsu) . In 2019, he registered NOT ENOUGH KNIFE as a limited company, based in Plymouth (/wiki/Plymouth) , Kensington (/wiki/Kensington) and Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [7] (#cite_note-7) That same year he helped Andrew-Lee Potts (/wiki/Andrew-Lee_Potts) fund the short film Kindred , released goya (his fourth film - a social experiment blending reality with fiction), released the EP automatic tuning (a concept project chronicling a relationship from beginning to end) and launched his clothing line. Senior launched UPSTREAM in 2021 and CYLINDER in 2022, the photography and digital art divisions of NOT ENOUGH KNIFE. Senior steadily released art galleries under CYLINDER throughout 2022, 2023 and 2024 whilst working on new music, before relocating from Kensington to Central London in preparation for his debut studio album 'What Dreams Are Made Of'. Senior's most popular film william. currently has over 112,000 views on Vimeo, whilst his self-produced debut EP automatic tuning reached over 25,500 streams, across 26 countries, in six months on Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2021, Senior announced via his verified Instagram account that he was taking a break from film to focus on music, photograph curation, philanthropy, and digital art. Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor Notes 2017, 2019 william. [9] (#cite_note-9) Yes Yes Executive Yes Sound designer, cinematographer, screenplay by, short eulogy film, originally released in 2017, extended and replaced in 2019. 2019 goya Yes Yes Yes Yes Protagonist, sound designer, stunts, director of photography, screenplay by, short film. Also wrote, directed and starred in the short film f r e e , a prelude to goya . 2021 RETROSPECTION Yes Yes Yes Yes Sound designer, cinematographer, score, short film, release delayed until 2021 due to Covid-19 (/wiki/Covid-19) . TBA what dreams are made of Yes Yes Yes Yes Sound designer, director of photography, cinematography, soundtrack. This encompasses three releases: a feature-length lyric film, and two music videos titled 'Run Or Stay' and 'Hummingbird'. Videography [ edit ] Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor Notes 2016 The Boy Who Commits a Murder [10] (#cite_note-10) Yes Yes Yes Yes Protagonist, screenplay by, cinematographer, debut feature, credited as Matt Senior . Also produced / curated The Boy Who Commits a Murder: The Motion Picture Soundtrack (2016) and One Step Beyond - The Demo Tape EP (2016, Kyle Staff). 2016 The Operator [11] (#cite_note-11) Co-director Yes Executive Yes Screenplay by, cinematographer, acting coach, script developer, short film, credited as Matt Senior . 2019 Kindred [12] (#cite_note-12) No No No No Special thanks, short film, directed by Andrew-Lee Potts (/wiki/Andrew-Lee_Potts) . 2020 Track 5 [13] (#cite_note-13) Yes Yes Yes Yes Music video accompanying the EP automatic tuning , released through Symphonic Distribution (/wiki/Symphonic_Distribution) , release delayed until 2020 due to Covid-19 (/wiki/Covid-19) . TBA Landspeed: CKY (/wiki/Landspeed:_CKY) , CKY2K (/wiki/CKY2K) , CKY3 (/wiki/CKY_(video_series)) , CKY4: The Latest & Greatest (/wiki/CKY4:_The_Latest_%26_Greatest) , Haggard: The Movie (/wiki/Haggard:_The_Movie) , Minghags: The Movie (/wiki/Minghags:_The_Movie) No No Yes No Associate producer, HD remasters of original releases, directed by Bam Margera (/wiki/Bam_Margera) and Brandon DiCamillo (/wiki/Brandon_DiCamillo) , and restored by Joe Frantz (/wiki/Joe_Frantz) . Discography [ edit ] Matthew W.F. Senior Portrait As Primary Artist [ edit ] Extended Plays [ edit ] automatic tuning (2019) [14] (#cite_note-14) Studio Albums [ edit ] what dreams are made of (tba) As Producer [ edit ] One Step Beyond Single (2016, Kyle Staff) Medicine Single (2020, Lamorran Trevenna) Spirit EP (2023, Lamorran Trevenna) Bibliography [ edit ] Matthew W.F. Senior, Home of Cold Rock (IMPERIAL; 2016) [15] (#cite_note-15) (Adapted into the short film william. ) Matthew W.F. Senior, Inside Lays Our Valuable Everything. Yesterday's Our Utopia (IMPERIAL; 2018) (Senior also creative directed an audiobook version, including a looped visual, titled I LOVE YOU .) Matthew W.F. Senior, Broken Pylons (IMPERIAL; 2018) (Adapted into the short film RETROSPECTION. ) Matthew W.F. Senior, Live (IMPERIAL; 2019) Matthew W.F. Senior, The End (IMPERIAL; 2019) (Accompanies the short film goya. ) Matthew W.F. Senior, Movement (IMPERIAL; 2019) Matthew W.F. Senior, Rainbows (IMPERIAL; 2020) Matthew W.F. Senior, The Still Now (IMPERIAL; 2020) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) KNIFE, NOT ENOUGH (February 7, 2017). "william" (https://vimeo.com/202995637) – via Vimeo. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Matthew W.F. Senior" (https://genius.com/artists/Matthew-wf-senior) . Genius . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Boy Who Commits a Murder 2016 Review" (https://screencritix.com/life-aka-the-boy-who-commits-a-murder-2016-short-film-review/) . Screencritix . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Matthew W.F. Senior Knowledge Panel" (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11f8gz2ywf&hl=en-GB&q=matthew+w.f.+senior) . www.google.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "NOT ENOUGH KNIFE" (https://www.notenoughknife.com/) . NOT ENOUGH KNIFE . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Ark Royal 1976 Blog" (http://sailortvseries1976.blogspot.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Companies House" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/12011428) . beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Official Facebook Page" (https://www.facebook.com/NotEnoughKnife) . www.facebook.com . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "william. review" (https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/william-short-film) . UK Film Review . 11 August 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Boy Who Commits a Murder Review" (http://www.ditrfilms.com/life-aka-the-boy-who-commits-a-murd) . ditrfilms . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Amazon.co.uk: Watch The Operator | Prime Video" (https://www.amazon.co.uk/Operator-Zain-Khan/dp/B01M0OCAHD) . www.amazon.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Amazon.co.uk: Watch Kindred | Prime Video" (https://www.amazon.co.uk/KINDRED-Joseph-Millson/dp/B085PS25K5) . www.amazon.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "YouTube: Watch Track 5: Official Music Video | VEVO" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF7RH23eJCo) . www.youtube.com . 11 March 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "automatic tuning" (https://listen.tidal.com/album/110060924) . listen.tidal.com . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "IMPERIAL" (https://www.notenoughknife.com/imperial) . NOT ENOUGH KNIFE . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.wfsenior.co) Matthew W.F. Senior (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6503847/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐8494f79557‐cl69s Cached time: 20240718183629 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.904 seconds Real time usage: 1.120 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2942/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 114534/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9003/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65474/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.486/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8077458/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1019.507 1 -total 34.78% 354.592 1 Template:AFC_submission 33.01% 336.555 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 32.19% 328.194 1 Template:Ombox 29.61% 301.874 1 Template:Reflist 25.97% 264.775 15 Template:Cite_web 21.10% 215.094 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 18.81% 191.819 1 Template:Infobox 14.76% 150.491 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 14.40% 146.830 4 Template:Hidden Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60232053-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718183629 and revision id 1231319419. 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1989 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1989) 1990 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1990) 1991 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1991) 1992 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1992) 1993 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1993) 1994 1995 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1995) 1996 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1996) 1997 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1997) 1998 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1998) 1999 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1999) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐lpmdk Cached time: 20240718100759 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.076 seconds Real time usage: 0.167 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.057/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933246/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 160.015 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 160.015 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52718373-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718100759 and revision id 974952068. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1994" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Agent Provocateur (lingerie) (/wiki/Agent_Provocateur_(lingerie)) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) D DC Shoes (/wiki/DC_Shoes) E EMU Australia (/wiki/EMU_Australia) L Life Is Good Company (/wiki/Life_Is_Good_Company) M Marni (brand) (/wiki/Marni_(brand)) O Old Navy (/wiki/Old_Navy) P Page Industries (/wiki/Page_Industries) Parfois (/wiki/Parfois) Peach John (/wiki/Peach_John) S Samantha Thavasa (/wiki/Samantha_Thavasa) Shanghai Tang (/wiki/Shanghai_Tang) Stradivarius (clothing brand) (/wiki/Stradivarius_(clothing_brand)) Supreme (brand) (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) T Tovio (/wiki/Tovio) W Wicked Weasel (/wiki/Wicked_Weasel) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1994&oldid=974952068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1994&oldid=974952068) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) Design companies established in 1994 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1994) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1994 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1994) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
British glovemaker and businesswoman (1917–1999) Cornelia James Cornelia James at work Born Cornelia Katz 11 March 1917 Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , Austria Died 10 December 1999 (1999-12-10) (aged 82) Hove (/wiki/Hove) , Sussex, England Education Vienna Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Vienna_Academy_of_Fine_Arts) Occupation Glovemaker Known for Founded Cornelia James (/wiki/Cornelia_James_(company)) Spouse Jack James Children Peter James (/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)) Genevieve Lawson Cornelia James ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Katz ; 11 March 1917 – 10 December 1999), was a British glovemaker and businesswoman. Born in Vienna, Austria, to a Jewish family, James emigrated to the United Kingdom during the Second World War and founded her eponymous firm of glovemakers (/wiki/Cornelia_James_(company)) in 1946, which now holds a Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) . Early life [ edit ] Cornelia Katz was born on 11 March 1917, [1] (#cite_note-Independent-1) in Vienna, Austria, the eldest of seven children of a family who ran a chain of grocery shops and a cold storage (/wiki/Refrigeration) business. [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) Katz studied fashion design at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Vienna_Academy_of_Fine_Arts) before leaving Vienna in 1939 [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) for Paris, and then London, with "a suitcase full of the coloured leather". [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) Career [ edit ] She arrived in London as a refugee but soon set up a business making gloves (/wiki/Gloves) , founding her own brand (/wiki/Cornelia_James_(company)) in 1946. In 1947, she was asked by the dress designer Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) to make the "going-away" gloves for the then- Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) to take on her honeymoon, following her marriage (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten) to Philip Mountbatten (/wiki/Philip_Mountbatten) . [4] (#cite_note-4) James additionally made several pairs for the Princess's trousseau (/wiki/Wedding_dress) , beginning her lifelong association with the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) . [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) In 1948, she became known as "the Colour Queen of England" after launching her leather gloves range in 100 different shades. [1] (#cite_note-Independent-1) Cornelia James gloves box Her first workshop was on Davigdor Road in Hove, near Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) , and was established by 1947. [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) The business peaked in the 1950s when she was known as "the Queen's favourite glovemaker" [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) and had between 250 [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) and 500 [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) workers in her factory in a former dairy in Brighton; however, the popularity of wearing fashion gloves eventually declined. [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) Her products remained popular with royalty, with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) , The Princess Royal (/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal) and Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) among her clients, as well as members of the Belgian (/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium) , Dutch (/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands) and Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Family) royal families. [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) "Cornelia James" officially became Royal Warrant of Appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) holders in 1979, [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) and subsequently operated as the Queen's official glovemaker. [6] (#cite_note-Telegraph-6) Personal life [ edit ] After emigrating from Austria, she originally hoped to get a United States visa (/wiki/United_States_visa) , but subsequently met Jack Burnett James and married him six weeks later, in 1940 (despite the fact that she had been engaged before leaving Vienna.) [1] (#cite_note-Independent-1) [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) Their son Peter James (/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)) (b. 1948) is a best-selling writer of crime fiction. Their daughter, Genevieve James Lawson, runs "Cornelia James". [6] (#cite_note-Telegraph-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) James had been an active supporter of hospices and other charities throughout her time in Sussex. [1] (#cite_note-Independent-1) [2] (#cite_note-Middleton-2) Death [ edit ] Cornelia James died at Martlets Hospice (/wiki/Martlets_Hospice) in Hove (/wiki/Hove) , Sussex (/wiki/Sussex) , England, on 10 December 1999. See also [ edit ] Cornelia James (company) (/wiki/Cornelia_James_(company)) Arnold Fulton (/wiki/Arnold_Fulton) Herta Groves (/wiki/Herta_Groves) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Stapleton, Gwen (20 December 1999). "Obituary: Cornelia James" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-cornelia-james-1133698.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Middleton, Judy (2002). The Encyclopaedia of Hove & Portslade . Vol. 8. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries. p. 9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fowler, Susanne (23 November 2014). "Gloves Fit for a Queen, With Hands-On Craftsmanship" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/style/international/cornelia-james-a-glove-maker-to-the-queen.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Cornelia James, About Us" (http://www.corneliajames.com/pages/about-us) . Corneliajames.com . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Cornelia James Ltd | Royal Warrant Holders Association" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/cornelia-james-ltd) . Royalwarrant.org . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rainey, Sarah (16 May 2012). "Royal glove-maker: 'Those gloves will take a beating' (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9267342/Royal-glove-maker-Those-gloves-will-take-a-beating.html) " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9267342/Royal-glove-maker-Those-gloves-will-take-a-beating.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Danny Scott, Me and my motor: Peter James, bestselling crime novelist (https://www.driving.co.uk/news/interview/motor-peter-james-bestselling-crime-novelist/) , Driving.co.uk , 17 August 2017 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.corneliajames.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/293496) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐mdlfs Cached time: 20240715080946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.348 seconds Real time usage: 0.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2074/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18729/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1733/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31567/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6661953/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 437.204 1 -total 30.39% 132.886 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.49% 120.180 1 Template:Reflist 19.90% 87.024 3 Template:Cite_news 18.45% 80.678 1 Template:Authority_control 15.76% 68.917 1 Template:Short_description 8.70% 38.032 2 Template:Pagetype 7.79% 34.058 18 Template:Main_other 7.51% 32.819 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 4.70% 20.563 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49142470-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715080946 and revision id 1159766583. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelia_James_(glovemaker)&oldid=1159766583 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelia_James_(glovemaker)&oldid=1159766583) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : English businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:English_businesspeople_in_fashion) Gloves (/wiki/Category:Gloves) 1917 births (/wiki/Category:1917_births) 1999 deaths (/wiki/Category:1999_deaths) Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni (/wiki/Category:Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna_alumni) Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Jewish_emigrants_from_Austria_after_the_Anschluss_to_the_United_Kingdom) British royal warrant holders (/wiki/Category:British_royal_warrant_holders) Businesspeople from Vienna (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Vienna) Businesspeople from London (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_London) 20th-century English businesspeople (/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_businesspeople) 20th-century English businesswomen (/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_businesswomen) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with RKDartists identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RKDartists_identifiers)
(Redirected from X-girl (/w/index.php?title=X-girl&redirect=no) ) American musician and artist (born 1953) "X-Girl" redirects here. For Marvel Comics, see X-Men (/wiki/X-Men) . For other uses, see Kim Gordon (disambiguation) (/wiki/Kim_Gordon_(disambiguation)) . Kim Gordon Gordon performing in 2010 with Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) Born Kim Althea Gordon ( 1953-04-28 ) April 28, 1953 (age 71) Rochester, New York (/wiki/Rochester,_New_York) , U.S. Alma mater Santa Monica College (/wiki/Santa_Monica_College) Otis College of Art and Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) Occupations Singer musician songwriter Years active 1981–present Spouse Thurston Moore (/wiki/Thurston_Moore) ​ ​ ( m. 1984; div. 2013) ​ Children 1 Musical career Genres Alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) experimental rock (/wiki/Experimental_rock) punk rock (/wiki/Punk_rock) Instrument(s) Vocals guitar bass Years active 1981–present Labels SST (/wiki/SST_Records) Geffen (/wiki/Geffen_Records) Matador (/wiki/Matador_Records) Musical artist Kim Althea Gordon (born April 28, 1953) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and rapper best known as the bassist, guitarist, and vocalist of alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) band Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) . Born in Rochester, New York (/wiki/Rochester,_New_York) , she was raised in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California, where her father was a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) . After graduating from Los Angeles's Otis College of Art and Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) , she moved to New York City to begin an art career. There, she formed Sonic Youth with Thurston Moore (/wiki/Thurston_Moore) in 1981. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She and Moore married in 1984, and the band released a total of six albums on independent labels before the end of the 1980s. It then released nine studio albums on the label DGC Records (/wiki/DGC_Records) , beginning with Goo (/wiki/Goo_(album)) in 1990. Gordon was also a founding member of the musical project Free Kitten (/wiki/Free_Kitten) , which she formed with Julia Cafritz (/wiki/Julia_Cafritz) in 1993. Sonic Youth released its 16th and final studio album, The Eternal (/wiki/The_Eternal_(album)) (2009), on Matador Records (/wiki/Matador_Records) before disbanding in 2011 after Gordon and Moore separated. After the dissolution of Sonic Youth and her divorce from Moore, Gordon formed the experimental duo Body/Head (/wiki/Body/Head) with Bill Nace (/wiki/Bill_Nace) , which releasing its debut album, Coming Apart (/wiki/Coming_Apart_(album)) , in 2013. She subsequently formed Glitterbust (/wiki/Glitterbust) with Alex Knost, releasing a self-titled debut album in 2016. Body/Head released its second studio album, The Switch (/wiki/The_Switch_(Body/Head_album)) , in 2018. Gordon released her first solo album, No Home Record (/wiki/No_Home_Record) , in 2019. In addition to her work as a musician, Gordon has had ventures in record producing (/wiki/Record_producer) , fashion, and acting, and has worked consistently as a visual artist throughout her musical career. She debuted as a producer on Hole (/wiki/Hole_(band)) 's debut album Pretty on the Inside (/wiki/Pretty_on_the_Inside) (1991), and founded the Los Angeles–based clothing line X-Girl in 1993. Beginning in the mid-2000s, Gordon began acting, making minor appearances in such films as Last Days (/wiki/Last_Days_(2005_film)) (2005) and I'm Not There (/wiki/I%27m_Not_There) (2007) and guest-starring on several television series. In 2015, she published a memoir, Girl in a Band (/wiki/Girl_in_a_Band) , by HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) imprint Dey Street Books. Life and career [ edit ] 1953–1978: Early life [ edit ] Kim Althea Gordon was born April 28, 1953 [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge-WarrenRomanowski2005912-2) in Rochester, New York (/wiki/Rochester,_New_York) , the second child of Althea ( d. 2002) and Calvin Wayne Gordon (1915–1998). [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) [4] (#cite_note-maron-4) [5] (#cite_note-memoriam-5) At the time of her birth, Gordon's father, a native of Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) , [5] (#cite_note-memoriam-5) was a professor in the sociology (/wiki/Sociology) department at the University of Rochester (/wiki/University_of_Rochester) . [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201515-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Her mother, a descendant of American pioneers (/wiki/American_pioneer) of the West Coast (/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) , [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20154-8) learned to sew during her upbringing in the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) , and worked as a seamstress (/wiki/Dressmaker) throughout Gordon's childhood. [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) [9] (#cite_note-9) She was described by Gordon as "reserved and usually anxious" and "an unfulfilled artist." [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) Gordon has one older brother, Keller (1949–2023), [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) whom she described as "brilliant, manipulative, sadistic, arrogant, almost unbearably articulate," and "the person who more than anyone else in the world shaped who I was, and who I turned out to be." [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201514-10) At the age of five, Gordon and her family relocated to Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles) when her father was offered a professorship in the sociology department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) , [11] (#cite_note-11) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201514-10) where he later became the Dean of Faculty (/wiki/Dean_(education)) . [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) As a child, Gordon attended University Elementary School (/wiki/UCLA_Lab_School) , a progressive elementary school affiliated with UCLA, which she described as "learn[ing] by doing. So we were always making African spears and going down to the river and making mud huts, or skinning a cowhide and drying it and throwing it off the cliff at Dana Point (/wiki/Dana_Point,_California) ." [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) In her memoir, Gordon recounts spending summers with her family in Klamath, California (/wiki/Klamath,_California) , near the Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) border. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201525–26-13) The family also lived in British Hong Kong (/wiki/British_Hong_Kong) for one year during her childhood. [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) Gordon attended University High School (/wiki/University_High_School_(Los_Angeles,_California)) in Los Angeles, and dated classmate Danny Elfman (/wiki/Danny_Elfman) while a student there. [14] (#cite_note-14) After graduating high school, she attended Santa Monica College (/wiki/Santa_Monica_College) for two years [15] (#cite_note-nr-15) before transferring to York University (/wiki/York_University) in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) , Ontario, Canada. [16] (#cite_note-Barclay-16) Gordon soon grew homesick and chose to drop out of York at the end of the school year and return to Los Angeles. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201572–73-17) "I was less and less happy as the bleak Toronto winter moved in," she recalled. "Without the benefit of California sunshine, my hair grew darker and darker, and I had no idea how to dress for the cold." [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201573-18) She decided to enroll at the Otis College of Art and Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) , [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaar2002370-19) which she said "changed my life." [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201573-18) Gordon lived in Culver City (/wiki/Culver_City,_California) and Venice (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) , Los Angeles, and worked at an Indian (/wiki/Indian_cuisine) restaurant to pay her tuition. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201573-18) She also briefly worked for art dealer (/wiki/Art_dealer) Larry Gagosian (/wiki/Larry_Gagosian) as a side-job. [20] (#cite_note-20) She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) degree in 1977. [21] (#cite_note-21) While she was a student at Otis, Gordon's older brother Keller suffered a psychotic episode (/wiki/Psychosis) on the day of his graduation from the University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) , where he had earned a Master's degree (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) in classics (/wiki/Classics) . [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) He was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia) , and for a time lived in halfway houses (/wiki/Halfway_house) before becoming a ward (/wiki/Ward_(law)) of the state of California. [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) The song "Schizophrenia," which appeared on Sonic Youth's fourth studio album, Sister (/wiki/Sister_(Sonic_Youth_album)) (1987), was partly inspired by her brother. [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) 1979–1994: Sonic Youth and X-Girl [ edit ] Main article: Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) After graduating from the Otis Art Institute (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) , Gordon moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1980, hoping to pursue a career in art. [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) There, she took art-related jobs to earn an income, such as working as a writer for Artforum (/wiki/Artforum) , [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolon200715-23) and launched a " D.I.Y. (/wiki/Do_it_yourself) project called Design Office, doing low-fi artistic interventions" in friends' apartments. [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) In 1981, she curated an exhibition at White Columns (/wiki/White_Columns) Gallery [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) that involved contributions from Mike Kelley (/wiki/Mike_Kelley_(artist)) and Tony Oursler (/wiki/Tony_Oursler) , among others. Around 1981, Gordon became interested in " no-wave (/wiki/No_wave) " bands, recalling: "When I came to New York, I'd go and see bands downtown playing no-wave music. It was expressionistic and it was also nihilistic. Punk rock was tongue-in-cheek, saying, 'Yeah, we're destroying rock.' No-wave music is more like, 'NO, we're really destroying rock.' It was very dissonant. I just felt like, Wow, this is really free. I could do that." [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) Gordon performing with Sonic Youth in Leeds (/wiki/Leeds) , 1992 In 1981, Gordon joined the short-lived band CKM, [24] (#cite_note-24) with Christine Hahn and Stanton Miranda (/wiki/Stanton_Miranda) , and met her future Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) bandmates Lee Ranaldo (/wiki/Lee_Ranaldo) and Thurston Moore (/wiki/Thurston_Moore) through Miranda. At the time, Gordon, then 27 years old, had never played an instrument. [25] (#cite_note-25) Gordon began dating Moore and, together with Ranaldo, the couple then formed Sonic Youth in 1981. [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) Originally the band released their first unnamed EP (considered by the band to be their first album) in 1982 and their first two albums, Confusion is Sex (/wiki/Confusion_is_Sex) (1983) and Bad Moon Rising (/wiki/Bad_Moon_Rising_(album)) (1985) on Neutral and Homestead Records, respectively, before signing with SST (/wiki/SST_Records) to release EVOL (/wiki/Evol_(Sonic_Youth_Album)) (1986) and Sister (/wiki/Sister_(Sonic_Youth_album)) (1987). Gordon and Moore married in 1984, three years after beginning Sonic Youth. [26] (#cite_note-26) In October 1988, the band released Daydream Nation (/wiki/Daydream_Nation) through Enigma Records. In 1989, Sonic Youth signed onto DGC Records (/wiki/DGC_Records) , a subsidiary of Geffen (/wiki/Geffen_Records) , and released Goo (/wiki/Goo_(album)) (1990), which became the group's first commercial hit. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008258–260-27) Also in 1989, Gordon, Sadie May, and Lydia Lunch (/wiki/Lydia_Lunch) formed Harry Crews (/wiki/Harry_Crews_(band)) , and released the album Naked in Garden Hills . [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege1994266-28) To promote Goo , Gordon toured with Sonic Youth extensively between 1990 and 1991, and a documentary titled 1991: The Year Punk Broke (/wiki/1991:_The_Year_Punk_Broke) documented the band's tour with Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) , Babes in Toyland (/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)) , Dinosaur Jr. (/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr.) , Gumball (/wiki/Gumball_(band)) and Mudhoney (/wiki/Mudhoney) . [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarm2011297–299-29) In early 1991, Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) , who had been influenced by Sonic Youth and the no wave scene, sent Gordon a letter asking her to produce her band Hole (/wiki/Hole_(band)) 's debut record, Pretty on the Inside (/wiki/Pretty_on_the_Inside) . Gordon, along with assistance from Don Fleming (/wiki/Don_Fleming_(musician)) , produced the album in March 1991, which received critical acclaim and later achieved cult (/wiki/Cult_following) status. [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) Gordon commented on the recording sessions that Love "was either charming and nice or screaming at her band" but that she was "a really good singer and entertainer and front person." [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2009272-30) In 1992, Gordon released a single, "Electric Pen," with Mirror/Dash, a short-lived project she formed with Moore. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege1994306-31) Beginning in 1993, Gordon co-owned, with Daisy von Furth, a women's streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) clothing company in Los Angeles, called X-Girl. [32] (#cite_note-32) The company was a spin-off of X-Large (/wiki/X-Large_(clothing_brand)) , a men's streetwear company co-founded by Michael Diamond (/wiki/Mike_D) of the Beastie Boys (/wiki/Beastie_Boys) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The first X-Girl store was opened in Los Angeles in 1994. [34] (#cite_note-34) Actress Chloë Sevigny (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny) served as a model for several pieces in the clothing line. [35] (#cite_note-35) Also in 1993, Gordon formed the musical project Free Kitten (/wiki/Free_Kitten) with Julia Cafritz (/wiki/Julia_Cafritz) . [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlush2016362-36) On July 1, 1994, Gordon gave birth to her only child, daughter Coco Hayley Gordon Moore, with Thurston Moore. [37] (#cite_note-37) 1995–2008: Music, art, and acting [ edit ] Free Kitten released their debut studio album, Nice Ass (/wiki/Nice_Ass) , in 1995, followed by Sentimental Education (/wiki/Sentimental_Education_(Free_Kitten_album)) (1997), both on the independent label Kill Rock Stars (/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars) . [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristgau2000109-38) In 1993, Gordon co-directed The Breeders (/wiki/The_Breeders) ' " Cannonball (/wiki/Cannonball_(The_Breeders_song)) " music video with Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) , [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayshark2007138-39) and was also involved in an exhibition entitled Baby Generation at Parco gallery in Tokyo. Gordon's exhibition Kim's Bedroom was shown at MU in the Netherlands, and included drawing and paintings alongside live music and special guests. [40] (#cite_note-40) Gordon performing with Sonic Youth in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , 2009 As a part of Sonic Youth, Gordon released several albums in the mid–late 1990s, including Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star (/wiki/Experimental_Jet_Set,_Trash_and_No_Star) (1994), Washing Machine (/wiki/Washing_Machine_(album)) (1995), and A Thousand Leaves (/wiki/A_Thousand_Leaves) (1998), all on DGC Records. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021041-41) They subsequently released NYC Ghosts & Flowers (/wiki/NYC_Ghosts_%26_Flowers) in 2000, and Murray Street (/wiki/Murray_Street_(album)) in 2002. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021041–1042-42) In 1999, after selling her share of X-Girl, [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) Gordon relocated with Moore from New York City to Northampton, Massachusetts (/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts) , to raise their daughter. [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) Around 2002, Gordon became involved with The Supreme Indifference, a musical collaboration that involved Gordon, Jim O'Rourke and Alan Licht. [43] (#cite_note-pop-43) The band appeared on the 2002 compilation Fields and Streams (/wiki/Fields_and_Streams) , though their contribution was deemed "annoying" and the project "self-indulgent" by critic Adrian Begrand of PopMatters (/wiki/PopMatters) . [43] (#cite_note-pop-43) In 2003, Gordon was featured in the Gothenburg (/wiki/Gothenburg) Biennale and exhibited Club In The Shadow , an installation art (/wiki/Installation_art) collaboration with artist Jutta Koether (/wiki/Jutta_Koether) , at Kenny Schachter's Contemporary Gallery in New York City. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolon2007138,_271-44) In 2005, she submitted another collaboration with Koether for the Her Noise exhibition in London, United Kingdom, entitled "Reverse Karaoke." [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesHeathfield2012307-45) In the same year, an artist's book (/wiki/Artist%27s_book) Kim Gordon Chronicles Vol. 1 was published and featured photos of Gordon throughout her life. [46] (#cite_note-46) The following year, Kim Gordon Chronicles Vol. 2 was released and featured her drawings, collages, and paintings. [47] (#cite_note-47) Beginning in 2005, Gordon began appearing in minor or supporting parts in films, first as a record executive in Gus Van Sant (/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant) 's Last Days (/wiki/Last_Days_(2005_film)) . [48] (#cite_note-lastdays-48) She then had a small role portraying a textile exporter in the 2007 French thriller film Boarding Gate (/wiki/Boarding_Gate) , [49] (#cite_note-boarding-49) and in Todd Haynes (/wiki/Todd_Haynes) 's I'm Not There (/wiki/I%27m_Not_There) (2007), inspired by the life of Bob Dylan (/wiki/Bob_Dylan) . [50] (#cite_note-notthere-50) The same year, she played a street troubadour in the season six finale of the television series Gilmore Girls (/wiki/Gilmore_Girls) , along with husband Moore and their daughter Coco, performing the song "What a Waste" from the album Rather Ripped (/wiki/Rather_Ripped) . [51] (#cite_note-gg-51) In September 2008, Gordon launched a limited-edition fashion line called Mirror/Dash (also the name of a musical side project that was created with Moore), [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoege1994306-31) inspired by Françoise Hardy (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Hardy) and based on the idea that "there's a need for clothes for cool moms." [52] (#cite_note-52) 2009–2011: Dissolution of Sonic Youth; personal struggles [ edit ] Sonic Youth released their final studio album, The Eternal (/wiki/The_Eternal_(album)) , in 2009. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeglarzPedelty2016158-53) Rolling Stone journalist Will Hermes wrote of the album: "It's amusing to think that the fiercely freaky Sonic Youth were a major-label act for nearly 20 years. The Eternal marks their literal return to indie rock – and that's no big whoop, since they've always done pretty much what they want anyway. The irony is that The Eternal might be their most concise record ever. It's also a rock & roll ass-kicker." [54] (#cite_note-54) The same year, Gordon, along with the rest of Sonic Youth, made an appearance in the television series Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)) and performed an acoustic version of the song " Starpower (/wiki/Starpower_(song)) ". [55] (#cite_note-55) In 2011 Gordon and Moore separated after 27 years of marriage. [56] (#cite_note-56) The next month, bandmate Ranaldo said Sonic Youth had disbanded, [57] (#cite_note-57) after having been together 30 years. [a] (#cite_note-58) After their divorce was finalized in April 2013, Gordon revealed that she had confronted Moore about a text message from another woman which was then followed by counseling sessions, and the separation occurred because Moore continued his extra-marital relationship. Gordon said her ex-husband was "like a lost soul." [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) She also said she had been diagnosed with DCIS (/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ) breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) during her divorce, which was successfully treated with surgery. [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) [58] (#cite_note-59) Since 2012: Body/Head and other projects [ edit ] Gordon performing with Body/Head, 2018 Following the announcement of Sonic Youth's hiatus, Gordon commenced touring with Ikue Mori (/wiki/Ikue_Mori) , Tokyo-born drummer of late-1970s band DNA (/wiki/DNA_(American_band)) —Gordon had performed with Mori previously at events such as the NoFunFest in 2004. [59] (#cite_note-60) [60] (#cite_note-61) [61] (#cite_note-62) The duo completed a European tour in mid-2012 and Gordon explained during a corresponding interview: "You sorta want to get lost and you hope that the audience gets lost with you ... You can feel if they're listening, you can feel if there's some connection." [62] (#cite_note-63) Together with Bill Nace, Gordon and Mori were selected for the June 2013 All Tomorrow's Parties (/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_(festival)) event that was curated by the band Deerhunter (/wiki/Deerhunter) . [63] (#cite_note-64) Around 2012, Gordon formed a noise guitar project with Nace, entitled Body/Head (/wiki/Body/Head) , and a single called "The Eyes, The Mouth" was released in 2012 on Belgian label Ultra Eczema. [64] (#cite_note-65) The band's debut album Coming Apart (/wiki/Coming_Apart_(album)) was released on September 10, 2013, on the Matador Records (/wiki/Matador_Records) label and the band completed a U.S. tour during the fall of 2013. [65] (#cite_note-66) I almost feel like I'm making up for lost time. I feel like I owe it to myself. Because my whole life I wanted to be a visual artist. I really got sidetracked into music. – Gordon on her artistic aspirations being precluded by her career as a musician, 2018 [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) Gordon also immersed herself in producing art, having felt that music had "sidetracked" her career as a visual artist. [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) She held several art exhibitions in 2013, including "The Show Is Over," at Gagosian Gallery (/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery) in London, and the survey "Design Office with Kim Gordon–Since 1980," at White Columns, New York, [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) the latter a revival of a project she had begun in 1980. [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) In 2014, she presented newly created Wreath Paintings throughout Rudolf Schindler (/wiki/Rudolph_Schindler_(architect)) 's iconic Fitzpatrick-Leland House under the byname of Design Office. [66] (#cite_note-67) In January 2014, she appeared in the season three premiere of the series Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) as Mindy, a recovering drug addict in a rehab support group. [67] (#cite_note-girls-68) She then appeared as herself in a March 2014 episode of Portlandia (/wiki/Portlandia_(TV_series)) . [68] (#cite_note-portlandia-69) Gordon published a memoir (/wiki/Memoir) , Girl in a Band (/wiki/Girl_in_a_Band) , on February 24, 2015, by HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) imprint Dey Street Books. [69] (#cite_note-70) The memoir explores her childhood, life in art and Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) , and marriage to and divorce from Thurston Moore (/wiki/Thurston_Moore) . Its title, Girl in a Band , stems from a lyric in "Sacred Trickster" from Sonic Youth's final album, The Eternal (/wiki/The_Eternal_(album)) (2009). The lyric goes, "What's it like to be a girl in a band?/ I don't quite understand." [70] (#cite_note-Pitchfork_Media_Inc-71) The same year, Gordon appeared in The Nightmare (/wiki/The_Nightmare_(2015_German_film)) (2015), a German horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) in which she portrayed a schoolteacher, which was released at the Locarno International Film Festival (/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival) . She also contributed to its soundtrack. [71] (#cite_note-nightmare-72) [72] (#cite_note-73) In November that year, Gordon relocated from the Massachusetts home she had shared with Moore and their daughter to her hometown of Los Angeles, purchasing a home in the Franklin Hills (/wiki/Franklin_Hills,_Los_Angeles) neighborhood. [73] (#cite_note-74) Also in 2015, Gordon formed the experimental musical group Glitterbust (/wiki/Glitterbust) with guitarist Alex Knost, releasing a self-titled debut album in March 2016. [74] (#cite_note-75) Gordon then appeared in Tony Oursler (/wiki/Tony_Oursler) 's film Imponderable , which screened at the Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art) in June 2016. [75] (#cite_note-imponderable-76) On September 12, 2016, Gordon released her first solo single, "Murdered Out", followed on August 20, 2019, by a second solo single, "Sketch Artist". A third track, "Air BnB", was released on September 11. All tracks appear on her first solo record on Matador Records, No Home Record (/wiki/No_Home_Record) , which was released on October 13, 2019. [76] (#cite_note-77) [77] (#cite_note-78) Gordon in 2018 In 2017, Gordon had a small role on the HBO (/wiki/HBO) series Animals (/wiki/Animals_(U.S._TV_series)) , [78] (#cite_note-animals-79) followed by a supporting role in Gus Van Sant's comedy-drama film Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot (/wiki/Don%27t_Worry,_He_Won%27t_Get_Far_on_Foot) . [79] (#cite_note-faronfoot-80) Her album No Home Record (/wiki/No_Home_Record) was rated number 8 of Paste Magazine's "20 Best Punk Albums of 2019". [80] (#cite_note-81) Kim Gordon: Lo-Fi Glamour , Gordon's first North American museum solo-exhibition, opened at The Andy Warhol Museum (/wiki/The_Andy_Warhol_Museum) in 2019. The exhibition features a commissioned score for Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) ’s 1963–64 silent film Kiss (/wiki/Kiss_(1963_film)) in conversation with text paintings, figure drawings and erotic sculpture. [81] (#cite_note-82) In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked Gordon the 39th greatest bassist of all time. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In December 2021, Gordon recorded a 7" single on Sub Pop Records with J Mascis (/wiki/J_Mascis) titled "Abstract Blues" backed with "Slow Boy". [82] (#cite_note-83) "Bye Bye" was released as a single in January 2024. The track is from Gordon's album The Collective (/wiki/The_Collective_(Kim_Gordon_album)) , which was released in March 2024. The song is accompanied by an official video starring her daughter Coco Gordon Moore. [83] (#cite_note-84) [84] (#cite_note-85) Artistry [ edit ] Gordon possesses a contralto (/wiki/Contralto) vocal range. [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) A 2016 review from Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) noted her voice as "one of the great instruments in post-punk history, though she doesn't always get credit for the variety of her technique." [85] (#cite_note-86) Despite her prolific career in music, Gordon told journalist Evan Smith (/wiki/Evan_Smith_(journalist)) in a 2015 interview that she never considered herself a musician, explaining that she had been "drawn into the world" of the music scenes happening in the 1980s, and that she "felt like an outsider" once part of it. [86] (#cite_note-87) Gordon's instrumental work as a guitarist has been described as "free-form" [87] (#cite_note-88) and experimental. [88] (#cite_note-89) Influences [ edit ] Several female musicians influenced Gordon. She stated in 2015: Initially, I was really inspired by The Slits (/wiki/The_Slits) and The Raincoats (/wiki/The_Raincoats) , and Siouxsie Sioux (/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux) , Patti Smith (/wiki/Patti_Smith) . Then, there was The Runaways (/wiki/The_Runaways) , Janis Joplin (/wiki/Janis_Joplin) , Tina Turner (/wiki/Tina_Turner) – who is the ultimate performer – and Billie Holiday (/wiki/Billie_Holiday) . [89] (#cite_note-woodward-90) Public image [ edit ] Gordon is a popular culture (/wiki/Popular_culture) icon, epitomizing an "ineffable, magnetic coolness" [22] (#cite_note-sidetracked-22) and "a certain brand of aloof, downtown cool." [90] (#cite_note-91) Some journalists have noted her as a public figure who has "never given much away" about herself. [89] (#cite_note-woodward-90) Adam Horovitz (/wiki/Ad-Rock) of the Beastie Boys (/wiki/Beastie_Boys) commented on Gordon's persona, stating: "Wherever Kim ends up, she is the coolest person in the room. But I know her, and I know she'd rather be at home grilling hot dogs." [3] (#cite_note-stage-3) Gordon has also been cited as "a modest polymath (/wiki/Polymath) " given her varied career pursuits in art, music, fashion, and acting. [91] (#cite_note-after-92) While observations were made by the media of Gordon being "dauntingly impressive and self-assured" during her tenure with Sonic Youth, she commented in a retrospective interview that she was "pretty insecure about my image and where I fitted in." [91] (#cite_note-after-92) Describing her image, she said: "I knew I couldn't achieve some kind of cool, stylised image, that just wasn't me...  It was a reaction to corporate style. So it was kind of just being yourself, you know walking on stage wearing a t-shirt." [89] (#cite_note-woodward-90) Upon the release of her 2015 memoir, Gordon received some criticism for comments made about other musicians, [92] (#cite_note-outlive-93) among them Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) : "Naturally, [she]'s just a persona. If she really truly believes it's beautiful when young musicians go out on a hot flame of drugs and depression, why doesn't she just off herself?" [93] (#cite_note-ld-94) Gordon also reflected on working with Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) in 1991, writing: "No one ever questions the disorder behind her tarantula LA glamour – sociopathy (/wiki/Sociopathy) , narcissism (/wiki/Narcissism) – because it's good rock and roll, good entertainment! I have a low tolerance for manipulative, egomaniacal behavior, and usually have to remind myself that the person might be mentally ill." [93] (#cite_note-ld-94) Gordon clarified her comments on Del Rey in a subsequent interview, stating: "Initially it was about just seeing something in the paper... something about how rock stars should just like kill themselves with drugs, and Frances Bean (/wiki/Frances_Bean_Cobain) [Cobain] had really reacted to that and I felt really actually weirdly protective of Frances. So I was basically just trying to point out that it was a persona and I just offhandedly said what I said...  I guess I could have articulated the whole thing a lot better." [94] (#cite_note-95) Honors [ edit ] On May 21, 2015, Gordon was honored at The Kitchen (/wiki/The_Kitchen) 's Spring Gala. [95] (#cite_note-96) On May 5, 2018, she received an Honorary Doctorate (/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate) from the Emily Carr University of Art and Design (/wiki/Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design) . [96] (#cite_note-97) Legacy [ edit ] Gordon and her contributions in Sonic Youth are considered by critics and music scholars to have been key influences in the development of grunge (/wiki/Grunge) music and riot grrrl (/wiki/Riot_grrrl) , both musical movements which began in the early 1990s. [91] (#cite_note-after-92) [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2016109-98) Among those who have cited her as an influence are filmmaker Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) , [98] (#cite_note-99) musician Kathleen Hanna (/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna) , and Irish singer Róisín Murphy (/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Murphy) . [99] (#cite_note-100) Hanna explained in 2013: She was a forerunner, musically. Just knowing a woman was in a band trading lead vocals, playing bass, and being a visual artist at the same time made me feel less alone. As a radical feminist singer, I wasn't particularly well liked. I was in a punk underground scene dominated by hardcore dudes who yelled mean shit at me every night, and journalists routinely called my voice shrill, unlistenable. Kim made me feel accepted in a way I hadn't before. Fucking Kim Gordon thought I was on the right track, haters be damned. It made the bullshit easier to take, knowing she was in my corner. [12] (#cite_note-Lizzy-12) Discography [ edit ] Solo SYR5 (/wiki/SYR5) (with DJ Olive and Ikue Mori) (2000) Yokokimthurston (/wiki/Yokokimthurston) (with Yoko Ono and Thurston Moore) (2012) No Home Record (/wiki/No_Home_Record) (2019) [100] (#cite_note-101) At Issue (2022) (with Loren Connors) [101] (#cite_note-102) The Collective (/wiki/The_Collective_(Kim_Gordon_album)) (2024) [102] (#cite_note-103) Sonic Youth Main article: Sonic Youth discography (/wiki/Sonic_Youth_discography) Free Kitten Unboxed (/wiki/Unboxed_(Free_Kitten_album)) (1994) Nice Ass (/wiki/Nice_Ass) (1995) Sentimental Education (/wiki/Sentimental_Education_(Free_Kitten_album)) (1997) Inherit (/wiki/Inherit_(album)) (2008) Body/Head Body/Head 12" (2013) Coming Apart (/wiki/Coming_Apart_(album)) (2013) No Waves (/wiki/No_Waves) (2016) The Switch (/wiki/The_Switch_(Body/Head_album)) (2018) Glitterbust Glitterbust (2016) Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 1989 The Whole World is Watching: Weatherman '69 Bernadine Dohrn (/wiki/Bernadine_Dohrn) [103] (#cite_note-104) 1992 1991: The Year Punk Broke (/wiki/1991:_The_Year_Punk_Broke) Herself Documentary film [104] (#cite_note-105) 2005 Last Days (/wiki/Last_Days_(2005_film)) Record Executive [48] (#cite_note-lastdays-48) 2006 Gilmore Girls (/wiki/Gilmore_Girls) Cool Mom Troubadour Episode: "Partings" [51] (#cite_note-gg-51) 2007 Boarding Gate (/wiki/Boarding_Gate) Kay [49] (#cite_note-boarding-49) 2007 I'm Not There (/wiki/I%27m_Not_There) Carla Hendricks [50] (#cite_note-notthere-50) 2009 Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl) Herself Episode: "Rufus Getting Married" [105] (#cite_note-gossip-106) 2013 Une Danse Des Bouffons Maria Martins Short film [106] (#cite_note-107) 2014 Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) Mindy Episode: "Females Only" [67] (#cite_note-girls-68) 2014 Portlandia (/wiki/Portlandia_(TV_series)) Herself Episode: "Pull-Out King" [68] (#cite_note-portlandia-69) 2015 The Nightmare (/wiki/The_Nightmare_(2015_German_film)) English poetry teacher German title: "Der Nachtmar" [71] (#cite_note-nightmare-72) 2016 Imponderable Madame Vesta [75] (#cite_note-imponderable-76) 2016 The Realest Real (/wiki/The_Realest_Real) Herself Short film [107] (#cite_note-108) 2017 Animals (/wiki/Animals_(U.S._TV_series)) Tulip Episode: "Rats" [78] (#cite_note-animals-79) 2018 Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot (/wiki/Don%27t_Worry,_He_Won%27t_Get_Far_on_Foot) Corky [79] (#cite_note-faronfoot-80) Publications [ edit ] Gordon, Kim (2014). Is It My Body? – Selected Texts . Berlin, Germany: Sternberg Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-95679-038-6 . Gordon, Kim (2015). Girl in a Band: A Memoir (/wiki/Girl_in_a_Band) . New York: Dey Street Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-062-29590-3 . Gordon, Kim (2020). No Icon . New York: Rizzoli (/wiki/Rizzoli_Libri) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-6581-9 . [108] (#cite_note-109) Gordon, Kim; Gleeson, Sinéad (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Gleeson) , eds. (2022). This Woman's Work: Essays on Music . Hachette Books (/wiki/Hachette_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780306829000 . See also [ edit ] Sonic Youth discography (/wiki/Sonic_Youth_discography) Experimental music (/wiki/Experimental_music) Alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) Notes and references [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-58) Sonic Youth was founded by Gordon and Moore in 1981, and the group formally disbanded in 2011. References [ edit ] ^ a b "The 50 Greatest Bassists of All Time" (https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-13565/kim-gordon-13578/) . Rolling Stone Australia . July 2, 2020 . Retrieved November 8, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge-WarrenRomanowski2005912_2-0) George-Warren & Romanowski 2005 (#CITEREFGeorge-WarrenRomanowski2005) , p. 912. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Halberstadt, Alex (June 3, 2013). "Next Stage" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/06/03/next-stage) . The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-maron_4-0) Gordon, Kim (March 26, 2015). "Interview with Kim Gordon". WTF with Marc Maron (/wiki/WTF_with_Marc_Maron) (Interview). Interviewed by Marc Maron (/wiki/Marc_Maron) . ^ a b "In Memoriam: C. Wayne Gordon" (https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/WayneC.Gordon.htm) . University of California, Los Angeles . February 24, 1998 . Retrieved August 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon201515_6-0) Gordon 2015 (#CITEREFGordon2015) , p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "3 Groups to Study Center for Alcoholics" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22874476/democrat_and_chronicle/) . Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester, New York. March 25, 1956. p. 3B – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20154_8-0) Gordon 2015 (#CITEREFGordon2015) , p. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-9) People Staff (June 10, 1996). "Rockabye Baby" (https://people.com/archive/rockabye-baby-vol-45-no-23/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Vol. 45, no. 23 . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ a b Gordon 2015 (#CITEREFGordon2015) , p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Wayne C. Gordon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055009/http://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/inmemoriam/WayneC.Gordon.htm) . University of California . Archived from the original (http://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/inmemoriam/WayneC.Gordon.htm) on September 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ a b c d e f g h Goodman, Lizzy (April 22, 2013). "Kim Gordon Sounds Off" (http://www.elle.com/pop-culture/celebrities/kim-gordon-sonic-youth-profile) . Elle . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon201525–26_13-0) Gordon 2015 (#CITEREFGordon2015) , pp. 25–26. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Coscarelli, Joe (February 18, 2015). "Kim Gordon, Sonic Youth's Antifrontwoman, on the Band and Breakups" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/books/kim-gordon-of-sonic-youth-writes-about-her-band-and-breakups.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-nr_15-0) Friedman, Ann (February 4, 2015). "Even Kim Gordon Doesn't Have It All" (https://newrepublic.com/article/120936/kim-gordon-girl-band-review-when-riot-grrl-grows) . The New Republic (/wiki/The_New_Republic) . Retrieved August 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Barclay_16-0) Barclay, Michael (July 2002). 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Retrieved May 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong2016109_98-0) Strong 2016 (#CITEREFStrong2016) , p. 109. ^ (#cite_ref-99) "Sofia Coppola Interviewed By Kim Gordon: From The BUST Archives" (https://bust.com/movies/192978-sofia-coppola-cover-story-2011.html) . Bust . June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-100) Murphy, Roisin (May 10, 2009). "Roisin Murphy on making shows dramatic" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/may/10/roisin-murphy-shows-dramatic) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 31, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Yoo, Noah (August 20, 2019). "Kim Gordon Announces Solo Debut No Home Record, Shares Video for New Song: Watch" (https://pitchfork.com/news/kim-gordon-announces-solo-debut-no-home-record-shares-video-for-new-song-watch/) . Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) "Sold Out! Kim Gordon & Loren Connors / Dreamcrusher / Alessandra Novaga & Connors | ISSUE Project Room" (https://issueprojectroom.org/event/sold-out-kim-gordon-loren-connors-dreamcrusher-alessandra-novaga-connors) . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Monroe, Jazz (January 16, 2024). "Kim Gordon Announces New Album The Collective and Tour, Shares Song: Listen" (https://pitchfork.com/news/kim-gordon-announces-new-album-the-collective-and-tour-shares-song-listen/) . Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) . Retrieved January 16, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Raymond Pettibon". Filmmaker (/wiki/Filmmaker_(magazine)) . 6 . Independent Feature Project & Independent Feature Project/West: 20. 1997. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1063-8954 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-8954) . ^ (#cite_ref-105) O'Donnell, Kevin (September 22, 2016). "Kim Gordon looks back on Nirvana's 'Nevermind' (https://ew.com/article/2016/09/22/kim-gordon-nirvana-nevermind/) " (https://ew.com/article/2016/09/22/kim-gordon-nirvana-nevermind/) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-gossip_106-0) Breihan, Tom (October 13, 2009). "Watch Sonic Youth on 'Gossip Girl' (https://pitchfork.com/news/36792-watch-sonic-youth-on-gossip-girl/) " (https://pitchfork.com/news/36792-watch-sonic-youth-on-gossip-girl/) . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Brooks, Katherine (June 27, 2014). "Kim Gordon And Arcade Fire Are In A Short Film Together, Commence Collective Squee" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/27/une-danse-des-bouffons_n_5538612.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Lozano, Kevin (September 13, 2016). "Watch Carrie Brownstein's New Short Film The Realest Real, Starring Kim Gordon" (https://pitchfork.com/news/68175-watch-carrie-brownsteins-new-short-film-the-realest-real-starring-kim-gordon/) . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 5, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) "Kim Gordon: No Icon" (https://www.rizzoliusa.com/book/9780847865819/) . Rizzoli New York (/wiki/Rizzoli_New_York) . Retrieved October 7, 2020 . Sources [ edit ] Blush, Steve (2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB . New York: Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-250-08361-6 . Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul . Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-879-30653-3 . Browne, David (2009). Goodbye 20th Century: A Biography of Sonic Youth . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-306-81515-7 . Christgau, Robert (2000). Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s . New York: Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-312-24560-3 . Foege, Alex (1994). Confusion Is Next: The Sonic Youth Story . New York: Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-312-11369-8 . Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). She's a Rebel:The History of Women in Rock & Roll . New York: Seal Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58005-078-4 . George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia, eds. (2005). "Sonic Youth". The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll . New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) : Fireside. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7432-9201-6 . Gordon, Kim (2015). Girl in a Band: A Memoir (/wiki/Girl_in_a_Band) . Dey Street Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-062-29590-3 . Jones, Amelia; Heathfield, Adrian (2012). Perform, Repeat, Record: Live Art in History . Chicago: University of Chicago Press: Intellect Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-841-50489-6 . Mayshark, Jesse Fox (2007). Post-Pop Cinema: The Search for Meaning in New American Film . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-275-99080-0 . Molon, Dominic (2007). Sympathy for the Devil: Art and Rock and Roll Since 1967 . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-13426-1 . Robins, Wayne (2008). A Brief History of Rock, Off the Record . New York: Routeledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-97472-1 . Strong, Catherine (2016). Grunge: Music and Memory . Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-12436-8 . Weglarz, Kristine; Pedelty, Mark (2016). Political Rock . Abington, Oxfordshire: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-138-24563-1 . Yarm, Mark (2011). Everybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge . New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-307-46444-6 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Gordon (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Gordon) . Kim Gordon (https://www.discogs.com/artist/187676) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) Kim Gordon (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/0000083751) at AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)) Kim Gordon (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0330371/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth) Thurston Moore (/wiki/Thurston_Moore) Kim Gordon Lee Ranaldo (/wiki/Lee_Ranaldo) Steve Shelley (/wiki/Steve_Shelley) Bob Bert (/wiki/Bob_Bert) Anne DeMarinis (/wiki/Anne_DeMarinis) Richard Edson (/wiki/Richard_Edson) Mark Ibold (/wiki/Mark_Ibold) Jim O'Rourke (/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)) Jim Sclavunos (/wiki/Jim_Sclavunos) Studio albums Confusion Is Sex (/wiki/Confusion_Is_Sex) Bad Moon Rising (/wiki/Bad_Moon_Rising_(album)) EVOL (/wiki/Evol_(Sonic_Youth_album)) Sister (/wiki/Sister_(Sonic_Youth_album)) Daydream Nation (/wiki/Daydream_Nation) The Whitey Album (/wiki/The_Whitey_Album) Goo (/wiki/Goo_(album)) Dirty (/wiki/Dirty_(Sonic_Youth_album)) Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star (/wiki/Experimental_Jet_Set,_Trash_and_No_Star) Washing Machine (/wiki/Washing_Machine_(album)) A Thousand Leaves (/wiki/A_Thousand_Leaves) NYC Ghosts & Flowers (/wiki/NYC_Ghosts_%26_Flowers) Murray Street (/wiki/Murray_Street_(album)) Sonic Nurse (/wiki/Sonic_Nurse) Rather Ripped (/wiki/Rather_Ripped) The Eternal (/wiki/The_Eternal_(album)) Extended plays Sonic Youth (/wiki/Sonic_Youth_(EP)) Kill Yr Idols (/wiki/Kill_Yr_Idols) Master-Dik (/wiki/Master-Dik) 4 Tunna Brix (/wiki/4_Tunna_Brix) Whores Moaning (/wiki/Whores_Moaning) TV Shit (/wiki/TV_Shit) Silver Session for Jason Knuth (/wiki/Silver_Session_for_Jason_Knuth) Live albums Sonic Death (/wiki/Sonic_Death) Walls Have Ears (/wiki/Walls_Have_Ears) Hold That Tiger (/wiki/Hold_That_Tiger_(album)) Live at the Continental Club (/wiki/Live_at_the_Continental_Club) Battery Park, NYC July 4th 2008 (/wiki/Battery_Park,_NYC_July_4th_2008) Smart Bar Chicago 1985 (/wiki/Smart_Bar_Chicago_1985) Live in Brooklyn 2011 (/wiki/Live_in_Brooklyn_2011) Compilations Screaming Fields of Sonic Love (/wiki/Screaming_Fields_of_Sonic_Love) The Destroyed Room: B-Sides and Rarities (/wiki/The_Destroyed_Room:_B-Sides_and_Rarities) Hits Are for Squares (/wiki/Hits_Are_for_Squares) Other albums Made in USA (/wiki/Made_in_USA_(Sonic_Youth_album)) In the Fishtank 9 (/wiki/In_the_Fishtank_9) Demonlover (/wiki/Demonlover#Soundtrack) In/Out/In (/wiki/In/Out/In) SYR series (/wiki/Sonic_Youth_Recordings) SYR1: Anagrama (/wiki/SYR1:_Anagrama) SYR2: Slaapkamers met slagroom (/wiki/SYR2:_Slaapkamers_met_slagroom) SYR3: Invito al ĉielo (/wiki/SYR3:_Invito_al_%C4%89ielo) SYR4: Goodbye 20 (/wiki/SYR4:_Goodbye_20th_Century) th Century (/wiki/SYR4:_Goodbye_20th_Century) SYR5: ミュージカル パ一スペクティブ (/wiki/SYR5) SYR6: Koncertas Stan Brakhage prisiminimui (/wiki/SYR6:_Koncertas_Stan_Brakhage_prisiminimui) SYR7: J'Accuse Ted Hughes (/wiki/SYR7:_J%27Accuse_Ted_Hughes) SYR8: Andre Sider Af Sonic Youth (/wiki/SYR8:_Andre_Sider_Af_Sonic_Youth) SYR9: Simon Werner a Disparu (/wiki/Lights_Out_(2010_film)#Soundtrack) Singles " Death Valley '69 (/wiki/Death_Valley_%2769) " (feat. Lydia Lunch (/wiki/Lydia_Lunch) ) " Flower (/wiki/Flower_(Sonic_Youth_song)) "/"Halloween" " Flower (/wiki/Flower_(Sonic_Youth_song)) "/"Satan Is Boring" " Starpower (/wiki/Starpower_(song)) " " Teen Age Riot (/wiki/Teen_Age_Riot) " " Silver Rocket (/wiki/Silver_Rocket) " " Touch Me I'm Sick (/wiki/Touch_Me_I%27m_Sick/Halloween) " " Kool Thing (/wiki/Kool_Thing) " " Dirty Boots (/wiki/Dirty_Boots) " " 100% (/wiki/100%25_(Sonic_Youth_song)) " " Youth Against Fascism (/wiki/Youth_Against_Fascism) " " Sugar Kane (/wiki/Sugar_Kane) " " Drunken Butterfly (/wiki/Drunken_Butterfly) " " Bull in the Heather (/wiki/Bull_in_the_Heather) " " Superstar (/wiki/Superstar_(Delaney_and_Bonnie_song)) " " Sunday (/wiki/Sunday_(Sonic_Youth_song)) " Video albums Goo (/wiki/Goo_(album)#Video) Screaming Fields of Sonic Love (/wiki/Screaming_Fields_of_Sonic_Love) Corporate Ghost: The Videos: 1990–2002 (/wiki/Corporate_Ghost:_The_Videos:_1990%E2%80%932002) Books Goodbye 20th Century (/wiki/Goodbye_20th_Century:_A_Biography_of_Sonic_Youth) Girl in a Band: A Memoir (/wiki/Girl_in_a_Band) Sonic Life: a Memoir (/wiki/Sonic_Life:_a_Memoir) Side projects Body/Head (/wiki/Body/Head) Chelsea Light Moving (/wiki/Chelsea_Light_Moving) Dim Stars (/wiki/Dim_Stars) Free Kitten (/wiki/Free_Kitten) Harry Crews (/wiki/Harry_Crews_(band)) Gate (/wiki/Gate_(band)) Related articles Discography (/wiki/Sonic_Youth_discography) No wave (/wiki/No_wave) 1991: The Year Punk Broke (/wiki/1991:_The_Year_Punk_Broke) Category (/wiki/Category:Sonic_Youth) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1617416/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000114373949) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/7589588) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkpb48qbJDVykKqF9yWXd) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5075452) Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5488615) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140449705) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140449705) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/130170852) Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV309547) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437478205171) Belgium (https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21246366) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005015957) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001207051) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20090430013&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p19545300X) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578415505606) Portugal (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1667216) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/19301485-ac9c-4dad-885b-cd8e8c8b4184) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/284286) People Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd130170852.html?language=en) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wt1440) IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/069241864) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐d4grr Cached time: 20240720162934 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.397 seconds Real time usage: 1.638 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10021/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 228450/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14118/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 32/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 411951/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.875/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 11668422/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1457.120 1 -total 31.22% 454.902 2 Template:Reflist 20.75% 302.359 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.00% 262.281 62 Template:Cite_web 10.74% 156.485 18 Template:Cite_book 8.97% 130.726 27 Template:Sfn 8.69% 126.673 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.93% 86.369 1 Template:Sonic_Youth 5.81% 84.603 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 4.86% 70.763 2 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:77738-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720162934 and revision id 1231590734. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gordon&oldid=1231590734#1979–1994:_Sonic_Youth_and_X-Girl (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gordon&oldid=1231590734#1979–1994:_Sonic_Youth_and_X-Girl) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1953 births (/wiki/Category:1953_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Alternative rock bass guitarists (/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_bass_guitarists) American alternative rock musicians (/wiki/Category:American_alternative_rock_musicians) American experimental musicians (/wiki/Category:American_experimental_musicians) American contraltos (/wiki/Category:American_contraltos) American memoirists (/wiki/Category:American_memoirists) American rock bass guitarists (/wiki/Category:American_rock_bass_guitarists) American rock guitarists (/wiki/Category:American_rock_guitarists) American rock singers (/wiki/Category:American_rock_singers) Artists from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Los_Angeles) American women bass guitarists (/wiki/Category:American_women_bass_guitarists) American feminist artists (/wiki/Category:American_feminist_artists) American feminist musicians (/wiki/Category:American_feminist_musicians) Guitarists from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Guitarists_from_Los_Angeles) No wave musicians (/wiki/Category:No_wave_musicians) Noise rock musicians (/wiki/Category:Noise_rock_musicians) Painters from California (/wiki/Category:Painters_from_California) Singers from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Los_Angeles) Sonic Youth members (/wiki/Category:Sonic_Youth_members) Songwriters from California (/wiki/Category:Songwriters_from_California) Otis College of Art and Design alumni (/wiki/Category:Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design_alumni) Santa Monica College alumni (/wiki/Category:Santa_Monica_College_alumni) University High School (Los Angeles) alumni (/wiki/Category:University_High_School_(Los_Angeles)_alumni) York University alumni (/wiki/Category:York_University_alumni) 20th-century American artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_artists) 20th-century American women artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_artists) 20th-century American bass guitarists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_bass_guitarists) 20th-century American women singers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_singers) 21st-century American artists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_artists) 21st-century American women artists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_artists) 21st-century American bass guitarists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_bass_guitarists) 21st-century American women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_singers) Free Kitten members (/wiki/Category:Free_Kitten_members) 20th-century American singers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singers) 21st-century American singers 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Fashion brand Enfants Riches Déprimés Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2012 ( 2012 ) Founder Henri Alexander Levy (/wiki/Henri_Alexander_Levy) Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Key people Henri Alexander Levy ( creative director (/wiki/Creative_Director) ) Website enfantsrichesdeprimes (https://enfantsrichesdeprimes.com/) .com (https://enfantsrichesdeprimes.com/) Enfants Riches Déprimés ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃fɑ̃ (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ʁiʃ (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) dɛpʁimɛ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ; lit. ' Depressed Rich Kids ' ), also known as ERD , is a Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and Paris (/wiki/Paris) based luxury fashion brand founded in 2012 by the conceptual artist (/wiki/Conceptual_art) Henri Alexander Levy (aka Henri Alexander). In 2024 Henri Alexander Levy opened a rare art book and vinyl shop/bar in the Marais district of Paris called the ANTI PUBLIC LIBRARY that focuses on noise music (/wiki/Noise_music) , post-punk (/wiki/Post-punk) , industrial music (/wiki/Industrial_music) , shoegaze (/wiki/Shoegaze) and no wave (/wiki/No_wave) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] ERD was founded in late 2012 by Henri Alexander as an Avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) fashion collective, in an effort to create a French punk (/wiki/French_punk) streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) line based on the movements of the late 1970s and Japanese (/wiki/Japan) Avant-garde movements of the 1980s. [2] (#cite_note-2) One of the core precepts of the brand is high price points (/wiki/Price_point) , with T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) ranging on average from $500 to $1,000, and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) jackets priced as high as $95,000. [3] (#cite_note-3) ERD consistently utilizes the business model (/wiki/Business_model) of artificial scarcity (/wiki/Artificial_scarcity) . [4] (#cite_note-complex.com-4) In this regard, all styles are sold on an extremely exclusive basis, and thus in relatively small quantities. [5] (#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-5) "The price point is not only a marker of value, but intrinsically part of the piece itself," Alexander remarked in a 2015 interview with The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . He further noted that, "No pieces are alike and everything is limited. I have no interest in making affordable pieces for the masses." [6] (#cite_note-auto-6) Consistent with this perspective, the artist further noted in a 2016 interview with Complex Magazine (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) that, "The best way for me to explain the brand is elitist (/wiki/Elitism) , nihilist (/wiki/Nihilism) couture (…) The price point eliminates the masses, and the ideas eliminate the people who I don't want, generally, in it, due to the dark nature." [4] (#cite_note-complex.com-4) [7] (#cite_note-theguardian.com-7) The originality of ERD's designs has also resulted in other brands appropriating similar designs and styles, most notably Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) and Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) . ERD has made a point to be extremely particular with respect to accepting new stockists. [5] (#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-5) Enfants reportedly informed stores in 2017 that if there is any evidence of carrying brands that copy ERD or feature "mid-level contemporary bullshit," the brand will categorically prohibit those stores from carrying the brand. Enfants Riches Déprimés began with just a small handful of stockists in 2012. From 2013 to 2014, the label quietly garnered a following amongst celebrities, including Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) , Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Pusha T (/wiki/Pusha_T) , Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , G Dragon (/wiki/G_Dragon) , Sky Ferreira (/wiki/Sky_Ferreira) , Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) , Frances Bean Cobain (/wiki/Frances_Bean_Cobain) , Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) , Guns N' Roses (/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) , and Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [7] (#cite_note-theguardian.com-7) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) From 2015 to 2017, Enfants Riches Déprimés has experienced significant business growth, notably with its garments being stocked by Patron of the New, Maxfield, SSENSE, Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) , 10 Corso Como (/wiki/10_Corso_Como) , Luisa Via Roma (/wiki/Luisa_Via_Roma) , and Trois Pommes. The brand has also earned considerable artistic acclaim in the fashion world with Alexander's trailblazing and particularly confrontational and provocative designs. These garments have catapulted the brand to an unprecedented level. Enfants Riches Déprimés unveiled its SS18 pre-collection at Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) Paris in June 2017, the first time in which a fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_house) has shown at the historic auction house, founded in 1766. [15] (#cite_note-15) For its SS23 collection held at Lycée Henri IV (/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV) in Paris in October 2022, Enfants Riches Déprimés unveiled politically and morally motivated garments that would continue to propel its counterculture brand imagery and ethos, such as references to the founder of the People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) , Mao Zedong (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) and American serial killer (/wiki/Serial_killer) , Aileen Wuornos (/wiki/Aileen_Wuornos) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Influences [ edit ] Enfants Riches Déprimés has taken inspiration from a variety of historical sources. In an interview with V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , Henri Alexander Levy commented that "As far as other painters I am really into Robert Motherwell (/wiki/Robert_Motherwell) . I'm envious of the scale of his work. Also, [the work of] painters Cy Twombly (/wiki/Cy_Twombly) , Antoni Tàpies (/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies) and Jean Dubuffet (/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet) (…) I find them particularly appealing at this point in my life. I think those that are familiar with Tàpies' work, will see he has influenced ERD from the informality to the way he uses furniture and rags." [17] (#cite_note-auto1-17) Henri Alexander Levy has also been noted as being influenced by conceptual artists (/wiki/Conceptual_art) Rodney McMillian (/wiki/Rodney_McMillian) , Barbara Kruger (/wiki/Barbara_Kruger) , and Andrea Fraser (/wiki/Andrea_Fraser) ; [18] (#cite_note-18) Japanese fashion designers Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) and Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) ; the drawings of Raymond Pettibon (/wiki/Raymond_Pettibon) , and punk rockers (/wiki/Punk_rock) Darby Crash (/wiki/Darby_Crash) and Johnny Thunders (/wiki/Johnny_Thunders) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2012, the brand did a limited T-shirt release with Young & Starving, a New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) nonprofit organization (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) that works to support budding artists and curators. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2015, the brand collaborated with Vans (/wiki/Vans) to create a custom classic high-top sneaker (/wiki/High-top) , featuring hand-drawings and "rebellious scribbling". [21] (#cite_note-21) For their Fall Winter 2016 collection, ERD collaborated with the estate of Cy Twombly (/wiki/Cy_Twombly) to create a capsule collection featuring interpretations of the late artist's polaroid film (/wiki/Polaroid_film) works. ERD has also had a continuing relationship with the contemporary artist (/wiki/Contemporary_art) and architect (/wiki/Architect) Didier Fiúza Faustino. His sculpture was notably featured as the centerpiece of their Paris runway show in September 2016, which premiered the brand's Spring Summer 2017 main collection. [22] (#cite_note-22) In early 2017, Enfants Riches Déprimés collaborated with Daft Punk (/wiki/Daft_Punk) for their store at Maxfield in Los Angeles. [23] (#cite_note-23) In July 2017, Enfants Riches Déprimés launched a pop-up store (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) at Maxfield, transforming the sprawling space into a pawn shop (/wiki/Pawn_shop) . [24] (#cite_note-24) The shop featured a capsule collection of archival pieces, as well as a number of new limited edition styles. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In June 2019, Enfants Riches Déprimés collaborated in the artistic design of Future (/wiki/Future_(rapper)) 's EP Save Me with the cover being one of his paintings and all the music videos made for the EP directed by him. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) [1] (https://hypebeast.com/2024/2/anti-public-library-paris-book-vinyl-store) ANTI PUBLIC LIBRARY at Hypebeast ^ (#cite_ref-2) [2] (https://clothbase.com/brands/enfants-riches-deprimes) Enfants Riches Deprimes at Clothbase ^ (#cite_ref-3) THOMAS ADAMSON (25 June 2017). "Lanvin fuses sartorial and street to cap Paris menswear week" (http://fox17.com/news/entertainment/lanvin-fuses-sartorial-and-street-to-cap-paris-menswear-week) . Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822070415/http://fox17.com/news/entertainment/lanvin-fuses-sartorial-and-street-to-cap-paris-menswear-week) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ a b "The Elitist, Punk Fashion of Enfants Riches Déprimés Is Probably Not For You" (http://www.complex.com/style/2016/03/enfants-riches-deprimes-profile) . Complex . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821050604/http://www.complex.com/style/2016/03/enfants-riches-deprimes-profile) from the original on 2017-08-21 . Retrieved 2017-08-20 . ^ a b "Enfants Riches Deprimes Founder on His "Disgusting" Pop-Up Storefront" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/enfants-riches-deprimes-founder-his-disgusting-pop-up-store-front-1021425) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . 17 July 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822093300/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/enfants-riches-deprimes-founder-his-disgusting-pop-up-store-front-1021425) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_6-0) Elan, Priya (26 July 2016). "Cashmere nooses and 'nihilistic luxury': Enfant Riches Déprimés' punk couture" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jul/26/cashmere-nooses-and-nihilistic-luxury-enfant-riches-deprimes-punk-couture) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821050335/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jul/26/cashmere-nooses-and-nihilistic-luxury-enfant-riches-deprimes-punk-couture) from the original on 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ a b Elan, Priya (26 July 2016). "Cashmere nooses and 'nihilistic luxury': Enfant Riches Déprimés' punk couture" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jul/26/cashmere-nooses-and-nihilistic-luxury-enfant-riches-deprimes-punk-couture) . the Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821050335/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jul/26/cashmere-nooses-and-nihilistic-luxury-enfant-riches-deprimes-punk-couture) from the original on 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Fashion Label that Miley Cyrus, Jared Leto, and Courtney Love Are All 'Gramming" (http://www.vogue.com/article/enfants-riches-deprimes-miley-cyrus-jared-leto) . 19 December 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822093049/http://www.vogue.com/article/enfants-riches-deprimes-miley-cyrus-jared-leto) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kanye West and Common Shut Down Off-Duty Dressing in the Statement Trouser" (http://www.vogue.com/article/kanye-west-yeezy-enfants-riches-deprimes-common-bally-statement-trouser-celebrity-style) . 21 March 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052958/http://www.vogue.com/article/kanye-west-yeezy-enfants-riches-deprimes-common-bally-statement-trouser-celebrity-style) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pusha T Displays The Details On His Enfants Riches Déprimés Jacket" (http://www.upscalehype.com/2016/06/pusha-t-displays-the-details-on-his-enfants-riches-deprimes-jacket/) . 18 June 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822054746/http://www.upscalehype.com/2016/06/pusha-t-displays-the-details-on-his-enfants-riches-deprimes-jacket/) from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Zayn Malik Covers Paper Magazine Wearing An Enfants Riches Déprimés Leather Jacket" (http://www.upscalehype.com/2016/06/zayn-malik-covers-paper-magazine-wearing-an-enfants-riches-deprimes-leather-jacket/) . 20 June 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052946/http://www.upscalehype.com/2016/06/zayn-malik-covers-paper-magazine-wearing-an-enfants-riches-deprimes-leather-jacket/) from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Frances Bean Cobain and Courtney Love Share Rock Star Style in Paris" (http://www.vogue.com/article/frances-bean-cobain-courtney-love-paris-fashion-week-front-row-enfantes-riches-deprimes) . October 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822093054/http://www.vogue.com/article/frances-bean-cobain-courtney-love-paris-fashion-week-front-row-enfantes-riches-deprimes) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Kanye West Was Caught Sleeping in a $545 Plaid Shirt" (http://www.complex.com/style/2016/05/kanye-west-wearing-enfants-riches-deprimes-flannel) . Complex . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055624/http://www.complex.com/style/2016/05/kanye-west-wearing-enfants-riches-deprimes-flannel) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Alexis, FashionNetwork.com, Chenu. "Enfants Riches Déprimés: the elitist punk label attracting retailers worldwide" (http://hk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Enfants-Riches-Deprimes-the-elitist-punk-label-attracting-retailers-worldwide,765623.html#.WZ0aRpOGPy8) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121418/http://hk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Enfants-Riches-Deprimes-the-elitist-punk-label-attracting-retailers-worldwide,765623.html#.WZ0aRpOGPy8) from the original on 2017-08-23 . Retrieved 2017-08-23 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-15) "About Us: This History of Christie's - Christie's" (http://www.christies.com/about-us/welcome-to-christies/about-us/) . www.christies.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170831225150/http://www.christies.com/about-us/welcome-to-christies/about-us) from the original on 2017-08-31 . Retrieved 2017-08-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Are politically motivated t-shirts making a comeback?" (https://www.nssmag.com/en/article/31116) . nss magazine . Retrieved 2023-03-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) NYC, Weird Science Studio. "V Magazine / THE VIDEO: ENFANTS RICHES DEPRIMES" (http://108.171.178.53/site/content/2949/the-video-enfants-riches-deprimes) . V Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-18) [3] (https://hypebeast.com/2024/2/anti-public-library-paris-book-vinyl-store) ANTI PUBLIC LIBRARY at Hypebeast ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Designer to Watch: Enfants Riches Déprimés - theFashionSpot" (http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/312315-designer-to-watch-enfants-riches-deprimes/) . 23 August 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052924/http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/312315-designer-to-watch-enfants-riches-deprimes/) from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Projects" (http://www.youngandstarving.com/projects/) . Young & Starving . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120303/http://www.youngandstarving.com/projects/) from the original on 2017-08-23 . Retrieved 2017-08-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "A Ralph Lauren Workout Shirt, Punky Vans Sneakers And Other Items for the Fall Shopping List" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/10/fashion/A-Ralph-Lauren-Workout-Shirt-Punky-Vans-Sneakers-And-Other-Items-for-the-Fall-Shopping-List.html) . 10 September 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821050552/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/10/fashion/A-Ralph-Lauren-Workout-Shirt-Punky-Vans-Sneakers-And-Other-Items-for-the-Fall-Shopping-List.html) from the original on 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-22) [4] (https://www.darchitectures.com/boutique-enfants-riches-deprimes-paris-france-a5014.html) Boutique Enfants Riches Déprimés, Paris, France ^ (#cite_ref-23) [5] (https://hypebeast.com/2017/2/daft-punk-enfants-riches-deprimes-merch) Daft Punk Unveils Collaborative Merch With Enfant Riches Déprimés at Hyperbeast ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Exclusive: Maxfield Gallery Becomes a Pawn Shop for Enfants Riches Déprimés Pop-Up Event" (https://hypebeast.com/2017/7/enfants-riches-deprimes-maxfield-gallery-pop-up-first-look) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822015031/https://hypebeast.com/2017/7/enfants-riches-deprimes-maxfield-gallery-pop-up-first-look) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Here's The Story Behind That Odd Pawn Shop on Melrose" (http://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/pawn-shop-melrose/) . 24 July 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095925/http://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/pawn-shop-melrose/) from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Thierry Lasry - Thierry Lasry" (http://www.thierrylasry.com/projects/42) . www.thierrylasry.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095834/http://www.thierrylasry.com/projects/42) from the original on 2017-08-22 . Retrieved 2017-08-22 . 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FREYWILLE Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) , GmbH (/wiki/GmbH) Industry Fashion Founded 1951 Founder Michaela Frey Headquarters Gumpendorferstraße 81, A-1060, Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Area served Worldwide Products Jewellery and fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Number of employees ~500 Website shop (http://shop.freywille.com) .freywille (http://shop.freywille.com) .com (http://shop.freywille.com) Frey Wille GmbH & Co KG , originally branded as " Michaela Frey Emailmanufaktur ", now known as FREYWILLE , is an enamel (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) jewellery manufacturer based in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) founded in 1951 by designer Michaela Frey. The label is known for its hand-decorated designs that are based on the works of 19th- and 20th-century artists, [1] (#cite_note-free-wille.com-1) and for producing the world's finest fire enamel jewellery. [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] The original Michaela Frey style of enamel ornamentation and fire enamel techniques was created in the 1960s by Viennese designer and company founder Michaela Frey, who refined the technique of fine enameling (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) over several decades and ran a workshop dedicated to enamel jewellery and objets d'art (/wiki/Objet_d%27art) . [ citation needed ] Frey died in the 1970s, at which point the company was taken over by her accountant, Dr. Friedrich Wille (Doctor of Law), who embarked on a period of expansion. Current operations [ edit ] By 2010, FREYWILLE operated 200+ boutiques worldwide. By 2022, the company had 42 boutiques, mostly in Eastern Europe, and had engaged re-sellers. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-advantage-sofia-3) The company has its factory and offices in one building in central Vienna. [4] (#cite_note-4) Product range [ edit ] All FREYWILLE pieces are hand-made in Vienna. Until around 2010, under contract, FREYWILLE produced the enamel jewellery for Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) . Its scarves are designed in Vienna and made in Italy; its watches are made in Switzerland and set with enamel pieces in Vienna. And until around 2014, FREYWILLE offered handbags, also made in Italy, which cost as much as US$5,000. The company also sells watches and Swiss-made writing instruments. By 2022, FREYWILLE had discontinued its men's line; consisted of watches, rings, belts, ties and writing instruments. Designs [ edit ] Adele Bloch-Bauer I (/wiki/Adele_Bloch-Bauer_I) , which sold for a record $135 million in 2006. Neue Galerie New York (/wiki/Neue_Galerie_New_York) . FREYWILLE designs use colorful motifs and the infusion of 24k gold. They are either designed with ideas from the company's artists, such as the " Ode to Joy (/wiki/Ode_to_Joy) of Life" collection, [5] (#cite_note-Company-website-5) or by using motifs from mythology, such as the Egyptian collection, or based on the works of influential artists. In the 1990s the Fondation Monet in Giverny (/wiki/Fondation_Monet_in_Giverny) approached the company and asked them to create a collection inspired by Monet. Soon after, a collection was created for the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) based on works by William Morris (/wiki/William_Morris) . [6] (#cite_note-leadersmag-6) Collections have also been created based on the works of Gustav Klimt (/wiki/Gustav_Klimt) , Friedensreich Hundertwasser (/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser) , Alphonse Mucha (/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha) , Vincent van Gogh (/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh) and Paul Gauguin (/wiki/Paul_Gauguin) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-free-wille.com_1-0) "About Frey Wille" (http://www.frey-wille.com/#WOFW/WhoWheAre) . free-wille.com . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Find Boutiques" (https://shop.freywille.com/ca/our-boutiques/) . freywille.com . Freywille . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-advantage-sofia_3-0) "FreyWille opens its first boutique in Sofia" (http://www.advantageaustria.org/bg/news/local/2011-06-01_Frey_Wille.jsp) . Advantage Austria . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Frey Wille – Dubai , Jewellery Dubai , retrieved 30 November 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-Company-website_5-0) Ode to Joy of Life at FreeWille (http://www.freywille.com/#Jewellery/OdeToJoyOfLife) ^ (#cite_ref-leadersmag_6-0) "An Interview with Dr. Friedrich Wille" (http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2011.4_Oct/Lifestyle/LEADERS-Friedrich-Wille-FREYWILLE.htm) . leadermag . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . 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Bolivian drag queen and politician (born 1968) "Carlos Parra" redirects here. For other people of the same name, see Carlos Parra (disambiguation) (/wiki/Carlos_Parra_(disambiguation)) . In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Parra (/wiki/Parra) and the second or maternal family name is Heredia (/wiki/Heredia_(surname)) . París Galán Parra outside the salon (/wiki/Drawing_room) of the La Paz Legislative Assembly, 30 May 2019 Member of the La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)) Departmental Legislative Assembly (/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia#Local_government) In office 30 May 2019 – 3 May 2021 Constituency Party list (/wiki/Party_list) Substitute (/wiki/Substitute_(elections)) Member of the La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)) Departmental Legislative Assembly (/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia#Local_government) In office 31 May 2015 – 30 May 2019 Assemblyman Vilma Magne Constituency Party list (/wiki/Party_list) Personal details Born Carlos Felipe Parra Heredia ( 1968-02-05 ) 5 February 1968 (age 56) Oruro (/wiki/Oruro) , Bolivia Political party Sovereignty and Liberty (2014–2021) Other political affiliations Movement for Socialism (/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism) (until 2006) Free Bolivia Movement (/wiki/Free_Bolivia_Movement) (2006) Occupation Drag queen politician Carlos Felipe Parra Heredia (born 5 February 1968), known professionally as París Galán , is a Bolivian drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) , LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bolivia) activist, and politician. A member of La Familia Galán, a collective of LGBT drag performers (/wiki/Cross-dressing) , Parra is the country’s best-known drag queen. He [α] (#cite_note-3) made history as the first-ever (/wiki/List_of_the_first_openly_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices#Bolivia) openly transgender (/wiki/Transgender) individual to win elective office in Bolivia after being elected to the La Paz Departmental Legislative Assembly (/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia#Local_government) in 2015. To date, he is one of just two queer people (/wiki/Queer) and the second gay man (/wiki/Gay_man) in Bolivia to have held political office as a lawmaker, after Manuel Canelas (/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Canelas&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Canelas) ] . Born and raised in Oruro (/wiki/Oruro) , Parra later studied linguistics (/wiki/Linguistics) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . He settled in La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz) , where he became a popular fixture of the underground LGBT nightclub scene (/wiki/Gay_bar) . Together with other queer artists (/wiki/Queer_art) , he performed drag shows (/wiki/Drag_show) as part of La Familia Galán, a drag collective based in the city. Although the group saw small-scale success as a troupe of purely feminine gender performers, Parra and other members worked to introduce more exaggerated androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) and zoomorphic (/wiki/Zoomorphism) elements of drag queen culture to their art form. The resulting style, labeled transformismo drag queen , saw huge success once the group went public in 2001, becoming a staple of La Familia Galán's performances at pride parades (/wiki/Pride_parade) and folkloric events. Having previously participated in LGBT rights and HIV/AIDS awareness (/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism) campaigns, Parra became more involved politically at the onset of the 2006–2007 Constituent Assembly (/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006%E2%80%932007) . Although his troupe attempted to collaborate with other activist organizations to consolidate a broader LGBT movement (/wiki/LGBT_movements) , internal disagreements and factionalism hampered the community's efforts at securing rights-affirming legislation. In 2006, he contested a seat in the Constituent Assembly (/wiki/2006_Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_election) on the Free Bolivia Movement (/wiki/Free_Bolivia_Movement) 's electoral list (/wiki/Electoral_list) but failed to attain the position. Years later, in 2015, he was elected as a substitute (/wiki/Substitute_(elections)) member of the La Paz Departmental Legislative Assembly, becoming the country's first-ever transgender legislator (/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders) . Although Parra attempted to fill an open primary seat left vacant by his party's failure to nominate a candidate to hold it, electoral authorities refused to accredit him. After a four-year legal battle, during which he went on multiple hunger strikes (/wiki/Hunger_strike) , Parra was finally seated in 2019. Having had over half his term of office cut short, Parra sought reelection in 2021 (/wiki/2021_La_Paz_gubernatorial_election) but failed to secure a second term. Early life and performance career [ edit ] Carlos Parra was born on 5 February 1968 in Oruro (/wiki/Oruro) . His mother, a widowed Quechua indigenous (/wiki/Quechua_people) woman, raised him alongside ten siblings. [1] (#cite_note-:ANCCOM-2019-05-22-1) [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) Parra realized he was gay (/wiki/Gay) at the age of 4, [3] (#cite_note-:WP-2016-07-17-4) an orientation (/wiki/Sexual_orientation) he shared with one of his brothers, Roberto. Recalling the social challenges (/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men) he faced for his sexual orientation, Parra noted that he never had to come out (/wiki/Come_out) as a child. "Everyone knew what I was; they called me La Parra. [β] (#cite_note-5) I was always like that: visible; I was a transgressor, and I associated with transgressive people." [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) Las Galán and transformismo femenino : 1997–2001 [ edit ] In 1986, shortly after graduating high school, Parra's mother sent him to live in La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz) "to get him away from his fag (/wiki/Faggot_(slang)) friends". Instead, Parra's stay in the capital led him to develop even closer bonds with the LGBT community (/wiki/LGBT_community) , as he formed new relationships with many of the city's travesti (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) residents. He spent a short leave of absence in Paris (/wiki/Paris) on a scholarship from the French Embassy, during which time he completed a postgraduate degree in linguistics (/wiki/Linguistics) and learned to speak English and French. Upon his return to La Paz, Parra became more active in the city's gay nightclub (/wiki/Gay_nightclub) scene. In particular, he frequented Sopocachi (/wiki/Sopocachi) 's Bronx bowling alley (/wiki/Bowling_alley) , [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) where he was introduced to Diana Sofía Galán (Marco Salguero), a drag performance artist (/wiki/Drag_performer) who introduced him to the art of transformismo femenino . [4] (#cite_note-:PS-2016-12-18-6) [γ] (#cite_note-9) Together with other artists, Parra and Salguero began performing drag shows (/wiki/Drag_show) as a group, with the troupe coming to be known as Las Galán by La Paz's queer community (/wiki/Queer) . [4] (#cite_note-:PS-2016-12-18-6) The collective formally constituted itself under that name in 1997, with each member taking the stage surname Galán as an homage towards Salguero, their drag mother (/wiki/Drag_mother) . [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012239-10) For his stage name (/wiki/Stage_name) , Parra chose París after the city where he was educated. [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) For the duration of the late 1990s, Parra's collective continued to see small success performing at gay bars and discothèques. Although the troupe as a whole remained relatively underground—"hidden by the dim and gloomy lights of nightclubs, and seen only by people [we] knew", as recounted by Danna Galán ( David Aruquipa (/wiki/David_Aruquipa) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Aruquipa) ] )—Parra was "much more daring and willing to pursue" public ventures. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016455-11) In 1998, he was a finalist on Miss La Paz and placed third at the national pageant (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) . He came out publicly as gay on the program Atrévete hosted by Ximena Galarza (/wiki/Ximena_Galarza) . [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) La Familia Galán and transformismo drag queen : 2001–2005 [ edit ] Although Las Galán was originally conceived of as a gay movement (/wiki/Gay_movement) , the adhesion of new members of different gender identities (/wiki/Gender_identities) led Parra to envisage a more inclusive style of transformismo . [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) In conversations with Aruquipa, the pair worked to adapt transformismo to include more exaggerated elements of drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) culture. The resulting style, labeled transformismo drag queen , had "a more irreverent aesthetic". Through the usage of colorful wigs (/wiki/Wig) , strident costumes, as well as the incorporation of androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) and zoomorphic (/wiki/Zoomorphism) elements, performers could take their appearance "to its extreme," giving transformismo drag queen a more "playful and transgressive connotation". Although Salguero was unfond of the "drag queen" label, Parra collaborated with Aruquipa to introduce the term to the wider community. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016454-12) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez_Toral2021183-13) The experiment was a resounding success, [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016454-12) with transformismo drag queen becoming "synonymous with [Las Galán] in street marches and interventions", [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez_Toral2021183-13) especially after the collective made its public debut in 2001. That year, in December, Las Galán were invited as an explicitly drag queen group to perform at the Plaza Abaroa (/wiki/Plaza_Abaroa) during a pride event (/wiki/Pride_event) commemorating the fifty-third anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) . [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016454–455-14) From then, Parra and his troupe became a staple at popular events in La Paz, promoting the art of cross-dressing in different artistic forms and mediums, including at exhibitions, nightclub performances, pageants (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) , pride parades, and even through television and magazine promotions. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez_Toral2021180-15) In his analysis, Aruquipa states that the early 2000s marked the period in which Las Galán moved away from being a collective of purely feminine drag performers and began adopting more varied forms of gender expression (/wiki/Gender_expression) . [4] (#cite_note-:PS-2016-12-18-6) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012240-16) For Parra, the group had ceased to be a gay movement and had become a trans movement (/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement) "in all its forms. From the simplest, which is transformismo , [to] transgression, to transformation, because we have transformed our lives." [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) With the group's rapid expansion in both membership and scope came the move to rearticulate its core identity. Starting from 2003, the troupe began dubbing itself La Familia Galán, adopting a position of found family (/wiki/Found_family) and questioning the exclusive belonging to biological family (/wiki/Family) . The name was also an overt challenge to the concept of nuclear family (/wiki/Nuclear_family) promoted by pro-life (/wiki/Pro-life) and religious fundamentalist (/wiki/Religious_Fundamentalist) groups, with whom the collective had had multiple public confrontations. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016455-11) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012240-16) Political career and LGBT activism [ edit ] Political activism and LGBT organizing: 2001–2005 [ edit ] Parra's first forays into political activism occurred in 2001 when his troupe participated in an HIV/AIDS awareness (/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism) event in La Paz and was later contracted for a nationwide awareness campaign. [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) Around this time, La Familia Galán began actively participating in early attempts at consolidating an LGBT movement in Bolivia. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016455-11) In 2002, it was one of over twenty groups that attended the III LGBT National Congress in La Paz. At the meeting, Parra and Las Galán criticized the way the event's organizers had been operating until then. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012257-17) Para's stance stemmed from his skeptical view towards non-governmental organizations (/wiki/Non-governmental_organization) , which he saw as corrupt, elitist, and unable to function as advocacy groups (/wiki/Advocacy_group) . [1] (#cite_note-:ANCCOM-2019-05-22-1) Although La Familia Galán backed the formation of the National Network of LGBT Communities of Bolivia, the body gradually dissolved over time as member groups, including Las Galán, began dissociating themselves from it. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012257–258-18) In 2005, the Rainbow Movement was formed, composed of La Familia Galán and other LGBT organizations opposed to the national network. The group sought to apply more overtly political overtones to the various pride events that had been held until then, promoting the idea that rather than simple aesthetic displays, LGBT marches could be used as platforms to demand civil rights (/wiki/Civil_rights) . "This is not just a parade; this is a march to end homophobia (/wiki/Homophobia) ", Parra stated at one demonstration. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012233-19) [17] (#cite_note-20) In June, the Rainbow Movement constituted La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)) 's delegation to the IV LGBT National Congress, where it voiced its criticisms of the national network's failings. The group voted down the network's annual report and against its continuation as a body but was outvoted by delegations from the six other participating departments (/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia) . Its members subsequently abandoned the congress on its second day, disregarding any ensuing resolutions it made. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012259-21) LGBT rights and the Constituent Assembly: 2005–2006 [ edit ] Parra and La Familia Galán's split with other organized LGBT movements came at a critical time when broader discussions regarding potential reforms to the Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia) were in full swing. At times, the movement's internal factionalism and disunity hampered efforts to include the expansion of LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bolivia) in these discussions. An example of this occurred in 2002 when the National Network of LGBT Communities presented Congress (/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly) with a package of constitutional amendments (/wiki/Constitutional_amendment) that included, among other things, the right to same-sex marriage and civil unions (/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Bolivia) . [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefensoría_del_Pueblo200970-22) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012283-23) Aside from the expected pushback levied by the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bolivia) , the network's proposals also faced internal opposition from LGBT groups, such as Mujeres Creando (/wiki/Mujeres_Creando) and La Familia Galán, despite the fact that both had participated in drafting it. When the document was set to be debated in the Chamber of Deputies (/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)) , a communication error resulted in proponents of the legislation not arriving, meaning that only Parra and another critic, María Galindo (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Galindo) , attended. According to Alberto Moscoso, director of the national network, "at [the meeting], París said: 'I don't want to get married, and I don't know why they are asking for marriage in the law,' [but] the law was for everyone, it was not specifically for París Galán. ' " Ultimately, such internal disagreements and contradicting viewpoints caused the project to lose momentum, and the legislation was archived by Congress. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefensoría_del_Pueblo200971-24) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012284-25) Parra (furthest right) with other LGBT organizers in La Paz, 27 June 2022. Despite these setbacks, new opportunities to advance LGBT causes arose. In the leadup to 2006, with the convocation of the Constituent Assembly (/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006%E2%80%932007) , the prospect of codifying LGBT rights into the newly rewritten constitution became a top priority for groups like Parra's. In the month's preceding the assembly's installation, Parra and La Familia Galán collaborated with government authorities to present their sector's proposals. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012296-26) In April 2005, the government's Constituent Assembly Coordination Unit, in collaboration with La Familia Galán and other LGBT organizations, convened the National Workshop on Gender and Sexual Diversities in Cochabamba (/wiki/Cochabamba) . At a discursive level, the event marked a turning point for the Bolivian LGBT rights movement, as La Familia Galán managed to successfully center the discussion of queer rights around " gender and sexual diversity (/wiki/Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity) " rather than just the "gay community", a term that began falling out of use. "Until that moment, there had been talk of the gay, the gay, and the gay, making the trans (/wiki/Trans_erasure) , the lesbian (/wiki/Lesbian_erasure) , [and] the bisexual (/wiki/Bisexual_erasure) invisible", Parra later stated. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012299-27) In addition to this and other policy proposals compiled at the meeting, a national commission was also formed to represent the country's sexual minorities (/wiki/Sexual_minorities) before the Constituent Assembly Coordination Unit. Parra was elected as the commission's national representative, but internal power struggles led rival organizers to dispute his selection, generating a crisis of representation. Just a few months later, during the IV LGBT National Congress, the effectively defunct commission formed in April was dissolved, and a new Gender and Sexual Diversity Committee backed by the UCAC and other LGBT and human rights organizations (/wiki/Human_rights_organization) was established. Having already abandoned the congress, La Familia Galán did not participate in its creation, and the committee ultimately met the same fate as its predecessor. Seeing the need to consolidate a broader coalition, Parra participated in the formation of the Strategic Alliance for the Inclusion of Diversities, a body that brought together activist organizations from a variety of minority groups (/wiki/Minority_groups) . Following the formation of its directorate, Parra was elected as the alliance's national representative. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012299–301-28) Although it was initially hoped that civil society organizations would be allowed to field their own candidates for the Constituent Assembly, the reaffirmation of political parties (/wiki/Political_parties) as the only groups authorized to compete electorally forced Parra and other organizers to seek out a front willing to sponsor them. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012301-29) Given his status as an activist for the party, [3] (#cite_note-:WP-2016-07-17-4) Parra first looked to seal a deal with the ruling Movement for Socialism (/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism) (MAS-IPSP). His alliance soon reached an agreement with the MAS in which the party pledged to include representatives from each sector—including three sexual minorities—on its electoral list (/wiki/Electoral_list) . However, the party reneged on the agreement at the eleventh hour, forcing Parra to find a new front within hours of the registration deadline. "The MAS turned its back on us", Parra decried. His and other queer organizers' candidacies were eventually sponsored by the Free Bolivia Movement (/wiki/Free_Bolivia_Movement) , but the hectic last-minute change weakened their electoral positions. "I was placed in a constituency where no one knew me", Parra recounted. In the end, not one LGBT candidate was elected to the Constituent Assembly. With the dissolution of the strategic alliance shortly thereafter, Parra stepped back from the political scene and did not play an active role in the constitution drafting process. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012301–303-30) While the final text included some LGBT-affirming language, it stopped short of codifying more important queer issues, and explicitly barred same-sex marriage. [28] (#cite_note-31) Electoral politics and procedural hurdles: 2015–2021 [ edit ] In the years succeeding the passage of the 2009 Constitution (/wiki/2009_Bolivian_constitutional_referendum) , Parra assumed an antagonistic disposition towards the ruling MAS government, whose anti-discrimination efforts he considered lacking. In a 2016 interview with The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , Parra expressed disapproval of the way in which the government had handled a law allowing transgender (/wiki/Transgender) citizens to legally change their gender (/wiki/Gender_transition#Legal_aspects) . He concluded that it had only gone forward with the bill "to quell anger from activists" and lamented that LGBT rights groups had been asked to "keep a low profile ... while the bill was in congress ... to avoid generating opposition". [3] (#cite_note-:WP-2016-07-17-4) When asked in 2019 whether the law had changed the situation for trans people in Bolivia, Parra responded with a flat "no", pointing out that the government had actually gone back and amended the legislation after a trans woman (/wiki/Trans_woman) had used it to marry her partner (/wiki/Transgender_marriage) . [1] (#cite_note-:ANCCOM-2019-05-22-1) Delivering a speech at a commemorative ceremony in La Paz, 18 February 2021. Starting from the early 2010s, Parra began supporting the progressive policies (/wiki/Progressivism) of La Paz Mayor Luis Revilla (/wiki/Luis_Revilla) , who had come out much more openly in favor of LGBT rights compared to the national government. [29] (#cite_note-32) [30] (#cite_note-33) In late 2014, responding to the public call issued by Revilla's party, Sovereignty and Liberty (SOL.bo), Parra presented himself as a pre-candidate for a seat on the La Paz Municipal Council. [31] (#cite_note-34) The party eventually nominated him for a seat in the La Paz Departmental Legislative Assembly (/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia#Local_government) , in which he was to serve as a substitute (/wiki/Substitute_(elections)) assemblyman. [32] (#cite_note-:ANF-2015-12-28-35) Elected in early 2015 (/wiki/2015_Bolivian_regional_elections) and sworn in in May, Parra became the first-ever openly transgender individual to win elective office (/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders) in Bolivian history. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiderazgos_Políticos_LGBTI201720–21-36) As of 2024, he is one of two queer people and the second gay man (/wiki/Gay_man) to have served as a lawmaker in the country, after Manuel Canelas (/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Canelas&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Canelas) ] , who assumed a seat in the Chamber of Deputies just months prior. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiderazgos_Políticos_LGBTI201720–21-36) In accordance with proportional representation (/wiki/Proportional_representation) , SOL.bo was assigned ten party list seats in the Departmental Legislative Assembly. Given that the party had only nominated seven candidates, the remaining three seats were left vacant upon the assembly's inauguration. As one of the three highest-ranking substitute assembly members, Parra sought to be authorized to hold one of the empty seats. [34] (#cite_note-37) Although the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Tribunal_of_Bolivia) ordered the three substitutes to be sworn in, the Departmental Electoral Tribunal refused to accredit them on technical grounds, [32] (#cite_note-:ANF-2015-12-28-35) kicking off a years-long legal battle. After three years of gridlock—during which time one of the three substitutes, José Luis Mayta, died in an accident—Parra and his colleague, Delia Quispe, declared a hunger strike (/wiki/Hunger_strike) in protest of the violation of their political rights. [35] (#cite_note-38) In September 2018, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal intervened and delivered Parra and Quispe their credentials. [36] (#cite_note-39) Despite this, the pair continued to face hurdles as the MAS-controlled legislature, faced with the loss of its de facto majority, refused to swear them in. Finally, on 30 May 2019, [37] (#cite_note-40) after four years and with just ten months left in their terms, both Parra and Quispe were allowed to assume office. [38] (#cite_note-41) As a result of the annulment (/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis) of the 2019 general election (/wiki/2019_Bolivian_general_election) and delays in holding the 2020 general election (/wiki/2020_Bolivian_general_election) , the terms of all subnational authorities, including Parra's, were extended by one year. [39] (#cite_note-42) In the 2021 departmental elections (/wiki/2021_La_Paz_gubernatorial_election) , Parra sought reelection to his seat in the Departmental Assembly. [40] (#cite_note-43) However, SOL.bo's distant sixth-place finish at the polls left it devoid of most parliamentary representation, denying Parra a second term. [41] (#cite_note-44) [42] (#cite_note-45) Personal life and gender identity [ edit ] Parra is gay and has been in at least four committed same-sex relationships (/wiki/Same-sex_relationship) throughout his life. Regarding the prospect of marriage, Parra has expressed a lack of interest in the matter, stating that he has "always been against the idea ... I think that when you meet someone and want to express your love, you can do it without the need for a legal union (/wiki/Marriage_law) ." He has also stated that he would not adopt (/wiki/Same-sex_adoption) , saying: "those who think, 'I'm gay; I want to have a partner and adopt children to validate myself' are reinforcing [the] nuclear family ... and I question that." Regarding his gender identity, Parra has stated that, though as a teenager, he wanted to be a woman (/wiki/Gender_transition) , "as I grew emotionally, matured, and had my first partner, I reaffirmed my position as a biological man (/wiki/Male) . I don't want to be a woman; I am biologically a man, and I like to be; I enjoy my body and my sexuality." At the same time, Parra identifies as transgender, viewing himself outside the gender binary (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) "without ceasing to be biologically male". [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) "You have to define yourself for people because they want something fixed, so I define myself as trans", he commented. [1] (#cite_note-:ANCCOM-2019-05-22-1) Electoral history [ edit ] Electoral history of París Galán Year Office Alliance Votes Result Ref . Total % P . 2006 (/wiki/2006_Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_election) Constituent (/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006%E2%80%932007) Free Bolivia Movement (/wiki/Free_Bolivia_Movement) 3,226 4.25% 5th Lost [43] (#cite_note-46) [44] (#cite_note-47) 2015 (/wiki/2015_Bolivian_regional_elections) Substitute assemblyman (/wiki/Legislative_assembly) Sovereignty and Liberty 436,762 45.87% 1st Won [45] (#cite_note-48) [δ] (#cite_note-fn1-49) 2021 (/wiki/2021_La_Paz_gubernatorial_election) Assemblyman (/wiki/Legislative_assembly) Sovereignty and Liberty 27,650 2.60% 6th Lost [46] (#cite_note-50) [δ] (#cite_note-fn1-49) Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ (/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ) | Electoral Atlas (https://atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo/#/) References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) Parra is indifferent to which gender pronouns (/wiki/Gender_pronouns) are used to refer to him, stating, as one example, that the masculine article (/wiki/Article_(grammar)) el and the feminine la have both been used to address him, as in " el París or la París". [1] (#cite_note-:ANCCOM-2019-05-22-1) Various Spanish-language media outlets and Parra himself have referred to him using both masculine and feminine grammatical gender (/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_Spanish) . Although Parra is transgender (/wiki/Transgender) , he also identifies as a biological male (/wiki/Biological_male) , [2] (#cite_note-:D-2013-06-17-2) and so this article uses he/him (/wiki/He/him) pronouns for consistency. ^ (#cite_ref-5) In Spanish grammatical gender (/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_Spanish) , the definite article (/wiki/Definite_article) la is used to denote femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) According to ethnomusicologist (/wiki/Ethnomusicologist) Matthew Leslie Santana, the usage of transformismo most closely mirrors that of " gender performance (/wiki/Gender_performance) " in the United States. Although Santana loosely uses terms such as drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) to describe an artist performing femininity ( transformista femenina ), [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantana2021169–170-7) researcher and LGBT rights activist David Aruquipa argues that there is a distinction between transformismo femenino and transformismo drag queen , with the latter including more androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) identities. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012279–280-8) ^ a b Presented on an electoral list (/wiki/Electoral_list) . The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency. Footnotes [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Bravo Ramos, Andrea (22 May 2019). "París Galán: 'Soy una drag queen boliviana' (https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/) " (https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/) [París Galán: "I'm a Bolivian Drag Queen"]. Agencia de Noticias de Ciencias de la Comunicación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190626202717/https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/) from the original on 26 June 2019 . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "El precio de ser un Galán" (http://gaysylesbianas-info.blogspot.com/2013/06/el-precio-de-ser-un-galan.html) [The Price of Being a Galán]. Diversidad (in Spanish). 17 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220717171613/http://gaysylesbianas-info.blogspot.com/2013/06/el-precio-de-ser-un-galan.html) from the original on 17 July 2022 . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ a b c Tegel, Simeon (17 July 2016). "A Surprising Move On LGBT Rights from a 'Macho' South American President" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/17/a-surprising-move-on-lgbt-rights-from-a-macho-south-american-president/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . La Paz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160719003736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/17/a-surprising-move-on-lgbt-rights-from-a-macho-south-american-president/) from the original on 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2022 . ^ a b c Pau, Alejandra (18 December 2016). "La importancia de llevar el apellido Galán" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210819222019/https://www.paginasiete.bo/gente/2016/12/18/importancia-llevar-apellido-galan-120781.html#!) [The Importance of Carrying the Name Galán]. Página Siete (/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_Siete) (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original (https://www.paginasiete.bo/gente/2016/12/18/importancia-llevar-apellido-galan-120781.html) on 19 August 2021 . Retrieved 6 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantana2021169–170_7-0) Santana 2021 (#CITEREFSantana2021) , pp. 169–170. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012279–280_8-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , pp. 279–280. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012239_10-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 239. ^ a b c Aruquipa 2016 (#CITEREFAruquipa2016) , p. 455. ^ a b Aruquipa 2016 (#CITEREFAruquipa2016) , p. 454. ^ a b Vasquez Toral 2021 (#CITEREFVasquez_Toral2021) , p. 183. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipa2016454–455_14-0) Aruquipa 2016 (#CITEREFAruquipa2016) , pp. 454–455. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasquez_Toral2021180_15-0) Vasquez Toral 2021 (#CITEREFVasquez_Toral2021) , p. 180. ^ a b Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 240. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012257_17-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 257. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012257–258_18-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , pp. 257–258. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012233_19-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 233. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Aruquipa, David (26 June 2022). "De la apropiación de espacios públicos hacia la articulación de un movimiento LGBTI" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220626185719/https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/de-la-apropiacion-de-espacios-publicos-hacia-la-articulacion-de-un-movimiento-lgbti/) [From the Appropriation of Public Spaces Towards the Articulation of an LGBTI Movement]. Ahora el Pueblo (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original (https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/de-la-apropiacion-de-espacios-publicos-hacia-la-articulacion-de-un-movimiento-lgbti/) on 26 June 2022 . Retrieved 7 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012259_21-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 259. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefensoría_del_Pueblo200970_22-0) Defensoría del Pueblo 2009 (#CITEREFDefensoría_del_Pueblo2009) , p. 70. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012283_23-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 283. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefensoría_del_Pueblo200971_24-0) Defensoría del Pueblo 2009 (#CITEREFDefensoría_del_Pueblo2009) , p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012284_25-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 284. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012296_26-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 296. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012299_27-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 299. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012299–301_28-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , pp. 299–301. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012301_29-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , p. 301. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012301–303_30-0) Aruquipa, Estenssoro & Vargas 2012 (#CITEREFAruquipaEstenssoroVargas2012) , pp. 301–303. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Bolivians Tackle Gay Rights, Marriage in Constitutional Vote" (http://www.ontopmag.com/article/3118/Bolivians_Tackle_Gay_Rights_Marriage_In_Constitutional_Vote) . On Top Magazine . 24 January 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221210014157/http://www.ontopmag.com/article/3118/Bolivians_Tackle_Gay_Rights_Marriage_In_Constitutional_Vote) from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Vargas, Miguel (1 July 2012). "Marcha de las Diversidades Sexuales unió a los paceños" (https://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/2012/07/01/marcha-de-las-diversidades-sexuales-unio-a-los-pacenos/) [Sexual Diversity March United Paceños]. La Razón (/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(La_Paz)) (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221209005536/https://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/2012/07/01/marcha-de-las-diversidades-sexuales-unio-a-los-pacenos/) from the original on 9 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Guarachi, Ángel (1 December 2014). "La activista París Galán se postula como precandidata en SOL.bo a una concejalía" (https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2014/12/01/la-activista-paris-galan-se-postula-como-precandidata-en-sol-bo-a-una-concejalia-2/) [Activist París Galán to Run as a SOL.bo Pre-candidate for Municipal Councillor]. La Razón (/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(La_Paz)) (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221209224824/https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2014/12/01/la-activista-paris-galan-se-postula-como-precandidata-en-sol-bo-a-una-concejalia-2/) from the original on 9 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "París Galán se postula a concejal por SOL.bo" (https://anteriorportal.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/01122014/paris_galan_se_postula_concejal_por_solbo) [París Galán Launches Councillor Bid for SOL.bo] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 1 December 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221205124546/https://anteriorportal.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/01122014/paris_galan_se_postula_concejal_por_solbo) from the original on 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ a b "Asambleístas suplentes de SOL.bo reclamaron titularidad ante el TSE" (https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/politica/asambleistas-suplentes-de-solbo-reclamaron-titularidad-ante-el-tse-360978-360912) [Substitute SOL.bo Assemblymen Demand Primary Title from the TSE] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides (/wiki/Agencia_de_Noticias_Fides) . 28 December 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221209225113/https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/politica/asambleistas-suplentes-de-solbo-reclamaron-titularidad-ante-el-tse-360978-360912) from the original on 9 December 2022 . 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221210000523/https://www.urgente.bo/noticia/asamble%C3%ADstas-de-solbo-en-huelga-de-hambre-para-que-el-tde-los-posesione) from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Sánchez, César (30 May 2019). "Tras cuatro años de espera, Carlos Parra y Delia Quispe asumieron su puesto en la ALDLP" (https://www.oxigeno.bo/pol%c3%adtica/36471) [After a Four-Year Wait, Carlos Parra and Delia Quispe Were Sworn In to Their Posts in the ALDLP] (in Spanish). La Paz. Oxígeno.bo. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221205124555/https://www.oxigeno.bo/pol%C3%ADtica/36471) from the original on 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Quispe Condori, José Luis (31 May 2019). "Tras cuatro años, dos asambleítas asumen funciones" (http://www.elalteno.com.bo/index.php/bolivia/20190531/tras-cuatro-anos-dos-asambleitas-asumen-funciones) [After Four Years, Two Assemblymen Assume Office]. El Alteño (in Spanish). 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La Paz: Editorial Quatro Hnos. Archived from the original (http://www.defensoria.gob.bo/archivos/los_derechos_humanos_de_las_personas_con_diferente_orientacion_sexual.PDF) (PDF) on 1 October 2013. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default) ) Santana, Matthew Leslie (2021). "Una Peña en Párraga: Drag Kings and Cuba's Sexual Revolution". In Adeyemi, Kemi; Khubchandani, Kareem (/wiki/Kareem_Khubchandani) ; Rivera-Servera, Ramón H. (eds.). Queer Nightlife . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press) . pp. 159–170. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-472-12858-7 . LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 2021003606 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003606) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1237713553 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237713553) . Vasquez Toral, Enzo E. (2021). "From the Club to the Fiesta: Drag and Folklore in La Familia Galán". In Adeyemi, Kemi; Khubchandani, Kareem (/wiki/Kareem_Khubchandani) ; Rivera-Servera, Ramón H. (eds.). Queer Nightlife . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press) . pp. 180–190. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-472-12858-7 . LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 2021003606 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003606) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1237713553 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237713553) . Liderazgos Políticos LGBTI: Construyendo Democracia en América y el Caribe (PDF) (in Spanish). Barranquilla: Caribe Afirmativo; Victory Institute. 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200804001419/http://caribeafirmativo.lgbt/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Liderazgos-políticos-LGBTI.-Construyendo-democracia-en-América-y-el-Caribe.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020. 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Shanghai-based fashion label Shushu/Tong Industry Fashion design Founded 2015 Founder Liushu Lei Yutong Jiang Headquarters Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , China (/wiki/China) Website shushutongstudio (http://shushutongstudio.com) .com (http://shushutongstudio.com) Shushu/Tong , also stylized as SHUSHU/TONG , is a Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) -based fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) founded in 2015 by designers Liushu Lei and Yutong Jiang. Its design sensibility is inspired by girlhood, nostalgia, and retro anime (/wiki/Anime) and films. History [ edit ] Founders Liushu Lei and Yutong Jiang were both born in Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) and attended the same high school. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Both Lei and Jiang were inspired by the anime Nana (/wiki/Nana_(manga)) to become designers, although Jiang was briefly interested in becoming a cartoonist before realizing she preferred fashion. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The two met at Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) 's Donghua University (/wiki/Donghua_University) when studying fashion in 2014. [2] (#cite_note-2) The two went on to acquire MA degrees (/wiki/MA_degree) at London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) where the two were flatmates and first conceived of the brand. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Lei spent time interning with Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) , and Jiang with Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) After a failing to acquire a visa to stay in London, [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Shushu/Tong was officially founded in 2015 in Shanghai. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The label's name is a combination of Lei's nickname, Shushu, and Jiang's given name, Yutong. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The first physical Shushu/Tong store opened in July 2022 in Shanghai JC Plaza. [6] (#cite_note-:5-6) Lei is the creative director of the brand, while Jiang is more involved on the marketing and client side, although she also has input on the design process. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Their first sales were made on Chinese social media platform WeChat (/wiki/WeChat) , [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) before the brand was picked up by other stockists; social media has been an avenue which allowed their brand to grow despite not being located in a traditional fashion capital like Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The brand has collaborated with Asics (/wiki/Asics) [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) and Charles & Keith (/wiki/Charles_%26_Keith) , [8] (#cite_note-8) for footwear, local brand Yvmin for a line of jewelry, [9] (#cite_note-9) and Estée Lauder (/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) for holiday cosmetic gift sets. [6] (#cite_note-:5-6) The brand's collaboration with Estée Lauder was noted as the first time a global brand had collaborated with a Chinese fashion brand. [6] (#cite_note-:5-6) Design and influences [ edit ] Shushu/Tong is noted for its hyper-feminine style, having been compared to the coquette aesthetic (/wiki/Coquette_aesthetic) trend, [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) soft girl subculture (/wiki/Soft_Girl) and Lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The brand was noted for predating the trend of hyper-girly clothing after 2020. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Their designs often incorporate girly elements like frills, bows, ribbons (/wiki/Ribbon) , and pearls (/wiki/Pearl) , as well as gingham (/wiki/Gingham) and pastel (/wiki/Pastel_(color)) fabric. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Works that have inspired collections include the Aim for the Ace! (/wiki/Aim_for_the_Ace!) , [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) The Virgin Suicides , [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Gigi, [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) and the protagonists of magical girl (/wiki/Magical_girl) anime such as Puella Magi Madoka Magica (/wiki/Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica) and Cardcaptor Sakura (/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) The founders named Chloë Sevigny (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny) and Tina Chow (/wiki/Tina_Chow) as muses, [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) and Faye Wong (/wiki/Faye_Wong) as a perennial inspiration [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) as well as celebrity they would like to dress someday. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Shushu/Tong is one of some rising Chinese fashion brands associated with guochao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 国潮 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Guó cháo ), a fashion trend among younger Chinese shoppers to prefer homegrown designers which incorporate aspects of Chinese history and culture. [12] (#cite_note-12) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Jiang also serves as a muse for Lei, as she models items and provides early feedback, giving a woman's perspective to Lei's designs. This may have contributed to criticism against the brand for its limited range of body shapes. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Kurata, Yoshiko (2019-01-02). "The Dawn of a New History: SHUSHU/TONG" (https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/fashion/the-dawn-of-a-new-history-shushutong) . SSENSE (/wiki/SSENSE) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Balugo, Kleigh (18 December 2023). "Shushu/Tong Has a Fetish for Bows" (https://www.papermag.com/shushu-tong-spring-2024#rebelltitem1) . Paper Mag (/wiki/Paper_Mag) . ^ a b c Lea, Tyler. "Shushu/Tong: Femininity with a Twist" (https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/shushu-slash-tong-feminine-style-with-a-twist) . Metal Magazine . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b c d e Kessler, Alex (2024-03-26). " (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/shushu-tong-designer-interview) "We're Designing For Our Dream Girl": ShuShu/Tong Is The A-List's Answer To The Coquette Trend" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/shushu-tong-designer-interview) . British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b c d e f Yip, Joyce (2023-02-09). "Inside Shushu/Tong's sweet fashion bomb with founders Liushu Lei and Yutong Jiang" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3209615/inside-shushu/tongs-sweet-fashion-bomb-founders-liushu-lei-and-yutong-jiang-shanghai-based-brand) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b c Wu, Wenzhuo (2023-02-11). "Estée Lauder And Shushu/Tong Pair Up For Valentine's Day" (https://jingdaily.com/posts/estee-lauder-shushu-tong-valentines-day-marketing) . Jing Daily . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b c d e f Hyland, Véronique (2024-01-04). "The Coquette-Core Label Reimagining Power Dressing" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/a46266368/shushu-tong-spring-2024-interview/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Curtis-Evans, Kayla (2022-01-21). "SHUSHU/TONG x CHARLES & KEITH Are Shaking Up Femininity" (https://officemagazine.net/shushutong-x-charles-keith-are-shaking-femininity) . Office Magazine . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bargeron, Sadie (2023-07-11). "Fendi gelato, Chinese footballers in Prada, and Yvmin x Shushu/Tong: China collabs of the week" (https://jingdaily.com/posts/fendi-gelato-chinese-footballers-in-prada-and-yvmin-x-shushu-tong-china-collabs-of-the-week) . Jing Daily . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b c Sarwar, Umar (2021-11-01). "The duo behind Shanghai fashion label SHUSHU/TONG reveal their creative secrets" (https://www.gaytimes.com/fashion/the-duo-behind-shanghai-fashion-label-shushu-tong-reveal-their-creative-secrets/) . Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ a b Suen, Zoe (2 November 2018). "Shushu/Tong's Modern Heroines" (https://archive.today/20230423191707/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/china/shushu-tong-chinese-fashion-designer-to-watch/) . Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) . Archived from the original (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/china/shushu-tong-chinese-fashion-designer-to-watch/) on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 9 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Nan, Lisa (2021-07-07). "Can Shushu/Tong Go Global?" (https://jingdaily.com/posts/shushu-tong-chinese-designer-brand-global) . Jing Daily . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . 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(Redirected from Bodycon dress (/w/index.php?title=Bodycon_dress&redirect=no) ) Garment consisting of a bodice and skirt made in one or more pieces For the general concept of dress, see Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . For other uses, see Dress (disambiguation) (/wiki/Dress_(disambiguation)) . "Dresses" redirects here. For the song by Betty Blowtorch, see Betty Blowtorch § Discography (/wiki/Betty_Blowtorch#Discography) . Various examples of dresses A dress (also known as a frock (/wiki/Frock) or a gown (/wiki/Gown) ) is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls consisting of a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) with an attached bodice (/wiki/Bodice) (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment (/wiki/Clothing) ). [1] (#cite_note-1) It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs. A dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length, and can be formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) or casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) . A dress can have sleeves, straps, or be held up with elastic around the chest, leaving the shoulders bare. Dresses also vary in color. The hemlines (/wiki/Hemline) of dresses vary depending on modesty (/wiki/Modesty) , weather, fashion (/wiki/Fashion) or the personal taste of the wearer. [2] (#cite_note-Davis2007-2) Overview [ edit ] Dresses are outer garments made up of a bodice (/wiki/Bodice) and a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) and can be made in one or more pieces. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1957101-4) Dresses are generally suitable for both formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) and casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) in the West for women and girls. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1957101-4) Historically, dresses could also include other items of clothing such as corsets (/wiki/Corset) , kirtles (/wiki/Kirtle) , partlets (/wiki/Partlet) , petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) , smocks, and stomachers (/wiki/Stomacher) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham200320-6) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) History [ edit ] 11th century [ edit ] In the 11th century, women in Europe (/wiki/Europe) wore dresses that were similar to men's tunics and were loose, with a hemline reaching to below the knees or lower. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001113-8) By the end of the century, these dresses featured a tighter fit on the arms and women's upper bodies. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001113-8) Dresses were made snug by featuring slits on the sides of the dress that were pulled tight in order to fit a woman's figure. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001114-9) 16th century [ edit ] Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) , gown (/wiki/Gown) , forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet (/wiki/Partlet) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) Undergarments were not worn underneath. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) In England, Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England) dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721-10) French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices (/wiki/Bodice) and also wore ruffs (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721-10) French dresses were known as marlottes . [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970110-11) In Italy, dresses were known as ropa and semarra. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970110-11) Dresses in the 16th century also displayed surface decoration such as embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , with blackwork (/wiki/Blackwork) being especially popular. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201723-12) Women's dresses in Russia (/wiki/Russia) during the 16th and 17th centuries respectively, identified a woman's place in society or their family. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997120-13) 17th century [ edit ] Holland (/wiki/Holland) , as a center of textile production, was a particularly noted area of innovation in dress fashion during the 17th Century. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) In Spain and Portugal, women wore stomachers (/wiki/Stomacher) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) while in England and France, dresses became more "naturally" shaped. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Lace and slashing were popular decorations. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Skirts were full, with regular folds and the overskirt allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Necklines became lower as well. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Embroidery that reflected scientific discoveries, such as newly discovered animals and plants were popular. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201734-14) In the British Colonies (/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) , multi-piece dresses were also popular, though less luxurious. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaplesShaw2013222-15) Wealthy women living in the Spanish or Dutch colonies in the Americas copied the fashions that were popular from their homelands. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201227-16) The three-piece dress, which had a bodice, petticoat and gown, was popular until the last 25 years of the century, in which the mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) , or a one-piece gown, became more popular. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201735-17) Corsets (/wiki/Corset) became more important in dresses by the 1680s. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970126-18) Working women, and women in slavery in the Americas (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) , used simple patterns to create shifts, wool or linen petticoats and gowns and cotton dresses. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201226-19) The bottoms of the skirts could be tucked into the waistband when a woman was near a cooking or heating fire. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201226-19) 18th century [ edit ] Illustration of 18th century French women Large, triangular silhouettes were favored during the 18th century, skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970135-20) [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970137-21) One-piece gowns remained popular until the middle of the century. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201749-22) During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats were reduced in size. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013400-23) Lighter colors and lighter fabrics were also favored. [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) In Colonial America, women most often wore a gown and petticoat, in which the skirt of the gown opened to reveal the petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) underneath. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) Women also had riding habits (/wiki/Riding_habit) which consisted of the petticoat, jacket and a waistcoat. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) French fashion regarding dresses became very fast-changing during the later part of the 18th century. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013397-398-26) Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. [2] (#cite_note-Davis2007-2) Between 1740 and 1770, the robe à la française (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) was very popular with upper-class women. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelpierre199715-16-27) In France, the Empire style (/wiki/Empire_style) became popular after the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) This simpler style was also favored by Josephine Bonaparte (/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine) , [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) wife of Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) . Other popular styles during the revolution included tunic dresses and the negligée à la patriot, which featured the red, white and blue colors of the flag. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970157-29) 19th century [ edit ] Empire (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) dress, 1800–1805, cotton and linen, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (New York City) Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be classified by the time of day or purpose of the dress. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970183-30) High-waisted dresses were popular until around 1830. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970183-30) Early nineteenth century dresses in Russia were influenced by Classicism (/wiki/Classicism) and were made of thin fabrics, with some semi-transparent. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun (/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun) wore these types of dresses with a short skirt (reaching to her ankles) when she lived in Russia between 1785 and 1801 [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) and many Russian women copied her style. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) By the 1840s, Russian women were turning to what was in fashion in Europe. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997244-32) Europeans styles in dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt (/wiki/Hoopskirt) and crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) -supported styles of the 1860s, [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrohn201236-33) then fullness was draped and drawn to the back. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970188-34) Dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline (/wiki/Neckline) and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline ( decollete (/wiki/Decollete) ) and very short sleeves. In Russia, metal hoopskirts were known as "malakhovs." [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997244-32) Skirts of the 1860s were heavily decorated. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970188-34) To sleep, women in the American West wore floor-length dresses of white cotton (/wiki/Cotton) with high collars displaying decoration. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrohn201237-35) Various Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) people, such as the Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) and the Mescalero Apache (/wiki/Mescalero) began to adapt the designs of their dresses to look more like the European Americans they came in contact with. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-36) Navajo women further adapted the European designs, incorporating their own sense of beauty, "creating hózhó." [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-385-37) Paper sewing patterns (/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)) for women to sew their own dresses started to be readily available in the 1860s, when the Butterick Publishing Company (/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company) began to promote them. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200027-38) These patterns were graded by size, which was a new innovation. [39] (#cite_note-39) The Victorian era's (/wiki/Victorian_era) dresses were tight-fitting and decorated with pleats, rouching (/wiki/Gather_(knitting)) and frills. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) Women in the United States who were involved in dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) in the 1850s found themselves the center of attention, both positive and negative. [40] (#cite_note-40) By 1881, the Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) had formed in reaction to the restrictive dress of the era. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) 20th century [ edit ] French afternoon dress, circa 1903, cotton and silk, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (New York City) In the early twentieth century, the look popularized by the Gibson Girl (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) was fashionable. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell20009-41) The upper part of women's dresses in the Edwardian era (/wiki/Edwardian_era) included a "pigeon breast" look that gave way to a corseted waist and an s-shaped silhouette. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell20009-41) Women called their dresses "waists" if one-piece, or " shirtwaists (/wiki/Shirtdress) ," if it consisted of a skirt and a blouse. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200011-42) The bodice of the dresses had a boned lining. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200011-42) Informally, wealthy women wore tea gowns (/wiki/Tea_gown) at home. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200013-43) These garments were looser, though not as loose as a "wrapper," and made of expensive fabric and laces. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200013-43) By 1910, the Edwardian look was replaced with a straighter silhouette. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200049-44) French designer, Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , had a huge impact on the look of the time. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200049-44) Designs developed by Poiret were available in both boutiques and also in department stores (/wiki/Department_store) . [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200050-45) Popular dresses of the time were one-piece and included lingerie dresses (/wiki/Lingerie_dress) which could be layered. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) At around the same time, in the United States, the American Ladies Tailors' Association (/w/index.php?title=American_Ladies_Tailors%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) developed a dress called the suffragette suit (/w/index.php?title=Suffragette_suit&action=edit&redlink=1) , which was practical for women to work and move around in. [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Another innovation of the 1910s was the ready availability of factory-made clothing. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-49) Waistlines started out high and by 1915 were below the natural waist. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) By 1920, waistlines were at hip-level. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) Between 1910 and 1920 necklines were lower and dresses could be short-sleeved or sleeveless. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200057-50) Women who worked during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) preferred shorter dresses, which eventually became the dominant style overall. [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) In addition to the shorter dresses, waistlines were looser and the dominant colors were black, white and gray. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-101-51) By 1920, the "new woman" was a trend that saw lighter fabrics and dresses that were easier to put on. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200073-52) Younger women were also setting the trends that older women started to follow. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200073-52) The dresses of the 1920s could be pulled over the head and were short and straight. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200077-53) It was acceptable to wear sleeveless dresses during the day. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200077-53) Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) dresses were popular until end of the decade. [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell2000105-54) During World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , dresses were slimmer and inspired by military uniforms. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) After WWII, the New Look, promoted by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) was very influential on fashion and the look of women's dresses for about a decade. [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383-55) Since the 1970s, no one dress type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side by side in fashion magazines and catalogs. [56] (#cite_note-56) Use [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e In most varieties of formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code_(Western)) in Western cultures, a dress of an appropriate style is mandatory for women. They are also very popular for special occasions such as proms (/wiki/Prom) or weddings (/wiki/Wedding) . [57] (#cite_note-57) For such occasions they, together with blouse (/wiki/Blouse) and skirt (/wiki/Skirt) , remain the de facto standard attire for many girls and women. Formal dress [ edit ] In western countries, a "formal" or white tie (/wiki/White_tie) dress code typically means tailcoats for men and full-length evening dresses (/wiki/Evening_gown) with opera-length gloves (/wiki/Evening_glove) for women. A most formal dress for women are full-length ball (/wiki/Ball_gown) or evening gowns (/wiki/Evening_gown) with evening gloves (/wiki/Evening_gloves) . Some white tie functions also request that the women wear long gloves (/wiki/Gloves) past the elbow. Basic dress [ edit ] A basic dress is a usually dark-colored dress of simple design which can be worn with various accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) to suit different occasions. [58] (#cite_note-58) Different kinds of jewelry, belts, scarves, and jackets can be worn with the basic dress to dress up or down. [59] (#cite_note-59) A little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) is an example of a basic dress. Bodycon dress [ edit ] Dresses in the 1930s. A promotional model (/wiki/Promotional_model) in a bodycon dress. A bodycon dress is a tight figure-hugging (/wiki/Form-fitting_garment) dress, often made from stretchy material. [60] (#cite_note-60) The name derives from "body confidence" [61] (#cite_note-61) or, originally, "body conscious", transformed into Japanese in the 1980s as "bodikon". Party dress [ edit ] A party dress designed by Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) in 1967, as displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . This was worn by Helen Bachofen von Echt (/w/index.php?title=Helen_Bachofen_von_Echt&action=edit&redlink=1) at a New York party where she danced with Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) . [62] (#cite_note-62) A party dress is a dress worn especially for a party (/wiki/Party) . Different types of party such as children's party (/wiki/Children%27s_party) , cocktail party (/wiki/Cocktail_party) , garden party (/wiki/Garden_party) and costume party (/wiki/Costume_party) would tend to require different styles of dress. [63] (#cite_note-63) [64] (#cite_note-64) One classic style of party dress for women in modern society is the little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) . [65] (#cite_note-65) Types of dresses [ edit ] Time period [ edit ] 16th century dress. Calico dress, c. 1656–1693 Late 17th century, wool and metallic thread. Russian dress, 1717 Dress c. 1750–1800 , wool and chintz. Dress c. 1770–1800 , chintz and printed cotton Classic empire line gown, muslin with tambour, c. 1805 Dress and outfit, c. 1855 Late 19th century Silk velvet, chenille and chiffon created by Jean-Philippe Worth (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Worth&action=edit&redlink=1) [ nl (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Worth) ] , 1903 Rayon with seed beads, c. 1925 Dance dress, 1939 Day dress, c. 1940s Lola Beer Ebner (/wiki/Lola_Beer_Ebner) in "afternoon dress", 1950 Blue satin cocktail dress, 1959 Printed dress, c. 1960 Jersey dress, c. 1970 Lengths [ edit ] Gown or Long Dress – a woman's formal dress, usually having a floor-length skirt. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Maxi dresses ( c. 1970 ) – maxi is a term used since the late 1960s [67] (#cite_note-67) for ankle-length, typically informal dresses. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Midi dress – a "midi" is used to refer to any dress or skirt that has a hem which hits at mid-calf – halfway between the knee and ankle. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Knee length dress – Hemline ends at knee height. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Mini dress (/wiki/Mini_dress) (1960s) – a very short dress that terminates above the knee. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) [68] (#cite_note-delamore-68) Micro dress (right) with minidresses, 2008. – A microdress is an extremely short version of a mini. [69] (#cite_note-cumming-69) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) China poblana (/wiki/China_poblana) Granny dress (/wiki/Granny_dress) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Jumper dress (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Lingerie dress (/wiki/Lingerie_dress) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) (also known as robe à la française) Squaw dress (/wiki/Squaw_dress) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Condra, Jill (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313336652 . ^ a b Davis, Michael (2007). Art of dress designing (1st ed.). Delhi: Global Media. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-904575-7-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The definition of dress" (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dress) . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ a b Picken 1957 (#CITEREFPicken1957) , p. 101. ^ a b c Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 20. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham200320_6-0) Cunningham 2003 (#CITEREFCunningham2003) , p. 20. ^ a b c d e f g Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 30. ^ a b Newman 2001 (#CITEREFNewman2001) , p. 113. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2001114_9-0) Newman 2001 (#CITEREFNewman2001) , p. 114. ^ a b Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 21. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 110. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201723_12-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997120_13-0) Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 120. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201734_14-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 34. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaplesShaw2013222_15-0) Staples & Shaw 2013 (#CITEREFStaplesShaw2013) , p. 222. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavelin201227_16-0) Havelin 2012 (#CITEREFHavelin2012) , p. 27. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201735_17-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970126_18-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 126. ^ a b Havelin 2012 (#CITEREFHavelin2012) , p. 26. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970135_20-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 135. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970137_21-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 137. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201749_22-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013400_23-0) Pietsch 2013 (#CITEREFPietsch2013) , p. 400. ^ a b "Costume". Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia . 2017 – via EBSCOhost. ^ a b "A Colonial Lady's Clothing: A Glossary of Terms" (http://www.history.org/history/clothing/women/wglossary.cfm) . Colonial Williamsburg . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013397-398_26-0) Pietsch 2013 (#CITEREFPietsch2013) , p. 397-398. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelpierre199715-16_27-0) Delpierre 1997 (#CITEREFDelpierre1997) , p. 15-16. ^ a b c d e "A Brief History of Women's Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134608/https://www.makers.com/blog/brief-history-womens-fashion-photo-gallery) . Makers . 7 September 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.makers.com/blog/brief-history-womens-fashion-photo-gallery) on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970157_29-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 157. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 183. ^ a b c Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 242. ^ a b Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 244. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrohn201236_33-0) Krohn 2012 (#CITEREFKrohn2012) , p. 36. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 188. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrohn201237_35-0) Krohn 2012 (#CITEREFKrohn2012) , p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384_36-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 384. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-385_37-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 384-385. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200027_38-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 27. ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Butterick History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170413/https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history) . Butterick Patterns . Archived from the original (https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history) on 26 March 2019 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2014). Encyclopedia of Women's History in America . Infobase Publishing. pp. 71–72. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781438110332 . ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 9. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 11. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 13. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200050_45-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 50. ^ a b c Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 53. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Greenberg, Molly (1 March 2017). "100 Years of Feminist History Explained in 10 Women's Work Suits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171016191635/https://onlinemba.unc.edu/blog/Feminist-History-in-Womens-Work-Suits/) . UNC. Archived from the original (https://onlinemba.unc.edu/blog/Feminist-History-in-Womens-Work-Suits/) on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Khan, Sarah (16 November 2016). "The fascinating history and evolution of the female pantsuit" (http://www.mariefranceasia.com/my/fashion-my/trends-and-tips-my/trend-guide-my/history-of-pantsuit-218771.html#item=1) . Marie France Asia . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010100_49-0) Richards 2010 (#CITEREFRichards2010) , p. 100. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200057_50-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 57. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-101_51-0) Richards 2010 (#CITEREFRichards2010) , p. 100-101. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 73. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 77. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2000105_54-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 105. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383_55-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 383. ^ (#cite_ref-56) "The History of Hemlines" (http://womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?p=2804) . Women's History Network . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Pundir, Nirupama (2007). Fashion technology: today and tomorrow . New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-8324-203-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Definition of "basic dress" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basic+dress) " (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basic+dress) . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Janssen, Jo Ann; Ellis, Gwen (2003). Dress Like a Million Bucks Without Spending It! . Fleming H. Revell Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0800758325 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Martin, Tracy (2014). The Little Black Dress: How to dress perfectly for any occasion . Ryland Peters & Small. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781782490210 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782490210) . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Narumi, Hiroshi. "Street Style and Its Meaning in Postwar Japan" Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture , Volume 14, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 415–438 (24). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174110X12792058833816 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174110X12792058833816) . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Dress Paco Rabanne 1967" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/25399-popup.html) , Out of London, Paris, New York 1965–1968 , V&A ^ (#cite_ref-63) Alexandra Black (2007), The Party Dress , Scriptum Editions, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-902686-59-2 ^ (#cite_ref-64) Nora Villa (1996), Children in Their Party Dress , Quite Specific Media Group, Limited, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89676-202-2 ^ (#cite_ref-65) Amy Holman Edelman (1998), The little black dress , Aurum, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85410-604-9 ^ a b c d e The Vogue Sewing Book . Vogue Patterns. 1975. p. 337 (https://archive.org/details/voguesewingbook00vogu/page/337) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P.E. (2010). The dictionary of fashion history (Rev., updated and supplemented [ed.]. ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 130. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851437 . ^ (#cite_ref-delamore_68-0) Delamore, Philip (29 March 2007). "Mini and Midi" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw9eYLRzHj8C&pg=PA122) . The Wedding Dress: A Visual Sourcebook of Over 200 of the Most Beautiful Gowns Ever Made . Pavilion Books. p. 122. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781862057647 . ^ (#cite_ref-cumming_69-0) Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (September 2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History . Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847887382 . General and cited references [ edit ] Bigelow, Marybelle S. (1970). Fashion in History: Apparel in the Western World . Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808702610 . fashion in history bigelow. Brockmamn, Helen L.: The Theory of Fashion Design , Wiley, 1965. Darnell, Paula Jean (2000). From Victorian to Vamp:Women's Clothing 1900–1929 . Reno, NV: Fabric Fancies. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781887402156 . Cunningham, Patricia A. (2003). Reforming Women's Fashion, 1850–1920: Politics, Health and Art . Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0873387422 . Delpierre, Madeleine (1997). Dress in France in the Eighteenth Century . Translated by Caroline Beamish. New Haven: Yale University. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300071283 . Edwards, Lydia (2017). How to Read a Dress: A Guide to Changing Fashion from the 16th to the 20th Century . London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781472533272 . Havelin, Kate (2012). Buckskin Dresses and Pumpkin Breeches: Colonial Fashions from the 1580s to 1760s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 26 (https://archive.org/details/buckskindressesp0000have/page/26) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761358879 . dresses. Krohn, Katherine (2012). Calico Dresses and Buffalo Robes: American West Fashions from the 1840s to the 1890s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Bookos. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761380528 . Newman, Paul B. (2001). Daily Life in the Middle Ages . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786408979 . Parezo, Nancy J.; Jones, Angelina R. (June 2009). "What's in a Name?: The 1940s–1950s 'Squaw Dress' ". American Indian Quarterly (/wiki/American_Indian_Quarterly) . 33 (3): 373–404. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/aiq.0.0058 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.0.0058) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162233209 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162233209) . Picken, Mary Brooks (1957). The Fashion Dictionary: Fabric, Sewing, and Dress as Expressed in the Language of Fashion . New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. Pietsch, Johannes (September 2013). "On Different Types of Women's Dresses in France in the Louis XVI Period". Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture . 17 (4): 397–416. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174113X13673474643084 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13673474643084) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191612745 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191612745) . Pushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century . Translated and edited by Eve Levin. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780765632708 . Richards, Marlee (2010). America in the 1910s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822534372 . Staples, Kathleen A.; Shaw, Madelyn (2013). Clothing Through American History: The British Colonial Era . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313084607 . Stoykov, Lubomir (2016). Theoretical Problems of Fashion . Sofia: National Academy of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-954-9799-11-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-9799-11-8) . Tozer, Jane, and Sarah Levitt: Fabric of Society: A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770–1870 , Laura Ashley Ltd., 1983; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9508913-0-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508913-0-4) . 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This is a container category (/wiki/Category:Container_categories) . Due to its scope, it should contain only subcategories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Subcategorization) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐nvs5b Cached time: 20240719221950 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.052 seconds Real time usage: 0.065 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 47/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1450/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2310/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.030/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627805/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 55.661 1 Template:Container_cat 100.00% 55.661 1 -total 87.83% 48.887 1 Template:Cmbox 6.36% 3.539 1 Template:Single_namespace 3.26% 1.817 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13209113-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719221950 and revision id 1026923659. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 29 subcategories, out of 29 total. A Clothing retailers of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Australia) ‎ (51 P) B Clothing retailers of Brazil (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Brazil) ‎ (5 P) C Clothing retailers of Canada (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Canada) ‎ (2 C, 53 P) Clothing retailers of China (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_China) ‎ (1 C, 2 P) D Clothing retailers of Denmark (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Denmark) ‎ (1 C, 8 P) F Clothing retailers of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_France) ‎ (1 C, 9 P) G Clothing retailers of Germany (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Germany) ‎ (1 C, 13 P) Clothing retailers of Greenland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Greenland) ‎ (1 P) I Clothing retailers of Iceland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Iceland) ‎ (2 P) Clothing retailers of India (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_India) ‎ (18 P) Clothing retailers of Ireland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Ireland) ‎ (12 P) Clothing retailers of Israel (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Israel) ‎ (5 P) Clothing retailers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Italy) ‎ (4 C, 11 P) J Clothing retailers of Japan (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Japan) ‎ (18 P) L Clothing retailers of Lithuania (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Lithuania) ‎ (2 P) M Clothing retailers of Mexico (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Mexico) ‎ (1 C, 8 P) N Clothing brands of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_Netherlands) ‎ (15 P) Clothing retailers of New Zealand (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_New_Zealand) ‎ (16 P) Clothing retailers of Nigeria (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Nigeria) ‎ (4 P) P Clothing retailers of Pakistan (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Pakistan) ‎ (6 P) S Shoe companies by country (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_by_country) ‎ (28 C) Clothing retailers of South Africa (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_South_Africa) ‎ (4 P) Clothing retailers of Spain (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Spain) ‎ (1 C, 13 P) Clothing retailers of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Sweden) ‎ (8 P) Clothing retailers of Switzerland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Switzerland) ‎ (2 P) T Clothing retailers of Tunisia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Tunisia) ‎ (2 P) U Clothing retailers of the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates) ‎ (1 P) Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_Kingdom) ‎ (6 C, 88 P) Clothing retailers of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_States) ‎ (7 C, 265 P) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_retailers_by_country&oldid=1026923659 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_retailers_by_country&oldid=1026923659) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing retailers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) Retail companies by country (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_by_country) Hidden category: Container categories (/wiki/Category:Container_categories)
Type of clothing A drawing by David Ring illustrating a shift dress for the Europeana Fashion project. [1] (#cite_note-1) A shift dress typically falls from the shoulders, and features darts around the bust. [2] (#cite_note-fa-2) A shift dress is a dress in which the cloth falls straight from the shoulders and has darts (/wiki/Dart_(sewing)) around the bust. It frequently features a high scoop (/wiki/Scoop_neck) or boat neck (/wiki/Boat_neck) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Shift dresses are often confused with the sheath dress (/wiki/Sheath_dress) , which is form-fitting and shaped by tucks on the waist area. Shift dresses became popular in western fashion in the 1920s and were revived in the 1960s. History [ edit ] See also: Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) The shift dress gained popularity during the Western flapper (/wiki/Flapper) movement in the 1920s (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) . [2] (#cite_note-fa-2) Changing social norms meant that young women could choose a style of dress that was easier to move and dance in, and the shift dress marked a departure from previously fashionable corset (/wiki/Corset) designs, which exaggerated the bust and waist while restricting movement. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) It went out of fashion during wartime, and the post war era, where Western women's fashion was typified by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's "New Look" (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) , which again featured an exaggerated bust, hips and waist at the expense of comfort. [2] (#cite_note-fa-2) [6] (#cite_note-hcn-6) The shift dress made a comeback in the 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_Western_fashion) , popularised by Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) 's design for Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) 's Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) dress, and Lilly Pulitzer (/wiki/Lilly_Pulitzer) 's designs for Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) . This coincided with the start of second wave feminism (/wiki/Second_wave_feminism) which brought in a renewed desire for freedom and versatility. [2] (#cite_note-fa-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet CRAFT, the winning project of the second #EuropeanaChallenge 2016" (https://pro.europeana.eu/post/winner-of-the-second-europeanachallenge-2016) . Europeana pro. ^ a b c d "Fashion Archives: The History of the Shift Dress" (https://startupfashion.com/fashion-archives-history-shift-dress/) . October 31, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The History of the Shift Dress" (https://www.leaf.tv/articles/the-history-of-the-shift-dress/) . Leaf.tv. ^ (#cite_ref-4) From Jazz Novice to Jazz Connosieur . Lulu.com. August 2017. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781387017973 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fillmer, Carel (2010). The shaping of women's bodies: in pursuit of the fashion silhouette (PDF) (PhD). James Cook University. ^ (#cite_ref-hcn_6-0) Zotoff, Lucy (December 25, 2015). "Revolutions in Fashion: Christian Dior" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221014192144/http://www.hautecouturenews.com/2015/story/christian-dior/) . Haute Couture News. Archived from the original (http://www.hautecouturenews.com/2015/story/christian-dior/) on October 14, 2022 . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shift dress . How to Wear a Shift Dress – Style tips (https://www.lillypulitzer.com/resort365/style-tips/how-to-wear-a-shift-dress/) at Resort 365 by Lilly Pulitzer (/wiki/Lilly_Pulitzer) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Russian seamstress and politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs (/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs) , the patronymic (/wiki/Patronymic) is Stepanovna and the family name (/wiki/Surname) is Byakova . Lyudmila Byakova Людмилa Бякова Born Lyudmila Stepanovna Byakova ( 1946-03-23 ) 23 March 1946 (age 78) Ryakhi (/w/index.php?title=Ryakhi&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ce (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ; ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ; tt (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ] , Kirov Oblast (/wiki/Kirov_Oblast) , Zuyevsky District (/wiki/Zuyevsky_District) , Russian RSFSR (/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) Occupation Seamstress-minder Years active 1962–present Spouse Anatoly Alekseevich Byakov Children 1 Awards Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22) Order of the Red Banner of Labour (/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour) USSR State Prize (/wiki/USSR_State_Prize) Order of the October Revolution (/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution) Hero of Socialist Labor (/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor) Order of Lenin (/wiki/Order_of_Lenin) Lyudmila Stepanovna Byakova ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Людмила Степановна Бякова ; born 23 March 1946) is a Soviet and Russian seamstress-minder who worked at the Kirovo-Chepetsk garment factory and at the Kurgan Industrial Sewing Association. She supported an initiative by the Leningrad seamstress Chistyakova's "Five-year plan – two personal five-year plans.", finishing 21 annual assignments and training 41 young drivers over the course of a decade. Byakova led the All-Russian School of Professional Excellence and gave her experience of advanced methods of work to 24 seamstresses from various garment factories in the Soviet Union. She was an elected deputy of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union) from women's groups from 1989 to 1991 and was on the Committee for Women, Family Protection, Motherhood and Childhood. Byakova was a delegate at the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1986 and at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (/wiki/All-Union_Central_Council_of_Trade_Unions) . She has been awarded the Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22) ; the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour) ; the USSR State Prize (/wiki/USSR_State_Prize) ; the Order of the October Revolution (/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution) and the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor) with the Order of Lenin (/wiki/Order_of_Lenin) . Biography [ edit ] On 23 March 1946, Byakova was born into a family of collective farmers in the village of Ryakhi (/w/index.php?title=Ryakhi&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ce (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ; ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ; tt (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8) ] , Kirov Oblast (/wiki/Kirov_Oblast) , Zuyevsky District (/wiki/Zuyevsky_District) , Russian RSFSR (/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) . [1] (#cite_note-KurganCityBio-1) [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) Following her graduation from the eighth grade at her school in 1962, she became a seamstress apprentice at the Kirovo-Chepetsk garment factory in the Kirov Oblast, and three months later, she combined her secondary education that she did at night with work on the assembly line. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) [4] (#cite_note-GuidesEntry-4) Byakova was appointed foreperson in 1965 after completing her secondary education and worked in that position from 1967. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) She studied with a group of sewing masters at the Minsk branch of the Moscow Institute for Advanced Training of Light Industry Workers in 1971 and attended the Kirov Mechanics and Technology College between 1971 and 1972. [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) Byakova relocated to the city of Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast (/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast) five years later, [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) and was transferred to working as a seamstress-minder at the Kurgan Industrial Sewing Association of the Ministry of Light Industry (/wiki/Ministry_of_Light_Industry) of the RSFSR. [6] (#cite_note-KIK2016-6) [7] (#cite_note-KurganArchives-7) She was one of the first workers at the factory to support the initiative by the Leningrad seamstress Chistyakova's "Five-year plan – two personal five-year plans.". [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) Byakova's first two five-year plans were completed in four years and two months on 7 March 1980. When doing her eleventh from 1981 to 1985 and twelfth between 1986 and 1990 five-year plans, she finished 21 annual assignments and trained 41 young workers during 10 years of her profession. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) [1] (#cite_note-KurganCityBio-1) Byakova was the leader of the All-Russian School of Professional Excellence and provided her experience of advanced methods of work to 24 seamstresses from various garment factories in the Soviet Union. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) [6] (#cite_note-KIK2016-6) She also combined her seamstress work with being active in social activities. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) Byakova became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1978. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) She was a delegate at the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1986. [6] (#cite_note-KIK2016-6) From 1989 to 1991, Byakova served as an elected deputy of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union) from women's councils, [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) focusing on issues relating to childhood and motherhood by being on the Committee for Women, Family Protection, Motherhood and Childhood. [6] (#cite_note-KIK2016-6) [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) She was also a delegate to the 16th Congress of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (/wiki/All-Union_Central_Council_of_Trade_Unions) . Byakova was elected to the Kurgan Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for the period between 1979 and 1985 and was chair of the women's council of the Oktyabrsky district of Kurgan from 1988 to 1990. [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) She was the guest of honour at the meeting of drummers in Bulgaria that was dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Stakhanov movement in Russia. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) In 1999, Byakova was a launcher at the Lodiya Sewing Firia OJSC, which was the former Kurgan Garment Factory. [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) She retired in 2001. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) Byakova was the secretary of the Association of Heroes of Socialist Labor and full cavaliers of the Order of Labor Glory of the Kurgan region between 2002 and 2006. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) She is a member of the Presidium of the Regional Council of Veterans. [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) Personal life [ edit ] Byakova is married to Anatoly Alekseevich Byakov. [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) They have a son who is a designer. [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) Awards [ edit ] In 1970, she was awarded the Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22) . [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) Byakova was named a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour) on 12 May 1977. She was named a laureate of the USSR State Prize (/wiki/USSR_State_Prize) in 1982 "for his great personal contribution to increasing the output and improving the quality of consumer goods", [7] (#cite_note-KurganArchives-7) [5] (#cite_note-TheBuildersNestBio-5) the proceeds of which she handed to the Kurgan Orphanage. [6] (#cite_note-KIK2016-6) Byakova was given the Order of the October Revolution (/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution) on 2 July 1984. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) She was conferred the title of Honorary Citizen of the City of Kurgan (/w/index.php?title=Honorary_Citizen_of_the_City_of_Kurgan&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0) ] in 1984. [1] (#cite_note-KurganCityBio-1) [2] (#cite_note-TransUralsBio-2) The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet) decorated Byakova the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor) with the Order of Lenin (/wiki/Order_of_Lenin) and the "Hammer and Sickle" gold medal (/w/index.php?title=%22Hammer_and_Sickle%22_gold_medal&action=edit&redlink=1) [ az (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Oraq_v%C9%99_%C3%87%C9%99kic%22_medal%C4%B1) ; ba (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%C2%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B) ; be (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%C2%BB) ; ka (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)) ; pl (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oty_Medal_%E2%80%9ESierp_i_M%C5%82ot%22) ; ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%C2%BB) ; tr (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Orak_ve_%C3%87eki%C3%A7%22_Madalyas%C4%B1) ; tt (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%C2%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5) ; uk (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%C2%BB) ] on 19 July 1988. [3] (#cite_note-HeroesEntry-3) She is one of six residents of Kurgan to receive the Hero of Socialist Labor. [8] (#cite_note-8) She was named an Honored Worker of the Textile and Light Industry of the RSFSR (/w/index.php?title=Honored_Worker_of_the_Textile_and_Light_Industry_of_the_RSFSR&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0) ] and The Best Seamstress-Minder of the Ministry of Light Industry of the RSFSR. [4] (#cite_note-GuidesEntry-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Бякова Людмила Степановна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120519175801/https://www.kurgan-city.ru/city/pochet/142780/) [Byakova Lyudmila Stepanovna] (in Russian). Municipal formation city of Kurgan. Archived from the original (https://www.kurgan-city.ru/city/pochet/142780/) on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Бякова Людмила Степановна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190414192242/https://persona.kurganobl.ru/byakova-lyudmila-stepanovna) [Byakova Ludmila Stepanovna] (in Russian). Faces of the Trans-Urals. Archived from the original (https://persona.kurganobl.ru/byakova-lyudmila-stepanovna) on 14 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Karimov, Timur. "Бякова Людмила Степановна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125201028/https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=16989) [Byakova Lyudmila Stepanovna] (in Russian). Homeland heroes (/w/index.php?title=Homeland_heroes&action=edit&redlink=1) [ be (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82)) ; hy (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84)) ; ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B) ] . Archived from the original (https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=16989) on 25 November 2020 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Бякова Л.С." (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031130611/https://guides.rusarchives.ru/node/51098) [Byakova L.S.] (in Russian). Guides to Russian Archives. Archived from the original (https://guides.rusarchives.ru/node/51098) on 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Бякова, Людмила Степановна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416174106/https://gnezdoparanoika.ru/stati/24067-byakova-lyudmila-stepanovna.html) [Byakova, Lyudmila Stepanovna] (in Russian). The Builder's Nest. 7 March 2021. Archived from the original (https://gnezdoparanoika.ru/stati/24067-byakova-lyudmila-stepanovna.html) on 16 April 2021 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ivanova, Sveltana (12 August 2011). "Жизнь на взлете" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032718/https://kikonline.ru/newspaper_post/2011-12-08-03-13-45/) [Life on the rise]. Kurgan and Kurgans (in Russian). No. 139. Archived from the original (https://kikonline.ru/newspaper_post/2011-12-08-03-13-45/) on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Бякова Людмила Степановна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220103125748/http://opd.archives.kurganobl.ru/byakova_lyudmila_stepanovna.html) [Lyudmila Stepanovna Byakova] (in Russian). Gku "Gosudarstvennyy Arkhiv Sotsial'no-Politicheskoy Istorii Kurganskoy Oblasti". Archived from the original (http://opd.archives.kurganobl.ru/byakova_lyudmila_stepanovna.html) on 3 January 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Makoveeva, Taytana (27 December 2018). "В буднях великих строек, в весёлом грохоте, огнях и звонах" (https://archive.today/20221102150455/https://nm45.ru/news/obshchestvo/v-budnyah-velikih-stroek-v-vesyolom-grohote-ognyah-i-zvonah) [In the everyday life of great construction projects, in a cheerful roar, lights and ringing]. New World (/w/index.php?title=New_World_(Russian_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)) ] (in Russian). Archived from the original (https://nm45.ru/news/obshchestvo/v-budnyah-velikih-stroek-v-vesyolom-grohote-ognyah-i-zvonah) on 2 November 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . 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Clothing tool This article is about the clothing tool. For the American football run pattern "Button hook", see Curl (route) (/wiki/Curl_(route)) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Buttonhook) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Buttonhook" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Buttonhook%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Buttonhook%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Buttonhook%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Buttonhook%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Buttonhook%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Buttonhook%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Early 20th-century buttonhook advertising a shoe shop in Michigan A buttonhook in use on a c. 1900 boot A buttonhook is a tool (/wiki/Tool) used to facilitate the closing of buttoned (/wiki/Button) shoes (/wiki/Shoe) , gloves (/wiki/Glove) or other clothing. It consists of a hook fixed to a handle which may be simple or decorative as part of a dresser set or chatelaine (/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)) . Sometimes they were given away as promotions with product advertising (/wiki/Advertising) on the handle. To use, the hook end is inserted through the buttonhole to capture the button by the shank and draw it through the opening. [1] (#cite_note-fashion_accessories-1) : 7 Buttonhooks have other uses as well. At Ellis Island (/wiki/Ellis_Island) , screeners known as "buttonhook men" used buttonhooks to turn immigrants' eyelids inside out to look for signs of trachoma (/wiki/Trachoma) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [ better source needed ] Buttonhooks on display at Bedford Museum & Art Gallery [ edit ] With handles of horn and wood With handles of silver Trench art (/wiki/Trench_art) buttonhooks Pocket knives with buttonhooks [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-fashion_accessories_1-0) Johnson, Eleanor (1980). Fashion Accessories . UK: Shire Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85263-530-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ellis Island" (https://www.history.com/topics/ellis-island) . 13 February 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office . United States. Patent Office. 1910. External links [ edit ] Silverdale Buttonhooks (https://web.archive.org/web/20140831075441/http://silverdalebuttonhooks.co.uk/index.htm) 2013 Exhibition of Buttonhooks, Buxton Museum & Art Gallery, Buxton, Derbyshire, U.K. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130515035818/http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/leisure/buxton_museum/temporary_exhibitions/the_buttonhook_society/default.asp) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Make-up Artist Lucia Pica Born Lucia Pica ( 1976-06-07 ) 7 June 1976 (age 48) Naples, Italy Nationality Italian Occupation Make-up artist Lucia Pica (born June 7, 1976) is an Italian (/wiki/Italians) make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) , and currently the Creative Image and Make-up Partner for Byredo (/wiki/Byredo) Beauty. [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) Early life [ edit ] Pica was born in Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [2] (#cite_note-BoF-2) At a young age, she cultivated a deep interest in art (/wiki/Art) and its visual appeal. [3] (#cite_note-W_Magazine-3) Pica had intended to pursue a career in art conservation (/wiki/Art_conservation) or psychology (/wiki/Psychology) , but her plans took a detour when she spent two summers in London (/wiki/London) . As a result, at the age of 22 in 1999, she relocated to the British capital. [4] (#cite_note-The_Italian_Rêve-4) [2] (#cite_note-BoF-2) Career [ edit ] Pica's journey in the beauty industry began in her early 20s when she moved to London to pursue her dream of becoming a make-up artist. [3] (#cite_note-W_Magazine-3) After enrolling in a one-month course at the Greasepaint School of Make-up in London, she gained the opportunity to work on various jobs, like doing make-up for extras in the James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) film Die Another Day (/wiki/Die_Another_Day) . However, she ultimately decided to pursue a career in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) instead of venturing further into the world of film. [4] (#cite_note-The_Italian_Rêve-4) [5] (#cite_note-HIGHSNOBIETY-5) Pica scored an agent who coincidentally also worked with make-up artist Charlotte Tilbury (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury) . Determined to work with Tilbury, she consistently reached out to her agent every two weeks expressing her desire to collaborate with Tilbury. Her persistence eventually yielded results, and after a year, Pica was granted an opportunity to work on a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) alongside Tilbury's team. Tilbury offered her a full-time position, and within two years, Pica became Tilbury's first assistant. [4] (#cite_note-The_Italian_Rêve-4) [5] (#cite_note-HIGHSNOBIETY-5) Following three years in her role, Pica felt the need to explore her own creative expression and began working as a freelancer (/wiki/Freelancer) . She made a conscious decision to focus on the realm of fashion, working as a make-up artist for runway shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) of brands such as Peter Pilotto. Additionally, she did make-up for high-profile advertising campaigns (/wiki/Advertising_campaign) for fashion houses like Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) and Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . She contributed to magazine covers for publications including Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) , Self-Service, and i-D (/wiki/I-D) . [4] (#cite_note-The_Italian_Rêve-4) In 2014, Pica was appointed as the Global Creative Make-up and Color Designer for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) . [6] (#cite_note-Financial_Times-6) As the Global Creative Make-up and Color Designer, Pica worked closely with the Chanel team to develop new make-up products, curate color palettes, and create beauty looks for runway shows, editorial shoots (/wiki/Editorial) , and advertising campaigns. [2] (#cite_note-BoF-2) In October 2021, one year after Pica had finished her contract with Chanel, Ben Gorham, the founder of Byredo, asked Pica if she would be interested in doing a project for Byredo. [7] (#cite_note-Dazed_Digital-7) In March 2022, Pica was appointed as the Creative Image and Make-up Partner for Byredo. [8] (#cite_note-Fashion_Network-8) Her first launch as the brand’s new make-up partner was a range of ten Liquid Lipsticks. [9] (#cite_note-Wallpaper*_1-9) In 2023 Lucia Pica’s make-up collection for Byredo Beauty, First Emotions , won Wallpaper* (/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)) Design Award 2023 for its innovative use of color. [10] (#cite_note-Wallpaper*_2-10) Pica has done make-up for runway shows and advertising campaigns for clients like Chanel, Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) Men, Roksanda (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilin%C4%8Di%C4%87) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) and Cerruti (/wiki/Cerruti_1881) . [2] (#cite_note-BoF-2) [11] (#cite_note-models.com-11) Her editorial client list includes publications like Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) , Another (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , Purple (/wiki/Purple_(magazine)) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) , Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) , Fantastic Man (/wiki/Fantastic_Man_(magazine)) and Modern Matter. [11] (#cite_note-models.com-11) Artistry [ edit ] Pica's work often reflects her appreciation for color (/wiki/Color) and texture (/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)) , as well as her understanding of the individuality (/wiki/Individuality) of each person's face. [12] (#cite_note-Vogue_France-12) She is known for her ability to enhance natural beauty while embracing experimentation and pushing boundaries. [13] (#cite_note-i-D-13) Her approach to make-up combines classic techniques with a modern twist, resulting in captivating and memorable looks. [14] (#cite_note-British_Vogue-14) She draws inspiration from various sources, including art (/wiki/Art) , fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , and cultural influences. [15] (#cite_note-Fashion_Magazine-15) Her work has been praised for its ability to translate different moods and concepts into make-up, demonstrating her versatility and artistic range. [16] (#cite_note-Elle_Canada-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-WWD_1-0) Weil, Jennifer (March 14, 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Byredo Collaborating With Lucia Pica on Makeup" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/byredo-lucia-pica-makeup-1235132279/) . WWD . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ a b c d "Lucia Pica" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/lucia-pica) . BoF . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ a b Ballentine, Sandra. "The Originals: Lucia Pica" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/lucia-pica-originals-interview) . W Magazine . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ a b c d Carraro, Valentina. "THE GENIUS BEHIND CHANEL BEAUTY: THE ITALIAN LUCIA PICA" (https://www.theitalianreve.com/genius-behind-chanel-beauty-lucia-pica/) . The Italian Rêve . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ a b Pauly, Alexandra. "THE GLOW UP: EVEN AS A CHILD, LUCIA PICA KEPT BEAUTY SECRETS" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/lucia-pica-byredo-interview/) . HIGHSNOBIETY . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Financial_Times_6-0) Cook, Grace (December 15, 2014). "Chanel appoint Lucia Pica" (https://www.ft.com/content/07f32ea5-9db4-35d1-9a41-4de6853f36b9) . Financial Times . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dazed_Digital_7-0) Weinstock, Tish. "Lucia Pica makes her next move at Byredo" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/57970/1/lucia-pica-makes-her-next-move-at-byredo) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Network_8-0) Herrera, Roberta (March 17, 2022). "Byredo names Lucia Pica creative image and makeup partner" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Byredo-names-lucia-pica-creative-image-and-makeup-partner,1388504.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wallpaper*_1_9-0) Cleary, Mary. "Lucia Pica makes 'crying' a good look with this Byredo make-up" (https://www.wallpaper.com/beauty-grooming/lucia-pica-byredo-liquid-lipsticks) . Wallpaper* . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wallpaper*_2_10-0) Cleary, Mary. "Best Use of Colour: Lucia Pica's make-up collection for Byredo Beauty wins Wallpaper* Design Award 2023" (https://www.wallpaper.com/fashion-beauty/make-up/lucia-pica-make-up-for-byredo-beauty-wins-best-use-of-colour#:~:text=Best%20Use%20of%20Colour%3A%20Lucia,wins%20Wallpaper*%20Design%20Award%202023&text=Since%20launching%20in%202020%2C%20Byredo,beauty%20to%20a%20commercial%20scale.) . Wallpaper* . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ a b "models.com – Lucia Pica" (https://models.com/people/lucia-pica) . models.com . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_France_12-0) Baillet, Christelle. "Lucia Pica Chanel's new Creative Designer for make-up and color" (https://www.vogue.fr/beauty-tips/beauty-news/articles/lucia-pica-chanels-new-creative-designer-for-make-up-and-color/23150) . Vogue France . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-i-D_13-0) i-D TEAM. "TO CELEBRATE HER NEW APPOINTMENT, WE CHAT BEAUTY WITH LUCIA PICA, THE MAKE-UP ARTIST TAKING OUR FACES INTO A DYNAMIC NEW ERA" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/mbevwb/to-celebrate-her-new-appointment-we-chat-beauty-with-lucia-pica-the-make-up-artist-taking-our-faces-into-a-dynamic-new-era) . i-D . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-British_Vogue_14-0) Weinstock, Tish. " (https://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/article/lucia-pica-chanel-beauty-ss21) "In A Way, It Had A Sort Of '90s Winona Ryder Feel To It": Lucia Pica On Chanel Beauty SS21" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/article/lucia-pica-chanel-beauty-ss21) . British Vogue . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Magazine_15-0) Hannah, Lesa. "Volcanoes, Frescoes And Fishing Nets: How Naples Inspired Chanel's Spring/Summer 2018 Cosmetics" (https://fashionmagazine.com/beauty-grooming/chanel-naples/) . Fashion Magazine . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elle_Canada_16-0) Craft, Vanessa. "First look: Lucia Pica's debut makeup collection for Chanel" (https://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/makeup-and-nails/first-look-lucia-pica-s-debut-makeup-collection-for-chanel) . Elle Canada . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . External links [ edit ] Lucia Pica (https://models.com/people/lucia-pica) on models.com Lucia Pica (https://www.instagram.com/luciapicaofficial/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐b4qzr Cached time: 20240623174651 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.787 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2237/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30730/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 977/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62945/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6996822/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 759.060 1 -total 40.86% 310.134 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.77% 218.358 1 Template:Short_description 26.20% 198.839 1 Template:Reflist 18.27% 138.717 2 Template:Pagetype 17.79% 135.002 17 Template:Main_other 15.09% 114.560 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 14.05% 106.640 3 Template:Cite_news 13.30% 100.931 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.36% 63.491 13 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74013290-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623174651 and revision id 1217602599. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia_Pica&oldid=1217602599 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia_Pica&oldid=1217602599) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1976 births (/wiki/Category:1976_births) 21st-century Italian women artists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_women_artists) Italian make-up artists (/wiki/Category:Italian_make-up_artists) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
Vie at Home Ltd. Company type Limited company (/wiki/Limited_company) Industry cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Founded 1997 Founder Virgin Group (/wiki/Virgin_Group) Defunct 2011 Headquarters Tangmere (/wiki/Tangmere) , England (/wiki/England) , UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Products skin care, make up, bath & body, aromatherapy, jewellery, homeware Revenue £10 million Number of employees 4,000 consultants, approx. 50 head office employees Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Network World Alliance GmbH Vie at Home (trademarked VIE at home ), formerly The Virgin Cosmetics Company and Virgin Vie At Home , was a retailer and distributor of cosmetics. The company was formed as The Virgin Cosmetics Company by Mark and Liz Warom with the backing of the Virgin Group (/wiki/Virgin_Group) in 1997, and was renamed Virgin Vie at Home in 2006. Vie at Home specialised in the direct selling (/wiki/Direct_selling) of make up (/wiki/Make_up) , skin care, body care, jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) and homeware. In 2009 the business was bought from the Virgin Group by Ros Simmons and Ratan Daryani in a management buyout and renamed Vie at Home. [1] (#cite_note-1) Network World Alliance acquired the company in December 2010. [2] (#cite_note-nwamlm.eu-2) Vie at Home entered liquidation (/wiki/Liquidation) in 2011. History [ edit ] In January 1997, Mark and Liz Warom established the company with the backing of Sir Richard Branson (/wiki/Richard_Branson) 's Virgin Group, naming it The Virgin Cosmetics Company. It was based in Chichester (/wiki/Chichester) , West Sussex (/wiki/West_Sussex) , and launched with the objective of selling products through retail outlets, party plan selling and mail order. It was planned that 100 stores would be opened within the first five years. [3] (#cite_note-brandrepublic.com-3) Ros Simmons (/wiki/Ros_Simmons) was appointed marketing director in February that year in preparation for the launch of the business. [3] (#cite_note-brandrepublic.com-3) The company rebranded its stores as Virgin Cosmetics in February 1999, having struggled to make an impact. [4] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In April 2001, the company announced a deal with Luxasia pte Ltd (https://www.luxasia.com/chairman/wolfgang-baier/) , as a distributor for the Asia region. The licence covered Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, Korea, India and China. [6] (#cite_note-6) Virgin Vie Spa Treatment Rooms opened in Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) , South Africa in February 2002. By October 2002, Virgin Cosmetics employed around 7,000 consultants. [7] (#cite_note-company-history-7) The company withdrew from the Asian market in April 2003, closing all nine stores in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. [8] (#cite_note-8) Virgin Cosmetics began to open factory outlets across the UK in September 2003. In September 2005, the company launched in South Africa, recruiting over 1000 consultants in 12 months. [7] (#cite_note-company-history-7) The company was rebranded as Virgin Vie at Home in September 2006. It launched a direct selling business in the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) in December 2006. In January 2009, Virgin Vie At Home was sold in a management buyout to Ratan Daryani and Ros Simmons. The company was relaunched as Vie at Home as the Virgin Group had paid £8.8 million to remove the Virgin name, and written off £21 million in loans. [9] (#cite_note-9) In December 2010, Network World Alliance bought the company. [2] (#cite_note-nwamlm.eu-2) Vie at Home's warehouse facility in Stockton-on-Tees (/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees) was moved to Ahlen (/wiki/Ahlen) in Germany as a result. Ratan Daryani, previously chairman and owner of the company resigned from the business on 7 January 2011. [10] (#cite_note-10) HM Revenue and Customs (/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs) (HMRC) began the process of winding up the company at the High Court in London on 20 January 2011. The action was dismissed on 2 February 2011. The company announced in April 2011 that it would cease trading in Germany on 31 May 2011. Vie at Home had launched in the market in September 2009. Ros Simmons, the chief executive, resigned from the board of directors on 23 May 2011. By that time, the company was overdue in filing its accounts to Companies House (/wiki/Companies_House) , listing the last accounts as due on 20 October 2010 but not received. [11] (#cite_note-11) The company began a restructuring in July 2011 by discontinuing all aromatherapy, homeware and jewellery lines, and continued to integrate with Network World Alliance. Vie at home Ltd. filed for liquidation in August 2011, writing off over £2 million of debt owed to suppliers and HMRC. The brand 'Vie at home' continued to trade under another company Vie Cosmetics Group Ltd., using new suppliers. On 16 September 2011 it was proposed that the holding company and owner of the VIE brand be struck off of the Register of Companies, [12] (#cite_note-12) having never submitted any accounts since the business was bought from the Virgin Group in December 2008. On 26 September 2011 the administrators of the purchasing company (VCP) issued a statement, [13] (#cite_note-https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/wUiFh-13) explaining that the directors (Ros Simmons and Ratan Daryani) had been trying to sell the group since it was bought from the Virgin Group in 2008. On 21 December 2010 the shares in VIE Cosmetics Group Ltd were sold to NWA Ventures GmbH who controlled total ownership, management and financial responsibility of the group. The company owed a total of over £5 million to its suppliers. The administrator noted that there was little likelihood of anyone other than the warehouse operator (who had exercised their right to take charge of the companies stock in exchange for payment) receiving payment. [13] (#cite_note-https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/wUiFh-13) It was announced in late March 2012 that Vie Cosmetics Group Ltd., owner of the VIE at home brand, would enter administration. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) In an initial report to creditors, Portland Business & Financial Solutions (appointed to run the company in Administration), reported that there would be a dividend available to pay off some of its debts, but did not disclose the amount. A proposal was due by 18 June 2012. [16] (#cite_note-16) Products [ edit ] Vie at Home specialised in cosmetics, jewellery and homeware. The cosmetics range consisted of skin care, make up, bath & body and aromatherapy products. The jewellery range was designed in-house. The homeware range had two launches per year - one for summer and one for winter. The product range consisted of soft furnishings for the home including pillows (/wiki/Pillows) , throws (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/throw) , picture frames (/wiki/Picture_frames) , candles (/wiki/Candles) , bed linen and bathroom (/wiki/Bathroom) accessories. Charity [ edit ] Vie at Home supported CLIC Sargent (/wiki/CLIC_Sargent) between 2006 and 2011. Awards [ edit ] Virgin Cosmetics received the Innovation and Excellence Award from the Direct Selling Association (/wiki/Direct_Selling_Association) (DSA) in May 2003 for its contributions to direct selling, [17] (#cite_note-17) and June 2004. In February 2005 Virgin Cosmetics won the 'Direct Sales Team of the Year Award' at the National Sales Awards. [7] (#cite_note-company-history-7) Turnover [ edit ] Year Turnover 2006 £67.5m 2007 £56.3m 2008 £48.5m 2009 Unknown 2010 Unknown 2011 £10m (Pro-rata) References [ edit ] Press releases about Vie at Home (https://web.archive.org/web/20090813130807/http://public.vieathome.com/dont_just_take_our_word/Pages/press.aspx) Vie at Home case study by Igentics (https://web.archive.org/web/20090831180700/http://www.igentics.com/virginvieathome.aspx) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Harrington, Ben (10 January 2009). "Branson made up by sale" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/4214235/Branson-made-up-by-sale.html) . ^ a b "Shopping in England: Helmut Spikker buys the English direct sales company VIE!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101230212116/http://nwamlm.eu/en/2010/12/shopping-in-england-helmut-spikker-buys-the-english-direct-sales-company-vie/) . Archived from the original (http://nwamlm.eu/en/2010/12/shopping-in-england-helmut-spikker-buys-the-english-direct-sales-company-vie/) on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . ^ a b "Virgin ready for cosmetic launch" (http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/64762/Virgin-ready-cosmetic-launch/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH) . ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0) "Virgin cosmetics stores to drop 'Vie' in latest revamp" (http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/66412/Virgin-cosmetics-stores-drop--rsquoVie-rsquo-latest-revamp/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Campaign" (http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/rss/66412/Virgin-cosmetics-stores-drop--rsquoVie-rsquo-latest-revamp/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "FE Investegate |Victory Corporation Announcements | Victory Corporation: Cosmetics Licensing Agreement" (http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200104060951007536B) . ^ a b c "Our History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090727173847/http://public.vieathome.com/our_company/pages/history_and_background.aspx) . Archived from the original (http://public.vieathome.com/our_company/pages/history_and_background.aspx) on 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) HighBeam (https://web.archive.org/web/20121104091547/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-101415448.html) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "En for Business - Business and Financial Education for Entrepreneurs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110607151823/http://www.enforbusiness.com/news/richard-branson-failures-unmasked-20091512) . Archived from the original (http://www.enforbusiness.com/news/richard-branson-failures-unmasked-20091512) on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Failure Page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324030906/http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/fc9384d4f4919854e2dfb2f5d6f1a0e6/wcprodorder?ft=1%2F) . Archived from the original (http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/fc9384d4f4919854e2dfb2f5d6f1a0e6/wcprodorder?ft%3D1%2F) on March 24, 2012 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Failure Page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324030919/http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/86447c5f149008893aa2a2b770d60a96/compdetails) . Archived from the original (http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/86447c5f149008893aa2a2b770d60a96/compdetails) on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Archived" (https://archive.today/20121217222229/https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/sI5cj) . Archived from the original (https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/sI5cj) on 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . [ dead link ] ^ a b Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130618133411/https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/wUiFh) 2013-06-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Notice of Intention" (https://archive.today/20121217201123/https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/cAVdbe) . Archived from the original (https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/cAVdbe) (PDF) on 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Wayback Machine has not archived that URL" (http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/c4ec70627d6c090630096f8035525de0/compdetails) . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-16) "To all creditors" (https://archive.today/20121218013030/https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/sqCcbh) . Archived from the original (https://viewer.zoho.com/docs/sqCcbh) (PDF) on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "DSA Conference 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100329215952/http://www.dsa.org.uk/conference_2009.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.dsa.org.uk/conference_2009.htm) on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . 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Isa Knox Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics_industry) Founded 1995 ; 29 years ago ( 1995 ) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) LG Household & Health Care (/wiki/LG_Household_%26_Health_Care) Website isaknox (http://isaknox.co.kr) .co (http://isaknox.co.kr) .kr (http://isaknox.co.kr) Isa Knox is a South Korean cosmetics company. It is owned by LG Household & Healthcare Ltd. [1] (#cite_note-1) Celebrity endorsements include Hyori Lee (/wiki/Hyori_Lee) [2] (#cite_note-2) and Jessica Alba (/wiki/Jessica_Alba) . [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Isa Knox - LG생활건강" (http://www.lghnh.com/global/brand/detail.jsp?gbn=1&bid1=C054) . 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ra mắt bộ ảnh quảng cáo của Lee Hyori" (http://dantri.com.vn/c23/s155-221532/ra-mat-bo-anh-quang-cao-cua-lee-hyori.htm) . Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "O czym marzą koreańskie kobiety?" (http://gospodarka.gazeta.pl/gospodarka/1,69806,4534864.html) . gazeta.pl (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza (/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza) . 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . External links [ edit ] Official site (http://www.isaknox.co.kr/) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) South Korea portal (/wiki/Portal:South_Korea) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐5rrzl Cached time: 20240722015127 Cache expiry: 857315 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.183 seconds Real time usage: 0.285 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1253/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10472/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 765/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14146/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.120/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3793399/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 269.863 1 -total 52.71% 142.238 1 Template:Reflist 45.10% 121.705 1 Template:Cite_web 37.41% 100.945 1 Template:Infobox_company 34.26% 92.453 1 Template:Infobox 9.10% 24.561 1 Template:Portal 3.27% 8.824 2 Template:Cite_news 2.96% 7.977 1 Template:URL 2.48% 6.700 1 Template:Start_date_and_age 0.88% 2.382 1 Template:Years_or_months_ago Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26554559-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722015127 and revision id 1216221026. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ĭsa_Knox&oldid=1216221026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ĭsa_Knox&oldid=1216221026) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_South_Korea) Cosmetics brands of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands_of_South_Korea) Hidden categories: CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl))
(Redirected from Pink Friday Special Edition (/w/index.php?title=Pink_Friday_Special_Edition&redirect=no) ) Trinidadian-born rapper and singer (born 1982) Nicki Minaj Minaj in 2018 Born Onika Tanya Maraj ( 1982-12-08 ) December 8, 1982 (age 41) Port of Spain (/wiki/Port_of_Spain) , Trinidad and Tobago Occupations Rapper singer songwriter actress Years active 2004–present Works Discography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography) songs recorded (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Nicki_Minaj) videography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_videography) performances (/wiki/List_of_Nicki_Minaj_live_performances) Spouse Kenneth Petty ​ ( m. 2019) ​ Partners Safaree Samuels (/wiki/Safaree_Samuels) (2000–2014) Meek Mill (/wiki/Meek_Mill) (2014–2016) [1] (#cite_note-1) Children 1 Awards Full list (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Nicki_Minaj) Musical career Origin New York City, US Genres Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) [2] (#cite_note-Independent-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) pop (/wiki/Pop_music) [4] (#cite_note-4) pop rap (/wiki/Pop_rap) [5] (#cite_note-5) Instruments Vocals Labels Young Money (/wiki/Young_Money_Entertainment) Cash Money (/wiki/Cash_Money_Records) Republic (/wiki/Republic_Records) Heavy On It Website nickiminajofficial (http://nickiminajofficial.com) .com (http://nickiminajofficial.com) Musical artist Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ n ɪ k i m ɪ ˈ n ɑː ʒ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) NIK -ee min- AHZH ), is a Trinidadian-born [a] (#cite_note-7) rapper and singer based in the United States. Often referred to as the " Queen of Rap (/wiki/Queen_of_Rap) ", she is known for her musical versatility, animated rap flow (/wiki/Flow_(rapping)) , and alter egos (/wiki/Alter_ego) . She first gained recognition after releasing three mixtapes (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography#Mixtapes) between 2007 and 2009. Minaj's debut album, Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) (2010), topped the US Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) chart. Its single " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) " reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) chart and was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA). Her follow-up album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) (2012), explored dance-pop (/wiki/Dance-pop) , debuted at number one in both the UK and US, and yielded the international top-ten single " Starships (/wiki/Starships_(song)) ". Minaj's collaboration " Bang Bang (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) " (2014) with Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) and Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) became the first female collaboration to be certified diamond. Her third album, The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) (2014), marked a return to her hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) roots. Its second single, " Anaconda (/wiki/Anaconda_(song)) ", peaked at number two on the Hot 100. She achieved her first two US number-one singles in 2020 with the collaborations " Say So (/wiki/Say_So#Remix) " with Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) and " Trollz (/wiki/Trollz_(song)) " with 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) . In 2022, she earned her first solo number-one on the Hot 100 with " Super Freaky Girl (/wiki/Super_Freaky_Girl) ", the lead single from her fifth album, Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) (2023), which also debuted atop the Billboard 200. To promote the album, Minaj embarked on the Pink Friday 2 World Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) in 2024, which became the highest-grossing concert tour by a female rapper. Outside of music, her other ventures have included voice roles in the animated films Ice Age: Continental Drift (/wiki/Ice_Age:_Continental_Drift) (2012) and The Angry Birds Movie 2 (/wiki/The_Angry_Birds_Movie_2) (2019), and supporting roles in the films The Other Woman (/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(2014_film)) (2014) and Barbershop: The Next Cut (/wiki/Barbershop:_The_Next_Cut) (2016). On television, she served as a judge on the twelfth season (/wiki/American_Idol_season_12) of American Idol (/wiki/American_Idol) (2013). Minaj is one of the world's best-selling music artists (/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists) , with over 100 million records sold. [7] (#cite_note-8) Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ranked her as the top-selling female rapper of the 2010s and one of the greatest rappers of all time (/wiki/Billboard_and_Vibe%27s_50_Greatest_Rappers_of_All_Time) . [8] (#cite_note-9) [9] (#cite_note-billboardgreatest1-10) She has the most number-one albums (3) and top-ten songs (23) in the US for a female rapper. Her various accolades (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Nicki_Minaj) include nine American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Awards) , eight MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards) (including the 2022 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award (/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award) ), twelve BET Awards (/wiki/BET_Awards) , five Billboard Music Awards (/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards) , a Brit Award (/wiki/Brit_Awards) , and three Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) ; she has received 12 Grammy Awards (/wiki/Grammy_Awards) nominations. In 2016, Time included her on their annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Throughout her career, Minaj's outspoken views, feuds with several rappers, her personal life, and her fanbase have received significant controversy. [10] (#cite_note-11) [11] (#cite_note-12) Early life Onika Tanya Maraj was born on December 8, 1982, [12] (#cite_note-13) [13] (#cite_note-IndiaToday-14) in the Saint James (/wiki/Saint_James,_Trinidad_and_Tobago) district of Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. [14] (#cite_note-Biography-15) [15] (#cite_note-16) Her father was Robert Maraj (1956–2021), [16] (#cite_note-father's_death-17) a financial executive and part-time gospel singer of Dougla (/wiki/Dougla) (Afro-Trinidadian mother and Indo-Trinidadian father) descent. [13] (#cite_note-IndiaToday-14) Her mother, Carol, is also a gospel singer with Afro-Trinidadian ancestry. [17] (#cite_note-18) Carol worked in payroll and accounting departments during Minaj's youth. [18] (#cite_note-19) [19] (#cite_note-20) Minaj's father was addicted to alcohol and crack cocaine (/wiki/Crack_cocaine) [20] (#cite_note-21) and had a violent temper, burning down their house in December 1987. [21] (#cite_note-dailyexpress-22) She has an older brother named Jelani, [22] (#cite_note-23) a younger brother named Micaiah, [23] (#cite_note-24) and a younger sister named Ming. [24] (#cite_note-25) As a child, Minaj and Jelani grew up with their grandmother in Saint James in a household with 11 cousins. [21] (#cite_note-dailyexpress-22) Carol was working numerous jobs in Saint James before getting her green card (/wiki/Green_card) at the age of 24. She then moved to the Bronx (/wiki/The_Bronx) in New York to attend Monroe College (/wiki/Monroe_College) , leaving both Minaj and Jelani in Trinidad with their grandmother. Eventually, when Minaj was five, Carol got her first house, on 147th Street in South Jamaica, Queens (/wiki/South_Jamaica,_Queens) and brought both Minaj and Jelani to live with her and their father. [21] (#cite_note-dailyexpress-22) Minaj claimed she came to the United States as an illegal immigrant, although by the time she moved to the United States her mother and subsequently her father had lawful permanent residency. [6] (#cite_note-Penrose-6) Minaj recalled, "I don't think I had a lot of discipline in my household. My mom motivated me, but it wasn't a strict household. I kind of wanted a strict household." [25] (#cite_note-26) Minaj successfully auditioned for admission to Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School) , which focuses on visual and performing arts. [14] (#cite_note-Biography-15) After graduation, Minaj wanted to become an actress, and she was cast in the Off-Broadway (/wiki/Off-Broadway) play In Case You Forget in 2001. [26] (#cite_note-27) At the age of 19, as she struggled with her acting career, she worked as a waitress at a Red Lobster (/wiki/Red_Lobster_(restaurant)) in the Bronx, but was fired for discourtesy to customers. [27] (#cite_note-28) She said she was fired from "at least 15 jobs" for similar reasons. [28] (#cite_note-billboard1-29) Other jobs included customer service representative (/wiki/Customer_service_representative) and office management (/wiki/Office_management) on Wall Street (/wiki/Wall_Street) . Minaj recalls buying a BMW (/wiki/BMW) as a 19-year-old with the money from waitressing. [29] (#cite_note-30) Career 2004–2009: Career beginnings and mixtapes Further information: Playtime Is Over (mixtape) (/wiki/Playtime_Is_Over_(mixtape)) , Sucka Free (/wiki/Sucka_Free) , and Beam Me Up Scotty (mixtape) (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) Minaj briefly signed with Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) group Full Force (/wiki/Full_Force) , in which she rapped in a quartet called the Hoodstars (/wiki/The_Hoodstars) composed of Lou$tar (son of " Bowlegged Lou (/wiki/Full_Force) "), Safaree Samuels (/wiki/Safaree_Samuels) (Scaff Beezy) and 7even Up. [30] (#cite_note-31) [31] (#cite_note-32) In 2004, the group recorded the entrance song for WWE Diva (/wiki/Women_in_WWE) Victoria (/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Varon) , "Don't Mess With", which was featured on the compilation album ThemeAddict: WWE The Music, Vol.6 (/wiki/ThemeAddict:_WWE_The_Music,_Vol._6) . Minaj later left Full Force and uploaded songs on her Myspace (/wiki/Myspace) profile, sending several of her songs to people in the music industry (/wiki/Music_industry) . Later, Fendi, CEO of Brooklyn label Dirty Money Entertainment, signed Minaj to his label in 2007 under a 180-day contract. [32] (#cite_note-33) Originally adopting the stage name Nicki Maraj, she eventually changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that "my real name is Maraj. Fendi flipped it when he met me because I had such a nasty flow!" [33] (#cite_note-34) Minaj released her first mixtape, Playtime Is Over (/wiki/Playtime_Is_Over_(mixtape)) , on July 5, 2007, [34] (#cite_note-35) and her second, Sucka Free (/wiki/Sucka_Free) , on April 12, 2008. [35] (#cite_note-36) She released her third mixtape, Beam Me Up Scotty (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) , on April 18, 2009; [36] (#cite_note-37) it received favorable coverage on BET (/wiki/BET) and MTV (/wiki/MTV) . [37] (#cite_note-38) [38] (#cite_note-39) At the time, she was managed by Debra Antney. One of its tracks, " I Get Crazy (/wiki/I_Get_Crazy) ", reached number 20 on the U.S. Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) Hot Rap Songs (/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs) chart and number 37 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs) chart. [39] (#cite_note-AllMusicAwards-40) After Minaj was discovered by fellow rapper Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) , [40] (#cite_note-41) she signed a recording contract with his Young Money Entertainment (/wiki/Young_Money_Entertainment) . [41] (#cite_note-42) That November, she appeared with Gucci Mane (/wiki/Gucci_Mane) and Trina (/wiki/Trina) on the remix of " 5 Star Bitch (/wiki/5_Star_Bitch) " by Yo Gotti (/wiki/Yo_Gotti) . [42] (#cite_note-43) In early February 2010, Minaj made her first two appearances on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) chart with her features on " Knockout (/wiki/Knockout_(Lil_Wayne_song)) " and " Up Out My Face (/wiki/Up_Out_My_Face) " by Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) and Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) respectively. [43] (#cite_note-44) [44] (#cite_note-MCNMUPMFHot_100-45) Minaj also appeared on " BedRock (/wiki/BedRock) " and " Roger That (/wiki/Roger_That_(song)) " on the compilation album (/wiki/Compilation_album) , We Are Young Money (/wiki/We_Are_Young_Money) (2009). [45] (#cite_note-46) [46] (#cite_note-47) The singles peaked at numbers two and 56, respectively, in the U.S. Their parent album reached number nine on the U.S. Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) , and was certified platinum (/wiki/RIAA_certification) by the Recording Industry Association of America (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA). [47] (#cite_note-YoungMoneyAwards-48) [48] (#cite_note-United_StatesYoung_MoneyWe_Are_Young_MoneyalbumCertRef-49) At Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) 's suggestion, Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) featured Minaj on his single " Shakin' It 4 Daddy (/wiki/Shakin%27_It_4_Daddy) ". [49] (#cite_note-50) Allison Stewart of The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) stated that, during that time, she "became the go-to girl for artists who wanted to add some skank to their tracks without sullying themselves in the process". [50] (#cite_note-51) Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven singles simultaneously charting in the U.S. [51] (#cite_note-52) 2010–2011: Breakthrough with Pink Friday Further information: Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) Minaj performing in 2010 On March 29, 2010, Minaj released " Massive Attack (/wiki/Massive_Attack_(song)) " featuring Sean Garrett (/wiki/Sean_Garrett) . [52] (#cite_note-53) Intended as the lead single from her forthcoming debut album, Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) , the song was dropped from the album due to poor commercial performance. [53] (#cite_note-54) [54] (#cite_note-55) The next single, " Your Love (/wiki/Your_Love_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", later became the album's lead single. [55] (#cite_note-56) Released in June, it peaked at number 14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Rap Songs chart. [39] (#cite_note-AllMusicAwards-40) The rapper was then featured on Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) 's song " Woohoo (/wiki/Woohoo_(Christina_Aguilera_song)) ", which reached number 46 on the Canadian Hot 100 (/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100) and number 79 on Billboard Hot 100. [56] (#cite_note-57) [57] (#cite_note-58) [58] (#cite_note-59) In September, Minaj released " Check It Out (/wiki/Check_It_Out_(will.i.am_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) " with will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) and " Right Thru Me (/wiki/Right_Thru_Me) " as follow-up singles. [59] (#cite_note-60) [60] (#cite_note-61) [61] (#cite_note-62) In October, Minaj was featured on Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's " Monster (/wiki/Monster_(Kanye_West_song)) ", a posse cut (/wiki/Posse_cut) with Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) and Rick Ross (/wiki/Rick_Ross) featuring vocals from Justin Vernon (/wiki/Justin_Vernon) of Bon Iver (/wiki/Bon_Iver) . Her verse received widespread acclaim with many critics regarding it as the best verse on that song. Complex rated Minaj's "Monster" verse as the number-one best rap verse in the past five years, [62] (#cite_note-63) while Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) stated that "Monster" was "the track that announced Minaj's "brilliance" to most people." [63] (#cite_note-Fennessey-64) Shortly after, she performed "Monster" with West and Jay-Z at Yankee Stadium (/wiki/Yankee_Stadium) , becoming the first ever female rapper to perform there. In November 2010, Minaj received her first Grammy Award (/wiki/Grammy_Award) nomination for her guest verse on Ludacris (/wiki/Ludacris) ' song " My Chick Bad (/wiki/My_Chick_Bad) ". [64] (#cite_note-65) Pink Friday was released on November 19, 2010, debuting at number two and later reaching number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 375,000 copies. [65] (#cite_note-66) [66] (#cite_note-OpeningWeeks-67) It had the largest sales week for a female rap album in the 21st century and second-highest sales week overall after Lauryn Hill (/wiki/Lauryn_Hill) 's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (/wiki/The_Miseducation_of_Lauryn_Hill) (1998). Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from critics. [67] (#cite_note-mc-68) It was certified platinum (/wiki/RIAA_certification) in December, with it becoming the first album by a solo female rapper to go platinum in seven years. [68] (#cite_note-69) [69] (#cite_note-70) " Moment 4 Life (/wiki/Moment_4_Life) " featuring Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) was released as the fourth single from Pink Friday , [70] (#cite_note-71) on December 7, 2010. Minaj performed "Right Thru Me" and "Moment 4 Life" as the musical guest on the January 29, 2011, episode (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_season_36#ep693) of Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) . [71] (#cite_note-72) " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) ", the album's fifth single, was released in April 2011. [72] (#cite_note-73) It became a sleeper hit (/wiki/Sleeper_hit) and commercially successful, ultimately peaking at number three on the Hot 100. [39] (#cite_note-AllMusicAwards-40) It was eventually certified 12-times platinum in the U.S. [73] (#cite_note-74) Super Bass was the highest-charting solo single by a female rapper since Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) 's " Work It (/wiki/Work_It_(Missy_Elliott_song)) " in 2002. The music video has over 1 billion views on YouTube as of April 2024. [74] (#cite_note-75) [75] (#cite_note-76) [ non-primary source needed ] Early in her career, Minaj identified as bisexual (/wiki/Bisexuality) and made several references to it in her music. However, she eventually stated in a 2010 Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) interview, "I think girls are sexy, but I'm not going to lie and say that I date girls." [76] (#cite_note-77) She once again addressed her sexuality in 2020 on Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) 's " Say So (/wiki/Say_So) " remix. The lyrics divided members of the LGBT (/wiki/LGBTQ%2B) community, with some accusing her of " bisexual erasure (/wiki/Bisexual_erasure) " while others voicing there is nothing wrong with originally identifying as bisexual, and then later identifying as straight. [77] (#cite_note-78) [78] (#cite_note-79) Minaj was one of the opening acts on Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) ' 2011 Femme Fatale Tour (/wiki/Femme_Fatale_Tour) . [79] (#cite_note-80) She and Kesha (/wiki/Kesha) appeared on the remix of Spears' " Till the World Ends (/wiki/Till_the_World_Ends) ", which peaked at number three in the U.S. [80] (#cite_note-81) On August 7, 2011, Minaj experienced a wardrobe malfunction (/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction) during a live performance on Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) when she revealed her left nipple. Both ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) and Minaj apologized for the incident, with Minaj denying it was a publicity stunt. [81] (#cite_note-82) [82] (#cite_note-83) Minaj continued to perform at high-profile events throughout 2011 with Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) inviting her to perform with Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) for the introduction of a Versace (/wiki/Versace) collection for H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . She also performed "Super Bass" at the 2011 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) . [83] (#cite_note-84) In December 2011, Minaj was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist) and Best Rap Album (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Album) for Pink Friday . [84] (#cite_note-85) Also that year, she won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Hip-Hop_Video) for " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) ", marking her first VMA (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award) win. [85] (#cite_note-86) 2012–2013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and American Idol Further information: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) and Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded – The Re-Up (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded_%E2%80%93_The_Re-Up) Minaj performing in the Hammersmith Apollo (/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo) during 2012 " Starships (/wiki/Starships_(song)) " was released in February 2012 as the lead single from Minaj's forthcoming second album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) . [86] (#cite_note-87) The song reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, [39] (#cite_note-AllMusicAwards-40) and went on to become the fifth best-selling single of 2012. [87] (#cite_note-88) Her crossover into pop music was criticized by some, despite her commercial success. [88] (#cite_note-crossover-89) Follow-up singles " Beez in the Trap (/wiki/Beez_in_the_Trap) " featuring 2 Chainz (/wiki/2_Chainz) and " Right by My Side (/wiki/Right_by_My_Side) " featuring Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) were released shortly after. [89] (#cite_note-90) [90] (#cite_note-91) Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded was eventually released on April 2, 2012, two months later than initially planned. [91] (#cite_note-92) It was preceded by the promotional singles " Roman in Moscow (/wiki/Roman_in_Moscow) " and " Stupid Hoe (/wiki/Stupid_Hoe) ". [92] (#cite_note-93) [93] (#cite_note-94) The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 253,000 copies, and was certified two-times platinum by the RIAA in March 2016. [66] (#cite_note-OpeningWeeks-67) [94] (#cite_note-United_StatesNicki_MinajPink_Friday:_Roman_ReloadedalbumCertRef-95) However, the mix of hip-hop songs and mainstream pop material received mixed reviews. [95] (#cite_note-96) " Pound the Alarm (/wiki/Pound_the_Alarm) " and " Va Va Voom (/wiki/Va_Va_Voom) " were later released as the final singles from the album. [96] (#cite_note-97) [97] (#cite_note-98) Minaj along with fellow rapper M.I.A. (/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)) joined Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) to perform the single, " Give Me All Your Luvin (/wiki/Give_Me_All_Your_Luvin%27) " during the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI_halftime_show) on February 6, 2012. [98] (#cite_note-99) Minaj was the first solo female rapper to perform at the Grammy Awards (/wiki/Grammy_Award) , performing " Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday_(song)) " during the 2012 ceremony (/wiki/54th_Grammy_Awards) on February 12. [99] (#cite_note-100) Her exorcism (/wiki/Exorcism) -themed performance was controversial, with the American Catholic League (/wiki/Catholic_League_(US)) and its president criticizing her performance. [100] (#cite_note-101) [101] (#cite_note-popescene1-102) [102] (#cite_note-103) Minaj began her headlining Pink Friday Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_Tour) on May 16, 2012, which was followed by the Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Reloaded_Tour) beginning October 14, 2012. [103] (#cite_note-104) [104] (#cite_note-105) Although she was scheduled to headline the June 3 Hot 97 (/wiki/WQHT) Summer Jam (/wiki/Summer_Jam_(festival)) at MetLife Stadium (/wiki/MetLife_Stadium) in New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , at the request of Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) she canceled her appearance the day of the show after Peter Rosenberg (/wiki/Peter_Rosenberg) of the station dismissed her single "Starships" as "not real hip-hop". [105] (#cite_note-106) The following month, she voiced Steffie (/wiki/List_of_Ice_Age_characters#Steffie) in the animated film Ice Age: Continental Drift (/wiki/Ice_Age:_Continental_Drift) (2012). [106] (#cite_note-107) Minaj won awards for Best Female Video (/wiki/Best_Female_Video) (for "Starships") at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2012_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) and Best Hip-Hop (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Hip-Hop) at the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2012_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) . [107] (#cite_note-108) An expanded version of Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded , subtitled The Re-Up (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded_%E2%80%93_The_Re-Up) , was released on November 19, 2012, with seven new songs. [108] (#cite_note-109) That month, she was the subject of a three-part E! (/wiki/E!) documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth . [109] (#cite_note-voomvideo-110) In September, Minaj joined the judges' panel for the twelfth season (/wiki/American_Idol_(season_12)) of American Idol (/wiki/American_Idol) with Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) , Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) , and Randy Jackson (/wiki/Randy_Jackson) . [110] (#cite_note-111) Throughout the show there were disagreements between Carey and Minaj, with both of them leaving the series at the end of the season. [111] (#cite_note-112) [112] (#cite_note-113) [113] (#cite_note-114) [114] (#cite_note-115) 2014–2017: The Pinkprint and acting ventures Further information: The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) Minaj's first live-action theatrical film The Other Woman (/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(2014_film)) was filmed in spring 2013 and premiered on April 25, 2014. [115] (#cite_note-116) As she was working on her third studio album The Pinkprint , she described the album as "a continuation of The Re-Up (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded_%E2%80%93_The_Re-Up) with a lot more" and said it would focus on her "hip hop roots". [116] (#cite_note-117) [117] (#cite_note-118) [118] (#cite_note-119) During an MTV (/wiki/MTV) interview, she additionally said that it would be "next level" and that she has "much to talk about". [119] (#cite_note-120) " Pills n Potions (/wiki/Pills_n_Potions) " was released as the lead single from The Pinkprint in May 2014. [120] (#cite_note-121) In July, she appeared on the song " Bang Bang (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) " with singers Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) and Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) , which peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [121] (#cite_note-bangbangdiamond-122) and marked Minaj's first number-one on the UK singles chart (/wiki/UK_singles_chart) . [122] (#cite_note-123) "Bang Bang" was certified diamond by the RIAA in May 2024, for recognized sales of 10 million units; it became the first all-female collaboration to achieve the certification. [121] (#cite_note-bangbangdiamond-122) Its music video has nearly 2 billion views on YouTube, as of June 2024. [121] (#cite_note-bangbangdiamond-122) " Anaconda (/wiki/Anaconda_(song)) " was released in August as the second single from the album, peaking at number two, which became her highest-charting single in the U.S. at the time. [123] (#cite_note-anacondan2hot100-124) [124] (#cite_note-125) Its ascent from number 39 to number two in its third week marked the second-biggest jump within the chart's top 40 region, at the time. [123] (#cite_note-anacondan2hot100-124) The music video for "Anaconda" went viral (/wiki/Viral_video) upon release online; it set a 24-hour Vevo (/wiki/Vevo) record, accumulating 19.6 million views on its first day of release, breaking the record previously held by Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) for " Wrecking Ball (/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_(Miley_Cyrus_song)) ". [125] (#cite_note-126) It has over 1.1 billion views on YouTube, as of June 2024. On November 9, 2014, Minaj hosted the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2014_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) in Glasgow, Scotland. [126] (#cite_note-:1-127) She also won the Best Hip-Hop Award for a second time. [126] (#cite_note-:1-127) The Pinkprint was officially released on December 15, 2014, and debuted at number two in the U.S., with first week sales of 244,000 equivalent units (198,000 in pure album sales and 46,000 combined album-equivalent units and streams (/wiki/Streaming_media) ). [127] (#cite_note-128) [128] (#cite_note-129) Upon