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Glasses lacking lenses, worn for fashion A woman wearing lensless glasses Lensless glasses are glasses (/wiki/Glasses) that lack lenses (/wiki/Lens_(optics)) . They are worn solely for aesthetic or fashion purposes, having no function in vision correction (/wiki/Corrective_lens) or eye protection (/wiki/Eye_protection) . The frames are usually oversized, and commonly all black in color. They may be worn in conjunction with contact lenses (/wiki/Contact_lens) . Advantages of lensless glasses are that they do not fog or reflect, and there is no lens that will touch long eyelashes (/wiki/Eyelashes) and eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Lensless glasses first became popular in Japan (/wiki/Japan) in the 1990s. The trend died out, but has resurged recently in China (/wiki/China) and Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) . [ citation needed ] Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Martin_Margiela) released gold frames that are lensless and half- rimless (/wiki/Rimless_eyeglasses) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) NBA [ edit ] Many NBA (/wiki/NBA) players wear lensless glasses with thick plastic frames like horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) during post-game interviews (/wiki/Post-game_show) , geek chic (/wiki/Geek_chic) that draws comparisons to Steve Urkel (/wiki/Steve_Urkel) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-wsj-nba-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Russell Westbrook (/wiki/Russell_Westbrook) of the Oklahoma City Thunder (/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder) , known for his red frames claimed to have started the trend when he entered the league in 2008 but LeBron James (/wiki/LeBron_James) of the Miami Heat (/wiki/Miami_Heat) disagreed. [6] (#cite_note-wsj-nba-6) [10] (#cite_note-nytimes-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) James' teammate Dwyane Wade (/wiki/Dwyane_Wade) calls them "nerd glasses." [10] (#cite_note-nytimes-10) After the Heat won Game 4 of the 2012 NBA Finals (/wiki/2012_NBA_Finals) Wade took it a step farther by wearing flip-up sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Wade said he was, "paying a little homage to Dwayne Wayne tonight", referencing Kadeem Hardison (/wiki/Kadeem_Hardison) 's popular character from A Different World (/wiki/A_Different_World_(TV_series)) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Frangos, Alex (2011-11-18). "Making a Spectacle of Yourself in Frames With No Glass in Them - WSJ.com" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203699404577044020959385832) . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Laura McQuarrie. "Lensless Glasses Frames - This Decorative Eyewear is Designed to Be Worn Without Lenses (GALLERY)" (http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/decorative-eyewear) . Trendhunter.com . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Would You Wear These Lensless Glasses? | MTV Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130618040005/http://style.mtv.com/2013/06/12/lensless-glasses) . Style.mtv.com. 2013-06-12. Archived from the original (http://style.mtv.com/2013/06/12/lensless-glasses/) on June 18, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gold Half-Frame Lensless Glasses. "Maison Martin Margiela Gold Half-frame Lensless Glasses for women" (http://www.ssense.com/women/product/maison_martin_margiela/gold_half-frame_lensless_glasses/73366) . SSENSE . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Whacky NBA Playoff Fashion!" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V0330Drfkk) . YouTube . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cacciola, Scott (2012-06-14). "NBA Finals: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Russel Westbrok, James Worthy, Kurt Rambis, Horace GRant, and Other Fashion Plates of the NBA Make Specs of Themselves - WSJ.com" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303822204577466402604980564?mod=WSJ_article_MoreIn_TheA-Hed) . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Steve MarshPhotograph by Eric Ray Davidson (28 March 2013). "The NBA's Most Stylish Players" (https://www.gq.com/sports/profiles/201304/nba-fashion-style-dwyane-wade-lebron-james-russell-westbrook) . Gq.com . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Oklahoma City Thunder And Miami Heat Compete In NBA (Fashion?) Finals With Faux Glasses | MTV Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120621165533/http://style.mtv.com/2012/06/18/nba-glasses-russell-westbrook-lebron-james/) . Style.mtv.com. 2012-06-18. Archived from the original (http://style.mtv.com/2012/06/18/nba-glasses-russell-westbrook-lebron-james/) on June 21, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Russell Westbrook, Dwyane Wade and Horace Grant are all eyes on fashion – USATODAY.com" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/story/2012-06-13/dwyane-wade-russell-westbrook-glasses-playoffs/55588174/1) . Usatoday30.usatoday.com. 2012-06-13 . Retrieved 2013-10-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Spousta, Tom (2012-06-14). "N.B.A. Finals — Russell Westbrook's Nerd Glasses" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/sports/basketball/in-fashion-conscious-nba-nerd-glasses-are-the-rage.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Golliver, Ben (2012-06-13). "Russell Westbrook claims he started 'nerd glasses' trend; LeBron James disagrees" (http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/19347701/westbrook-i-started-nerd-glasses-trend) . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Wade brings back flip shades at the podium!" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MRpuyoHoOQ) . YouTube. 2012-06-20 . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Devine, Dan (2012-06-20). "Dwyane Wade wears flip-up sunglasses to post-Game 4 press conference because, at this point, whatever, man | Ball Don't Lie - Yahoo! Sports" (https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/dwyane-wade-wears-flip-sunglasses-post-game-4-150147586--nba.html;_ylt=AhwBOgsDnyqC4VyG9mS1vha8vLYF) . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2022-03-02 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lensless glasses (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lensless_glasses) . v t e Types of eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) (Eye) glasses (/wiki/Glasses) / spectacles Belay (/wiki/Belay_glasses) Bifocals (/wiki/Bifocals) Browline (/wiki/Browline_glasses) Bug-eye (/wiki/Bug-eye_glasses) Cat eye (/wiki/Cat_eye_glasses) Chicken (/wiki/Chicken_eyeglasses) GI (/wiki/GI_glasses) Groucho (/wiki/Groucho_glasses) Horn-rimmed (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) Lensless Lorgnette (/wiki/Lorgnette) Opera (/wiki/Opera_glasses) Monocle (/wiki/Monocle) Pince-nez (/wiki/Pince-nez) Pinhole (/wiki/Pinhole_glasses) Rimless (/wiki/Rimless_eyeglasses) Scissors (/wiki/Scissors-glasses) Shooting (/wiki/Shooting_glasses) Smart (/wiki/Smartglasses) Trifocals (/wiki/Trifocal_lenses) Windsor (/wiki/Windsor_glasses) X-ray (/wiki/X-ray_specs) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) Mirrored (/wiki/Mirrored_sunglasses) Solar viewer (/wiki/Solar_viewer) Shutter (/wiki/Shutter_shades) Wayfarer (/wiki/Ray-Ban_Wayfarer) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Ballistic (/wiki/Ballistic_eyewear) Dark adaptor (/wiki/Dark_adaptor_goggles) Doggles (/wiki/Doggles) Fatal Vision (/wiki/Fatal_Vision_(goggles)) Foggles (/wiki/Foggles) Night-vision (/wiki/Night-vision_device) Snow (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_goggles) Upside down (/wiki/Upside_down_goggles) Welding (/wiki/Welding_goggles) Other Blindfold (/wiki/Blindfold) Blinder (/wiki/Blinders_(poultry)) Blinker (/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)) Contact (/wiki/Contact_lens) Eyepatch (/wiki/Eyepatch) Shutter system (/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system) VR headset (/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lensless_glasses&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐j86j4 Cached time: 20240720191102 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.516 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1155/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40211/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1435/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62415/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.233/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5377001/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 468.998 1 -total 33.04% 154.970 1 Template:Reflist 26.40% 123.809 1 Template:Short_description 20.38% 95.568 4 Template:Cite_news 18.38% 86.182 1 Template:Glasses 17.59% 82.502 1 Template:Navbox 14.62% 68.562 4 Template:Main_other 14.10% 66.131 1 Template:SDcat 9.23% 43.288 2 Template:Pagetype 9.11% 42.743 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36199053-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720191102 and revision id 1231350530. 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1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) 2010s 2020s (/wiki/Category:2020s_clothing) 2030s 2040s 2050s 2060s 16th 17th 18th 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_clothing) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_clothing) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_clothing) 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th See also: Category:2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6dd4d87458‐2l5hw Cached time: 20240718190227 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.122 seconds Real time usage: 0.369 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 97/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4066/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5843/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.089/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1029869/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 281.622 1 -total 90.97% 256.193 1 Template:Navseasoncats 8.98% 25.280 1 Template:Category_see_also 2.29% 6.461 1 Template:Title_year 1.64% 4.624 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59755422-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718190227 and revision id 941830527. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. 0–9 2010 clothing (/wiki/Category:2010_clothing) ‎ (2 P) 2011 clothing (/wiki/Category:2011_clothing) ‎ (1 P) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2010s_clothing&oldid=941830527 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2010s_clothing&oldid=941830527) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2010s works (/wiki/Category:2010s_works) Clothing by decade (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_decade) 21st-century clothing (/wiki/Category:21st-century_clothing) Hidden category: Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century)
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Hemp woven in Niigata, Japan Ojiya-chijimi Ojiya-chijimi ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 小千谷縮 [1] (#cite_note-1) ) is a Hemp that is woven mainly in Ojiya, Niigata (/wiki/Ojiya,_Niigata) in Japan (/wiki/Japan) . [2] (#cite_note-2) It is a fabric using Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) (Ramie fabric). [3] (#cite_note-3) It was designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property (/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)) in 1955, and was registered as a Intangible cultural heritage (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) along with Echigo-jofu (/wiki/Echigo-jofu) in 2009. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "小千谷縮（おぢやちぢみ） - 小千谷市ホームページ" (https://www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp/site/kanko/ojiyachijimi.html) . www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "小千谷縮とは - 歴史・技法・素材 - | IONOストア" (https://ojiya-chijimi.jp/history/chijimi) . ojiya-chijimi.jp . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "小千谷縮（おぢやちぢみ） - 新潟県ホームページ" (https://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/sec/chiikishinko/1293144422887.html) . www.pref.niigata.lg.jp . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) 第２版,百科事典マイペディア,世界大百科事典内言及, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),デジタル大辞泉,事典 日本の地域ブランド・名産品,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,デジタル大辞泉プラス,精選版 日本国語大辞典,世界大百科事典. "小千谷縮とは" (https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8D%83%E8%B0%B7%E7%B8%AE-40566) . コトバンク (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) See also [ edit ] Echigo-jofu (/wiki/Echigo-jofu) This article related to the culture of Japan is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojiya-chijimi&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐hcb62 Cached time: 20240714113648 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.268 seconds Real time usage: 0.598 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 411/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14416/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 436/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21018/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.196/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14993754/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 319.490 1 -total 32.06% 102.423 1 Template:Reflist 28.59% 91.333 1 Template:Lang-ja 27.22% 86.963 4 Template:Cite_web 19.65% 62.788 1 Template:Short_description 18.86% 60.256 1 Template:Japan-culture-stub 18.33% 58.569 1 Template:Asbox 11.15% 35.615 2 Template:Pagetype 5.32% 16.989 3 Template:Main_other 4.77% 15.226 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68306927-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714113648 and revision id 1138782086. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojiya-chijimi&oldid=1138782086 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojiya-chijimi&oldid=1138782086) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japan culture stubs (/wiki/Category:Japan_culture_stubs) Culture in Niigata Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Niigata_Prefecture) Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan (/wiki/Category:Important_Intangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan) Ojiya, Niigata (/wiki/Category:Ojiya,_Niigata) Hemp (/wiki/Category:Hemp) Woven fabrics (/wiki/Category:Woven_fabrics) Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (/wiki/Category:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for events (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "GirlsAward 2014 Spring/Summer" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GirlsAward+2014+Spring%2FSummer%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) GirlsAward 2014 Spring/Summer Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Date(s) April 19, 2014 Location(s) Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan Inaugurated 2010 Founder GirlsAward executive committee Previous event 2013 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) Next event 2014 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Autumn/Winter) Attendance 34,100 [1] (#cite_note-walkerplus20140420-1) Sponsors Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)) , Tokyo Metropolitan Government (/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government) Fuji Television (/wiki/Fuji_Television) Website 2014ss (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) .girls-award (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) .com (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) /pc (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) /index (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) _201407 (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) .php (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) GirlsAward (/wiki/GirlsAward) 2014 Spring/Summer ( ガールズアワード 2014 Spring/Summer ) was a fashion and music event held on April 19, 2014, at Yoyogi National Gymnasium 1st Gymnasium (/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium) in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan. [2] (#cite_note-2) In this event, Dewi Sukarno (/wiki/Dewi_Sukarno) , known as one of the wives of the first President of Indonesia (/wiki/President_of_Indonesia) and Japanese tarento (/wiki/Tarento) , appeared as a secret guest. [3] (#cite_note-modelpress20140419-3) Funassyi (/wiki/Funassyi) , the mascot character of Funabashi (/wiki/Funabashi,_Chiba) city and Japanese cartoon character Crayon Shin-chan (/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan) appeared as a run model. [1] (#cite_note-walkerplus20140420-1) The main MCs are Japanese comedy duo Cocorico (/wiki/Cocorico_(comedy_duo)) and Fuji Television (/wiki/Fuji_Television) newscaster Mio Matsumura. [4] (#cite_note-4) Models [ edit ] Kozue Akimoto (/wiki/Kozue_Akimoto) , Sayaka Akimoto (/wiki/Sayaka_Akimoto) , Keisuke Asano, Saki Asamiya, AMO, Moe Arai, Nozomi Araki, Yuko Araki (/wiki/Yuko_Araki) , Mayuko Arisue (/wiki/Mayuko_Arisue) , Marie Iitoyo (/wiki/Marie_Iitoyo) , Nicole Ishida, Haru Izumi, Nina Itō, Hana Imai, IMALU, Mao Ueda, Arisa Urahama, Manami Enosawa, emma, Elli-Rose, Mitsuki Oishi (/wiki/Mitsuki_Oishi) , Aya Ōmasa (/wiki/Aya_%C5%8Cmasa) , Kana Oya (/wiki/Kana_Oya) , Sayaka Okada, Azusa Okamoto, Nanaka Ozawa( X21 (/wiki/X21_(band)) ), Reina Kagami, Miwako Kakei, Natsuki Katō (/wiki/Natsuki_Kat%C5%8D) , Ai Garan, CAROLINA, Mayuko Kawakita (/wiki/Mayuko_Kawakita) , Rei Kikukawa (/wiki/Rei_Kikukawa) , Reina Kizu, Coco Kinoshita, Koharu Kusumi (/wiki/Koharu_Kusumi) , Eimi Kuroda (/wiki/Eimi_Kuroda) , Kelly, Kelly Ann, Azusa Koizumi, Aya Kondō, Chihiro Kondō, Yuri Konno, Kentaro Sakaguchi (/wiki/Kentaro_Sakaguchi) , Remi Sakamoto, Yui Sakuma (/wiki/Yui_Sakuma) , Arisa Sato (/wiki/Arisa_Sato_(model)) , Kayo Satoh (/wiki/Kayo_Satoh) , Shiori Sato (/wiki/Shiori_Sato) , Satoumi, Miki Satō, Yuki Shikanuma, Serina (/wiki/Serina_(actress)) , Sen, Maryjun Takahashi (/wiki/Maryjun_Takahashi) , Yoshiaki Takahashi, Ai Takahara, Aya Takizawa, Seika Taketomi, Tina Tamashiro (/wiki/Tina_Tamashiro) , Akemi Darenogare, Megumi Chikuni, Hazuki Tsuchiya, Dawkins Erina, Reina Triendl (/wiki/Reina_Triendl) , An Nakamura, Riisa Naka (/wiki/Riisa_Naka) , Nanao (/wiki/Nanao_(model)) , Ryo Narita (/wiki/Ryo_Narita) , Yuka Nanjō, Nicole, Arisa Nishida, Yayoi Nemoto, Nanami Hashimoto (/wiki/Nanami_Hashimoto) ( Nogizaka46 (/wiki/Nogizaka46) ), Stephanie Hanon, Haruki, Ikumi Hisamatsu, Lena Fujii (/wiki/Lena_Fujii) , Sachie Futamura, Seika Furuhata (/wiki/Seika_Furuhata) , Maggy (/wiki/Maggy_(model)) , Harris Mako, Airi Matsui (/wiki/Airi_Matsui) , Marie, Arie Mizusawa, Yuka Mizuhara, Angelica Michibata (/wiki/Angelica_Michibata) , Kaoru Mitsumune (/wiki/Kaoru_Mitsumune) , Juliana Minato, Akina Minami (/wiki/Akina_Minami) , Mai Miyagi, Seira Miyazawa (/wiki/Seira_Miyazawa) , Satoko Miyata, Yōko Melody, Kōji Moriya, Alissa Yagi (/wiki/Alissa_Yagi) , Misako Yasuda (/wiki/Misako_Yasuda) , Tomoya Yamaguchi, Hirona Yamazaki (/wiki/Hirona_Yamazaki) , Yamada James Takeshi, Yu Yamada (/wiki/Yu_Yamada) , Mizuki Yamamoto (/wiki/Mizuki_Yamamoto) , Yūki Yamamoto, Sayo Yoshida, Natsumi Yoshida, Miyu Yoshimoto (/wiki/Miyu_Yoshimoto) (X21), Youn-a (/wiki/Youn-a) , Loveli (/wiki/Loveli) , Ayano Wakayama(X21) [5] (#cite_note-modelpress20140418-5) Artists [ edit ] Kyary Pamyu Pamyu (/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu) , Ayame Goriki (/wiki/Ayame_Goriki) , Silent Siren, The Second from Exile (/wiki/Exile_The_Second) , CTS, Super Junior Donghae & Eunhyuk, Chay, Flower (/wiki/Flower_(Japanese_band)) , m-flo (/wiki/M-flo) (VerbalL&☆Taku) X21 (/wiki/X21_(band)) , Yu-A, Yume Miru Adolescence [5] (#cite_note-modelpress20140418-5) Guests [ edit ] Ai Haruna (/wiki/Ai_Haruna) , Funassyi (/wiki/Funassyi) , [5] (#cite_note-modelpress20140418-5) Dewi Sukarno (/wiki/Dewi_Sukarno) , [3] (#cite_note-modelpress20140419-3) Nozomi Sasaki (/wiki/Nozomi_Sasaki_(model)) , Crayon Shin-chan (/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan) , Masami Nagasawa (/wiki/Masami_Nagasawa) , Toshihiko Tahara (/wiki/Toshihiko_Tahara) [1] (#cite_note-walkerplus20140420-1) Brands [ edit ] American eagle Outfitters, Ank Rouge, Azul by moussy, Be Radiance, Bershka, Cecil McBee, Dazzlin, Dickies, Emoda, Evris, Fig & Viper, Forever 21, Galsia Markez, Global Work, Guild Prime, Heather, Loco Boutique, Loveless, Lowry's Farm, Mita, Million Carats, Moussy, Muse Muse, Nomine, Old navy, Rodeo Crowns, Royal Party, Sly, Smaddy, Spinns, Spiralgirl, Stradivarius, Titty&Co., Ungrid, Wego. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c 「ファースト・クラス」「テラスハウス」から長澤まさみ、トシちゃんまで！"GirlsAward"が華やかに開催!! (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. 2014-04-20 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) 【GirlsAward 2014 S/S速報】山本美月、土屋巴瑞季ら、CanCamモデルが登場！ (in Japanese). Shogakukan Inc. 2014-04-19 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b デヴィ夫人、超ミニドレスで美脚披露 イケメン引き連れドレスを脱ぎ捨てる (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-04-19 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) 山田優：ミニの白ボトム姿でガールズアワード登場 (in Japanese). MANTAN Inc. 2014-04-19 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b c 「テラスハウス」屋台が登場 番組ゆかりフードをメンバーが"おもてなし" (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-04-18 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Brand ガールズアワード GirlsAward 2014 Spring/Summer Official Web (in Japanese). GirlsAward . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://2014ss.girls-award.com/pc/index_201407.php) v t e GirlsAward (/wiki/GirlsAward) Events 2009 2010 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 S/S 2014 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Autumn/Winter) 2015 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Spring/Summer) 2015 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Autumn/Winter) 2016 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Spring/Summer) 2016 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Autumn/Winter) Other fashion show Tokyo Girls Collection (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls_Collection) Kobe Collection (/wiki/Kobe_Collection) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Puzzle_ring) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Puzzle ring" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Puzzle+ring%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Puzzle+ring%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Puzzle+ring%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Puzzle+ring%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Puzzle+ring%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Puzzle+ring%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A completed puzzle ring with six bands. The same ring, broken apart into six separate rings. The rings are interlocked so as not to become misplaced. A puzzle ring is a jewelry ring (/wiki/Ring_(jewelry)) made up of multiple interconnected bands, which is a type of mechanical puzzle (/wiki/Mechanical_puzzle) most likely developed as an elaboration of the European gimmal ring (/wiki/Gimmal_ring) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The puzzle ring is also sometimes called a "Turkish wedding ring" or "harem ring." According to popular legend, the ring would be given by the husband as a wedding ring, because if the wife removed it (presumably to commit adultery), the bands of the ring would fall apart, and she would be unable to reassemble it before its absence would be noticed. [2] (#cite_note-2) However, a puzzle ring can be easily removed without the bands falling apart. In Sweden, Norway and Finland, puzzle rings are often carried by military veterans (in Norway the rings are often called the "Lebanon ring" after military people have served in the United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon UNIFIL), where the number of rings correspond to the number of tours made, starting at 4 rings for 1 tour (mostly for Sweden, not usually for Norwegian veterans). In Finland you can use the ring if you have served more than 6 months. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kunz, George Frederick (2012). Rings for the Finger . Courier Corporation. p. 219. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0486144245 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) The Ohio Review . Ohio University. 1977. p. 31. This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puzzle_ring&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐8wk6v Cached time: 20240712174457 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.260 seconds Real time usage: 0.347 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 268/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14786/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 84/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13780/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.183/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3329750/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 308.205 1 -total 39.28% 121.049 1 Template:Reflist 36.00% 110.941 1 Template:Refimprove 32.43% 99.962 2 Template:Cite_book 28.24% 87.039 1 Template:Ambox 23.54% 72.538 1 Template:Fashion-stub 22.85% 70.432 1 Template:Asbox 5.27% 16.244 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 0.71% 2.202 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1937768-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174457 and revision id 1184762940. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puzzle_ring&oldid=1184762940 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puzzle_ring&oldid=1184762940) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Mechanical puzzles (/wiki/Category:Mechanical_puzzles) Rings (jewellery) (/wiki/Category:Rings_(jewellery)) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
British shopping television channel For stations/networks with similar names, see Gem TV (/wiki/Gem_TV_(disambiguation)) . Television channel Gems TV (Gemporia) Country United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Headquarters Worcestershire (/wiki/Worcestershire) Programming Picture format 576i (/wiki/576i) ( SDTV (/wiki/SDTV) 16:9 (/wiki/16:9) ) Ownership Owner Gemporia Ltd [1] (#cite_note-1) (The Gemporia Partnership) Sister channels Jewellery Maker (/wiki/Jewellery_Maker) Shopping Quarter History Launched 8 October 2004 [2] (#cite_note-gems-2) Replaced FO Factory Outlet (Gems TV) Snatch It! (Gems TV 2) Former names Gems.tv (2004–2005) Gems TV Gold (2005) Gems TV (2005–2008) GemsTV 1 (2008–2010) Links Website www.gems.tv (http://www.gems.tv) Availability Terrestrial Freeview (/wiki/Freeview_(UK)) Channel 45 Gemporia is a British television and online retailer, licensed by Ofcom under the Gems TV name. The channel is mostly concerned with selling jewellery with a few lifestyle products from the homeware and beauty categories promoted in various slots across the schedule. [3] (#cite_note-3) The channel is available on Sky (/wiki/Sky_(UK_%26_Ireland)) , Virgin Media (/wiki/Virgin_Media) , Freesat (/wiki/Freesat) , Freeview (/wiki/Freeview_(UK)) and online. The channel operations are based at Eagle Road Studios in Redditch (/wiki/Redditch) , near Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) . As of February 2023, the channel broadcast 24 hours a day, live between the hours of 07:00-23:00 on television, via the GEMPORIA mobile app, and online at gemporia.com. The business derives from Gems TV (/wiki/Gems_TV) in Thailand. History [ edit ] Gems TV is a British reverse auction (/wiki/Reverse_auction) jewellery shopping channel, officially the first reverse auction in the UK [ citation needed ] and was known as the first British channel just to sell gemstones. [4] (#cite_note-4) Gems TV first launched at 4pm on 8 October 2004, after the channel was formed by Steve Bennett and founders of Eagle Road Studios and Thaigems. The channel replaced Factory Outlet on Sky (/wiki/Sky_(UK_%26_Ireland)) channel 663. The reverse auction format for the channel was based around Eagle Road Studios now defunct sister channel, 'Snatch It!'. The channel was an independent company until the merger of Eagle Road Studios and Thaigem, which formed 'Gems TV UK Limited'; the original founders left the company and in 2008 floated on the Singapore Stock Exchange and become a corporate company; Gems TV Holdings Limited. The channel's original purpose was to sell affordable gemstone jewellery manufactured by its production facilities in Chanthaburi (/wiki/Chanthaburi) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . To reduce costs the parent company later reduced its own manufacturing and bought in jewellery from other suppliers. On 1 February 2010, the manufacturing operations at the company's factory in Chanthaburi (/wiki/Chanthaburi) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) were closed down to reduce costs and increase profit margins. This caused many employees to be made redundant (/wiki/Redundancy_in_United_Kingdom_law) . [5] (#cite_note-GemsTV-5) Sale [ edit ] On 18 June 2010, Gems TV Holdings sold Gems TV (UK) Limited (a wholly owned subsidiary) to The Colourful Company Group Limited for £3 million. [6] (#cite_note-6) As a result of the sale, Gems TV (UK) Limited was again under the ownership of Steve Bennett, one of the original founders of the company. [7] (#cite_note-7) After the sale of Gems TV to its original management, the channel returned to sourcing gemstone jewellery. As of 2013 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gems_TV_(UK)&action=edit) , the channel was available for 24 hours a day, increased from 6am to 2am in 2012. Channels and hours [ edit ] On 21 July 2010, Gems TV began broadcasting on Fiver (/wiki/5*) again and available on Freeview (/wiki/Freeview_(UK)) , where it had ceased broadcasting on 16 June 2010 before the sale of Gems TV UK Limited to The Colourful Company Group. On 27 July 2010, Gems TV received an LCN slot on Freeview channel 43, timeshared with Quest (/wiki/Quest_(TV_channel)) on Mux A, in addition to the simulcast on Fiver. The channel extended its broadcasting hours from 8am-2am to 6am-2am. Hours were later increased to 24 hours a day, and live auctions are broadcast on Freeview 43 between 1am and 11am. On 31 October 2010, Gems TV ceased simulcasting as part of the teleshopping block on Fiver. On 20 February 2011, Gems TV began simulcasting on STV (/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)) in Scotland, under the name of Genuine Gemstone Jewellery . The teleshopping block was transmitted for 1 hour, from midnight. On 24 February 2011, Gems TV temporarily secured airtime on The Big Deal (/wiki/The_Big_Deal_(TV_channel)) which was broadcasting for 24 hours a day in post-digital switchover areas, and from 5 to 6am in pre-digital switchover areas. Broadcasting hours expanded to 24 hours in the remaining parts of the UK on 2 March 2011, when an eighth full stream was created on Mux C. The broadcasts on The Big Deal ended in April 2011. On 30 June 2011, Gems TV began broadcasting 24 hours a day on Freeview channel 43 after acquiring a new stream on Mux C. [8] (#cite_note-8) As the main Gems TV service was available to Freeview users on 5* (/wiki/5*) between 9am and 1pm through a commercial arrangement with Channel 5 (/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)) , channel 43 transmitted Jewellery Maker (/wiki/Jewellery_Maker) between 9am and 1pm and Gems TV at other times. The arrangement was later switched such that the 5* block carried Jewellery Maker and channel 43 carried Gems TV at all times. On 4 November 2020, the channel moved to channel 44 on Freeview as part of a move up where every channel from channel 24 to 54 on the platform moved up one place to allow BBC Four (/wiki/BBC_Four) to move to channel 24 in Scotland due to new Ofcom (/wiki/Ofcom) rules regarding certain PSB channels requiring greater prominence on EPGs. As of February 2023, as part of a wider business review and restructure, GEMPORIA took the decision to reduce their live broadcasting hours to 07:00-23:00 daily, playing repeats of shows from earlier in day during the hours of 23:00-07:00. Sister channels [ edit ] In addition to the service licensed as Gems TV, The Gemporia Partnership has a number of other channels: Jewellery Maker [ edit ] Main article: Jewellery Maker (/wiki/Jewellery_Maker) Jewellery Maker was the first new sister channel since Gems TV and Rocks TV merged. The channel was launched on 1 May 2010, selling jewellery-making kits at fixed prices, the first channel of its kind in the UK. As of 2013 the channel was broadcast live from 9am to 1pm and 5pm to 9pm daily, with its shows rebroadcast during its downtime. From February 2014, Jewellery Maker now has three shows a day the morning show 9am -1 pm the designer inspirations show 1pm -5 pm and the evening show 5pm-9pm, designer inspirations are repeated throughout the night from 9pm -09.00am or you can watch the shows on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) along with having a channel on the same site. In 2022, the channel is broadcast part-time on Freeview channel 71 (/wiki/List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom) between 8am and 1pm (which will become Freeview channel 72 on 26 January 2022) [9] (#cite_note-9) with the programming continuing on Shopping Quarter until Gemporia Lifestyle comes on air. Gemporia Lifestyle [ edit ] Gemporia Lifestyle was launched on 8 July 2020 [10] (#cite_note-10) and can be found as a segment on the Shopping Quarter service run by The Gemporia Partnership (/wiki/Gemporia) on Freeview channel 72 (which will become Freeview channel 73 (/wiki/List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom) on 26 January 2022) [11] (#cite_note-11) from 5pm each night [12] (#cite_note-12) The channel features presenters such as Hattie Greenwood, Kati Elliott and Toby Cavill [13] (#cite_note-13) selling homeware, fashion and beauty products as well as Gemporia founder Steve Bennett who sells products such as shampoos, pet care [14] (#cite_note-14) and vitamins. Gem Collector [ edit ] Main article: Gem Collector (/wiki/Gem_Collector) Gem Collector was launched on 8 October 2010. The channel shared the same studio as Jewellery Maker and broadcast live reverse auctions of loose gemstones between 7pm and 12am daily. Like Jewellery Maker, it was the first channel of its kind in the UK. On 31 December 2010, Gem Collector ceased broadcasting as a separate channel and merged with Rocks TV to create Gems TV Extra, which relaunched on 2 January 2011. The Gem Collector brand is still used on Gems TV Extra for branded hour programmes. Under the former management and ownership of Gems TV Holdings, Gems TV did have 2 sister channels, named Gems TV 2 and often referred to as Deals Of The Day and, until November 2009, a second sister channel, Gems TV 3. As of January 2022, Gem Collector can be found as a part-time channel on the Shopping Quarter service. [15] (#cite_note-15) Former sister channels [ edit ] Gems TV 2 [ edit ] Gems TV 2 launched on 12 May 2005, after replacing Gems TV's former sister channel, Snatch It!. During the closing down of Snatch It!, it was announced that the new channel was going to be called Gems TV Silver, after a successful trial of sterling silver (/wiki/Sterling_silver) jewellery a few months previous. However, it wasn't until launch that it was decided that Gems TV would become known as Gems TV Gold and the new channel to be simply known as Gems TV. After a few months into the new venture, it became apparent that the venture wasn't as successful as Gems TV Gold. It was then decided Gems TV Gold reverted to Gems TV and the second channel becoming known as Gems TV 2 and that both channels would show a mixture of gold (/wiki/Gold) and sterling silver (/wiki/Sterling_silver) jewellery. Since launch, the channel has used the same reverse auction format as Gems TV 1 and broadcast live between 8am and 2am. In late 2008/early 2009, the channel reduced its live hours to 3pm to 11pm. During its downtime, it simulcasted Gems TV 3. It was not until 2009 that Gems TV was officially referred to as Gems TV 1 and its hours were extended to 7am to 2am, despite the reduction of the live broadcasting hours on Gems TV 2. On 31 July 2009, Gems TV 2 ceased all live output and moved the pre-recorded 'Deal Of The Day' material from Gems TV 3 to Gems TV 2. It was then often referred to as the 'Deals Of The Day' channel. Officially, Gems TV 2 ceased broadcasting in January 2010, after the channel began simulcasting Gems TV 1. On 8 September 2010, Gems TV 2 was replaced with Jewellery Maker (/wiki/Jewellery_Maker) on Virgin Media (/wiki/Virgin_Media) channel 756. On 8 October 2010, Gems TV 2 ceased simulcasting Gems TV and was replaced by the new Coloured Rocks (/wiki/Coloured_Rocks) channel; Gem Collector (/wiki/Gem_Collector) . Gems TV 2 was previously only available on Sky (/wiki/Sky_(UK_%26_Ireland)) , Virgin Media (/wiki/Virgin_Media) and via a live stream on the Gems TV website. Gems TV 3 [ edit ] Gems TV 3, known on air as 'Deal(s) Of The Day', was transmitted only on Sky (/wiki/Sky_(UK_%26_Ireland)) 670 and relaunched on 14 January 2009. The channel was launched using the original Gems TV 2 EPG slot after Gems TV had previously purchased a 3rd EPG slot in the Shopping section of the EPG of 642 from TV Warehouse 1. The company then moved both Gems TV 1 and Gems TV 2 up the EPG from 646 and 660 to 642 and 646 before Sky reshuffled the Shopping section and moved all the channels down 10 slots to make more room in the Kids section. The Deal of the Day format was previously available between 2004 and 2005. Its format was different from its sister channels. Gems TV 3 used a fixed priced format to show a number pieces of jewellery for 24 hours, on a loop from 8am till 8am the following day or until the stock had run out. The channel was simulcast on Gems TV 2 when its live reverse auctions were off air, allowing the channels content to be available to Virgin Media (/wiki/Virgin_Media) viewers. A live stream was also available on the website. The channel was also known as the 'Deal Of The Day' channel. On 1 August 2009, Gems TV 3 started replicating Gems TV 1 24 hours a day, and the 'Deal Of The Day' content moved over to Gems TV 2. On 2 November 2009, Gems TV 3 was removed from Sky channel 670. TGGC Outlet [ edit ] Main article: TGGC Outlet (/wiki/TGGC_Outlet) TGGC Outlet was first launched in July 2008 as Rocks TV. The channel used the same reverse auction format as Gems TV. Until 18 June 2010 the channel was competed with Gems TV. On 2 January 2011, Rocks TV was rebranded as Gems TV Extra and the channel also merged with Gem Collector. The channel relaunched as TGGC Outlet on 15 December 2012. The channel broadcast live auctions between 11am and 7pm. The channel was available on Sky channel 656 and online until 15 July 2013. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Us | Gemporia" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/about-us/) . ^ (#cite_ref-gems_2-0) "Most significant events in our corporate history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090201181733/http://gemstv.listedcompany.com/history.html) . Gems TV. Archived from the original (http://gemstv.listedcompany.com/history.html) on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009-02-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gemporia Ways-to-watch" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/ways-to-watch/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About Us | Gemporia" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/about-us/) . ^ (#cite_ref-GemsTV_5-0) "Gems TV Outsources Gemstone Jewellery Supply" (http://ir.listedcompany.com/tracker.pl?type=6&id=197135) . Gems TV. 2 February 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Resolutions Adopted At The Extraordinary General Meeting Held On 18 June 2010" (http://gemstv.listedcompany.com/news.html/id/213693) . 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mathieson, SA (31 March 2005). "Web warriors reveal their battle tactics" (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/mar/31/businesssolutionssupplement5) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Freeview 24/7 for GemsTV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120315020645/http://forum.shoppingtelly.com/forum/showthread.php?29103-Freeview-24-7-for-GemsTV) . ShoppingTelly. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original (http://forum.shoppingtelly.com/forum/showthread.php?29103-Freeview-24-7-for-GemsTV) on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Freeview channel reshuffle: Retune time for all viewers" (https://rxtvinfo.com/2022/freeview-channel-reshuffle-retune-time-for-all-viewers) . 26 January 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Gemporia Lifestyle First Birthday: What's on and when" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/gemology-hub/article/1642/gemporia-lifestyle-first-birthday-whats-on-and-when/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Freeview channel reshuffle: Retune time for all viewers" (https://rxtvinfo.com/2022/freeview-channel-reshuffle-retune-time-for-all-viewers) . 26 January 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Live Auction Schedule | Gemporia" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/auction/schedule/) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Getting to Know... Toby Cavill" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/gemology-hub/article/1588/getting-to-know...-toby-cavill/) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Health and Wellbeing with Steve Bennett on Gemporia 14 January 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Live Auction Schedule | Gemporia" (https://www.gemporia.com/en-gb/auction/schedule/) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.gems.tv) Gems TV reviews (http://www.feefo.com/GB/en/reviews/Gems-TV-reviews-Gemporiacom-uk/?id=633935) v t e Gemporia UK Channels Gems TV Jewellery Maker (/wiki/Jewellery_Maker) USA Channels Rocks TV (/wiki/Rocks_TV) German Channels Gems TV Germany (/wiki/Gems_TV_(Germany)) Former channels Gem Collector (/wiki/Gem_Collector) TGGC Outlet (/wiki/TGGC_Outlet) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐xqc5m Cached time: 20240713185103 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.489 seconds Real time usage: 0.808 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2205/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42436/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3896/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 61464/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.306/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6165819/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 724.213 1 -total 24.25% 175.618 1 Template:Reflist 23.88% 172.946 2 Template:Short_description 17.46% 126.439 12 Template:Cite_web 13.36% 96.749 4 Template:Pagetype 13.31% 96.411 1 Template:The_Genuine_Gemstone_Company 12.50% 90.538 2 Template:Infobox 12.17% 88.131 1 Template:Infobox_television_channel 12.02% 87.028 1 Template:Navbox 8.64% 62.551 13 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28055328-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713185103 and revision id 1140712468. 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Ancient Jewish religious garment Part of a series of articles on Priesthood in Judaism (/wiki/Kohen) Kohen (/wiki/Kohen) Presumption of priestly descent (/wiki/Presumption_of_priestly_descent) Priestly covenant (/wiki/Priestly_covenant) Roles Priestly Blessing (/wiki/Priestly_Blessing) Redemption of the firstborn son (/wiki/Pidyon_haben) Tzaraath (skin disease and mildew) (/wiki/Tzaraath#Cause_and_treatment) The Torah instruction of the Kohanim (/wiki/The_Torah_instruction_of_the_Kohanim) Sacrifice (/wiki/Korban) Incense offering (/wiki/Incense_offering) Beth din shel Kohanim (/wiki/Beth_din_shel_Kohanim) Priestly divisions (/wiki/Priestly_divisions) High Priests (/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel) Aaron (/wiki/Aaron) Eleazar (/wiki/Eleazar) Phinehas (/wiki/Phinehas) Eli (/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)) Ahimelech (/wiki/Ahimelech) Abiathar (/wiki/Abiathar) (First Temple) Zadok (/wiki/Zadok) Shallum (/wiki/Shallum) Hilkiah (/wiki/Hilkiah) Jehoiada (/wiki/Jehoiada) (Second Temple) Joshua the High Priest (/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest) Simeon the Just (/wiki/Simeon_the_Just) Ishmael ben Elisha HaKohen (/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Elisha_HaKohen) Joshua ben Gamla (/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla) Phannias ben Samuel (/wiki/Phannias_ben_Samuel) Twenty-four priestly gifts (/wiki/Twenty-four_priestly_gifts) The ten gifts given in the Temple Sin offering (/wiki/Sin_offering) Guilt offering Communal peace offering Fowl sin offering Leftovers from the suspensive guilt offering Oil from the offering for the leper Bread from First Fruits Showbread (/wiki/Showbread) Leftovers of the meal offering (/wiki/Meal_offering) Leftovers of the First Sheaf . Four gifts given in Jerusalem Firstborn animal (/wiki/Firstborn_(Judaism)) First fruits (/wiki/First_Fruits#Biblical) Burnt offering (/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)) Parts of the thank offering (/wiki/Thank_offering) and Nazirite (/wiki/Nazirite) 's offering Ten gifts given (even) outside of Jerusalem Heave offering (/wiki/Terumah_(offering)) Heave offering of the Levite's tithe (/wiki/Terumat_hamaaser) Dough offering (/wiki/Dough_offering) First shearing of the sheep Foreleg, cheeks and maw (/wiki/Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw) Coins for redemption of the firstborn son (/wiki/Pidyon_haben) Redemption of a donkey (/wiki/Petter_Chamor) Dedication of property to a priest (/wiki/Herem_(priestly_gift)) Field not redeemed in a Jubilee year The property of the foreigner with no heir Priestly garments All Priests (/wiki/Kohen) Undergarments (/wiki/Priestly_undergarments) Tunic (/wiki/Priestly_tunic) Turban (/wiki/Priestly_turban) Sash High Priest (/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel) Robe (/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)) Ephod (/wiki/Ephod) Frontlet (/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate) Breastplate (/wiki/Priestly_breastplate) Urim and Thummim (/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim) Miscellaneous topics The mitzvah of sanctifying the Kohen (/wiki/The_mitzvah_of_sanctifying_the_Kohen) Kohanic disqualifications (/wiki/Kohanic_disqualifications) Holy anointing oil (/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil) Kahen (/wiki/Kahen) Aaron's rod (/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod) Bat-Kohen (daughter of a kohen) (/wiki/Bat-Kohen) Sons of Zadok (/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok) Contact by a kohen with a dead body (/wiki/Prohibition_of_Kohen_defilement_by_the_dead) 13 Kohanic cities (/wiki/13_Kohanic_cities) v t e Not to be confused with the Stole (/wiki/Stole_(vestment)) , a vestment associated with Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) . The High Priest (/wiki/Kohen_Gadol) wearing the sacred vestments, the ends of the Avnet are shown in red hanging at his feet. The kohen (/wiki/Kohen) on one knee beside him is wearing the avnet wound around his waist. The priestly sash or girdle (Hebrew אַבְנֵט ‎ avnet ) was part of the ritual garments worn by Jewish high priests (/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)) who served in the Temple in Jerusalem (/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem) . The "sash" or "girdle" worn by the High Priest was of fine linen with " embroidered work (/wiki/Embroidery) " in blue (/wiki/Tekhelet) , purple and scarlet (/wiki/Kermes_(dye)#The_biblical_scarlet_(tolaʻat_šanī)) ( Exodus 28:39 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#39) , 39:29 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0239.htm#29) ); those worn by the priests were of white, twined linen. The sash should not be confused with the embroidered belt of the ephod (/wiki/Ephod) . Like the other priestly vestments, the purpose of the sash was "for glory and for beauty" ( Exodus 28:41 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#41) ). On the Day of Atonement (/wiki/Day_of_Atonement) the High Priest changed into special linen garments that included a sash of fine linen without any embroidery ( Leviticus 16:4 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0316.htm#4) ). These linen garments were worn only once, with new ones being made each year. Rabbinical commentary [ edit ] According to Rabbinical literature (/wiki/Rabbinical_literature) , Midrash (/wiki/Midrash) and Maimonides (/wiki/Maimonides) , the sash was 32 cubits (/wiki/Cubit) long and 2, 3 or 4 fingers wide. At this length, it would have to have been wound around the body several times. Theories differ as to how this was accomplished: some say it was wound around the waist only, while others say it was wound around the waist and over the shoulders, crossing over the heart. In any event, the ends would have been tied and allowed to hang down in front. [ citation needed ] According to the Talmud (/wiki/Talmud) , the wearing of the sash atoned (/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism) for " sins (/wiki/Sin) of the heart" (impure thoughts) on the part of the Children of Israel (/wiki/Children_of_Israel) . [1] (#cite_note-1) See also [ edit ] Michnasayim (/wiki/Michnasayim) Priestly tunic (/wiki/Priestly_tunic) Mitznefet (/wiki/Priestly_turban) Priestly robe (Judaism) (/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)) Ephod (/wiki/Ephod) Priestly breastplate (/wiki/Priestly_breastplate) Tzitz (/wiki/Tzitz) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Zevachim (/wiki/Zevachim) 88b v t e Book of Exodus (/wiki/Book_of_Exodus) Chapters 1–6 (/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)) 6–9 (/wiki/Va%27eira) 10–13 (/wiki/Bo_(parashah)) 13–17 (/wiki/Beshalach) 18–20 (/wiki/Yitro) 21–24 (/wiki/Mishpatim) 25–27 (/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)) 27–30 (/wiki/Tetzaveh) 30–34 (/wiki/Ki_Tissa) 35–38 (/wiki/Vayakhel) 38–40 (/wiki/Pekudei) People Moses (/wiki/Moses) Israelites (/wiki/Israelites) Aaron (/wiki/Aaron) Bezalel (/wiki/Bezalel) Eliezer (/wiki/Eliezer#The_son_of_Moses) Elim (/wiki/Elim_(place)) Gershom (/wiki/Gershom) Jethro (/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)) High Priest of Israel (/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel) Ithamar (/wiki/Ithamar) Marah (/wiki/Marah_(Bible)) Miriam (/wiki/Miriam) Nadab and Abihu (/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu) Oholiab (/wiki/Oholiab) Pharaoh (/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible) Pharaoh's daughter (/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)) Shiphrah and Puah (/wiki/Shiphrah_and_Puah) Zipporah (/wiki/Zipporah) Objects Aaron's rod (/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod) Ark of bulrushes (/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes) Ark of the Covenant (/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant) Asherah pole (/wiki/Asherah_pole) Bronze laver (/wiki/Bronze_laver) Burning bush (/wiki/Burning_bush) Golden calf (/wiki/Golden_calf) Incense offering (/wiki/Incense_offering) Manna (/wiki/Manna) Mercy seat (/wiki/Mercy_seat) Pillars of fire and cloud (/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud) Priestly clothing breastplate (/wiki/Priestly_breastplate) golden head plate (/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate) robe (/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)) sash tunic (/wiki/Priestly_tunic) turban (/wiki/Priestly_turban) undergarments (/wiki/Priestly_undergarments) Showbread (/wiki/Showbread) Staff of Moses (/wiki/Staff_of_Moses) Tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Temple menorah (/wiki/Temple_menorah) Places Egypt (/wiki/Biblical_Egypt) Massah and Meribah (/wiki/Massah_and_Meribah) Mount Horeb (/wiki/Mount_Horeb) Mount Sinai (/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)) Stations of the Exodus (/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus) Pi-HaHiroth (/wiki/Pi-HaHiroth) Pi-Ramesses (/wiki/Pi-Ramesses) Battle of Refidim (/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim) Shur (/wiki/Shur_(Bible)) Wilderness of Sin (/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin) Yam Suph (Reed Sea) (/wiki/Yam_Suph) Torah readings (/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion) Shemot (/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)) Va'eira (/wiki/Va%27eira) Bo (/wiki/Bo_(parashah)) Beshalach (/wiki/Beshalach) Yitro (/wiki/Yitro) Mishpatim (/wiki/Mishpatim) Terumah (/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)) Tetzaveh (/wiki/Tetzaveh) Ki Tissa (/wiki/Ki_Tissa) Vayakhel (/wiki/Vayakhel) Pekudei (/wiki/Pekudei) Sources Priestly (/wiki/Priestly_source) Jahwist (/wiki/Jahwist) Elohist (/wiki/Elohist) Textual analysis Sources and parallels (/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus) Textual variations (/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus) Covenant Code (/wiki/Covenant_Code) Exodus Rabbah (/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah) Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael (/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael) Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai (/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_ben_Yochai) Song of the Sea (/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea) In Antebellum America (/wiki/Exodus_narrative_in_Antebellum_America) Manuscripts Nash Papyrus (/wiki/Nash_Papyrus) Papyrus 18 (/wiki/Papyrus_18) Phrases I Am that I Am (/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am) Baal-zephon (/wiki/Baal-zephon) El Shaddai (/wiki/El_Shaddai) Eye for an eye (/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye) Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy (/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy) With a strong hand and an outstretched arm (/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm) Events The Exodus (/wiki/The_Exodus) Plagues of Egypt (/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt) Ten Commandments (/wiki/Ten_Commandments) Zipporah at the inn 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priestly_sash&oldid=1179466785 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priestly_sash&oldid=1179466785) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_clothing) Priestly clothing (Judaism) (/wiki/Category:Priestly_clothing_(Judaism)) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011)
Mary Duffy Born New York, New York (/wiki/New_York,_New_York) , United States Nationality American Education Mt. Holyoke College (/wiki/Mt._Holyoke_College) Occupation(s) Author, speaker, spokeswoman, fashion expert, entrepreneur Known for First petite/plus-size model agency Mary Duffy is a feminist fashion expert, spokeswoman, entrepreneur, author, and motivational speaker who has worked to expand the concept of beauty for the majority of women who do not fit the ideal stereotypes popularized by the entertainment and fashion industries. She expanded the first model agency specializing in plus-size models and petites. Her career has included multiple television appearances, fashion shows, seminars, and print media interviews, as well as two years each on QVC (/wiki/QVC) and HSN (/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network) . She also had a ten-year plus-size pattern line for Simplicity Patterns, designed three other fashion lines, and authored several books. Professional background [ edit ] After graduating from Mount Holyoke College (/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College) , Duffy's career direction started in the mid 1970s when she became one of the first plus-size models (/wiki/Plus-size_model) . [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) She liked the work so much she decided, in 1979, to buy a start-up agency from Beth Kramer in NYC, immediately adding Petites, creating Big Beauties/Little Women, the first agency in the world specializing in plus-size models and petites. [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) By 1984, Big Beauties/Little Women was successful enough to run national model searches advertised in the press. [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) The prize included the cover of It’s Me magazine, a nationally published magazine for plus-size women. [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) In 1987, her first book, "The H-O-A-X Fashion Formula", was published. In 1988, she sold her company to Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) , [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) [5] (#cite_note-Cloud-5) where she became Executive Director for Special Sizes until 2010. Ford renamed the division Ford 12+, and then Ford+. [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) [5] (#cite_note-Cloud-5) Duffy’s own career as a model included national campaigns for Gloria Vanderbilt (/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt) , L'eggs (/wiki/L%27eggs) , and Weight Watchers (/wiki/WW_International) . [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) In 1980, she began motivational speaking. In these lectures she advocates a message designed to enhance women's self-esteem. She has also commentated on more than 1250 fashion shows and seminars, and appeared on more than 800 television shows, including Today (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) , Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) , Sally Jesse Raphael (/wiki/Sally_Jesse_Raphael) , the Oprah Winfrey Show (/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show) , Hard Copy (/wiki/Hard_Copy) , The Jenny Jones Show (/wiki/The_Jenny_Jones_Show) , and CNN (/wiki/CNN) . [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) She has also done more than 600 print media interviews, including Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Woman’s Day (/wiki/Woman%E2%80%99s_Day) , Family Circle (/wiki/Family_Circle) , Ladies Home Journal (/wiki/Ladies_Home_Journal) , New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) , and New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) In her books, shows, and interviews, she has espoused the messages "Mattel made Barbie, but God made us," and "God doesn’t make mistakes." [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) Concerned with the media's unattainable image of "perfection" generated by much of the fashion industry, Duffy offers advice and options on fashion and beauty for women. [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) She states a personal belief that any woman, no matter what her age, size, height, finances, or features can (and should) develop her own unique personal style. Her message is that it's not what you've got, how much of it, or how old it is, but what you do with it is what matters. [1] (#cite_note-Stewart-1) [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) From 1991-93, she appeared regularly on QVC (/wiki/QVC) . [5] (#cite_note-Cloud-5) In 1993, she introduced a successful pattern line for Simplicity Patterns, a collection of large-sized patterns based on her H-O-A-X body shapes. [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) From 1997-99, she designed and presented a ready-to-wear clothing and accessory line for The Home Shopping Network, called "Personality" by Mary Duffy. The line was based on her theory that there are four distinct fashion personalities, which are defined by individual motivation: The Classic who dresses to be appropriate; The Dramatic who dresses to be noticed; The Casual who dresses to be comfortable; and The Artistic who dresses to be unique. [ citation needed ] Personal [ edit ] Born in New York and raised in New England, Duffy lives in Manhattan where she is a member of The Junior League and The Fashion Group. Since retiring from Ford Models in 2010, she has started a company to inform and encourage the self-esteem interests of all women, called Fashion 4 the Rest of Us. [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) Besides "The H-O-A-X Fashion Formula", [6] (#cite_note-Hoax-6) she has written two other books, "The Complete Petite", [7] (#cite_note-Petite-7) and "The MakeOver". [8] (#cite_note-makeover-8) She has also co-authored and self-published two more books with her husband, Marc Guerrero, a book of short stories, "East of Tiffany’s", [9] (#cite_note-Tiffany's-9) and a book on advanced writing techniques, "Toolbox for Writers". [2] (#cite_note-Blau-2) [3] (#cite_note-lhl-3) [4] (#cite_note-Boies-4) [10] (#cite_note-toolbox-10) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Russel Stewart, Rose (5 April 1984), "Founder of Big Beauties battles thin attitudes", Toledo Blade ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Blau, Melinda (Spring 2011), "Letting Go of the Body Myth", Mount Holyoke Quarterly , South Hadley, MA, USA ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "This Model Doesn't Have To Stay Thin", Lexington Herald-Leader , 10 June 1984 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Boies, Elaine (20 November 1988), "Majority of U. S. women fit into the 'special' sizes", Chicago Sun Times ^ Jump up to: a b c Cloud, Barbara (6 December 1990), "A Plus: No More Back To Basics", St. Louis Post-Dispatch. ^ (#cite_ref-Hoax_6-0) Duffy, Mary (1987). The H-O-A-X Fashion Formula . New York, New York: The Body Press. ASIN (/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)) B001M2GQ6M (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001M2GQ6M) . ^ (#cite_ref-Petite_7-0) Duffy, Mary; Atwood, Janet (1990). The Complete Petite . New York, New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0070024197 . ^ (#cite_ref-makeover_8-0) Duffy, Mary (1999). TheMakeOver . Tampa, Florida: HSN. ^ (#cite_ref-Tiffany's_9-0) Duffy, Mary; Guerrero, Marc (2009). East of Tiffany's . New York, New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1439269749 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-toolbox_10-0) Duffy, Mary; Guerrero, Marc (2010). Toolbox for Writers . New York, New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1451525717 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) External links [ edit ] Duffy's YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRPoi6kqRNOSTMdwVnURHng) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7d9465d464‐xw4dz Cached time: 20240722133424 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.281 seconds Real time usage: 0.398 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2046/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17481/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1126/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40256/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.164/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5405708/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 376.494 1 -total 46.99% 176.900 1 Template:Infobox_person 38.27% 144.090 1 Template:Reflist 26.71% 100.580 5 Template:Citation 15.05% 56.681 1 Template:Wikidata_image 10.97% 41.317 1 Template:Citation_needed 9.58% 36.072 1 Template:Fix 6.39% 24.048 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.93% 22.322 5 Template:Cite_book 5.93% 22.321 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42216280-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722133424 and revision id 1060593464. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Duffy&oldid=1060593464 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Duffy&oldid=1060593464) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Plus-size models (/wiki/Category:Plus-size_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Businesspeople from New York City (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_New_York_City) Mount Holyoke College alumni (/wiki/Category:Mount_Holyoke_College_alumni) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2014) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
Song by Judy Garland and Fred Astaire Cover of the sheet music for "We're a Couple of Swells" from 1947 " We're a Couple of Swells " is an American comedy duet song performed by Judy Garland (/wiki/Judy_Garland) and Fred Astaire (/wiki/Fred_Astaire) in the film Easter Parade (/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)) (1948). It was written by Irving Berlin (/wiki/Irving_Berlin) . Berlin originally wrote the song "Let's Take an Old-Fashioned Walk" for the scene, but the film's producer, Arthur Freed (/wiki/Arthur_Freed) , persuaded Berlin to change this for a song that would highlight Garland's comedic talent. Berlin wrote the song in about an hour drawing on his experience as a Tin Pan Alley (/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley) popular songwriter. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Description [ edit ] The film is set in 1912 in the New York (/wiki/New_York_City) Broadway (/wiki/Broadway_theatre) Vaudeville (/wiki/Vaudeville) business in which hobo (/wiki/Hobo) acts depicting down and outs were popular with audiences. Astaire and Garland appear as tramps (/wiki/Tramp) in worn out clothing cast off by the very rich. A swell is slang for a wealthy, elegant person. [5] (#cite_note-5) The song and dance explores the fantasy that they really are wealthy and have been invited for tea with the extremely wealthy Vanderbilt family (/wiki/Vanderbilt_family) . They have the invitation but no means of getting to the appointment. [6] (#cite_note-6) The song lyrics suggest ways they might travel up the Avenue, (most likely the opulent Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) on which the Vanderbilts had 10 mansions [7] (#cite_note-7) ), to the club where the Vanderbilts are waiting. These are: to drive a car, skate on ice, ride on a bicycle, sail a yacht, drive a carriage, ride on a trolley car, or swim. All are rejected with a reason and the only way left to the two tramps is to walk up the Avenue. The song verses close with the refrain: So we'll walk up the avenue Yes we'll walk up the avenue And to walk up the avenue's what we like Verses in the song also satirize aspects of the lifestyle of the rich; 'sports' who play tennis (/wiki/Tennis) all summer, Wall Street (/wiki/Wall_Street) bankers who are too drunk to find the key to the safe, and wealthy playboys (/wiki/Playboy_lifestyle) who are adored and chased by photographic models. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Berlin, Irving. "We're a Couple of Swells" (https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&source=hp&ei=ij4BW4n9K4SakwWDoKI4&q=we%27re+a+couple+of+swells+lyrics&oq=we%27re&gs_l=psy-ab.1.1.35i39k1l2j0l8.1258.3546.0.5496.7.6.0.0.0.0.1149.3079.3-1j1j7-2.5.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..2.5.3651.6..0i131k1.574.0yBm6Qbs6AU) . Google . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Robinson, Mark A. (2014-04-17). The World of Musicals: An Encyclopedia of Stage, Screen, and Song [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781440800979 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mueller, John E. (1985). Astaire dancing: the musical films . Knopf. p. 283. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780394516547 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Billman, Larry (1997-01-01). Film Choreographers and Dance Directors: An Illustrated Biographical Encyclopedia, with a History and Filmographies, 1893 Through 1995 . McFarland & Company, Publishers. pp. 64, 124. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780899508689 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "swell - Dictionary Definition" (https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/swell) . Vocabulary.com . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Furia, Philip; Patterson, Laurie (2010-04-07). The Songs of Hollywood . Oxford University Press. pp. 151 (https://archive.org/details/songsofhollywood0000furi/page/151) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780199792665 . we're a couple of swells garland. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A Guide to the Gilded Age Mansions of 5th Avenue's Millionaire Row | 6sqft" (https://www.6sqft.com/a-guide-to-the-gilded-age-mansions-of-5th-avenues-millionaire-row/) . 6sqft . Retrieved 2018-05-20 . v t e Irving Berlin (/wiki/Irving_Berlin) Musicals Theatre Annie Get Your Gun (/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(musical)) As Thousands Cheer (/wiki/As_Thousands_Cheer) Call Me Madam (/wiki/Call_Me_Madam) The Canary (/w/index.php?title=The_Canary_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1) The Century Girl (/wiki/The_Century_Girl) The Cocoanuts (/wiki/The_Cocoanuts_(musical)) The Cohan Revue of 1918 (/w/index.php?title=The_Cohan_Revue_of_1918&action=edit&redlink=1) Face the Music (/wiki/Face_the_Music_(musical)) Holiday Inn (/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(musical)) Louisiana Purchase (/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_(musical)) Miss Liberty (/wiki/Miss_Liberty) Mr. President (/wiki/Mr._President_(musical)) Music Box Revue (/wiki/Music_Box_Revue) Stop! Look! Listen! (/wiki/Stop!_Look!_Listen!) This Is The Army (/wiki/This_Is_The_Army_(musical)) Top Hat (/wiki/Top_Hat_(musical)) Watch Your Step (/wiki/Watch_Your_Step_(musical)) White Christmas (/wiki/White_Christmas_(musical)) Wise Guy (/wiki/Wise_Guy_(musical)) Yip Yip Yaphank (/wiki/Yip_Yip_Yaphank) Ziegfeld Follies (/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies) Film Alexander's Ragtime Band (/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band_(film)) Annie Get Your Gun (/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(film)) Blue Skies (/wiki/Blue_Skies_(1946_film)) Call Me Madam (/wiki/Call_Me_Madam_(film)) Carefree (/wiki/Carefree_(film)) The Cocoanuts (/wiki/The_Cocoanuts) Easter Parade (/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)) Follow the Fleet (/wiki/Follow_the_Fleet) Hallelujah (/wiki/Hallelujah_(film)) Holiday Inn (/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)) On the Avenue (/wiki/On_the_Avenue) Second Fiddle (/wiki/Second_Fiddle_(1939_film)) There's No Business Like Show Business (/wiki/There%27s_No_Business_Like_Show_Business_(film)) This Is the Army (/wiki/This_Is_the_Army) Top Hat (/wiki/Top_Hat) White Christmas (/wiki/White_Christmas_(film)) Songs " Alexander's Ragtime Band (/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band) " " All Alone (/wiki/All_Alone_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " All by Myself (/wiki/All_by_Myself_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " All of My Life (/wiki/All_of_My_Life_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Always (/wiki/Always_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Any Bonds Today? (/wiki/Any_Bonds_Today%3F) " " Anything You Can Do (/wiki/Anything_You_Can_Do_(I_Can_Do_Better)) " " At the Devil's Ball (/wiki/At_the_Devil%27s_Ball) " " The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me) (/wiki/The_Best_Thing_for_You_(Would_Be_Me)) " " Blue Skies (/wiki/Blue_Skies_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Change Partners (/wiki/Change_Partners) " " Cheek to Cheek (/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek) " " Count Your Blessings (/wiki/Count_Your_Blessings_(Instead_of_Sheep)) " " A Couple of Swells " " Daddy, Come Home (/wiki/Daddy,_Come_Home) " " Doin' What Comes Natur'lly (/wiki/Doin%27_What_Comes_Natur%27lly) " " Easter Parade (/wiki/Easter_Parade_(song)) " " Follow the Crowd (/wiki/Follow_the_Crowd_(song)) " " For Your Country and My Country (/wiki/For_Your_Country_and_My_Country) " " Get Thee Behind Me Satan (/wiki/Get_Thee_Behind_Me_Satan) " " The Girl That I Marry (/wiki/The_Girl_That_I_Marry) " " God Bless America (/wiki/God_Bless_America) " " Goodbye, France (/wiki/Goodbye,_France) " " Happy Holiday (/wiki/Happy_Holiday_(song)) " " Heat Wave (/wiki/Heat_Wave_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Heaven Watch the Philippines (/wiki/Heaven_Watch_the_Philippines) " " How About Me? (/wiki/How_About_Me%3F) " " How Deep Is the Ocean? (/wiki/How_Deep_Is_the_Ocean%3F) " " How's Chances? (/wiki/How%27s_Chances%3F) " " I Got Lost in His Arms (/wiki/I_Got_Lost_in_His_Arms) " " I Got the Sun in the Mornin' (and the Moon at Night) (/wiki/I_Got_the_Sun_in_the_Mornin%27_(and_the_Moon_at_Night)) " " I Love a Piano (/wiki/I_Love_a_Piano) " " I Never Had a Chance (/wiki/I_Never_Had_a_Chance) " " I Used to Be Color Blind (/wiki/I_Used_to_Be_Color_Blind) " " I Want To Go Back To Michigan (/wiki/I_Want_To_Go_Back_To_Michigan) " " I'm an Indian Too (/wiki/I%27m_an_Indian_Too) " " I'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind (/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Pin_My_Medal_on_the_Girl_I_Left_Behind) " " I'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket (/wiki/I%27m_Putting_All_My_Eggs_in_One_Basket) " " I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now (/wiki/I%27ve_Got_My_Captain_Working_for_Me_Now) " " I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm (/wiki/I%27ve_Got_My_Love_to_Keep_Me_Warm) " " Isn't This a Lovely Day? (/wiki/Isn%27t_This_a_Lovely_Day%3F) " " It's a Lovely Day Today (/wiki/It%27s_a_Lovely_Day_Today) " " It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow (/wiki/It%27s_a_Lovely_Day_Tomorrow) " " Lazy (/wiki/Lazy_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Let Yourself Go (/wiki/Let_Yourself_Go_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Let's All Be Americans Now (/wiki/Let%27s_All_Be_Americans_Now) " Let's Face the Music and Dance (/wiki/Let%27s_Face_the_Music_and_Dance) " " Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee (/wiki/Let%27s_Have_Another_Cup_of_Coffee) " " Let's Take an Old-Fashioned Walk (/wiki/Let%27s_Take_an_Old-Fashioned_Walk_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Mandy (/wiki/Mandy_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Moonshine Lullaby (/wiki/Moonshine_Lullaby) " " My Defenses Are Down (/wiki/My_Defenses_Are_Down) " " The Near Future (/wiki/The_Near_Future) " " No Strings (I'm Fancy Free) (/wiki/No_Strings_(I%27m_Fancy_Free)) " " Now It Can Be Told (/wiki/Now_It_Can_Be_Told) " " Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning (/wiki/Oh!_How_I_Hate_to_Get_Up_in_the_Morning) " " Play a Simple Melody (/wiki/Play_a_Simple_Melody) " " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody (/wiki/A_Pretty_Girl_Is_Like_a_Melody) " " Puttin' On the Ritz (/wiki/Puttin%27_On_the_Ritz) " " Reaching for the Moon (/wiki/Reaching_for_the_Moon_(song)) " " Remember (/wiki/Remember_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " San Francisco Bound (/wiki/San_Francisco_Bound) " " Say It Isn't So (/wiki/Say_It_Isn%27t_So_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " Say It with Music (/wiki/Say_It_with_Music_(song)) " " Someone Else May Be There While I'm Gone (/wiki/Someone_Else_May_Be_There_While_I%27m_Gone) " " Sisters (/wiki/Sisters_(song)) " " Slumming on Park Avenue (/wiki/Slumming_on_Park_Avenue) " " The Song Is Ended (but the Melody Lingers On) (/wiki/The_Song_Is_Ended_(but_the_Melody_Lingers_On)) " " Stay Down Here Where You Belong (/wiki/Stay_Down_Here_Where_You_Belong) " " Steppin' Out with My Baby (/wiki/Steppin%27_Out_with_My_Baby) " " Supper Time (/wiki/Supper_Time) " " That International Rag (/wiki/That_International_Rag) " " That Mysterious Rag (/wiki/That_Mysterious_Rag) " " There's No Business Like Show Business (/wiki/There%27s_No_Business_Like_Show_Business) " " They Say It's Wonderful (/wiki/They_Say_It%27s_Wonderful) " " They Were All Out of Step But Jim (/wiki/They_Were_All_Out_of_Step_But_Jim) " " This Year's Kisses (/wiki/This_Year%27s_Kisses) " " Top Hat, White Tie and Tails (/wiki/Top_Hat,_White_Tie_and_Tails) " " What'll I Do (/wiki/What%27ll_I_Do) " " When I Lost You (/wiki/When_I_Lost_You) " " White Christmas (/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)) " " Who Do You Love, I Hope? (/wiki/Who_Do_You_Love,_I_Hope%3F) " " With You (/wiki/With_You_(Irving_Berlin_song)) " " You Can Have Him (/wiki/You_Can_Have_Him) " " You Can't Get a Man with a Gun (/wiki/You_Can%27t_Get_a_Man_with_a_Gun) " " You Keep Coming Back Like a Song (/wiki/You_Keep_Coming_Back_Like_a_Song) " " You'd Be Surprised (/wiki/You%27d_Be_Surprised) " " You're Just in Love (/wiki/You%27re_Just_in_Love) " " You're Laughing at Me (/wiki/You%27re_Laughing_at_Me) " Related Ellin Berlin (/wiki/Ellin_Berlin) (wife) Mary Ellin Barrett (/wiki/Mary_Ellin_Barrett) (daughter) v t e Judy Garland (/wiki/Judy_Garland) songs 1930s " Good Morning (/wiki/Good_Morning_(1939_song)) " " Over the Rainbow (/wiki/Over_the_Rainbow) " " Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart (/wiki/Zing!_Went_the_Strings_of_My_Heart) " " You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It) (/wiki/You_Made_Me_Love_You_(I_Didn%27t_Want_to_Do_It)) " 1940s " Among My Souvenirs (/wiki/Among_My_Souvenirs) " " Be a Clown (/wiki/Be_a_Clown) " " The Boy Next Door (/wiki/The_Boy_Next_Door_(song)) " " A Couple of Swells " " Easter Parade (/wiki/Easter_Parade_(song)) " " F.D.R. Jones (/wiki/F.D.R._Jones) " " For Me and My Gal (/wiki/For_Me_and_My_Gal_(song)) " " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas (/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas) " " How About You? (/wiki/How_About_You%3F) " " I Wish I Were in Love Again (/wiki/I_Wish_I_Were_in_Love_Again) " " It's a Great Day for the Irish (/wiki/It%27s_a_Great_Day_for_the_Irish) " " Johnny One Note (/wiki/Johnny_One_Note) " " Journey to a Star (/wiki/Journey_to_a_Star) " " On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe (/wiki/On_the_Atchison,_Topeka_and_the_Santa_Fe) " " On the Sunny Side of the Street (/wiki/On_the_Sunny_Side_of_the_Street) " " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody (/wiki/A_Pretty_Girl_Is_Like_a_Melody) " " The Wearing of the Green (/wiki/The_Wearing_of_the_Green) " " The Trolley Song (/wiki/The_Trolley_Song) " 1950s " April Showers (/wiki/April_Showers_(song)) " " Carolina in the Morning (/wiki/Carolina_in_the_Morning) " " Confessin' (/wiki/Confessin%27) " " Day In, Day Out (/wiki/Day_In,_Day_Out_(1939_song)) " " Get Happy (/wiki/Get_Happy_(song)) " " How About Me? (/wiki/How_About_Me%3F) " " I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby (/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_You_Anything_but_Love,_Baby) " " I Concentrate on You (/wiki/I_Concentrate_on_You) " " I Hadn't Anyone Till You (/wiki/I_Hadn%27t_Anyone_Till_You) " " Just You, Just Me (/wiki/Just_You,_Just_Me) " " Last Night When We Were Young (/wiki/Last_Night_When_We_Were_Young) " " Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries (/wiki/Life_Is_Just_a_Bowl_of_Cherries) " " More Than You Know (/wiki/More_Than_You_Know_(Youmans,_Rose_and_Eliscu_song)) " " The Man That Got Away (/wiki/The_Man_That_Got_Away) " " Swanee (/wiki/Swanee_(song)) " " Stormy Weather (/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(song)) " " Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody (/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody) " " Theme from San Francisco (/wiki/Theme_from_San_Francisco) " " What'll I Do (/wiki/What%27ll_I_Do) " 1960s " After You've Gone (/wiki/After_You%27ve_Gone_(song)) " " Almost Like Being in Love (/wiki/Almost_Like_Being_in_Love) " " Chicago (That Toddlin' Town) (/wiki/Chicago_(That_Toddlin%27_Town)) " " Down with Love (/wiki/Down_with_Love_(song)) " " Do It Again (/wiki/Do_It_Again_(George_Gershwin_and_Buddy_DeSylva_song)) " " Fly Me to the Moon (/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon) " " A Foggy Day (/wiki/A_Foggy_Day) " " Hey, Look Me Over (/wiki/Hey,_Look_Me_Over_(song)) " " I Happen to Like New York (/wiki/I_Happen_to_Like_New_York) " " If Love Were All (/wiki/If_Love_Were_All) " " Moon River (/wiki/Moon_River) " " Oh Shenandoah (/wiki/Oh_Shenandoah) " " Somewhere (/wiki/Somewhere_(song)) " " This Can't Be Love (/wiki/This_Can%27t_Be_Love_(song)) " " You Go to My Head (/wiki/You_Go_to_My_Head) " This 1940s song-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Describes the fashion and style of Catherine, Princess of Wales Catherine wore dresses designed by Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) at Trooping the Colour (/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour) in 2013 and 2019 respectively. The fashion of Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) , has had a substantial impact on the clothing industry ever since the public revelation of her relationship with Prince William (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) in 2002. Fashion and style [ edit ] Catherine's fashion garnered substantial media attention following the public revelation of her relationship with Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William) in 2002. [1] (#cite_note-vogue-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) She had reportedly caught William's attention during a charity fashion show at their alma mater, the University of St. Andrews (/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews) , while wearing a sheer, lingerie-style, strapless dress on the catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) , which had originally been designed as a skirt by Charlotte Todd. [3] (#cite_note-3) [1] (#cite_note-vogue-1) [4] (#cite_note-people-4) The dress sold for $125,000 at an auction in 2011. [4] (#cite_note-people-4) Subject to paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi) in her daily life, her style was frequently photographed and featured in the press. [5] (#cite_note-the_guardian-5) Her fashion influence grew after she was photographed wearing a £40 TopShop (/wiki/TopShop) dress outside a nightclub, which promptly sold out. [5] (#cite_note-the_guardian-5) She worked at retailer Jigsaw (/wiki/Jigsaw_(clothing_retailer)) as an accessories buyer (/wiki/Buyer_(fashion)) from 2006 to 2007, and frequently wore their pieces. [5] (#cite_note-the_guardian-5) Middleton was credited with founding a middle-class (/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_Kingdom#Upper_middle_class) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) revival, with a substantial wardrobe from primarily high street (/wiki/High_street) retailers. [5] (#cite_note-the_guardian-5) Her fashion sense was regarded as "safe", "sporty" and "sensible" by the press. [6] (#cite_note-6) Given her media attention and influence, Oliver Marre of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) referred to Middleton as a "fashion icon." [5] (#cite_note-the_guardian-5) In 2008 Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) noted Catherine a fashionable tastemaker, and praised her "to-the-knee pencil skirts and Philip Treacy (/wiki/Philip_Treacy) hats." [7] (#cite_note-7) During appearances at public events, she often wore simple overcoats and tweed clothing. [8] (#cite_note-standards-8) However, during evening events, she often "skewed bold": for instance, she was photographed going out in a "baroque-printed silk dress", contrasting to her friends' more simplistic styles. [9] (#cite_note-9) Substantial media coverage focused on a roller disco-themed fundraiser hosted by Catherine in September 2008, to which she wore a green-sequined halterneck and neon yellow micro-shorts. [10] (#cite_note-10) Catherine has been credited for popularizing nude pumps (/wiki/Court_shoes) and hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) in the early years of her marriage. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) During daytime engagements, she has been noted to favor coatdresses (/wiki/Coatdress) , tea dresses, waxed jackets (/wiki/Waxed_jacket) , lavallière blouses (/wiki/Lavalli%C3%A8re) , blazers, and skinny jeans (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) . [13] (#cite_note-13) While Catherine wears items from many new designers, she has also worn dresses by Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)#Company) , who designed many of Diana's favourite evening gowns and day suits. [14] (#cite_note-14) She has worn outfits, hats and ensembles by many other fashion designers. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) The brands she favours are noted in the media. Catherine has worn Jenny Packham (/wiki/Jenny_Packham) numerous times, most notably outside the Lindo Wing (/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Hospital,_London) after giving birth to each of her children in 2013, 2015, and 2018 respectively, [17] (#cite_note-17) and at the No Time to Die (/wiki/No_Time_to_Die) premiere in London when she appeared in a dress inspired by Shirley Eaton (/wiki/Shirley_Eaton) 's character in Goldfinger (/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) has been referred to as Catherine's "go-to" brand since her wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) in 2011, and she has worn designs to several annual events including Trooping the Colour (/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour) , Royal Ascot (/wiki/Royal_Ascot) and the British Academy Film Awards (/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards) , as well as state banquets (/wiki/State_banquet) and receptions. [19] (#cite_note-19) She has worn several high-street brands during official engagements and projects, most frequently Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) and Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Believed to be influenced by the style and fashion choices of Diana, Princess of Wales, [22] (#cite_note-22) Catherine has developed a "caring wardrobe" similar to that of her mother-in-law, with colourful fabrics, skirt suits (/wiki/Suit#Women) , and bright hues suitable for visiting hospitals and schools. [23] (#cite_note-23) In June 2016, she took part in her first magazine shoot for Vogue 's centenary (/wiki/Centenary) issue, appearing on the magazine's cover. [24] (#cite_note-24) The shoot took place on the Sandringham Estate (/wiki/Sandringham_Estate) ; Catherine was involved in selecting her wardrobe of "off-duty jeans and shirts" reflecting her love of the countryside. [25] (#cite_note-25) The spread was dubbed as the "most personal and natural royal portraits ever undertaken by Vogue ". The photoshoot was done in collaboration with her patronage, the National Portrait Gallery (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) , where two pictures from the shoot were displayed. [26] (#cite_note-26) Catherine, who attended the 71st British Academy Film Awards (/wiki/71st_British_Academy_Film_Awards) , did not participate in Time's Up (/wiki/Time%27s_Up_(organization)) movement calling for women to wear black on the red carpet. [27] (#cite_note-27) Royal protocol forbids members of the royal family from taking part in political movements, but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag as a variation to the informal black dress code. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Kate Middleton effect [ edit ] The "Kate Middleton effect" [30] (#cite_note-Smith2011-30) is the trend that Catherine is reported to have had on others in sales of particular products and brands. [31] (#cite_note-vf_fashion-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) In 2018 a research by Brand Finance cited Catherine as "the most powerful royal fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) ", retaining that pieces in her wardrobe increase desirability among 38 percent of American shoppers. [31] (#cite_note-vf_fashion-31) In March 2018, together with the then- Countess of Wessex (/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh) , she hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during the 2018 London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The Princess, prominent for her fashion style, has often been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists. [34] (#cite_note-34) People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) featured Middleton on its 2007 and 2010 best-dressed lists. [35] (#cite_note-35) She was named one of Richard Blackwell (/wiki/Richard_Blackwell) 's ten Fabulous Fashion Independents of 2007. [36] (#cite_note-36) In June 2008, Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) selected her as its monthly beauty icon. [37] (#cite_note-37) In July 2008, Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) included her on its international best-dressed list. [38] (#cite_note-38) In February 2011 the Global Language Monitor (/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor) named her the Top Fashion buzzword (/wiki/Buzzword) of the 2011 season. [39] (#cite_note-39) In May 2011, she was ranked ninth in FHM (/wiki/FHM) ' s top 10 list of the "World's Most Beautiful Women". [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) In 2011, the British publication The Beauty Magazine named her "England's Best-dressed Personality" and the "Most Elegant Woman in the World". [42] (#cite_note-Lyssandra2012-42) [43] (#cite_note-Spapen2012-43) She was named the "Most Beautiful Woman of the Year" by The Beauty Magazine in 2011 and 2012. [42] (#cite_note-Lyssandra2012-42) [43] (#cite_note-Spapen2012-43) In January 2012, the Headwear Association voted her "Headwear Person of the Year". [44] (#cite_note-44) She was number one on Vanity Fair ' s annual best-dressed lists in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013; she also appeared as the cover star in 2012. [45] (#cite_note-45) The then Duchess was named to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List (/wiki/International_Best_Dressed_Hall_of_Fame_List) in 2014. [46] (#cite_note-46) In 2018, Tatler named her on its list of Britain's best dressed people, praising her for "recycling her looks, rather than wearing them as one-offs", as well as her use of "both high street and high-end brands". [47] (#cite_note-47) In 2021, it was reported that Catherine boosted the British fashion industry up to £1 billion within a year. [48] (#cite_note-48) She was also chosen as one of the 25 most influential women in the United Kingdom by British Vogue in August 2021. [49] (#cite_note-49) She topped Tatler ' s Best Dressed List in 2022, [50] (#cite_note-50) and was ranked first by the magazine on its list of the most glamorous European royals in 2024. [51] (#cite_note-51) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Pike, Naomi (5 September 2017). "Chart the Duchess of Cambridge's life in style" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/style-file-catherine-duchess-of-cambridge) . British Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105130706/https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/style-file-catherine-duchess-of-cambridge) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Kate Middleton's reign of glamour" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2008/11/middleton_slideshow200811) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207080602/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2008/11/middleton_slideshow200811) from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Elston, Laura (29 April 2021). "How the Duchess of Cambridge first caught Prince William's eye in catwalk show" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/kate-middleton-prince-william-st-andrews-catwalk-show-b932076.html) . Evening Standard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215001939/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/kate-middleton-prince-william-st-andrews-catwalk-show-b932076.html) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Petit, Stephanie. "All about Kate Middleton's iconic sheer dress that caught Prince William's attention in college" (https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-sheer-dress-runway-show-college-prince-william/) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215005537/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-sheer-dress-runway-show-college-prince-william/) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Marre, Oliver (18 March 2007). "Girl, interrupted" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/18/monarchy.features) . The Observer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215001939/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/18/monarchy.features) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Kate Moss or Kate Middleton: which skiwear look are you after?" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG4142687/Kate-Moss-or-Kate-Middleton-which-skiwear-look-are-you-after.html) . The Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231217184841/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG4142687/Kate-Moss-or-Kate-Middleton-which-skiwear-look-are-you-after.html) from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Personal Style Awards" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/g1129/personal-style-awards-23899/?slide=19) . Elle . 24 September 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215001939/https://www.elle.com/fashion/g1129/personal-style-awards-23899/?slide=19) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-standards_8-0) Bromely, Joe (15 January 2022). "The spectacular style evolution of the Duchess of Cambridge" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/duchess-of-cambridge-kate-middleton-fashion-evolution-b975670.html) . Evening Standard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215005538/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/duchess-of-cambridge-kate-middleton-fashion-evolution-b975670.html) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Dolan, Leah. "Kate at 40: How the Duchess of Cambridge's style evolved from youthful sparkle to timeless eleganc" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/kate-middleton-duchess-of-cambridge-style-40th-birthday/index.html) . CNN . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220128021143/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/kate-middleton-duchess-of-cambridge-style-40th-birthday/index.html) from the original on 28 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Kate Middleton dons hotpants" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/kate-middleton-dons-hotpants-181173) . Marie Claire UK . 18 September 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215005538/https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/kate-middleton-dons-hotpants-181173) from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kate Middleton's tour of Canada: A designer scorecard" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/fashion/kate-middleton-canada-duchess-style.html) . The New York Times . 6 October 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105130852/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/fashion/kate-middleton-canada-duchess-style.html) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jessen, Monique (1 October 2018). "Kate Middleton's secret pantyhose hack is a modern marvel" (https://people.com/royals/kate-middletons-secret-pantyhose-hack-is-a-modern-marvel/) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203021707/https://people.com/royals/kate-middletons-secret-pantyhose-hack-is-a-modern-marvel/) from the original on 3 December 2023 . Retrieved 2 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Catherine's fashion styles: "Why Kate Middleton is the queen of coats" (https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/kate-middleton-best-coats-outerwear-shopping) . Vogue . 9 January 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105131136/https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/kate-middleton-best-coats-outerwear-shopping) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . "Kate Middleton's Style File – Every One Of Her Most Stylish Looks" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/articles/g16440/kate-middleton-s-style-file/) . Elle UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105131304/https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/articles/g16440/kate-middleton-s-style-file/) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . "The pussy-bow blouse is back thanks to Kate Middleton, Margaret Thatcher and Princess Diana" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/shopping/kate-middleton-pussy-bow-blouse/) . Grazia Daily UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105133147/https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/shopping/kate-middleton-pussy-bow-blouse/) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . "8 times the Princess of Wales Proved A classic blazer is a worthwhile investment" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/kate-middleton-blazers) . British Vogue . 9 April 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203022731/https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/kate-middleton-blazers) from the original on 3 December 2023 . Retrieved 2 December 2023 . "Kate Middleton just wore this royal-loved brand (again), and it's on sale at Nordstrom" (https://people.com/style/kate-middleton-barbour-coat-nordstrom/) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105133419/https://people.com/style/kate-middleton-barbour-coat-nordstrom/) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . "Kate Middleton has perfected her working wardrobe" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/02/kate-middleton-working-wardrobe-skinny-jeans) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105133537/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/02/kate-middleton-working-wardrobe-skinny-jeans) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Guyon, Janet (19 October 2016). "Kate Middleton's pretty blue suit has revived interest in a quiet fashion label favored by Princess Diana" (https://qz.com/809808/kate-middleton-wears-blue-catherine-walker-suit-the-designer-loved-by-princess-diana/) . Quartz . 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Retrieved 8 March 2024 . v t e Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) ( 1982-01-09 ) 9 January 1982 (age 42) Titles and honours (/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay) Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Earl_of_Chester) Countess of Carrick (/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick) Countess of Strathearn (/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(title)) Lady Carrickfergus (/wiki/Baron_Carrickfergus) Family (/wiki/Family_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (husband) Prince George of Wales (/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales) (son) Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)) (daughter) Prince Louis of Wales (/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales) (son) Michael Middleton (/wiki/Michael_Middleton) (father) Carole Goldsmith (/wiki/Carole_Middleton) (mother) Philippa Matthews (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) (sister) James Middleton (/wiki/James_Middleton) (brother) Lupton family (/wiki/Lupton_family) (paternal ancestors) Events and charities Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) guests (/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) Overseas visits (/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_William,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) 2011 Canadian Tour (/wiki/2011_royal_tour_of_Canada) 2014 Australian and New Zealand Tour (/wiki/2014_royal_tour_of_Australia) The Royal Foundation (/wiki/The_Royal_Foundation) Fashion Engagement dress (/wiki/Engagement_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Popular culture Portraits Portrait of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2013) Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2022) Publications Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020 (/wiki/Hold_Still:_A_Portrait_of_Our_Nation_in_2020) (2021) Film and television William & Kate: The Movie (/wiki/William_%26_Kate:_The_Movie) (2011) South Park: Royal Pudding (/wiki/Royal_Pudding) (2011) William & Catherine: A Royal Romance (/wiki/William_%26_Catherine:_A_Royal_Romance) (2011) The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; (/wiki/The_Windsors) play, 2021) (/wiki/The_Windsors:_Endgame) Spitting Image (/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)) (2020–21) The Prince (/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)) (2021) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2023) Animals Lupo (/wiki/Lupo_(dog)) Homes Nottingham Cottage (/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage) Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) Anmer Hall (/wiki/Anmer_Hall) Adelaide Cottage (/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐czfsx Cached time: 20240712180339 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.648 seconds Real time usage: 0.739 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3020/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 144988/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 900/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 242188/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.440/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5136697/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 658.814 1 -total 63.36% 417.401 1 Template:Reflist 36.83% 242.648 35 Template:Cite_magazine 18.92% 124.669 2 Template:Navbox 18.67% 123.009 1 Template:Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales 14.43% 95.083 21 Template:Cite_news 11.06% 72.853 1 Template:Short_description 6.56% 43.238 2 Template:Pagetype 4.68% 30.845 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 2.86% 18.836 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68276558-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712180339 and revision id 1226056449. 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Mexican-American fashion designer (born 1972) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Raul Melgoza" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Raul+Melgoza%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Raul+Melgoza%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Raul+Melgoza%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Raul+Melgoza%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Raul+Melgoza%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Raul+Melgoza%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Raul Melgoza Born ( 1972-07-15 ) 15 July 1972 Los Angeles, California, US Died July 18, 2020 (2020-07-18) (aged 48) Occupation Fashion designer Raul Melgoza was a Mexican-American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Melgoza designed clothes for royalty, celebrities and actresses. Career [ edit ] In 2006, after graduating from Parsons, Melgoza became well known [ by whom? ] in the New York fashion scene, [1] (#cite_note-Exiting_Parsons_to_LUCA_LUCA-1) and became the Creative Designer for the haute couture fashion house, LUCA LUCA. By the fall collection of 2008, the fashion house saw rise in attention and sales. [ quantify ] He designed dresses for personalities including Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) , Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) , Ashley Tisdale (/wiki/Ashley_Tisdale) , Jamie-Lynn Sigler (/wiki/Jamie-Lynn_Sigler) , Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) , Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) and Petra Nemcova (/wiki/Petra_Nemcova) . [2] (#cite_note-Raul_Melgoza's_Interview_About_Clients-2) Melgoza died on July 18, 2020, of lung cancer. [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of Parsons The New School for Design people (/wiki/List_of_Parsons_The_New_School_for_Design_people) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Exiting_Parsons_to_LUCA_LUCA_1-0) "Raul Melgoza interview" (http://manhattanfashionmagazine.com/2011/09/15/raul-melgoza-interview/) . Manhattan Fashion Magazine . September 15, 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Raul_Melgoza's_Interview_About_Clients_2-0) Harris Frankeny, Chloe (October 12, 2010). "Exclusive Interview: Backstage with Raul Melgoza at Luca Luca Spring 2011" (http://www.stylebistro.com/New+York+Fashion+Week/articles/lm-jnVzT0up/Exclusive+Interview+Backstage+Raul+Melgoza) . Stylebistro . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Raul Melgoza, Former Luca Luca Creative Director, Dies at 48" (https://news.yahoo.com/raul-melgoza-former-luca-luca-173549877.html) . news.yahoo.com . July 22, 2020 . Retrieved 2020-07-23 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lucaluca.com/) This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b58xw Cached time: 20240713045752 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.034 seconds Real time usage: 0.047 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1118/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.018/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 681037/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 36.848 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 36.848 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34191445-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713045752 and revision id 788608550. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Shoe companies of Australia" The following 20 pages are in this category, out of 20 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Aquila Shoes (/wiki/Aquila_Shoes) B Baxter Boots (/wiki/Baxter_Boots) Betts Group (/wiki/Betts_Group) Bloch (company) (/wiki/Bloch_(company)) Blundstone Footwear (/wiki/Blundstone_Footwear) C Colorado Group Limited (/wiki/Colorado_Group_Limited) D Dunlop Sport (Australia) (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport_(Australia)) E EMU Australia (/wiki/EMU_Australia) F FEIT (/wiki/FEIT) G Globe International (/wiki/Globe_International) K Kustom (footwear) (/wiki/Kustom_(footwear)) O Oliver Boots (/wiki/Oliver_Boots) R R. M. Williams (company) (/wiki/R._M._Williams_(company)) Redback Boots (/wiki/Redback_Boots) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Rossi Boots (/wiki/Rossi_Boots) Royal Elastics (/wiki/Royal_Elastics) S Steel Blue (Footwear) (/wiki/Steel_Blue_(Footwear)) U Uggs-N-Rugs (/wiki/Uggs-N-Rugs) V Volley (shoe) (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_companies_of_Australia&oldid=788608550 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_companies_of_Australia&oldid=788608550) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe companies by country (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_by_country) Clothing companies of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Australia)