release, critics praised the production and personal lyrics. [129] (#cite_note-130) Minaj in a 2016 interview At the 58th Grammy Awards (/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) , Minaj received three more Grammy Award nominations, including a second Best Rap Album nomination for The Pinkprint , a Best Rap Song (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Song) nomination for "Anaconda" and a Best Pop Duo/Group Performance (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance) nomination for "Bang Bang". [130] (#cite_note-131) [131] (#cite_note-132) In March 2015, Minaj embarked on her third world tour entitled The Pinkprint Tour (/wiki/The_Pinkprint_Tour) and also became the first female artist to chart four songs simultaneously in the top 10 of Billboard ' s Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. [132] (#cite_note-133) At the 2015 BET Awards (/wiki/2015_BET_Awards) , Minaj won her sixth consecutive award for Best Female Hip-Hop Artist (/wiki/BET_Award_for_Best_Hip-Hop_Artists) , becoming the female rapper with most wins in that category. [133] (#cite_note-134) In August 2015, Madame Tussauds (/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_Las_Vegas) unveiled a wax figure (/wiki/Wax_sculpture) of Minaj, which depicted a pose from the "Anaconda" music video. [134] (#cite_note-135) [135] (#cite_note-136) The attraction received criticism from some, including Angharad Welsh of The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) , who called it "a sexist, racist mistake". [136] (#cite_note-137) [137] (#cite_note-138) Despite this, Minaj voiced her approval of the wax figure on social media. [138] (#cite_note-:7-139) In May 2015, it was announced that Minaj would feature in the third installment of the Barbershop (/wiki/Barbershop_(film_series)) film series, alongside Ice Cube (/wiki/Ice_Cube) , Cedric the Entertainer (/wiki/Cedric_the_Entertainer) , Eve (/wiki/Eve_(rapper)) , and other original cast members. [139] (#cite_note-BB:Bshop2-140) Titled Barbershop: The Next Cut (/wiki/Barbershop:_The_Next_Cut) , the film was released on April 15, 2016. For Minaj's performance as a "sassy" hairdresser named Draya, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) for Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_Actress_%E2%80%93_Comedy) . [139] (#cite_note-BB:Bshop2-140) [140] (#cite_note-TeenChoice-141) In September 2015, it was announced that Minaj would executive produce and appear in a scripted single-camera (/wiki/Single-camera_setup) comedy series for ABC Family (now Freeform (/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)) ) based on her life growing up in Queens (/wiki/Queens) , New York City. [141] (#cite_note-DeadlineNickiSeries2-142) The show was titled Nicki and the pilot episode was filmed in Minaj's hometown in January 2016. [141] (#cite_note-DeadlineNickiSeries2-142) In October 2016, Minaj stated the filming was postponed for undisclosed reasons. [142] (#cite_note-143) In January 2017, she announced that she had ended her relationship with Meek Mill. [143] (#cite_note-144) [144] (#cite_note-145) [145] (#cite_note-146) In February 2017, Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign (/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign) was featured on Jason Derulo (/wiki/Jason_Derulo) 's single " Swalla (/wiki/Swalla) " which reached the top ten in several countries, including a peak of number six in the UK. [146] (#cite_note-147) [147] (#cite_note-148) The following month, Minaj signed with the major modeling agency, Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) . [148] (#cite_note-149) On March 20, 2017, when her singles " No Frauds (/wiki/No_Frauds) ", " Changed It (/wiki/Changed_It) ", and " Regret in Your Tears (/wiki/Regret_in_Your_Tears) " were released simultaneously, Minaj broke the record for the most Billboard Hot 100 entries for a female artist, which at the time was previously held by Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) . [149] (#cite_note-150) In May 2017, Minaj opened the 2017 (/wiki/2017_Billboard_Music_Awards) Billboard Music Awards (/wiki/2017_Billboard_Music_Awards) with a medley performance that was described by Elias Leight of Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) as "flamboyantly produced" and "dexterous". [150] (#cite_note-151) Throughout the remainder of 2017, Minaj performed guest verses on several singles, including Migos (/wiki/Migos) ' " MotorSport (/wiki/MotorSport) " and Yo Gotti (/wiki/Yo_Gotti) 's " Rake It Up (/wiki/Rake_It_Up) ", both of which peaked inside the top ten in the U.S. at numbers six and eight, respectively. [151] (#cite_note-hot100_history-152) She also featured on Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) 's " Swish Swish (/wiki/Swish_Swish) ", which was certified platinum in the U.S. and Canada. [152] (#cite_note-153) She briefly dated rapper Nas (/wiki/Nas) in 2017 before they broke up in January 2018. [153] (#cite_note-154) [154] (#cite_note-155) 2018–2019: Queen Further information: Queen (Nicki Minaj album) (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) After a social media hiatus, Minaj released two singles from her fourth studio album Queen (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) . She released " Chun-Li (/wiki/Chun-Li_(song)) " and " Barbie Tingz (/wiki/Barbie_Tingz) " simultaneously on April 12, 2018, with both reaching number ten and number twenty-five in the U.S. respectively. [155] (#cite_note-:32-156) She performed "Chun-Li" on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) and the 2018 BET Awards (/wiki/BET_Awards_2018) . [156] (#cite_note-:2-157) [157] (#cite_note-158) While "Chun Li" appears on the tracklist of the album, "Barbie Tingz" is only included on the Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) version of the album. [158] (#cite_note-:04-159) On the red carpet of the 2018 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) , she announced the title of the album and the original release date. [159] (#cite_note-160) The second single, " Bed (/wiki/Bed_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", featuring Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) was released on June 14, 2018, alongside the album pre-order, reaching number 42 on the Hot 100. [160] (#cite_note-161) [161] (#cite_note-Rich_Sex-162) [162] (#cite_note-163) [ non-primary source needed ] Additionally, Minaj appeared as a featured artist on the song " Fefe (/wiki/Fefe_(song)) " along with Murda Beatz (/wiki/Murda_Beatz) and Tekashi 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) . It debuted at number four in the U.S., marking Minaj's highest debut on the chart at the time, besting the sixth place start of "Bang Bang" in 2014. [163] (#cite_note-US_peak-164) [164] (#cite_note-bb-165) It later peaked at number three and was added to Queen in the middle of its first tracking week. [163] (#cite_note-US_peak-164) [165] (#cite_note-166) The day before the album's release, Minaj launched her own Beats 1 (/wiki/Apple_Music_1) radio show, Queen Radio . [166] (#cite_note-167) [167] (#cite_note-168) Minaj performing at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2018_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) Queen received multiple delays before finally being released on August 10, 2018. [168] (#cite_note-169) [169] (#cite_note-170) [170] (#cite_note-:4-171) It debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 with 185,000 album-equivalent units (/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit) , of which 78,000 came from pure album sales. [171] (#cite_note-172) It also debuted at number five in the UK and at number four in Australia, marking Minaj's highest debut in the latter country. [172] (#cite_note-173) [173] (#cite_note-174) Minaj later expressed frustration and criticized several people including Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) , whose album Astroworld (/wiki/Astroworld_(album)) claimed the top spot for a second week in a row, blocking Queen from the top spot. Minaj alleged that Travis Scott sold shirts, merchandise, and ticket passes for an unnannounced tour to boost his album sales. [174] (#cite_note-billboard.com-175) This controversy and Queen 's roll-out was documented by several news outlets and commentators. [175] (#cite_note-176) [176] (#cite_note-177) [177] (#cite_note-178) Queen received generally positive reviews, with some critics deriding the album's length and direction. [178] (#cite_note-179) The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA (/wiki/RIAA) in January 2019, for moving over 1 million equivalent units. [179] (#cite_note-180) Minaj performing with Little Mix (/wiki/Little_Mix) at the 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2018_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) Minaj performed at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2018_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) where she also won her fourth MTV Video Music Award for the "Chun-Li" music video. [180] (#cite_note-181) The same month, she featured on the remix of " Idol (/wiki/Idol_(BTS_song)) " by South Korean boy band BTS (/wiki/BTS) . It debuted and peaked at number eleven in the U.S. which was the group's second highest-charting song at the time. [181] (#cite_note-182) She also featured on the song " Woman Like Me (/wiki/Woman_Like_Me) " by British girl group Little Mix (/wiki/Little_Mix) , which was released on October 12, 2018. [182] (#cite_note-183) A music video was shortly released after, with Minaj and Little Mix later performing the song together at the 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2018_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) . [183] (#cite_note-184) She was also featured on "Dip" (/wiki/Dip_(song)) by American rapper Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) which reached number sixty-three in the U.S. making her the first female artist to have 100 entries on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. [184] (#cite_note-185) She later attended the year-end Billboard Women in Music (/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music) event, receiving the Game Changer Award for the accomplishment. [185] (#cite_note-186) In September, Minaj co-headlined the annual Made in America Festival (/wiki/Made_in_America_Festival) and suffered another wardrobe malfunction when the front of her outfit fell open. [186] (#cite_note-187) In November, she was invited to the DWP music festival in China but did not perform due to problems with the company hosting the event. [187] (#cite_note-188) The next year in April 2019, Minaj made a surprise guest appearance at the 2019 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) during Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) 's set where they performed their collaborations " Side to Side (/wiki/Side_to_Side) " and " Bang Bang (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) ". However, she experienced technical difficulties with her earpiece. [188] (#cite_note-189) Later that month, Minaj parted ways with her longtime management team after a mutual agreement, with American entertainment executive Irving Azoff (/wiki/Irving_Azoff) serving as her new manager. [189] (#cite_note-190) [190] (#cite_note-191) In June 2019, Minaj released a standalone single titled " Megatron (/wiki/Megatron_(song)) " along with an accompanying music video. In the U.S., the song debuted at number twenty. A month later, she provided information on her upcoming fifth studio album, appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon) , stating that "there's definitely a new album, of course." [191] (#cite_note-192) She featured on the song " Hot Girl Summer (/wiki/Hot_Girl_Summer) " alongside fellow female rapper Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) in August 2019, which reached number eleven in the U.S. [192] (#cite_note-193) Minaj had a voice role as Pinky in The Angry Birds Movie 2 (/wiki/The_Angry_Birds_Movie_2) , which was released in August 2019. [193] (#cite_note-194) In November, Minaj appeared on the Charlie's Angels: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack) on the song "Bad To You", along with Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) and Normani (/wiki/Normani) , marking her sixth collaboration with Grande. [194] (#cite_note-195) Minaj also collaborated with Colombian singer Karol G (/wiki/Karol_G) on the song " Tusa (/wiki/Tusa_(song)) ", which was released to streaming platforms on November 7. The song reached forty-two in the U.S. and reached the top of many other charts including the " Hot Latin Songs (/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs) " chart, which made it the first song with two lead female artists to debut in such position. [195] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-196) "Tusa" later became the longest-running number one single in Argentina, spending five months on the top of the chart. [196] (#cite_note-ArgentinaHot100-197) 2020–2021: Beam Me Up Scotty re-release Further information: Beam Me Up Scotty (mixtape) (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) In January 2020, Minaj was featured on " Nice to Meet Ya (/wiki/Nice_to_Meet_Ya_(Meghan_Trainor_song)) " by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor (/wiki/Meghan_Trainor) . [197] (#cite_note-198) [198] (#cite_note-199) In February, she released a standalone song called " Yikes (/wiki/Yikes_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " as a promotional single. [199] (#cite_note-200) [200] (#cite_note-201) By the end of that month, Minaj appeared as a guest judge on the twelfth season (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_12)) 's premiere of the reality television show RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) . [201] (#cite_note-202) [202] (#cite_note-203) In May, fellow rapper Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) announced a collaboration with Minaj on two remixes of her song " Say So (/wiki/Say_So) ". The remix later debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) , becoming both Minaj and Doja Cat's first single to reach number one in the U.S. It became the first all-female collaboration that had reached number one in the U.S. since " Fancy (/wiki/Fancy_(Iggy_Azalea_song)) " by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea (/wiki/Iggy_Azalea) featuring English singer Charli XCX (/wiki/Charli_XCX) did it in 2014. [203] (#cite_note-bbhot100-peak12-204) It marked the first time that a song by two female rappers reached the top, for which Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) later gave them an award. [204] (#cite_note-205) [205] (#cite_note-206) A month later, she released a collaboration with 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) called " Trollz (/wiki/Trollz_(song)) ", which debuted at number one in the U.S. becoming her second number one single. [206] (#cite_note-207) This made her the first female rapper to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 since Lauryn Hill (/wiki/Lauryn_Hill) did so in 1998 with " Doo Wop (That Thing) (/wiki/Doo_Wop_(That_Thing)) ". [207] (#cite_note-:9-208) Minaj featured on singer Ty Dolla Sign (/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign) 's track " Expensive (/wiki/Expensive_(Ty_Dolla_Sign_song)) ". [208] (#cite_note-209) She continued to appear as a featured artist on several songs in late 2020 [209] (#cite_note-210) [210] (#cite_note-211) and released " What That Speed Bout!? (/wiki/What_That_Speed_Bout!%3F) " with producer Mike Will Made It (/wiki/Mike_Will_Made_It) and rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again (/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again) on November 6. [211] (#cite_note-212) On the 10th anniversary of her debut album Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) (2010), Minaj announced a six-part docuseries (/wiki/Docuseries) about her, produced by Bron Studios (/wiki/Bron_Studios) and was originally said to premiere on HBO Max (/wiki/HBO_Max) . [212] (#cite_note-213) [213] (#cite_note-214) In 2022, the streaming platform confirmed it dropped the still-unreleased project. [214] (#cite_note-:15-215) [215] (#cite_note-:16-216) In May 2021, Minaj released a reissue of her mixtape Beam Me Up Scotty (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) (2009), including new songs previously unavailable on streaming services. The reissue debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) , which gave it the highest debut for a female rap mixtape in the U.S. [216] (#cite_note-:10-217) [217] (#cite_note-218) A song from the reissue, titled " Seeing Green (/wiki/Seeing_Green) " featuring fellow Young Money rappers Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) and Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) reached number twelve in the U.S. In July, Minaj collaborated with fellow rapper Bia (/wiki/Bia_(rapper)) on the remix of her song Whole Lotta Money (/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Money) . In September, Minaj collaborated with English singer-songwriter Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) 's fifth collaboration album The Lockdown Sessions (/wiki/The_Lockdown_Sessions_(Elton_John_album)) (2021). She appeared on the song "Always Love You" with John and rapper Young Thug (/wiki/Young_Thug) . [218] (#cite_note-219) Later that month, she split with her previous manager Irving Azoff (/wiki/Irving_Azoff) and is now being managed by Wassim Slaiby (/wiki/Wassim_Slaiby) , also known by his management company SALXCO, who is best known for managing The Weeknd (/wiki/The_Weeknd) and Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) . [219] (#cite_note-220) English singer Jesy Nelson (/wiki/Jesy_Nelson) released her solo debut, called " Boyz (/wiki/Boyz_(Jesy_Nelson_song)) ", which Minaj features on. The song peaked at number four in the UK and number sixteen in Ireland. [220] (#cite_note-221) [221] (#cite_note-222) In October 2021, Minaj appeared as a surprise host for the season six (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Potomac_(season_6)) reunion of the reality television show The Real Housewives of Potomac (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Potomac) . [222] (#cite_note-223) In November 2021, her 2011 Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) single "Super Bass" received a Diamond certification by the RIAA (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) , making her the second solo female rapper to receive a diamond certification. [223] (#cite_note-:14-224) Minaj won the Best Hip Hop (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Hip_Hop) award in the MTV Europe Music Awards 2021 (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) , becoming the sixth time she has won this award. [224] (#cite_note-225) 2022–present: Pink Friday 2 Further information: Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) After a social media hiatus, Minaj released a song collaboration with rapper Lil Baby (/wiki/Lil_Baby) called " Do We Have a Problem? (/wiki/Do_We_Have_a_Problem%3F) " in February. The track was accompanied with a music video that featured guest appearances from actors Joseph Sikora (/wiki/Joseph_Sikora) and Cory Hardrict (/wiki/Cory_Hardrict) . [225] (#cite_note-226) [226] (#cite_note-227) The video contained a snippet of another Lil Baby collaboration titled " Bussin (/wiki/Bussin_(Nicki_Minaj_and_Lil_Baby_song)) ", [227] (#cite_note-228) released a week later, on February 11. [228] (#cite_note-229) [229] (#cite_note-230) "Do We Have a Problem?" debuted and peaked at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) . In a promotional Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) interview with DJ Zane Lowe (/wiki/Zane_Lowe) , Minaj said her forthcoming fifth studio album is "coming very soon". [230] (#cite_note-231) She described it as "fun, gutta, and back to the basics". [231] (#cite_note-232) In March, Minaj and fellow rapper Coi Leray (/wiki/Coi_Leray) 's collaboration " Blick Blick (/wiki/Blick_Blick) ", was released—from the former's debut studio album, Trendsetter (/wiki/Trendsetter_(Coi_Leray_album)) (2022). [232] (#cite_note-233) Minaj revealed that her verse was almost scrapped due to American rapper Benzino (/wiki/Benzino) (who is also Coi Leray's father) leaking the collaboration. [233] (#cite_note-234) Later that month, she surprise-released the standalone single " We Go Up (/wiki/We_Go_Up_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " featuring rapper Fivio Foreign (/wiki/Fivio_Foreign) . [234] (#cite_note-235) The drill (/wiki/Drill_music) track was initially teased on Minaj's social media as a scrapped song from her album, before fans had requested her to release the song. [235] (#cite_note-236) [236] (#cite_note-237) In April, Minaj appeared on English television host James Corden (/wiki/James_Corden) 's Carpool Karaoke (/wiki/Carpool_Karaoke) segment, kickstarting the return of its broadcast on The Late Late Show with James Corden (/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_James_Corden) after a two-year hiatus. [237] (#cite_note-238) In early July, Minaj headlined the 2022 editions of Essence Music Festival (/wiki/Essence_Music_Festival#2022) in New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) and the Wireless Festival (/wiki/Wireless_Festival#2022) in London. [238] (#cite_note-essence_2022-239) [239] (#cite_note-240) On July 28 she released a two-minute trailer of her upcoming six-part docu-series (/wiki/Television_documentary) titled "Nicki", produced by Canadian production company Bron Studios (/wiki/Bron_Studios) . [214] (#cite_note-:15-215) [215] (#cite_note-:16-216) [240] (#cite_note-241) In August, Minaj released " Super Freaky Girl (/wiki/Super_Freaky_Girl) " as the lead single of her upcoming fifth studio album. The track samples American singer Rick James (/wiki/Rick_James) 's 1981 song, " Super Freak (/wiki/Super_Freak) ." [241] (#cite_note-242) [242] (#cite_note-243) After its initial release, "Super Freaky Girl" received an extended version called the "Roman Remix", which features the return of her alter ego Roman Zolanski. [243] (#cite_note-244) [244] (#cite_note-245) "Super Freaky Girl" debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, marking Minaj's third U.S. number-one and her first unaccompanied chart-topper. It became the first solo song by a female rapper to debut at number one in the U.S. in 22 years, since fellow rapper Lauryn Hill (/wiki/Lauryn_Hill) 's song " Doo Wop (That Thing) (/wiki/Doo_Wop_(That_Thing)) " in 1998. [245] (#cite_note-246) Later in August, Minaj released a compilation album (/wiki/Compilation_album) titled Queen Radio: Volume 1 (/wiki/Queen_Radio:_Volume_1) with one new track, " Likkle Miss (Remix) (/wiki/Likkle_Miss) " with Skeng. [246] (#cite_note-247) In September, she released a remix of "Super Freaky Girl" called "Queen Mix", which features 5 other female rappers: JT (/wiki/City_Girls) , Bia (/wiki/Bia_(rapper)) , Katie Got Bandz (/wiki/Katie_Got_Bandz) , Akbar V, and Maliibu Miitch (/wiki/Maliibu_Miitch) . [247] (#cite_note-248) Also in September, Yung Bleu (/wiki/Yung_Bleu) released his single "Love in the Way" featuring Minaj. [248] (#cite_note-249) In October, Minaj and Skeng released a remix of "Likkle Miss" called "The Fine Nine Remix" featuring Spice (/wiki/Spice_(musician)) , Destra Garcia (/wiki/Destra_Garcia) , Patrice Roberts (/wiki/Patrice_Roberts) , Lady Leshurr (/wiki/Lady_Leshurr) , Pamputtae, Dovey Magnum, Lisa Mercedez (/wiki/Lisa_Mercedez) , and London Hill. [249] (#cite_note-250) Later that month, rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again (/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again) released a collaboration with Minaj titled "I Admit". [250] (#cite_note-251) In November 2022, Minaj collaborated with Lebanese singer Myriam Fares (/wiki/Myriam_Fares) and Colombian singer Maluma (/wiki/Maluma) on " Tukoh Taka (/wiki/Tukoh_Taka) " which was the official FIFA Fan Festival (/wiki/FIFA_Fan_Festival) anthem. [251] (#cite_note-252) On March 3, 2023, Minaj released " Red Ruby da Sleeze (/wiki/Red_Ruby_da_Sleeze) " as the second single from her upcoming album. [252] (#cite_note-253) The song samples Lumidee (/wiki/Lumidee) 's 2003 single " Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh) (/wiki/Never_Leave_You_(Uh_Oooh,_Uh_Oooh)) ". [253] (#cite_note-254) It debuted and peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and debuted atop the Digital Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts. [254] (#cite_note-255) On March 5, Minaj appeared as a surprise performer during Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) 's set at the 2023 Rolling Loud California (/wiki/Rolling_Loud#California) festival. [255] (#cite_note-256) In April 2023, Minaj featured on " WTF (/wiki/WTF_(YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again_song)) ," the lead single from YoungBoy Never Broke Again (/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again) 's third studio album, Don't Try This At Home (/wiki/Don%27t_Try_This_at_Home_(YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again_album)) . [256] (#cite_note-257) She teamed up with Ice Spice (/wiki/Ice_Spice) on the remix to the latter's song " Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana_(song)) ", released on April 14, 2023—the first-ever release on Minaj's record label, Heavy On It. [257] (#cite_note-258) [258] (#cite_note-259) The remix became the first collaboration between two women to top the Hot Rap Songs chart and made Minaj the woman with the most number-ones on the chart (10). It peaked at number four on the Hot 100 and atop the Digital Song Sales chart. [259] (#cite_note-260) Minaj's next collaboration was German singer Kim Petras's " Alone (/wiki/Alone_(Kim_Petras_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", released on April 21. It samples " Better Off Alone (/wiki/Better_Off_Alone) " (1999) by Alice Deejay (/wiki/Alice_Deejay) . [260] (#cite_note-261) The single reached the top 40 in the United Kingdom. [261] (#cite_note-262) In May, she featured on " Pound Town 2 (/wiki/Pound_Town) ", the remix to St. Louis (/wiki/St._Louis) rapper Sexyy Red (/wiki/Sexyy_Red) and Tay Keith (/wiki/Tay_Keith) 's single, "Pound Town". [262] (#cite_note-263) It reached the summit of the Digital Songs chart. [263] (#cite_note-264) On June 5, 2023, Minaj announced via Twitter that her fifth studio album would be released on October 20, 2023. [264] (#cite_note-265) On June 30, she announced the album's title, Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) , via her social media, and that the release date was rescheduled to November 17. [265] (#cite_note-266) The album was ultimately pushed back to and released on December 8, 2023. [266] (#cite_note-267) [267] (#cite_note-268) Pink Friday 2 debuted atop the Billboard 200, with 228,000 album-equivalent units—Minaj's first album in over 11 years (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) to do so. It made her the female rapper with the most U.S. number-one albums (3) in chart history, surpassing Foxy Brown (/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(rapper)) . [268] (#cite_note-pf2_charttop-269) The record earned the largest sales week (overall and pure) of the decade for a rap album by a woman and for an R&B/hip-hop album by a woman of 2023. [269] (#cite_note-270) It garnered the highest first-week vinyl sales for a female rap album in U.S. history. [268] (#cite_note-pf2_charttop-269) Additionally, Pink Friday 2 achieved the largest streaming week for a female rap album of the decade, and for a female R&B/hip-hop album of 2023. [268] (#cite_note-pf2_charttop-269) Globally, it broke the record for the most single-day streams for a female hip-hop title on Spotify. [270] (#cite_note-271) 14 tracks from the album debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, of which two charted in the top 40—" Everybody (/wiki/Everybody_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " featuring Lil Uzi Vert (/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert) and " Needle (/wiki/Needle_(song)) " featuring Drake. [271] (#cite_note-272) Aided by "Everybody", " FTCU (/wiki/FTCU_(song)) ", and "Barbie Dangerous", Minaj tied Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) for the third-most top-tens (50) on Hot Rap Songs. [272] (#cite_note-273) Multiple deluxe editions of Pink Friday 2 were released. [273] (#cite_note-274) [274] (#cite_note-275) [275] (#cite_note-276) It became Minaj's fifth album to be certified platinum. [276] (#cite_note-277) Also in June 2023, she and Ice Spice released their second collaboration, " Barbie World (/wiki/Barbie_World) " with europop (/wiki/Europop) band Aqua (/wiki/Aqua_(band)) , from the Barbie film soundtrack (/wiki/Barbie_the_Album) . The song samples Aqua's 1997 single, " Barbie Girl (/wiki/Barbie_Girl) ". Peaking at number seven on the Hot 100 and atop Digital Song Sales, it extended her record as the female rapper with the most U.S. top-tens (23) and number-ones on the latter chart (16). [277] (#cite_note-278) Minaj made guest appearances on Young Thug (/wiki/Young_Thug) and Lil Uzi Vert's albums, Business Is Business (/wiki/Business_Is_Business_(Young_Thug_album)) and Pink Tape (/wiki/Pink_Tape_(Lil_Uzi_Vert_album)) , on the songs: "Money" with the late Juice Wrld (/wiki/Juice_Wrld) , [278] (#cite_note-279) and the U.S. top-20 " Endless Fashion (/wiki/Endless_Fashion) ". [279] (#cite_note-280) [280] (#cite_note-281) " Last Time I Saw You (/wiki/Last_Time_I_Saw_You) " was released on September 1, 2023, as the third single from Pink Friday 2 . It made Minaj the act with the most number-ones (25) on the R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales, surpassing Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) . [281] (#cite_note-:18-282) On September 12, she hosted the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) , marking her second consecutive year in the role. [282] (#cite_note-283) In October, Minaj released " Bahm Bahm (/wiki/Bahm_Bahm) ", an outtake of Pink Friday 2 , as a limited-time website exclusive. [283] (#cite_note-284) Pirated (/wiki/Music_piracy) versions of the song were uploaded to streaming services and entered the Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) charts, before being taken down (/wiki/Copyright_violation) . [284] (#cite_note-285) The song ultimately made the final tracklist and was released as part of the album. [285] (#cite_note-286) Days later, she released "For All the Barbz", her freestyle of Drake's " All the Parties (/wiki/All_the_Parties) " (featuring Chief Keef (/wiki/Chief_Keef) ), exclusively via her YouTube channel. [286] (#cite_note-287) With the 2023 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2023_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) , she became the first black artist and female rapper to win Best U.S. Act (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_US_Act) in the award show's history. [287] (#cite_note-288) An extended remix of the Pink Friday 2 track "Beep Beep", featuring 50 Cent (/wiki/50_Cent) , was released as a promotional single from the album on December 12, 2023. [288] (#cite_note-289) Also in December, Minaj performed on the Atlanta and Miami dates of iHeartRadio (/wiki/IHeartRadio) 's Jingle Ball Tour (/wiki/Jingle_Ball_Tour) 2023. [289] (#cite_note-290) She was originally set to perform on the Chicago date but canceled her headlining slot due to the then-forthcoming release of Pink Friday 2 , which resulted in Lil Wayne replacing her on the lineup. [290] (#cite_note-291) She conducted a New Year's Eve concert at the E11Even (/wiki/E11Even_Miami) nightclub in Miami. [291] (#cite_note-292) In January 2024, "Everybody" and "FTCU" were released as subsequent singles from Pink Friday 2 . [292] (#cite_note-293) [293] (#cite_note-294) The tracks eventually reached the top 25 and top 15 on the Hot 100. [151] (#cite_note-hot100_history-152) "FTCU" topped the Digital Songs, R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales, and Hot Rap Digital Song Sales charts, becoming Minaj's 17th, 26th, and 22nd number-ones on the tallies. [294] (#cite_note-295) A remix of the song, titled the "Sleeze Mix", featuring Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) , Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) , and Sexyy Red (/wiki/Sexyy_Red) was released in April. [295] (#cite_note-296) On January 26, 2024, Minaj teased a diss track (/wiki/Diss_track) against fellow rapper Megan Thee Stallion called " Big Foot (/wiki/Big_Foot_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " on Instagram live in response to the latter's " Hiss (/wiki/Hiss_(song)) " single, which was followed by a series of tweets concerning the feud (#Feuds) by Minaj within the course of hours. [296] (#cite_note-297) [297] (#cite_note-298) [298] (#cite_note-complex.com-299) It was officially released on January 28. [299] (#cite_note-300) The track was accompanied by an a cappella version, so that, in Minaj's words: "other producers all around the world can make their own beat." [300] (#cite_note-301) "Big Foot" was poorly received by critics and fans, who criticized the production, the rap flow, and the shots at Megan for lacking quality. [301] (#cite_note-Mendez_II-302) [302] (#cite_note-Ahlgrim-303) [303] (#cite_note-Kyndall-304) The song broke first-day records for the highest solo female rap debut in Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) history and the biggest solo female rap debut on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) in 2024. [304] (#cite_note-305) [305] (#cite_note-306) However, after its strong first-day debut, it fell off quickly in streams and ultimately debuted at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. [306] (#cite_note-307) It extended Minaj's record as the female rapper with the most, and woman with the second-most, top-tens (46) on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs) chart, behind Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) (52). [307] (#cite_note-308) Minaj was nominated for Best Rap Song (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Song) and Best Song Written for Visual Media (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media) for "Barbie World" at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/66th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . [308] (#cite_note-309) In support of Pink Friday 2 , she embarked on its namesake world tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) , her most extensive tour yet. It began on March 1, 2024, in Oakland (/wiki/Oakland,_California) , California, and will conclude on October 11, 2024, in Elmont (/wiki/Elmont,_New_York) , New York. [309] (#cite_note-310) [310] (#cite_note-311) It includes Minaj's headlining slots at ten festivals across the US, Europe, and Africa. [311] (#cite_note-312) The tour became the highest-grossing tour by a female rapper in history, with over $67 million in revenue, based on the first 34 shows. [312] (#cite_note-313) Artistry Musical style When I started rapping, people were trying to make me like the typical New York rapper (/wiki/New_York_rap) , but I'm not that. No disrespect to New York rappers, but I don't want people to hear me and know exactly where I'm from. — Minaj on her rapping style in a Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) interview [28] (#cite_note-billboard1-29) Minaj is known for her animated rapping style and "unique" flow (/wiki/Flow_(music)) . [313] (#cite_note-314) Her rapping is distinctive for its speed and the use of alter egos (/wiki/Alter_ego) and accents, primarily British cockney (/wiki/Cockney_speech) . [314] (#cite_note-:3-315) [315] (#cite_note-NYT20120330-316) She often both sings and raps in her songs, and has made use of metaphors (/wiki/Metaphor) , punch lines (/wiki/Punch_line) , and word play (/wiki/Word_play) . The alter egos are incorporated with her lyrics in British accents (Roman Zolanski) or soft-spokenness (Harajuku Barbie). Ice-T (/wiki/Ice-T) said about Minaj's rapping style, "[Minaj] does her thing. She has her own way of doing it. She has an ill vocal delivery. She kind of reminds me of a female Busta Rhymes (/wiki/Busta_Rhymes) , like how she throws her voice in different directions." [316] (#cite_note-317) Jon Caramanica (/wiki/Jon_Caramanica) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) called Minaj "a sparkling rapper with a gift for comic accents and unexpected turns of phrase. She's a walking exaggeration, outsize in sound, personality and look. And she's a rapid evolver, discarding old modes as easily as adopting new ones." [315] (#cite_note-NYT20120330-316) Although many critics describe her technique as bubblegum (/wiki/Bubblegum_pop) rap (/wiki/Rapping) , Minaj said: "What people don't know is that before I was doing that craziness I was doing me, I was just doing regular sounding rap that anyone could hear and identify with. But once I started doing all that weird shit—I'm not mad at it because it got everyone's attention." [317] (#cite_note-318) Robby Seabrook III of XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) included Minaj in list of "most unique flows from rappers over the last five years", saying that she "has solidified her spot as a leader of the pack for her animated flows, inspiring many other women in hip-hop to play with their vocals. She goes from campy to bellicose, excited to eccentric, oftentimes all on one song." [318] (#cite_note-319) Noted as a rap artist, she also occasionally lends herself to electronic music genres (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) (especially electropop (/wiki/Electropop) ). [319] (#cite_note-320) Pink Friday marked her exploration of the genres, spawning electro songs including the pop-laden " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) ". [320] (#cite_note-321) [321] (#cite_note-322) Also combining rap with synthesizer music, Minaj's second album, Pink Friday Roman Reloaded , had a number of electro-hop and electro pop songs: "HOV Lane", " Whip It (/wiki/Whip_It_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", " Automatic (/wiki/Automatic_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", " Come on a Cone (/wiki/Come_on_a_Cone) ", "Young Forever", "Fire Burns", [322] (#cite_note-323) " Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday_(song)) ", [323] (#cite_note-holidayall-324) " The Boys (/wiki/The_Boys_(Nicki_Minaj_and_Cassie_song)) " and " Beez in the Trap (/wiki/Beez_in_the_Trap) "; [324] (#cite_note-rollingstone1-325) while " Starships (/wiki/Starships_(song)) " is a Eurodance (/wiki/Eurodance) song. [325] (#cite_note-326) Her verse on Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's " Monster (/wiki/Monster_(Kanye_West_song)) " was critically acclaimed and contributed greatly to her popularity; many critics said she had the best verse in the song. [326] (#cite_note-327) [327] (#cite_note-328) West claimed at one point he considered deleting her verse from the track, because he was worried it would outshine his own work: It was like that moment when I thought about taking Nicki's verse off of 'Monster' because I knew people would say that was the best verse on the best Hip Hop album of all time or arguably top ten albums of all time. And I would do all that work, eight months of work on Dark Fantasy (/wiki/My_Beautiful_Dark_Twisted_Fantasy) and people to this day would say to me 'My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse'. So if I let my ego get the best of me instead of letting that girl get the shot to get that platform to be all she could be, I would take it off or marginalize her, try to stop her from having that shining moment… [328] (#cite_note-329) Tara Colley of The Conversation (/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)) described Minaj as a "pre-eminent female rapper" and that she has "consistently straddled the distinct personas of gangsta boss and sexy pop siren without truly committing to either" and that "her chameleonic ability" matches "some of rap's most verbose, witty, filthy and pop-friendly" stars such as Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) and Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) . [329] (#cite_note-The_Conversation-330) Zoe Johnson of XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) , stated that in recent years Minaj's "beat selection has moved to refined production full of grit and hip-hop flare in recent years". [330] (#cite_note-ZoeJohnsonXXLNM-331) Alter egos "Roman Zolanski" redirects here. Not to be confused with Roman Polanski (/wiki/Roman_Polanski) . With her parents frequently fighting during her childhood, Minaj lived through characters she created as a means of escape. She recalled that "fantasy was my reality" and her first identity was Cookie, who became Harajuku Barbie and (later) Nicki Minaj. [331] (#cite_note-NewYorkAlterego-332) In November 2010, Minaj assumed the alter ego (/wiki/Alter_ego) Nicki Teresa, wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself "healer to her fans" during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York. [332] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-333) She introduced another alter ego, Rosa (pronounced with an exaggerated R ), to commemorate her December 2010 appearance on Lopez Tonight (/wiki/Lopez_Tonight) . [333] (#cite_note-334) One of Minaj's most well-known alter-egos is "a demon inside her" named Roman Zolanski (named after film director Roman Polanski (/wiki/Roman_Polanski) with modified surname), Minaj's "twin brother", whose character she assumes when she is angry. [334] (#cite_note-RomanLewinksy-335) Roman has been compared to Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) 's alter ego Slim Shady (/wiki/Slim_Shady) , and on " Roman's Revenge (/wiki/Roman%27s_Revenge) " Minaj and Eminem collaborate as their alter egos. [335] (#cite_note-336) On her next album, she said that there would be a lot of Roman: "And if you're not familiar with Roman, then you will be familiar with him very soon. He's the boy that lives inside of me. He's a lunatic and he's gay and he'll be on there a lot." [336] (#cite_note-337) Roman has a mother, Martha Zolanski, [337] (#cite_note-338) who appeared on "Roman's Revenge" with a British accent [338] (#cite_note-339) and singing on " Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday_(song)) " for the first time. [339] (#cite_note-340) [340] (#cite_note-341) Martha appeared in the " Moment 4 Life (/wiki/Moment_4_Life) " video as Minaj's apparent fairy godmother (/wiki/Fairy_godmother) . [334] (#cite_note-RomanLewinksy-335) In December 2023, in response to a fan inquiry on Martha ever returning, Minaj confirmed that Martha had died of old age. [341] (#cite_note-342) Influences According to Minaj, rappers Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) (left), Foxy Brown (/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(rapper)) (center) and Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) (right) are her three biggest influences. Minaj cites Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) , Foxy Brown (/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(rapper)) , and Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) as major influences: "I can't even imagine my career, my creative spirit without Wayne [...] I feel like I'm still intertwined with him creatively". Minaj has called Lil Wayne her mentor and credited him with discovering her. [342] (#cite_note-343) [343] (#cite_note-344) On Foxy Brown and Jay-Z, Minaj said: "I really loved [Foxy] as a female rapper. I was really interested in her mind and her aura [and] I was really, really into Jay-Z. Me and my friends in high school, we were reciting all of the Jay lyrics. His words were our words in our conversations all the time." [344] (#cite_note-345) She said, further: "I never really told Foxy how much she has influenced me and how much she changed my life" adding that Foxy Brown was "the most influential female rapper" for her. [345] (#cite_note-346) Minaj said in a T Magazine interview in 2017: "Jay-Z, Lil Wayne, Foxy Brown... [...] Those are the three I keep in my head when I'm writing because they've influenced me so much, [...] I feel like I'm a part of all of them." [346] (#cite_note-347) In 2023, Minaj revealed that popular music singer Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) is one of her major influences, stating: "I don’t think people realize how much singing or singers like Whitney [influenced me]. Whitney’s first album, I know it front to back." [347] (#cite_note-348) Jada Pinkett Smith (/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith) is one of Minaj's role models in her acting career. [348] (#cite_note-349) Minaj was inspired by R&B (/wiki/R%26B) singer Monica (/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)) , singing " Why I Love You So Much (/wiki/Why_I_Love_You_So_Much) " at every talent show she entered. While performing in Atlanta as part of her Pink Friday Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_Tour) , she called Monica one of her all-time greatest musical influences. Lauryn Hill (/wiki/Lauryn_Hill) is also one of Minaj's major influences, with Minaj quoting her lyrics in a high school yearbook. [349] (#cite_note-350) [ non-primary source needed ] [350] (#cite_note-351) [ non-primary source needed ] Minaj has also cited Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , [351] (#cite_note-352) [352] (#cite_note-353) Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , [353] (#cite_note-354) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , [354] (#cite_note-Minaj_two-355) Enya (/wiki/Enya) , [355] (#cite_note-356) Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) , [356] (#cite_note-wayneem-357) Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Trina (/wiki/Trina) , Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) , [357] (#cite_note-358) Lil' Kim (/wiki/Lil%27_Kim) , [358] (#cite_note-359) [359] (#cite_note-360) [360] (#cite_note-361) Lisa Left Eye Lopes (/wiki/Left_Eye) , [361] (#cite_note-362) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) , [362] (#cite_note-363) Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) , [363] (#cite_note-364) [364] (#cite_note-365) Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , [365] (#cite_note-366) Remy Ma (/wiki/Remy_Ma) and Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) as influences. [366] (#cite_note-367) She called Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) a fashion inspiration: "[Betsey] is a free spirit. When I met her the other day, I felt like I knew her for my whole life. She's so warm and considerate and caring. She's amazingly talented and I've been wearing her clothes forever, so to meet her was like, 'Yay!' [I was] bowing down to her; she's dope!" [367] (#cite_note-368) Minaj has also expressed appreciation for Cyndi Lauper (/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper) 's style and how her videos inspired her as a teenager: "When I first went to get my hair colored, I was about 14 and I wanted blonde highlights. The beautician said, 'No, you have to get your mother on the phone,' and I was just crying and begging. I've always been experimenting. Cyndi Lauper's videos – that's what intrigued me." [368] (#cite_note-369) Public image Early in her career, Minaj often wore colorful costumes, cosmetics, and wigs. Billboard listed Minaj as the fourth-most-active musician on social media on its March 2011 Social 50 (/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Social_50_number-one_artists) chart. [369] (#cite_note-370) She is the most followed rapper (/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) with over 229 million followers—the first to surpass 200 million followers—and one of the most followed musicians on the social media platform. [370] (#cite_note-371) [371] (#cite_note-372) On Twitter (/wiki/Use_of_Twitter_by_public_figures) , she is one of the most followed rappers, with over 28 million followers on the app, as of February 2024. [372] (#cite_note-373) [ non-primary source needed ] She was the most followed rapper on Twitter in 2012. [373] (#cite_note-374) BET (/wiki/BET) has named Minaj as a "gay icon". [374] (#cite_note-375) Minaj was a vocal proponent of streams (/wiki/Streaming_media) counting towards an artist's RIAA (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) certifications. The organization later announced in 2016 that it would be modernizing the certification process for albums, including on-demand audio and video streams. [375] (#cite_note-376) [376] (#cite_note-377) Minaj has been called as a "fashion icon" by Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) , XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) and has been called a "camp style icon" by Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . [377] (#cite_note-378) [378] (#cite_note-379) [379] (#cite_note-380) [380] (#cite_note-381) She has cited Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) , and Christian Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) as her favorite designers. [381] (#cite_note-382) The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) described her style as "risk-taking" and "far-out", with "bold sartorial choices"; [382] (#cite_note-383) Minaj has been included on the annual Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) Hot 100 list (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)#Maxim_Hot_100) several times. [383] (#cite_note-384) [384] (#cite_note-385) In 2014, Minaj underwent a reinvention in her image sporting a "natural" and "softer" look, wearing fewer wigs and less colourful costumes. [385] (#cite_note-huffpostnm12-386) She stated that she "went so far to the other side that there's only one place to go from there. You can either continue doing costumes or you can just say, "Hey guess what? This will shock them even more. Doing nothing will shock them even more"". [385] (#cite_note-huffpostnm12-386) [386] (#cite_note-387) Her physique, notably her buttocks (/wiki/Buttocks) , has attracted significant attention from the media. [387] (#cite_note-388) [388] (#cite_note-389) Early in her career, she made autographing breasts (/wiki/Breasts) part of her movement to empower women. [389] (#cite_note-390) In 2010, she said that although she originally felt obligated to mimic the provocative behavior of the "female rappers of [her] day", she intended to subdue her sexuality because she "[wants] people—especially young girls—to know that in life, nothing is going to be based on sex appeal. You've got to have something else to go with that." [390] (#cite_note-391) [391] (#cite_note-392) Minaj talked about feminism in an interview with Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) in 2015, saying "There are things that I do that feminists don't like, and there are things that I do that they do like. I don't label myself. I just say the truth about what I feel. I feel like women can do anything that they put their minds to." [392] (#cite_note-393) In 2018, an interview with Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , in which she discussed sex workers (/wiki/Sex_worker) , her own sex appeal, and sexuality in music and on social media, attracted criticism. [393] (#cite_note-394) [394] (#cite_note-395) In The New York Times Magazine (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine) , music critic Vanessa Grigoriadis said that Minaj "has become expert at modelling the ways that women can wield power in the industry. But she has also drawn attention to the ways in which power can be embodied by a woman standing up for herself and speaking her own mind." [395] (#cite_note-NYT123-396) The cover art and music video for her 2014 single, " Anaconda (/wiki/Anaconda_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", attracted significant media attention upon release. [396] (#cite_note-:6-397) The music video was viewed 19.6 million times in its first 24 hours of release. [397] (#cite_note-398) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) called the video "racy" but noted that she "doesn't shy from ruffling her audience's feathers", [398] (#cite_note-399) while others praised Minaj for "owning her sexuality", [399] (#cite_note-400) examining her work through a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) perspective. [396] (#cite_note-:6-397) [400] (#cite_note-401) [401] (#cite_note-402) [402] (#cite_note-403) Another writer for The Guardian said, of the "Anaconda" video, Minaj turns "the classic song into a conversation, and [refuses] to let the camera objectify her lap dance by keeping it zoomed out, at a distance." [403] (#cite_note-404) Minaj's fanbase, known as the "Barbz", have been reported as often being militant towards Minaj's critics, including incidents of reported doxxing, cyberbullying (/wiki/Cyberbullying) , and death threats (/wiki/Death_threat) . [404] (#cite_note-405) [405] (#cite_note-406) [406] (#cite_note-407) [407] (#cite_note-408) Philanthropy Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (left) and Minaj perform for service members during the 2010 VH1 Divas Salute the Troops concert. In 2010, Minaj performed a cover of " Girls Just Wanna Have Fun (/wiki/Girls_Just_Wanna_Have_Fun) ", alongside singer Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , for service members during the 2010 VH1 (/wiki/VH1) Divas Salute the Troops concert. [408] (#cite_note-409) [409] (#cite_note-410) The two would later collaborate in 2017 on " Swish Swish (/wiki/Swish_Swish) ". In 2011, Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) created a Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) doll with Minaj's likeness to auction for Project Angel Food (/wiki/Project_Angel_Food) , a charity that provides food for people afflicted with HIV and AIDS. [410] (#cite_note-411) In 2012, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy (/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York) , Minaj donated $15,000 to the Food Bank For New York City (/wiki/Food_Bank_For_New_York_City) and held a turkey drive at her alma mater, PS 45 (/wiki/Ozone_Park,_Queens#Schools) . [411] (#cite_note-412) In May 2017, Minaj offered via Twitter to pay college tuition fees and student loans for 30 of her fans. She appeared to grant their requests, ranging from $500 to school supplies to $6,000 for tuition, promising to respond to more requests in a month or two. [412] (#cite_note-413) She also announced that she would launch an official charity for student loans and tuition payments in the near future. [413] (#cite_note-414) In the same month, Minaj revealed on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) that she has been donating money to a village in India for a few years via her pastor, Lydia Sloley. These donations helped the village get a computer center, a tailoring institute, a reading program, and two water wells. "This is the kind of thing that makes me feel the most proud", she said about the new additions to the village. [414] (#cite_note-415) In August 2017, after Hurricane Harvey (/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey) hit the city of Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas, Minaj answered a social media challenge by comedian and actor Kevin Hart (/wiki/Kevin_Hart) and donated $25,000 to the Red Cross (/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement) , saying she was "praying for everyone there". [415] (#cite_note-416) [416] (#cite_note-417) On September 4, 2018, Minaj appeared as a guest and performed several songs on The Ellen DeGeneres Show (/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show) . [417] (#cite_note-418) Throughout the episode, Minaj and Degeneres, with the participation of Walmart (/wiki/Walmart) , gave out over $150,000 in donations to fans. [418] (#cite_note-419) [174] (#cite_note-billboard.com-175) In 2019, Minaj pulled out of headlining a concert in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) following online backlash from activists, after women's rights activist Loujain al-Hathloul (/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul) was detained and arrested for speaking out against the Saudi regime. Minaj was praised by Thor Halvorssen (/wiki/Thor_Halvorssen_(human_rights_activist)) of The Human Rights Foundation (/wiki/The_Human_Rights_Foundation) , who criticized her initial plan to perform in a letter, and released a statement saying, "After careful reflection ... I believe it is important for me to make clear my support for the rights of women, the LGBTQ community and freedom of expression." [419] (#cite_note-420) [420] (#cite_note-421) In 2020, Minaj donated $25,000 to the St. Jude's Home for Girls school after visiting the school in her native country of Trinidad. In a speech, Minaj encouraged the girls to push through hard obstacles, even referencing her own experience with domestic violence: "I've experienced being in a home with domestic violence. I've experienced, you know, being at a very difficult crossroads in my life as a teenager. And sometimes as a teenager when things happen, you feel like there's no up from there." [421] (#cite_note-422) In the same year, following the release of Minaj and 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) 's collaboration, " Trollz (/wiki/Trollz_(song)) ", Minaj announced that a portion of the proceeds from the song, along with profits from all merchandise, will go towards the Bail Project amid the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) protests sparked by the murder of George Floyd (/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd) . [422] (#cite_note-423) In April 2024, Minaj was one of over 200 artists who signed an open letter (/wiki/Open_letter) speaking to and asking for safety from (/wiki/AI_safety) the "predatory use of AI" in the music industry. [423] (#cite_note-424) Cultural impact and status Various media outlets, such as Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) , Time , NME (/wiki/NME) , Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) and Cosmopolitan , have referred to Minaj as the " Queen of Rap (/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music#M) " and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , NPR (/wiki/NPR) , and The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) have referred to her as the "Queen of Hip Hop". [424] (#cite_note-425) [425] (#cite_note-426) Several media outlets, including The New York Times , Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) , and Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) , have also called her one of the most influential rappers. [426] (#cite_note-427) Minaj was ranked as the tenth greatest rapper of all time on Billboard and Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)) 's list of the 50 greatest rappers (2023). [9] (#cite_note-billboardgreatest1-10) In 2024, Billboard named her the "hottest female rapper" and stated that she "remains at the apex of the rap mountain 15 years after the release of her breakout mixtape, Beam Me Up Scotty (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) ". [427] (#cite_note-bbhottestfemalerappers2024-428) In 2012, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called Minaj "the most influential female rapper of all time", and in 2015 Vanessa Grigoriadis from its magazine (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine) called her "the world's biggest female rap superstar". [315] (#cite_note-NYT20120330-316) [395] (#cite_note-NYT123-396) In Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) , Jochan Embley called her one of the most influential rap artists of all time, saying that "Everything she does is bold, fearless and distinct – whether that be her eye-popping stage attire or her expertly delivered lyrics, which stare gender and race dead in the eye." [428] (#cite_note-:8-429) Zoe Johnson from XXL called her "one of the most versatile MCs" and that she has "made millions off upbeat pop hits and traditional hip-hop sounds that cater to both her femininity and her assertive side". [330] (#cite_note-ZoeJohnsonXXLNM-331) For NPR Music , Sowmya Krishnamurthy (/wiki/Sowmya_Krishnamurthy) noted that Minaj has portrayed "the quirky, life-size Barbie, glamorous vixen (/wiki/Video_vixen) and girl-next-door", arguing that she "changed the landscape for artists in hip-hop for the past decade" with said alter egos. [429] (#cite_note-NPR20181003-430) In 2017, Patrik Sandberg of Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) argued that Minaj has "surpassed every other female hip hop artist to become the most successful in history" in 2017. [430] (#cite_note-:053-431) In 2020, Nick Soulsby of PopMatters (/wiki/PopMatters) called her the "best female rapper and the best rapper of the past ten years – no gender preposition required." [431] (#cite_note-432) Glamour included Minaj in their list of 104 women who defined 2010s pop culture. [432] (#cite_note-433) In XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) , Madeline Roth commented that Minaj "has helped birth a new generation of rappers that mimic her style". [330] (#cite_note-ZoeJohnsonXXLNM-331) She has influenced several artists, including Tinashe (/wiki/Tinashe) , [433] (#cite_note-434) Cher Lloyd (/wiki/Cher_Lloyd) , [434] (#cite_note-435) Cupcakke (/wiki/Cupcakke) , [435] (#cite_note-436) Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) , [436] (#cite_note-437) Lil Nas X (/wiki/Lil_Nas_X) , [437] (#cite_note-438) Ms Banks (/wiki/Ms_Banks) , [438] (#cite_note-439) Asian Doll (/wiki/Asian_Doll) , [439] (#cite_note-440) Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) , [440] (#cite_note-441) Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) , [441] (#cite_note-442) Latto (/wiki/Mulatto_(rapper)) , [442] (#cite_note-443) Shenseea (/wiki/Shenseea) , [443] (#cite_note-444) BIA (/wiki/Bia_(rapper)) , [444] (#cite_note-445) Lakeyah (/wiki/Lakeyah) , [445] (#cite_note-446) Luísa Sonza (/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Sonza) , [446] (#cite_note-447) Coi Leray (/wiki/Coi_Leray) , [447] (#cite_note-448) [ non-primary source needed ] Maliibu Miitch (/wiki/Maliibu_Miitch) , [448] (#cite_note-449) City Girls (/wiki/City_Girls) , [449] (#cite_note-450) Baby Tate (/wiki/Baby_Tate_(rapper)) , [450] (#cite_note-451) Ice Spice (/wiki/Ice_Spice) , [451] (#cite_note-452) Rico Nasty (/wiki/Rico_Nasty) , [452] (#cite_note-453) Flo Milli (/wiki/Flo_Milli) , [453] (#cite_note-454) Ivorian Doll (/wiki/Ivorian_Doll) , [454] (#cite_note-455) Angel Haze (/wiki/Angel_Haze) , [455] (#cite_note-456) Rubi Rose (/wiki/Rubi_Rose) , and Saweetie (/wiki/Saweetie) . [456] (#cite_note-457) Billboard credited her for bringing female rap back to the mainstream in the U.S. [457] (#cite_note-458) With over 140 features, the magazine has called Minaj a "rap and pop icon" adding that "she's been one of popular music's most reliable guest performers, notching dozens of chart hits as a supporting presence on other artists' singles." [458] (#cite_note-459) Minaj has been credited by Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) for being able to "take a simple song and turn it into a smash hit just because she's featured on it." [459] (#cite_note-460) In 2012, Caramanica in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) said that: Minaj "became a nimble, evocative rapper. She became an intricate lyricist. She became a thoughtful singer. She became a risky performer. She invented new personae. More than any other rapper in the mainstream, she pushed hard against expectations ... with no one around to compare herself to, or for others to compare her to, she became her own watermark." [460] (#cite_note-Monster-461) In 2014, NPR ' s Erik Nielson said that Minaj's "success over the last decade has stood as an exception to the unwritten rule that women rappers no longer have a place among elite artists". [461] (#cite_note-462) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) writer, Demicia Inman, also credited Minaj for her influence which "stands as one of the most successful rappers of the millennium", also going on to say that Minaj "battled misogyny and industry bias against black women to carve her own identity and sound" thus impacting her career. Complex also commented that, "From her bold outfits to her multi-colored wigs, Minaj oozed confidence that inspired others who were watching closely... [she] doesn't need anything but her art to speak for itself". [462] (#cite_note-ComplexNM1-463) [463] (#cite_note-NylonMagMinaj-464) Michael Saponara of Billboard wrote that Minaj "reaffirmed living legend status" by "hitting the road for the Pink Friday 2 World Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) "—which became the highest-grossing tour by a female rapper—and proved herself as rap's "centrifugal female force". [427] (#cite_note-bbhottestfemalerappers2024-428) Achievements Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Nicki_Minaj) Minaj is the recipient of numerous accolades, including nine American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Award) , twelve BET Awards (/wiki/BET_Awards) , eight BET Hip Hop Awards (/wiki/BET_Hip_Hop_Awards) , four Billboard Music Awards (/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award) , eight MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award) , ten MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) , four People's Choice Awards (/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards) , one Soul Train Music Award (/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award) , and four Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) . Minaj has received a total of 10 Grammy Award (/wiki/Grammy_Award) nominations. She received her first Grammy nomination in 2010 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group) (" My Chick Bad (/wiki/My_Chick_Bad) " with Ludacris (/wiki/Ludacris) ). In 2012 (/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) , Minaj received three nominations, including Best New Artist (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist) and Best Rap Album (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Album) ( Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) ). In 2014 (/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) , she received her second nomination for Best Rap Album ( The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) ). She