Beauty pageant Organización Miss El Salvador Formation 1954 ; 70 years ago ( 1954 ) Type Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) Headquarters San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Location El Salvador (/wiki/El_Salvador) Membership Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) Official language Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) President Carlos Jiménez Website reinadodeelsalvador.com (http://www.reinadodeelsalvador.com/) The Reinado de El Salvador is a national beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) in El Salvador where various winners compete at international pageants. History [ edit ] The Miss El Salvador was the organization in charge of choosing the representative to Miss Universe. The organization since its birth sent a representative to Miss Universe (except in 1980) and Miss World (from 1975 to 1993, when the organization lost the franchise.) The organization was headed by Mr. Eddie Gonzalez, who was the committed to put El Salvador at the international mark. The format of the competition was based on a representative from each of the 14 departments in the country. During the 1980s due to the Salvadorian Civil War (/wiki/Salvadorian_Civil_War) situation, thanks to the special permission granted by The Miss Universe Organization, the representative was chosen behind closed doors. This continued till 1995 when they resumed the national competition. Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2004—2019 [ edit ] For full list and details, see Nuestra Belleza El Salvador (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_El_Salvador) . After Miss El Salvador stopped to produce the pageant, in 2004, Telecorporacion Salvadorena acquired the franchise for Miss World, and in 2006 acquired the franchise for Miss Universe. The pageant was renamed Nuestra Belleza El Salvador and held two separate pageants to select the delegates to Miss Universe and Miss World. In 2010, the format changed as in that year they decided to select the two representatives in just one pageant. The pageant is open to any girls throughout the whole country. They choose the finalists via casting specials and the contestants are not required to have won a department title, which was the traditional way until 2005. The license for Miss Universe was given to the organization Reinado de El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) in March 2017 and the Miss World licensee in November 2018. Reinado de El Salvador 2007—2022 [ edit ] For full list and details, see Reinado de El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) . In 2007, the "Reinado de El Salvador" organization was founded and held the licenses for various international beauty pageants, most notably, Miss International and Miss Earth. Eventually each license was dropped as the year went by. In 2017, the organization was granted the license of Miss Universe and subsequently in 2018, acquired the license of Miss World. Depending on the year, the organization would organize different national beauty pageants where the winner would compete at perspective international beauty pageant or held one contest where various winners were selected. In 2023, the country of El Salvador hosted the Miss Universe pageant with the sponsorship of the government. As a result, the pageant during this year was dubbed "Miss El Salvador" due to the government appointing organizers to organize the pageant. During this year, the winner also received training in the Dominican Republic by the national director of Miss Universe in the Dominican Republic, Magali Febles. Miss Universe [ edit ] On January 14, 2023, the Salvadoran president Nayib Bukele (/wiki/Nayib_Bukele) announced that the country would host the 72nd Miss Universe pageant. The last time the country hosted the international pageant was in 1975 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1975) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Titles [ edit ] Number of wins from Miss El Salvador (past licenses) Pageant Wins Miss Universe 0 Miss World 0 Miss International 0 Miss Earth 0 Number of wins from Miss El Salvador (current licenses) Pageant Wins Miss Universe 0 Miss World 0 Note that the year designates the time Miss El Salvador has acquired that particular pageant franchise. Franchise holders in El Salvador [ edit ] 1954 Miss El Salvador – Eddie González 2004 Nuestra Belleza de El Salvador – Telecorporación Salvadoreña. Raúl Domínguez 2017 Reinado de El Salvador – Carlos Jiménez Titleholders [ edit ] Year Miss El Salvador 1954 Myrna Roz Orozco 1955 Maribel Arrieta Galvez (/wiki/Maribel_Arrieta) 1964 María Herma Hernández-Lazo 1972 Ruth Eugenia Romero Ramírez 1973 Gloria Ivete Romero 1974 Ana Carlota Margarita Araujo 1975 Carmen Elena Figueroa (/wiki/Carmen_Elena_Figueroa) 1976 Mireya Carolina Calderón Tovar 1977 Altagracia Arévalo 1978 Iris Ivette Mazorra Castro 1979 Ivette López Lagos 1981 Martha Alicia Ortiz 1982 Jeannette Orietta Marroquín 1983 Claudia Denisse Oliva Alberto 1984 Ana Lorena Samayoa 1985 Julia Haydée Mora Alfaro 1986 Vicky Elizabeth Cañas Álvarez 1987 Virna Passelly Machuca 1988 Ana Margarita Vaquerano Celarie 1989 Lucía Beatriz López Rodríguez 1990 Gracia María Guerra 1991 Rebeca Dávila Dada 1992 Melissa Salazar 1993 Kathy Méndez Cuéllar 1994 Claudia Méndez Cuéllar 1995 Eleonora Beatrice Carrillo Alamanni 1996 Carmen Milena Mayorga 1997 Carmen Irene Carrillo Vilanova 1998 Maria Gabriela Joviel Munguía 1999 Cynthia Carolina Cevallos Montoya 2000 Alexandra María Rivas Cruz 2001 Diana Betsy Guerrero 2002 Elisa Sandoval Rodríguez 2003 Diana Renée Valdivieso Dubón 2004 Silvia Gabriela Mejía Córdova 2005 Irma Marina Dimas Pineda (/wiki/Irma_Marina_Dimas_Pineda) 2006 Grace Marie Zabaneh Menéndez Selected by another organization 2006 Rebecca Iraheta 2007 Lissette Rodríguez Alfaro 2008 Rebeca Moreno 2009 Jacquelin Mayella Mena Mahomar 2010 Sonia Yesenia Cruz Ayala (/wiki/Sonia_Cruz) 2011 Alejandra Ochoa Did not compete 2012 Ana Yancy Clavel Espinoza 2013 Alba Maricela Delgado Rubio (/wiki/Alba_Delgado) 2014 Claudia Patricia Murillo Ramos (/wiki/Patricia_Murillo) 2015 Fátima Idubina Rivas Opico (/wiki/Idubina_Rivas) 2016 Ana Cortez 2017 Allison Ivonne Flores Abarca 2018 Marisela de Montecristo (/wiki/Marisela_de_Montecristo) 2019 Zuleika Soler Aragón (/wiki/Zuleika_Soler) 2020 Vanessa Velásquez 2021 Alejandra María Gavidia García 2022 Alejandra Guajardo Sada [3] (#cite_note-3) 2023 Isabella García-Manzo [4] (#cite_note-4) Titleholders under Miss El Salvador org. [ edit ] Miss Universe El Salvador [ edit ] : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists : Ended as special awards winner The main winner of Miss El Salvador represents El Salvador at Miss Universe pageant. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Year Department Miss Universe El Salvador Placement at Miss Universe Special Awards 2024 TBA 2023 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Isabella García-Manzo (/wiki/Isabella_Garc%C3%ADa-Manzo) Top 10 2022 Cabañas (/wiki/Caba%C3%B1as_Department) Alejandra Guajardo Sada [5] (#cite_note-5) Unplaced 2021 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Alejandra María Gavidia García Unplaced 2020 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Vanessa Velásquez Unplaced 2019 La Unión (/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Department) Zuleika Soler Aragón (/wiki/Zuleika_Soler) Unplaced 2018 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Marisela de Montecristo (/wiki/Marisela_de_Montecristo) Unplaced Best National Costume (Top 6) 2017 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Allison Ivonne Flores Abarca Unplaced 2016 Did not compete 2015 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Fátima Idubina Rivas Opico (/wiki/Idubina_Rivas) Unplaced 2014 Sonsonate (/wiki/Sonsonate_Department) Claudia Patricia Murillo Ramos (/wiki/Patricia_Murillo) Unplaced 2013 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Alba Maricela Delgado Rubio Unplaced 2012 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Ana Yancy Clavel Espinoza Unplaced 2011 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Mayra Graciela Aldana Najarro ∆ Unplaced 2010 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Sonia Yesenia Cruz Ayala (/wiki/Sonia_Cruz) Unplaced 2009 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Jacquelin Mayella Mena Mahomar Unplaced Best Costume (Top 5) 2008 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Rebeca Moreno Unplaced Miss Congeniality 2007 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Lissette Rodríguez Alfaro Unplaced 2006 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Rebecca Iraheta Unplaced 2005 Sonsonate (/wiki/Sonsonate_Department) Irma Marina Dimas Pineda (/wiki/Irma_Dimas) Unplaced 2004 Sonsonate (/wiki/Sonsonate_Department) Silvia Gabriela Mejía Córdova Unplaced 2003 Ahuachapán (/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n_Department) Diana Renée Valdivieso Dubón Unplaced 2002 La Unión (/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Department) Elisa Sandoval Rodríguez Unplaced 2001 Santa Ana (/wiki/Santa_Ana_Department) Grace Marie Zabaneh Menéndez Unplaced 2000 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Alexandra Maria Rivas Cruz Unplaced 1999 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Cynthia Carolina Cevallos Montoya Unplaced 1998 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Maria Gabriela Joviel Munguía Unplaced 1997 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Carmen Irene Carrillo Vilanova Unplaced 1996 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Carmen Milena Mayorga Top 10 1995 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Eleonora Beatrice Corrillo Alamanni Top 10 1994 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Claudia Méndez Cuéllar Unplaced 1993 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Kathy Méndez Cuéllar Unplaced 1992 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Melissa Salazar Unplaced 1991 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Rebeca Dávila Dada Unplaced 1990 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Gracia María Guerra Unplaced Miss All Nations 1989 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Lucía Beatriz López Rodríguez Unplaced 1988 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Ana Margarita Vaquerano Celarie Unplaced 1987 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Virna Passelly Machuca Unplaced 1986 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Vicky Elizabeth Cañas Álvarez Unplaced 1985 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Julia Haydée Mora Alfaro Unplaced 1984 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Ana Lorena Samayoa Unplaced 1983 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Claudia Denisse Oliva Alberto Unplaced 1982 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Jeannette Orietta Marroquín Unplaced Did not compete between 1980—1981 1979 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Judith Ivette López Lagos Unplaced 1978 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Iris Ivette Mazorra Castro Unplaced 1977 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Altagracia Arévalo Unplaced 1976 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Mireya Carolina Calderón Tovar Unplaced 1975 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Carmen Elena Figueroa (/wiki/Carmen_Elena_Figueroa) Top 12 1974 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Ana Carlota Margarita Araujo Unplaced 1973 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Gloria Ivete Romero Unplaced 1972 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Ruth Eugenia Romero Ramírez Unplaced Did not compete between 1956—1971 1955 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Maribel Arrieta Gálvez (/wiki/Maribel_Arrieta) 1st Runner-up Miss Congeniality 1954 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Myrna Ros Orozco Unplaced ∆ Designated — The main winner, Alejandra Ochoa withdrew from Miss Universe, due to accident. Miss World El Salvador [ edit ] : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists : Ended as special awards winner The second title called Miss World El Salvador represents El Salvador at Miss World pageant. On occasion, when the title does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, another delegate is sent. Year Department Miss World El Salvador Placement at Miss World Special Awards 2023 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Andrea Aguilar Unplaced 2022 Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) was rescheduled to 16 March 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) outbreak in Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) , no edition started in 2022. 2021 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Nicole Álvarez Unplaced 2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no competition held. 2019 Santa Tecla (/wiki/Santa_Tecla,_El_Salvador) Fátima Mangandi Unplaced 2018 Santa Ana (/wiki/Santa_Ana_Department) Metzi Solano Unplaced 2017 San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) Fátima Cuéllar Top 15 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Severo, Jan Milo. "El Salvador to host 72nd Miss Universe at the end of 2023" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/01/15/2237805/el-salvador-host-72nd-miss-universe-end-2023) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . Retrieved 2023-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gillett, Katy (2023-01-15). "Miss Universe 2023 to take place in El Salvador" (https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/2023/01/15/miss-universe-2023-to-take-place-in-el-salvador/) . The National . Retrieved 2023-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miss Universo 2022: Alejandra Guajardo la mexicana que representará a El Salvador" (https://www.glamstar.news/showbiz/Miss-Universo-2022-Alejandra-Guajardo-la-mexicana-que-representara-a-El-Salvador-20220819-0017.html) . Glam Star News (in Spanish). 14 August 2022 . Retrieved 2022-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Isabella García-Manzo gana el certamen de Miss El Salvador 2023" (https://www.laprensagrafica.com/farandula/Isabella-Garcia-Manzo-gana-el-certamen-de-Miss-El-Salvador-2023-20230730-0055.html) [Isabella García-Manzo wins the Miss El Salvador 2023 pageant]. La Prensa Gráfica (/wiki/La_Prensa_Gr%C3%A1fica) (in Spanish). 31 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Miss Universo 2022: Alejandra Guajardo la mexicana que representará a El Salvador" (https://www.glamstar.news/showbiz/Miss-Universo-2022-Alejandra-Guajardo-la-mexicana-que-representara-a-El-Salvador-20220819-0017.html) . Glam Star News (in Spanish). 14 August 2022 . Retrieved 2022-11-03 . External links [ edit ] www.reinadodeelsalvador.com (http://www.reinadodeelsalvador.com/) v t e Beauty pageants in El Salvador (/wiki/El_Salvador) Nuestra Belleza El Salvador (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_El_Salvador) Miss El Salvador Reinado de El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) El Salvador portal (/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador) v t e Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) participant countries and territories (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) Active (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) (1952–present) Africa Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Botswana) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RDC)) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ghana) Guinea (/wiki/Guinea) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kenya) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Estrella_Mauritius) Mayotte (/wiki/Mayotte) Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Nigeria) Senegal (/wiki/Miss_Senegal) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) Tanzania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Tanzania) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Miss_Argentina) Aruba (/wiki/Miss_Aruba) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bahamas) Belize (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Belize) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_British_Virgin_Islands) Canada (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cayman_Islands) Chile (/wiki/Miss_Universo_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Miss_Costa_Rica) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) Curaçao (/wiki/Miss_Cura%C3%A7ao) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ecuador) El Salvador Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Guyana) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_Universe) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) Mexico (/wiki/Mexicana_Universal) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Nicaragua) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Puerto_Rico) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Lucia_Universe) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Trinidad_and_Tobago) Turks and Caicos (/wiki/Miss_Turks_and_Caicos) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) United States (/wiki/Miss_USA) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bangladesh) Bahrain (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bahrain) Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) China (/wiki/Miss_Universe_China) Hong Kong (/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant) India (/wiki/Miss_Universe_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Indonesia) Iran (/wiki/Iran) Japan (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Japan) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Miss_Kyrgyzstan) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) Macau (/wiki/Macau) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Malaysia) Maldives (/wiki/Maldives) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Nepal) Pakistan (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Pakistan) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Singapore) South Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Thailand) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Miss_Uzbekistan) Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Austria) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Miss_Azerbaijan) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Belgium) Bulgaria (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bulgaria) Croatia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Croatia) Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Miss) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) Estonia (/wiki/Miss_Estonia) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) France (/wiki/Miss_France) Germany (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Germany) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) Great Britain (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Great_Britain) Greece (/wiki/Star_GS_Hellas) Hungary (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Hungary) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_Iceland) Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ireland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_Universo_Italia) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kosovo) Latvia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Latvia) Malta (/wiki/Miss_Malta_Universe) Moldova (/wiki/Moldova) Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Montenegro) Netherlands (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Netherlands) North Macedonia (/wiki/Miss_Macedonia) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polski) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Portugal) Romania (/wiki/Miss_Romania) Russia (/wiki/Miss_Russia) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Spain) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_Switzerland) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine_Universe) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Australia) Cook Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cook_Islands) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) New Zealand (/wiki/Miss_Universe_New_Zealand) Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) Inactive (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) since 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) (under JKN Metaverse Inc. (/wiki/JKN_Global_Group) ) Africa Benin (/wiki/Miss_B%C3%A9nin) ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1962) ) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ethiopia) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Eswatini (/wiki/Miss_Eswatini) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) ) Gambia (/wiki/Miss_Gambia) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Lesotho (/wiki/Lesotho) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Liberia) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) ) Madagascar (/wiki/Miss_Madagascar) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) ) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Seychelles (/wiki/Miss_Seychelles_Universe) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) ( 1971 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1971) ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Miss_Antigua_and_Barbuda) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2008) ) Barbados (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Barbados) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2020) ) Bermuda (/wiki/Miss_Bermuda) ( 1997 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1997) ) Dominica (/wiki/Miss_Dominica) ( 1985 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1985) ) Grenada (/wiki/Miss_Grenada_World) ( 1964 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1964) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1981) ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Sint Maarten (/wiki/Miss_Sint_Maarten) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Asia Bhutan (/wiki/Miss_Bhutan) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2004) ) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Jordan (/wiki/Miss_Jordan) ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1960) ) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Sri_Lanka) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) ) Europe Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) ) Georgia (/wiki/Miss_Georgia_(country)) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_Luxembourg) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994) ) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Slovenia) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_Sweden) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Oceania American Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Guam (/wiki/Miss_Guam) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Vanuatu (/wiki/Vanuatu) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Inactive territories and dependencies (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) (1952–2006) Constituent country of Denmark Greenland (/wiki/Miss_Greenland) ( 1987 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1987) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Overseas regions and collectivities of (/wiki/Overseas_France) France French Guiana (/wiki/French_Guiana) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) – 1984 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1984) ) New Caledonia (/wiki/New_Caledonia) ( 1982 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1982) ) Réunion (/wiki/R%C3%A9union) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) – 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Tahiti (/wiki/Tahiti) ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1962) – 1985 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1985) ) Constituent countries of Great Britain England (/wiki/Miss_England) ( 1955 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1955) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Prefecture of Japan Okinawa (/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture) ( 1963 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1963) – 1968 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1968) ) Bantustans (/wiki/Bantustan) of South Africa Bophuthatswana (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( 1979 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1979) ) Transkei (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( 1979 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1979) – 1983 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1983) ) States of the United States Alaska (/wiki/Miss_Alaska_USA) ( 1952 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1952) – 1958 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1958) ) Hawaii (/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_USA) ( 1952 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1952) – 1959 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1959) ) Former entities (1952–2006) Commonwealth of Independent States (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1992) ) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Miss_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky) ( 1970 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1970) – 1992 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1992) ) Micronesia (/wiki/Micronesia) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1975) ) Southern Rhodesia (/wiki/Miss_Rhodesia) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) ) Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2003) – 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Soviet Union (/wiki/Miss_USSR) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) – 1991 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1991) ) West Indies (/wiki/West_Indies) ( 1954 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1954) – 1958 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1958) ) Yugoslavia (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 1968 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1968) – 2002 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2002) ) v t e Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) participant countries and territories (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_countries) Active (1951–present) Africa Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Botswana) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Ethiopia) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Ghana) Guinea (/wiki/Miss_World_Guinea) Guinea-Bissau (/wiki/Miss_World_Guinea-Bissau) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_World_Kenya) Lesotho (/wiki/Miss_World_Lesotho) Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Liberia) Madagascar (/wiki/Miss_Madagascar) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Mauritius) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Most_Beautiful_Girl_in_Nigeria) Senegal (/wiki/Miss_Senegal) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Miss_Sierra_Leone) Somalia (/wiki/Miss_Somalia) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) South Sudan (/wiki/Miss_South_Sudan) Tanzania (/wiki/Miss_Tanzania) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) Uganda (/wiki/Miss_Uganda) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_World_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Belleza_Argentina) Belize (/wiki/Miss_World_Belize) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil_World) Canada (/wiki/Miss_World_Canada) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cayman_Islands) Chile (/wiki/Miss_World_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Mundo_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) Curaçao (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Cura%C3%A7ao) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Concurso_Nacional_de_Belleza_Ecuador) El Salvador Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Guyana) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_World) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) Mexico (/wiki/Miss_Mexico_Organization) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Mundo_Nicaragua) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Miss_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_World_Puerto_Rico) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Trinidad_and_Tobago) United States (/wiki/United_States_representatives_at_Miss_World) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Miss_Bangladesh) Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodian_beauty_pageants) China (/wiki/Miss_China_World) India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) Japan (/wiki/Miss_World_Japan) Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Miss_World_Laos) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) Macau (/wiki/Miss_Macau) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_World_Malaysia) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_World_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_World_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Nepal) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_World_Philippines) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Singapore_World) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_World_Sri_Lanka) Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Thailand_World) Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Belgium) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Miss_Bosne_i_Hercegovine) Bulgaria (/wiki/Miss_World_Bulgaria) Croatia (/wiki/Miss_Croatia) Czech Republic (/wiki/Miss_Czech_Republic) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) England (/wiki/Miss_England) Estonia (/wiki/Miss_Estonia) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) France (/wiki/Miss_France) Germany (/wiki/Miss_World_Germany) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) Greece (/wiki/Star_Hellas) Hungary (/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_Sz%C3%A9pe) Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_World_Italy) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) Latvia (/wiki/Mis_Latvija) Malta (/wiki/Miss_World_Malta) Moldova (/wiki/Miss_Moldova) Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Montenegro) Netherlands Northern Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Northern_Ireland) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polonia) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa) Romania (/wiki/List_of_Romania_representatives_at_international_beauty_pageants) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Slovenia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Spain) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_World_Sweden) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_World_Australia) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_at_Miss_World) Inactive (/wiki/Miss_World) since 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) (first edition after the COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) ) Africa Algeria (/wiki/Miss_Algeria) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) ) Cape Verde (/wiki/Miss_Cape_Verde) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Chad (/wiki/Miss_Chad) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RDC)) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Eswatini (/wiki/Miss_Eswatini) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_World_2009) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Gambia (/wiki/Miss_Gambia) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_World_1986) ) Malawi (/wiki/Miss_Malawi) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Rwanda (/wiki/Miss_Rwanda) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Miss_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Seychelles (/wiki/Miss_Seychelles) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Miss_Antigua_and_Barbuda) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Aruba (/wiki/Miss_Aruba) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Bahamas) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Barbados (/wiki/Miss_Barbados_World) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Bermuda (/wiki/Miss_Bermuda) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_British_Virgin_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_World_1975) ) Dominica (/wiki/Miss_Dominica) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Grenada (/wiki/Miss_Grenada_World) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_World_2007) ) Montserrat ( 1964 (/wiki/Miss_World_1964) ) Saint Barthelemy (/wiki/Miss_St._Barthelemy) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Lucia_World) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Sint Maarten (/wiki/Miss_Sint_Maarten) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_World_1994) ) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Turks and Caicos (/wiki/Miss_Turks_and_Caicos) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_World_2004) ) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Asia Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Hong Kong China (/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Jordan (/wiki/Miss_Jordan) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_World_1981) ) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Miss_Kyrgyzstan) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Syria (/wiki/Miss_Syria) ( 1966 (/wiki/Miss_World_1966) ) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Miss_Uzbekistan) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Europe Andorra (/wiki/Miss_Andorra) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_World_2003) ) Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Austria) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Georgia (/wiki/Miss_Georgia_(country)) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Greenland (/wiki/Miss_Greenland) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_World_1992) ) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_World_Iceland) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_World_Kosova) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_Luxembourg) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Monaco (/wiki/Miss_Monaco) ( 1955 (/wiki/Miss_World_1955) ) North Macedonia (/wiki/Miss_Macedonia) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Russia (/wiki/Miss_Russia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_World_Switzerland) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Oceania Cook Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cook_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) French Polynesia (/wiki/Miss_Tahiti) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_World_2010) ) Guam (/wiki/Miss_World_Guam) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_World_2003) ) Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_World_1990) ) Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Tonga (/wiki/Tonga) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_World_1986) ) Inactive non-existing countries and former territories and others (/wiki/Miss_World) Africa South (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( Miss South Africa for Blacks ) ( 1976 (/wiki/Miss_World_1976) ) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Miss_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_World_1992) ) Hawaii (/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_World) ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_World_2001) ) Guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_World_1975) ) Isle of Man (/wiki/Isle_of_Man) ( 1988 (/wiki/Miss_World_1988) ) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_World_1981) ) Rhodesia and Nyasaland (/wiki/Miss_Rhodesia) ( 1965 (/wiki/Miss_World_1965) ) Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_World_2005) ) Tanganyika ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_World_1960) ) United Kingdom (/wiki/Miss_United_Kingdom) ( 1999 (/wiki/Miss_World_1999) ) (competed as England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) USSR (/wiki/Miss_USSR) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_World_1990) ) Yugoslavia (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐84rvb Cached time: 20240720083202 Cache expiry: 1006079 Reduced expiry: true Complications: 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Dress designed by Marc Bouwer Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) wore a white satin dress with a plunging neckline designed by Marc Bouwer (/wiki/Marc_Bouwer) at the 76th Academy Awards (/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards) on February 29, 2004. [1] (#cite_note-inde_This-1) It has been described in subsequent years by fashion and celebrity publications as a memorable and stylish selection that was reminiscent of classical Hollywood style (/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Critical reception to the dress focused on the material and color, describing both as difficult to wear stylishly. Most critics agreed that the look was a success for Jolie, and comparisons were drawn to several classic Hollywood stars, including Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) , Jean Harlow (/wiki/Jean_Harlow) , and especially Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The dress's minimalism and classic aesthetic has consistently been referred to as a defining moment for Jolie's style. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) Since its debut, the dress has been placed on several lists of best Oscars or red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine picked the dress in 2011 as one of the best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, "Angie's one of very few people who can rock this material and this color — both being mercilessly unforgiving. But the dress drapes on her curves and shows off her assets in all the right ways." [7] (#cite_note-7) Fashion journalist André Leon Talley (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leon_Talley) put it on his list of the 25 best Oscars dresses, published 2012. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2019, Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) named it one of the 100 best red-carpet dresses. [9] (#cite_note-9) That same year, the dress was one of 25 famous red carpet dresses used in a photo shoot celebrating the 25th anniversary of InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) magazine. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2023, Christian Allaire (/wiki/Christian_Allaire) of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) selected it as one of the 55 best Oscars dresses; Vogue contributor Christina Liao was quoted calling the dress Jolie's "best look of all time". [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2024, Sydney Sweeney (/wiki/Sydney_Sweeney) wore the dress for the Vanity Fair Oscar party (/wiki/Oscar_party) following the 96th Academy Awards (/wiki/96th_Academy_Awards) . [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] Black Versace dress of Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) , which she wore to the 2012 Oscars List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-inde_This_1-0) "This Marc Bouwer white satin gown, worn by Angelina Jolie to the Oscars" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/oscars-bestdressed-friends-the-most-memorable-fashion-winners-and-losers-1622657.html?action=gallery&ino=4) . The Independent . 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 2015-05-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Oscars: Dresses that changed the red carpet" (https://www.thespec.com/living-story/2146688-oscars-dresses-that-changed-the-red-carpet/) . The Hamilton Spectator . 2013-02-21. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1189-9417 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1189-9417) . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Revisiting Angelina Jolie's Best Oscars Fashion—Including That Surprising Suit" (https://www.vogue.com/article/angelina-jolie-best-oscars-red-carpet-dresses-celebrity-style) . Vogue . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Oscar's best-dressed friends: The most memorable fashion winners and" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/oscars-best-dressed-friends-the-most-memorable-fashion-winners-and-losers-1622657.html) . The Independent . 2009-02-16 . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Angelina Jolie's best red carpet moments" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/angelina-jolie-style-hits/oscars-marc-bouwer/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cusumano, Katherine. "Angelina Jolie Has a History of Keeping It Simple on the Red Carpet" (https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/angelina-jolie-birthday-style-evolution/all) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Talley, André Leon (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leon_Talley) (2012-02-24). "André Leon Talley on the Best Oscar Dresses of All Time" (https://www.vogue.com/article/andre-leon-talley-on-the-best-oscars-dresses-of-all-time) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) King, Joyann; Rutherford, Chrissy (2019-01-22). "The Best Red Carpet Gowns of All Time" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/100-most-iconic-red-carpet-dresses) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2022-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Foley, Bridget (2019-08-07). "Bridget Foley's Diary: InStyle Marks a Milestone" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/bridget-foleys-diary-instyle-marks-a-milestone-1203234085/) . WWD . Retrieved 2019-08-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "InStyle 25th Anniversary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200502082621/https://www.instyle.com/promo/25th-anniversary/index.html) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived from the original (https://www.instyle.com/promo/25th-anniversary/index.html#gal15) on 2020-05-02 . Retrieved 2019-08-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Allaire, Christian (6 March 2023). "The 55 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) . Vogue . Retrieved 29 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Jackson, Hannah (March 11, 2024). "Sydney Sweeney Raided Angelina Jolie's Closet for the Oscars AfterParty" (https://www.vogue.com/article/sydney-sweeney-angelina-jolie-vontage-marc-bouwer-dress-2024-oscars-after-party) . Vogue . Retrieved March 11, 2024 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gala_Gonzalez) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gala_Gonzalez) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article has an unclear citation style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style) . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) and footnoting (/wiki/Help:Footnotes) . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . 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Find sources: "Gala Gonzalez" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gala+Gonzalez%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Gala González Born ( 1986-03-16 ) March 16, 1986 (age 38) A Coruña (/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a) , Galicia (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Alma mater University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) Occupations Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) blogger (/wiki/Blogger) disc jockey (/wiki/Disc_jockey) Years active 2007–present Relatives Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) (uncle) Gala González (born March 16, 1986) is a Spanish model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , socialite (/wiki/Socialite) , blogger (/wiki/Blog) , fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) and DJ (/wiki/Disc_jockey) . She is the first Spanish fashion blogger, and is the niece of Spanish designer Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) . González, with her niece, produces environmentally friendly clothing. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] González was born in A Coruña (/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a) , Galicia, Spain (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) . Her family is involved in fashion. González studied at University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) where she graduated with a BA in fashion. [ citation needed ] Career [ edit ] She began blogging (/wiki/Blogging) in 2007 following the success of her fotolog (/wiki/Fotolog) . González has worked as the creative director of Línea U by Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) since 2007. [2] (#cite_note-2) During September 2009, González released her own first collection Music Collection [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) for the Spanish label Adolfo Dominguez. In June 2010, she was cast for Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) 's campaign. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Personal life [ edit ] She currently lives in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Get to Know Gala Gonzalez's Eco-Responsible (and Sexy) Label Amlul - Interview" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/amlul-gala-gonzalez-influencer-interview) . L'Officiel USA . Retrieved 2023-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lo último en Moda Mujer y Hombre en Adolfo Domínguez Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014521/http://www.adolfodominguez.com/indexAD.php?id_doc=campana%2FU&est=0&id_est=0&lg=ES&tod=no) . www.adolfodominguez.com . Archived from the original (http://www.adolfodominguez.com/indexAD.php?id_doc=campana/U&est=0&id_est=0&lg=ES&tod=no) on 2012-03-31 . Retrieved 2019-12-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lo último en Moda Mujer y Hombre en Adolfo Domínguez Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014530/http://www.adolfodominguez.com/MusicCollection/indexAD.php?id_doc=Campana%2FMusic&est=0&id_est=0&lg=ES&tod=no) . www.adolfodominguez.com . Archived from the original (http://www.adolfodominguez.com/MusicCollection/indexAD.php?id_doc=Campana/Music&est=0&id_est=0&lg=ES&tod=no) on 2012-03-31 . Retrieved 2019-12-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "U de Gala - Yo Dona" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117183350/http://www.elmundo.es/yodona/2009/09/09/moda/1252482637.html) . Unidad Editorial Internet (in Spanish). September 17, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.elmundo.es/yodona/2009/09/09/moda/1252482637.html) on January 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Loewe 'Leather Icons' Launch at Harrods | F.TAPE | Fashion Directory" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120401051532/http://www.ftape.com/media/?p=9861) . Archived from the original (http://www.ftape.com/media/?p=9861) on 2012-04-01 . Retrieved 2011-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Neel, Julia (9 June 2010). "Loewe Icons" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/celebrity-photos/2010/06/09/loewe-leather-icons-launch) . www.vogue.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Loewe launches the Leather Icons Collection - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/oddities/2010/06/loewe-lancia-la-leather-icons-collection-) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.amlul.com) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gala_Gonzalez&action=edit) . v t e This Spanish biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Indonesian fashion designer Iwan Tirta (18 April 1935 – 31 July 2010) was an Indonesian batik (/wiki/Batik) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Tirta trained as a lawyer (/wiki/Lawyer) , but became an internationally known designer. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) He is credited with beginning the early revival of batik design during the 1970s and 1980s. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) He also became an Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesia) and Javanese (/wiki/Java) cultural advocate, as well as a food consultant, later in his career. Biography [ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Iwan Tirta was born Nusjirwan Tirtaamidjaja on 18 April 1935, in Blora (/wiki/Blora) , Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) . [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta, the youngest child in his family, had three older sisters. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) His father, Moh Husein Tirtaatmidjaja (/w/index.php?title=Moh_Husein_Tirtaatmidjaja&action=edit&redlink=1) , served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia) from 1950 until 1958. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) His mother was West Sumatran (/wiki/West_Sumatra) . [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta originally wanted to be a diplomat as a child, though his father encouraged him to study law. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) Tirta received a law degree (/wiki/Law_degree) from the University of Indonesia (/wiki/University_of_Indonesia) in 1958. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) He became a professor of international law (/wiki/International_law) following graduation. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) Tirta then moved to the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) to study at the London School of Economics (/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) and the School of Oriental and African Studies (/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies) . [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) He was awarded the Adlai Stevenson Fellowship to study law at Yale Law School (/wiki/Yale_Law_School) in Connecticut (/wiki/Connecticut) in 1964. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) upon the completion of his law degree in 1965, [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) where he worked at the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) headquarters for several years. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Batik design [ edit ] Tirta returned to Indonesia from New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1970. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) [3] (#cite_note-time-3) Instead of utilizing his law degree (/wiki/Law_degree) as a profession, he started his career as a designer using traditional, hand-made batik (/wiki/Batik) cloth (/wiki/Cloth) . [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Batik is a traditional art on Tirta's native island of Java (/wiki/Java) . He began studying the design, motifs (/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)) and manufacture process of batik. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta authored several prominent books on the subject of batik. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) An advocate of batik decades before the fabric regained popularity, Tirta's designs gained attention both in Indonesia and internationally. He designed batik clothing for U.S. President (/wiki/U.S._President) Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) and First Lady (/wiki/United_States_First_Lady) Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) during their visit in the 1980s. Tirta's work achieved worldwide recognition in 1994 when he designed the batik shirts worn by world leaders at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) summitt in Bogor (/wiki/Bogor) , Indonesia. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) He counted Nelson Mandela (/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) among his clients. [4] (#cite_note-antara-4) He was widely credited with the promotion of batik designs within the international fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , including its magazines and fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_shows) . [3] (#cite_note-time-3) However, despite its newfound popularity, Tirta was a critic of the recent revival of batik in the early 21st Century. He was especially critical of the embrace mass produced (/wiki/Mass_produced) , printed batik over the traditional, handmade cloth, "The problem is that the establishment still doesn't know the difference between printed batik and the handmade one. It's our own mistake. They say *creative economy', and that's a contradiction. When the word economy comes into it ... you reduce everything to money (/wiki/Money) . What we need now are good and knowledgeable patrons." [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta expanded from batik clothing into other batik inspired products in the last years of his life. He introduced news lines of ceramics (/wiki/Pottery) and silverware (/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils) embellished with traditional batik designs. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) Tirta also worked as a food consultant for upscale Indonesian restaurants. [5] (#cite_note-jp2-5) [6] (#cite_note-jakartaglobe-6) Tirta established PT Iwan Tirta (with trademark name of Iwan Tirta (IT) Private Collection/ ITPC) in 2003. ITPC established its first gallery in 2006. ITPC opened its first mall location in 2008 and expanded further. Now it has 10 galleries already in prominent malls and locations in Jakarta & Surabaya (Galeria Grand Hyatt - Plaza Indonesia, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Pacific Place, Pondok Indah Mall 2, Jl Wijaya XIII, Shangrila Hotel Jakarta, Borobudur Hotel, Central - Grand Indonesia and SOGO Tunjungan Plaza IV - Surabaya). As recently as 2007, Tirta partnered with Lydia Kusuma Hendra (/w/index.php?title=Lydia_Kusuma_Hendra&action=edit&redlink=1) , the chairwoman (/wiki/Chairwoman) of the PT Tri Marga Jaya Hutama ceramics company, to relaunch PT Pusaka Iwan Tirta, a line of batik-inspired ceramic dinnerware (/wiki/Dinnerware) . [6] (#cite_note-jakartaglobe-6) The ceramics line was called Pusaka Maha Karya ("Heritage Masterpieces"), divided into two collections, Modang and Hokokai. [6] (#cite_note-jakartaglobe-6) His Hokotai collection was inspired by Hokokai batik, a form of batik which was created in the early 1940s during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) by painters in Pekalongan (/wiki/Pekalongan) , Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) , who themselves were inspired by kimono (/wiki/Kimono) . [6] (#cite_note-jakartaglobe-6) The Modang collection was based on the batik traditionally worn by royal families in Yogyakarta (/wiki/Yogyakarta) . [6] (#cite_note-jakartaglobe-6) In a 2009 interview with Time Magazine (/wiki/Time_Magazine) , Tirta listed some of his diverse influences, which included Pakubuwono X (/wiki/Pakubuwono_X) and other Javanese royalty, novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer (/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer) , Indonesian painters Raden Saleh (/wiki/Raden_Saleh) and Srihadi (/w/index.php?title=Srihadi&action=edit&redlink=1) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , Halston (/wiki/Halston) , Ludwig van Beethoven (/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven) Johann Sebastian Bach (/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) . [3] (#cite_note-time-3) Death [ edit ] Iwan Tirta died on 31 July 2010 at Abdi Waluyo Hospital in Menteng (/wiki/Menteng) , Central Jakarta (/wiki/Central_Jakarta) , at the age of 75. [1] (#cite_note-jp-1) [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) He had suffered from diabetes and several strokes in the preceding years [5] (#cite_note-jp2-5) He was buried at Karet Bivak (/wiki/Karet_Bivak) cemetery in Jakarta near his mother's tomb. [2] (#cite_note-bp-2) After three years of the maestro's departure, his name lives on. Commemorating 1,000 days of his departure this year (2013), several events and milestones was highlighted among others: - Mobiliari group (Tatler Indonesia) has awarded a tribute to Iwan Tirta via Iwan Tirta Private Collection, on his role to promote Indonesian Batik as one of the luxury brands from Indonesia. March 2013, Darmawangsa Hotel http://kennedyvoice-berliner.com/home/2013/03/19/mobiliariluxuryindustryconference/ (http://kennedyvoice-berliner.com/home/2013/03/19/mobiliariluxuryindustryconference/) https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233035/http://mobiliarigroup.com/events/indonesia-international-luxury-fair-2013/ (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233035/http://mobiliarigroup.com/events/indonesia-international-luxury-fair-2013/) - Tribute to Iwan Tirta by Berita Satu Media Holding and Gelar Nusantara. "Knights of the Golden Empress". Darmawangsa Hotel, July4th, 2013. The management of PT Iwan Tirta has also paid tribute to the late maestro, visiting his tomb on last 8 July 2013. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Emond, Bruce (2010-08-01). "Iwan Tirta, a man of many talents" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/01/iwan-tirta-a-man-many-talents.html) . Jakarta Post (/wiki/Jakarta_Post) . Retrieved 2010-08-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Top Batik Fashion Designer Iwan Tirta dies" (http://issuu.com/epaper-kmb/docs/bpi_02082010) . Antara (/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)) . Bali Post (/wiki/Bali_Post) page 7. 2010-08-02 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tedjasukmana, Jason (2009-10-12). "Iwan Tirta's Short List" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091006072127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1927138,00.html) . Time Magazine (/wiki/Time_Magazine) . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1927138,00.html) on October 6, 2009 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-antara_4-0) "Batik maestro Iwan Tirta passes away" (http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1280581440/batik-maestro-iwan-tirta-passes-away) . Jakarta Post (/wiki/Jakarta_Post) . 2010-07-31 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Batik designer Iwan Tirta passes away" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100811161436/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/07/31/batik-designer-iwan-tirta-passes-away.html) . Jakarta Post (/wiki/Jakarta_Post) . 2010-07-31. Archived from the original (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/07/31/batik-designer-iwan-tirta-passes-away.html) on 2010-08-11 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hamdani, Sylviana (2010-02-19). "Get Back to Batiks With Iwan Tirta's Tableware" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100725155604/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/get-back-to-batiks-with-iwan-tirtas-tableware/359635) . Jakarta Globe (/wiki/Jakarta_Globe) . Archived from the original (http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/get-back-to-batiks-with-iwan-tirtas-tableware/359635) on 2010-07-25 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . External links [ edit ] Iwan Tirta Batik (http://www.iwantirtabatik.com/) IWAN TIRTA Private Collection official Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/pages/IWAN-TIRTA-Private-Collection/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000083360108) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/119773326) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8pr834frqpYPYFHCxXd) National Belgium (https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21063642) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96106632) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/147133327) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐vddrk Cached time: 20240718081058 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.368 seconds Real time usage: 0.440 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 722/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16167/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 422/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31922/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.225/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4159320/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 391.761 1 -total 37.02% 145.027 1 Template:Reflist 31.33% 122.728 6 Template:Cite_news 29.11% 114.053 1 Template:Short_description 28.97% 113.505 1 Template:Authority_control 18.50% 72.495 2 Template:Pagetype 6.72% 26.320 3 Template:Main_other 6.03% 23.631 1 Template:SDcat 0.65% 2.539 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28410568-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718081058 and revision id 1226458346. 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French clothing brand Officine Générale is a French clothing brand founded in 2012 by Pierre Mahéo. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Based in Saint-Germain-des-Prés (/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , the company produces men's and women's clothing using French, British and Italian fabrics (/wiki/Fabric) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Although called a “lifestyle brand” by Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) magazine, [4] (#cite_note-4) Mahéo has stated: “Officine Générale isn’t in the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) industry. It isn’t fashion. Our point of view is different: beautiful normality.” [5] (#cite_note-5) The brand has 200 points of sale and 14 stores, including seven in Paris, one in London and four in the United States. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Its flagship store (/wiki/Flagship_store) is located at 6 Rue du Dragon, just off of Boulevard Saint-Germain (/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain) . See also [ edit ] rag & bone (/wiki/Rag_%26_bone) Billy Reid (/wiki/Billy_Reid_(fashion_designer)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Beresford, Jessica (September 15, 2023). "Fashion designer Pierre Mahéo talks taste" (https://www.ft.com/content/85c3b24f-cdf6-40d9-ba12-80de7d780ea2) . Financial Times . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mr. Porter (https://www.mrporter.com/mens/designers/officine_generale) ^ (#cite_ref-3) About (https://www.officinegenerale.com/en/content/4-about) officinegenerale.com ^ (#cite_ref-4) The 10 Coolest French Brands Out Now (http://www.complex.com/style/2012/08/the-10-coolest-french-brands-out-now/officine-generale) Jian DeLeon, Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) , August 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-5) AMY VERNER, SPRING 2018 MENSWEAR: Officine Generale (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2018-menswear/officine-generale) vogue.com (/wiki/Vogue.com) June 25, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-6) ISAAC-GOIZÉ, Tina (January 21, 2024). "Officine Générale FALL 2024 MENSWEAR" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2024-menswear/officine-generale) . Vogue. ^ (#cite_ref-7) GUILBAULT, LAURE (January 19, 2024). "After US store opening spree, Officine Générale plots next steps" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/fashion/after-us-store-opening-spree-officine-generale-plots-next-steps) . Vogue. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://uk.officinegenerale.com/en-int) Harry Rosen Speaks with... Pierre Mahéo of Officine Générale (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4f0ZBsK_Js) YouTube, 21 April 2023 This French corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officine_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Indian fashion carnival This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Ritambhara&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Ritambhara&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Ritambhara) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Ritambhara) for suggestions. ( August 2016 ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . 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( December 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ritambhara Genre Non-Profit, Student run Organization Location(s) Kanpur, India (/wiki/Kanpur,_India) Years active 55 Founded 1964 Patron(s) Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology,_Kanpur) Website www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/ (https://antaragni.in/competitions/ritambhara/disenador) Ritambhara ( Hindi (/wiki/Hindi_language) : ऋतंभरा ) is the fashion carnival of Antaragni (/wiki/Antaragni) , the annual cultural fest of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur) held in the month of October. It is a four-day-long event, attracting participation from more than 100 colleges across the country. [1] (#cite_note-abra-1) Ritambhara has featured judges including Nawazuddin Siddiqui (/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui) , [2] (#cite_note-naw-2) Kunal Kapoor (/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)) , [1] (#cite_note-abra-1) Kanika Kapur (/w/index.php?title=Kanika_Kapur&action=edit&redlink=1) , Arnela Zekovic (/wiki/Arnela_Zekovi%C4%87) , Simran Kaur Mundi (/wiki/Simran_Kaur_Mundi) , Bidita Bag (/wiki/Bidita_Bag) , Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) , Shilpa Singh (/wiki/Shilpa_Singh) . Established in 1964 by a group of IIT Kanpur students, Ritambhara, now in its 53rd edition, provides a platform for designers and models to showcase their talents through various themed competitive events. It is a non-profit event organized entirely by IIT Kanpur students. Initially, the event was small and funded solely by the Student Gymkhana of IIT Kanpur. Over time, it gained recognition in the fashion world, with its budget now supported through sponsorship. Ritambhara has also garnered significant media attention and numerous well-known sponsors. Competitions [ edit ] Ritambhara comprises several competitions: IIT Kanpur's Final Year batch performing at Ritambhara 2010 Ritambhara Prelims - Held on the first day of Antaragni, this event features approximately 20 college teams competing for selection by the jury for the final round. Ritambhara Finale - On the day following the Prelims, the selected teams compete further. One team is declared the winner, and another is named the runner-up. The best-performing models receive the titles of Mr. Ritambhara and Ms. Ritambhara. Diseñador - On the third day, designers are given the opportunity to create a complete wardrobe, including accessories, to highlight the model and bring their envisioned character to life. Mr. and Ms. Impressionante - Also on the third day, this event features individual participants competing for the titles of Mr. Impressionante and Ms. Impressionante. Elegancia - This is an online selfie contest that invites participation from across the country, with the winner determined by the number of votes received for their selfie. [1] (#cite_note-abra-1) Dream On campaign [ edit ] The Dream On campaign allows participants to be mentored by people working in the industry. Dream On was held for the first time with Antaragni 12. This concept was also introduced in Ritambhara at the same time. In the past, the winners were provided with direct professional portfolio shoots with fashion photographers, [3] (#cite_note-3) fashion designers, and modelling agencies including Rohit Dhingra, [4] (#cite_note-xyz-4) Faces Model Management, Modelling India, Josh Ghoraya, and Surendri. Participating colleges [ edit ] Ritambhara includes participation from several fashion and non-fashion colleges of the country like NIFT Delhi, [5] (#cite_note-5) NIFT Kolkata, INIFD Ludhiana, St. Xaviers Kolkata, Pearl Delhi, and many more. [4] (#cite_note-xyz-4) University of Delhi (DU) along with colleges from states like U.P., Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana, and colleges from the Kolkata circuit. Altogether, there is participation from more than 50 colleges nationwide. Judges [ edit ] Ritambhara has seen fashion designers, fashion photographers, models, Bollywood actors and actresses as its judges in the past few years. Year Judges 2010 Miss Fernanda, [4] (#cite_note-xyz-4) Rinku Sobti, Rohit Dhingra [4] (#cite_note-xyz-4) 2011 Rohit Dhingra, [6] (#cite_note-rd-6) Prateek Kharb, Abdul Haider [7] (#cite_note-7) 2012 Pallavi Jaipur, Rishita Monga (/w/index.php?title=Rishita_Monga&action=edit&redlink=1) , Hemant J khendiwal, Kartik Tiwari (/wiki/Kartik_Tiwari) , Nushrat Bharucha (/wiki/Nushrat_Bharucha) [8] (#cite_note-nush-8) 2013 Nawazuddin Siddiqui (/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui) , Elena Kazan (/wiki/Elena_Kazan) , Munish Khanna, Chhaya Mehrotra, Niket and Jaini [2] (#cite_note-naw-2) 2014 Kunal Kapoor (/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)) , Prachi Mishra (/wiki/Prachi_Mishra) , Hemant Sood, Sujit Meher [1] (#cite_note-abra-1) 2015 Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) , Shilpa Singh (/wiki/Shilpa_Singh) , Kanika Kapur, Siddharth Joshi, Josh Goraya [9] (#cite_note-9) 2017 Simran Kaur Mundi (/wiki/Simran_Kaur_Mundi) , Arnela Zekovic (/wiki/Arnela_Zekovi%C4%87) , Bidita Bag (/wiki/Bidita_Bag) , Nitin Sarna, Meenal Shah, Tanya Virmani Awards and prizes [ edit ] Ritambhara For Models(1 male and 1 female): Entry into the final round of Impressionante. Title of Mr. and Miss Ritambhara. Modelling Assignments or portfolio under renowned people of the industry. For Teams: 1st Team ₹ 35,000 (COULD BE CHANGED) 2nd Team ₹ 20,000 (COULD BE CHANGED) A lot of goodies are at stake too. Some special prizes to be unveiled shortly. Stay connected through our Ritambhara website and facebook page. For Designer (one): Title of best designer. Cash prize INR 10k Internship under a renowned fashion designer. Diseñador 1st Prize- INR12000 2nd Prize- INR8000. Designers of the winning team would be awarded design internship at a prestigious fashion firm. The models will receive UCB and VLCC vouchers. The Best three designs along with the photoshoot, will be featured on a renowned media platform. Impressionante 1st Prize INR 8000 each Mr. and Miss Impressionante will be awarded with a cash prize of ₹ 8000/each (COULD BE CHANGED) and a portfolio to be shot by a renowned photographer. Winners will get a mention in popular fashion magazine . Elegancia Weekly winners will be announced and will get a chance to win exciting goodies. One male and one female winner will be declared at the end of the contest. Commercial opportunities [ edit ] Ritambhara has attracted sponsorships from brands due to participation of students from all over India. Alumni also visit the institute during this time. Companies associated with Ritambhara in 2014 include Monte Carlo (/wiki/Monte_Carlo) and Vimal as Title Sponsors; Pantaloons (/wiki/Pantaloon_Retail_India) , Turtle and Woodland (/wiki/Woodland) as Associate Title Sponsors. [10] (#cite_note-10) Ritambhara has also been associated with fashion magazines like FHM (India) (/wiki/FHM_(India)) , Maxim (India) (/wiki/Maxim_(India)) , Abraxas Lifestyle, and youth magazines like Abraxas NU (/w/index.php?title=Abraxas_NU&action=edit&redlink=1) as media partners. [11] (#cite_note-11) Gallery [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Abraxas , Fashion and Glamour at IIT Kanpur – Antaragni 2014, 8th Sept, 2015 (http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/iit-kanpur-antaragini-2014/) ^ Jump up to: a b Times of India , Nawazuddin at annual cultural fest of IIT Kanpur, 8th september, 2015 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nawazuddin-at-annual-cultural-fest-of-IIT-Kanpur/articleshow/21707455.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A fashion extravaganza at Antaragni 2015,9th February, 2016" (http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/ritambhara-a-fashion-extravaganza-at-iit-kanpur/) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Times of India , Blind Date, Rock Bands and what not ..., 8 September 2015 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Blind-Date-Rock-Bands-and-what-not-/articleshow/6800310.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Abraxas , Journey of NIFT Delhi’s Fashion Team, 8 September 2015 (http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/journey-of-nift-delhis-fashion-team/) ^ (#cite_ref-rd_6-0) Fashion Photo Studio , Achievements, 8 September 2015 (http://www.fashionphotostudio.com/achievements/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Times of India , IIT-K annual fest to kickstart from 21 Oct, 8 September 2015 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/IIT-K-annual-fest-to-kickstart-from-Oct-21/articleshow/6775879.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-nush_8-0) Times of India , Antaragni-’12 at IIT-Kanpur from 11 to 14 Oct, 8 September 2015 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Antaragni-12-at-IIT-Kanpur-from-Oct-11-to-14/articleshow/16731504.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Times of India ,50th ‘Antaragni’ awaits rocking start, 9 February 2016 (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/50th-Antaragni-awaits-rocking-start/articleshow/49561978.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ritambhara 2014 , Sponsors, 8 September 2015 (http://www.antaragni.in/2014/) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ritambhara 2015 , Sponsors, 8 September 2015 (http://www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐67sns Cached time: 20240710161134 Cache expiry: 1842507 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.311 seconds Real time usage: 0.433 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1203/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18515/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2372/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18029/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15488927/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 394.421 1 -total 26.57% 104.812 1 Template:Lang-hi 19.67% 77.581 1 Template:Short_description 14.94% 58.907 1 Template:Orphan 13.74% 54.213 2 Template:Ambox 13.64% 53.792 1 Template:Draft_other 11.61% 45.793 2 Template:Pagetype 11.58% 45.672 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 10.59% 41.750 1 Template:Infobox 5.03% 19.852 6 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47757408-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710161134 and revision id 1225737091. 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Clothing worn over street dress for warmth and protection Outerwear is clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and accessories worn outdoors, or clothing designed to be worn outside other garments, as opposed to underwear. It can be worn for formal or casual occasions, or as warm clothing during winter (/wiki/Winter) . [1] (#cite_note-1) List of outerwear [ edit ] Academic gown (/wiki/Academic_dress) Anorak (/wiki/Anorak) Apron (/wiki/Apron) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Coat (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) Duffle coat (/wiki/Duffle_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Goggle jacket (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Hat (/wiki/Hat) Hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) Leather jacket (/wiki/Leather_jacket) Matchcoat (/wiki/Matchcoat) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Mino (straw cape) (/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)) Opera coat (/wiki/Opera_coat) Overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) Pea coat (/wiki/Pea_coat) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Pants (/wiki/Pants) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Rain pants (/wiki/Rain_pants) Redingote (/wiki/Redingote) Robe (/wiki/Robe) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) Shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Sport coat (/wiki/Sport_coat) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) Sweatshirt (/wiki/Sweatshirt) Top coat (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) Touque (/wiki/Touque) Trench coat (/wiki/Trench_coat) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) See also [ edit ] Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , including outerwear items such as hats, gloves, and scarves References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Outerwear Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary" (https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/outerwear) . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit 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Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) 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God worshiped in the Dogon religion Amma is an African (/wiki/Africa) tribal deity (/wiki/Deity) – the supreme creator god (/wiki/Creator_deity) in the Dogon religion (/wiki/Dogon_people) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The Dogon story of the creation of the world relates that the sky god (/wiki/Sky_god) Amma mated with the earth goddess (/wiki/Earth_goddess) , and because Amma was prevented from joining the goddess's clitoris (/wiki/Clitoris) in the form of a giant termite mound (/wiki/Mound-building_termites) , he produced only an imperfect offspring – a desert fox (/wiki/White-footed_fox) or jackal (/wiki/Jackal) – and therefore eventually removed the termite mound. Leaving the earth, he instituted the religious ritual (/wiki/Ritual) of female circumcision (/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) After removing the termite mound, the god Amma with the earth goddess continued procreating and begat humans. Duality is central to Dogon religion, the heavenly forces also have a dual character: the supreme god Amma has androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) characteristics. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The birth of twins is celebrated among the Dogon with a special religious ritual, as twins refer to the original dual structure of creation and to the harmony between earthly and heavenly. [4] (#cite_note-4) Creation myth of twins [ edit ] Key figures in Dogon religion are the twins Nummo (/wiki/Nummo) and Nommo (/wiki/Nommo) , primal spirits of Dogon ancestors (/wiki/Ancestor) , sometimes seen as deities. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) These are hermaphroditic (/wiki/Hermaphrodite) water creatures, seen similarly to water deities ( to-vodun (/w/index.php?title=To-vodun&action=edit&redlink=1) ) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) in West African vodun (/wiki/West_African_Vodun) ; [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) they can be depicted with a human body and a fish tail. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Nommo is supposed to be the first living creature created by the supreme god Amma. [6] (#cite_note-6) Shortly after his creation, Nommo spawned into four pairs of twins, with one pair defying the order established by creator Amma. To restore order, the god Amma sacrificed another creature, whose body he cut up and scattered throughout creation. A shrine for the god Amma was to be built at each place where a fragment of the body landed. [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) The cult of the god Amma – like the entire Dogon religion – is closely tied to the Bandiagara (/wiki/Bandiagara_Escarpment) cliff where the Dogon live. The cult of the god Amma is geographically defined by this cliff, it is not practiced elsewhere. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The Bandiagara cliff is a sandstone terrain fault approximately 150 km long, reaching a height of up to 500 m in some places. The Dogon inhabit mud villages built on the upper edge of the cliff, villages directly attached to the cliff at its lower edge, but also at various heights in the wall, also villages scattered under the cliff and a labyrinth of caves right in the cliff. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The architecture (/wiki/Architecture) of the villages and the religiously motivated urban arrangement of mud houses centered on the hogon (/wiki/Hogon) priestly building is unique in the context of the whole of Africa. [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) The Dogon language forms an independent branch of the Niger-Congo language family (/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages) and is not closely related to any other language. [8] (#cite_note-8) Footnotes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Siedlak, Monique J. (2021). Vodun: West Africa´s Spiritual Life . Saint Augustine: Oshun Publications. pp. 11–23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Havelka, Ondřej (2021). "Dogon Religion: Research Issues". Dingir . 24 (4): 112–115. ^ Jump up to: a b Doray, Shannon (2003). The Master of Speech: Dogon Mythology Reveals . Toronto: Trafford Publishing. pp. 21–29. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wilmore, Gayraud S. (1989). African American Religious Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology . Durham: Duke University Press. p. 272. ^ Jump up to: a b Havelka, Ondřej (2021). "Syncretism of Catholic Christianity and West African Vodun from a Theological-Ethical Perspective" (https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fsth.2021.033) . Studia Theologica . 23 (3): 149–174. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5507/sth.2021.033 (https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fsth.2021.033) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 244794116 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244794116) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Schulz, Dorothea E. (2012). Culture and Customs of Mali . Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 13. ^ Jump up to: a b Tait, David (1950). "An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute . 20 (3): 175–199. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1156785 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1156785) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1156785 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156785) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146405829 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146405829) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000). African Languages: An Introduction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amma_(deity)&oldid=1187245234 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amma_(deity)&oldid=1187245234) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : African gods (/wiki/Category:African_gods) Creator gods (/wiki/Category:Creator_gods) Dogon religion (/wiki/Category:Dogon_religion) Sky and weather gods (/wiki/Category:Sky_and_weather_gods) Female genital mutilation (/wiki/Category:Female_genital_mutilation) Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities (/wiki/Category:Androgynous_and_hermaphroditic_deities) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Canadian women's wear boutique chain This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laura_(clothing_retailer)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Laura" clothing retailer (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Laura%22+clothing+retailer&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Laura's Shoppe Inc. Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Laura Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Retailer for women's wear Founded 1930 1989 (Laura Petites) 1995 (Laura Plus) 1984 (Melanie Lyne) 2002 (Laura Superstore) Founder Laura Wolstein Headquarters Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) , Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) , Canada Number of locations 200 47 (Melanie Lyne) 71 (Laura Petites) 54 (Laura Plus) 18 (Laura Superstore) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Melanie Lyne, Laura Plus, Laura Petites & Laura Website www (http://www.laura.ca) .laura (http://www.laura.ca) .ca (http://www.laura.ca) Laura's Shoppe Inc. is a Canadian women’s wear boutique chain founded in 1930 by Laura Wolstein, the first Laura store was located on St. Hubert Street, Montreal. Laura Canada remained a one-store operation until 1973 when Kalman Fisher, grandson of Laura Wolstein, and now President of Laura Canada, opened a second store in a small shopping centre (/wiki/Shopping_centre) in the Montreal suburb of St. Laurent (/wiki/Saint-Laurent-de-l%27%C3%8Ele-d%27Orl%C3%A9ans) . A third store was opened in Place Vertu (/wiki/Place_Vertu) in 1975, followed by another in les Galeries d'Anjou (/wiki/Les_Galeries_d%27Anjou) in 1976. Filing for creditor protection [ edit ] In July 2015, Laura filed for creditor protection. [1] (#cite_note-1) According to company's filing, the chain has liabilities of more than $20 million. [2] (#cite_note-2) The chain restructured and emerged from protection four months after filing. [3] (#cite_note-3) The chain filed for creditor protection once again in 2020, during the global COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Owner of Laura, Melanie Lyne seeks creditor protection" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/laura-clothing-chain-files-for-creditor-protection-1.3179305) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . 2015-08-05. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221126173856/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/laura-clothing-chain-files-for-creditor-protection-1.3179305) from the original on 2022-11-26. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Womenswear chain Laura files for creditor protection (http://www.thespec.com/news-story/5783336-womenswear-chain-laura-files-for-creditor-protection/) ^ (#cite_ref-3) [1] (https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/mobile/laura-s-bounces-back-from-bankruptcy-protection-1.2685185) ^ (#cite_ref-4) [2] (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-lauras-shoppe-obtains-creditor-protection-as-canadian-retailers) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura (clothing retailer) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laura_(clothing_retailer)) . 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American fashion designer Florence Feinberg Eiseman Born Florence Feinberg ( 1899-09-27 ) September 27, 1899 Minneapolis (/wiki/Minneapolis) Died January 9, 1988 (1988-01-09) (aged 88) Milwaukee (/wiki/Milwaukee) Nationality American Known for Children's clothing (/wiki/Children%27s_clothing) Awards Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) , 1955 Florence Feinberg Eiseman (1899–1988) was an American fashion designer specializing in children's clothing. She launched the Florence Eiseman childrenswear business in 1945, which became one of Wisconsin's leading fashion brands. Biography [ edit ] Florence Feinberg was born in Minneapolis on September 27, 1899. [1] (#cite_note-mowa-1) [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) Quitting college after a year, she trained as a stenographer (/wiki/Stenographer) before marrying Laurence Eiseman and moving with him to Milwaukee where they had two sons. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) Soon afterwards, Eiseman saw a doctor about a "nervous condition" and was advised to find a hobby, which she found in making clothing for her two young sons Laurence Jr. and Robert, and for her friends' children. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) Meanwhile, Laurence worked as a debt collector and then managed a toy factory, which began failing in 1945, leading him to bring some of his wife's childrenswear to Ann Lehman, the buyer at the Chicago department store Marshall Field's (/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s) . [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) The subsequent huge order launched the Florence Eiseman business, and Lehman became an important mentor to Florence. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) With the success of the business, Laurence Eiseman gave up the toy factory to support his wife full-time, and Florence was able to pursue her love of 18th-century Worcester porcelain (/wiki/Worcester_porcelain) and modern art, collecting works by Alexander Calder (/wiki/Alexander_Calder) , Henri Matisse (/wiki/Henri_Matisse) , Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , and Jean Dubuffet (/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet) . [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) Laurence Eiseman died in 1967. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) Despite her slight build (she was only 4'10 tall) and apparent shy and retiring nature, Eiseman could also be outspoken and direct in business and when dealing with other people. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) By 1985, Eiseman was largely house-bound due to emphysema (/wiki/Emphysema) and back problems, but remained closely involved with her business, having designs brought to her at home for her approval. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) She died January 9, 1988, [1] (#cite_note-mowa-1) at Columbia Hospital, Milwaukee, of emphysema. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) Business [ edit ] The Florence Eiseman brand was launched in 1945, and became the "leading high-end children's clothing line in the United States." [4] (#cite_note-wismus-4) Their first big order came from the Chicago department store Marshall Field's (/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s) in 1945. [5] (#cite_note-chip-5) The buyer at Marshall Field's, Ann Lehman, became an important figure in Eiseman's life, giving her crucial advice on how to design for children's figures. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) In 1955, Eiseman was awarded the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1985, Stanley Marcus (/wiki/Stanley_Marcus) said of Eiseman that she had courage in her belief that parents who appreciated good clothes would also wish their children to have good clothing, and that she "defined the market." [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) Eiseman's work was known for using A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) silhouettes, pinafores (/wiki/Pinafore) that could be buttoned to the front of dresses, and bold appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) designs. [5] (#cite_note-chip-5) [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) Sarah Eichhorn, curator of the fashion collection at Mount Mary University (/wiki/Mount_Mary_University) which holds a number of Eiseman designs, described the designer's work as emphasizing the postwar image of the "idyllic, child-centered" American nuclear family (/wiki/Nuclear_family) and changing the perceptions of children from being miniature adults, to being "playful and innocent." [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) She designed coordinating and matching outfits for siblings, both brother-and-sister and big-and-little-sister sets, and created classic clothing that was intended to be passed down through the generations. [8] (#cite_note-hauer-8) Eiseman also designed clothing specifically for children with disabilities, such as dresses with longer hems that could be worn with crutches (/wiki/Crutch) and large, easy-to-maneuver buttons. [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) The garments were made to a very high standard using the highest-quality European cottons and linens. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) In 1988, Carla Slocum, the vice-president of Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , specializing in childrenswear, said that Florence Eiseman had "been one of the most influential figures in the children's fashion industry over the last several decades," and credited her with "raising the standards of fashion and quality in better children's wear." [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) By 1985, Eiseman had reduced her involvement in the company due to poor health, having a staff of three designers bring their designs to her at home for her final approval. The company had also begun increasingly using fabric blends rather than pure cotton and linen, simplifying appliqué designs, and started using computers to store designs and a large plotter (/wiki/Plotter) for pattern production. [2] (#cite_note-landis-2) The business was run by her sons Laurence Jr.(president) and Robert Eiseman, chief executive officer. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) At this time, the mid 1980s, the company was at its peak, making sales of about 7 million dollars a year, and employing around 130 people. [8] (#cite_note-hauer-8) By 2017, following several bankruptcies and changes of ownership, the business had outsourced production to El Salvador and was employing 20 people including the head designer Teri Shapiro Larson, who, aged 21, came to the company in 1972 straight from the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , and worked closely with Eiseman up until her death. [8] (#cite_note-hauer-8) Notable customers and wearers [ edit ] Among those who wore Florence Eiseman clothing as children in the 20th century were Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) , John (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr.) and Caroline Kennedy (/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy) , and Princesses Caroline (/wiki/Caroline,_Princess_of_Hanover) and Stéphanie (/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco) of Monaco, [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) while Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and the Rockefeller family (/wiki/Rockefeller_family) were notable customers. [4] (#cite_note-wismus-4) In the 21st century, Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) 's daughter Blue Ivy wore a Florence Eiseman dress to the second inauguration of Barack Obama (/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) , and Katie Holmes (/wiki/Katie_Holmes) 's daughter, Suri, has been seen wearing Florence Eiseman designs. [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) During the Obama presidency (/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama) , the official Presidential baby gifts were specially ordered by Barack (/wiki/Barack_Obama) and Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) from Florence Eiseman. [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) These gifts, bearing the Presidential seal and the embroidered signatures of the Obamas, were individually personalized with embroidery of the child recipient's name. [8] (#cite_note-hauer-8) Exhibitions [ edit ] In 1964, there was a retrospective of Eiseman's work at the Denver Art Museum (/wiki/Denver_Art_Museum) . The New York Times commented in 1988 that this was probably the first time that a children's fashion designer had been so honored by a museum retrospective. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) In 1985 the Milwaukee Art Museum (/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum) hosted a retrospective of Eiseman's work to mark the 40th anniversary of the business foundation. [9] (#cite_note-9) Another retrospective was hosted by the Museum of Wisconsin Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Wisconsin_Art) in 2017, titled "Florence Eiseman: Designing Childhood for the American Century." [10] (#cite_note-10) A number of the exhibits came from the collection of Mount Mary University, which holds a large collection of Florence Eiseman pieces as examples of Milwaukee's fashion history and industry. [7] (#cite_note-mtmary-7) The exhibition was produced in association with the Chipstone Foundation (/wiki/Chipstone_Foundation) Eiseman clothing is also held by the Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) [11] (#cite_note-11) and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) . [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Florence Eiseman MOWA Online Archive" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190425025604/https://wisconsinart.org/archives/artist/florence-eiseman/profile-4069.aspx) . wisconsinart.org . Museum of Wisconsin Art. Archived from the original (https://wisconsinart.org/archives/artist/florence-eiseman/profile-4069.aspx) on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Landis, Dylan (September 18, 1985). "Tiny Giant" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-09-18-8503030370-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cook, Joan (January 12, 1988). "Florence Eiseman, 88, a Designer And Leader in Children's Fashion" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/12/obituaries/florence-eiseman-88-a-designer-and-leader-in-children-s-fashion.html) . The New York Times . p. A25 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer. "Florence Eiseman: Designing Childhood for the American Century" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190425025608/https://wisconsinart.org/exhibitions/florence-eiseman-designing-childhood-for-the.aspx) . wisconsinart.org . Museum of Wisconsin Art. Archived from the original (https://wisconsinart.org/exhibitions/florence-eiseman-designing-childhood-for-the.aspx) on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer. "Florence Eiseman" (http://chipstone.org/exhibition.php/33/1/Florence_Eisenman) . chipstone.org . The Chipstone Foundation . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Staff writer (October 25, 2002). "The Neiman's Seal of Approval" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092533/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) . Women's Wear Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved March 2, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Staff writer. "Florence Eiseman designs embody the 20th century child" (https://www.mtmary.edu/news/2017/07/historic-costume-collection-florence-eiseman.html) . www.mtmary.edu . Mount Mary University . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hauer, Sarah (July 21, 2017). "Florence Eiseman designs became a signature look in children's clothing" (https://eu.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/07/21/florence-eiseman-designs-became-signature-look-childrens-clothing/456429001/) . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Florence Eiseman Retrospective: 40 Years of Children's Fashions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220204115401/https://wisconsinart.org/archives/exhibition/florence-eiseman-retrospective-40-years-of-childrens-fashions-923.aspx) . wisconsinart.org . Museum of Wisconsin Art. Archived from the original (https://wisconsinart.org/archives/exhibition/florence-eiseman-retrospective-40-years-of-childrens-fashions-923.aspx) on February 4, 2022 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Higgins, Jim (June 12, 2017). "Museum of Wisconsin Art turns to fashion with Florence Eiseman, 'paparazzo' exhibits" (https://eu.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/06/12/museum-wisconsin-art-turns-fashion-florence-eiseman-paparazzo-exhibits/387422001/) . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Florence Eiseman dress,1950–59" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/155673) . www.metmuseum.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Florence Eiseman clothing in the MFA" (https://www.mfa.org/collections/search?f%5b0%5d=field_artists%253Afield_artist%3A30077) . Collections Search . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . [ permanent dead link ] Further reading [ edit ] Carter, Sarah Anne; Wright, Natalie; Gordon, Jennifer (2017). Florence Eiseman: Designing Childhood for the American Century . Museum of Wisconsin Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780971022898 . Gordon, Jennifer Farley. "Helen Lee and Florence Eiseman: A Comparison of Mid-Twentieth-Century Children's Wear Designers" (https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/products/berg-fashion-library/encyclopedia/berg-encyclopedia-of-world-dress-and-fashion-the-united-states-and-canada/helen-lee-and-florence-eiseman-a-comparison-of-mid-twentieth-century-childrens-wear-designers) . www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com . Bloomsbury . Retrieved April 25, 2019 . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/2017_hair_and_braid_chopping_incidents_in_India) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:2017_hair_and_braid_chopping_incidents_in_India) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/2017_hair_and_braid_chopping_incidents_in_India) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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Please help clarify the article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:2017_hair_and_braid_chopping_incidents_in_India) . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mysterious hair chopping incidents in India Status Ended Genre Mystery, rumours, human or animal activities Begins June 2017 Ends October 2017 Frequency Weekly, alternately, monthly Country India (/wiki/India) Activity Braid chopping Numerous unexplained and mysterious hair and braid chopping incidents were being reported across India (/wiki/India) between June and October 2017. The first widely reported incident was on June 23, 2017, when ABP News (/wiki/ABP_News) reported a woman from Bikaner District (/wiki/Bikaner_district) , Rajasthan (/wiki/Rajasthan) , had her hair chopped allegedly by a ' witch (/wiki/Witchcraft) ' ( dayan (/wiki/Dayan_(witch)) ) while she was asleep at night. Similar incidents were also reported throughout India, particularly in the northern states of Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , Bihar (/wiki/Bihar) , Haryana (/wiki/Haryana) , Uttarakhand (/wiki/Uttarakhand) , Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh) and Kashmir (/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)) . India [ edit ] Rajasthan [ edit ] On June 23, 2017 ABP News (/wiki/ABP_News) reported a woman from Bikaner District (/wiki/Bikaner_district) , Rajasthan (/wiki/Rajasthan) had her hair chopped by a 'witch' as she slept. [1] (#cite_note-1) Additional hair-chopping incidents followed, and fears of an epidemic – particularly in Rajasthan – soared. Incidents occurred not only at night but also during the day. Three days before the June 23 event, a similar incident was reported in Pipar City (/wiki/Piparcity) , Jodhpur District (/wiki/Jodhpur_district) , where a girl's hair had been found cut when she awoke in the morning. [2] (#cite_note-2) This news was first reported by Dainik Bhaskar (/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar) . Along with the missing hair, the girl displayed injuries on other parts of her body. [which parts?please tell] When police investigated, they found that the girl's hair had been cut by a blade. However, they were unable to find the culprit. On July 6, 2017, the Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) reported that two girls from Rajasthan, aged 13 and 14 years old, and both unknown to each other, were victims of additional hair incidents. [3] (#cite_note-3) On July 8, 2017, the BBC (/wiki/BBC) reported that many western municipalities including Bikaner (/wiki/Bikaner_district) , Nagaur (/wiki/Nagaur_district) , Jaisalmer (/wiki/Jaisalmer_district) , Barmer (/wiki/Barmer_district) , Jodhpur (/wiki/Jodhpur_district) , and Jalore districts (/wiki/Jalore_district) had been affected by these incidents. [4] (#cite_note-4) Uttar Pradesh [ edit ] In early August 2017, two cases were reported from Aligarh (/wiki/Aligarh_district) and Moradabad districts (/wiki/Moradabad_district) . Four cases were reported in Bulandshahr district (/wiki/Bulandshahr_district) . But later Uttar Pradesh Police (/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police) and Delhi Police (/wiki/Delhi_Police) clarified that the incidents were only rumours. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) According to The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) news channel, around thirty cases were filed all over north India. [7] (#cite_note-7) On August 2, a 62-year-old woman was killed by angry villagers in Agra district (/wiki/Agra_district) for being accused as a "witch" who cut the braids of girls. NDTV India (/wiki/NDTV_India) reported this news on August 3, 2017. [8] (#cite_note-8) UP police filed murder cases on two suspects who fled the city and were neighbors of the victim. Delhi [ edit ] On August 1, 2017, three women, unknown to each other and aged between 50 and 60, from Kangan Heri (/wiki/Kangan_Heri) complained about being the victims of hair-chopping incidents on the same day. None of the women had seen their perpetrator, but when they fell unconscious and later woke up, they found their hair chopped. [9] (#cite_note-9) Haryana [ edit ] Fifteen cases were reported in Haryana state. The women who were victims of these types of incidents said that they had witnessed " godmen (/wiki/Godman_(India)) ", " witches (/wiki/Dayan_(witch)) ", " ghosts (/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)) " and "cat-like creatures". The police rejected these claims. [ citation needed ] One such incident happened in Gurgaon (/wiki/Gurgaon) on July 28, when a 60-year-old woman found her braid chopped when she awoke on the floor. [10] (#cite_note-10) She made claims that a thin man came to her doorsteps with a trident in his hand. She claims she asked him to leave, but he reappeared, which led her to fall unconscious. The police filed the case and entered it in the Daily Diary. [ further explanation needed ] Jammu and Kashmir [ edit ] There have been more than 200 incidents of women being attacked and often knocked unconscious by men in balaclavas, who then chop off their traditional hair braids. Officers had no solid leads or suspects, and Jammu and Kashmir Police (/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Police) (JKP) had to respond to a surge of revenge attacks by vigilantes armed with knives, cricket bats (/wiki/Cricket_bat) , and iron rods. The initial police response to the braid attacks, which mainly occurred inside people's homes, was to suggest the victims were suffering from hallucinations. This drew criticism from the government-run Women's Commission, and they began serious investigations but no arrests have been made. [ when? ] Tasleema Bilal, a 40-year-old woman whose hair was cut off in September 2018 while she was in her home in Srinagar (/wiki/Srinagar) , the region's main city, said that she tried to remove the attacker's mask before escaping, leaving her hair behind. Other women have said that they were knocked unconscious with a mysterious chemical spray that authorities have yet to identify. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Kashmiris have alleged the attacks are the "handiwork of Indian agencies" trying to intimidate the portion of Kashmir's population that opposes Indian rule. [ citation needed ] Residents are also suspicious of the Indian authorities, and some have accused soldiers and police of staging the attacks or protecting those responsible. In many incidents, the police and Indian Army (/wiki/Indian_Army) appeared to aid the braid choppers in escaping by taking and saving them from public vigilantes. [13] (#cite_note-13) On October 22, 2017, Arab News (/wiki/Arab_News) , a Saudi Arabian news agency, reported that around 100 women in Kashmir (/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)) have been victims of hair-chopping incidents. [14] (#cite_note-14) Religious responses [ edit ] This section needs expansion with: the cultural importance of a woman's hair (and the act of removing it) in these regions.. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_hair_and_braid_chopping_incidents_in_India&action=edit&section=) . ( January 2018 ) Hinduism [ edit ] In the June 23 case, the victim's legs and hands had a Trishula (/wiki/Trishula) (Trident) mark, [15] (#cite_note-15) linking the incident to Hinduism. However, no Hindu religious leaders have responded to this detail. Islam [ edit ] Some Indian Muslims (/wiki/Indian_Muslims) have also been victims of these types of incidents. Some Islamic scholars stated that these incidents are being executed by mischievous elements in society. Change in the rumor [ edit ] On August 19, a report from Dainik Bhaskar (/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar) changed the discussion surrounding these events. The report clearly proved that there was no such evidence of a witch or a ghost being responsible. In this report, a man from Gwalior (/wiki/Gwalior) , Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh) caught an insect which was later suspected to be a dermestidae (/wiki/Dermestidae) , drugstore beetle (/wiki/Drugstore_beetle) , rain beetle (/wiki/Rain_beetle) or varied carpet beetle (/wiki/Varied_carpet_beetle) . [16] (#cite_note-16) This insect is believed to feed on keratin found in hair and nails. [ further explanation needed ] A similar case occurred on August 9, when in Moradabad district (/wiki/Moradabad_district) a man killed a honey badger (/wiki/Honey_badger) accused of eating or chopping women's hair, but due to lack of evidence, this report faced negligence. [17] (#cite_note-17) On August 17, a report from Manpur (/wiki/Manpur,_Bhopal) , Bhopal district (/wiki/Bhopal_district) , Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh) had several eyewitnesses. The incident happened around 4 pm as the victim was sitting outside her house. She suddenly felt that her hair was being cut off. Her screaming brought the attention of her grandmother, who saw that her hair was being cut off, but she did not see anyone do it. Her grandmother quickly caught her fallen hair and the cutting stopped. Later the grandmother discovered an unusual detail. She noticed that as she picked up and held the hair, the rest of her granddaughter's hair was sheared, except for the exact number of hairs she held. [ further explanation needed ] [18] (#cite_note-18) See also [ edit ] Witch-hunts in India (/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_India) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "रात में लोगों की बाल काटने वाली 'चुड़ैल' का वायरल सच" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821122219/http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035) . ABP News . June 23, 2017. Archived from the original (http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035) on August 21, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "रात में बाल काटने की अफवाह या सच्चाई, पुलिस के लिए पहेली" (https://m.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-043016-2841137-NOR.html) . dainikbhaskar (in Hindi). June 20, 2017 . Retrieved August 23, 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Rajasthan's scissorhands? Panic in villages after 'ghost' chops off women's hair" (http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-s-scissorhands-panic-in-villages-after-ghost-chops-off-women-s-hair/story-bQ0ZHij1WVQGOeHTPzybaI.html) . hindustantimes.com/ . July 6, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) राठौड़, सुमेर सिंह (July 8, 2017). "अफ़वाहों से परेशान हैं राजस्थान की महिलाएं" (https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-40542956) . BBC हिंदी . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fresh cases of mysterious hair-chopping surface in Aligarh, Moradabad and Bulandshahr" (http://indianexpress.com/article/india/fresh-cases-of-mysterious-hair-chopping-surface-in-aligarh-moradabad-and-bulandshahr-uttar-pradesh-delhi-4783182/) . The Indian Express . August 5, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "6 hair-chopping cases turn out to be false" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/6-hair-chopping-cases-turn-out-to-be-false/article62048420.ece) . The Hindu . August 5, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Fresh cases of mysterious hair-chopping surface in Aligarh, Moradabad and Bulandshahr" (http://indianexpress.com/article/india/fresh-cases-of-mysterious-hair-chopping-surface-in-aligarh-moradabad-and-bulandshahr-uttar-pradesh-delhi-4783182/) . The Indian Express . August 5, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Woman Branded Witch, Killed In UP Amid 'Braid Cutting' Scare" (http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/woman-branded-witch-killed-in-uttar-pradesh-amid-braid-cutting-scare-1733038) . m.ndtv.com . Retrieved August 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "A mysterious "braid-chopper" is cutting off women's hair in northern India" (https://qz.com/1046374/a-mysterious-braid-chopper-is-cutting-off-womens-hair-in-northern-india/) . Quartz . Retrieved August 23, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mysterious Incidents Of Women's Braids Being Chopped Off Spreads Panic In Haryana Villages" (http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/07/31/mysterious-incidents-of-womens-braids-being-chopped-off-spreads_a_23057298/) . Huffington Post India . July 31, 2017 . Retrieved August 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hussain, Aijaz (October 24, 2017). "Mysterious braid-chopping bandits have Kashmiris in panic" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/mysterious-braid-chopping-bandits-have-kashmiris-in-panic-1.3646003) . CTVNews . Retrieved March 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mystery attacks chopping women's hair raise panic in Kashmir" (https://www.apnews.com/892d2948287b4a3fb230f9597c654d1f) . AP News . Retrieved March 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wright, Mike (October 24, 2017). "The women living in fear of 'braid-chopping' bandits" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/24/women-living-fear-braid-chopping-bandits/) . The Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Mystery 'braid-chopping' cases add panic to trauma in Kashmir" (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1181506/world) . Arab News . October 22, 2017 . Retrieved March 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "रात में लोगों की बाल काटने वाली 'चुड़ैल' का वायरल सच" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821122219/http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035) . ABP News . June 23, 2017. Archived from the original (http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035) on August 21, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "चोटी काटने वाला समझ पकड़ ली ये अजीब चीज, फिर ये सच्चाई आई सामने" (https://m.bhaskar.com/news/c-6-scarce-insect-found-claimed-to-be-the-hair-scrapping-beetle-gw0197-NOR.html) . dainikbhaskar (in Hindi). August 16, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-17) "VIDEO: बाल काटने की अफवाह में भेंट चढ़ा 'बिज्जू' (http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/women-suspect-an-animal-as-hair-cutter-418241.html) " (http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/women-suspect-an-animal-as-hair-cutter-418241.html) . hindi.oneindia.com (in Hindi) . Retrieved August 23, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "चोटी काटने के मामले में नया मोड़, जितने बाल हाथ में आए बच गए बाकि गिर गए नीचे" (http://www.firstwall.com/news/top-news/newstrack/e83d867fea5d37b504c196dd57bf44cb?ref=fw-sim) . firstwall . Retrieved August 23, 2017 . 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(Redirected from Meghan Markle effect (/w/index.php?title=Meghan_Markle_effect&redirect=no) ) Member of the British royal family and former actress (born 1981) "Duchess of Sussex" redirects here. For the title, see Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex) . Meghan Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex) ( more (#Titles,_styles_and_arms) ) Meghan in 2024 Born Rachel Meghan Markle ( 1981-08-04 ) August 4, 1981 (age 42) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , US Spouses Trevor Engelson (/wiki/Trevor_Engelson) ​ ​ ( m. 2011 ; div. 2014 ) ​ Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) ​ ​ ( m. 2018 ) ​ Issue (/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)) Prince Archie of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex) Princess Lilibet of Sussex (/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex) House (/wiki/Dynasty) Windsor (/wiki/House_of_Windsor) (by marriage) Father Thomas Markle Sr. (/wiki/Thomas_Markle_Sr.) Mother Doria Ragland (/wiki/Doria_Ragland) Alma mater Northwestern University (/wiki/Northwestern_University) Occupation Actress Years active 2001–2017 (actress) Works Filmography (#Filmography) writings (#Bibliography) Signature Royal family of (/wiki/British_royal_family) the United Kingdom (/wiki/British_royal_family) and the other Commonwealth realms (/wiki/Commonwealth_realm) The King (/wiki/Charles_III) The Queen (/wiki/Queen_Camilla) The Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) The Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Prince George of Wales (/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales) Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)) Prince Louis of Wales (/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales) The Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) The Duchess of Sussex Prince Archie of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex) Princess Lilibet of Sussex (/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex) The Princess Royal (/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal) The Duke of York (/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice) Princess Eugenie (/wiki/Princess_Eugenie) The Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh) The Duchess of Edinburgh (/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh) The Duke of Gloucester (/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester) The Duchess of Gloucester (/wiki/Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester) The Duke of Kent (/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent) The Duchess of Kent (/wiki/Katharine,_Duchess_of_Kent) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy) Prince Michael of Kent (/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent) Princess Michael of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent) v t e Meghan, Duchess of Sussex ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ m ɛ ɡ ən / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; born Rachel Meghan Markle ; August 4, 1981) is an American member of the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) and a former actress. She is married to Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) , the younger son of King Charles III (/wiki/King_Charles_III) . Meghan was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her acting career began at Northwestern University (/wiki/Northwestern_University) . She played the part of Rachel Zane (/wiki/Rachel_Zane) for seven seasons (2011–2018) in the American TV legal drama Suits (/wiki/Suits_(American_TV_series)) . She also developed a social media presence, which included The Tig (2014–2017), a lifestyle blog. During The Tig period, Meghan became involved in charity work focused primarily on women's issues (/wiki/Women%27s_issues) and social justice (/wiki/Social_justice) . She was married to American film producer Trevor Engelson (/wiki/Trevor_Engelson) from 2011 until their divorce in 2014. Meghan retired from acting upon her marriage to Prince Harry (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) in 2018 and became known as the Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex#Second_creation,_2018) . Meghan and Harry have two children: Archie (/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex) and Lilibet (/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex) . The couple stepped down as working royals (/wiki/Megxit) in January 2020, moved to Meghan's native Southern California (/wiki/Southern_California) and launched Archewell Inc. (/wiki/Archewell_Inc.) , a Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) -based mix of for-profit and not-for-profit (charitable) business organizations. In March 2021, she sat for Oprah with Meghan and Harry (/wiki/Oprah_with_Meghan_and_Harry) , a much-publicized American television interview with her husband and Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) . She has written The Bench (/wiki/The_Bench_(book)) (a picture book for children) and presented a podcast Archetypes (/wiki/Archetypes_(podcast)) . Meghan and Harry starred in Harry & Meghan (/wiki/Harry_%26_Meghan) , a Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) docuseries, which was released in December 2022. Early life and education Further information: Family of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Family_of_Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) Rachel Meghan Markle was born on August 4, 1981, at West Park Hospital in Canoga Park, Los Angeles (/wiki/Canoga_Park,_Los_Angeles) , California. She identifies as mixed race (/wiki/Multiracial_Americans) ; "My dad is Caucasian and my mom is African American. I'm half black and half white." [1] (#cite_note-ElleUK2015-08-17a-1) Her parents – former makeup artist Doria Ragland (/wiki/Doria_Ragland) (born 1956) and Thomas Markle Sr. (/wiki/Thomas_Markle_Sr.) (born 1944), a television lighting director and director of photography [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) – separated when she was two years old and divorced four years later. [4] (#cite_note-People-Feb19-4) [5] (#cite_note-Time-Earlylife-5) [6] (#cite_note-half-sister-6) Markle reportedly has a close relationship with her mother. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Until the age of nine, both parents contributed to raising her; then, her father was left in charge of caring for her (while her mother pursued a career) so Meghan lived with him full-time before commencing university at age eighteen. [9] (#cite_note-Vanity_Inside-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Markle Sr. worked as a director of photography and lighting for General Hospital (/wiki/General_Hospital) and Married... with Children (/wiki/Married..._with_Children) , and Meghan occasionally visited the set of Married... with Children as a child. [11] (#cite_note-Esquire-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In later life, she became estranged from her father and paternal half-siblings, Samantha Markle (/wiki/Samantha_Markle) and Thomas Markle Jr. (/wiki/Thomas_Markle_Jr.) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-estranged-14) Growing up in View Park–Windsor Hills (/wiki/View_Park%E2%80%93Windsor_Hills,_California) , Los Angeles, [15] (#cite_note-BBC-Sep2017W-15) Markle attended Hollywood Little Red Schoolhouse. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) At age eleven, she and her classmates wrote to Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) to gender-neutralize (/wiki/Gender_neutrality) a dishwashing soap commercial on national television. [18] (#cite_note-18) She was raised as a Protestant (/wiki/Protestant) [19] (#cite_note-19) but graduated from Immaculate Heart High School (Los Angeles) (/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_High_School_(Los_Angeles)) , a fee-charging all-girl (/wiki/Single-sex_education#United_States) Catholic school (/wiki/Catholic_school) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Markle took part in plays and musicals at the school, where her father helped with lighting. [21] (#cite_note-21) During her teenage years, she worked at a local frozen yogurt shop and later as a waitress and babysitter. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) She also volunteered at a soup kitchen in Skid Row, Los Angeles (/wiki/Skid_Row,_Los_Angeles) . [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) In 1999, she was admitted to Northwestern University (/wiki/Northwestern_University) (NU) in Evanston, Illinois (/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois) , where she joined Kappa Kappa Gamma (/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma) sorority. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-Swartz-27) With other members of Kappa Kappa Gamma, Markle did volunteer work with the Glass Slipper Project (/wiki/Glass_Slipper_Project) . After her junior year, her uncle Michael Markle helped secure her an internship as a junior press officer at the American embassy in Buenos Aires (/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Buenos_Aires) , [28] (#cite_note-28) and considered a political career. [29] (#cite_note-telegraph-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) However, she did not score high enough in the Foreign Service Officer (/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer) Test to proceed further with the US State Department (/wiki/US_State_Department) [31] (#cite_note-Morton2018-31) and returned to NU. She also attended a study abroad program (/wiki/Study_abroad_in_the_United_States) in Madrid. [27] (#cite_note-Swartz-27) In 2003, Markle earned her bachelor's degree with a double major (/wiki/Double_majors_in_the_United_States) in theater and international studies from Northwestern's School of Communication (/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Communication) . [29] (#cite_note-telegraph-29) [31] (#cite_note-Morton2018-31) Acting career With her Suits co-star Patrick J. Adams (/wiki/Patrick_J._Adams) at Paley Center for Media (/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media) , 2013 According to Markle, she had some difficulty getting roles early in her career due to being "ethnically ambiguous" because "I wasn't black enough for the black roles and I wasn't white enough for the white ones." [32] (#cite_note-auto1-32) To support herself between acting jobs, she worked as a freelance calligrapher (/wiki/Calligrapher) and taught bookbinding (/wiki/Bookbinding) . [11] (#cite_note-Esquire-11) [33] (#cite_note-33) Her first on-screen appearance was a small role as a nurse in an episode of the daytime soap opera General Hospital , [34] (#cite_note-Vulture-34) [35] (#cite_note-SD-35) a show for which her father served as a lighting director. [36] (#cite_note-36) Markle had small guest roles on the television shows Century City (/wiki/Century_City_(TV_series)) (2004), The War at Home (/wiki/The_War_at_Home_(TV_series)) (2006) and CSI: NY (/wiki/CSI:_NY) (2006). [34] (#cite_note-Vulture-34) For her role in Century City , she told the casting directors that she was a SAG-AFTRA (/wiki/SAG-AFTRA) member when she was not, but after being cast, the employers were obliged to help her join the union according to the Taft–Hartley Act (/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act) . [37] (#cite_note-37) Markle also did several contract acting and modeling jobs. Between 2006 and 2007, she worked as a "briefcase girl" on 34 episodes of the US version of the game show Deal or No Deal (/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal_(American_game_show)) . [11] (#cite_note-Esquire-11) She appeared in Fox (/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company) 's series Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)) as Junior Agent Amy Jessup in the first two episodes of its second season. [38] (#cite_note-38) Markle appeared in small roles in the films Get Him to the Greek (/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek) , Remember Me (/wiki/Remember_Me_(2010_film)) (produced by her then-partner Trevor Engelson) and The Candidate in 2010 and the film Horrible Bosses (/wiki/Horrible_Bosses) in 2011. [39] (#cite_note-thrlegalmind-39) She was paid $187,000 for her role in Remember Me and $171,429 for her role in the short film The Candidate . [40] (#cite_note-net_worth-40) In July 2011, she joined the cast of the USA Network (/wiki/USA_Network) show Suits through to late 2017 and the seventh season. Her character, Rachel Zane, began as a paralegal (/wiki/Paralegal) and eventually became an attorney. [41] (#cite_note-41) While working on Suits , she lived for nine months each year in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) . [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-Murphy_BBC-43) Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) magazine estimated that she was paid $50,000 per episode, amounting to an equivalent annual salary of $450,000. [44] (#cite_note-fortune-44) Personal life Early relationships and first marriage Markle and American film producer Trevor Engelson (/wiki/Trevor_Engelson) began dating in 2004. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) They were married in Ocho Rios (/wiki/Ocho_Rios) , Jamaica on August 16, 2011. [47] (#cite_note-47) They separated in July 2013 and concluded a no-fault divorce (/wiki/No-fault_divorce) in February 2014, citing irreconcilable differences. [48] (#cite_note-48) Markle's subsequent live-in relationship with Canadian celebrity chef and restaurateur Cory Vitiello (/wiki/Cory_Vitiello) ended in May 2016 after almost two years. [49] (#cite_note-:4-49) Second marriage and motherhood Further information: Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) and Wedding dress of Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) With Prince Harry on Christmas Day 2017 In mid-2016, [50] (#cite_note-People-date-50) Markle began a relationship with Prince Harry (/wiki/Prince_Harry) , a grandson of Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) . [51] (#cite_note-Cambridge-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) According to the couple, they first connected with each other via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , [53] (#cite_note-53) and they have also said that they were set up on a blind date by a mutual friend in July 2016. [50] (#cite_note-People-date-50) On November 8, eight days after the relationship was made public by the press, the prince directed his communications secretary to release a statement on his behalf to express personal concern about pejorative and false comments made about his girlfriend by mainstream media and internet trolls (/wiki/Internet_trolls) . [54] (#cite_note-:2-54) [55] (#cite_note-Guardian_on_smear-55) Later, in a letter to a British media regulator, Markle's representatives complained about harassment from journalists. [56] (#cite_note-56) In September 2017, Markle and Prince Harry appeared together in public in Toronto at the Invictus Games (/wiki/Invictus_Games) , of which Harry is founding patron. [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) Meghan Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017, by Harry's father Charles (/wiki/Charles_III) (then the Prince of Wales). [59] (#cite_note-59) The announcement was greeted with enthusiasm by the British media and prompted generally positive comments about a mixed-race person as a member of the royal family, [60] (#cite_note-race-60) especially in regard to Commonwealth countries. [9] (#cite_note-Vanity_Inside-9) Markle announced that she would retire from acting [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) and her intention to become a British citizen (/wiki/British_citizen) . [63] (#cite_note-citizen-63) Carriage procession through streets of Windsor, May 2018 In preparation for the wedding, the Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury) , Justin Welby (/wiki/Justin_Welby) , baptized (/wiki/Baptized) Markle and confirmed (/wiki/Confirmed) her in the Church of England (/wiki/Church_of_England) on March 6, 2018. [64] (#cite_note-baptism-64) The private ceremony, performed with water from the River Jordan (/wiki/River_Jordan) , took place in the Chapel Royal (/wiki/Chapel_Royal) at St James's Palace (/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace) . [64] (#cite_note-baptism-64) The marriage ceremony was held on May 19 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle) . [65] (#cite_note-65) Her wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) was designed by Clare Waight Keller (/wiki/Clare_Waight_Keller) . [66] (#cite_note-66) Markle later revealed that there was a private exchange of vows three days earlier, with the Archbishop of Canterbury in the couple's garden. [67] (#cite_note-67) However, this private exchange of vows was not a legally recognized marriage (/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales) . [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) After the wedding, the Duke and Duchess lived at Nottingham Cottage (/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage) in London, in the grounds of Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) . [70] (#cite_note-70) In May 2018, it was reported that they had signed a two-year lease on Westfield Large, located on the Great Tew Estate in the Cotswolds (/wiki/Cotswolds) . [71] (#cite_note-WestfieldLarge-71) They gave up the lease after photos of the house and its interior were published by a paparazzi agency. [71] (#cite_note-WestfieldLarge-71) The couple considered settling at the twenty-one room Apartment 1 within Kensington Palace, [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) but moved to Frogmore Cottage (/wiki/Frogmore_Cottage) in the Home Park (/wiki/Home_Park,_Windsor) of Windsor Castle (/wiki/Windsor_Castle) instead. [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) The Crown Estate (/wiki/Crown_Estate) refurbished the cottage at a cost of £2.4 million, paid out of the Sovereign Grant (/wiki/Sovereign_Grant) , with the Duke later reimbursing expenses beyond restoration and ordinary maintenance, a part of which was offset against rental payments that were due at the time. [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) Meghan gave birth to a son, Archie (/wiki/Archie_Mountbatten-Windsor) , on May 6, 2019. [78] (#cite_note-78) The Duke and Duchess of Sussex's office moved to Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) and officially closed on March 31, 2020, when the Sussexes withdrew from undertaking official royal engagements. [79] (#cite_note-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) After some months in Canada and the United States, in June 2020, the couple bought a house on the former estate of Riven Rock, Montecito (/wiki/Riven_Rock,_Montecito) , California. [81] (#cite_note-81) [82] (#cite_note-82) The next month, Meghan suffered a miscarriage (/wiki/Miscarriage) . [83] (#cite_note-83) She gave birth to a daughter, Lilibet (/wiki/Lilibet_Mountbatten-Windsor) , on June 4, 2021. [84] (#cite_note-84) The Duke and Duchess own a Labrador (/wiki/Labrador_Retriever) named Pula and two Beagles (/wiki/Beagle) named Guy and Mamma Mia. [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) Meghan previously owned a Labrador- German Shepherd (/wiki/German_Shepherd) cross named Bogart. [87] (#cite_note-87) Political views Markle was politically vocal before marrying Prince Harry. At age 9, she and her friends reportedly campaigned against the Gulf War (/wiki/Gulf_War) . [88] (#cite_note-88) Decades later, she backed Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) during the 2016 United States presidential election (/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election) and publicly denounced the opponent and eventual winner, Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) . In the same year, when the referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (/wiki/Referendum_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union) resulted in favor of Brexit (/wiki/Brexit) , Markle expressed her disappointment on Instagram. [89] (#cite_note-Booth-89) In 2017, Markle recommended the book Who Rules the World? by left-wing intellectual Noam Chomsky (/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) on her Instagram account. [90] (#cite_note-90) In July 2018, Irish Senator Catherine Noone (/wiki/Catherine_Noone) tweeted that the Duchess was "pleased to see the result" of the Irish referendum on legalizing abortion (/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland) . Meghan received criticism for potentially breaching the protocol that prohibits royals from interfering in politics; [91] (#cite_note-Ireland-2018-91) Noone deleted her tweet and emphasized that her statement was misleading and "the Duchess was not in any way political". [91] (#cite_note-Ireland-2018-91) After she returned to the United States and as an eligible voter, she released a video with her husband encouraging others to register (/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States) for the 2020 United States presidential election (/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election) on National Voter Registration Day (/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Day) . Some media outlets took it as an implicit endorsement of the Democratic candidate, Joe Biden (/wiki/Joe_Biden) , which prompted then-President Trump to dismiss their messaging at a press conference. [92] (#cite_note-Sussex-92) In October 2021, she penned an open letter to Senate Majority Leader (/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader) Chuck Schumer (/wiki/Chuck_Schumer) and House Speaker (/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) Nancy Pelosi (/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi) , advocating for paid leave (/wiki/Paid_leave) for parents. [93] (#cite_note-93) Her remarks were met by backlash from Republican representatives Jason Smith (/wiki/Jason_Smith_(American_politician)) and Lisa McClain (/wiki/Lisa_McClain) , who found her statement "out of touch" and criticized her interference with American politics while utilizing her British royal titles. [94] (#cite_note-94) Meghan has reportedly lobbied senators from both parties on the issue of paid family leave, including Democratic senators Patty Murray (/wiki/Patty_Murray) and Kirsten Gillibrand (/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand) , as well as Republican senators Shelley Moore Capito (/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito) and Susan Collins (/wiki/Susan_Collins) . [95] (#cite_note-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) She has also publicly spoken in support of federal voting protections. [97] (#cite_note-97) In February 2022, she voiced her support for the Supreme Court nomination (/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination) of Ketanji Brown Jackson (/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson) . [98] (#cite_note-98) In June 2022, she publicly supported Moms Demand Action (/wiki/Moms_Demand_Action) , an organization which campaigns for safer gun laws in the US (/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_US) . [99] (#cite_note-99) In the same month, in an interview with Jessica Yellin (/wiki/Jessica_Yellin) for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Meghan criticized the Supreme Court of the United States (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) 's decision (/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization) that abortion is not a protected constitutional right and voiced her support for the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment) . [100] (#cite_note-100) Public life Royal duties Further information: List of official overseas trips made by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex,_and_Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) Greeting the public in Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) , March 2018 After becoming engaged, Markle's first official public appearance with Prince Harry was at a World AIDS Day (/wiki/World_AIDS_Day) walkabout in Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) on December 1, 2017. [101] (#cite_note-101) [102] (#cite_note-102) On March 12, the 2018 Commonwealth Day (/wiki/Commonwealth_Day) service at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) was the first royal event she attended with the Queen. [103] (#cite_note-103) On March 23, Harry and Meghan made an unannounced day visit to Northern Ireland. [104] (#cite_note-104) In total, Markle attended 26 public engagements prior to the wedding. [105] (#cite_note-105) Meghan's first official engagement after marriage was on May 22, when she and her husband attended a garden party (/wiki/Party#Garden_party) celebrating the charity work of King Charles III (/wiki/King_Charles_III) (then the Prince of Wales). [106] (#cite_note-106) In July 2018, Meghan's first official trip abroad as a royal was to Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) , Ireland, alongside Harry. [107] (#cite_note-107) [108] (#cite_note-108) In October 2018, the Duke and Duchess traveled to Sydney for the 2018 Invictus Games (/wiki/Invictus_Games) . [109] (#cite_note-109) This formed part of a Pacific tour that included Australia, Fiji, Tonga and New Zealand. [110] (#cite_note-110) [111] (#cite_note-Lyons-111) As representatives of the Queen, the couple were greeted warmly by crowds in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , and the announcement of Meghan's pregnancy hours after their arrival delighted the public and media. [111] (#cite_note-Lyons-111) [112] (#cite_note-Furness-112) During their visit to Morocco in February 2019, the Duke and Duchess focused on projects centered on "women's empowerment, girls' education, inclusivity and encouragement of social entrepreneurship". [113] (#cite_note-113) Meghan also participated in her husband's work as youth ambassador (/wiki/Youth_ambassador) to the Commonwealth, which included overseas tours. [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) As part of establishing a separate office from that of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in 2019, the Duke and Duchess created an Instagram social media account, which broke the record for the fastest account at the time to reach a million followers. [116] (#cite_note-116) In July 2019, the Duchess's security team were criticized for creating an empty zone of about 40 seats around her at Wimbledon (/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships) where she was watching a match between Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) and Kaja Juvan (/wiki/Kaja_Juvan) . [117] (#cite_note-117) In August 2019, Meghan and her husband were criticized by environmental campaigners for using private jets regularly when taking their personal trips abroad, which would leave more carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) per person compared to commercial planes. The criticism was in line with similar criticism faced by the royal family in June 2019, after it was claimed that they "had doubled [their] carbon footprint from business travel". [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) At ActionAid in South Africa, 2019 In September and October 2019, a Southern African tour included Malawi, Angola, South Africa and Botswana. Archie traveled with his parents, making it "their first official tour as a family". [120] (#cite_note-120) Meghan completed 179 engagements in total in 2018 and 2019. [121] (#cite_note-121) Stepping back and subsequent public appearances See also: Megxit (/wiki/Megxit) In January 2020, Meghan and Harry returned to the UK from a vacation in Canada and announced that they were stepping back from their role as senior members of the royal family and would balance their time between the United Kingdom and North America. [122] (#cite_note-122) [123] (#cite_note-123) A statement released by the Palace confirmed that the Duke and Duchess were to cease to undertake royal duties as representatives of the Queen and would therefore no longer receive the relevant financial support. [124] (#cite_note-Statement-2020-124) The couple would retain their HRH styles but not use them. [124] (#cite_note-Statement-2020-124) The formal role of the Duke and Duchess was subject to a twelve-month review period, ending in March 2021. Meghan's final public solo engagement as a senior royal was a visit to Robert Clack School (/wiki/Robert_Clack_School) on March 7, 2020, in Dagenham (/wiki/Dagenham) ahead of International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) . [125] (#cite_note-125) She and Harry attended the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey on March 9, 2020, which was their last engagement as a couple before they officially stepped down on March 31. Two years later, they made their first official appearance in the UK in June 2022 while attending the Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving (/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_National_Service_of_Thanksgiving) . [126] (#cite_note-126) They visited the UK and Germany in September 2022 for a number of charity events in Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) and Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) . [127] (#cite_note-127) On September 8, 2022, while Meghan and Harry were in London preparing to attend a charity event, Queen Elizabeth II died (/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II) at Balmoral Castle (/wiki/Balmoral_Castle) in Scotland, and they remained in the United Kingdom for her funeral. [128] (#cite_note-128) Meghan and Harry visited Nigeria in May 2024 to honor the work of the Invictus Games (/wiki/Invictus_Games) . Meghan had previously stated that a genetic test (/wiki/Genetic_test) had found she was of 43% Nigerian ancestry. According to CNN, their trip focused on "sports rehabilitation, mental health, and women's empowerment". [129] (#cite_note-Busari1-129) Meghan co-hosted a women's empowerment summit with the head of the World Trade Organization (/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) , Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala) , and she was honored in a ceremony by some of the Nigerian Chiefs (/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy) . [129] (#cite_note-Busari1-129) Further career and investments In summer 2019, before announcing their decision to step down in January 2020, Meghan and her husband were involved in talks with Jeffrey Katzenberg (/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg) , the founder of the now-defunct streaming platform Quibi (/wiki/Quibi) , over a possible role in the service without gaining personal profits, but they eventually decided against joining the project. [130] (#cite_note-130) In September 2019, it was reported that the couple had hired New York-based PR firm Sunshine Sachs (/wiki/Sunshine_Sachs) , which represented them until 2022. [131] (#cite_note-131) [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) The couple has also been associated with Adam Lilling (/wiki/Adam_Lilling) 's Plus Capital, a venture capital fund designed to connect early stage companies with influencers and investors. [134] (#cite_note-134) In June 2020, they signed with the Harry Walker Agency, owned by media company Endeavor (/wiki/Endeavor_(company)) , to conduct paid public speaking engagements. [135] (#cite_note-135) In September 2020, the Sussexes signed a private commercial deal with Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) . [136] (#cite_note-136) In December 2020, it was announced that Meghan had invested in Clevr Blends, a coffee company based in Southern California. [137] (#cite_note-137) [138] (#cite_note-138) In the same month, Meghan and Harry signed a multi-year deal with Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) to produce and host their own programs through their audio producing company, Archewell (/wiki/Archewell) Audio. [139] (#cite_note-139) A holiday special was released by the couple on the service in December 2020, [140] (#cite_note-140) while Meghan's podcast, titled Archetypes (/wiki/Archetypes_(podcast)) , premiered in August 2022. [141] (#cite_note-141) [142] (#cite_note-142) In June 2023, Spotify cancelled the podcast, which ran for a single season of 12 episodes. [143] (#cite_note-143) [144] (#cite_note-144) The Bench (/wiki/The_Bench_(book)) , a picture book written by Meghan with illustrations by Christian Robinson (/wiki/Christian_Robinson) , was published in June 2021 by Random House Children's Books (/wiki/Random_House_Children%27s_Books) . It is based on her perception of the relationship between her husband and their son. [145] (#cite_note-TelgMay21-145) The book received a mixed response; it garnered praise for its illustrations and messaging but was criticized for its structure and writing. [146] (#cite_note-146) [147] (#cite_note-147) [148] (#cite_note-148) On June 17, the book reached number one in the children's picture books category of The New York Times Best Seller list (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list) . [149] (#cite_note-149) In July 2021, it was announced that Meghan would executive produce, alongside David Furnish (/wiki/David_Furnish) , a Netflix animated series called Pearl . [150] (#cite_note-150) The series was originally pitched to Netflix in 2018. [151] (#cite_note-151) [152] (#cite_note-152) Pearl would depict the adventures of a 12-year-old girl who is inspired by influential women from history, [153] (#cite_note-H-Reporter-153) but the project was canceled in May 2022. [154] (#cite_note-154) In the same month, it was reported that Meghan and Harry had signed a four-book publishing deal with Random House, including a wellness guide by Meghan and a memoir by Harry. [155] (#cite_note-155) In October 2021, Meghan and Harry announced their partnership with Ethic, a sustainable investment (/wiki/Sustainable_investing) firm based in New York City, which also manages the couple's investments. [156] (#cite_note-156) [157] (#cite_note-157) According to state filings from Delaware, where the couple's Archewell foundation is registered, Meghan and Harry incorporated 11 companies and a trust beginning in early 2020 which include Orinoco Publishing LLC and Peca Publishing LLC to hold the rights for their books as well as Cobblestone Lane LLC and IPHW LLC which are holders of their foundation's logos. [158] (#cite_note-158) Frim