has won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Hip-Hop_Video) four times (" Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) ", " Anaconda (/wiki/Anaconda_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", " Chun-Li (/wiki/Chun-Li_(song)) " and " Do We Have a Problem? (/wiki/Do_We_Have_a_Problem%3F) ") and has won the Best Female Video Award (/wiki/Best_Female_Video) once (" Starships (/wiki/Starships_(song)) "). Minaj is the first woman to have appeared on the Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) "Hip Hop Cash Kings" list since its inception in 2007, having made four consecutive appearances between 2011 and 2014. [464] (#cite_note-465) [465] (#cite_note-466) [466] (#cite_note-467) [467] (#cite_note-468) In 2010, Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven songs on the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously, and the first woman to appear on MTV's Annual Hottest MC List (/wiki/MTV%27s_Hottest_MCs_in_the_Game) since its inception in 2007. [468] (#cite_note-469) [469] (#cite_note-470) In 2011, Minaj was ranked sixth on the Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) master ranking of the "Kings of Hip Hop" which is based on record sales and social media metrics. [470] (#cite_note-471) She is the only rapper to win the BET Award for Best Female Hip-Hop Artist (/wiki/BET_Award_for_Best_Female_Hip-Hop_Artist) seven consecutive times. [471] (#cite_note-472) [472] (#cite_note-473) In 2013, Minaj became the most-charted female rapper on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time, with 44 entries, tying Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) as seventh among women of all genres. [473] (#cite_note-474) Minaj has twenty-one top 10 singles on the chart, the most for any female rapper, with six of those being solo songs. [474] (#cite_note-475) [475] (#cite_note-:0-476) In 2017, Minaj broke the record for most Hot 100 entries by any female artist, surpassing Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) , and in 2018, she became the first female artist to accumulate 100 entries on the Hot 100. She held the mentioned record for most Hot 100 entries by a female artist until it was broken in December 2020 by singer-songwriter Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) . [476] (#cite_note-ReferenceD-477) [477] (#cite_note-ReferenceE-478) [478] (#cite_note-479) [479] (#cite_note-480) She is the female artist with the second-most Hot 100 entries, behind Swift. [480] (#cite_note-481) [481] (#cite_note-482) In 2019, Billboard Women in Music (/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music) awarded her with the Game Changer Award. [482] (#cite_note-483) [483] (#cite_note-484) In 2019, her collaboration with Karol G (/wiki/Karol_G) , named " Tusa (/wiki/Tusa_(song)) ", received two nominations at the Latin Grammys (/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award) . [484] (#cite_note-485) The song became the longest-running number-one single on the Argentina Hot 100 (/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100) , having spent 25 weeks on the position. [485] (#cite_note-ReferenceC-486) [207] (#cite_note-:9-208) In 2020, Minaj become the second female rapper to chart at number one on the Hot 100 more than once with her 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) collaboration " Trollz (/wiki/Trollz_(song)) ". [207] (#cite_note-:9-208) She also became the second woman to debut atop the chart since Lauryn Hill in 1998. [207] (#cite_note-:9-208) In the same year, she also was the most streamed female rapper on Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) . [486] (#cite_note-487) In 2021, the music video for "Anaconda" became the first female rap solo song to reach one billion views on YouTube. [487] (#cite_note-488) [488] (#cite_note-:12-489) In total, Minaj has eight music videos with more than one billion views across all credits on YouTube, becoming the first female rapper to do so. She is only one of two female artists to have eight music videos reaching more than one billion views, tying with Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . [489] (#cite_note-490) [490] (#cite_note-491) In 2016, she was listed on the Time 100 (/wiki/Time_100) annual list of the most influential people in the world. She was also featured on one of the physical covers of the issue. [491] (#cite_note-492) [492] (#cite_note-493) Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) ranked her eighth on their list of best rappers of the 2010s, being the only female rapper on the list, [493] (#cite_note-494) and named her "Best Rapper Alive" of 2014. [494] (#cite_note-495) Other activities Fragrances Minaj promoting her first fragrance "Pink Friday" in 2012 Minaj has a line of fragrances first launched in September 2012. She partnered with 'Give Back Brands' to introduce her first fragrance (/wiki/Aroma_compound) "Pink Friday", [495] (#cite_note-496) which was nominated for three FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) for Fragrance of the Year, Best Packaging, and Media Campaign of the Year. [496] (#cite_note-497) Flanker editions "Pink Friday: Special Edition" and "Pink Friday: Deluxe Edition" were released in April and December 2013 respectively. [497] (#cite_note-498) [498] (#cite_note-499) Her fourth fragrance "Minajesty" was launched in September 2013, [499] (#cite_note-500) followed by "Minajesty: Exotic Edition", which was released exclusively to the Home Shopping Network (/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network) in June 2014. This was followed by the launch of her sixth fragrance "Onika" in September 2014. [500] (#cite_note-501) A year later in 2015, Minaj released "The Pinkprint", her seventh fragrance in support of her third studio album of the same name (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) . [501] (#cite_note-502) In 2016, Minaj launched her eighth fragrance "Trini Girl". [502] (#cite_note-503) In 2018, in support of her fourth studio album (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) , she released her ninth fragrance, "Queen". [503] (#cite_note-504) Minaj's tenth fragrance "Pink Friday 2" was released to JCPenney in December 2023, in support of her fifth album of the same name (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) . [504] (#cite_note-505) It was released early on the outlet's webstore and retail stores for a limited time, with no prior announcement, in late November. Minaj revealed she did not know about the initial release. [505] (#cite_note-506) [506] (#cite_note-507) The fragrance was also released on Amazon in December 2023. [507] (#cite_note-508) [508] (#cite_note-509) Products and endorsements Minaj has been affiliated with several manufacturing companies and has endorsed several products during her career. In November 2010, she collaborated with MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) and launched the lipstick "Pink 4 Friday", which was sold for four consecutive Fridays to promote her debut studio album Pink Friday . [509] (#cite_note-510) In 2011, Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) crafted a Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) doll with the avatar of Minaj, inspired by the rapper's likeness for charity, which she described as a "major moment" in her career. [510] (#cite_note-Barbie-511) It was auctioned on the Charitybuzz (/wiki/Charitybuzz) website; proceeds benefited nonprofit Project Angel Food (/wiki/Project_Angel_Food) . [511] (#cite_note-:17-512) A spokesperson for Mattel stated that, "Barbie is obviously a pop culture icon [...] and Nicki is a big part of pop culture and also huge within the fashion industry, as well as a big Barbie fan." [511] (#cite_note-:17-512) Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) stated that the "Minaj Barbie doll is notable in that the rapper has made Barbie dolls a crucial part of her aesthetic." [512] (#cite_note-513) Minaj helped introduce the Casio (/wiki/Casio) TRYX in Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) , and created a six-piece nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) collection for OPI Products (/wiki/OPI_Products) with colors named after her songs. [513] (#cite_note-514) [514] (#cite_note-515) In February 2012, Minaj launched her own range of lip products for MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) ' Viva Glam. [515] (#cite_note-516) [516] (#cite_note-517) [517] (#cite_note-518) In April 2012, Minaj helped launch the Nokia Lumia 900 (/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_900) in Times Square. [518] (#cite_note-519) The following month, Minaj appeared in television and internet advertisements for Pepsi (/wiki/Pepsi) 's "LiveForNow" campaign, which featured a remix of her single " Moment 4 Life (/wiki/Moment_4_Life) ". [519] (#cite_note-520) [520] (#cite_note-521) She endorsed the 2012 Viva Glam campaign with Ricky Martin (/wiki/Ricky_Martin) —which raised $270 million for the Mac AIDS Fund (/wiki/Mac_AIDS_Fund) [521] (#cite_note-522) [522] (#cite_note-523) —and was the face of the lip product line that year along with him. [523] (#cite_note-524) With designer Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Minaj signed an endorsement deal with Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) for the brand's fall and winter 2012 campaign to appear in internet advertisements and commercials for Adidas Originals (/wiki/Adidas_Originals) . [524] (#cite_note-525) Set to her song, "Masquerade", her segment of the advertisement was filmed in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) and also featured Big Sean (/wiki/Big_Sean) , Derrick Rose (/wiki/Derrick_Rose) , Sky Ferreira (/wiki/Sky_Ferreira) and 2NE1 (/wiki/2NE1) in other locations worldwide. [525] (#cite_note-526) She fronted the Viva Glam spring campaign by herself, which also introduced her limited-edition lip product collection, "Nicki 2", which was launched in early 2013. [526] (#cite_note-527) [527] (#cite_note-528) In February 2013, Minaj starred in Bluewater Comics (/wiki/Bluewater_Comics) ' Fame (/wiki/Bluewater_Productions) biographical-comic series, with her comic book, titled Fame: Nicki Minaj . [528] (#cite_note-529) [529] (#cite_note-530) She partnered with Beats Electronics (/wiki/Beats_Electronics) to introduce her "Pink Pill" speakers in April 2013, appearing with DeRay Davis (/wiki/DeRay_Davis) in a commercial for the speakers that same month. [530] (#cite_note-531) [531] (#cite_note-532) She introduced her lifestyle product line, "The Nicki Minaj Collection" for Kmart (/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)) , composed of clothing, accessories and houseware. [532] (#cite_note-533) [533] (#cite_note-534) [534] (#cite_note-535) In June 2013, Minaj and Mona Scott-Young (/wiki/Mona_Scott-Young) launched MYX Fusions, a line of fruit-infused, single serve moscato (/wiki/Muscat_(grape)) wine beverages. [535] (#cite_note-536) Minaj is a co-owner, creative director, and ambassador of the brand. [536] (#cite_note-537) Throughout 2014, Minaj released spring, summer, and fall-themed clothing collections for Kmart. [537] (#cite_note-538) Minaj was the face of Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli_(company)) 's spring-summer 2015 campaign. [538] (#cite_note-539) In March 2015, it was announced that Minaj was a co-owner of the music streaming (/wiki/Music_streaming) service Tidal (/wiki/Tidal_(service)) . The service specializes in lossless (/wiki/Data_compression#Lossless) audio and high definition music videos. In addition to Minaj and company owner Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , sixteen stakeholders including Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , and Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) own a 3% equity stake in the service. [539] (#cite_note-540) In November 2015, Minaj released a holiday capsule clothing collection for Kmart and its affiliated e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) platform, ShopYourWay; [540] (#cite_note-541) and a limited-edition couture collection which was available via Kmart and her website. [541] (#cite_note-542) In September 2017, she released two lipsticks called "Nicki's Nude" and "The Pinkprint" (named after her third studio album (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) ) in collaboration with MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) . [542] (#cite_note-543) In November 2017, Minaj starred in H&M (/wiki/H%26M) 's holiday campaign along with Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) , Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) , Jesse Williams (/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(actor)) , Charlee Fraser (/wiki/Charlee_Fraser) , and Elibeidy Dani (/wiki/Elibeidy_Dani) . [543] (#cite_note-544) In March 2018, the rapper appeared in a commercial for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class) car. [544] (#cite_note-545) In August 2018, Minaj starred in the trailer for EA Sports (/wiki/EA_Sports) ' Madden NFL 19 (/wiki/Madden_NFL_19) video game alongside Lil Dicky (/wiki/Lil_Dicky) , Quavo (/wiki/Quavo) and other celebrities. [545] (#cite_note-546) The following month, she appeared alongside Gucci Mane (/wiki/Gucci_Mane) , Bella Thorne (/wiki/Bella_Thorne) , Tommy Dorfman (/wiki/Tommy_Dorfman) , Yoo Ah-in (/wiki/Yoo_Ah-in) , and Jonathan Bellini in the campaign for Italian clothing brand Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) 's "Haute Coture" collection; she also co-designed a t-shirt and denim jacket, titled "The Bad Guy". [546] (#cite_note-547) In November 2018, she co-starred with Quavo and Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) member Chris Redd (/wiki/Chris_Redd) in the holiday campaign for Madden NFL 19. [547] (#cite_note-548) [548] (#cite_note-549) In 2019, Minaj announced a collaboration with luxury fashion house Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . Chief executive officer Serge Brunschwig stated the brand "shares great affinity with her. [Minaj] represents the fun aspect of the brand", and that the collaboration "made sense". [549] (#cite_note-550) A capsule collection titled "Fendi Prints On"—after by the lyric containing the same words on her 2018 single, " Chun-Li (/wiki/Chun-Li_(song)) "—was released on October 14, 2019. [550] (#cite_note-551) In March 2022, Minaj fronted the campaign for the "Heaven" spring 2022 collection by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) . [551] (#cite_note-552) [552] (#cite_note-553) In May, she was named the new creative director of American men's magazine Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) and became the global ambassador and advisor for MaximBet , a sports betting brand launched by the magazine. [553] (#cite_note-554) She also came on board as a stakeholder. [554] (#cite_note-555) [555] (#cite_note-556) [556] (#cite_note-557) In July, Minaj collaborated with Rap Snacks and released her own potato chip flavor, "Barbie-Que Honey Truffle". [557] (#cite_note-558) The following month, Mattel sued Rap Snacks, claiming the company violated the Barbie trademark and had made a "deliberate and calculated" choice to do so. The lawsuit was settled in September after the company changed the snack's name to "Bar-B-Quin". [558] (#cite_note-559) Minaj released a "variety pack" with Rap Snacks in October, [559] (#cite_note-560) and a "Nocho Nachos" nachos (/wiki/Nachos) flavor in March 2023, inspired by her 2023 single, "Red Ruby Da Sleeze". [560] (#cite_note-561) Also in October, the rapper appeared alongside Lil Baby (/wiki/Lil_Baby) , Kane Brown (/wiki/Kane_Brown) , Pete Davidson (/wiki/Pete_Davidson) , and Bukayo Saka (/wiki/Bukayo_Saka) in a trailer for the first-person shooter (/wiki/First-person_shooter) video game, Call of Duty: (/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_II_(2022_video_game)) Modern Warfare II . [561] (#cite_note-562) In March 2024, Minaj launched her press-on nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) line, Pink Friday Nails. [562] (#cite_note-563) A vegan and cruelty-free brand, it was launched DTC (/wiki/Direct-to-consumer) via its webstore, [563] (#cite_note-564) and later made available via Shopify as well. [564] (#cite_note-565) Pop-up (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) stations dedicated to the range were held exclusively to VIP ticket holders on the Pink Friday 2 World Tour. [565] (#cite_note-566) In April, she and British apparel brand Loci released a sneaker collection. [566] (#cite_note-567) Minaj clarified that the association was not "a sponsorship. [She is] an owner and partner". [567] (#cite_note-568) Loci announced that month that Minaj joined the brand as a co-owner and investor. [568] (#cite_note-569) Heavy On It Records On March 3, 2023, Minaj announced the launch of her record label imprint on an episode of her radio show, "Queen Radio". Minaj did not reveal the name of the label but did say her long-time friend Patty "Patty Duke" Lauren has signed on as the label's A&R. Minaj also unveiled her starting roster: Nana Fofie, Tate Kobang, Rico Danna, and London Hill. [569] (#cite_note-570) [570] (#cite_note-571) [571] (#cite_note-572) On March 13, 2023, Minaj revealed the name of her imprint as "Heavy On It Records". The label currently has a venture with Republic Records (/wiki/Republic_Records) . [572] (#cite_note-573) Gaming A playable character model of Minaj in her "Red Ruby" persona was released as downloadable content (/wiki/Downloadable_content) to the first-person shooter (/wiki/First-person_shooter) video game, Call of Duty: (/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_II_(2022_video_game)) Modern Warfare II in July 2023 alongside those of rappers Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) and 21 Savage (/wiki/21_Savage) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of hip-hop music's origin; her character marked the first woman "operator" of the game. [573] (#cite_note-574) On December 8, 2023, she and Roblox introduced the virtual world Gag City on the game platform to promote her fifth album, Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) (2023). [574] (#cite_note-575) [575] (#cite_note-576) Days before the launch, Minaj's fanbase, the Barbz, heavily circulated AI (/wiki/AI) -generated content of the fan-made cityscape (/wiki/Cityscape) Gag City, a pink futuristic metropolis inspired by the cover artwork of the album, which the rapper herself coined on her social media. [576] (#cite_note-577) [577] (#cite_note-578) Personal life In her songs " All Things Go (/wiki/All_Things_Go) " and " Autobiography (/wiki/Sucka_Free) ", Minaj revealed that she had an abortion as a teenager. She has said that although it has "haunted" her, she stands by her decision. [578] (#cite_note-nicminab-579) In July 2011, her cousin Nicholas Telemaque was murdered near his home in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) , an incident she references in her songs "All Things Go" and " Champion (/wiki/Champion_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ". [579] (#cite_note-580) Minaj's father, Robert Maraj, died in February 2021, while walking along a road on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) , in a hit-and-run (/wiki/Hit_and_run) accident. [16] (#cite_note-father's_death-17) Charles Polevich, a 70-year-old man, was charged as the suspect of Maraj's death. Polevich was arraigned and charged with two felonies, which were leaving scene of incident involving death of a person and tampering with or suppressing physical evidence. [580] (#cite_note-bbc_news_nickis_father_dead-581) Three months later, she commented on her father's death in a letter, saying, "[...] it has been the most devastating loss of my life. I find myself wanting to call him all the time, more so now that he's gone. [...] May his soul rest in paradise. He was very loved & will be very missed." [581] (#cite_note-582) Relationships In late 2014, Minaj separated from her longtime boyfriend Safaree Samuels (/wiki/Safaree_Samuels) , whom she had dated since 2003. [b] (#cite_note-583) According to Minaj, he had proposed to her, but she declined. [582] (#cite_note-584) Several tracks on The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) are believed to have been inspired by the end of their relationship. [583] (#cite_note-585) Minaj began dating rapper Meek Mill (/wiki/Meek_Mill) in early 2015. [584] (#cite_note-586) In January 2017, she announced that she had ended their relationship. [585] (#cite_note-587) [586] (#cite_note-588) [587] (#cite_note-589) She briefly dated fellow rapper Nas (/wiki/Nas) in 2017. [588] (#cite_note-590) Minaj began dating her childhood friend Kenneth "Zoo" Petty (born 7 April 1978) in December 2018, [589] (#cite_note-591) and after less than a year of dating, filed for a marriage license in August 2019. [590] (#cite_note-592) [591] (#cite_note-593) She announced that they had officially married in October, hyphenating his last name to hers upon marriage. [592] (#cite_note-594) Petty was convicted of first-degree attempted rape in 1995. [593] (#cite_note-:5-595) He served four years in prison and was required to register as a sex offender (/wiki/Sex_offender) upon release. In 2006, Petty was convicted of first-degree manslaughter (/wiki/Manslaughter) , for which he served an additional six years and eleven months in prison. [594] (#cite_note-596) In July 2020, Minaj announced via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) that she was expecting her first child. [595] (#cite_note-597) She gave birth to a son on September 30, whom she refers to publicly as "Papa Bear". His real name is still unknown. [596] (#cite_note-598) [597] (#cite_note-599) [598] (#cite_note-600) [599] (#cite_note-601) Legal issues After facing charges for failing to register as a sex offender (/wiki/Sex_offender_registry) in California, Minaj's husband Kenneth Petty was entered into the California Megan's Law (/wiki/Megan%27s_Law) database (/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States) in 2020, having been convicted of attempted rape (/wiki/Rape_laws_in_the_United_States#New_York) in 1995 in New York. [593] (#cite_note-:5-595) He previously served nearly four years in prison for the mentioned crime. [600] (#cite_note-602) [601] (#cite_note-603) In August 2021, her husband's victim, named Jennifer Hough, filed a lawsuit against the couple for alleged harassment and intimidation, and alleged infliction of emotional distress, and did an interview about the mentioned lawsuit on the talk show The Real (/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)) . [602] (#cite_note-604) [603] (#cite_note-605) [604] (#cite_note-606) Minaj has not addressed the accusations publicly, but has spoken about it in a private case filing. Minaj claimed she "never asked [Hough] to change her story" and "never offered her any money in return for a statement". [605] (#cite_note-607) Hough later voluntarily dismissed the case against Minaj whilst the case against Petty is still pending. [606] (#cite_note-608) [607] (#cite_note-609) Speaking to a federal judge, Hough's lawyers expressed that they were going to refile the lawsuit in California due to jurisdictional issues while Minaj's lawyer said that the refiling was a "frivolous gambit to avoid a sanctions motion" and that "their claims received an aggressive response". [608] (#cite_note-610) On May 25, 2024, Minaj was arrested at Schiphol Airport (/wiki/Schiphol_Airport) in Amsterdam, Netherlands (/wiki/Amsterdam,_Netherlands) after marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) was found in her luggage. [609] (#cite_note-arrestandpostponed-611) [610] (#cite_note-amsterdamarrrest-612) The arrest occurred as she was attempting to board a plane for a concert (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) in Manchester, England (/wiki/Manchester,_England) . [610] (#cite_note-amsterdamarrrest-612) [609] (#cite_note-arrestandpostponed-611) Though she would be released the same day, Minaj would postpone the Manchester show. [609] (#cite_note-arrestandpostponed-611) [610] (#cite_note-amsterdamarrrest-612) Feuds This section may be too long (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size) to read and navigate comfortably . Consider splitting (/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting) content into sub-articles, condensing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) it, or adding subheadings (/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections) . Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page (/wiki/Talk:Nicki_Minaj) . ( July 2024 ) Minaj has been embroiled in several feuds with other artists, including female rappers Lil' Kim (/wiki/Lil%27_Kim) , Remy Ma (/wiki/Remy_Ma) , Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) , Latto (/wiki/Latto) , and Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) . After Lil' Kim and media critics noticed resemblances between Minaj and her on the Sucka Free mixtape, [611] (#cite_note-NYDailyNews-613) Lil' Kim accused Minaj of copying her image saying, "If you are going to steal my swag, you gonna have to pay. Something gotta give. You help me, I help you. That's how it goes to me." [611] (#cite_note-NYDailyNews-613) Minaj's single " Roman's Revenge (/wiki/Roman%27s_Revenge) " with Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) was believed by critics to be a response to Lil' Kim's comments, [612] (#cite_note-614) although at the time she denied this. [613] (#cite_note-615) However, in a 2018 interview with Genius (/wiki/Genius_(website)) , Minaj seemingly confirmed that the track "Roman's Revenge" was about the feud, saying, "Someone got at me. A veteran got at me, and I hit them with 'Roman's Revenge' and then I kept on going." [614] (#cite_note-616) Lil' Kim reignited the feud following the release of her mixtape Black Friday, an album that directly referenced Nicki Minaj, including artwork that showed Lil' Kim decapitating Minaj with a sword. [615] (#cite_note-617) A fragment of Minaj's diss track "Tragedy" was released online in April 2011, featuring lyrics "Pink Friday, Eminem, 8 Mile/ It must hurt to sell your album on PayPal." [616] (#cite_note-618) Following the release of Minaj's second album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) , critics suggested that the track " Stupid Hoe (/wiki/Stupid_Hoe) " may have contained attacks at Lil' Kim. [617] (#cite_note-619) In 2007, Nicki Minaj released her debut mixtape (/wiki/Mixtape) , Playtime is Over , featuring the song "Dirty Money", on which she raps, "Tell that bitch with the crown to run it like Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) ," over the beat of rapper Remy Ma (/wiki/Remy_Ma) 's song "Yeah Yeah Yeah". Ma, who frequently referred to herself in lyrics as the "queen of rap", believed the verse to be directed towards her and confronted Minaj during a release party about the lyric. [618] (#cite_note-bbtl-620) Ma later rapped several verses which fans perceived to be against Minaj, including in a cypher (/wiki/Freestyle_rap#Types_of_freestyles) during the 2016 BET Hip Hop Awards (/wiki/2016_BET_Hip_Hop_Awards) , on her song " Money Showers (/wiki/Money_Showers) " with Fat Joe, on a remix of the Phresher (/wiki/Phresher) song "Wait a Minute", [619] (#cite_note-621) and in a freestyle on Funkmaster Flex (/wiki/Funkmaster_Flex) 's show on the radio station Hot 97 (/wiki/WQHT) . [620] (#cite_note-622) In 2017, Minaj featured on the songs " Swalla (/wiki/Swalla) " with Jason Derulo (/wiki/Jason_Derulo) and " Make Love (/wiki/Make_Love_(Gucci_Mane_song)) " with Gucci Mane (/wiki/Gucci_Mane) , in which she took apparent shots at Ma, including criticizing her disses and mocking her low album sales. [621] (#cite_note-623) [622] (#cite_note-624) One day after the release of "Make Love", Ma recorded and released the song " Shether (/wiki/Shether) ", a diss track (/wiki/Diss_track) in which she attacked Minaj for allegedly using a ghostwriter (/wiki/Ghostwriter) , her alleged plastic surgery, her fashion, her record deal, and the child sexual assault charges against Minaj's brother, and more. [623] (#cite_note-625) Minaj responded on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) by posting a screenshot of an article showing the opening week sales of Ma's album Plata O Plomo as well as a video of Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) calling Minaj a "rap queen". [618] (#cite_note-bbtl-620) Ma later released a second diss track directed at Minaj, "Another One"; in response, Minaj released " No Frauds (/wiki/No_Frauds) " with Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) and Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) , a diss track aimed at Remy Ma whose title and chorus references the lyric "I swear to God, this chick a real fraud" from "Another One". [624] (#cite_note-nbcnews.com-626) [625] (#cite_note-627) In "No Frauds", Minaj criticizes Ma for her time in jail and her record sales, while also accusing Ma of getting plastic surgery and not being able to get clearance from Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) to include the remix (/wiki/All_the_Way_Up_(Fat_Joe_and_Remy_Ma_song)#Remixes) of "All the Way Up" on Plata O Plomo . [626] (#cite_note-628) Following its release, Minaj posted to Instagram, writing that she was issuing a challenge to Ma, giving her "72 hours to drop a hit" and promising her half a million dollars if she was able to "book any show or interview" without mentioning Minaj, while also defending herself against criticism of the delayed timing of her response to Ma. [624] (#cite_note-nbcnews.com-626) "No Frauds" was negatively received by critics, who felt that it was not as impressive as Ma's "Shether" and that the appearance of Drake and Lil Wayne on the diss track was a mistake. [627] (#cite_note-629) [628] (#cite_note-630) At a New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) after-party in September 2018, fellow rapper Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) threw one of her high heel shoes at Minaj and attempted to physically attack her; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving Cardi B with a large bump on her forehead. [629] (#cite_note-631) [630] (#cite_note-632) [631] (#cite_note-633) Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously " liked (/wiki/Like_button) " social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter. [632] (#cite_note-634) Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show, claiming she "would never talk about anyone’s child or parenting", and expressed embarrassment at the fight. [633] (#cite_note-635) She accused Cardi B of building "her career off of sympathy and payola" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, "Do you know what it’s like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs." [634] (#cite_note-636) Minaj also called Cardi B a "disgusting pig" for allegedly cyberbullying (/wiki/Cyberbullying) a guest caller on Minaj's show and for unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women “cockroaches.” [635] (#cite_note-637) In 2022, a feud ignited between Minaj and fellow rapper Latto (/wiki/Latto) after Minaj went on Instagram Live to express her frustration with her song " Super Freaky Girl (/wiki/Super_Freaky_Girl) " reportedly being placed in the pop (/wiki/Pop_music) categories instead of the rap (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) categories for voting consideration at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . By way of comparison, Minaj mentioned Latto's 2021 song " Big Energy (/wiki/Big_Energy) " as an example of a song that should also not be considered for the rap categories. [636] (#cite_note-638) She further alleged that there is a "concerted effort to give newer artists things that they really don’t deserve" and that soon the female rap genre will no longer "have any black women", which was taken to be a dig against Latto, whose mother is white and father is black. [637] (#cite_note-639) Latto then tweeted, "Damn I can’t win for losing… all these awards/noms I can’t even celebrate," which was perceived as a response to Minaj's commentary. Minaj responded with a tweet calling Latto a " Karen (/wiki/Karen_(slang)) ", a term typically reserved for white women, and criticizing her for previously claiming to be a fan yet not standing up for her. [638] (#cite_note-rouhani-640) Latto then tweeted that she agreed with Minaj's case but felt the way she brought up Latto's song "seems malicious", alleging that Minaj had been making subliminal tweets about her and had said on the phone that Latto is not "flourishing" and that no one cares about her "little song." This sparked a heated back-and-forth exchange of tweets, in which Latto insulted Minaj's age and her family members by saying she is "married and related to rapists", while Minaj insulted Latto's appearance for looking like "the one pushing 40" and for "wiping that spray tan off & being a Karen", continuing to use the slang term usually for white women. [639] (#cite_note-andregee-641) The back-and-forth carried on through the night, with Latto airing out past subliminal digs by Minaj and Minaj posting a screenshot of a text Latto sent her, followed by Latto releasing an audio recording of a phone conversation the two had. In the end, Minaj deleted all of her tweets to Latto, only leaving behind a video clip of Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) laughing uncontrollably in a music video, while Latto continued to declare that Minaj is a "40 Year Old Bully." [639] (#cite_note-andregee-641) [638] (#cite_note-rouhani-640) Although having collaborated on the 2019 single " Hot Girl Summer (/wiki/Hot_Girl_Summer) ", Minaj's relationship with fellow rapper Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) grew cold after Megan allegedly tried to persuade Minaj to consume alcohol while she was trying to conceive a child. [640] (#cite_note-642) [641] (#cite_note-643) Minaj threw subliminal shots at Megan in her 2023 singles " Red Ruby da Sleeze (/wiki/Red_Ruby_da_Sleeze) " and " FTCU (/wiki/FTCU_(song)) ", both of which make references to the 2020 shooting of Megan (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion#Shooting) by Tory Lanez (/wiki/Tory_Lanez) according to critics and fans. [642] (#cite_note-644) [643] (#cite_note-645) [644] (#cite_note-646) [645] (#cite_note-647) In 2024, Megan Thee Stallion released the song " Hiss (/wiki/Hiss_(song)) ", in which she raps the line that people "don't be mad at Megan", but that they're "mad at Megan's Law (/wiki/Megan%27s_Law) ", naming the law regarding sex offenders (/wiki/Sex_offender) . [646] (#cite_note-648) Believing it to be directed at her and her husband, registered sex offender Kenneth Petty, Minaj took to Instagram Live (/wiki/Instagram_Live) to preview her own song, a diss track against Megan called "Big Foot", alluding to the shooting of Megan's foot. [647] (#cite_note-649) For the next several days, Minaj continued to attack Megan on social media, calling the rapper a "pathological and manipulative liar", accusing her of winning "fraudulent awards", and describing her as a "flop" compared to her own success. [648] (#cite_note-650) She addressed Megan on Instagram Live by saying, "You bringing up 30-year-old tea from when this man was a 15-year-old child. You bringing up 30-year-old tea cause no man will ever fucking love you, and lying on your dead mother", referencing Megan's mother, who died of brain cancer in March 2019. On the radio app Stationhead, Minaj continued to discuss Megan's mother, as well as Tory Lanez and former collaborator DaBaby (/wiki/DaBaby) : "You let everyone be thrown under the bus. You let DaBaby be thrown under the bus, Tory, your best friend, your mom... You better go conjure up your mother and apologize. That’s disgusting." [649] (#cite_note-651) Megan posted an Instagram story where she was doubled over with her left hand on her mouth, seemingly laughing at Minaj's response. [650] (#cite_note-652) Two days after the release of "Hiss", Minaj released the song " Big Foot (/wiki/Big_Foot_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) ", a diss track against Megan Thee Stallion. [651] (#cite_note-653) A few hours prior to the release of "Big Foot", Minaj disclosed that her team was waiting for producer Lil Juju to clear the beat "that [she] had for 6 years" and suggested that Megan tried to prevent the diss track from coming out. [298] (#cite_note-complex.com-299) In the song, Minaj taunts Megan over her dead mother, her appearance, and her ex-boyfriend Pardison Fontaine (/wiki/Pardison_Fontaine) ; various publications reported that the song was poorly received by critics and fans, who criticized the production, the rap flow, and the shots at Megan for being lacking in quality. [301] (#cite_note-Mendez_II-302) [302] (#cite_note-Ahlgrim-303) [303] (#cite_note-Kyndall-304) On the fifth day of Minaj's continued "intense fixation" with Megan following "Hiss", as Rolling Stone labeled it, she speculated on Twitter's Spaces that Megan's management company, Roc Nation (/wiki/Roc_Nation) , had launched a smear campaign against her and accused Megan of seeking sympathy as a victim of violence to further her career, saying "She wanted a Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) moment so bad", an allusion to Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) 's 2009 assault on Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna#Domestic_violence_case) . [652] (#cite_note-654) COVID-19 vaccine tweets In September 2021, Minaj announced she would not be attending the 2021 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) due to the COVID-19 vaccine (/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine) requirement. She stated that she has avoided public appearances and traveling after contracting the virus herself and having to quarantine from her son as a result. [653] (#cite_note-655) [654] (#cite_note-656) [655] (#cite_note-657) She shared several tweets (/wiki/Twitter#Tweets) about her unvaccinated status and claimed she wanted to do more research and be comfortable with her decision first. [656] (#cite_note-658) She alleged in a tweet that her cousin's friend in Trinidad (/wiki/Trinidad) suffered swollen testicles and became impotent as a result of the vaccine. [657] (#cite_note-659) These tweets received backlash where her story about her cousin's friend became the subject of jokes and memes. [658] (#cite_note-660) Trinidad and Tobago health minister Terrence Deyalsingh declared that her claims were false and that no such report existed. [659] (#cite_note-661) Shortly after, Minaj recommended other people get the vaccine and set up a Twitter poll (/wiki/Twitter) on COVID-19 vaccine brands. She tweeted that she was sure she would get vaccinated herself because of touring (/wiki/Concert) . [660] (#cite_note-662) [661] (#cite_note-663) The White House (/wiki/White_House) offered her a phone call with a doctor to answer questions about the safety of the vaccine. [662] (#cite_note-664) In an Instagram Live (/wiki/Instagram_Live) response two days later, she claimed that she was simply asking questions and she did not give any facts about the vaccine. [663] (#cite_note-665) Minaj alleged that reporters harassed her family for a story, with her sharing some text messages she alleged were harassment on social media. [664] (#cite_note-666) In May 2022, Olivia Truffaut-Wong of The Cut stated that Minaj had likely gotten vaccinated, as the 2022 Met Gala (which Minaj attended) required proof of vaccination (/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) and a negative COVID-19 PCR test (/wiki/COVID-19_testing) to attend. [665] (#cite_note-667) Discography Main articles: Nicki Minaj discography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography) and List of songs recorded by Nicki Minaj (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Nicki_Minaj) Studio albums Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) (2010) Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) (2012) The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) (2014) Queen (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) (2018) Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) (2023) Filmography Main article: Nicki Minaj videography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_videography) Ice Age: Continental Drift (/wiki/Ice_Age:_Continental_Drift) (2012) The Other Woman (/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(2014_film)) (2014) Barbershop: The Next Cut (/wiki/Barbershop:_The_Next_Cut) (2016) The Angry Birds Movie 2 (/wiki/The_Angry_Birds_Movie_2) (2019) Tours Main article: List of Nicki Minaj live performances (/wiki/List_of_Nicki_Minaj_live_performances) Headlining Pink Friday Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_Tour) (2011–2012) Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Reloaded_Tour) (2012) The Pinkprint Tour (/wiki/The_Pinkprint_Tour) (2015–2016) Pink Friday 2 World Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) (2024) Co-headlining The Nicki Wrld Tour (/wiki/The_Nicki_Wrld_Tour) (2019) Opening act Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) – America's Most Wanted Tour (/wiki/I_Am_Music_Tour) (2008) Lil Wayne – I Am Music II Tour (/wiki/I_Am_Music_II_Tour) (2011) Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) – Femme Fatale Tour (/wiki/Femme_Fatale_Tour) (2011) See also Trinidad and Tobago portal (/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago) New York City portal (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) List of Trinidadians (/wiki/List_of_Trinidadians) East Coast hip hop (/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop) List of most-followed Instagram accounts (/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts) List of best-selling music artists (/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists) Notes ^ (#cite_ref-7) Minaj claims she came to the United States as an illegal immigrant, although by the time she moved to the United States, her mother and subsequently her father had lawful permanent residency. (See early life (#Early_life) .) [6] (#cite_note-Penrose-6) ^ (#cite_ref-583) Minaj states in the "My Time Again" documentary, released in 2014, that she was in an 11-year relationship. References ^ (#cite_ref-1) Aniftos, Rania (February 5, 2020). "A Timeline of Nicki Minaj & Meek Mill's Post-Breakup Feud" (https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/nicki-minaj-meek-mill-post-breakup-feud-timeline-8550273/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231107184306/https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/nicki-minaj-meek-mill-post-breakup-feud-timeline-8550273/) from the original on November 7, 2023 . Retrieved November 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Independent_2-0) Haramis, Nick (August 3, 2011). "In the pink: First lady of hip-hop Nicki Minaj is a bewigged global phenomenon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180911115835/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/in-the-pink-first-lady-of-hip-hop-nicki-minaj-is-a-bewigged-global-phenomenon-2331338.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/in-the-pink-first-lady-of-hip-hop-nicki-minaj-is-a-bewigged-global-phenomenon-2331338.html) on September 11, 2018 . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nicki Minaj, Doja Cat Makes Guinness World Record With 'Say So' (https://urbanislandz.com/2021/12/15/nicki-minaj-doja-cat-makes-guinness-world-record-with-say-so/) " (https://urbanislandz.com/2021/12/15/nicki-minaj-doja-cat-makes-guinness-world-record-with-say-so/) . urbanislandz.com . December 15, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220109205905/https://urbanislandz.com/2021/12/15/nicki-minaj-doja-cat-makes-guinness-world-record-with-say-so/) from the original on January 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . Nicki Minaj is quickly cementing herself as one of the greatest rappers of the decade as she continues to rake in accolades over her illustrious career. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Greenwood, Douglas (March 13, 2019). "Pop is Not a Dirty Word: Nicki Minaj is an ex-pop star. Good for her" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210419002733/https://www.nme.com/blogs/pop-not-dirty-word-nicki-minaj-not-pop-star-anymore-2461070?amp) . NME (/wiki/NME) . Archived from the original (https://www.nme.com/blogs/pop-not-dirty-word-nicki-minaj-not-pop-star-anymore-2461070%3famp) on April 19, 2021 . Retrieved October 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo (December 11, 2023). "Pink Friday 2" (https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-2/) . Pitchfork . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231211072703/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-2/) from the original on December 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Penrose, Nerisha (June 21, 2018). "Nicki Minaj Weighs In on Children Border Crisis: 'I Came to This Country as an Illegal Immigrant' (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant) " (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211110042741/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant) from the original on November 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rapper Nicki Minaj's father killed in hit-and-run" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/rapper-nicki-minajs-father-killed-in-hit-and-run/23SXLJG42OKDULJXFOOGSPFTI4/) . The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) . February 15, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233624/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/rapper-nicki-minajs-father-killed-in-hit-and-run/23SXLJG42OKDULJXFOOGSPFTI4/) from the original on February 14, 2021 . Retrieved February 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Top Artists" (https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/top-artists/) . Billboard . October 31, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326040714/https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/top-artists/) from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved November 3, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lamarre, Carl; Mitchell, Gail; Murphy, Keith; Saponara, Michael; Thomas, Datwon; Elibert, Mark; Diep, Eric; III, William E. 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"Nicki Minaj Donates Money to Struggling Village in India" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7801304/nicki-minaj-donates-money-indian-village) . Billboard . Retrieved August 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-416) India, Lindsey (August 29, 2017). "Here's What Drake, Nicki Minaj and More Are Doing to Help Houston After Hurricane Harvey Hit" (http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/08/drake-nicki-minaj-houston-hurricane-harvey/) . XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-417) Howard, Jacinta (August 29, 2017). "Chris Brown, Nicki Minaj, T.I. and DJ Khaled Answer Kevin Hart's Challenge to Donate $25K to Hurricane Harvey Relief" (http://theboombox.com/chris-brown-nicki-minaj-t-i-and-dj-khaled-answer-kevin-harts-challenge-to-donate-25k-to-hurricane-harvey-relief/) . The Boombox (/wiki/Townsquare_Media) . 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Retrieved August 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-421) "Nicki Minaj pulls out of Saudi Arabia concert after backlash" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/09/nicki-minaj-pulls-out-of-saudi-arabia-concert-after-backlash) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . July 9, 2019 . Retrieved August 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-422) "Nicki Minaj is donating $25,000 to St. Jude's Home for Girls in Trinidad" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/48157/1/nicki-minaj-is-donating-25-000-to-the-st-jude-s-home-for-girls) . Dazed . February 28, 2020 . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-423) "Tekashi 6ix9ine, Nicki Minaj drop 'Trollz,' proceeds going to Bail Project" (https://globalnews.ca/news/7058641/tekashi-6ix9ine-nicki-minaj-trollz-bail-project/) . Global News . Retrieved August 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-424) DeVon, Cheyenne (April 5, 2024). "Billie Eilish, Nicki Minaj, Jon Bon Jovi and over 200 artists call for protections against "predatory use of AI" (https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/billie-eilish-nicki-minaj-200-artists-sign-letter-against-ai-music.html) " (https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/billie-eilish-nicki-minaj-200-artists-sign-letter-against-ai-music.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Retrieved April 6, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-425) Sources for Minaj being cited the "Queen of Rap": "GQ Editors Pick the Best Nicki Minaj Verses" (https://www.gq.com/story/these-are-the-best-nicki-minaj-verses) . GQ . August 10, 2018 . Retrieved October 19, 2021 . "Jesy Nelson Gets Post-Little Mix Career Underway With 'Boyz' Featuring Nicki Minaj: Stream It Now" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9642448/jesy-nelson-boyz-nicki-minaj-listen/) . Billboard . Retrieved October 19, 2021 . "Nicki Minaj x Lil Baby, Mitski & More: What's Your Favorite Music Release of the Week? Vote!" (https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/new-music-release-poll-nicki-minaj-lil-baby-mitski-1235027444/) . Billboard . February 4, 2022 . Retrieved February 7, 2022 . "Nicki Minaj backs Texas councilman who gave her a birthday shoutout" (https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-pop-culture/nicki-minaj-backs-texas-councilman-gave-birthday-shoutout-rcna8569) . NBC News. December 13, 2021 . Retrieved January 7, 2022 . Lang, Cady (March 14, 2017). "Watch Nicki Minaj Flawlessly Lip Sync to Celine Dion" (https://time.com/4701402/nicki-minaj-celine-dion-lip-sync/) . Time . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . "BTS' 'Fit Coordination Breaks the Internet, Doja Looks Smokin': See All the Red Carpet Fashion at the 2022 Grammys" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-pictures/grammys-2022-red-carpet-1329594/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . April 3, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2022 . Fivio Foreign, who just joined Nicki Minaj on 'We Go Up', poses with The Kid Laroi. Yeah, we'll bring up the queen of rap every chance we get. "Nicki Minaj is the queen of rap. She needs to start acting like it" (https://mic.com/articles/190885/nicki-minaj-queen-rap-of-rap-act-like-it#.Pj6lGHD89) . Mic (/wiki/Mic_(media_company)) . Retrieved October 26, 2018 . Mappoura, Lia (February 15, 2022). "This throwback picture of Nicki Minaj is proof that she ages backwards" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/beauty-hair/celebrity-hair-makeup/a39088801/nicki-minaj-throwback-picture/) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 17, 2022 . Wang, Steffanee (February 4, 2022). "Nicki Minaj & Lil Baby Pull Of A Heist On 'Do We Have A Problem" (https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nicki-minaj-lil-baby-do-we-have-a-problem-video) . Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 17, 2022 . "Nicki Minaj: every album ranked and rated" (https://www.nme.com/features/nicki-minaj-every-album-ranked-and-rated-3047363) . NME . September 16, 2021 . Retrieved November 1, 2021 . "Nicki Minaj Pulled Out Of The 2021 VMAs For A Mysterious Reason" (https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/why-nicki-minaj-wont-perform-at-2021-mtv-vmas) . Bustle . September 12, 2021 . Retrieved December 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-426) Sources for Minaj being cited the "Queen of Hip-Hop": "From Queens to Queen: Nicki Minaj, 'Pink Friday' (https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2010/11/22/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-review/) " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2010/11/22/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-review/) . The Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . Krishnamurthy, Sowmya (October 3, 2018). "Nicki Minaj Is The 21st Century's Insatiable Hip-Hop Monarch" (https://www.npr.org/2018/10/03/651761719/nicki-minaj-is-the-21st-centurys-insatiable-hip-hop-monarch) . NPR . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . Fitzgerald, Trent (December 8, 2020). "Nicki Minaj's Most Essential Songs You Need to Hear" (https://www.xxlmag.com/nicki-minaj-essential-songs/) . XXL Mag . Retrieved November 3, 2021 . Best, Tamara; Chow, Andrew R. (August 30, 2015). "VMAs 2015: Moments to Watch" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/arts/music/2015-mtv-vmas.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . "Nicki Minaj's 13 Most Priceless Music Moments" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/hot-100-festival/6633571/nicki-minaj-hot-100-festival-timeline) . Billboard . Retrieved November 3, 2021 . "Review: BET Experience 2015: Nicki Minaj fails to impress" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-bet-experience-2015-nicki-minaj-fails-to-impress-20150627-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . June 27, 2015 . Retrieved November 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-427) Sources that comment on Minaj's influence: Caramanica, Jon (March 30, 2012). "A Singular Influence" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/arts/music/nicki-minaj-is-the-influential-leader-of-hip-hop.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . This hard and complex work has paid off: when she releases her second album, 'Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded', this week, it will be as the most influential female rapper of all time. Embley, Jochan (June 16, 2020). "From Nas to Drake, the most influential hip hop artists of all time" (https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/music/the-most-influential-hip-hop-artists-of-all-time-a3863356.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . For many, it was an searing introduction to [Minaj] who would dominate pop music, fashion and social politics for much of this decade, repeatedly breaking down barriers for female artists in the scene. Harrington, Jim (August 6, 2020). "Top 10 female rappers of all time: Did your favorite make our list?" (https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/06/top-10-female-rappers-of-all-time-did-your-favorite-make-our-list) . The Mercury News (/wiki/The_Mercury_News) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . [Minaj] has breathtaking talent and is able to accomplish things on the microphone that are simply spellbinding. Ramirez, Erika (March 31, 2014). "Ladies First: 31 Female Rappers Who Changed Hip-Hop" (https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/ladies-first-31-female-rappers-who-changed-hip-hop-5923011/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . Many female rhymers, from Queen Latifah to Nicki Minaj, have destroyed the proverbial glass ceiling to become legends in their own right. In celebration of women's history month, we're spotlighting 31 of the greatest female rappers of all time. Staples, Brent (July 7, 2012). "Nicki Minaj Crashes Hip-Hop's Boys Club" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/opinion/sunday/nicki-minaj-crashes-hip-hops-boys-club.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . Two albums later ... [Minaj] is already being hailed, with some justification, as the most influential female rapper of all time. "Saweetie, City Girls and the Female Rapper Renaissance" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/29/arts/music/female-rappers.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . November 29, 2020. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved March 30, 2022 . Now, finally, things appear to be evolving in a more progressive direction. Nicki Minaj has been one of the most influential rappers of the last decade. Inman, Demicia (November 24, 2020). 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"Is Remy Ma Throwing Shots at Nicki Minaj in Phresher's 'Wait a Minute (Remix)' Video? - XXL" (https://www.xxlmag.com/remy-ma-nicki-minaj-phresher-wait-a-minute-remix-video/) . XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-622) Setaro, Shawn (February 26, 2017). "A Prelude to "ShETHER": The History of Beef Between Remy Ma and Nicki Minaj" (https://www.complex.com/music/2017/02/history-of-the-beef-between-remy-ma-and-nicki-minaj) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-623) Nelson, Jeff (March 22, 2017). "Jason Derulo on Nicki Minaj-Remy Ma Feud, "Swalla": I Don't Know That It's a Diss" (https://people.com/music/jason-derulo-didnt-know-nicki-minaj-remy-ma-feud-swalla/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-624) Cowen, Trace William (February 24, 2017). 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"Nicki Minaj fans the Remy Ma feud flames with 'No Frauds' (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/03/10/nicki-minaj-remy-ma-no-frauds-diss-track/98998568/) " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/03/10/nicki-minaj-remy-ma-no-frauds-diss-track/98998568/) . USA Today . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-628) "Nicki Minaj hurls disses back at Remy Ma, drops new songs with Drake and Lil Wayne" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045338/https://revolt.tv/stories/2017/03/10/nicki-minaj-hurls-disses-back-remy-ma-drops-songs-drake-lil-wayne-0700522b24) . Revolt (/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)) . Archived from the original (https://revolt.tv/stories/2017/03/10/nicki-minaj-hurls-disses-back-remy-ma-drops-songs-drake-lil-wayne-0700522b24) on September 20, 2017 . Retrieved July 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-629) Krishnamurthy, Sowmya (March 10, 2017). "Nicki Minaj Goes for Hype With 'No Frauds' Release: Critic's Take" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7718164/nicki-minaj-no-frauds-hype-remy-ma-shether-response) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-630) Zisook, Brian "Z" (February 12, 2018). "Nicki Minaj's "No Frauds" is a Fraud, But She's Still the Winner" (https://djbooth.net/features/2017-03-10-nicki-minaj-no-frauds) . DJBooth . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-631) "Cardi B Jokes About Nicki Minaj Fight — and That Knot on Her Forehead — One Week Later" (https://people.com/music/cardi-b-jokes-nicki-minaj-fight-photo/) . People . Retrieved September 18, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-632) Ngwadla, Nkosazana. "Cardi B opens up about why she attacked Nicki Minaj" (https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/cardi-b-opens-up-about-why-she-attacked-nicki-minaj-20181010) . Drum . 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XXL (/wiki/XXL_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230403041444/https://www.xxlmag.com/nicki-minaj-disses-megan-thee-stallion-latto-red-ruby-da-sleeze/) from the original on April 3, 2023 . Retrieved April 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-647) Cowen, Trace William (December 8, 2023). "Nicki Minaj Fans Are Convinced She's Dissing Latto and Megan Thee Stallion on 'Pink Friday' Sequel" (https://www.complex.com/music/a/tracewilliamcowen/nicki-minaj-latto-megan-thee-stallion-pink-friday-2) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Retrieved December 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-648) Bell, Sadie (January 26, 2024). "Fans Speculate Megan Thee Stallion Addresses Nicki Minaj Beef on 'Hiss' as She Sinks Fangs into Haters on New Track" (https://people.com/megan-thee-stallion-releases-hiss-diss-track-addresses-nicki-minaj-beef-8550536) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 27, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-649) Craighead, Olivia (January 26, 2024). "Untangling the Megan Thee Stallion and Nicki Minaj Beef" (https://www.thecut.com/2024/01/why-are-megan-thee-stallion-and-nicki-minaj-beefing.html) . The Cut . Retrieved January 27, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-650) Mier, Tomás (January 26, 2024). "Nicki Minaj Is Hella Pressed Over Megan Thee Stallion's Apparent 'Hiss' Diss" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-megan-thee-stallion-hiss-diss-1234955299/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Retrieved January 27, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-651) Peters, Mitchell (January 27, 2024). "Nicki Minaj Fires Back at Megan Thee Stallion After Apparent Diss on New Song 'Hiss' (https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-megan-thee-stallion-hiss-apparent-diss-track-1235590917/) " (https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-megan-thee-stallion-hiss-apparent-diss-track-1235590917/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 28, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-652) Stahl, Jay (January 26, 2024). "Megan Thee Stallion, Nicki Minaj feud escalates with 'get up on your good foot' lyric" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/01/26/megan-thee-stallion-nicki-minaj-songs-shooting-hiss/72366565007/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved January 27, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-653) "Nicki Minaj Drops Megan Thee Stallion Diss Track 'Big Foot' (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-big-foot-megan-thee-stallion-diss-song-1234955744/) " (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-big-foot-megan-thee-stallion-diss-song-1234955744/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . January 29, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-654) Conteh, Mankaprr (January 31, 2024). "Nicki Minaj Says Megan Thee Stallion 'Wanted a Rihanna Moment' After Being Shot" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-megan-thee-stallion-rihanna-moment-shooting-feud-1234958417/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . ^ (#cite_ref-655) "Nicki Minaj says she didn't attend Met Gala because of Covid vaccination requirement" (https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/celebrity/nicki-minaj-says-she-won-t-attend-met-gala-because-n1279088) . NBC News . Retrieved September 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-656) Towey, Robert (September 15, 2021). "Rap artist Nicki Minaj faces backlash after tweeting inaccurate information about Covid vaccines" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/14/rap-artist-nicki-minaj-faces-backlash-after-tweeting-inaccurate-information-about-covid-vaccines.html) . CNBC . Retrieved September 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-657) Nicki Minaj Interview: Mom Guilt, COVID-19 & Having To Quarantine From Her Son! , February 2, 2022 , retrieved February 3, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-658) "Nicki Minaj says she will get COVID-19 vaccine "once I feel I've done enough research" (https://www.nme.com/news/music/nicki-minaj-covid-19-vaccine-research-met-gala-requirement-3045113) " (https://www.nme.com/news/music/nicki-minaj-covid-19-vaccine-research-met-gala-requirement-3045113) . NME . September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-659) "Even the Met Gala Can't Convince Nicki Minaj to Get Vaxxed" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-not-vaxxed-met-gala-1225492/) . September 13, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-660) "Nicki Minaj mocked over story on why cousin isn't getting COVID-19 vaccine" (https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/572076-nicki-minaj-mocked-over-story-on-why-cousin-isnt-getting-covid) . The Hill (/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)) . September 13, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-661) Falcon, Russell (September 15, 2021). "Trinidad & Tobago health minister: Nicki Minaj's 'swollen testicle' COVID-19 vaccine claims are false" (https://www.kxan.com/news/national-news/trinidad-tobago-health-minister-nicki-minajs-swollen-testicle-covid-19-vaccine-claims-are-false/) . KXAN-TV (/wiki/KXAN-TV) . Retrieved September 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-662) "Nicki Minaj tweets coronavirus vaccine conspiracy theory, spotlighting struggle against misinformation" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/09/14/nicki-minaj-covid-19-vaccine-conspiracy/) . The Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved September 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-663) Kirkl, Justin (September 15, 2021). "Trinidad & Tobagao Has Confirmed They Have No Record of Nicki Minaj's Cousin's Friend's Swollen Balls" (https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a37612591/nicki-minaj-trinidad-tobago-testicles-claim-response-press-conference/) . Esquire . Retrieved February 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-664) Lukpat, Alyssa; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (September 16, 2021). "White House offers a call to Nicki Minaj to discuss vaccine safety" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/15/us/nicki-minaj-vaccine.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved September 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-665) "Nicki Minaj vows "I'll never use Twitter again" after backlash over viral COVID vaccine post" (https://www.salon.com/2021/09/15/nicki-minaj-vows-ill-never-use-twitter-again-after-suspension-for-viral-vaccine-post/) . Salon . September 15, 2021 . Retrieved September 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-666) "Nicki Minaj Calls Out Reporters for Allegedly Harassing Her Family Amid Vaccine Comments Criticism" (https://www.complex.com/music/nicki-minaj-calls-out-reporter-for-allegedly-harassing-her-family-amid-vaccine-comments-criticism/) . Complex . Retrieved January 7, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-667) Truffaut-Wong, Olivia (May 2, 2022). "So … Does This Mean Nicki Minaj Got Vaccinated?" (https://www.thecut.com/2022/05/nicki-minaj-2022-met-gala-vaccine.html) . The Cut (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)#The_Cut) . Retrieved May 4, 2022 . Further reading Hope, Clover (/wiki/Clover_Hope) (2021). The Motherlode: 100+ Women Who Made Hip-Hop . Harry N. Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4197-4296-5 . External links Nicki Minaj at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicki_Minaj) from Wiktionary Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicki_Minaj) from Commons News (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicki_Minaj) from Wikinews Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) from Wikiquote Official website (http://www.nickiminajofficial.com/) Nicki Minaj (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0001013175) at AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)) Nicki Minaj (https://www.discogs.com/artist/Nicki+Minaj) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) Nicki Minaj (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3747326/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Preceded by Cee-Lo Green (/wiki/CeeLo_Green) Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) musical guest (/wiki/List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_guests) January 29, 2011 Succeeded by Linkin Park (/wiki/Linkin_Park) Preceded by Mark Ronson (/wiki/Mark_Ronson) and Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) Saturday Night Live musical guest December 6, 2014 Succeeded by Charli XCX (/wiki/Charli_XCX) hide v t e Nicki Minaj Discography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography) Videography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_videography) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Nicki_Minaj) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Nicki_Minaj_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Nicki_Minaj) Studio albums Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) (2010) Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) (2012) The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) (2014) Queen (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) (2018) Pink Friday 2 (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2) (2023) Compilation albums We Are Young Money (/wiki/We_Are_Young_Money) Rich Gang (/wiki/Rich_Gang_(album)) Young Money: Rise of an Empire (/wiki/Young_Money:_Rise_of_an_Empire) Queen Radio: Volume 1 (/wiki/Queen_Radio:_Volume_1) Mixtapes Playtime Is Over (/wiki/Playtime_Is_Over_(mixtape)) Sucka Free (/wiki/Sucka_Free) Beam Me Up Scotty (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) Reissues Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded – The Re-Up (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded_%E2%80%93_The_Re-Up) (2012) Concert tours Pink Friday Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_Tour) Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Reloaded_Tour) The Pinkprint Tour (/wiki/The_Pinkprint_Tour) The Nicki Wrld Tour (/wiki/The_Nicki_Wrld_Tour) Pink Friday 2 World Tour (/wiki/Pink_Friday_2_World_Tour) Category (/wiki/Category:Nicki_Minaj) show v t e Nicki Minaj songs Discography (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Nicki_Minaj) Beam Me Up Scotty (/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty_(mixtape)) " I Get Crazy (/wiki/I_Get_Crazy) " " Best I Ever Had (/wiki/Best_I_Ever_Had_(Drake_song)#Remix) " Pink Friday (/wiki/Pink_Friday) " Roman's Revenge (/wiki/Roman%27s_Revenge) " " Did It On'em (/wiki/Did_It_On%27em) " " Right Thru Me (/wiki/Right_Thru_Me) " " Fly (/wiki/Fly_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Moment 4 Life (/wiki/Moment_4_Life) " " Check It Out (/wiki/Check_It_Out_(will.i.am_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Blazin' (/wiki/Blazin%27_(song)) " " Your Love (/wiki/Your_Love_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) " " Girls Fall Like Dominoes (/wiki/Girls_Fall_Like_Dominoes) " " BedRock (/wiki/BedRock) " Pink Friday: (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded) " Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday_(song)) " " Come on a Cone (/wiki/Come_on_a_Cone) " " I Am Your Leader (/wiki/I_Am_Your_Leader) " " Beez in the Trap (/wiki/Beez_in_the_Trap) " " Roman Reloaded (/wiki/Roman_Reloaded_(song)) " " Champion (/wiki/Champion_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Right by My Side (/wiki/Right_by_My_Side) " " Starships (/wiki/Starships_(song)) " " Pound the Alarm (/wiki/Pound_the_Alarm) " " Whip It (/wiki/Whip_It_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Stupid Hoe (/wiki/Stupid_Hoe) " " Turn Me On (/wiki/Turn_Me_On_(David_Guetta_song)) " " Va Va Voom (/wiki/Va_Va_Voom) " The Re-Up (/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Roman_Reloaded_%E2%80%93_The_Re-Up) " Freedom (/wiki/Freedom_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " High School (/wiki/High_School_(song)) " " The Boys (/wiki/The_Boys_(Nicki_Minaj_and_Cassie_song)) " The Pinkprint (/wiki/The_Pinkprint) " All Things Go (/wiki/All_Things_Go) " " Get on Your Knees (/wiki/Get_on_Your_Knees_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Feeling Myself (/wiki/Feeling_Myself_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Only (/wiki/Only_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Anaconda (/wiki/Anaconda_(song)) " " The Night Is Still Young (/wiki/The_Night_Is_Still_Young_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Pills n Potions (/wiki/Pills_n_Potions) " " Bed of Lies (/wiki/Bed_of_Lies) " " Truffle Butter (/wiki/Truffle_Butter) " Queen (/wiki/Queen_(Nicki_Minaj_album)) " Ganja Burn (/wiki/Ganja_Burn) " " Majesty (/wiki/Majesty_(song)) " " Barbie Dreams (/wiki/Barbie_Dreams) " " Rich Sex (/wiki/Rich_Sex) " " Bed (/wiki/Bed_(Nicki_Minaj_song)) " " Chun-Li (/wiki/Chun-Li_(song)) " " Good Form (/wiki/Good_Form_(song)) " " Barbie Tingz (/wiki/Barbie_Tingz) " " Fefe (/wiki/Fefe_(song)) " Queen Radio: Volume 1 (/wiki/Queen_Radio:_Volume_1) " Do We Have a Problem? 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(Redirected from Hōmongi (/w/index.php?title=H%C5%8Dmongi&redirect=no) ) Traditional Japanese clothing For other uses, see Kimono (disambiguation) (/wiki/Kimono_(disambiguation)) . A Zen (/wiki/Zen) temple-goer wearing a formal cherry-blossom-motif kimono A rakugoka (/wiki/Rakugo) (storyteller) wearing kimono and 5- mon (/wiki/Mon_(emblem)) haori (/wiki/Haori) A man and a woman wearing formal kimono, for a 1923 wedding ( other views (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kimono_Ensemble_with_Chrysanthemums_MET_1998.487.2a_%26_b) ) Kimono for a young woman, depicting a boat on swirling water, with pine tree, plum blossoms and maples. Japan, 1912–1926. From the Khalili Collection of Kimono (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Kimono) Woman in kimono at Fukuoka City (/wiki/Fukuoka) Hall Kimono 'Kimono' in kanji (/wiki/Kanji) Japanese name Kanji (/wiki/Kanji) 着物 Transcriptions Romanization (/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese) kimono The kimono ( きもの/ 着物 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E7%89%A9) , lit. ' thing to wear ' ) [a] (#cite_note-2) is a traditional Japanese garment and the national dress of Japan (/wiki/Japan) . The kimono is a wrapped-front garment with square sleeves and a rectangular body, and is worn left side wrapped over right (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_hanfu#Youren_(right_lapel)) , unless the wearer is deceased. [2] (#cite_note-3) The kimono is traditionally worn with a broad sash, called an obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) , and is commonly worn with accessories such as zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) sandals and tabi (/wiki/Tabi) socks. Kimono have a set method of construction and are typically made from a long, narrow bolt of cloth known as a tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) , though Western-style fabric bolts are also sometimes used. [3] (#cite_note-4) There are different types of kimono for men, women, and children, varying based on the occasion, the season (/wiki/Seasonal_Wardrobe_Change_in_Japan) , the wearer's age, and – less commonly in the modern day – the wearer's marital status. Despite the kimono's reputation as a formal and difficult-to-wear garment, there are types of kimono suitable for both formal and informal occasions. The way a person wears their kimono is known as kitsuke ( 着付け , lit. ' dressing ' ) . The history of the kimono can be tracked back to the Heian period (794–1185), when Japan's nobility embraced a distinctive style of clothing. Formerly the most common Japanese garment, the kimono has fallen out of favor and is rarely worn as everyday dress now. They are most often seen at summer festivals, where people frequently wear the yukata (/wiki/Yukata) , the most informal type of kimono. More formal types are worn to funerals, weddings, graduations, and other formal events. Geisha (/wiki/Geisha) and maiko (/wiki/Maiko) are required to wear a kimono as part of their profession, and rikishi (/wiki/Rikishi) ( sumo (/wiki/Sumo) wrestlers) must wear kimonos at all times in public. [4] (#cite_note-Sharnoff-5) Despite the small number of people who wear it regularly and its reputation as a complicated garment, the kimono has experienced a number of revivals in previous decades, and is still worn today as fashionable clothing in Japan. History [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kimono) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kimono" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kimono%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kimono%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kimono%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kimono%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kimono%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kimono%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Main article: Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Women's dress under Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) influence, with overlapping collar and mo skirt. [5] (#cite_note-Jill-6) ( Takamatsuzuka Tomb (/wiki/Takamatsuzuka_Tomb) , 7th century) Asuka (/wiki/Asuka_period) (late Yamato Period (/wiki/Yamato_Period) ) dress, 7th century Nara-period (/wiki/Nara_period) dress, late 8th century, 2005 reconstruction Yamato period to Nara period (300–794) [ edit ] The first instances of kimono-like garments in Japan were traditional Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) introduced to Japan via Chinese envoys in the Kofun period (/wiki/Kofun_period) (300–538 CE; the first part of the Yamato period), through immigration between the two countries and envoys to the Tang dynasty court (/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Tang_China) leading to Chinese styles of dress, appearance, and culture becoming extremely popular in Japanese court society. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) The Imperial Japanese court quickly adopted Chinese styles of dress and clothing, [6] (#cite_note-7) with evidence of the oldest samples of shibori (/wiki/Shibori) tie-dyed fabric stored at the Shōsōin Temple (/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ds%C5%8Din) being of Chinese origin, due to the limitations of Japan's ability to produce the fabrics at the time. [7] (#cite_note-Wada-8) As early as the 4th century CE, images of priestess-queens and tribal chiefs in Japan depicted figures wearing clothing similar that of Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) China. [8] (#cite_note-9) In 718 CE, the Yoro clothing code was instituted, which stipulated that all robes had to be overlapped at the front with a left-to-right closure, following typical Chinese fashions. [9] (#cite_note-kimono_inspiration-10) : 133–136 This convention of wear is still followed today, with a right-to-left closure worn only by the deceased. [9] (#cite_note-kimono_inspiration-10) Clothing used by the upper classes was significantly simpler to don and wear than dress from the following Heian period. [10] (#cite_note-sora-11) Sleeves, while narrow, were long enough to cover the fingers, since status was associated with covering more of the body. [11] (#cite_note-raiment-12) [10] (#cite_note-sora-11) Heian period to Azuchi–Momoyama period (794–1600) [ edit ] During the Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) (794–1193 CE), Japan stopped sending envoys to the Chinese dynastic courts. This prevented Chinese-imported goods—including clothing—from entering the Imperial Palace (/wiki/Heian_Palace) . This also prevented dissemination to the upper classes, who were the main arbiters of traditional Japanese culture at the time, and the only people allowed to wear such clothing. [12] (#cite_note-13) The ensuing cultural vacuum facilitated the development of a Japanese culture independent from Chinese fashions. Elements previously lifted from the Tang Dynastic courts developed independently into what is known literally as "national culture" or " kokufū culture" ( 国風文化 , kokufū-bunka ) . The term is used to refer to Heian-period Japanese culture, particularly that of the upper classes. [13] (#cite_note-14) Women's clothing in the imperial palace became increasingly stylised in the formal jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) , with some elements being abandoned by both male and female courtiers, such as the round-necked and tube-sleeved chun ju jacket worn by both genders in the early 7th century. Others, such as the wrapped front robes also worn by men and women, were kept. Some elements, such as the mo skirt worn by women, continued to in a reduced capacity, worn only to formal occasions; [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) the mо̄ (/w/index.php?title=Mo_(Japanese_clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ja (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B3) ] ( 裳 ) grew too narrow to wrap all the way around and became a trapezoidal pleated train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) . [14] (#cite_note-Fgarments-15) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) (trousers) became longer than the legs and also trailed behind the wearer. [15] (#cite_note-Foutfits-16) During the later Heian period, various clothing edicts reduced the number of layers a woman could wear, leading to the kosode (/wiki/Kosode) ( lit. ' small sleeve ' ) garment—previously considered underwear—becoming outerwear by the time of the Muromachi period (/wiki/Muromachi_period) (1336–1573 CE). Originally worn with hakama (/wiki/Hakama) , the kosode began to be held closed with a small belt known as an obi instead. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) The kosode resembled a modern kimono, though at this time the sleeves were sewn shut at the back and were smaller in width (shoulder seam to cuff) than the body of the garment. During the Sengoku period (/wiki/Sengoku_period) (1467–1615) and the Azuchi–Momoyama period (/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period) (1568–1600), the decoration of the kosode developed further, with bolder designs and flashy colours becoming popular. By this time, separate lower-body garments, such as the mō and hakama , were almost never worn, [15] (#cite_note-Foutfits-16) allowing full-length patterns to be seen. In the late Heian period, the jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) consisted of many layers ( hitoe ) worn over a plain kosode (/wiki/Kosode) and hakama (/wiki/Hakama) . [16] (#cite_note-Bardo-17) ( The Tale of Genji (/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji) , 12th century) The courtiers in the foreground are wearing their hitoe off-the-shoulder, showing the kosode beneath. The kosode worn as outerwear. Note wider cut of the body, unisex narrow obi and shorter sleeves. Matsuura byōbu (/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu) , c. 1650 , Azuchi-Momoyama period. Edo period (1603–1867) [ edit ] The overall silhouette of the kimono transformed during the Edo period due to the evolution of the obi , the sleeves, and the style of wearing multiple layered kimono. ( Utagawa Kuniyoshi (/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi) , Plum Blossoms at Night , woodblock print, 19th century) During the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) (1603–1867 CE), both Japan's culture and economy developed significantly. A particular factor in the development of the Edo period was the early Genroku (/wiki/Genroku) period (1688–1704 CE), wherein " Genroku culture (/wiki/Genroku_culture) " – luxurious displays of wealth and increased patronage of the arts – led to the further development of many art forms, including those of clothing. Genroku culture was led by the growing and increasingly-powerful merchant classes (/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin) ( chōnin ), whose clothing was representative of their increasing economic power and rivaled the aristocracy and samurai classes, shown by their brightly-coloured kimono that utilised expensive production techniques, such as hand-painted dyework. [17] (#cite_note-18) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) , a damask (/wiki/Damask) fabric, also became the preferred material for kimono at this time, replacing the previously-popular nerinuki plain-weave silk, which had been used to create tsujigahana (/wiki/Tsujigahana) . [18] (#cite_note-19) In response to the increasing material wealth of the merchant classes, the Tokugawa shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate) issued a number of sumptuary laws on kimono for the lower classes, prohibiting the use of purple or red fabric, gold embroidery, and the use of intricately dyed shibori patterns. [19] (#cite_note-20) As a result, a school of aesthetic thought known as Iki developed. They valued and prioritised the display of wealth through an almost mundane appearance, and the concept of kimono design and wear continues to this day as a major influence. From this point onwards, the basic shape of both men's and women's kimono remained largely unchanged. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) The sleeves of the kosode began to grow in length, especially amongst unmarried women, and the obi became much longer and wider, with various styles of knots coming into fashion, alongside stiffer weaves of material to support them. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) In the Edo period, the kimono market was divided into craftspeople, who made the tanmono and accessories, tonya , or wholesalers, and retailers. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 129 Modern period [ edit ] Meiji period (1868–1912) [ edit ] Part of the Ootuki family in kimono, 1874 Assorted types of kimono, Western dress, a court lady in keiko (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Keiko_(dress)) , and a schoolgirl in a high-collared shirt, kimono and hakama . All wear both purple and red. 1890. Family of Horiai Setsuko (/w/index.php?title=Horiai_Setsuko&action=edit&redlink=1) , May 1912, some in European dress, some in kimono, some wearing hakama . Women's hakama spread from the court as part of Japanese reform dress (/wiki/Reform_dress#Japan) . In 1869, the social class system was abolished, and with them, class-specific sumptuary laws. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 113 Kimono with formerly-restricted elements, like red and purple colours, became popular, [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 147 particularly with the advent of synthetic dyestuffs such as mauvine (/wiki/Mauvine) . Following the opening of Japan's borders in the early Meiji period to Western trade, a number of materials and techniques – such as wool and the use of synthetic dyestuffs – became popular, with casual wool kimono being relatively common in pre-1960s Japan; the use of safflower dye ( beni ) for silk linings fabrics (known as momi ; literally, "red silk") was also common in pre-1960s Japan, making kimono from this era easily identifiable. During the Meiji period (/wiki/Meiji_period) , the opening of Japan to Western trade after the enclosure of the Edo period led to a drive towards Western dress as a sign of "modernity". After an edict by Emperor Meiji (/wiki/Emperor_Meiji) , [ citation needed ] policemen, railroad workers and teachers moved to wearing Western clothing within their job roles, with the adoption of Western clothing by men in Japan happening at a much greater pace than by women. Initiatives such as the Tokyo Women's & Children's Wear Manufacturers' Association ( 東京婦人子供服組合 ) promoted Western dress as everyday clothing. Taishō period (1912–1926) [ edit ] Western clothing quickly became standard issue as army uniform (/wiki/Kokumin-fuku) for men [21] (#cite_note-22) and school uniform for boys, and between 1920 and 1930, the fuku sailor outfit (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform) replaced the kimono and undivided hakama as school uniform for girls. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) : 140 However, kimono still remained popular as an item of everyday fashion; following the Great Kantō Earthquake (/wiki/Great_Kant%C5%8D_Earthquake) of 1923, cheap, informal and ready-to-wear meisen (/wiki/Meisen) kimono, woven from raw and waste silk threads unsuitable for other uses, became highly popular, following the loss of many people's possessions. [22] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-23) By 1930, ready-to-wear meisen kimono had become highly popular for their bright, seasonally changing designs (/wiki/Seasonal_Wardrobe_Change_in_Japan) , many of which took inspiration from the Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) movement. Meisen kimono were usually dyed using the ikat (/wiki/Ikat) ( kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) ) technique of dyeing, where either warp or both warp and weft threads (known as heiyō-gasuri ) [22] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-23) : 85 were dyed using a stencil pattern before weaving. It was during the Taishō period that the modern formalisation of kimono and kimono types began to emerge. The Meiji period had seen the slow introduction of kimono types that mediated between the informal and the most formal, a trend that continued throughout the Taishō period, as social occasions and opportunities for leisure increased under the abolition of class distinctions. As Western clothing increased in popularity for men as everyday clothing, the kimono industry further established its own traditions of formal and informal dress for women; this saw the invention of the hōmongi , divisions of tomesode (short-sleeved) kimono for women, and montsuki hakama . [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 133-134 The bridal kimono trousseau (/wiki/Hope_chest) ( oyomeiri dōgu ), an uncommon practice of the upper classes in the Edo period, also became common throughout the middle classes; [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 67, 76 traditions of kimono bridalwear for marriage ceremonies were also codified in this time, which resembled the bridalwear of samurai-class women. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 82, 93, 146 Standards of kitsuke at this time began to slowly graduate to a more formalised, neatened appearance, with a flat, uniform ohashori and a smooth, uncreased obi , which also resembled the "proper" kitsuke of upper-class women. However, kitsuke standards were still relatively informal, and would not become formalised until after World War II. Shōwa period (1926–1989) [ edit ] A 1957 clothing ad, showing postwar kitsuke standards for women, which promoted a neater, more standardised appearance While kimono were no longer common wear for men, they remained everyday wear for Japanese women until World War II (/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II) (1940–1945). [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 17 Though the Taishō period had seen a number of invented traditions, standards of kitsuke (wearing kimono) were still not as formalised in this time, with creases, uneven ohashori and crooked obi still deemed acceptable. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 44-45 During the war, kimono factories shut down, and the government encouraged people to wear monpe (/wiki/Monpe) (also romanised as mompe ) – trousers constructed from old kimono – instead. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 131 Fibres such as rayon became widespread during WWII, being inexpensive to produce and cheap to buy, and typically featured printed designs. [ citation needed ] Cloth rationing persisted until 1951, so most kimono were made at home from repurposed fabrics. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 131 In the second half of the 20th century, the Japanese economy boomed, [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 36 and silk became cheaper, [ citation needed ] making it possible for the average family to afford silk kimono. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 76 The kimono retail industry had developed an elaborate codification of rules for kimono-wearing, with types of kimono, levels of formality, and rules on seasonality, which intensified after the war; there had previously been rules about kimono-wearing, but these were not rigidly codified and varied by region and class. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 36 Formalisation sought perfection, with no creases or unevenness in the kimono, and an increasingly tubular figure was promoted as the ideal for women in kimono. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 44-45 The kimono-retail industry also promoted a sharp distinction between Japanese and Western clothes; [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 54 for instance, wearing Western shoes with Japanese clothing (while common in the Taishō period) was codified as improper; [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 16 these rules on proper dressing are often described in Japanese using the English phrase "Time, Place, and Occasion" (TPO). As neither Japanese men or women commonly wore kimono, having grown up under wartime auspices, commercial kitsuke schools were set up to teach women how to don kimono. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 44 Men in this period rarely wore kimono, and menswear thus escaped most of the formalisation. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 36, 133 ). Kimono were promoted as essential for ceremonial occasions; [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 76, 135 for instance, the expensive furisode (/wiki/Furisode) worn by young women for Seijinshiki (/wiki/Seijinshiki) was deemed a necessity. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 60 Bridal trousseaus containing tens of kimono of every possible subtype were also promoted as de rigueur , and parents felt obliged to provide [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 76 kimono trousseaus that cost up to 10 million yen (~£70,000), [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 262 which were displayed and inspected publicly as part of the wedding, including being transported in transparent trucks. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 81 By the 1970s, formal kimono formed the vast majority of kimono sales. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 132 Kimono retailers, due to the pricing structure of brand new kimono, had developed a relative monopoly on not only prices but also a perception of kimono knowledge, allowing them to dictate prices and heavily promote more formal (and expensive) purchases, as selling a single formal kimono could support the seller comfortably for three months. The kimono industry peaked in 1975, with total sales of 2.8 trillion yen (~£18 billion). The sale of informal brand new kimono was largely neglected. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 135, 136 Heisei period (1989–2019) [ edit ] The economic collapse of the 1990s bankrupted much of the kimono industry [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 129 and ended a number of expensive practices. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 98 The rules for how to wear kimono lost their previous hold over the entire industry, [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 36 and formerly-expensive traditions such as bridal kimono trousseaus generally disappeared, and when still given, were much less extensive. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 98 It was during this time that it became acceptable and even preferred for women to wear Western dress to ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 95, 263 Many women had dozens or even hundreds of kimono, mostly unworn, in their homes; a secondhand kimono, even if unworn, would sell for about 500 yen (less than £3.50; [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 98 about US$5), a few percent of the bought-new price. In the 1990s and early 2000s, many secondhand kimono shops opened as a result of this. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 98 In the early years of the 21st century, the cheaper and simpler yukata became popular with young people. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 37 Around 2010, men began wearing kimono again in situations other than their own wedding, [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 36, 159 and kimono were again promoted and worn as everyday dress by a small minority. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) Reiwa period (2019–present) [ edit ] Today, the majority of people in Japan wear Western clothing as everyday attire, and are most likely to wear kimono either to formal occasions such as wedding ceremonies and funerals, or to summer events, where the standard kimono is the easy-to-wear, single-layer cotton yukata . In 2019, the mayor of Kyoto announced that his staff were working to register "Kimono Culture" on UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) 's intangible cultural heritage (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) list. [23] (#cite_note-Guardian2019-07-01-24) Textiles [ edit ] Main article: Tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) A child wearing a furisode kimono in full formal dress Both kimono and obi are made from a wide variety of fibre types, including hemp, linen, silk, Japanese crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) (known as chirimen ), and figured damask (/wiki/Damask) weaves ( rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) ). Fabrics are typically – for both obi and kimono – woven as tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) (bolts of narrow width), save for certain types of obi (such as the maru obi ), woven to double-width. Formal kimono are almost always made from silk, with thicker, heavier, stiff or matte fabrics generally being considered informal. Modern kimono are widely available in fabrics considered easier to care for, such as polyester. Kimono linings are typically silk or imitation silk, and often match the top fabric in fibre type, though the lining of some casual silk kimono may be cotton, wool or linen. Kimono motifs [ edit ] A modern yukata machine-dyed with a nadeshiko (/wiki/Dianthus_superbus) pattern, a September motif Kimono fabrics are often decorated, sometimes by hand, before construction. Customarily, kimono with woven patterns are considered more informal, though for obi , the reverse is true, with obi featuring dyed patterns being less formal than obi with woven patterns. Though kimono fabrics with woven patterns are typically not especially heavy and can be lightweight, obi fabrics with woven patterns are often very heavy, with many formal obi being made from thickly-woven brocade. Traditionally, woven kimono are paired with obi that are decorated with dyed patterns, and vice versa. However, for all but the most formal kimono, this is more of a general suggestion than a strict rule. Formal kimono are typically decorated with dyed patterns, commonly found along the hemline. [24] (#cite_note-Dalby_Geisha-25) These patterns may feature embroidery in parts, couched (/wiki/Couching) gold and silver thread, and/or gold and silver foil. The layout of motifs can denote a kimono's age, with patterns that mirror along the vertical back seam ( ryōzuma ) being typical for kimono made before the 1930s. Many kimono motifs are seasonal (/wiki/Seasonal_Wardrobe_Change_in_Japan) , and denote the season in which the kimono can be worn; however, some motifs have no season and can be worn all-year round. Others, such as the combination of pine, plum and bamboo – a grouping referred to as the Three Friends of Winter (/wiki/Three_Friends_of_Winter) – are auspicious, and thus worn to formal occasions for the entire year. Motifs seen on yukata are commonly seasonal motifs worn out of season, either to denote the spring just passed or the desire for cooler autumn or winter temperatures. Colour also contributes to the seasonality of kimono, with some seasons – such as autumn – generally favouring warmer, darker colours over lighter, cooler ones. A number of different guides on seasonal kimono motifs exist, [25] (#cite_note-kimono5-26) with some guides – such as those for tea ceremony in particular – being especially stringent on their reflection of the seasons. [26] (#cite_note-august-february_kimono_lady-27) Motifs typically represent the flora, fauna, landscape or culture of Japan; one such example is cherry blossoms (/wiki/Cherry_blossoms) , a famously seasonal motif worn in spring until just before the actual cherry blossoms begin to bloom, it being considered unlucky to try and 'compete' with the cherries. Motifs are typically worn a few weeks before the official 'start' of any given season, as it is considered fashionable to anticipate the coming season. Though men's kimono historically displayed just as much decoration and variety as women's kimono, in the modern era, the principal distinction of men's kimono in terms of seasonality and occasion is the fabric. The typical men's kimono is a subdued, dark colour; black, dark blues, greens and browns are common. Fabrics are usually matte, in contrast to the occasional satin weaves of some women's kimono. Some men's kimono have a subtle pattern, and textured fabrics are more common in informal men's kimono. Informal men's kimono may also feature slightly brighter colours, such as lighter purples, greens and blues. Sumo wrestlers have occasionally been known to wear quite bright colours, such as fuchsia, in their kimono, which they are required to wear when appearing in public. Terms [ edit ] Patchwork haori (/wiki/Haori) for tea ceremony (/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony) ( chabaori ), c. 1800 ; the areas likely to have been damaged are made in another colour. Paper and silk. The fabrics that kimono are made from are classified in two categories within Japan. Gofuku ( 呉服 ) is the term used to indicate silk kimono fabrics, composed of the characters go ( 呉 , the Japanese pronunciation of "Wu") , referring to the State of Wu (/wiki/Wu_(state)) in ancient China where silk weaving technology developed, and fuku ( 服 , meaning "clothing") . [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 115 [27] (#cite_note-28) The term gofuku is also used to refer to kimono in general within Japan, particularly within the context of the kimono industry, as traditional kimono shops are referred to as either gofukuten ( 呉服店 ) or gofukuya ( 呉服屋 ) – with the additional character of ya ( 屋 ) meaning 'shop'. [28] (#cite_note-29) Cotton and hemp fabrics are referred to generally as futomono ( 太物 ) , meaning "thick materials", with both cotton and hemp yarns being considerably thicker than silk yarns used for weaving. Cotton kimono are specifically referred to in the context of materials as momenfuku ( 木綿服 ) , "cotton clothes", whereas hemp kimono are known as asafuku ( 麻服 ) , "hemp clothes", in Japanese, with the character for hemp – asa ( 麻 ) – also being used to refer widely to hemp, linen and ramie kimono fabrics. Merchants' terms [ edit ] Until the end of the Edo period, the tailoring of both gofuku and futomono fabrics was separated, with silk kimono handled at shops known as gofuku dana , and kimono of other fibres sold at shops known as futomono dana . Stores that handled all types of fabric were known as gofuku futomono dana , though after the Meiji period, stores only retailing futomono kimono became less profitable in the face of cheaper everyday Western clothing, and eventually went out of business, leaving only gofuku stores to sell kimono – leading to kimono shops becoming known only as gofukuya today. [ citation needed ] Reuse [ edit ] Kimono can readily be resized, or unpicked back into tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) (bolt) lengths. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 131, 147 Outside of being re-woven into new fabrics, worn-out kimono have historically been recycled in a variety of ways, depending on the type of kimono and its original use. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 131 When the cloth is worn out, it may be used as fabric for smaller items or to create boroboro (/wiki/Boroboro) (patchwork) kimono (which were also sometimes made for the sake of fashion [29] (#cite_note-simple-30) ). The fact that the pattern pieces of a kimono consist of rectangles, and not complex shapes, make reuse in garments or other items easier. [30] (#cite_note-boronobi-31) Sashiko (/wiki/Sashiko) are used to hold cloth together and decorate it. The cloth used for patchwork clothing must all be of similar weight (/wiki/Fabric_weight) , drape (/wiki/Drapery#Drape) , and handle (/w/index.php?title=Handle_(textiles)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Formal kimono, made of expensive and thin silk fabrics, would have been re-sewn into children's kimono when they became unusable for adults, as they were typically unsuitable for practical clothing; kimono were shortened, with the okumi taken off and the collar re-sewn to create haori , or were simply cut at the waist to create a side-tying jacket. After marriage or a certain age, young women would shorten the sleeves of their kimono; the excess fabric would be used as a furoshiki (wrapping cloth), could be used to lengthen the kimono at the waist, or could be used to create a patchwork undergarment known as a dōnuki . Kimono that were in better condition could be re-used as an under-kimono, or to create a false underlayer known as a hiyoku . Children also traditionally wore kataire , kimono made of a fancier material in the okumi and upper back. [31] (#cite_note-V&A-32) : 16 Construction [ edit ] Cutting a kimono from a tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) How a kimono is assembled from pieces cut from a tanmono The hatless child in the pale kimono most clearly shows the shoulder tucks and hip overfold used to adjust size. Kata-nue-age , shoulder tucks to adjust size for children Kimono are traditionally made from a single bolt of fabric known as a tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) , which is roughly 11.5 metres (38 ft) long and 36 centimetres (14 in) wide for women, [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) and 12.5 metres (41 ft) long and 42 centimetres (17 in) wide for men. The entire bolt is used to make one kimono, and some men's tanmono are woven to be long enough to create a matching haori (/wiki/Haori) jacket and juban as well. Kimono linings are made from bolts of the same width. Some custom bolts of fabric are produced for especially tall or heavy people, such as sumo wrestlers, who must have kimono custom-made by either joining multiple bolts, weaving custom-width fabric, or using non-standard size fabric. [32] (#cite_note-33) For children, in the early 1900s, shorter lengths were used, and sometimes the body of the kimono was made only a single cloth width wide ( hitotsumi ). [33] (#cite_note-furisode-34) Tucks were also used to take in the garment; an outwards-facing pleat at each shoulder ( kata-nue-age ) and a kolpos (/wiki/Kolpos) -like overfold at the hip ( koshi-nue-age ), so that the child appeared to be wearing a sleeveless vest of the same fabric over their garment. These sewn tucks were let out as the child grew, [31] (#cite_note-V&A-32) : 15 and are mostly only seen today on the kimono of apprentice geisha in Kyoto, as apprentices previously began their training at a young age, requiring tucks to be let out as they grew. In the present day, apprentices begin their training in their late teenage years, and the tucks are retained merely as an anachronism. Though adult women also retained a 'tuck' at the hip, this was a leftover from the trailing length of most women's kimono, which had previously been either held up by hand when walking or tied up loosely with a shigoki obi ; though kimono were not worn as trailing towards the end of the 19th century, the excess length of most women's kimono remained, with the hip fold formalised and neatened into the ohashori of the modern day. Kimono have a set method of construction, which allows the entire garment to be taken apart, cleaned and resewn easily. As the seam allowance (/wiki/Seam_allowance) on nearly every panel features two selvedges (/wiki/Selvedge) that will not fray, the woven edges of the fabric bolt are retained when the kimono is sewn, leading to large and often uneven seam allowances; unlike Western clothing, the seam allowances are not trimmed down, allowing for a kimono to be resewn to different measurements without the fabric fraying at the seams. [ citation needed ] This was also used to prolong the life of the garment by reversing the sleeves (hiding the worn cuff hem in the shoulder seam) or the back panels (swapping the high-stress center seam and the low-stress sides), [34] (#cite_note-mochi_komon-35) like the European custom of side-to-middling or end-to-middling bedsheets. Historically, kimono were taken apart entirely to be washed – a process known as arai-hari . Once cleaned, the fabric would be resewn by hand; [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) this process, though necessary in previous centuries, is uncommon in modern-day Japan, as it is relatively expensive. Despite the expense of hand-sewing, however, some modern kimono, including silk kimono and all formal kimono, are still hand-sewn entirely; even machine-sewn kimono require some degree of hand-sewing, particularly in finishing the collar, the hem, and the lining, if present. Hand-sewn kimono are usually sewn with a single running stitch roughly 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 4 millimetres (0.16 in) long, with stitches growing shorter around the collar area for strength. Kimono seams, instead of being pressed entirely flat, are pressed to have a 'lip' of roughly 2 millimetres (0.079 in) (known as the kise ) pressed over each seam. This disguises the stitches, as hand-sewn kimono are not tightly sewn, rendering the stitches visible if pressed entirely flat. Terms [ edit ] Diagram of the kimono parts A number of terms are used to refer to the different parts of a kimono. Kimono that are lined are known as awase kimono, whereas unlined kimono are known as hitoe kimono; partially lined kimono – with lining only at the sleeve cuff, the back of the sleeve, the lower chest portion of the dōura and the entirety of the hakkake – are known as dō-bitoe ( lit. ' chest-single-layer ' ) kimono. [35] (#cite_note-36) Some fully lined kimono do not have a separate lower and upper lining, and are instead lined with solid panels on the okumi , the maemigoro and the ushiromigoro . These terms refer to parts of a kimono: Dōura ( 胴裏 ) The upper lining of a kimono. Hakkake ( 八掛 ) The lower lining of a kimono. Eri ( 衿 ) The collar. Fuki ( 袘 ) The hem guard. Furi ( 振り , lit. ' dangling ' ) The part of the sleeve left hanging below the armhole. Maemigoro ( 前身頃 , lit. ' front body ' ) The front panels on a kimono, excluding the okumi . The panels are divided into the "right maemigoro " and "left maemigoro ". Miyatsukuchi ( 身八つ口 ) The opening under the sleeve on a woman's kimono. Okumi ( 衽 ) The overlapping front panel. Sode ( 袖 ) The entire sleeve. Sodeguchi ( 袖口 ) The wrist opening of the sleeve. Sodetsuke ( 袖付 ) The kimono armhole. Susomawashi ( 裾回し ) The lower lining. Tamoto ( 袂 ) The sleeve pouch of a kimono. Tomoeri ( 共衿 , lit. ' over-collar ' ) The collar cover sewn on top of the uraeri . Uraeri ( 裏襟 , lit. ' neckband lining ' ) The inner collar. Ushiromigoro ( 後身頃 , lit. ' back body ' ) The back panels. The back panels consist of the "right ushiromigoro " and "left ushiromigoro ". Evolution of kimono construction [ edit ] Main article: kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Comparison between a kosode (left) and a modern-day kimono (right) Ways of wearing kosode . Top left: as a belted and wrapped robe; top right: belted and off the shoulders in the koshimaki style; bottom left: as an unbelted outer robe kosode in the uchikake style; bottom right: over the head in the katsugi style. Though the basic shape of the kimono has not changed in centuries, proportions have, historically, varied in different eras of Japanese history. Beginning in the later Heian period, the hitoe – an unlined robe worn as underwear – became the predominant outerwear garment for both men and women, known as the kosode ( lit. ' small sleeve ' ) . Court-appropriate dress continued to resemble the previous eras. By the beginning of the Kamakura period, the kosode was an ankle-length garment for both men and women, and had small, rounded sleeves that were sewn to the body of the garment. The obi was a relatively thin belt tied somewhat low on the waist, usually in a plain bow, and was known as a hoso-obi . [36] (#cite_note-37) During this time period, the fashion of wearing a kosode draped around the shoulders, over the head, or as the outermost garment stripped off the shoulders and held in place by the obi , led to the rise of the uchikake – a heavily decorated over-kimono, stemming from the verb uchikake-ru ( lit. ' to drape upon ' ) , worn unbelted over the top of the kosode – becoming popular as formal dress for the upper classes. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) : 39 In the following centuries, the kosode mostly retained its small, narrow and round-sleeved nature, with the length of women's sleeves gradually increasing over time and eventually becoming mostly detached from the body of the garment below the shoulders. The collar on both men's and women's kosode retained its relatively long and wide proportions, and the okumi front panel kept its long, shallow angle towards the hem. During the Edo period, the kosode had developed roughly modern kimono proportions, though variety existed until roughly the mid- to later years of the era. [37] (#cite_note-38) Men's sleeves continued to be sewn shut to the body of the kimono down most of their length, with no more than a few inches unattached at the bottom, unlike the women's style of very deep sleeves mostly detached from the body of the kimono. Men's sleeves were also less deep than women's kimono sleeves so that they did not get tied under the narrow obi around the hips, whereas on a woman's kimono, the long, unattached bottom of the sleeve could hang over the wider obi without getting in the way. [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) Sleeves for both men and women grew in proportion to be of roughly equal width to the body panels, and the collar for both men's and women's kimono became shorter and narrower. In the present day, both men's and women's kimono retain some historical features – for instance, women's kimono trailed along the floor throughout certain eras, and when the wearer went outside, the excess length would be tucked and tied underneath the obi in a hip fold known as the ohashori . The ohashori is now used for fine length adjustments, [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) and takes up 7–10 inches (18–25 cm) of excess length. [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) A hand-sewn tuck across the back under the obi is used for coarse adjustments, and made deliberately weak so that the stitches will tear before the cloth does under tension. [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) Men's kimono, on the other hand, are cut to the length of the wearer's body and tied with a narrow belt at the hips, with no extra fabric in the kimono's length for an overfold at the hip. Formal women's kimono also retain the wider collar of previous eras (made from a full tanmono -width instead of a half width), though it is always folded in half lengthwise before wearing – a style known as hiro-eri ( lit. ' wide collar ' , as opposed to bachi-eri , a normal width collar) . [40] (#cite_note-41) Women's kimono are still worn trailing in some situations, such as onstage, in historical dramas, and by geisha and maiko . In these instances, the kimono worn is constructed differently to a regular women's kimono: the collar is set back further into the neck, the sleeves are sewn to the body unevenly (further down the front than the back), and the body is elongated. This style of kimono is referred to as a susohiki or hikizuri . Though the length of the kimono, collar style and sleeve construction differs for this type of kimono, in all other types of women's kimono, the construction is generally the same; the collar is set back only slightly into the nape of the neck, the sleeves are attached evenly only at the shoulder (not all the way down the sleeve length) and the kimono's length from shoulder to hem is ideally the entire height of the woman wearing it, to allow for the creation of the ohashori . Sleeve length [ edit ] The sleeve length (dropping down from the arm towards the floor when held outstretched) varies in kimono. Sleeve lengths Type Sleeve length Use Men's sleeves Men's sleeves are not visual markers of youth. They are attached to the body of the kimono all the way down, or almost all of the way down; though a small portion perhaps a few centimetres in length may be left unattached to the body at the very bottom, this portion is sewn closed. The construction of men's kimono sleeves reflects the fact that they do not have to accommodate the wider obi worn by women. Tomesode , ordinary women's sleeves 49 cm (19 in), or hip-length [41] (#cite_note-lady-42) Usual women's length; this was longer pre-WWII, but was shortened due to rationing. [34] (#cite_note-mochi_komon-35) [41] (#cite_note-lady-42) This is the length almost invariably used for yukata , and used by definition for every type of tomesode kimono. Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Furisode ( 振袖 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E8%A2%96) , lit. ' swinging sleeve ' ) kimono are worn by young, typically unmarried, women. In the present day, the term furisode refers by definition to highly-formal long-sleeved kimono worn by girls and young women; however, informal kimono such as yukata with furisode -length sleeves are sometimes seen. In the past, mostly all young women wore long-sleeved kimono as a marker of youth generally regardless of the formality of their kimono, and upon marriage, women would cut or hem their sleeves shorter, or unpick the sleeves and swap them for an identical but shorter pair. Furisode were historically worn by all children, with no gender distinction in pattern or cut, but it is now only young girls who are dressed in furisode . [33] (#cite_note-furisode-34) Ko-furisode (also called nisyakusode ) [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) ("short") 76–86 cm (30–34 in) [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) Divided into kuro-furisode and iro-furisode , these are parallel versions of the formal, shorter-sleeved kurotomesode and irotomesode , but with longer sleeves. A ko-furisode with a komon -style pattern is deemed casual wear. Ko-furisode are also worn with hakama . In the modern era, ko-furisode are rare, but are sometimes worn for graduations. Most ko-furisode are vintage kimono, as in the modern day furisode are not worn often enough to warrant buying a more casual form of the dress. [43] (#cite_note-mai-ko-44) Tyu-furisode [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) or chu-furisode ("mid-size") 86–115 cm (34–45 in), or shoulder to calf; [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) usually about 100 cm (39 in) Tyu-furisode are suitable for most formal occasions; the sleeve length of tyu-furisode has been growing longer, due to growing people and the near-elimination of ō-furisode , and may be considered ō-furisode . [43] (#cite_note-mai-ko-44) Tyu-furisode are worn to seijin shiki (/wiki/Seijin_shiki) (Coming of Age Day) or weddings, either by the bride herself or an unmarried younger female relative. Ō-furisode [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) or hon-furisode 114–115 cm (45–45 in), as high as 125 cm (49 in), or shoulder to ankle [42] (#cite_note-cafe-43) Generally only worn by brides, dancers, and singers. The hem of the ō-furisode is padded so it can trail. Cost [ edit ] A modern second-hand kimono shop Both men's and women's brand-new kimono can range in expense (in 2023) from around ¥1000 (~$7 USD) to ¥150,000 (~$1050 US) [44] (#cite_note-45) The high expense of some hand-crafted brand-new kimono reflects the traditional kimono making industry, where the most skilled artisans practice specific, expensive and time-consuming techniques, known to and mastered only by a few. These techniques, such as hand-plied bashofu fabrics and hand-tied kanoko shibori dotwork dyeing, may take over a year to finish. Kimono artisans may be made Living National Treasures (/wiki/Living_National_Treasure_(Japan)) in recognition of their work, with the pieces they produce being considered culturally important. Even kimono that have not been hand-crafted will constitute a relatively high expense when bought new, as even for one outfit, a number of accessories of the right formality and appearance must be bought. Not all brand-new kimono originate from artisans, and mass-production of kimono – mainly of casual or semi-formal kimono – does exist, with mass-produced pieces being mostly cheaper than those purchased through a gofukuya (kimono shop). Though artisan-made kimono are some of the most accomplished works of textile art on the market, many pieces are not bought solely for appreciation of the craft. Unwritten social obligations to wear kimono to certain events – weddings, funerals – often leads consumers to purchase artisan pieces for reasons other than personal choice, fashion sense or love of kimono: [Third-generation yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) dyer Jotaro Saito] believes we are in a strange age where people who know nothing about kimono are the ones who spend a lot of money on a genuine handcrafted kimono for a wedding that is worn once by someone who suffers wearing it, and then is never used again. [45] (#cite_note-Cliffe-46) : 134 The high cost of most brand-new kimono reflects in part the pricing techniques within the industry. Most brand-new kimono are purchased through gofukuya , where kimono are sold as fabric rolls only, the price of which is often left to the shop's discretion. The shop will charge a fee separate to the cost of the fabric for it to be sewn to the customer's measurements, and fees for washing the fabric or weatherproofing it may be added as another separate cost. If the customer is unfamiliar with wearing kimono, they may hire a service to help dress them; the end cost of a new kimono, therefore, remains uncertain until the kimono itself has been finished and worn. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) Gofukuya are also regarded as notorious for sales practices seen as unscrupulous and pressuring: Many [Japanese kimono consumers] feared a tactic known as kakoikomi : being surrounded by staff and essentially pressured into purchasing an expensive kimono [...] Shops are also renowned for lying about the origins of their products and who made them [...] [My kimono dressing ( kitsuke ) teacher] gave me careful instructions before we entered the [ gofukuya ]: 'do not touch anything. And even if you don't buy a kimono today, you have to buy something, no matter how small it is.' [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) : 115–117 In contrast, kimono bought by hobbyists are likely to be less expensive, purchased from second-hand stores with no such sales practices or obligation to buy. Hobbyists may also buy cheaper synthetic kimono (marketed as 'washable') brand-new. Some enthusiasts also make their own kimono; this may be due to difficulty finding kimono of the right size, or simply for personal choice and fashion. Second-hand items are seen as highly affordable; costs can be as little as ¥100 (about US$0.90) [ citation needed ] at thrift stores within Japan, and certain historic kimono production areas around the country – such as the Nishijin (/wiki/Nishijin) district of Kyoto – are well known for their second-hand kimono markets. Kimono themselves do not go out of fashion, making even vintage or antique pieces viable for wear, depending on condition. [46] (#cite_note-47) However, even second-hand women's obi are likely to remain somewhat pricey; a used, well-kept and high-quality second-hand obi can cost upwards of US$300, [ citation needed ] as they are often intricately woven, or decorated with embroidery, goldwork and may be hand-painted. Men's obi , in contrast, retail much cheaper, as they are narrower, shorter, and have either very little or no decoration, though high-end men's obi can still retail at a high cost equal to that of a high-end women's obi . Types of kimono [ edit ] Several different types of kimono exist. These varieties are primarily based on formality and gender, with more women's varieties of kimono existing than men's. The modern kimono canon was roughly formalised after WWII, following fabric shortages, a generation unfamiliar with wearing kimono in everyday life, and the postwar revival of kimono sales by gofukuya , traditional kimono shops. In previous centuries, types of kimono were not as distinct, with factors such as age and social class playing a much larger role in determining kimono types than they do presently. Beginning in the Meiji period, and following the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of class distinctions, kimono varieties began to change as Japanese society did, with new varieties being invented for new social situations. Formality [ edit ] A hinata kamon dyed onto a kimono A dyed 'shadow' ( kage ) kamon on the centre-back seam of a haori Kimono range in variation from extremely formal to very casual. For women, the formality is determined mostly by pattern placement, decoration style, fabric choice and colour. For men, whose kimono are generally monochromatic, formality is determined typically by fabric choice and colour. For both men and women, the accessories and obi worn with the kimono also determine formality. The formality levels of different types of kimono are a relatively modern invention, having been developed between late Meiji- to post-war Japan, following the abolition of Edo-period sumptuary clothing laws in 1868. [47] (#cite_note-restoration-48) These laws changed constantly, as did the strictness with which they were enforced, and were designed to keep the nouveau riche merchant classes from dressing above their station, and appearing better-dressed than monetarily-poor but status-rich samurai (/wiki/Samurai) class. Colours and patterns [ edit ] Under feudal sumptuary laws, colours were restricted by class; for instance, indigo (/wiki/Indigo) -dyed clothing was allowed for all classes, and was commonly seen in hand-dyed cotton, linen or hemp kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) fabrics, but other dyes, such as reds and purples, were forbidden to those below a certain class. Sometimes, for some classes, designs were restricted to below the belt, to the bottoms of the sleeves (for furisode ) or to along the hem ( suso-moyo ); sometimes they were banned altogether, [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) and were transferred to the collar of the underkimono, [48] (#cite_note-mochi_tomosode-49) or the inside of the hem, where only the faintest glimpse would be intermittently visible. This type of subtle ostentation became an aesthetic known as iki (/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)) , and outlasted the sumptuary laws. [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) Modern-day rules of formality, however, still echo clothing distinctions typically employed by the uppermost samurai classes. [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) Aspects of men's kimono still follow this extreme of iki . Bright, elaborate decoration is used on the lining of the haori (jacket), and on men's juban (underkimono), which is not worn as an outer layer outside the home, and so only shows at the neck and inside the sleeves. Women's juban were once bright and boldly-patterned (and were often kimono too damaged to use as an outer layer, repurposed), but are now typically muted pastel shades. [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) [34] (#cite_note-mochi_komon-35) The outside of men's garments tended towards subtle patterns and colours even after the sumptuary laws lifted, with blues and blacks predominating, but designers later came to use browns, greens, purples, and other colours in increasingly bold patterns. Older people generally wear more subtle patterns, and younger people brighter, bolder ones. Fabric type [ edit ] Couple being married in formal traditional dress Kimono vary widely in fabric type, and are not all made of silk. Certain types of fabric, such as wool, cotton, linen and hemp, are always considered informal, and so are not seen on more formal varieties of kimono. Certain varieties of silk, such as tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) , are considered informal, [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) having once been woven only by silk farmers out of unusable cocoons for their own use; other, more modern varieties, such as meisen (/wiki/Meisen) , were designed to be used as casual, cheap daywear, and are machine-spun and -woven using brightly-patterned yarns. Some varieties of crêpe are on the lowest end of formal, with their rougher texture considered unsuitable for formal use; [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) other varieties, such as smooth crêpe, are used for all varieties of formal kimono. The most formal kimono are only ever made of smooth, fine silks, such as glossy silk fabrics like habutai (/wiki/Habutai) . Some fabrics are also worn only at certain times of year; ro (/wiki/Leno_weave#karamiori) , for instance, is a plain-weave fabric with leno weave (/wiki/Leno_weave) stripes only worn in high summer (July and August), but is used for all types of kimono and for other garments, such as under-kimono and obi . [48] (#cite_note-mochi_tomosode-49) [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) Some fabrics – such as certain types of crêpe – are never seen in certain varieties of kimono, [b] (#cite_note-51) and some fabrics such as shusu (heavy satin) silk are barely ever seen in modern kimono or obi altogether, having been more popular in previous eras than in the present-day. Despite their informal nature, many types of traditional, informal kimono fabrics are highly-prized for their craftsmanship. Varieties of tsumugi , kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) , and fabrics woven from Musa basjoo (/wiki/Musa_basjoo#Fibre) are valued for their traditional production, and regularly command high prices. Lined and unlined kimono [ edit ] In the summer months (from June [50] (#cite_note-june_kimono_lady-52) until October [26] (#cite_note-august-february_kimono_lady-27) in the most stringent kimono guides, such as those for tea ceremony), kimono are unlined ( hitoe ); for the rest of the year, they are lined ( awase ). This applies to all types of kimono, with a few caveats: the very informal yukata is always unlined, and thus only worn in summer; the most formal kimono, in contrast, are unlikely to be worn unlined in summer, as many people simply do not have more than one formal kimono to wear, and do not wear formal kimono often enough to warrant the purchase of a new, unlined kimono, just for summer wear. Obi also change fabric type in the summer months. Within the two realms of lined and unlined, further distinctions exist for different months. Lined kimono are either made from transparent or gauze fabrics ( usu-mono ) or opaque fabrics, with kimono transitioning towards gauze fabrics at the height of summer and away from them as autumn begins. In one kimono guide for tea ceremony, at the start of the unlined season in June, fabrics such as kawari-chirimen (a type of silk crêpe noted as a more "wrinkle-resistant" form of hitokoshi-chirimen ) and komayori ro (a thicker type of ro with twisted silk threads) are recommended for wear. [50] (#cite_note-june_kimono_lady-52) Following the beginning of the rainy season (/wiki/Rainy_season) in some time in July, fabrics switch over to gauzier varieties, and highly-prized hemp fabrics such as Echigo-jofu (/wiki/Echigo-jofu) are worn. [51] (#cite_note-july_kimono_lady-53) Continuing into August, hemp, ro and sha (/wiki/Leno_weave#Karamiori) continue to be worn; in September, they are still worn, but fabrics such as hitokoshi chirimen , worn in June, become suitable again, and opaque fabrics become preferred over sheer, though sheer may still be worn if the weather is hot. [26] (#cite_note-august-february_kimono_lady-27) In the same kimono guide, the first lined kimono are worn in October, and the transition away from plainer opaque fabrics to richer silks such as rinzu is immediate. The richness of fabrics increases going into November and December, with figured silks featuring woven patterns appropriate. Coming into January, crêpe fabrics with a rougher texture become appropriate, with fabrics such as tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) worn in February. [26] (#cite_note-august-february_kimono_lady-27) Figured silks continue to be worn until June, when the unlined season begins again. In Japan, this process of changing clothes is referred to as koromogae (/wiki/Seasonal_Wardrobe_Change_in_Japan) . Crests [ edit ] Formality is also determined by the number and type of mon (/wiki/Mon_(badge)) or kamon (crests). Five crests ( itsutsu mon ) are the most formal, three crests ( mitsu mon ) are mid-formality, and one crest ( hitotsu mon ) is the least formal, used for occasions such as tea ceremony. Kimono (and other garments, like hakama ) with mon are called montsuki (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%82%E3%82%93%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8D) (" mon -carrying"). The type of crest adds formality as well. A "full sun" ( hinata ) crest, where the design is outlined and filled in with white, is the most formal type. A "mid-shadow" ( nakakage ) crest is mid-formality, with only the outline of the crest visible in white. A "shadow" ( kage ) crest is the least formal, with the outline of the crest relatively faint. Shadow crests may be embroidered onto the kimono, and full-embroidery crests, called nui mon , are also seen. [52] (#cite_note-54) Choice of accessories [ edit ] Formality can also be determined by the type and colour of accessories. For women, this may be the weave of obijime and the style of obiage . [ citation needed ] For men, adding a haori (a traditional jacket) makes an outfit more formal, and adding both haori and hakama (traditional trousers) is more formal still. The material, colour, and pattern of these overgarments also varies in formality. [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) Longer haori are also more formal. Sleeve length and construction [ edit ] Both men's and women's kimono feature sleeves considered relatively short, with men's sleeves shorter than women's. Though lengths can vary by a few centimetres, these lengths are informally standardised. Men's kimono sleeves are only ever one length, and women's sleeves are limited to a short length suitable for almost all types of kimono, or a longer length used for only one type of formal young women's kimono. In the modern day, the two lengths of women's sleeve worn on kimono are furisode (/wiki/Furisode) length, which almost reaches the floor, and a shorter length, used for every other variety of women's kimono. Before WWII, the length of women's kimono sleeves varied, with sleeves gradually shortening as a woman got older. During WWII, due to shortage of fabric, the 'short' length of women's kimono sleeves became standardised, and post-WWII, the realm of long kimono sleeves was narrowly curtailed to the realm of furisode only – formal young women's and girl's kimono, where previously longer sleeves were seen on other varieties of dress, both formal and informal. Pre-WWII women's kimono are recognisable for their longer sleeves, which, though not furisode length, are longer than most women's kimono sleeves today. Young women are not limited to wearing only furisode , and outside of formal occasions that warrant it, can wear all other types of women's kimono which feature shorter sleeves. General types of kimono [ edit ] Juban [ edit ] The juban , also referred to as the nagajuban , is an under-kimono worn by both men and women. Juban resemble a kimono in construction, with a few key differences: the sleeves are typically open along the entire cuff side, with only a few stitches sewing both sides together placed where a normal kimono sleeve cuff would end; the sleeve has no curve sewn into the outer edge, instead being square; the juban is typically a little shorter than the length of a kimono when worn, and features no extra length to be bloused into an ohashori for women's kimono; the front either does not have any overlapping panels ( okumi ) or features only thin ones, with the collar set at a lower angle than that of a regular kimono. Juban are considered an essential piece of kimono underwear, and are worn with all types of kimono except for yukata . Juban are typically made of lightweight materials, often silk. Women's juban and can either be patterned or entirely plain, and modern women's juban are frequently white in colour. Men's juban are often dyed in dark colours, and can be made of the same material as the outer kimono, as some kimono fabric bolts ( tanmono (/wiki/Tanmono) ) are woven with enough length to accommodate this. Men's juban are frequently more decorative than women's, often featuring a dyed pictorial scene in the upper back, such as a scene from The Tale of Genji (/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji) . In the late 19th and early 20th century, women's juban transitioned from being mostly red with bold white motifs to being white or light pastel colours. The dye technique previously used to achieve this, beni itajime (/wiki/Shibori#Beni_itajime) , fell out of fashion and knowledge and was rediscovered in 2010. [53] (#cite_note-Beni_itajime-55) : 1 Hadajuban [ edit ] Hadajuban are a type of kimono undergarment traditionally worn underneath the nagajuban . Hadajuban are even further removed from resembling a kimono in construction than the nagajuban ; the hadajuban comes in two pieces (a wrap-front top and a skirt), features no collar, and either has tube sleeves or is sleeveless. Unlike the nagajuban , the hadajuban is not considered an essential piece of kimono underwear, and a t-shirt and shorts are frequently substituted in its place. Yukata [ edit ] Main article: Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) A woman and a young boy wearing yukata decorated with spider chrysanthemums and dragonflies respectively Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) ( 浴衣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B4%E8%A1%A3) ) are casual cotton summer kimono worn by both men and women. Yukata were originally very simple indigo and white cotton kimono, little more than a bathrobe worn either within the house, or for a short walk locally; yukata were also worn by guests at inns, with the design of the yukata displaying the inn a person was staying at. From roughly the mid-1980s onwards, they began to be produced in a wider variety of colours and designs, responding to demand for a more casual kimono that could be worn to a summer festival, and have since become more formal than their previous status as bathrobes, with high-end, less colourful yukata sometimes standing in place of komon . In the present day, many yukata are brightly coloured, featuring large motifs from a variety of different seasons. For women, they are worn with either a hanhaba obi (half-width obi ) or a heko obi (a soft, sash-like obi ), and are often accessorised with colourful hair accessories. For men, yukata are worn with either an informal kaku obi or a heko obi . Children generally wear a heko obi with yukata . Yukata are always unlined, and it is possible for women to wear a casual nagoya obi with a high-end, more subdued yukata , often with a juban underneath. A high-end men's yukata could also be dressed up in the same way. A yukata is traditionally worn as a single layer or over a hadajuban (an underkimono worn underneath the nagajuban , featuring a simplified construction). Yukata may also be worn over the top of a t-shirt and shorts. This distinguishes yukata from a more-formal komon kimono, where a nagajuban (also simply referred to as a juban , an underkimono resembling) is worn underneath, showing a second layer of collar at the neckline. However, some modern yukata are worn with collared cotton juban featuring a collar of linen, cotton or ro , for occasions such as informal eating-out. [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) [34] (#cite_note-mochi_komon-35) Tsumugi [ edit ] Main article: Tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) Detailed kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) ( 絣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%A3) ) on an Ōshima-tsumugi (/wiki/%C5%8Cshima-tsumugi) Kimono Tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) ( 紬 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AC) ) are casual silk kimono worn by both men and women. Tsumugi kimono traditionally referred to kimono woven in plain weave with silk noil (/wiki/Silk_noil) , short- staple (/wiki/Staple_(textiles)) silk fibre, though now include various types of casual silk kimono whereby the pattern is produced by weave as opposed to surface dying. [54] (#cite_note-56) Tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) kimono are often dyed with Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) patterns. [55] (#cite_note-57) Komon [ edit ] A komon with a small, repeating floral pattern Komon ( 小紋 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%8B) , lit. ' small pattern ' , though the patterns may in fact be large) are informal women's kimono. They were the type most often worn as everyday womenswear in pre-war Japan. Though informal, komon with smaller, denser patterns are considered a shade more formal than komon with larger, bolder patterns. Komon mostly have no kamon (crests), and the sleeves are fairly short. They are made with a repeating designs, though the repeat length may be quite long. Designs can be made with any method; woven patterns, prints, stencilled patterns in alternating orientations, freehand painting ( yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) ) or tie-dye patterns ( shibori (/wiki/Shibori) ). Traditionally the direction of the fabric was alternated in adjacent panels (necessary due to the lack of shoulder seam), so patterns were generally reversible. If the pattern is the same way up on each panel, the komon is more formal, approaching tsukesage -level formality. [ citation needed ] Woven geometric patterns (such as stripes) have no season, but others show images representing the season in general. Woven non-geometric patterns ( kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) ) are also common. Small, dense patterns are often used; this is practical, as fine-scale patterns hides stains. Komon are made with informal materials such as tsumugi (/wiki/Tsumugi) (slubbed silk), cotton, linen, ramie, and hemp. In the modern day, synthetic blends and synthetics are also used; rayon ( jinken ) and polyester are common. Now that kimono are not typically worn as informal clothing, komon are not worn as often as formal kimono, though they have a wider range of suitable use. Edo komon (#Edo_komon) are the most formal type of komon ; they may have one to three crests, with a small, fine pattern that appears to be a solid colour from a distance, and so resembles the more formal iromuji . Edo komon [ edit ] This edo komon pattern is stencil-dyed onto the fabric. Edo komon ( 江戸小紋 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%8B) ) are a type of komon worn by women characterised by an extremely small repeating pattern, usually done in white on a coloured background. The edo komon dyeing technique is sometimes said to originate in the late Heian period (circa mid-12th century), with a motif called kozakura , which shows tiny stylised cherry blossoms on a background of white dots. In the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) (1603–1867), the samurai (/wiki/Samurai) classes used them for kamishimo (/wiki/Kamishimo) formal wear, with specific patterns becoming associated with specific families. Towards the end of the Edo period, in the early 1800s, commoners began to wear them. [56] (#cite_note-58) Edo komon are of a similar formality to iromuji , and edo komon with one kamon can be worn as low-formality visiting wear; because of this, they are always made of silk, unlike regular komon . Iromuji [ edit ] Iromuji Iromuji ( 色無地 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%B0) , lit. ' solid colour ' ) are monochromatic, undecorated women's kimono mainly worn to tea ceremonies, as the monochrome appearance is considered to be unobtrusive to the ceremony itself. Despite being monochromatic, iromuji may feature a woven design; iromuji suitable for autumn are often made of rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) damask silk. Some edo komon with incredibly fine patterns are also considered suitable for tea ceremony, as from a distance they are visually similar to iromuji . Iromuji may occasionally have one kamon , though likely no more than this, and are always made of silk. Shibori accessories such as obiage are never worn with iromuji if the purpose of wear is a tea ceremony; instead, flat and untextured silks are chosen for accessories. Tsukesage [ edit ] Tsukesage Tsukesage ( 付け下げ (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%92) ) are low-ranking women's formalwear, and are a step below hōmongi , though the two sometimes appear similar or indistinguishable. The motifs on a tsukesage are placed similarly to those of a hōmongi – across the back-right shoulder and back-right sleeve, the front-left shoulder and the front-left sleeve, and across the hem, higher at the left than the right – but, unlike hōmongi , do not typically cross over the seams of each kimono panel, though some confusingly do. In older examples, the motifs may instead be placed symmetrically along the hem, with the skirt patterns mirrored down the centre-back seam. [39] (#cite_note-mochi_furisode-40) Similarities between tsukesage and hōmongi often lead to confusion, with some tsukesage indistinguishable from hōmongi ; often, tsukesage are only distinguishable from hōmongi by the size of the motifs used, with smaller, less fluid motifs generally considered to be tsukesage , and larger, more fluid motifs considered to be hōmongi . [57] (#cite_note-tsukesage-59) Tsukesage can have between one and three kamon , and can be worn to parties, but not ceremonies or highly formal events. Hōmongi [ edit ] Hōmongi Hōmongi ( 訪問着 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E7%9D%80) , lit. ' visiting wear ' ) are women's formal kimono with the same pattern placement as a tsukesage , but with patterns generally matching across the seams. They are always made of silk, and are considered more formal than the tsukesage . Hōmongi are first roughly sewn up, and the design is sketched onto the fabric, before the garment is taken apart to be dyed again. The hōmongi 's close relative, the tsukesage , has its patterns dyed on the bolt before sewing up. This method of production can usually distinguish the two, as the motifs on a hōmongi are likely to cross fluidly over seams in a way a tsukesage generally will not. [57] (#cite_note-tsukesage-59) However, the two can prove near-indistinguishable at times. Hōmongi may be worn by both married and unmarried women; often friends of the bride will wear hōmongi to weddings (except relatives) and receptions. They may also be worn to formal parties. Irotomesode [ edit ] An irotomesode dating to the 1920s displaying a mirrored skirt pattern (the same garment as in the wedding image at the top of the page) Irotomesode ( 色留袖 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%99%E8%A2%96) , lit. ' colour short-sleeve ' ) are formal women's kimono that feature a design along the hem on a coloured background. They are slightly less formal than kurotomesode , which have roughly the same pattern placement on a black background. Irotomesode , though worn to formal events, may be chosen when a kurotomesode would make the wearer appear to be overdressed for the situation. The pattern placement for irotomesode is roughly identical to kurotomesode , though patterns seen along the fuki and okumi may drift slightly into the back hem itself. Irotomesode with five kamon are of the same formality as any kurotomesode . Irotomesode may be made of figured silk such as rinzū . Iro-montsuki [ edit ] Iro-montsuki ( lit. ' colour mon -decorated ' ) are formal men's kimono. Iro-montsuki feature formal crests along the shoulders on a colour background, which, apart from the cut of the sleeve, appears the same as an irotomesode from the waist up, and thus cannot be distinguished in pattern when worn under the hakama . [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) Because formalwear for men requires hakama , [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) men do not wear formal kimono that have elaborate patterns on the hem, as these would be hidden. [58] (#cite_note-tim-60) Kurotomesode [ edit ] A pre-WWII kurotomesode with three crests and longer sleeves Kurotomesode ( 黒留袖 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E7%95%99%E8%A2%96) , lit. ' black short-sleeve ' ) are formal women's kimono, featuring a black background and a design along the hem. They are the most formal women's kimono, and are worn to formal events such as weddings and wedding parties. The design is only present along the hem; the further up the body this design reaches, the younger the wearer is considered to be, though for a very young woman an irotomesode may be chosen instead, kurotomesode being considered somewhat more mature. The design is either symmetrically placed on the fuki and okumi portions of the kimono, or asymmetrically placed along the entirety of the hem, with the design being larger and higher-placed at the left side than the right. Vintage kimono are more likely to have the former pattern placement than the latter, though this is not a hard rule. Kurotomesode are always made of silk, and may have a hiyoku – a false lining layer – attached, occasionally with a slightly padded hem. A kurotomesode usually has between 3 and 5 crests; a kurotomesode of any number of crests outranks an irotomesode with less than five. Kurotomesode , though formalwear, are not allowed at the royal court, as black is the colour of mourning, despite the colour designs decorating the kimono itself; [ citation needed ] outside of the royal court, this distinction for kurotomesode does not exist. Kurotomesode are never made of flashy silks such as rinzū , but are instead likely to be a matte fabric with little texture. Kurotomesode typically feature kazari jitsuke ( 飾り仕付け ) , small white decorative prickstitches along the collar. Kuro-montsuki [ edit ] Kuro-montsuki ("black mon -decorated") are the most formal men's kimono, which, apart from the cut of the sleeve, look exactly the same from the waist up as a kurotomesode , and thus cannot be distinguished in pattern when worn under the hakama required for men's formal dress. [49] (#cite_note-mimi_men-50) Occasion-specific types [ edit ] Mofuku [ edit ] Main article: Mourning § Asia (/wiki/Mourning#Asia) Mofuku ( 喪服 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E6%9C%8D) ) are a category of kimono and kimono accessories suitable for mourning, worn by both men and women. Mofuku kimono, obi and accessories are characterised by their plain, solid black appearance. Mofuku kimono are plain black silk with five kamon , worn with white undergarments and white tabi . Men wear a kimono of the same kind, with a subdued obi and a black-and-white or black-and-grey striped hakama , worn with black or white zōri. A completely black mourning ensemble for women – a plain black obi , black obijime and black obiage – is usually reserved for those closest to the deceased. Those further away will wear kimono in dark and subdued colours, rather than a plain black kimono with a reduced number of crests. In time periods when kimono were worn more often, those closest to the deceased would slowly begin dressing in coloured kimono over a period of weeks after the death, with the obijime being the last thing to be changed over to colour. [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) Uchikake [ edit ] An uchikake (formal over-kimono) depicting cranes (/wiki/Red-crowned_crane) , from the Khalili Collection of Kimono (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Kimono) Uchikake ( 打ち掛け (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E3%81%A1%E6%8E%9B%E3%81%91) ) are highly formal women's over-kimono, worn only by brides or onstage. The name uchikake comes from the Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) verb uchikake-ru , "to drape upon", originating in roughly the 16th century from a fashion among the ruling classes of the time to wear kimono (then called kosode (/wiki/Kosode) , lit. ' small sleeve ' ) unbelted over the shoulders of one's other garments; [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) : 34 the uchikake progressed into being an over-kimono worn by samurai women before being adopted some time in the 20th century as bridal wear. Uchikake are designed to be worn over the top of a complete kimono outfit with obi , and thus are not designed to be worn belted. Unlike their 16th century counterparts, modern uchikake generally could not double as a regular kimono, as they often feature heavy, highly-formal decoration and may be padded throughout, if not solely on the hem. They are designed to trail along the floor, and the heavily-padded hem helps to achieve this. Bridal uchikake are typically red or white, and often decorated heavily with auspicious motifs. Because they are not designed to be worn with an obi , the designs cover the entirety of the back. Shiromuku [ edit ] A shiromuku with tsunokakushi (wedding headpiece) Shiromuku ( 白無垢 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%84%A1%E5%9E%A2) , lit. ' white pure-innocence ' ) are pure-white wedding kimono worn by brides for a traditional Japanese (/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan) Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) wedding ceremony (/wiki/Wedding_ceremony#Eastern_culture) . Comparable to an uchikake and sometimes described as a white uchikake , the shiromuku is worn for the part of the wedding ceremony, symbolising the purity of the bride coming into the marriage. The bride may later change into a red uchikake after the ceremony to symbolise good luck. A shiromuku will form part of a bridal ensemble with matching or coordinating accessories, such as a bridal katsura ( bridal wig (/wiki/Nihongami#brides) ), a set of matching kanzashi (usually mock-tortoiseshell), and a sensu fan tucked into the kimono. Due to the expensive nature of traditional bridal clothing, few are likely to buy brand-new shiromuku ; it is not unusual to rent kimono for special occasions, and Shinto shrines are known to keep and rent out shiromuku for traditional weddings. Those who do possess shiromuku already are likely to have inherited them from close family members. Susohiki/Hikizuri [ edit ] A geisha's formal susohiki kimono, displaying a kurotomesode -type pattern on the kimono's elongated skirt Susohiki ( lit. ' trailing skirt ' ) (also known as hikizuri ) are women's kimono with a specialised construction that allows them to be worn trailing, with a deep-set and widely-spaced collar. Susohiki are extremely long kimono worn by geisha, maiko , actors in kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) and people performing traditional Japanese dance (/wiki/Buy%C5%8D) . A susohiki can be up to 230 cm (91 in) long, and are generally no shorter than 200 cm (79 in) from shoulder to hem; this is to allow the kimono to trail along the floor. Susohiki are sewn differently to normal kimono due to the way they are worn. [59] (#cite_note-61) The collar on a susohiki is sewn further and deeper back into the nape of the neck, so that it can be pulled down much lower without causing the front of the kimono to ride up. The sleeves are set unevenly onto the body, shorter at the back than at the front, so that the underarm does not show when the collar is pulled down. Susohiki are also tied differently when they are put on – whereas regular kimono are tied with a visible ohashori , and the side seams are kept straight, susohiki are pulled up somewhat diagonally, to emphasise the hips and ensure the kimono trails nicely on the floor. A small ohashori is tied, larger at the back than the front, but it wrapped against the body with a momi ( lit. ' red silk ' ) wrap, which is then covered by the obi , rendering the ohashori invisible. [c] (#cite_note-63) Aside from their specialised construction, susohiki can resemble many other types of women's kimono in their decoration, fabric type, colour and sleeve length. The susohiki worn by geisha and their apprentices are formal kimono worn to engagements, and so are always made of fine silk, resembling kimono of hōmongi formality and above in their pattern placement and background colour. The susohiki worn by kabuki actors varies by role, and so can appear as the humble clothing of an Edo-period merchant's daughter, as well as the fine silk clothing of a samurai woman. These costumes may be made of polyester, as well as silk, informal silk fabrics, cotton, linen or hemp. Pattern placement, colour and design varies by role, with many roles having costume designs preserved from previous centuries. The susohiki worn by people performing traditional Japanese dance typically feature a bold design in block colours, as their clothing must stand out from the stage. Performers performing in a group wear kimono identical to one another, with the bold designs creating visual unity between performers. Related garments and accessories [ edit ] Main article: List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Though the kimono is the national dress of Japan, it has never been the sole item of clothing worn throughout Japan; even before the introduction of Western dress to Japan, many different styles of dress were worn, such as the attus of the Ainu people (/wiki/Ainu_people) and the ryusou of the Ryukyuan people. Though similar to the kimono, these garments are distinguishable by their separate cultural heritage, and are not considered to be simply 'variations' of kimono such as the clothing worn by the working class is considered to be. Some related garments still worn today were the contemporary clothing of previous time periods, and have survived on in an official and/or ceremonial capacity, worn only on certain occasions by certain people. There are a number of accessories that can be worn with the kimono, and these vary by occasion and use. Some are ceremonial, or worn only for special occasions, whereas others are part of dressing in kimono and are used in a more practical sense. Both geisha (/wiki/Geisha#Appearance) and maiko (/wiki/Maiko#Appearance) wear variations on common accessories that are not found in everyday dress. As an extension of this, many practitioners of Japanese traditional dance (/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance) wear similar kimono and accessories to geisha and maiko . For certain traditional holidays and occasions some specific types of kimono accessories are worn. For instance, okobo (/wiki/Okobo) , also known as pokkuri , are worn by girls for shichi-go-san (/wiki/Shichi-go-san) , alongside brightly coloured furisode . Okobo are also worn by young women on seijin no hi (/wiki/Seijin_no_hi) (Coming of Age Day). Layering [ edit ] Pre-WW2, kimono were commonly worn layered, with three being the standard number of layers worn over the top of undergarments. The layered kimono underneath were known as dōnuki , and were often a patchwork of older or unwearable kimono taken apart for their fabric. Specifically-designed matching sets of formal layered kimono were known as o-tsui , and generally featured the same design presented on different background colours, such as white (innermost), red (middle layer) and black (outermost). [22] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-23) : 42 The innermost layers, known as shitagi , typically featured the plainest decorative techniques, such as dyework only, and the successive outer layers would feature techniques such as embroidery and couched gold thread, with the outermost layer – known as the uwagi – displaying the most extensive decoration. [22] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-23) : 45 These matching sets would be designed and created together, commonly as part of a bride's outfit for a wedding. Extant intact sets of o-tsui kimono are difficult to find, particularly in good condition, with the innermost kimono typically damaged and in poor condition. [22] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-23) : 46 In modern Japan, at least one layer is typically worn next to the skin when wearing kimono. Traditionally, this would be the hadagi or hadajuban , a tube-sleeved, wrapped-front garment considered to be underwear, though in the modern day, regular underwear is sometimes worn instead, and a traditional hadajuban is not considered strictly necessary. A hadajuban is typically made of something more washable than silk, such as cotton, hemp, linen or some synthetic fibres. For all forms of kimono except the yukata (excluding high-quality yukata dressed up as komon ), a nagajuban ( lit. ' long juban ' ) , often known and referred to as a juban , is worn over the top of any underwear. The juban resembles a kimono made of a lighter, thinner fabric, not uncommonly constructed without an okumi panel at the front, and often has a collar cover known as a han'eri sewn over its collar. The han'eri , which is visible at the neckline when worn underneath a kimono, is designed to be replaced and washed when needed. [38] (#cite_note-mochi_juban-39) In modern-day Japan, layered kimono are generally only seen on the stage, whether for classical dances or in kabuki. A false second layer called a hiyoku ( 比翼 , "second wing") may be attached instead of an entirely separate kimono to achieve this look; the hiyoku resembles the lower half of a kimono's lining which, and is sewn to the kimono horizontally along the back. A hiyoku may have a false collar attached to it, or a matching false collar sewn to the kimono separately, creating the illusion of a layered kimono at the neckline; separate false sleeve cuffs may also be sewn into the kimono to create this effect. Kimono featuring hiyoku can be seen in some kabuki performances such as Fuji Musume (/wiki/Fuji_Musume) , where the kimono is worn with the okumi flipped back slightly underneath the obi to expose the design on the hiyoku . The hiyoku can also be seen on some bridal kimono. Care [ edit ] How to fold a kimono In the past, a kimono would often be entirely taken apart for washing, and then re-sewn for wearing. [24] (#cite_note-Dalby_Geisha-25) This traditional washing method involves two steps: taking the kimono apart and washing each piece ( toki arai ) and then stretching each piece of a kimono onto a board to dry after they have been washed and starched ( arai hari ). [61] (#cite_note-64) Because the stitches must be taken out for washing, traditional kimono need to be hand sewn. The process of traditionally washing kimono is very expensive and difficult and is one of the causes of the declining popularity [ citation needed ] of kimono. Modern fabrics and cleaning methods have been developed that eliminate this need, although the traditional washing of kimono is still practiced, especially for high-end garments. New, custom-made kimono are generally delivered to a customer with long, loose basting (/wiki/Tack_(sewing)) stitches placed around the outside edges. These stitches are called shitsuke ito (not to be confused with kazari jitsuke , the small white prickstitching seen along the collar of kurotomesode ). They are sometimes replaced for storage. They help to prevent bunching, folding and wrinkling, and keep the kimono's layers in alignment. Like many other traditional Japanese garments, there are specific ways to fold kimono. These methods help to preserve the garment and to keep it from creasing when stored. Kimono are often stored wrapped in acid-free paper envelopes known as tatōshi . Kimono need to be aired out (/wiki/Airing_(air_circulation)) at least seasonally and before and after each time they are worn. Many people prefer to have their kimono dry cleaned (/wiki/Dry_cleaning) . Although this can be extremely expensive, it is generally less expensive than the traditional method of taking a kimono apart to clean it. This may, however, be impossible for certain fabrics or dyes. Sanchi , Kimono Production Regions [ edit ] Kimono are produced in different regions all over Japan. Locations known for making kimono are often called Sanchi . Many of these regional variations still exist today and are recognized as meibutsu (/wiki/Meibutsu) , famous products of their place of origin. Name Kanji (/wiki/Kanji) Location Notes Example image Kumejima-tsumugi (/wiki/Kumejima-tsumugi) 久米島紬 Kumejima, Okinawa (/wiki/Kumejima,_Okinawa) Miyako Jofu (/wiki/Miyako_Jofu) 宮古上布 Miyako, Okinawa (/wiki/Miyako,_Okinawa) Oitama 置賜 Yamagata Including: Benibana tsumugi Heiyōgasuri Itajime kogasuri Kusakizome tsumugi Shirataka itajime kogasuri Yokosogasuri Shiozawa tsumugi 塩沢島紬 Shiozawa, Niigata (/wiki/Shiozawa,_Niigata) Kurume-Gasuri 久留米絣 Kurume, Fukuoka (/wiki/Kurume,_Fukuoka) Cotton Kimono known for often hand woven kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Ushikubi tsumugi 牛首紬 Hakusan, Ishikawa (/wiki/Hakusan,_Ishikawa) Yūki-tsumugi (/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi) 結城紬 Yūki, Ibaraki (/wiki/Y%C5%ABki,_Ibaraki) Yūki-tsumugi (/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi) kimono are often made with thread spun by hand. It can take up to three months to make enough thread for one kimono by an experienced weaver. [62] (#cite_note-65) Ōshima-tsumugi (/wiki/%C5%8Cshima-tsumugi) 大島紬 Amami Ōshima (/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima) Ōshima Tsumugi kimono are dyed with mud and dyed from the bark of Sharinbai Tree creating a deep black color. Mud dyed kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) threads are hand woven together to create patterns. [63] (#cite_note-66) Outside of Japan [ edit ] Kimono are worn outside of Japan in a variety of circumstances. Kimono may be worn to Shinto ceremonies by Brazilian girls of Japanese descent (/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians) in Curitiba (/wiki/Curitiba) , in the Brazilian state of Paraná (/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)) . [ citation needed ] Kimono are also worn by Japanese Americans (/wiki/Japanese_Americans) , and by other members of the Japanese diaspora (/wiki/Japanese_diaspora) overseas, such as Japanese Filipinos in the Philippines (see Japanese in the Philippines (/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines) ). Kimono are collected in the same way as Japanese hobbyists by some non-Japanese, and may be worn to events such as Kimono de Jack gatherings. [20] (#cite_note-Valk-21) [ page needed ] See also [ edit ] Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Sokutai (/wiki/Sokutai) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) The term kimono comes from the verb ' to wear (on the shoulders) ' ( 着る (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E3%82%8B) , kiru ) , and the noun ' thing ' ( 物 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9) , mono ) . [1] (#cite_note-Dalby_Fashioning_Culture-1) Though 'kimonos' is technically an acceptable plural for the term kimono in English, Japanese has no conventions of adding an -s suffix to denote plurality in transliterated words; thus, most sources in English use kimono as both singular and plural. ^ (#cite_ref-51) Rough crêpe fabrics are not used for iromuji , whereas smooth crêpe fabrics are. ^ (#cite_ref-63) Video reference showing Atami geisha Kyouma being dressed in hikizuri – the second video shows the difference between ohashori length at the front and back, showing how it is tied into the obi so as to be not visible. [60] (#cite_note-62) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Dalby, Liza (1993). Kimono: Fashioning Culture (1st ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780099428992 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Spacey, John. "5 Embarrassing Kimono Mistakes" (https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/kimono-mistakes) . japan-talk.com . Japan Talk . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About the size of tanmono (a roll of kimono cloth)" (https://archive.today/20200704203011/https://hirotatsumugi.jp/blogen/post-5579) . hirotatsumugi.jp . Hirota Tsumugi. Archived from the original (https://hirotatsumugi.jp/blogen/post-5579) on 4 July 2020 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sharnoff_5-0) Sharnoff, Lora (1993). Grand Sumo: The Living Sport and Tradition . Weatherhill. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8348-0283-X . ^ (#cite_ref-Jill_6-0) Liddell, Jill (1989). The Story of the Kimono . E.P. Dutton. p. 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0525245742 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Elizabeth LaCouture, Journal of Design History, Vol. 30, Issue 3, 1 September 2017, Pages 300–314 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wada_8-0) Wada, Yoshiko Iwamoto; Rice, Mary Kellogg; Barton, Jane (2011). Shibori: The Inventive Art of Japanese Shaped Resist Dyeing (3rd ed.). New York: Kodansha USA, Inc. pp. 11–13. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56836-396-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.) (1996). The kimono inspiration : art and art-to-wear in America . Rebecca A. T. Stevens, Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada, Textile Museum (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Pomegranate. p. 132. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87654-897-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 33947597 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33947597) . ^ Jump up to: a b Stevens, Rebecca A. T.; Wada, Yoshiko Iwamoto (1996). The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America (first ed.). Washington DC, San Francisco: The Textile Museum, Pomegranate Artbooks. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87654-897-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 33947597 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33947597) . ^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, Krista (14 December 2015). "Dress like an aristocrat from the Nara period at new costume rental shop in Nara【Photos】" (https://soranews24.com/2015/12/14/dress-like-an-aristocrat-from-the-nara-period-at-new-costume-rental-shop-in-nara%E3%80%90photos%E3%80%91/) . SoraNews24 -Japan News- . Retrieved 16 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-raiment_12-0) Rybalko, Svitlana (June 2012). "JAPANESE TRADITIONAL RAIMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGENT CULTURAL PARADIGMS" (https://www.academia.edu/3435310) . Cogito (2066-7094, Humanities Source, EBSCO (Host) . 4 (2): 112–123 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Arts of Edo Japan" (https://education.asianart.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/12/Arts-of-Edo.pdf) (PDF) . Asian Art Museum . 18 March 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-14) 平安時代の貴族の服装 (https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/clip.cgi?das_id=D0005310767_00000) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210819153341/https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/clip.cgi?das_id=D0005310767_00000) 19 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) NHK (/wiki/NHK) for school ^ (#cite_ref-Fgarments_15-0) Badgley, Joshua L. "Women's Garments" (https://sengokudaimyo.com/garb/womens-garments) . Sengoku Daimyo . ^ Jump up to: a b Badgley, Joshua L. "Women's Outfits" (https://sengokudaimyo.com/garb/womens-outfits) . Sengoku Daimyo . ^ (#cite_ref-Bardo_17-0) Fassbender, Bardo; Peters, Anne; Peter, Simone; Högger, Daniel (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 477. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0198725220 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Genroku period | Edo culture, Ukiyo-e art & Kabuki theater | Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/event/Genroku-period) . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 4 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ishimura Hayao et al. Robes of Elegance: Japanese Kimonos of the 16th-20th Centuries . North Carolina Museum of Art (/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art) (1988), p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-88259-955-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88259-955-0) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) 町人のきもの 1 寛文～江戸中期までの着物 (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fiber/64/7/64_7_P_242/_pdf) Mami Baba. Sen'i gakkaishi vol.64 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Valk, Julie (2018). "Survival or Success? The Kimono Retail Industry in Contemporary Japan" (https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80d0a41f-fdf0-41a8-a7cd-16c3b1f07845/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Thesis%2BJulie%2BValk%2B%2528dissemination%2529.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis) (D.Phil thesis) . University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) . Retrieved 24 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) 更新日：2010年11月25日. "戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080616143836/http://www.ndl.go.jp/horei_jp/kakugi/txt/txt00477.htm) . Ndl.go.jp. Archived from the original (http://www.ndl.go.jp/horei_jp/kakugi/txt/txt00477.htm) on 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dees, Jan (2009). Taisho Kimono: Speaking of Past and Present (1st ed.). Milano, Italy: Skira Editore S.p.A. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-572-0011-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian2019-07-01_24-0) Ho, Vivian (1 July 2019). "#KimOhNo: Kim Kardashian West renames Kimono brand amid outcry" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jul/01/our-traditional-garment-is-not-spandex-kim-kardashian-west-renames-brand-amid-outcry) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0099286387 . ^ (#cite_ref-kimono5_26-0) Miyoshi, Yurika. "季節の着物" (https://archive.today/20130812094124/http://kimono5.jp/kimono-of-seasons.html) . kimono5.jp (in Japanese). スリーネクスト (株). Archived from the original (http://kimono5.jp/kimono-of-seasons.html) on 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kimono Seasonal Motifs, Colors and Flowers: Finished!" (https://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/09/kimono-seasonal-motifs-colors-and.html) . thekimonolady.blogspot.com . 30 September 2013. Archived (https://archive.today/20200702211008/https://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/09/kimono-seasonal-motifs-colors-and.html) from the original on 2 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 . (Translated from the original Japanese: 茶席 の きもの を 学ぶ: 季節 ごと の 装い [Learning Kimono for Tea Ceremony: Dressing for each season] (in Japanese). Archived from the original (http://wabiji.web.fc2.com/learn/1.htm) on 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . ) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Daijisen Dictionary . Shogakukan. "呉服 Gofuku, Kure-hatori" 1. A general term for kimono textiles, a bolt of fabric 2. The name of silk fabrics as opposed to Futomono 3. A twill woven with the method from the country of Go in ancient China, Kurehatori (literally translates as a weave of Kure) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Tanaka, Atsuko (2012). きもの自分流入門 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. p. 82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9784093108041 . ^ (#cite_ref-simple_30-0) Joseph, Lisa A. "Kosode: a Japanese garment for the SCA period" (http://www.wodefordhall.com/page4.html) . www.wodefordhall.com . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-boronobi_31-0) Wada, Yoshiko (1 January 2004). Boro no Bi : Beauty in Humility—Repaired Cotton Rags of Old Japan . Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings . ^ Jump up to: a b Victoria and Albert Museum. Department of Textiles; Smith, A. D. Howell; Koop, Albert J. (Albert James) (1919–1920). Guide to the Japanese textiles: Costume . Vol. 2. Translated by Inada, Hogitaro. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Printed under the authority of H. M. Stationery Office. (translator did not translate the full book text, but from the acknowledgements of vol 1 it sounds as if some of his translations might be incorporated into the work. Volume 1 came out in 1919, volume 2 in 1920. Note the work is in the public domain, therefore the fulltext (/wiki/File:Guide_to_Japanese_Textiles,_Part_II.pdf) is not copyright) ^ (#cite_ref-33) "男のきもの大全" (http://www.kimono-taizen.com/) . Kimono-taizen.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sawada, Kazuto (9 May 2014). "Furisode and teenage boys" (https://archive.today/20140509012219/http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/english/publication/rekihaku/137witness.html) . Bimonthly Magazine REKIHAKU . 137 A Witness to History. National Museum of Japanese History. Archived from the original (http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/english/publication/rekihaku/137witness.html) on 9 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Komon kimono" (https://kimonomochi.jimdofree.com/komon/) . Kimono mochi: kimono collection . [for some reason the author used this abstract as the HTML title, so I've preserved it in the citation]The lowly komon kimono is the workhorse of the kimono wardrobe, worn for trips to town, to friends houses, in any situation which is outside of the home but informal. Despite their name, which means 'small design', komon can have large or small imagery, and the repeat can be staggered widely. painted, closely stencilled, woven, Printed, striped, spotted, shibori, silk, jinken, modern polyester--if it's a repetitive design, short-sleeved, and without kamon, then it's a komon. ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Kimono Seasonal Motifs, Flowers, and Colors: May" (http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/04/kimono-seasonal-motifs-flowers-and_30.html?m=1) . thekimonolady.blogspot.com . 13 April 2013. Archived (https://archive.today/20200703112215/http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/04/kimono-seasonal-motifs-flowers-and_30.html?m=1) from the original on 3 July 2020 . Retrieved 3 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Costume History in Japan - The Kamakura Period" (http://www.iz2.or.jp/english/fukusyoku/busou/index.htm) . iz2.or.jp . The Costume Museum . Retrieved 13 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Watson, William, ed. (1981). The Great Japan Exhibition: Art of the Edo Period 1600-1868 . London: Royal Academy of Arts. pp. 222–229. [A number of visual examples of Edo-period kosode , with a variety of sleeve lengths and proportions showing the variation in style and shape throughout the era.] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Juban" (https://kimonomochi.jimdofree.com/juban/) . Kimonomochi: kimono collection . [for some reason the author used this abstract as the HTML title, so I've preserved it in the citation] Juban covers a wide range of undergarments which are worn between the silk kimono and the skin, to protect the delicate, expensive and often unwashable kimono from sweat and skin oils. Juban worn next to the skin are generally described as hadagi or hadajuban and need to be washable, so are cotton, hemp, linen or, more recently, synthetic fibers. Nagajuban are the outer layer of kimono underwear, and can be silk or synthetic, lined (awase) or unlined (hitoe). In summer, one can lessen the layers or just wear a han-juban (literally half-juban) with no susoyoke (skirt). The only part of a juban which is seen after dressing is the collar, which is removable so that a clean matching collar can be replaced at short notice. collars (eri) are a separate area, with many types, fabrics and levels of intracacy. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Furisode" (https://kimonomochi.jimdofree.com/) . Kimono Mochi: private kimono collection photographs and text . Retrieved 31 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Coline, Youandi (26 October 2018). "Women's vs Men's kimono" (https://chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com/2018/10/26/womens-vs-mens-kimono/) . chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com . Chayatsuji Kimono . Retrieved 13 June 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Furisode vs. Tomesode The Kimono Lady" (http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2010/01/furisode-vs-tomesode.html) . The Kimono Lady . 24 January 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Introduction Of Furisode, With Obi And Kimono Accessories | かふぇきもの Cafekimono" (https://cafe-kimono.com/en/introduction-of-furisode-with-obi-and-accessories/) . cafe-kimono.com . 13 February 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b "Main Kimono Types (general info)" (https://mai-ko.com/travel/culture-in-japan/kimono/main-kimono-types-general-info/) . Tea Ceremony Japan Experiences MAIKOYA . 28 October 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-45) "How to buy a kimono in Japan" (https://jobsinjapan.com/japan-faq/how-to-buy-a-kimono-in-japan/) . Jobs in Japan . 25 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cliffe_46-0) Cliffe, Sheila (23 March 2017). The Social Life of Kimono (1st ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4725-8553-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Tsuruoka, Hiroyuki. "The unspoiled market found by the lost office workers" (http://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/40138) . Japan Business Press (in Japanese) . Retrieved 14 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-restoration_48-0) Fukatsu-Fukuoka, Yuko (2004). "The Evolution of (https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=tsaconf) Yuzen -dyeing Techniques and Designs after the Meiji Restoration" (https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=tsaconf) . Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings (475). DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231007161552/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=tsaconf) from the original on 7 October 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Tomosode" (https://kimonomochi.jimdofree.com/tomesode/) . Kimonomochi: kimono collection . [for some reason the author used this abstract as the HTML title, so I've preserved it in the citation] On this page are some of my tomesode. Most are black-background kuro-tomesode, but there is the odd iro-tomesode (coloured tomesode) too. In the list of formality, tomesode rank to the top, becoming more formal the higher the number of kamon (small family emblems to the center back, each sleeve back, and each chest side to the front). Iro-tomesode may be worn by both married and unmarried women, though kuro-tomesode are exclusively worn by married women. in days past, the closer the design was to the hemline and the more muted the colours, the older the wearer (Wearing a tomesode that was too bright or too effusive in design was the equivalent of 'mutton dressed as lamb', and very definitely not iki!). Thus it was possible to read a lot of information from a wearer's kimono (age, family, status, children) without ever having spoken to them, saving faux-pas and so all-important face! ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mimi. "Male article: Type and difference of kimono" (https://mangadejapan.com/articles/detail/1010) . Manga de Japan . Manga Designers Lab . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kimono Seasonal Flowers, Motifs, and More: June" (http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2012/12/kimono-seasonal-flowers-motifs-and-more.html?m=1) . thekimonolady.blogspot.com . 16 October 2012. Archived (https://archive.today/20220105221053/http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2012/12/kimono-seasonal-flowers-motifs-and-more.html?m=1) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . (Translated from the original Japanese: 茶席 の きもの を 学ぶ: 季節 ごと の 装い [Learning Kimono for Tea Ceremony: Dressing for each season] (in Japanese). Archived from the original (http://wabiji.web.fc2.com/learn/1.htm) on 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . ) ^ (#cite_ref-july_kimono_lady_53-0) "Kimono Seasonal Flowers, Motifs, and Colors: July" (http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/01/kimono-seasonal-flowers-motifs-and.html?m=1) . 19 January 2013. Archived (https://archive.today/20220105221611/http://thekimonolady.blogspot.com/2013/01/kimono-seasonal-flowers-motifs-and.html?m=1) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . (Translated from the original Japanese: 茶席 の きもの を 学ぶ: 季節 ごと の 装い [Learning Kimono for Tea Ceremony: Dressing for each season] (in Japanese). Archived from the original (http://wabiji.web.fc2.com/learn/1.htm) on 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . ) ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Mon and Kamon" (https://wafuku.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/mon-kamon-%E2%80%93-japanese-emblem-crests-%E2%80%93-vintage-antique-japanese-kimonos/) . wafuku.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Beni_itajime_55-0) Arai, Masanao; Iwamoto Wada, Yoshiko (2010). "BENI ITAJIME: CARVED BOARD CLAMP RESIST DYEING IN RED" (https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=tsaconf) (PDF) . Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings . University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211102105415/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=tsaconf) from the original on 2 November 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-56) https://kimonoya3daime.hatenadiary.org/entry/20100207/1265518918 (https://kimonoya3daime.hatenadiary.org/entry/20100207/1265518918) ^ (#cite_ref-57) https://www.motoji.co.jp/blogs/artists-origins/oshima-tsumugi (https://www.motoji.co.jp/blogs/artists-origins/oshima-tsumugi) ^ (#cite_ref-58) Okamura, Mayumi. "Edokomon - Kimono" (http://project-japan.jp/edo-komon-kimono/) . project-japan.jp . Project Japan . Retrieved 5 August 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Coline, Youandi (2 August 2019). "Formality Series: Tsukesage" (https://chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com/2019/08/02/formality-series-tsukesage/) . chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com . Chayatsuji Kimono . Retrieved 20 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-tim_60-0) Tim (5 October 2020). "Varianten des Kimono: Furisode, Tomesode, Hōmongi & Co" (https://timnotabi.de/varianten-des-kimono-furisode-tomesode-homongi-co/) . Tim no Tabi (in German). ^ (#cite_ref-61) Coline, Youandi (June 2018). "Are kimono and hikizuri the same?" (https://chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com/2018/06/01/are-kimono-and-hikizuri-the-same/) . Chayatsuji Kimono . Retrieved 14 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "[Video from Atami Geigi Kenban on Instagram]" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BrPk7R-Apeh) (in Japanese). 11 December 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BrPk7R-Apeh/) on 26 December 2021 . Retrieved 14 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) 【完全解説】自宅で着物を洗い張りしてみた (video) (in Japanese). さとしの和ちゃんねる. 13 August 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230408102425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PxdY317o7U) from the original on 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 8 April 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-65) https://kogeijapan.com/locale/en_US/yukitsumugi/ (https://kogeijapan.com/locale/en_US/yukitsumugi/) ^ (#cite_ref-66) http://www.tumugi.co.jp/english/index.html (http://www.tumugi.co.jp/english/index.html) External links [ edit ] Listen to this article ( 27 minutes ) Duration: 27 minutes and 12 seconds. 27:12 This audio file (/wiki/File:Kimono.ogg) was created from a revision of this article dated 19 February 2009 ( 2009-02-19 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help (/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) · More spoken articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles) ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to kimono (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kimono) . Look up kimono (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/kimono) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kimono buying guide (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kimono_buying_guide#Q483444) . Articles on contemporary kimono artisans and production regions by Ginza Motoji (https://www.motoji.co.jp/pages/english) The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Archive of the exhibition "The Landscape Kimonos of Itchiku Kubota" (http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cultur/kimonos/kimoneng.shtml) The Kyoto Costume Museum - Costume History in Japan (http://www.iz2.or.jp/english/) Archived link to the Immortal Geisha Forums; comprehensive resource on kimono knowledge and culture (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324224115/http://immortalgeisha.com/ig_bb/) Articles on kimono from the V&A Collection (http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/k/kimono/) Articles on kimono (https://hirotatsumugi.jp/en/) v t e Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Traditional Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) Haori (/wiki/Haori) 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(/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960158p) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960158p) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4249579-9) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543570205171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072356) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574112) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph710321&CON_LNG=ENG) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Japan 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Singaporean fashion label Ong Shunmugam Industry Fashion Founded 2010 Founder Priscilla Shunmugam (/wiki/Priscilla_Shunmugam) Headquarters Singapore Products Womenswear Website www.ongshunmugam.com (http://www.ongshunmugam.com) Ong Shunmugam is a Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) -based contemporary womenswear (/wiki/Womenswear) label founded by designer Priscilla Shunmugam (/wiki/Priscilla_Shunmugam) . It is designed and made across Asia (/wiki/Asia) and offers ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) ranges and bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) designs. Known for its innovative take on the cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) [1] (#cite_note-1) and integrating traditional textiles and Asian-inspired designs in its collections, [2] (#cite_note-2) Ong Shunmugam has been described as being "a thoughtful reinterpretation of traditional Asian (/wiki/Asia) ethnic wear... designed for an intelligent woman". [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] In December 2010, Ong Shunmugam launched with its first ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collection Orientalism , and in September 2011, debuted its first cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) collection Guardianship . The label's first permanent shop space, Atelier Ong Shunmugam, officially opened its doors in November 2011 in Raffles Place (/wiki/Raffles_Place) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Prior to this, Ong Shunmugam retailed exclusively through its online store or by appointment only. In March 2012, the label collaborated with the National Museum of Singapore (/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)) for the In The Mood For Cheongsam exhibition, [5] (#cite_note-5) where Ong Shunmugam became the first womenswear label to retail at the museum. In addition to a showcase of the Guardianship collection at the exhibition's opening night fundraiser, designer Priscilla Shunmugam (/wiki/Priscilla_Shunmugam) and Guardianship cheongsams (/wiki/Cheongsam) were also featured in the museum-produced book of the same name. [6] (#cite_note-6) In August 2012, the label launched its third collection Prints Charming , which received numerous positive press reviews and extensive media coverage in The Business Times Singapore (/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)) , Elle Magazine Singapore, The Straits Times (/wiki/The_Straits_Times) Urban, Her World Plus (/wiki/Her_World_Plus) [7] (#cite_note-7) and Juice Magazine Singapore. Ong Shunmugam was one of only two Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) labels selected by the platform Future Fashion Now to show its Spring/Summer’13 collection at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) in October 2012. [8] (#cite_note-8) It was also awarded Breakthrough Local Label by Cleo Magazine Singapore (/wiki/Cleo_(magazine)) at its 2012 Cleo Fashion Awards and designer Priscilla Shunmugam (/wiki/Priscilla_Shunmugam) was named Designer of the Year at the 2012 Elle Awards in Singapore. [9] (#cite_note-9) In December 2013, Ong Shunmugam won the Grand Award at the Design For Asia Awards 2013. [10] (#cite_note-10) It was one of five Singaporean labels selected to have solo shows at the Audi Fashion Festival 2014. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2017, the designer dedicated her ninth ready-to-wear collection to Malay women’s clothing, bringing her contemporary twist to traditional outfits like the Baju Kurung and the Kebaya. “This is our way of continuing to take the stand that we have intuitively held: that fashion design should be inclusive, that it can and should be thinking of all women, all skin tones, all faiths,” she said. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2019, Ong Shunmugam introduced its homeware line, Suvarnabumi, which includes porcelain tableware. [13] (#cite_note-13) Collections [ edit ] Orientalism , Dec 2010 Guardianship , Sep 2011 Prints Charming , Aug 2012 Spring/Summer 2013 , January 2013 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Q, Suzy. "Singapore high fashion moves away from shopping malls" (http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/shop/10-cool-stores-check-out-singapore-162251) . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hong, Xinying. "Ong Shunmugam does mixed-print cheongsam for Spring Summer 2013" (http://www.herworldplus.com/shopping/updates/ong-shunmugam-does-mixed-print-cheongsam-spring-summer-2013) . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Tan, Julianne. "Dreams Woven From Lace & Batik" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120622224935/http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) . Archived from the original (http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) on 2012-06-22 . Retrieved 2013-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ong Shunmugam opening first flagship" (https://insideretail.sg/2016/06/15/ong-shunmugam-opening-first-flagship/) . Retrieved 28 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "In the Mood for Cheongsam: Modernity & Singapore Women" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121205144549/http://www.nationalmuseum.sg/ExhibitionDetail.aspx?id=67&cat=2) . National Museum of Singapore. Archived from the original (http://www.nationalmuseum.sg/exhibitiondetail.aspx?id=67&cat=2) on 2012-12-05 . Retrieved 2012-11-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lee, Chor Lin; Chung, May Khuen (2012). In The Mood For Cheongsam: A Social History . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9814260923 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bruce, Niki (22 January 2023). "Charming prints from Singapore label Ong Shunmugam" (http://www.herworldplus.com/shopping/updates/shopping-updates-charming-prints-singapore-label-ong-shunmugam) . Her World Plus. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Tan, Teck Heng. "Courting the international audience" (http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/archive/saturday/lifestyle/shopping/courting-international-audience-20120818) . The Business Times Lifestyle. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Celebrities and fashion mavens honoured at ELLE Awards 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075956/http://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/elle/elle-awards-2012/celebrities-and-fashion-mavens-honoured-at-elle-awards-2012) . Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/elle/elle-awards-2012/celebrities-and-fashion-mavens-honoured-at-elle-awards-2012) on 2014-04-07 . Retrieved 2013-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Ong Shunmugam's worthwhile fashion experiment" (http://www.thestar.com.my/Lifestyle/Women/Fashion/2014/02/12/Ong-Shunmugams-worthwhile-fashion-experiment/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Local lovin' at Audi Fashion Festival 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062948/http://stylplus.insing.com/feature/local-lovin-at-audi-fashion-festival-2014/id-663c3101) . Archived from the original (http://stylplus.insing.com/feature/local-lovin-at-audi-fashion-festival-2014/id-663c3101) on 2014-04-07 . Retrieved 2014-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (April 2017), Ong Shunmugam's Twist on Malay Heritage (https://couturenotebook.com/couture-news/ong-shunmugam-malay-womenswear-collection-launch-2017) , Couturenotebook.com ^ (#cite_ref-13) "New homewares in Singapore: Ong Shunmugam introduces Suvarnabumi, a Southeast Asian-inspired line" (https://www.buro247.sg/culture/art-and-design/new-homewares-in-singapore-ong-shunmugam-introduces-suvarnabhumi-a-southeast-asian-inspired-line-that-includes-porcelain-tableware.html) . BURO . Retrieved 2020-10-05 . External links [ edit ] Ong Shunmugam website (http://www.ongshunmugam.com) Future Fashion Now website (https://web.archive.org/web/20121208121247/http://futurefashionnow.com/index.php/main/designer/29) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐fmbqb Cached time: 20240715053340 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.272 seconds Real time usage: 0.366 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1542/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24220/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 784/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45903/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.180/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5569306/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 345.819 1 -total 43.16% 149.251 1 Template:Reflist 35.30% 122.089 11 Template:Cite_web 26.39% 91.275 1 Template:Short_description 23.80% 82.312 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.98% 72.568 1 Template:Infobox 12.47% 43.110 2 Template:Pagetype 10.76% 37.222 6 Template:Main_other 9.98% 34.513 1 Template:SDcat 4.91% 16.993 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37576249-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715053340 and revision id 1160686588. 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