Fram Inc., which ran The Tig , had been registered earlier as a new corporation in Delaware in December 2019. [159] (#cite_note-159) Harry & Meghan (/wiki/Harry_%26_Meghan) , a docuseries (/wiki/Docuseries) about the Sussexes, was produced by Netflix and the couple's Archewell Productions and premiered on December 8, 2022. It is directed by Liz Garbus (/wiki/Liz_Garbus) . [160] (#cite_note-160) The series received mixed reviews. [161] (#cite_note-161) In April 2023, it was announced that she had signed with talent agency WME (/wiki/William_Morris_Endeavor) , which would represent Archewell as well. [162] (#cite_note-162) In March 2024, Meghan launched the lifestyle and cooking brand American Riviera Orchard (/wiki/American_Riviera_Orchard) . [163] (#cite_note-163) In April 2024, it was announced that Archewell Productions is working with Netflix to produce two new shows – on lifestyle and on polo – for the streaming platform. [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-165) Charity work and advocacy Addressing the audience during a USO (/wiki/USO) show at Naval Station Rota, Spain (/wiki/Naval_Station_Rota,_Spain) , December 2014 [166] (#cite_note-166) Markle became a counsellor for the international network One Young World in 2014 and spoke at its 2014 summit in Dublin [167] (#cite_note-167) and attended the 2016 opening ceremony in Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa) . [168] (#cite_note-168) Also in 2014, she toured Spain, Italy, Turkey, Afghanistan and England with the United Service Organizations (/wiki/United_Service_Organizations) . [169] (#cite_note-169) During her time in Toronto, she volunteered for the Community Meals Program of St. Felix Centre and donated food from the set of Suits . [170] (#cite_note-170) [171] (#cite_note-171) In 2016, Markle became a global ambassador for World Vision Canada (/wiki/World_Vision_Canada) , traveling to Rwanda for the Clean Water Campaign. [172] (#cite_note-:0-172) [173] (#cite_note-173) [32] (#cite_note-auto1-32) After a trip to India focused on raising awareness for women's issues (/wiki/Women_in_India) , she penned an op-ed for Time magazine concerning stigmatization of women in regard to menstrual health (/wiki/Menstrual_health) . [174] (#cite_note-About-174) She has also worked with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (/wiki/United_Nations_Entity_for_Gender_Equality_and_the_Empowerment_of_Women) as an advocate. [172] (#cite_note-:0-172) [175] (#cite_note-175) Her speech at the UN Women's 2015 conference as an advocate for political participation and leadership contained a number of sentences that were nearly identical to a 1951 speech by Eleanor Roosevelt (/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt) . [176] (#cite_note-176) [177] (#cite_note-177) In 2017, Markle joined Prince Harry in teaming up with the charity Elephants Without Borders to assist with the conservation efforts taking place in Botswana. [178] (#cite_note-178) In January 2018, Markle became interested in the Hubb Community Kitchen run by survivors of the Grenfell Tower fire (/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire) . She visited the kitchen regularly and suggested that the displaced women publish a cookbook to assist in funding for the group. [179] (#cite_note-Guardian-book-179) Together: Our Community Cookbook , her first charity project as Duchess of Sussex, was announced in September. [180] (#cite_note-CNN-book-180) In August 2020, Meghan used proceeds from the cookbook to donate £8,000 to the UK charity Migrateful, which supports refugees, asylum seekers and migrants by helping them organize cookery classes. [181] (#cite_note-181) In March 2021, she donated £10,000 from the proceeds to the UK-based charity Himmah to assist them with stocking the group's food bank, provide them with equipment and help the Salaam Shalom Kitchen, the only Muslim and Jewish community kitchen in the UK. [182] (#cite_note-182) In March 2020, it was announced that Meghan's first post-royal project would be the narration of Disneynature (/wiki/Disneynature) 's documentary Elephant (/wiki/Elephant_(2020_film)) , which was released on April 3. [183] (#cite_note-183) In support of elephants, Disneynature and the Disney Conservation Fund would donate to Elephants Without Borders for species conservation in Botswana. [184] (#cite_note-Elephant-Doc-184) In June 2020, the couple backed the Stop Hate for Profit (/wiki/Stop_Hate_for_Profit) campaign and encouraged CEOs of different companies to join the movement. [185] (#cite_note-185) In July 2020, she spoke in support of the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement. [186] (#cite_note-186) Meghan and Harry with the US ambassador to the UN Linda Thomas-Greenfield (/wiki/Linda_Thomas-Greenfield) at the 2021 Global Citizen (/wiki/Global_Citizen_(organization)) live event In April 2021, the couple were announced as campaign chairs for Vax Live: The Concert to Reunite the World, an event organized by Global Citizen (/wiki/Global_Citizen_(organization)) to increase access to COVID-19 vaccinations. [187] (#cite_note-187) They also announced their support for a vaccine equity fundraiser initiated by the same organization, [188] (#cite_note-188) and penned an open letter to the pharmaceutical industry (/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry) CEOs urging them to address the vaccine equity crisis. [189] (#cite_note-189) In July 2021, Meghan and Harry were among people who were selected by UK-based charity Population Matters (/wiki/Population_Matters) to receive the Change Champions Award for their decision to have only two children and help with maintaining a smaller and more sustainable population. [190] (#cite_note-190) In August 2021, to mark her 40th birthday, Meghan launched 40x40, a campaign that asks people around the world to spend 40 minutes of their time mentoring women reentering the workforce. [191] (#cite_note-191) In October 2021 and ahead of the 2021 G20 Rome summit (/wiki/2021_G20_Rome_summit) , the couple penned an open letter together with the Director-General of the World Health Organization (/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Health_Organization) Tedros Adhanom (/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom) , asking the G20 (/wiki/G20) leaders to expedite efforts for the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. [192] (#cite_note-192) In February 2022, the couple were selected to receive NAACP (/wiki/NAACP) 's President's Award (/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award) for their work on causes related to social justice and equity. [193] (#cite_note-193) In the following month, they were among more than a hundred people who signed an open letter published by the People's Vaccine Alliance, asking for free global access to COVID-19 vaccines and calling out the UK, EU and Switzerland for opposing a waiver that would allow vaccine intellectual property protections to be lifted. [194] (#cite_note-194) In October 2022, Meghan and Harry were named as Ripple of Hope Award (/wiki/Ripple_of_Hope_Award) laureates for their work on racial justice, mental health and other social initiatives through their foundation Archewell. [195] (#cite_note-195) In April 2023, she was named as a recipient of the Ms. Foundation for Women (/wiki/Ms._Foundation_for_Women) 's Women of Vision Award. [196] (#cite_note-196) Patronages and interests From January 2019 to February 2021, Meghan was patron of London's National Theatre (/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities) . [197] (#cite_note-197) [198] (#cite_note-QCT21-198) She continued her role as the private patron of Mayhew (/wiki/Mayhew_(animal_welfare_charity)) until 2022. [199] (#cite_note-199) She remains a private patron of Smart Works. [198] (#cite_note-QCT21-198) From March 2019 to February 2021, she was the vice president of The Queen's Commonwealth Trust (/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Commonwealth_Trust) . [200] (#cite_note-200) [198] (#cite_note-QCT21-198) Until February 2021, periodically, online QCT chat sessions were conducted and uploaded to YouTube for general public viewing. [201] (#cite_note-201) In October 2019, along with other members of the royal family, Meghan voiced a Public Health England (/wiki/Public_Health_England) announcement, for the "Every Mind Matters" mental health program. [202] (#cite_note-202) In 2019 Meghan was a contributor and guest editor for the September issue of British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue and highlighted the works of 15 women from different areas, who were described as "Forces for Change". [203] (#cite_note-203) Edward Enninful (/wiki/Edward_Enninful) , editor-in-chief of the British Vogue , later revealed that the issue had become the "fastest-selling issue in the history of British Vogue ". [204] (#cite_note-204) In the same issue, it was announced that she had collaborated with a number of British fashion houses and stores to launch a capsule collection (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) , called The Smart Set, in September 2019 to benefit the charity Smart Works. The collection sought to help "unemployed and disadvantaged women", through selling items "on a one-for-one basis, meaning an item is donated for each item purchased". [205] (#cite_note-205) Taking advantage of the "Meghan Markle effect" (driving consumer purchases), in 10 days the collection provided a year's worth of clothes for the charity. [206] (#cite_note-206) Sussex Royal and Archewell In February 2018, Markle and fiancé Harry attended the first annual forum of The Royal Foundation (/wiki/The_Royal_Foundation) . [207] (#cite_note-207) After marriage, Meghan became the foundation's fourth patron alongside Prince Harry, Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William) and his wife, Catherine (/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge) . [208] (#cite_note-208) In May 2019, as a part of their Heads Together initiative, the Duchess of Sussex together with her husband and in-laws launched Shout, a text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues. [209] (#cite_note-209) In June 2019, it was announced that Harry and Meghan would split from the charity and establish their own foundation. Nevertheless, the couples would collaborate on mutual projects, such as the mental health initiative Heads Together. [210] (#cite_note-210) [211] (#cite_note-211) The following month, "Sussex Royal The Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Sussex" was registered in England and Wales. [212] (#cite_note-212) However, it was confirmed on February 21, 2020, that " Sussex Royal (/wiki/Sussex_Royal) " would not be used as a brand name for the couple, following their step back from official life as working royals. [213] (#cite_note-Fox-221-213) On August 5, 2020, the Sussex Royal Foundation was renamed " MWX Foundation (/wiki/Markle_Windsor_Foundation) " and dissolved the same day. [214] (#cite_note-214) In March 2021, it was reported that the Charity Commission for England and Wales (/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales) was conducting a review of the Sussex Royal organization in a "regulatory and compliance case" regarding its conduct under charity law during dissolution. [215] (#cite_note-telegraph2021-215) Representatives for the couple claimed that Sussex Royal was "managed by a board of trustees" and that "suggestion of mismanagement" directed exclusively at the Duke and Duchess would be incorrect. [215] (#cite_note-telegraph2021-215) The commission later concluded that the foundation did not act unlawfully, but criticized the board of directors for expending a "substantial proportion of funds" to setting up and closing the charity. [216] (#cite_note-216) [217] (#cite_note-217) In April 2020, Meghan and Harry confirmed that an alternative foundation (in lieu of Sussex Royal) would be called " Archewell (/wiki/Archewell) ". [218] (#cite_note-tacarchewell-218) The name stems from the Greek word " arche (/wiki/Arche) ", which means "source of action"—the same word that inspired the name of their son. [218] (#cite_note-tacarchewell-218) Archewell was registered in the United States. [219] (#cite_note-219) Its website was officially launched in October 2020. [220] (#cite_note-220) Public image and style Markle (third from left) at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in 2013 Between 2010 and 2012, Markle anonymously ran the blog The Working Actress , which detailed the "pitfalls and triumphs of struggling to make it in Hollywood". [221] (#cite_note-221) In 2014, she founded her own lifestyle blog The Tig , which posted articles about food, fashion, beauty, travel, and inspirational women. [222] (#cite_note-actresstoduchess-222) The viewing audience consisted primarily of the fans of Markle and Suits . Promotion of the blog on other social media platforms targeted three million followers on Instagram, 800,000 on Facebook and 350,000 on Twitter. [223] (#cite_note-wellnessguru-223) In April 2017, The Tig closed. In January 2018, she took all articles offline and deleted her social media accounts. [223] (#cite_note-wellnessguru-223) It is estimated that Markle's social media activities annually earned her about $80,000 from endorsements and sponsorships. [40] (#cite_note-net_worth-40) She was also known for socializing at Soho House (/wiki/Soho_House_(club)) . [224] (#cite_note-224) Markle became known through The Tig for her fashion sense, [43] (#cite_note-Murphy_BBC-43) releasing two fashion collections with Canadian clothing company Reitmans (/wiki/Reitmans) in 2015 and 2016. [223] (#cite_note-wellnessguru-223) The lines were based on her personal style and that of her Suits character. [43] (#cite_note-Murphy_BBC-43) Markle has cited Emmanuelle Alt (/wiki/Emmanuelle_Alt) as her style inspiration. [225] (#cite_note-Vogue-Style-225) [226] (#cite_note-Glam-Interview-226) In 2016, she hosted USA Network (/wiki/USA_Network) 's video series Power Lunch with Meghan Markle in collaboration with Lexus (/wiki/Lexus) and Eater (/wiki/Eater_(website)) , discussing the culinary inspirations of five different New York kitchens. [227] (#cite_note-227) In 2015, Markle visited Malta after discovering she was of Maltese ancestry. Her trip was documented by Elle UK (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . [228] (#cite_note-228) [229] (#cite_note-229) She was featured in the cover story for the October 2017 issue of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and the December 2017 issue of Elle France (/wiki/Elle_France) . [230] (#cite_note-230) [231] (#cite_note-231) Shortly after her engagement to Prince Harry in 2017, she caused a surge of interest in Scottish retailer Strathberry (/wiki/Strathberry) after carrying one of its handbags to a public event. [232] (#cite_note-Tel-Bag-232) [233] (#cite_note-NYT-Influence-233) This was reported as an indication that her fashion choices would produce results similar to the Kate Middleton effect (/wiki/Kate_Middleton_effect) . [232] (#cite_note-Tel-Bag-232) [234] (#cite_note-Vogue-Effect-234) After Markle and Prince Harry's first appearance as a couple, brands Mackage (/wiki/Mackage) , Birks (/wiki/Birks_Group) , R&R Jewelers, Crown Jewelers, and Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) noted an upswing in their website hits and sales. [235] (#cite_note-235) [236] (#cite_note-236) [233] (#cite_note-NYT-Influence-233) It was speculated that Markle's effect would be broader internationally because she already had a strong American appeal. [234] (#cite_note-Vogue-Effect-234) Consequently, the United States saw a boost in yellow gold jewelry sales in the first quarter of 2018. [237] (#cite_note-237) In 2018, Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) included Meghan with other senior royal women on its list of Britain's best dressed people. [238] (#cite_note-238) Following the announcement of her pregnancy, she appeared in a Karen Gee (/wiki/Karen_Gee) dress that resulted in the Australian designer's website crashing. [239] (#cite_note-Pregnancy-Fashion-239) Fashion website Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) ranked Meghan as one of the best dressed women in 2018. [240] (#cite_note-240) She was nominated for the 2018 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2018_Teen_Choice_Awards) in the category Choice Style Icon. [241] (#cite_note-241) In 2019, British brand Reiss (/wiki/Reiss_(brand)) reported a growth in profits after Meghan was seen wearing a mini dress by them on International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) . [242] (#cite_note-242) In 2022, the black Armani (/wiki/Armani) dress worn by Meghan during her Oprah interview was selected by the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) , as Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) 2021. [243] (#cite_note-243) In the same year, she was featured in the cover story for the 2022 Fall Fashion issue of The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(website)) . [244] (#cite_note-244) There was controversy over her claim in the interview that she had been told at the premiere of The Lion King (/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)) that her marriage resulted in rejoicing in South Africa similar to that seen at Nelson Mandela (/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) 's release from prison in 1990. [245] (#cite_note-245) In 2018, Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) selected Meghan as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World (/wiki/100_Most_Influential_People_in_the_World) [246] (#cite_note-246) and placed her on its shortlist for Person of the Year (/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year) . [247] (#cite_note-247) Her name appeared again on the listicle (/wiki/Listicle) in 2021, and she and her husband were featured on one of the magazine's seven worldwide covers. [248] (#cite_note-248) In 2019, the magazine named Meghan and Prince Harry among the 25 Most Influential People on the Internet. [249] (#cite_note-249) She was also chosen as one of the 25 most influential women in the United Kingdom by British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue magazine in 2018, 2019 and 2021. [250] (#cite_note-250) [251] (#cite_note-251) [252] (#cite_note-252) Her influence was also recognized in both the 2019 and 2020 editions of Powerlist (/wiki/Powerlist) , the 100 most influential Britons of African and Afro-Caribbean descent. [253] (#cite_note-253) In 2022, she was named as one of the 50 Women Changing the World over the past year by Worth (/wiki/Worth_(magazine)) magazine. [254] (#cite_note-254) In the same year, Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) named her as a stellar honoree for its Power of Women issue, [255] (#cite_note-255) [256] (#cite_note-Variety-256) and Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) included her on its list of "25 most influential women of 2022". [257] (#cite_note-257) In December 2022, Meghan was found to be the second most disliked member of the British royal family by statistics and polling company YouGov (/wiki/YouGov) , behind her husband's uncle Prince Andrew (/wiki/Prince_Andrew) . [258] (#cite_note-258) In March 2023, The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) included her on its "Influence List 2023". [259] (#cite_note-259) Meghan and Harry's exit from the royal family was satirized in a 2023 episode (/wiki/The_Worldwide_Privacy_Tour) of South Park (/wiki/South_Park) . [260] (#cite_note-260) In the same year, James Hibberd (/wiki/James_Hibberd_(writer)) of The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) named Meghan and Harry among the Hollywood losers of 2023. [261] (#cite_note-261) Following Meghan and Harry's trip to Nigeria in May 2024, Lucia Stein of the ABC (/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation) argued that the couple could have been used by the royal family, and added that "perhaps how helpful they would have been" had an agreement on a "hybrid working model" been achieved. [262] (#cite_note-LStein-262) Among other things, she noted Meghan's style and meetings were extensively covered internationally. Media editor, Tina Brown (/wiki/Tina_Brown) commented in relation to the visit, they are "enormously appealing to the public, and very good at [public engagement]." [262] (#cite_note-LStein-262) Privacy and the media Court cases Associated Newspapers Limited In November 2016, the MailOnline (/wiki/MailOnline) was criticized for running an article on Markle's family background titled " (Almost) Straight Outta Compton (/wiki/(Almost)_Straight_Outta_Compton) ", which triggered a response from Prince Harry's Communications Secretary. [15] (#cite_note-BBC-Sep2017W-15) In October 2019, Meghan filed a lawsuit against Associated Newspapers Limited (/wiki/Associated_Newspapers_Limited) (ANL), the publisher of The Mail on Sunday (/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday) and MailOnline over the publication of a letter she had sent to her father. [263] (#cite_note-263) [264] (#cite_note-264) Thomas Markle Sr. had provided the publisher with excerpts of the letter after five of his daughter's friends, including Abigail Spencer (/wiki/Abigail_Spencer) , [265] (#cite_note-265) referenced it in a People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) article. [4] (#cite_note-People-Feb19-4) [266] (#cite_note-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) She subsequently received support from more than 70 female MPs (/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)) from different parties who in an open letter condemned the use of "outdated, colonial undertones" against her in some national media outlets. [268] (#cite_note-268) In May 2020, the court dismissed claims of the tabloid's alleged dishonesty and malice, as they were deemed either vague or irrelevant to the case. [269] (#cite_note-269) In February 2021, the High Court of Justice (/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice) found in a summary judgment (/wiki/Summary_judgment) that ANL's Mail on Sunday had invaded Meghan's privacy by publishing the letter, [270] (#cite_note-HighCourtLondon-270) and she won her claim for "misuse of private information and copyright infringement (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) " in May 2021. [271] (#cite_note-271) She was given a £450,000 down payment on her £1.5 million legal fees as an interim payment, and pursuant to copyright law (/wiki/Copyright_law) , her legal team asked for a front-page statement by The Mail on Sunday and MailOnline to acknowledge her legal victory. [272] (#cite_note-272) The Court of Appeal (/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)) granted ANL permission to appeal against the ruling. [273] (#cite_note-273) The appeal was subsequently launched by ANL in November 2021. [274] (#cite_note-274) Meghan and Harry's former communications secretary Jason Knauf—who had previously denied co-authoring the letter with Meghan [275] (#cite_note-275) —gave a statement to the court of appeal, mentioning that Meghan gave him briefing points to share with Finding Freedom (/wiki/Finding_Freedom) ' s authors Omid Scobie (/wiki/Omid_Scobie) and Carolyn Durand and that Prince Harry welcomed the suggestion that they should conceal their involvement, while they both discussed the book "on a routine basis". [276] (#cite_note-Guardian-Nov10-276) ANL had previously applied to use the book in their defense. [277] (#cite_note-277) [278] (#cite_note-278) Knauf also revealed that Meghan wondered whether she should refer to her father as "daddy" in the letter, as she believed "in the unfortunate event that it leaked, it would pull at the heartstrings". [276] (#cite_note-Guardian-Nov10-276) Meghan subsequently apologized to the court for not remembering the emails earlier, adding that the "extent of the information" Knauf shared with the book's authors was "unknown" to her. [279] (#cite_note-279) She also stated in her witness statement that she was "unable to retrieve any text messages with Mr Knauf" due to "an automatic deletion system" that had been installed on her devices in 2016 for security reasons. [280] (#cite_note-280) In December 2021, three senior appeal judges upheld the judgement of the High Court against ANL, prompting Meghan to call for reform of the tabloid industry. [281] (#cite_note-281) In the same month, ANL's The Mail on Sunday and MailOnline published a front-page statement on Boxing Day (/wiki/Boxing_Day) acknowledging Meghan's victory, adding that there had been an agreement on "financial remedies". [282] (#cite_note-282) In addition to covering a portion of Meghan's legal costs, the outlet agreed to pay her £1 in damages for invading her privacy and a confidential sum for infringing her copyright. [283] (#cite_note-Guarian-Jan522-283) They were also banned from naming Meghan's friends, who had spoken to People magazine about the letter in 2018. [283] (#cite_note-Guarian-Jan522-283) Other cases and complaints In November 2016, The Sun (/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)) ran the headline "Harry girl's on Pornhub (/wiki/Pornhub) ". [55] (#cite_note-Guardian_on_smear-55) The outlet denied any smear after it was revealed that the clips were illegally uploaded scenes from the TV series Suits and not pornographic material. [55] (#cite_note-Guardian_on_smear-55) They subsequently apologized via an official statement in February 2017. [284] (#cite_note-284) In February 2018, a letter containing white powder and a racist note addressing Markle was sent to St James's Palace (/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace) , triggering counter-terrorism (/wiki/Counter-terrorism) and hate crime (/wiki/Hate_crime) investigations by Scotland Yard (/wiki/Scotland_Yard) . [285] (#cite_note-285) Meghan and Harry obtained a formal apology in May 2019 from Splash News (/wiki/Splash_News) for privacy invasion at their Cotswolds (/wiki/Cotswolds) residence. [286] (#cite_note-286) [287] (#cite_note-287) In December 2019, PA Media (/wiki/PA_Media) retracted the publishing of a Christmas card (/wiki/Christmas_card) photograph of Meghan, Harry, and their son Archie. The agency said that the photo was retracted because they had been advised that the photograph was "not representative of the Christmas card sent by the Duke and Duchess of Sussex". [288] (#cite_note-288) The couple had a legal warning issued to the press in general in January 2020 after the publication of paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi) photographs. [289] (#cite_note-289) In March 2020, the couple took Splash UK to court after Meghan and her son were photographed without permission in Canada during a "private family outing". The case was settled later that year with Splash UK agreeing to no longer take unauthorized photos of the family. [290] (#cite_note-290) The Duke and Duchess announced in April that they would no longer cooperate with the Daily Mail , The Sun (/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)) , Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) and Daily Express (/wiki/Daily_Express) . [291] (#cite_note-291) They won an apology in October from American news agency X17 for taking photographs of their son at their home using drones (/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) . [292] (#cite_note-292) In March 2021, ITV News (/wiki/ITV_News) reported Meghan had complained directly to ITV (/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) 's CEO about Piers Morgan (/wiki/Piers_Morgan) 's comments on mental health following her interview with Oprah Winfrey. [293] (#cite_note-293) Ofcom (/wiki/Ofcom) received over 57,000 complaints about the program including one from the Duchess of Sussex. [294] (#cite_note-294) [295] (#cite_note-295) In the same month, it was reported that an American private investigator unlawfully handed over personal details about Meghan to The Sun , including her Social Security number (/wiki/Social_Security_number) , cell phone number and address, when she first started dating Prince Harry in 2016. Meghan and her husband condemned the "predatory practices" of the British tabloids, while The Sun stated that the investigator "was instructed clearly in writing to act lawfully", and they did not "use the information he provided for any unlawful practice". [296] (#cite_note-WP-TheSun-296) In July 2021, Meghan filed legal complaints against The Times for two separate articles, with the first one covering an unproven allegation from Robert Lacey (/wiki/Robert_Lacey) 's book that she had left an engagement in Fiji for not being appointed by UN Women (/wiki/UN_Women) as a goodwill ambassador and the second one claiming that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge had refused to talk to Prince Harry after Prince Philip's funeral (/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh) due to fears of a potential leak. [297] (#cite_note-297) [298] (#cite_note-298) In January 2022, the couple jointly filed a legal complaint against The Times for an article reporting on Archewell raising less than $50,000 in 2020. [299] (#cite_note-299) In the same month, she complained to the BBC regarding their five-part podcast (/wiki/Podcast) Harry, Meghan and the Media , in which the presenter Amol Rajan (/wiki/Amol_Rajan) stated that Meghan had "apologized for misleading" the Court of Appeal in her case against the Mail on Sunday . [300] (#cite_note-300) [301] (#cite_note-BBC-Complaint-301) The BBC responded by issuing a statement on its "corrections and clarifications" website to emphasize that she had "apologized to the court for not remembering email exchanges". [301] (#cite_note-BBC-Complaint-301) In March 2022, Meghan's half-sister, Samantha Markle, filed a defamation lawsuit against her in Florida, accusing her of lying in the Oprah interview and disseminating false statements via her communications secretary for the book Finding Freedom and sought damages in excess of $75,000. [302] (#cite_note-302) [303] (#cite_note-Fox-Mar22-303) In June 2022, Meghan's initial motion to dismiss (/wiki/Motion_to_dismiss) the case was rejected by a judge following amendments made by Samantha in her complaint. [304] (#cite_note-Us-Weekly-June22-304) She filed a second motion in the same month. [304] (#cite_note-Us-Weekly-June22-304) [305] (#cite_note-305) In addition to applying for the case to be dismissed, Meghan's lawyer also applied for the discovery process to be delayed, pending the outcome of the dismissal application. [306] (#cite_note-306) A Florida judge later denied the application to halt the discovery process, [307] (#cite_note-307) but dismissed the lawsuit in March 2023. [308] (#cite_note-308) In April 2023, Samantha refiled the lawsuit with another amended complaint that covered statements made by Meghan in her Netflix docuseries as well. [309] (#cite_note-309) The lawsuit was later dismissed with prejudice (/wiki/With_prejudice) in March 2024, after a judge ruled that the claimant was unable to provide evidence of defamation. [310] (#cite_note-310) Samantha later appealed the decision. [311] (#cite_note-311) Between December 2022 and January 2023, more than 25,000 complaints were submitted to the Independent Press Standards Organisation (/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation) (IPSO) about a column (/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)#Jeremy_Clarkson_column_on_the_Duchess_of_Sussex) by Jeremy Clarkson (/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson) in The Sun , [312] (#cite_note-BBC-apology-312) in which he stated that he hated Meghan "on a cellular level" and dreamed "of the day when she is made to parade naked through the streets of every town in Britain while the crowds chant, 'Shame!' and throw lumps of excrement at her." [313] (#cite_note-313) On December 20, 2022, Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)) MP Caroline Nokes (/wiki/Caroline_Nokes) wrote to The Sun ' s editor, Victoria Newton (/wiki/Victoria_Newton) , calling for "action [to be] taken" against Clarkson. The letter was signed by more than 60 cross-party MPs. [314] (#cite_note-314) On December 23, The Sun issued an apology, stating "columnists' opinions are their own" but they "regret the publication of this article" and are "sincerely sorry". [315] (#cite_note-315) On the following day, a spokesperson for the Duke and Duchess of Sussex described the apology as "nothing more than a PR stunt". [316] (#cite_note-316) Clarkson said his column was a reference to a scene (/wiki/Mother%27s_Mercy) from the television series Game of Thrones (/wiki/Game_of_Thrones) and he later revealed that he had emailed Meghan and Harry on Christmas Day 2022 to apologise. [312] (#cite_note-BBC-apology-312) [317] (#cite_note-317) A spokesperson for the couple said Clarkson wrote solely to Harry and the article was not an isolated incident. [312] (#cite_note-BBC-apology-312) In February 2023, IPSO announced that it was launching an investigation about the article. [318] (#cite_note-318) In June 2023, IPSO concluded that the column was sexist and contained a "pejorative and prejudicial reference" to Meghan's sex, but it rejected complaints that the piece raised an issue of fact, or was meant to harass her or included discriminatory references on the grounds of race. [319] (#cite_note-319) Bullying allegations and Oprah interview In 2021, shortly before Meghan and Harry were due to be interviewed by Oprah Winfrey, Valentine Low (/wiki/Valentine_Low) reported in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) that Meghan's former communications secretary, Jason Knauf, complained in October 2018 that her conduct at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) had caused two personal assistants to quit and had undermined the confidence of a third employee, [320] (#cite_note-thetimes2021-320) prompting an investigation by Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) into the bullying allegations. [321] (#cite_note-321) [322] (#cite_note-322) The palace hired an external law firm to examine the claims, with ten aides reported to have cooperated with the review. [323] (#cite_note-323) [324] (#cite_note-324) Criticism of Meghan for twice wearing earrings gifted from Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) in 2018, after he was accused of complicity in the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi (/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi) , appeared at the same time. [325] (#cite_note-tele20201-325) [320] (#cite_note-thetimes2021-320) [326] (#cite_note-326) Her representatives denied her awareness of the accusations against Mohammed bin Salman and said The Times were being used by Buckingham Palace for "a smear campaign (/wiki/Smear_campaign) " against her. [327] (#cite_note-327) [320] (#cite_note-thetimes2021-320) The television special Oprah with Meghan and Harry (/wiki/Oprah_with_Meghan_and_Harry) was broadcast on CBS (/wiki/CBS) on March 7, 2021. [328] (#cite_note-BBC1Mar-328) Meghan spoke about her personal and royal life and public pressure. She claimed to have been contemplating suicide during her time as a working royal and complained of a lack of protection for her and her son while being part of the royal institution. [329] (#cite_note-JonesLinton-329) There was a wide and polarized reaction to the interview. [330] (#cite_note-330) In an updated epilogue for the couple's unauthorized biography, Finding Freedom by Omid Scobie and Carolyn Durand, the authors claimed that "two of the individuals mentioned in [Knauf's] email asked for any allegations made to HR about their experiences with Meghan to be rescinded". [331] (#cite_note-331) Speaking on behalf of the Duchess in a BBC documentary, Jenny Afia, a lawyer who represented Meghan in her case against ANL, stated that the bullying allegations were "just not true". [332] (#cite_note-332) In June 2022, The Times reported that the results from the inquiry made Buckingham Palace modify some of the policies and procedures in its HR department, but the report would not be published to ensure the privacy of those who took part in it. [333] (#cite_note-333) On Twitter and other platforms In March 2019, European consulting firm 89up reported on their discovery of 1,103 highly connected Twitter accounts with more than two and a half million tweets in favor of Meghan, most of which appeared to be bots (/wiki/Cyborg_(social_media)) carrying out "coordinated attacks" on royal correspondents who had reported negatively on her. [334] (#cite_note-Tel-Trolls19-334) [335] (#cite_note-335) In the same year, CNN had reported on research by Hope not Hate (/wiki/Hope_not_Hate) , stating that out of 5,200 "abusive tweets directed at Meghan" in January and February 2019, 3,600 came from a small group of trolls (/wiki/Internet_troll) . [334] (#cite_note-Tel-Trolls19-334) In March 2019, the royal family introduced new rules for followers commenting on its official social media accounts in response to the online abuse aimed at Meghan and her sister-in-law Catherine. [336] (#cite_note-336) In October 2021, Twitter analytics service Bot Sentinel (/wiki/Bot_Sentinel) released their analysis of more than 114,000 tweets about the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, as a result of which they found 83 accounts with a combined number of 187,631 followers that were possibly responsible for approximately 70% of the negative content posted about the couple. [337] (#cite_note-WP-Oct21-337) [338] (#cite_note-338) [339] (#cite_note-339) The report prompted an investigation by Twitter. [337] (#cite_note-WP-Oct21-337) The company stated that it found no evidence of "widespread coordination" between the accounts and said that it had taken action against users who violated Twitter's conduct policy. [337] (#cite_note-WP-Oct21-337) Bot Sentinel released three more reports in the following months, arguing that the accounts were part of a "bot network" and a similar network could be found on YouTube. [340] (#cite_note-340) [341] (#cite_note-341) [342] (#cite_note-342) In January 2022, the BBC named Meghan and Harry among people whose photos and videos were used in fake instant profits advertisements and bitcoin (/wiki/Bitcoin) -related investment schemes. [343] (#cite_note-343) Among theories widespread on social media, including Twitter and YouTube, were unfounded assertions that Meghan had faked her pregnancies, instead using surrogate mother(s) (/wiki/Surrogate_mother) , or that her children do not exist at all. [344] (#cite_note-344) [345] (#cite_note-345) [346] (#cite_note-346) Meghan's half-sister, Samantha, was reported to have run multiple Twitter accounts that targeted Meghan. [347] (#cite_note-347) [348] (#cite_note-348) Titles, styles and arms Meghan became a princess of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Princess_of_the_United_Kingdom) upon her marriage to Prince Harry, entitled to the style of Royal Highness (/wiki/Royal_Highness) . [349] (#cite_note-349) After her marriage, she was styled "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex#Second_creation,_2018) ". She also holds the titles of Countess of Dumbarton (/wiki/Countess_of_Dumbarton) and Baroness Kilkeel (/wiki/Baroness_Kilkeel) . [350] (#cite_note-350) She is the first person to hold the title "Duchess of Sussex". [351] (#cite_note-351) [352] (#cite_note-352) Following the Duke and Duchess's decision to step back (/wiki/Megxit) from royal duties in 2020, the couple agreed not to use the style of Royal Highness in practice, but they are still referred to as "His/Her Royal Highness" in legal settings. [353] (#cite_note-353) [354] (#cite_note-354) [355] (#cite_note-355) [356] (#cite_note-356) During Meghan's trip to Nigeria in May 2024, Igwe Alfred Achebe (/wiki/Alfred_Achebe) , the Obi of Onitsha (/wiki/Obi_of_Onitsha) , and Oba Abdulrosheed Akanbi, the Oluwo of Iwo (/wiki/Oluwo_of_Iwo) , gave her the chieftaincy titles (/wiki/Nigerian_chieftaincy) Ada Mazi ( transl. 'the daughter of the Igbo (/wiki/Igboland) ancestral palace' ) and Adetokunbo ( transl. 'royalty from across the seas' ). [129] (#cite_note-Busari1-129) Coat of arms of the Duchess of Sussex Notes The Duchess bears the arms of her husband (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex#Arms) impaled (/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)) with her own. Thomas Woodcock (/wiki/Thomas_Woodcock_(officer_of_arms)) , Garter King of Arms (/wiki/Garter_King_of_Arms) , the senior officer of the College of Arms (/wiki/College_of_Arms) , helped the Duchess with the design, which was approved by the Queen. [357] (#cite_note-Royal-Arms-357) [358] (#cite_note-BBC-Arms-358) Adopted May 25, 2018 Coronet Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) of a child of the sovereign. [357] (#cite_note-Royal-Arms-357) Escutcheon Quarterly (/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)) 1st and 4th Gules (/wiki/Gules) three lions passant guardant (/wiki/Passant_guardant) in pale Or (/wiki/Or_(heraldry)) armed and langed Azure (/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)) (England), 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure (/wiki/Tressure) flory counterflory (Scotland), 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (/wiki/Argent) (Ireland), the whole differenced by a label (/wiki/Label_(heraldry)) of three points Argent, each point charged with an escallop (/wiki/Escallop) Gules (Prince Harry); Impaled with a shield Azure a feather bendwise (/wiki/Bendwise) Argent quilled Or between two bendlets (/wiki/Bendlet) Or all between two like feathers Argent quilled Or (Markle). [359] (#cite_note-359) Supporters On the dexter (/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister) side the lion used as a supporter by the Duke of Sussex and to the sinister (/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister) a songbird Argent wings spread, unguled (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unguled) Or and gorged (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gorged) with the coronet of the Duke of Sussex. Compartment Below the shield, a mount of grass with golden poppies (/wiki/Golden_poppies) and wintersweet (/wiki/Chimonanthus_praecox) in flower. Symbolism The blue background of the shield represents the Pacific Ocean off the California coast, while the two golden rays across the shield are symbolic of the sunshine of the Duchess's home state. The three quills represent communication and the power of words. Beneath the shield on the grass sits a collection of golden poppies, California's state flower and wintersweet, which grows at Kensington Palace. The songbird with wings elevated as if flying and an open beak represents the power of communication. [357] (#cite_note-Royal-Arms-357) [358] (#cite_note-BBC-Arms-358) Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 1995 Married... with Children (/wiki/Married..._with_Children) Student 1 episode "The Undergraduate" (season 9: episode 26); uncredited 2001 General Hospital (/wiki/General_Hospital) Jill 2 episodes [35] (#cite_note-SD-35) 2004 Century City (/wiki/Century_City_(TV_series)) Natasha 1 episode "A Mind is a Terrible Thing to Lose" (season 1: episode 4) 2005 Cuts (/wiki/Cuts_(TV_series)) Cori 1 episode "My Boyfriend's Back" (season 1: episode 5) Love, Inc. (/wiki/Love,_Inc._(TV_series)) Teresa Santos 1 episode "One on One" (season 1: episode 9) 2006 1 vs. 100 (/wiki/1_vs._100) Herself 1 episode "Mob member number 7" (Episode 101) The War at Home (/wiki/The_War_at_Home_(TV_series)) Susan 1 episode "The Seventeen-Year Itch" (season 1: episode 17) Deceit Gwen Television movie CSI: NY (/wiki/CSI:_NY) Veronica Perez 1 episode "Murder Sings the Blues" (season 3: episode 7) 2006–2007 Deal or No Deal (/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal_(American_game_show)) Herself Holder of Case #24; 34 episodes [360] (#cite_note-360) 2008 90210 (/wiki/90210_(TV_series)) Wendy 1 episode "We're Not in Kansas Anymore" (season 1: episode 1) "The Jet Set" (season 1: episode 2) 'Til Death (/wiki/%27Til_Death) Tara 1 episode "Joy Ride" (season 3: episode 2) The Apostles Kelly Calhoun Television movie Good Behavior Sadie Valencia Television movie 2009 Knight Rider (/wiki/Knight_Rider_(2008_TV_series)) Annie Ortiz 1 episode "Fight Knight" (season 1: episode 14) Without a Trace (/wiki/Without_a_Trace) Holly Shepard 1 episode "Chameleon" (season 7: episode 15) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)) Junior FBI (/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) Agent Amy Jessup 2 episodes " A New Day in the Old Town (/wiki/A_New_Day_in_the_Old_Town) " (season 2: episode 1) " Night of Desirable Objects (/wiki/Night_of_Desirable_Objects_(Fringe)) " (season 2: episode 2) The League (/wiki/The_League) Meghan 1 episode "The Bounce Test" (season 1: episode 2) 2010 CSI: Miami (/wiki/CSI:_Miami) Officer Leah Montoya 1 episode "Backfire" (season 8: episode 20) The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down (/wiki/The_Boys_%26_Girls_Guide_to_Getting_Down) Dana Television movie 2011–2018 Suits (/wiki/Suits_(American_TV_series)) Rachel Zane Series regular (seasons 1–7), 108 episodes (Markle's final scene was filmed in 2017) 2012 Castle (/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)) Charlotte Boyd / Sleeping Beauty 1 episode "Once Upon a Crime" (season 4: episode 17) 2014 When Sparks Fly Amy Peterson Hallmark Channel (/wiki/Hallmark_Channel) television movies 2016 Dater's Handbook Cassandra Brand 2018 Queen of the World Herself HBO (/wiki/HBO) documentary 2019 Harry & Meghan: An African Journey ITV (/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) documentary 2021 Oprah with Meghan and Harry (/wiki/Oprah_with_Meghan_and_Harry) CBS (/wiki/CBS) Special interview 2022 Harry & Meghan (/wiki/Harry_%26_Meghan) Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) docuseries Live to Lead (/wiki/Live_to_Lead) 2023 Heart of Invictus (/wiki/Heart_of_Invictus) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 A Lot like Love (/wiki/A_Lot_like_Love) Natalie "Hot Girl" Cameo 2010 Remember Me Megan Get Him to the Greek (/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek) Tatiana Uncredited The Candidate Kat Short film 2011 Horrible Bosses (/wiki/Horrible_Bosses) Jamie 2012 Dysfunctional Friends (/wiki/Dysfunctional_Friends) Terry 2013 Random Encounters (/wiki/Random_Encounters_(film)) Mindy UK Title: A Random Encounter (/wiki/Random_Encounters_(film)) 2015 Anti-Social (/wiki/Anti-Social_(film)) Kirsten 2020 Elephant (/wiki/Elephant_(2020_film)) Narrator Disneynature (/wiki/Disneynature) film; credit: Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex [184] (#cite_note-Elephant-Doc-184) Bibliography Books Markle, Meghan (1996). A Face without Freckles... Is a Night without Stars . HRH The Duchess of Sussex, "Foreword", in: The Hubb Community Kitchen (2018). Together: Our Community Cookbook . Ebury Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1529102925 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1055685147 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055685147) . Archived from the original (https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1116838/together/9781529102925.html) on June 25, 2022 . Retrieved September 22, 2018 . Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (2021). The Bench . Illustrated by Christian Robinson. Random House Children's Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0593434512 . Authored articles and letters Markle, Meghan (May 2015). "It's All Enough" (https://darlingmagazine.org/meghan-markle-career/) . Darling Magazine . , republished online, November 6, 2018. Markle, Meghan (July 2015). "I'm More Than An 'Other' (https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/news/a26855/more-than-an-other/) " (https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/news/a26855/more-than-an-other/) . ELLE . , republished online, December 22, 2016. Markle, Meghan (November 9, 2016). "With Fame Comes Opportunity, But Also A Responsibility" (http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/elle-voices/articles/a32612/meghan-markle-fame-comes-responsibility/) . ELLE . Markle, Meghan (March 8, 2017). "How Periods Affect Potential" (http://time.com/4694568/meghan-markle-period-stigma/) . Time . HRH The Duchess of Sussex (July 29, 2019). "HRH The Duchess of Sussex Introduces The September Issue In Her Own Words" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/meghan-markle-editors-letter-september-2019-issue) . Vogue (British ed.). HRH The Duchess of Sussex (July 31, 2019). "HRH The Duchess of Sussex Shares A New Smart Works Initiative" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/meghan-markle-smart-works-september-issue) . Vogue (British ed.). Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (August 26, 2020). "Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex: My conversation with Gloria Steinem" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/meghan-the-duchess-of-sussex-my-conversation-with-gloria-steinem-151902708.html) . Yahoo! . Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (November 25, 2020). "The Losses We Share" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/opinion/meghan-markle-miscarriage.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125082843/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/opinion/meghan-markle-miscarriage.html) from the original on November 25, 2020. Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (October 20, 2021). "A Letter on Paid Leave from Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex" (https://paidleaveforall.org/theduchessofsussex/) . Paid Leave for All . Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus; Prince Harry, The Duke of Sussex; Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (October 29, 2021). "Meeting the COVID-19 vaccine commitments" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211029150024/https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity/vaccine-commitments-declaration) . World Health Organization . Archived from the original (https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity/vaccine-commitments-declaration) on October 29, 2021. Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex (April 6, 2022). "A message from Meghan, The Duchess of Sussex" (https://themayhew.org/a-message-from-meghan-the-duchess-of-sussex/) . Mayhew . References ^ (#cite_ref-ElleUK2015-08-17a_1-0) Markle, Meghan (August 17, 2015). "I'm more than an 'other' (https://web.archive.org/web/20161104115244/http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/news/a26855/more-than-an-other/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20161104115244/http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/news/a26855/more-than-an-other/) . Elle UK (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/news/a26855/more-than-an-other/) on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 4, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Meghan Markle and Prince Harry: a timeline of how their lives collided" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meghan-markle-and-prince-harry-a-timeline-of-how-their-lives-collided-hz7mbkd29) . The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) . May 20, 2018. Archived (https://archive.today/20211120205101/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meghan-markle-and-prince-harry-a-timeline-of-how-their-lives-collided-hz7mbkd29) from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Finn, Natalie (May 6, 2019). "Baby Sussex Has Hollywood Roots: Inside Meghan Markle's steep toad to fame before she became royal" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1030103/baby-sussex-has-hollywood-roots-inside-meghan-markle-s-steep-road-to-fame-before-she-became-royal) . E! News (/wiki/E!_News) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230109060937/https://www.eonline.com/news/1030103/baby-sussex-has-hollywood-roots-inside-meghan-markle-s-steep-road-to-fame-before-she-became-royal) from the original on January 9, 2023 . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tauber, Michelle (February 6, 2019). "The truth about Meghan Markle's dad — and the letter she wrote him after the wedding" (https://people.com/royals/meghan-markle-dad-thomas-markle-letter-after-wedding/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211112220118/https://people.com/royals/meghan-markle-dad-thomas-markle-letter-after-wedding/) from the original on November 12, 2021 . Retrieved November 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Time-Earlylife_5-0) John, Tara (November 27, 2017). "Meet Meghan Markle, Prince Harry's fiancée and Britain's newest royal-to-be" (http://time.com/5037786/meghan-markle-prince-harry-engagement/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171128224356/http://time.com/5037786/meghan-markle-prince-harry-engagement/) from the original on November 28, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-half-sister_6-0) "Meghan Markle's half-sister to write a tell-all book about her 'pushy' sibling" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/meghan-markles-half-sister-write-tell-all-book-pushy-sibling/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . April 3, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170611193328/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/meghan-markles-half-sister-write-tell-all-book-pushy-sibling/) from the original on June 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Dewan, Angela. "Doria Ragland: Meghan Markle's mother by her side on wedding day" (https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/19/europe/doria-ragland-meghan-markle-mother-intl/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180520084507/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/19/europe/doria-ragland-meghan-markle-mother-intl/index.html) from the original on May 20, 2018 . Retrieved May 31, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_8-0) Boyle, Danny (November 8, 2016). "Who is Meghan Markle? Everything we know about Prince Harry's girlfriend" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/31/who-is-meghan-markle-everything-we-know-about-the-suits-actress/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161112080658/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/31/who-is-meghan-markle-everything-we-know-about-the-suits-actress/) from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Grigoriadis, Vanessa (December 19, 2018). "Inside the Markle Family Breakdown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20231215115723/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/12/inside-the-meghan-markle-family-breakdown-thomas-samantha-markle) . Vanity Fair. Archived from the original (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/12/inside-the-meghan-markle-family-breakdown-thomas-samantha-markle) on December 15, 2023 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ross, Martha (November 1, 2022). "Meghan Markle omits dad from new origin story about mom 'juggling' to raise her" (https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/11/01/meghan-markle-omits-dad-from-new-origin-story-about-mom-juggling-to-raise-her/) . The Mercury News (/wiki/The_Mercury_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221213080326/https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/11/01/meghan-markle-omits-dad-from-new-origin-story-about-mom-juggling-to-raise-her/) from the original on December 13, 2022 . Retrieved December 13, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Goulet, Matt (July 13, 2013). "Meghan Markle talks Suits, Catholic childhood and growing up on set of Married With Children" (https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a23925/meghan-markle-interview/) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170227230400/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/interviews/a23925/meghan-markle-interview/) from the original on February 27, 2017 . Retrieved January 14, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hicks, Tony (November 1, 2016). "Prince Harry ready to meet Meghan Markle's father" (http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/11/11/prince-harry-ready-to-meet-meghan-markles-father/) . Mercury News (/wiki/Mercury_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161112094556/http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/11/11/prince-harry-ready-to-meet-meghan-markles-father/) from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Meghan's estranged father Thomas Markle says he does not think royal family is racist" (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-09/meghan-markle-father-thomas-says-royal-family-is-not-racist/13231778) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . March 9, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210313075524/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-09/meghan-markle-father-thomas-says-royal-family-is-not-racist/13231778) from the original on March 13, 2021 . Retrieved March 19, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-estranged_14-0) Davies, Caroline (May 15, 2018). "The royal in-laws: Meghan Markle's family" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/15/the-royal-in-laws-meghan-markles-family) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102129/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/15/the-royal-in-laws-meghan-markles-family) from the original on July 10, 2018 . Retrieved July 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Regan (September 26, 2017). " (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41391607) 'Meghan who?' LA shrugs over Harry's hometown girlfriend" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41391607) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054121/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41391607) from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Duchess of Sussex – Education" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180520223915/https://www.royal.uk/duchess-sussex) . The Royal Family . UK Gov. 2018. May 18, 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.royal.uk/duchess-sussex) on May 20, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Woustra, Kristy. "Who Is Meghan Markle: The Actress Was Changing The World At Age 11" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/11/who-is-meghan-markle_n_12914342.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161112215502/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/11/who-is-meghan-markle_n_12914342.html) from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Fernández, Alexia (May 20, 2017). 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" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/03/08/megbot-army-linked-russian-conspiracy-theories-tweeting-obsessive/) 'Megbot' army linked to Russian conspiracy theories tweeting 'obsessive' support for Duchess, says report" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/03/08/megbot-army-linked-russian-conspiracy-theories-tweeting-obsessive/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/03/08/megbot-army-linked-russian-conspiracy-theories-tweeting-obsessive/) from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-335) Treble, Patricia (March 12, 2019). "Meghan Markle's Twitter bot network: 'The whole thing is a bit insane' (https://www.macleans.ca/royalty/meghan-markles-twitter-bot-network-the-whole-thing-is-a-bit-insane/) " (https://www.macleans.ca/royalty/meghan-markles-twitter-bot-network-the-whole-thing-is-a-bit-insane/) . Maclean's (/wiki/Maclean%27s) . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-336) McDermott, Kerry (March 4, 2019). "The Royal Family Introduces Social Media Rules After Meghan And Kate Were Trolled" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/royals-new-social-media-rules) . British Vogue . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Cheng, Amy (October 27, 2021). "Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, was target of organized hate campaign on Twitter, report says" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/27/meghan-markle-twitter-hate-campaign/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved October 27, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-338) Davies, Caroline (October 27, 2021). "Meghan target of coordinated Twitter hate campaign, report finds" (https://archive.today/20211027225247/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/oct/27/meghan-target-of-co-ordinated-twitter-hate-campaign-report-finds) . The Guardian . Archived from the original (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/oct/27/meghan-target-of-co-ordinated-twitter-hate-campaign-report-finds) on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-339) Ng, Kate (October 27, 2021). "Harry and Meghan targeted by hate campaign fueled by Twitter's algorithm, report says" (https://archive.today/20211027132757/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/meghan-markle-online-hate-twitter-b1946252.html) . The Independent . Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/meghan-markle-online-hate-twitter-b1946252.html) on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-340) Mercado, Mia; Truffaut-Wong, Olivia (January 18, 2022). "There Really Is a Coordinated Online Attack on Meghan Markle" (https://www.thecut.com/2022/01/new-report-meghan-markle-was-focus-of-twitter-hate-campaign.html) . The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(website)) . Retrieved January 19, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-341) "Coordinated Hate Campaign Targeting Harry and Meghan, Duke and Duchess of Sussex" (https://botsentinel.com/reports/documents/duke-and-duchess-of-sussex/report-01-18-2022.pdf) (PDF) . Bot Sentinel (/wiki/Bot_Sentinel) . January 18, 2022 . Retrieved January 27, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-342) Cockerell, Isobel (December 14, 2022). "Meghan never stood a chance against the internet" (https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/information-war/harry-and-meghan-netflix-documentary-disinformation/) . Coda Media (/wiki/Coda_Media) . Retrieved December 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-343) Coughlan, Sean (January 19, 2022). "Harry and Meghan misused in fake investment endorsement" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60040937) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) . Retrieved January 20, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-344) Ellis, Emma (April 25, 2019). "The Internet Does Not Believe You're Pregnant" (https://archive.today/20210713020146/https://www.wired.com/story/the-internet-does-not-believe-you-are-pregnant/) . Wired . Archived from the original (https://www.wired.com/story/the-internet-does-not-believe-you-are-pregnant/) on July 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-345) King, Phoebe (April 4, 2019). "Meghan Markle pregnant: Why people think the Duchess is faking her baby" (https://archive.today/20230222173549/https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/pregnancy/inside-the-dark-conspiracy-surrounding-meghan-markles-pregnancy/news-story/1fd3971197704385dd661a62b029d1e9) . news.com.au . Archived from the original (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/pregnancy/inside-the-dark-conspiracy-surrounding-meghan-markles-pregnancy/news-story/1fd3971197704385dd661a62b029d1e9) on February 22, 2023 . Retrieved February 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-346) Urwin, Rosamund; Donnellan, Kevin (April 7, 2019). "Trolls cast doubt on Meghan's pregnancy" (https://archive.today/20211006224959/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trolls-cast-doubt-on-meghans-pregnancy-gztfkd26v) . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trolls-cast-doubt-on-meghans-pregnancy-gztfkd26v) on October 6, 2021 . Retrieved May 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-347) Hall, Ellie (March 12, 2022). "Meghan Markle's Biggest Troll Is Her Half-Sister Samantha" (https://archive.today/20220321014115/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ellievhall/meghan-markles-biggest-troll-is-her-half-sister-samantha) . BuzzFeed News . Archived from the original (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ellievhall/meghan-markles-biggest-troll-is-her-half-sister-samantha) on March 21, 2022 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-348) Grindell, Samantha. "Samantha Markle's Twitter was suspended following a report that her account had been harassing Meghan Markle for years" (https://archive.today/20231030184421/https://www.insider.com/samantha-markle-twitter-suspended-harassing-meghan-markle-2022-3) . Insider . Archived from the original (https://www.insider.com/samantha-markle-twitter-suspended-harassing-meghan-markle-2022-3) on October 30, 2023 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-349) "Birth certificate shows baby Archie's birth place and Meghan's job" (https://news.sky.com/story/baby-archie-was-born-in-a-private-hospital-birth-certificate-confirms-11722360) . Sky News . May 17, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190517165939/https://news.sky.com/story/baby-archie-was-born-in-a-private-hospital-birth-certificate-confirms-11722360) from the original on May 17, 2019 . Retrieved May 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-350) Oram, Kirsty (May 18, 2018). "The Duchess of Sussex" (https://www.royal.uk/duchess-sussex) . royal.uk . The Official Website of the British Royal Family . Retrieved February 26, 2022 . The Duchess' official titles are The Duchess of Sussex, Countess of Dumbarton and Baroness Kilkeel. ^ (#cite_ref-351) "First Duke of Sussex was unlucky in love" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-44180674) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . May 19, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180613043329/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-44180674) from the original on June 13, 2018 . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-352) Minard, Jenny (May 19, 2018). "Prince Harry and Ms. Meghan Markle: Announcement of Titles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180519085729/https://www.royal.uk/prince-harry-and-ms-meghan-markle-announcement-titles) . The Royal Family . Archived from the original (https://www.royal.uk/prince-harry-and-ms-meghan-markle-announcement-titles) on May 19, 2018 . Retrieved May 19, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-353) "Sussex website" (https://sussexroyal.com/spring-2020-transition/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200310005212/https://sussexroyal.com/spring-2020-transition/) from the original on March 10, 2020 . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-354) "Harry and Meghan will not use HRH titles – palace" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51163865) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) . January 18, 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231111/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51163865) from the original on April 4, 2020 . Retrieved January 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-355) Davies, Caroline (January 18, 2020). "Harry and Meghan sought a half-in half-out deal, but are 'out' (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/18/harry-meghan-buckingham-palace-deal-analysis) " (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/18/harry-meghan-buckingham-palace-deal-analysis) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200405173816/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/18/harry-meghan-buckingham-palace-deal-analysis) from the original on April 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 19, 2020 . Though Harry and Meghan still technically retain their HRH styles, they have agreed they will not use them. They have not been stripped of them, unlike Harry's mother Diana, Princess of Wales following her divorce. ^ (#cite_ref-356) "HRH The Duchess of Sussex (claimant/respondent) –v- Associated Newspapers Ltd (defendant/appellant)" (https://www.judiciary.uk/live-hearings/hrh-the-duchess-of-sussex-claimant-respondent-v-associated-newspapers-ltd-defendant-appellant/) . Courts and Tribunals Judiciary . November 12, 2021 . Retrieved June 8, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex: Coat of Arms" (https://www.royal.uk/her-royal-highness-duchess-sussex-coat-arms) . The Royal Family . May 25, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180525184905/https://www.royal.uk/her-royal-highness-duchess-sussex-coat-arms) from the original on May 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 25, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Royal Wedding 2018: Meghan Markle coat of arms revealed" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44258461) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) . May 29, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181014205723/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44258461) from the original on October 14, 2018 . Retrieved October 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-359) "Pacific Ocean features in new royal Markle's Coat of Arms" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-meghan-heraldry/pacific-ocean-features-in-new-royal-markles-coat-of-arms-idUSKCN1IQ1ZL) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . May 25, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180525164719/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-meghan-heraldry/pacific-ocean-features-in-new-royal-markles-coat-of-arms-idUSKCN1IQ1ZL) from the original on May 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 25, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-360) McGooran, Cara (November 30, 2017). "Meghan Markle was a Deal or No Deal suitcase model – so what happened to the rest of them?" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/meghan-markle-deal-deal-suitcase-model-happened-rest/) . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180413110911/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/meghan-markle-deal-deal-suitcase-model-happened-rest/) from the original on April 13, 2018. Further reading Bower, Tom (/wiki/Tom_Bower) (2022). Revenge: Meghan, Harry and the War Between the Windsors . London: Blink Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1788705035 . Campbell, Lady Colin (/wiki/Lady_Colin_Campbell) (2020). Meghan and Harry: The Real Story . London: Dynasty Press Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1643136752 . Morton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(writer)) (2018). Meghan: A Hollywood Princess . London: Michael O'Mara. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1782439615 . Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) (2023). Spare (/wiki/Spare_(memoir)) . London: Penguin Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0593593806 . Scobie, Omid (/wiki/Omid_Scobie) ; Durand, Carolyn (2020). Finding Freedom: Harry and Meghan and the Making of A Modern Royal Family (/wiki/Finding_Freedom) . London: Dey Street Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0063046108 . Smith, Sean (2020). Meghan Misunderstood . London: HarperCollins. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-00-835960-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1256038027 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256038027) . External links The Duchess of Sussex at Wikipedia's sister projects Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) from Commons Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) from Wikiquote Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304418) from Wikidata Official website (https://sussex.com/) The Duke and Duchess of Sussex (https://www.royal.uk/sussex) at the official website of the British royal family The Duchess of Sussex (https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/members-royal-family/duchess-sussex.html) at the website of the Government of Canada (/wiki/Government_of_Canada) Portraits of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp162083) at the National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) Meghan Markle (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1620783/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/People/Royal_Family/Meghan%2C_Duchess_of_Sussex) at Curlie (/wiki/Curlie) Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom) Preceded by The Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Ladies (/wiki/United_Kingdom_order_of_precedence) The Duchess of Sussex Followed by Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)) v t e Meghan, Duchess of Sussex ( 1981-08-04 ) 4 August 1981 (age 42) Titles Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex#Second_creation,_2018) Countess of Dumbarton (/wiki/Earl_of_Dumbarton) Baroness Kilkeel (/wiki/Baron_Kilkeel) Family (/wiki/Family_of_Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) (husband) Prince Archie of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex) (son) Princess Lilibet of Sussex (/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex) (daughter) Trevor Engelson (/wiki/Trevor_Engelson) 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South Korean cosmetics brand Laneige Headquarters Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea Area served Worldwide Products Skincare Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Amore Pacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Website www (http://www.laneige.co.kr) .laneige (http://www.laneige.co.kr) .co (http://www.laneige.co.kr) .kr (http://www.laneige.co.kr) Laneige ( Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) : 라네즈) is a South Korean cosmetics brand launched by Amore Pacific (/wiki/Amore_Pacific) in 1994. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Its name comes from the French (/wiki/French_language) " la neige ", which translates to "the snow". [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) The brand's flagship products include its Water Bank skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) line, Water Sleeping Mask, BB Cushion foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) and two-tone lipsticks (/wiki/Lipstick) . The brand's central concept is based on its Advanced Water Science technology, an emphasis on skin hydration. [4] (#cite_note-tass-4) Laneige is noted by its parent company as one of their first brands to be launched and find popularity outside Korea. [4] (#cite_note-tass-4) History [ edit ] Laneige was introduced in September 1994, with a skin care collection titled UV Green. [5] (#cite_note-happist-5) Under the campaign "Laneige Protects Women", which emphasises the line's "skin immunity" properties, Laneige selected actress Lee Yoo-ri (/wiki/Lee_Yoo-ri) and talent Kim Si-won to represent the brand. Despite its success, Laneige found that contrary to its image, consumers perceived the brand to be slightly mature. [5] (#cite_note-happist-5) In July 1995, actress Kim Ji-ho (/wiki/Kim_Ji-ho) became the third face of Laneige. The brand reached a milestone of 100 billion KRW in sales by 1996. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-2002annual-7) Their further campaigns include "Women Who Live Like a Movie" with models Shin Joo-ri, Lee Hye-sang and Chae Rim (/wiki/Chae_Rim) , both notable figures during the 1997 Asian financial crisis (/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis) . [5] (#cite_note-happist-5) A Laneige storefront in Seoul, South Korea in June 2007. A mid-1999 campaign with the slogan "Everyday New Face", accompanied by actress Lee Na-young (/wiki/Lee_Na-young) , reenergized sales for Laneige; by 2002, the brand was number one on AC Nielsen (/wiki/Nielsen_Corporation) 's Brand Power Index. [7] (#cite_note-2002annual-7) [5] (#cite_note-happist-5) In 2002, Laneige expanded into the greater Asian market with its first international stores in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) and Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) . [8] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-8) After opening over 200 stores in eight Asian countries, Laneige entered Europe (/wiki/Europe) by opening its first store in Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Russia (/wiki/Russia) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The brand then launched its first cosmetics line in 2007, [8] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-8) and began targeting male consumers with Laneige Homme that same year. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) In September 2017, Laneige partnered with cosmetics retailer Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) to relaunch its brand in the United States, with the exclusive debut of its Lip Sleeping Mask. [10] (#cite_note-10) The brand was previously available at American retailer Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) from 2014 to 2015, and its offerings have been stocked by Sephora Canada since September 2015. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Laneige redirected its focus to its "moisturizing skincare portfolio" and underwent its first rebrand in five years, introducing a new logo and "Luminous Beauty" concept in early 2019. [13] (#cite_note-13) Sephora's European outlets began to carry the brand in April 2019. [14] (#cite_note-14) Products [ edit ] Laneige's flagship products include Water Bank Hydro Essence, Cream Skin, Water Sleeping Mask, Neo Cushion, and Layering Lip Bar. Water Bank Hydro Essence is Laneige's representative essence made with green mineral water extracted from kale, watercress, and beetroot. [15] (#cite_note-15) Cream Skin Refiner is a skin that strengthens moisturizing power by melting a cream into a skin formulation. [16] (#cite_note-16) Water Sleeping Mask EX is a hydrating sleeping mask that applies Sleep-tox™ purification technology. [17] (#cite_note-17) Neo Cushion is a full coverage BB cushion provides a flawless complexion for 24 hours by a single touch. Layering Lip Bar is a lipstick that creates a volume gradation by containing 6 colors in one lipstick. [18] (#cite_note-18) Spokespersons and models [ edit ] Sydney Sweeney (/wiki/Sydney_Sweeney) (2024–present) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Kim Yoo Jung (/wiki/Kim_Yoo_Jung) (2017–present) [21] (#cite_note-21) Lee Sung-kyung (/wiki/Lee_Sung-kyung) (2015–present) Song Hye-kyo (/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo) (2008–2018) [22] (#cite_note-22) [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) Jun Ji-hyun (/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun) (2004–2008) Lee Na-young (/wiki/Lee_Na-young) (1999–2004) Sin Ju-ri (1997–1999) Kim Ji-ho (/wiki/Kim_Ji-ho) (1995–1997) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Amore Pacific" (http://en.amorepacific.com/brand/brand_laneige.jsp) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140522140448/http://en.amorepacific.com/brand/brand_laneige.jsp) from the original on May 22, 2014 . Retrieved October 11, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "LANEIGE | LUMINOUS BEAUTY" (https://www.laneige.com/sg/en/index.html) . LANEIGE . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128083117/https://www.laneige.com/sg/en/index.html) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved November 26, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "라네즈 l LUMINOUS BEAUTY" (http://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/main.html) . LANEIGE . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191212224822/http://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/main.html) from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved November 26, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Amorepacific Launches LANEIGE in Europe" (https://tass.com/press-releases/1052835) . TASS . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112859/https://tass.com/press-releases/1052835) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d happist (April 23, 2009). "[펌글]이 광고의 성공전략 | 태평양 라네즈 광고 캠페인" (https://happist.com/10143/%ED%8E%8C%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%B4-%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%9D%98-%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84%EB%9E%B5-%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91-%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EC%A6%88-%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0-%EC%BA%A0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8/) . 꿈꾸는섬 (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201129000411/https://happist.com/10143/%ED%8E%8C%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%B4-%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%9D%98-%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84%EB%9E%B5-%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91-%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EC%A6%88-%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0-%EC%BA%A0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8) from the original on November 29, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "History" (https://us.laneige.com/history/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170919205441/http://us.laneige.com/history/) from the original on September 19, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Amore Pacific 2002 Annual Report" (http://eng.amorepacific.co.kr/resources/download/invest/2002_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160909091258/http://eng.amorepacific.co.kr/resources/download/invest/2002_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Amore Pacific ramps up Asian focus as duty free business expands" (https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/amore-pacific-ramps-up-asian-focus-as-duty-free-business-expands/) . The Moodie Davitt Report . January 17, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113204/https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/amore-pacific-ramps-up-asian-focus-as-duty-free-business-expands/) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved November 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "AMOREPACIFIC > PR CENTER > Brand News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140302103218/http://en.amorepacific.com/about/about_brand_news_list.jsp?curPage=11&) . en.amorepacific.com . Archived from the original (http://en.amorepacific.com/about/about_brand_news_list.jsp?curPage=11&#37) on March 2, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-10) LANEIGE. "LANEIGE Reinforces Its Authority in Sleeping Beauty" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/laneige-reinforces-its-authority-in-sleeping-beauty-300629688.html) . www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113233/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/laneige-reinforces-its-authority-in-sleeping-beauty-300629688.html) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Herald, The Korea (September 19, 2017). "Laneige enters US Sephora" (http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170919000749) . www.koreaherald.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113322/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170919000749) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) LANEIGE. "LANEIGE, A Global Korean Beauty Blockbuster, Debuts In Canada With Trend-setting, Science-Driven Products For All Skincare Concerns" (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/laneige-a-global-korean-beauty-blockbuster-debuts-in-canada-with-trend-setting-science-driven-products-for-all-skincare-concerns-530825611.html) . www.newswire.ca . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113431/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/laneige-a-global-korean-beauty-blockbuster-debuts-in-canada-with-trend-setting-science-driven-products-for-all-skincare-concerns-530825611.html) from the original on November 28, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Laneige undergoes brand renewal" (https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/12/694_269834.html) . koreatimes . May 31, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230418180927/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/12/694_269834.html) from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Amorepacific, Sephora partner to launch Laneige brand in Europe" (https://www.cosmetics-technology.com/news/amorepacific-sephora-laneige-europe/) . Verdict Cosmetics . April 8, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927160348/https://www.cosmetics-technology.com/news/amorepacific-sephora-laneige-europe/) from the original on September 27, 2020 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kim, Sang-il(김상일) (November 12, 2018). "화장품업계 비건화장품에 주목하다" (http://www.bosa.co.kr/news/articlePrint.html?idxno=2093863) [Focus on vegan cosmetics in the cosmetics industry]. Uihak-sinmun . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510094006/http://www.bosa.co.kr/news/articlePrint.html?idxno=2093863) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "CREAM SKIN REFINER" (https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/skincare/cream-skin-refiner.html) . RANEIGE . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510094008/https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/skincare/cream-skin-refiner.html) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "WATER SLEEPING MASK EX" (https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/skincare/water-sleeping-mask-ex.html) . LANEIGE . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510094010/https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/skincare/water-sleeping-mask-ex.html) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "LAYERING LIP BAR" (https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/makeup/layering-lip-bar.html) . LANEIGE . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510094006/https://www.laneige.com/kr/ko/makeup/layering-lip-bar.html) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Laneige Names Sydney Sweeney as their First-Ever Global Ambassador" (https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/sydney-sweeney-laneige-global-ambassador/) . Marie Claire . January 5, 2024 . Retrieved January 7, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Laneige Expands Partnership with Actress Sydney Sweeney as Global Ambassador" (https://www.happi.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2024-01-06/laneige-expands-partnership-with-actress-sydney-sw/) . Happi . Retrieved January 7, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kang Tae-hee (December 27, 2017). "라네즈, 브랜드 모델로 배우 김유정 발탁" (https://www.getnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=41865) [Laneige selects actress Kim Yoo-jung as brand model]. Global Economic Daily (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220216111751/https://www.getnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=41865) from the original on February 16, 2022 . Retrieved February 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Ji-hyun Jeon signed a contract as an exclusive model for Laneige" (http://en.amorepacific.com/about/about_brand_news_list.jsp?curPage=16&cdGubn=&keygubn=&keyword=#16) . en.amorepacific.com . March 3, 2004. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140302145824/http://en.amorepacific.com/about/about_brand_news_list.jsp?curPage=16&cdGubn=&keygubn=&keyword=#16) from the original on March 2, 2014 . Retrieved February 25, 2014 . External links [ edit ] Laneige official website (http://www.us.laneige.com/) v t e Amorepacific Corporation (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Brands Amorepacific Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) Innisfree (/wiki/Innisfree_(brand)) IOPE Laneige Mamonde (/wiki/Mamonde) Sulwhasoo People Suh Kyung-bae (/wiki/Suh_Kyung-bae) (CEO) Category (/wiki/Category:Amorepacific_Corporation) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐rwx8z Cached time: 20240716035556 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.566 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2286/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52947/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1314/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 94519/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.320/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16502295/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 531.216 1 -total 32.41% 172.144 1 Template:Reflist 25.32% 134.500 20 Template:Cite_web 18.53% 98.422 1 Template:Amorepacific_Corporation 17.73% 94.159 1 Template:Navbox 15.27% 81.129 1 Template:Lang 14.85% 78.874 1 Template:Infobox_company 13.35% 70.907 1 Template:Infobox 11.63% 61.796 1 Template:Short_description 6.03% 32.052 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:7911782-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716035556 and revision id 1234564717. 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Wikipedia's portal for exploring selected articles connected to 1920s Portal maintenance status: (April 2019) This portal's subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:1920s/) have been checked by an editor, and are needed. Please take care (/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL) when editing, especially if using automated editing software (/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED) . Learn how to update the maintenance information here (/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal) . Portal topics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Activities (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities) Culture (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts) Geography (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places) Health (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness) History (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events) Mathematics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic) Nature (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences) People (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self) Philosophy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking) Religion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems) Society (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences) Technology (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) edit The 1920s Portal Babe Ruth (/wiki/Babe_Ruth) The 1920s (/wiki/1920s) (pronounced "nineteen-twenties" often shortened to the " ' 20s " or the " Twenties ") was a decade (/wiki/Decade) that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. In America, it is frequently referred to as the " Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) " or the " Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) ", while in Europe the period is sometimes referred to as the " Golden Twenties (/wiki/Golden_Twenties) " because of the economic boom following World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) (1914–1918). French speakers refer to the period as the " Années folles (/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles) " ('crazy years'), emphasizing the era's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. The devastating Wall Street Crash (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) , the New Economic Policy (/wiki/New_Economic_Policy) was created by the Bolsheviks (/wiki/Bolsheviks) in 1921, to be replaced by the first five-year plan (/wiki/First_five-year_plan) in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with the Red Army (/wiki/Red_Army) triumphing against White movement (/wiki/White_movement) forces in the Russian Civil War (/wiki/Russian_Civil_War) , and the emergence of far-right (/wiki/Far-right_politics) political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leader Benito Mussolini (/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) seized power in Italy (/wiki/March_on_Rome) . Other dictators that emerged included Józef Piłsudski (/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski) in Poland (/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic) , and Peter (/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia) and Alexander Karađorđević (/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia) in Yugoslavia (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia) . First-wave feminism (/wiki/First-wave_feminism) made advances, with women gaining the right to vote (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage#20th_century) in the United States (/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (1920), Albania (/wiki/Women_in_Albania#Women's_rights_in_Albanian_politics) (1920), Ireland (/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#1910–1920s:_revolution_and_suffrage) (1921), and with suffrage being expanded (/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928) in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928). In Turkey, nationalist forces defeated Greece, France, Armenia, and Britain in the Turkish War of Independence (/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence) , leading to the Treaty of Lausanne (/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne) (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposed Treaty of Sèvres (/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres) . The war also led to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate (/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_Caliphate) . Nationalist revolts also occurred in Ireland (1919–1921) (/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence) and Syria (1925–1927) (/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt) . Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to the nigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia (/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_during_the_Fascist_regime) and the Second Italo-Senussi War (/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War) in Libya respectively. In 1927, China erupted into a civil war (/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) between the Kuomintang (/wiki/Kuomintang) (KMT)-led government (/wiki/Nationalist_government) of the Republic of China (/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)) (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (CCP). Civil wars also occurred in Paraguay (1922–1923) (/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1922)) , Ireland (1922–1923) (/wiki/Irish_Civil_War) , Honduras (1924) (/wiki/Second_Honduran_Civil_War) , Nicaragua (1926–1927) (/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)) , and Afghanistan (1928–1929) (/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)) . Saudi forces conquered Jabal Shammar (/wiki/Conquest_of_Ha%27il) and subsequently, Hejaz (/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz) . A severe famine occurred in Russia (/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922) (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of the Russian Revolution (/wiki/Russian_Revolution) and the Russian Civil War (/wiki/Russian_Civil_War) , exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severe famine occurred in China (/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1928%E2%80%931930) (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. The Spanish flu pandemic (/wiki/Spanish_flu) (1918–1920) and Russian typhus epidemic (/wiki/Epidemic_typhus#20th_century) (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (/wiki/1920_Haiyuan_earthquake) (258,707~273,407 deaths), 1922 Shantou typhoon (/wiki/1922_Shantou_typhoon) (50,000–100,000 deaths), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake) (105,385–142,800 deaths), and 1927 Gulang earthquake (/wiki/1927_Gulang_earthquake) (40,912 deaths). Silent films (/wiki/Silent_film) were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silent epic (/wiki/Epic_film) adventure (/wiki/Adventure_film) - drama film (/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)) or the American silent war (/wiki/War_film) drama film (/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)) The Big Parade (/wiki/The_Big_Parade) , depending on the metrics used. Sinclair Lewis (/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis) was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s, with his books Main Street (/wiki/Main_Street_(novel)) and Elmer Gantry (/wiki/Elmer_Gantry) becoming best-sellers. Best-selling books outside the US included the Czech book The Good Soldier Švejk (/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk) , which sold 20 million copies. Songs of this decade included " Mack the Knife (/wiki/Mack_the_Knife) " and " Tiptoe Through the Tulips (/wiki/Tiptoe_Through_the_Tulips) ". During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total. ( Full article... (/wiki/1920s) ) More about the 1920s... (/wiki/1920s) Refresh with new selections below (purge) Selected article - show another A. Mitchell Palmer (/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer) The Palmer Raids (/wiki/Palmer_Raids) were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 by the United States Department of Justice (/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice) under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson (/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) to capture and arrest suspected socialists (/wiki/Socialism) , especially anarchists (/wiki/Anarchism) and communists (/wiki/Communism) , and deport (/wiki/Deportation) them from the United States. The raids particularly targeted Italian immigrants (/wiki/Italian_diaspora) and Eastern European Jewish immigrants (/wiki/American_Jews) with alleged leftist (/wiki/Left-wing_politics) ties, with particular focus on Italian anarchists (/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy) and immigrant leftist labor activists (/wiki/Union_organizer) . The raids and arrests occurred under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer) , with 6,000 people arrested across 36 cities. Though 556 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U.S. Department of Labor (/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor) , which had authority for deportations and objected to Palmer's methods. The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the First Red Scare (/wiki/First_Red_Scare) , a period of fear of and reaction against communists in the U.S. in the years immediately following World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) and the Russian Revolution (/wiki/Russian_Revolution) . There were strikes that garnered national attention, and prompted race riots (/wiki/Red_Summer_(1919)) in more than 30 cities, as well as two sets of bombings (/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings) in April and June 1919, including one bomb mailed to Palmer's home. ( Full article... (/wiki/Palmer_Raids) ) List of selected articles 1920s Berlin (/wiki/1920s_Berlin) 1920s in Western fashion (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) 1923 FA Cup Final (/wiki/1923_FA_Cup_Final) 1924 Rose Bowl (/wiki/1924_Rose_Bowl) 1924 Winter Olympics medal table (/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table) 1926 World Series (/wiki/1926_World_Series) 1928 Okeechobee hurricane (/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane) 1st Academy Awards (/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards) Amazing Stories Quarterly (/wiki/Amazing_Stories_Quarterly) Années folles (/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles) Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) Battle of Radzymin (1920) (/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1920)) Chartwell (/wiki/Chartwell) Chinese Civil War (/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) Depression of 1920–21 (/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321) Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) Fountain of Time (/wiki/Fountain_of_Time) Great Depression in the United States (/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States) Harlem Renaissance (/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance) IG Farben Building (/wiki/IG_Farben_Building) Irish Civil War (/wiki/Irish_Civil_War) Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) List of 1920s jazz standards (/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards) List of 1928 Winter Olympics medal winners (/wiki/List_of_1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_winners) Lost Generation (/wiki/Lost_Generation) March on Rome (/wiki/March_on_Rome) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar (/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar) Progressive Era (/wiki/Progressive_Era) Prohibition in the United States (/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) Rif War (/wiki/Rif_War) Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) Russian Civil War (/wiki/Russian_Civil_War) Scopes Trial (/wiki/Scopes_Trial) Speakeasy (/wiki/Speakeasy) Subway Sadie (/wiki/Subway_Sadie) The Cat and the Canary (1927 film) (/wiki/The_Cat_and_the_Canary_(1927_film)) The Great Gatsby (/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby) The Jazz Singer (/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer) The Sun Also Rises (/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises) Wall Street Crash of 1929 (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) Yankee Stadium (1923) (/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)) Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 (/wiki/Yorkshire_captaincy_affair_of_1927) League of Nations (/wiki/League_of_Nations) edit Featured picture Lillian Gish Credit: Bain News Service (/wiki/Bain_News_Service) A portrait of Lillian Gish (/wiki/Lillian_Gish) from 1921. Gish was one of the first female movie stars (/wiki/Movie_star) , called "The First Lady of American Cinema", starting in 1912 and continuing to appear in films until 1987. The American Film Institute (/wiki/American_Film_Institute) named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of all time (/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Stars) and awarded her a Life Achievement Award (/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award) , making her the only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. Remarkably, she never won an Academy Award (/wiki/Academy_Award) for her work, although she did receive a Special Academy Award (/wiki/Academy_Award#Special_Awards) in 1971. More selected images (/wiki/Portal:1920s/Featured_picture) More... (/wiki/Lillian_Gish) edit Did you know... ...that bead crochet (/wiki/Bead_crochet) (pictured) was a popular method of creating women's fashion accessories during the 1920s? ... that in the 1920s and '30s, various countries such as Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) and Chile (/wiki/Chile) issued Art Deco stamps (/wiki/Art_Deco_stamps) ? ... that in 1926, Albert Einstein (/wiki/Albert_Einstein) solved the tea leaf paradox (/wiki/Tea_leaf_paradox) , which states that if the tea (/wiki/Tea) in a teacup (/wiki/Teacup) is stirred, the tea leaves (/wiki/Tea_leaf) will collect in the middle rather than at the edges? More Did you know (/wiki/Portal:1920s/DYK) More... (/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions) edit Related portals History (/wiki/Portal:History) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Radio (/wiki/Portal:Radio) Religion (/wiki/Portal:Religion) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Theatre (/wiki/Portal:Theatre) Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Jazz (/wiki/Portal:Jazz) Communism (/wiki/Portal:Communism) 1950s (/wiki/Portal:1950s) 1960s (/wiki/Portal:1960s) 1970s (/wiki/Portal:1970s) 1980s (/wiki/Portal:1980s) 1990s (/wiki/Portal:1990s) 2000s (/wiki/Portal:2000s) 2010s (/wiki/Portal:2010s) Selected biography - show another Ruth in 1920 George Herman (/wiki/Babe_Ruth) " Babe " Ruth (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball (/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States) player whose career in Major League Baseball (/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed " the Bambino " and " the Sultan of Swat ", he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher (/wiki/Pitcher) for the Boston Red Sox (/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox) , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder (/wiki/Outfielder) for the New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture (/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame (/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum) as one of its " first five (/wiki/1936_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting) " inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys (/wiki/Cardinal_Gibbons_School_(Baltimore,_Maryland)) , a reformatory (/wiki/Reform_school) where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers (/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers) , the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to play Minor League (/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball) baseball for the Baltimore Orioles (/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(minor_league)) but was soon sold to the Red Sox. By 1916, he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs, a feat unusual for any player in the dead-ball era (/wiki/Dead-ball_era) . Although Ruth twice won (/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)) 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series (/wiki/World_Series) championship teams with the Red Sox, he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder. With regular playing time, he broke the MLB single-season home run record (/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_progressive_single-season_home_run_leaders) in 1919 with 29. ( Full article... (/wiki/Babe_Ruth) ) List of selected biographies Louis Armstrong (/wiki/Louis_Armstrong) Josephine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) Bix Beiderbecke (/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke) Niels Bohr (/wiki/Niels_Bohr) Louise Brooks (/wiki/Louise_Brooks) Stanley Bruce (/wiki/Stanley_Bruce) Al Capone (/wiki/Al_Capone) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) Calvin Coolidge (/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge) Jack Dempsey (/wiki/Jack_Dempsey) Albert Einstein (/wiki/Albert_Einstein) Duke Ellington (/wiki/Duke_Ellington) F. Scott Fitzgerald (/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald) Zelda Fitzgerald (/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald) George V (/wiki/George_V) Warren G. Harding (/wiki/Warren_G._Harding) Ernest Hemingway (/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway) Rogers Hornsby (/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby) William Randolph Hearst (/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst) Al Jolson (/wiki/Al_Jolson) Kenesaw Mountain Landis (/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis) Charles Lindbergh (/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh) Józef Piłsudski (/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski) Gloria Swanson (/wiki/Gloria_Swanson) Anna May Wong (/wiki/Anna_May_Wong) Woodrow Wilson (/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) Herbert Hoover (/wiki/Herbert_Hoover) Charles G. 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(/wiki/Hickson_Inc.) had the "most elegant and expensive specialty shop" on New York's Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) ? ... that the serial arsonist who started the fatal Nihon Shōgakkō fire (/wiki/Nihon_Sh%C5%8Dgakk%C5%8D_fire) confessed to starting at least 25 other California fires in the early 1920s? ... that in the 1920s, Austrian painter Richard Geiger (/wiki/Richard_Geiger) produced numerous portraits of the character Pierrette (/wiki/Pierrot) ? ... that in the 1920s, a guard was posted outside the New York City Subway's Clark Street station (/wiki/Clark_Street_station) to prevent sailors from using it at night? ... that Ruth M. Anderson (/wiki/Ruth_Matilda_Anderson) recorded a "timeless" Spain in her photographs of the 1920s? edit Categories 1920s (/wiki/Category:1920s) 1920 (/wiki/Category:1920) 1921 (/wiki/Category:1921) 1922 (/wiki/Category:1922) 1923 (/wiki/Category:1923) 1924 (/wiki/Category:1924) 1925 (/wiki/Category:1925) 1926 (/wiki/Category:1926) 1927 (/wiki/Category:1927) 1928 (/wiki/Category:1928) 1929 (/wiki/Category:1929) 1920s by city (/wiki/Category:1920s_by_city) 1920s by continent (/wiki/Category:1920s_by_continent) 1920s by country (/wiki/Category:1920s_by_country) 1920s-related lists (/wiki/Category:1920s-related_lists) Months in the 1920s (/wiki/Category:Months_in_the_1920s) 1920s beginnings (/wiki/Category:1920s_beginnings) 1920s endings (/wiki/Category:1920s_endings) 1920s decade overviews (/wiki/Category:1920s_decade_overviews) 1920s in LGBT history (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_LGBT_history) 1920s in philosophy (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_philosophy) 1920s missing person cases (/wiki/Category:1920s_missing_person_cases) 1920s architecture (/wiki/Category:1920s_architecture) 1920s in the arts (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_the_arts) 1920s awards (/wiki/Category:1920s_awards) 1920s censuses (/wiki/Category:1920s_censuses) 1920s competitions (/wiki/Category:1920s_competitions) 1920s conferences (/wiki/Category:1920s_conferences) Counterculture of the 1920s (/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_1920s) 1920s disasters (/wiki/Category:1920s_disasters) 1920s in economic history (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_economic_history) 1920s in education (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_education) 1920s in the environment (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_the_environment) 1920s events (/wiki/Category:1920s_events) 1920s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:1920s_fads_and_trends) 1920s fashion (/wiki/Category:1920s_fashion) 1920s festivals (/wiki/Category:1920s_festivals) Fiction set in the 1920s (/wiki/Category:Fiction_set_in_the_1920s) 1920s in film (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_film) 1920s in health (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_health) 1920s hoaxes (/wiki/Category:1920s_hoaxes) Interwar period (/wiki/Category:Interwar_period) 1920s in law (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_law) 1920s in mass media (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_mass_media) 1920s in military history (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_military_history) 1920s in politics (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_politics) 1920s in religion (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_religion) 1920s in science (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_science) 1920s in sports (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_sports) 1920s in technology (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_technology) 1920s toys (/wiki/Category:1920s_toys) 1920s in transport (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_transport) 1920s in women's history (/wiki/Category:1920s_in_women%27s_history) 1920s works (/wiki/Category:1920s_works) General images The following are images from various 1920s-related articles on Wikipedia. 1920s phone (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Frank Lloyd Wright (/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright) , 1926 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) The period from the end of the First World War until the start of the Depression in 1929 is known as the " Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) ". (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Benito Mussolini (/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) and Fascist (/wiki/Italian_Fascism) Blackshirts (/wiki/Blackshirts) during the March on Rome (/wiki/March_on_Rome) in 1922 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Robert Goddard (/wiki/Robert_Goddard) and his rocket, 1926 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Albert Einstein (/wiki/Albert_Einstein) , 1921 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Georgia O'Keeffe (/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe) in 1920, photographed by Alfred Stieglitz (/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Spanish troops in San Sebastián (/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n) , prior to their departure to the Rif War (/wiki/Rif_War) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Buster Keaton (/wiki/Buster_Keaton) in the 1922 short film The Frozen North (/wiki/The_Frozen_North) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade (/wiki/Third_Tipperary_Brigade) Flying Column No. 2 under Seán Hogan (/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Hogan) during the Irish War of Independence (/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence) ; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the 18th amendment (/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) , which made alcoholic beverages illegal (/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) in the United States throughout the entire decade; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis (/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis) ; A crowd gathering on Wall Street (/wiki/Wall_Street) after the 1929 stock market crash (/wiki/1929_stock_market_crash) , which led to the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) ; Benito Mussolini (/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) and fascist (/wiki/Fascism) Blackshirts (/wiki/Blackshirts) during the March on Rome (/wiki/March_on_Rome) in 1922; the People's Liberation Army (/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army) attacking government defensive positions in Shandong (/wiki/Shandong) , during the Chinese Civil War (/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) ; The women's suffrage (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage) campaign leads to numerous countries (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage#Women's_suffrage_by_country) granting women the right to vote (/wiki/Right_to_vote) and be elected; Babe Ruth (/wiki/Babe_Ruth) becomes the most famous baseball player of the time. (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) George Grosz (/wiki/George_Grosz) in 1921 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Adolf Hitler (/wiki/Adolf_Hitler) (standing) delivers a speech in February 1925. (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the flapper (/wiki/Flapper) " look. (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Dow Jones Industrial (/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average) , 1928–1930 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) F. Scott Fitzgerald (/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald) , 1929 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Thompson submachine gun (/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun) (1921 model) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Map of the world from 1920, two years after World War I (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) The British (/wiki/British_Empire) and French colonial empires (/wiki/French_colonial_empire) in 1920 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Babe Ruth (/wiki/Babe_Ruth) in 1920 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Irving Berlin (/wiki/Irving_Berlin) (left) and Al Jolson (/wiki/Al_Jolson) , c. 1927 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Crowd gathering after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Charlie Chaplin (/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin) during the 1920s (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) D. W. Griffith (/wiki/D._W._Griffith) at a rolltop desk, c. 1925 (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Paavo Nurmi (/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi) in 1924 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics) (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) 2 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1920s were written by Sinclair Lewis (/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis) (1885–1951). (from 1920s (/wiki/1920s) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Image 16 Image 17 Image 18 Image 19 Image 20 Image 21 Image 22 Image 23 Image 24 Image 25 Image 26 Image 27 Show all edit Recognized content Featured articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles) : 1919–20 Gillingham F.C. season (/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Gillingham_F.C._season) 1920–21 Burnley F.C. season (/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Burnley_F.C._season) 1920–21 Cardiff City F.C. season (/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Cardiff_City_F.C._season) 1921–22 Cardiff City F.C. season (/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Cardiff_City_F.C._season) 1923 FA Cup Final (/wiki/1923_FA_Cup_Final) 1924 Rose Bowl (/wiki/1924_Rose_Bowl) 1925 FA Cup Final (/wiki/1925_FA_Cup_Final) 1926 World Series (/wiki/1926_World_Series) 1927 FA Cup Final (/wiki/1927_FA_Cup_Final) 1927 Chicago mayoral election (/wiki/1927_Chicago_mayoral_election) 1927 World Snooker Championship (/wiki/1927_World_Snooker_Championship) 1928 Okeechobee hurricane (/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane) Amazing Stories (/wiki/Amazing_Stories) Amazing Stories Quarterly (/wiki/Amazing_Stories_Quarterly) Art Deco architecture of New York City (/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture_of_New_York_City) The Bat Bath School disaster (/wiki/Bath_School_disaster) Battle of Radzymin (1920) (/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1920)) Margaret Bondfield (/wiki/Margaret_Bondfield) Stanley Bruce (/wiki/Stanley_Bruce) Niels Bohr (/wiki/Niels_Bohr) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar (/wiki/California_Diamond_Jubilee_half_dollar) Calvin Coolidge (/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge) The Cat and the Canary Chartwell (/wiki/Chartwell) Cottingley Fairies (/wiki/Cottingley_Fairies) The Demi-Virgin (/wiki/The_Demi-Virgin) Drama dari Krakatau (/wiki/Drama_dari_Krakatau) W. E. B. Du Bois (/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois) Equestrian statue of Edward Horner (/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Edward_Horner) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar (/wiki/Fort_Vancouver_Centennial_half_dollar) Fountain of Time (/wiki/Fountain_of_Time) George V (/wiki/George_V) Grant Memorial coinage (/wiki/Grant_Memorial_coinage) Greed (1924 film) (/wiki/Greed_(1924_film)) Warren G. Harding (/wiki/Warren_G._Harding) Huguenot-Walloon half dollar (/wiki/Huguenot-Walloon_half_dollar) IG Farben Building (/wiki/IG_Farben_Building) In Our Time (/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)) It Is the Law (/wiki/It_Is_the_Law) Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar (/wiki/Lexington-Concord_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar) Maine Centennial half dollar (/wiki/Maine_Centennial_half_dollar) Missouri Centennial half dollar (/wiki/Missouri_Centennial_half_dollar) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar (/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar) New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal (/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_1927_biannual_elections_proposal) Norse-American medal (/wiki/Norse-American_medal) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar (/wiki/Oregon_Trail_Memorial_half_dollar) Oliver Typewriter Company (/wiki/Oliver_Typewriter_Company) Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. (/wiki/Palsgraf_v._Long_Island_Railroad_Co.) Peace dollar (/wiki/Peace_dollar) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar (/wiki/Pilgrim_Tercentenary_half_dollar) Rolls-Royce R (/wiki/Rolls-Royce_R) Rosewood massacre (/wiki/Rosewood_massacre) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar (/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Memorial_half_dollar) Subway Sadie (/wiki/Subway_Sadie) The Sun Also Rises (/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises) Texas Tech University (/wiki/Texas_Tech_University) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar (/wiki/Vermont_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar) Ellen Wilkinson (/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson) Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 (/wiki/Yorkshire_captaincy_affair_of_1927) Featured lists (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists) : 1st Academy Awards (/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards) List of 1920s jazz standards (/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards) England cricket team Test results (1920–1939) (/wiki/England_cricket_team_Test_results_(1920%E2%80%931939)) Lionel Barrymore on stage, screen and radio (/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore_on_stage,_screen_and_radio) List of NFL champions (1920–1969) (/wiki/List_of_NFL_champions_(1920%E2%80%931969)) List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein (/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein) Wales national football team results 1920–1939 (/wiki/Wales_national_football_team_results_1920%E2%80%931939) 1924 Winter Olympics medal table (/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table) List of 1924 Winter Olympics medal winners (/wiki/List_of_1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_winners) List of 1928 Winter Olympics medal winners (/wiki/List_of_1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_winners) Associated Wikimedia The following Wikimedia Foundation (/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation) sister projects provide more on this subject: Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:1920s) Free media repository Wikibooks (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Free knowledge base Wikinews (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Free-content news Wikiquote (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Collection of quotations Wikisource (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Free-content library Wikiversity (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Free learning tools Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/1920s) Dictionary and thesaurus Discover Wikipedia using portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal) List of all portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) The arts portal (/wiki/Portal:The_arts) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Current events portal (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) Geography portal (/wiki/Portal:Geography) History portal (/wiki/Portal:History) Mathematics portal (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) Science portal (/wiki/Portal:Science) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Technology portal (/wiki/Portal:Technology) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) WikiProject Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5458969b9f‐bgrz4 Cached time: 20240722000755 Cache expiry: 21600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.281 seconds Real time usage: 3.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3619/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 200859/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7252/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 145/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 88113/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.836/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5699541/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gmatch_callback 500 ms 25.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 440 ms 22.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 280 ms 14.3% ? 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Contemporary bachelor gown and hood for Smith College (/wiki/Smith_College) . Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) has a history in the United States going back to the colonial colleges (/wiki/Colonial_colleges) era. It has been most influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate Code that sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia that is voluntarily followed by many, though not all institutions entirely adhere to it. Elements [ edit ] Gowns and robes [ edit ] American academic dress is typically closed at the front and is properly worn with the prescribed cap and hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown, other items, such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen. Bachelor's (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) and master's (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) gowns in the United States are similar to some of their counterparts in the United Kingdom, particularly Oxford (/wiki/Oxford) . The main differences are that the bachelor's gown is designed to be worn closed and that the sleeves of the modern gown are square at the end instead of pointed [1] (#cite_note-1) as the Code calls for. The master's gown sleeve is oblong (/wiki/Rectangle) and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down, it is square-cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening (which before 1960 was located at the elbow as on British gowns), but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe (/wiki/Liripipe) incorporated into many academic hoods. The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed. [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) A young Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg) wearing (now since superseded) Columbia Law School (/wiki/Columbia_Law_School) academic regalia. Recent Columbia Law School graduates wear doctoral regalia. Doctoral (/wiki/Doctorate) gowns are typically black, although some schools use gowns in the school's colors (/wiki/School_colors) . [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood to remain black in that case. Doctoral gowns have bell sleeves with three velvet bands on them and velvet facing on the front. The Code calls for the gown trim to be either black or the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate is earned, with the proviso that the Doctor of Philosophy (/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy) (Ph.D.) degree uses the dark blue velvet of philosophy regardless of the field studied. (For example, a Ph.D. in theology would wear velvet gown trim in dark blue, a Doctor of Theology (/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology) (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim, or either might choose black.) Some gowns expose a necktie (/wiki/Necktie) or cravat (/wiki/Ascot_tie) when closed. They are designed to be worn open or closed in the front. [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) Members of a university's governing body, regardless of their degrees, are entitled [ citation needed ] to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods ( see , below) may be only those of the degree actually held by the wearer (or one specially prescribed by the institution). [3] (#cite_note-3) The color standardization for the outside shell of the hood as black provides flexibility of use and helps facilitate this practice. Hoods [ edit ] The doctoral hood of the California Institute of Technology (/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology) . Note the blue velvet trim indicating philosophy; for degrees other than the Ph.D., the trim's color corresponds to the subject of the degree being awarded. The interior lining shows the school colors (/wiki/School_colors) , in this case orange and white. The hood's coloring and size represents the type and subject of degree earned, as well as the institution from which it was awarded. Though no shape is specified in the Code, American bachelors and masters usually wear the Wales simple shape ([s5] in the Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) ) with a split salmon cut; doctors wear the same shape but with "panels" attached to the sides. [4] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_pp._16-172-4) Shell – The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the color to be black regardless of the color of the robe being worn. [5] (#cite_note-SullivanHoods2-5) Interior lining – The interior lining, generally satin, is worn so as to display the colors of the institution from which the wearer received the degree; if more than one color is used, they are usually in the pattern of chevrons (/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)) or equal divisions. [6] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsGowns2-6) Trim – The outer edge of the cowl (around the opening if one would put it over one's head if wearing it as an actual hood) is trimmed (/wiki/Trim_(sewing)) in velvet (/wiki/Velvet) or velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) . [7] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods2-7) The width of the trim is 2 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches for the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, respectively. [7] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods2-7) In most American colleges and universities, the color of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field, or as closely related as possible, to which the degree earned pertains. [8] (#cite_note-8) For instance, one who has earned a Master of Arts (/wiki/Master_of_Arts) in Journalism would wear velvet trim of crimson to signify "journalism", rather than white to represent " arts (/wiki/Liberal_arts) ". Trim colors should not be combined or displayed together in any way to attempt to indicate more than one academic field. [9] (#cite_note-9) Length – The length of the hood will vary with the level of academic achievement as well: bachelors wear a 3 foot length, masters a 3.5 foot length, and doctors a 4 foot length. [10] (#cite_note-10) Generally only doctoral hoods are made with the cape or panels at the sides of the hood that lie cape (/wiki/Cape) -like across the back. Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college or school may "self-hood" en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony. [11] (#cite_note-11) Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed. [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) The Code also states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood." [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred. [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) Both honorary and earned doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood at the podium (/wiki/Podium) , regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony. Only one hood should be worn at any given time. [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) The regalia indicating the highest degree attained is usually worn, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i.e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear at any given time the regalia, in its entirety, of any one degree earned. [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) The Code does not allow for 'mixing-and-matching.' The one exception is for officers of the academic institution who, while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served, may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution (see Gowns and robes (#Gowns_and_robes) , above). [13] (#cite_note-SullivanExceptions2-13) Headwear [ edit ] William Lyon Mackenzie King (/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King) in his Harvard doctoral robes in 1919, holding his mortarboard cap in his lap Headwear is an important component of cap-and-gown, and the academic costume is not complete without it. [ citation needed ] The headwear may vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications. Caps – The mortarboard (/wiki/Mortarboard) cap is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown, with the exception that doctoral regalia can instead use a velvet four-, six-, or eight-sided tam (/wiki/Tam_(cap)) , but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here; the only color called for is black, in all cases [14] (#cite_note-SullivanCaps2-14) During graduation ceremonies in the United States, both women and men wear caps, and both women and men wear their caps indoors throughout most of the ceremony, except for men during a baccalaureate service (/wiki/Baccalaureate_service) , the national anthem (/wiki/National_anthem) (" The Star-Spangled Banner (/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner) "), any benediction (/wiki/Benediction) that may be offered by a chaplain (/wiki/Chaplain) or other authority, and sometimes the singing of the alma mater (/wiki/List_of_school_songs) if the local custom requires it. [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) Although military and civil uniform, national dress (/wiki/Folk_costume) , and clerical garb (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) etc. are worn beneath the academic robe, traditionally only the biretta (/wiki/Biretta) in conjunction with clerical garb will replace the academic cap. All other costumes forgo the normal headwear in favor of the appropriate academic version. Tassel – The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honor societies (/wiki/Honor_society) or other awards. However, strictly speaking, the Code states that "The tassel should be black or the color appropriate to the [academic] subject," and only makes an exception for the gold tassel, which is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown. Only one tassel is worn at a time. [14] (#cite_note-SullivanCaps2-14) There is at some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation that can be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left. [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) Other adornments [ edit ] A number of other items such as cords (/wiki/Honor_cords) , stoles (/wiki/Academic_stole) or aiguillettes (/wiki/Aiguillette) representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of some degree-granting institutions. The Code disapproves of their use on or over academic regalia, saying that "...shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown." [12] (#cite_note-SullivanWearing2-12) Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the Code suggests avoiding them, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here. Medals/medallions – When worn about the neck, medals (/wiki/Medals) /medallions may not be in conflict with the Code if worn beneath the hood and visible only with the gown open. The Code's exception is only for special regalia for a chief marshal (/wiki/Marshal#Ceremonial) , the university or college president, etc. which may include medallions or other devices symbolic of the office. [13] (#cite_note-SullivanExceptions2-13) As a medallion in this case is symbolic of the office and not academic achievement, once the wearer leaves the office they are no longer entitled to wear it. Therefore, it is not a component of an individual's academic regalia, but a component of the regalia for the office. Honor cord – Honor cords (/wiki/Honor_cords) usually consist of twisted cords with tassels on either end. They are sometimes awarded for various academic achievements, or to members of honor societies (/wiki/Honor_society) . Often, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sashes, stoles, or medallions are also awarded in place of cords. Any of these items are customarily worn with non-academic attire, as well. With cap and gown, and hood when utilized, some educational institutions have permitted these cords to complement the regalia of a high school (/wiki/High_school) or university (/wiki/University) candidate, ignoring the ACE Code to the contrary. Unlike hoods, tassels and stoles, custom allows more than one cord to be worn at the same time. Intercollegiate colors [ edit ] The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, [15] (#cite_note-15) and accepted by the American Council on Education in its Academic Costume Code. [6] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsGowns2-6) The color assigned to a given hood trim and/or tassels and—where appropriate—gown facings, should be as closely related as possible to the field studied. [16] (#cite_note-ReferenceA2-16) For example, one who has earned a degree in animal husbandry (/wiki/Animal_husbandry) would wear the maize of agriculture, as no color is specific to the subject of animal husbandry, and it is generally included within the broader field of agriculture. Less simply, mathematics (/wiki/Mathematics) is traditionally among the liberal arts, which are represented by white, but can also be considered a formal science (/wiki/Formal_science) , represented by golden yellow for science. The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines (/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines) are as shown below: Faculty Color Sample Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture) Maize (/wiki/Maize_(color)) Arts (/wiki/Liberal_arts) ( liberal arts ), letters (/wiki/Literature) ( literature ), humanities (/wiki/Humanities) White (/wiki/White) Commerce (/wiki/Commerce) , accountancy (/wiki/Accountancy) , business (/wiki/Business_education#Undergraduate_education) Drab (/wiki/Drab_(color)) Dentistry (/wiki/Dentistry) Lilac (/wiki/Lilac_(color)) Economics (/wiki/Economics) Copper (/wiki/Copper_(color)) Education (/wiki/Education) Light blue (/wiki/Light_blue_(color)) Engineering (/wiki/Engineering) Orange (/wiki/Orange_(color)) Fine arts (/wiki/Fine_art) , architecture (/wiki/Architecture) Brown (/wiki/Brown) Forestry (/wiki/Forestry) , environmental studies (/wiki/Environmental_studies) , sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability_studies) Russet (/wiki/Auburn_(color)) Journalism (/wiki/Journalism) Crimson (/wiki/Crimson) Law (/wiki/Law) Purple (/wiki/Purple) Library science (/wiki/Library_science) , Information science (/wiki/Information_science) Lemon (/wiki/Lemon_(color)) Medicine (/wiki/Medicine) Green (/wiki/Kelly_green) Music (/wiki/Musicology) Pink (/wiki/Pink) Nursing (/wiki/Nursing) Apricot (/wiki/Apricot_(color)) Oratory (/wiki/Public_speaking) , communications studies (/wiki/Communications_studies) , broadcasting (/wiki/Broadcasting) Silver gray (/wiki/Silver_(color)) Pharmacy (/wiki/Pharmacy) Olive green (/wiki/Olive_(color)) Philosophy (/wiki/Philosophy) Dark blue (/wiki/Dark_Blue_(color)) Physical education (/wiki/Physical_education) , manual therapy (/wiki/Manual_therapy) , physical therapy (/wiki/Physical_therapy) Sage Green (/wiki/Viridian) Public administration (/wiki/Public_administration) , public policy (/wiki/Public_policy) , foreign service (/wiki/Diplomacy) Peacock blue (/wiki/Blue-green) Public health (/wiki/Public_health) Salmon (/wiki/Salmon_(color)) Science (/wiki/Science) ( social , natural and formal ) Golden yellow (/wiki/Gold_(color)#Golden_Yellow) Social work (/wiki/Social_work) Citron (/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Sandy_brown) Theology (/wiki/Theology) , divinity (/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)) Veterinary science (/wiki/Veterinary_medicine) Grey (/wiki/Grey) The code calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained, not the degree itself. [7] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods2-7) For example, if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) (BA) degree in business, the trimming should be drab, representing commerce/accountancy/business, rather than white, representing the broader arts/letters/humanities; if the BA were in economics, the trim would be copper; if in environmental studies, it would be russet, and so on. If the BA were in a language, a subject within the humanities and not otherwise assigned a unique color, the velvet would indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) (BS) degree is awarded for physics, the velvet trim should be golden yellow, representing physics as one of the natural sciences (/wiki/Natural_science) ; however, if the BS were in engineering, the trim would be orange, or if in education, the trim would be light blue. The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates: a Master of Public Administration (/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration) in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for science, not peacock blue for public administration; conversely a Master of Science (/wiki/Master_of_Science) in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for public administration and not golden yellow for science. Additionally, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline, which are represented by different colors. For example, history has traditionally been considered as among the humanities, represented by white, but is also considered a social science (/wiki/Social_science) , which can be represented by golden yellow. This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence - but not determine - color assignment. For instance, a Bachelor of Arts graduate in history might display white, while a Bachelor of Science graduate in history at the same institution could properly display golden yellow, and vice versa . This then can create confusion in the first instance by appearing to display colors based on the degree earned rather than, as stipulated in the Code, the academic field studied. In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy (/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy) degree, which is awarded in any number of fields: "In the case of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, the dark blue color is used to represent the mastery of the discipline of learning and scholarship in any field that is attested to by the awarding of the degree, and it is not intended to represent the field of philosophy." [7] (#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods2-7) The doctorate (/wiki/Doctorate) other than the Ph.D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example, the Doctor of Education (/wiki/Doctor_of_Education) (Ed.D.) in Public Health should display salmon pink for public health, not light blue for education, and the Doctor of Public Health (/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health) (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for public administration, not salmon pink for public health. The Doctor of Engineering (/wiki/Doctor_of_Engineering) (D.Eng.) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Ministry (/wiki/Doctor_of_Ministry) (D.Min.) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc. History [ edit ] An American student in undergraduate academic dress during the colonial period. Colonial period [ edit ] The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges (/wiki/Colonial_Colleges) period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles. [17] (#cite_note-overview2-17) Students at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University (/wiki/Princeton_University) ) and at King's College (now Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_University) ) were required to wear their "college habits" at all times starting in 1755 at Princeton [18] (#cite_note-18) and in 1763 at Columbia. [19] (#cite_note-19) Shortly after the beginning of the nineteenth century, however, academic dress was rarely worn on a daily basis, according to contemporary sources. [20] (#cite_note-20) 19th century [ edit ] After the American Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) , academic dress was generally only worn at ceremonies or when representing the institution, [21] (#cite_note-Princeton_Regalia_5-62-21) although in some instances the practice has persisted, such as at Sewanee (/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South) , where members of one student society continue to wear the gown to class. [22] (#cite_note-Sewanee_Gownsmen2-22) Although universities that adopted academic dress assigned specific meanings to them, there was no consistency among the various sets of rules. For example, when the University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) adopted its academic dress statute in April 1887 it abolished hoods. Instead, it assigned eight faculty colors [23] (#cite_note-23) that were shown on the gowns’ yokes (/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Columbia adopted an academic dress statute in December of that year. [25] (#cite_note-25) It included the first known American inclusion of the three velvet stripes on the sleeves. Both doctors and masters wore black gowns with sleeve stripes and facing; for masters the velvet was always black, and for doctors the velvet was always purple. Columbia also approved a scarlet gown for doctors’ use on “festal” occasions. [26] (#cite_note-26) Earlier, three stripes adorned the sleeve of a gown depicted in an invitation to Class Day ceremonies at Columbia in 1865. [27] (#cite_note-27) When New York University adopted its own academic dress in 1891, like Columbia it added the three sleeve stripes but permitted them to be worn in the university’s faculty colors. It also adopted the Edinburgh shape ([s4] in the Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) ) for its hoods. [28] (#cite_note-28) Although NYU gave up this shape when the Code was adopted, Harvard adopted it for all its graduates in 1902. [29] (#cite_note-29) Also starting in 1891, Princeton graduates wore a black gown with an orange stripe between the shoulders, making it perhaps the first American gown in a university’s corporate colors. [30] (#cite_note-30) These weren't the only pre-Code gowns in America that departed from black. Hampden-Sydney started using gray gowns in 1893, [31] (#cite_note-31) and the University of the South approved gowns for its higher degrees in the same shapes and colors of Oxford. However, since the university at the time conferred only honorary master’s and doctoral degrees, it's unknown if anyone ever wore the Oxford-style gowns. [32] (#cite_note-32) Intercollegiate Code on Academic Costume [ edit ] An American master's gown from 1911 with the slit located at the elbow rather than at the crescent arc and hood in [s1] simple shape (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) . In June 1893, the trustees of Princeton appointed one of their members, John J. McCook, to look into creating an academic costume that showed the wearer’s degree, faculty, and alma mater, and to discuss the concept with Columbia, Yale, Harvard and other universities with the goal being “the adoption of a uniform academic costume.” [33] (#cite_note-33) Columbia hosted the meeting with delegates from Princeton (McCook), Yale and New York University attending, and as a “technical adviser” Gardner Cotrell Leonard, whose Albany, N.Y., firm manufactured academic dress. (Harvard waited until 1902 to adopt its academic dress statute, which is recognizable for its inclusion of the university’s nineteenth-century crows’ feet and the use of the Edinburgh simple shape hood [s4]). [34] (#cite_note-34) The meeting took place in either 1894 or 1895 and adopted the Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume on March 16, 1895. [35] (#cite_note-35) The Code was based on Columbia’s existing statute, [36] (#cite_note-36) and prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as eight colors representing fields of learning. [37] (#cite_note-37) The descriptions, however, are vague compared to the descriptions of academic costume in Europe. [38] (#cite_note-38) For example, no particular shape of hood was specified in the Code (nor has one ever been). The version Americans typically wear is the Wales simple shape [s5] with a split-salmon cut. In the late nineteenth century it was the shape worn by Oxford bachelors; today it is worn by graduates of the University of Wales. [4] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_pp._16-172-4) Since 1895, several changes have been made to the Code. 20th century [ edit ] 1932 [ edit ] In 1932 the American Council on Education (/wiki/American_Council_on_Education) (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee essentially adopted the Code in whole [39] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_p._232-39) and changed it in two ways: The master’s hood shrank from four feet to three-and-one-half feet; and The chevron was added to the Code to be used in the hood lining when more than one color appeared. 1959 [ edit ] A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes. They took effect as of 1960. The significant alterations included: [39] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_p._232-39) Moving the arm slit on the master’s gown sleeve from above the elbow to the wrist; Specifying that the arc cut from the master’s gown sleeve was in the front; Permitting masters’ and doctors’ gowns to be worn either closed or opened; The first connection of color to discipline instead of faculty (i.e. a Master of Science in Agriculture wears maize, not golden yellow); Adding soft, square caps for women as an alternative to the mortarboard; Tassels in colors other than black; and The suggestion that hoods be worn by candidates for the degrees they were about to receive (so that they would not have to be hooded individually). [40] (#cite_note-40) These changes were approved in March 1959. In April, the Committee approved the use of maroon for home economy. The color has never been included in any edition of the ACE book. [41] (#cite_note-41) As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s (/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s) in many Western cultures (/wiki/Western_cultures) , eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of demonstrating anti-establishment (/wiki/Anti-establishment) views, particularly in response to the Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) and the Civil Rights Movement (/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement) in the United States. Student protests (/wiki/Protests_against_the_Vietnam_War) , which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. [ citation needed ] After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism (/wiki/Elitism) . [ citation needed ] However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies. [ citation needed ] 1973 [ edit ] More changes were approved by the Committee in 1973, following the “large numbers of requests for advice about academic dress” received by the Committee. [42] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_p._292-42) The important changes, which first appeared in the 11th edition of the ACE book (published in 1973), include: Permitting for associates’ degrees a “flat shield hood,” which properly speaking is a cape, and which was first used by Columbia for its bachelors and doctors in 1963; Permitting for six-year specialist degrees, such as the Master of Arts in Teaching, a hood whose length was 3 feet 9 inches (which is halfway between the master’s 3-foot, 6-inch hood and the doctor’s 4-foot hood), and whose edging was 4 inches wide (which is halfway between the three inches for masters and five inches for doctors); and The addition of an “alternate color” for Business, Accountancy and Commerce: Sapphire blue. Its use was recommended against in the description, and no explanation for its addition was mentioned. [43] (#cite_note-43) The 11th edition also included a contradiction in selecting a faculty color. Since 1960 the color was to be connected not to the title of the degree but to the discipline studied (e.g. a Bachelor of Arts in Music would wear pink, for music, instead of white etc.). That suggestion remained in the 11th edition, but in another paragraph was the opposite direction: “For the hood, the border [i.e. the edging of the cowl] should be white if the degree is awarded in arts (B.A. or M.A.), golden yellow if in science (B.S. or M.S.).” [44] (#cite_note-44) Doctors had similarly confusing advice. Interdisciplinary doctorates could wear the faculty color of any of a number of fields. “Thus,” the 1973 Code states, “urban affairs may be distinguished by copper (economics), peacock blue (public administration), or another field already assigned ...” [45] (#cite_note-45) 1987 [ edit ] Doctoral degrees were clarified in 1987 when all Ph.D. graduates were to wear dark blue as their faculty color. While this was the most visible of changes that took effect that year, it was hardly the only one, and it wasn't the only change that involved color. Some of the other changes included: [46] (#cite_note-46) Dropping the specification of material for the gown and hood (it had been cotton, silk or rayon); Eliminating sapphire blue as an alternative color for Commerce, Accountancy and Business; Removing the women’s soft, square cap as an alternative to the mortarboard; Pointing out that “[n]othing else should be worn on the academic gown” aside from the prescribed costume; Omitting the light blue gown for the Associate of Arts in teacher education, while leaving grey gowns as the suggestion for all associates’ degrees. Rules vs. guide [ edit ] Although readers of the Code may believe it to be an enforceable edict, the current version of the Code points out its permissive nature: “… it is impossible (and probably undesirable) to lay down enforceable rules with respect to academic costume. The governing force is tradition and the continuity of academic symbols from the Middle Ages. The tradition should be departed from as little as possible … ” [2] (#cite_note-Eugene_Sullivan_20012-2) In addition, the Committee wrote a memo in 1967 that makes the point directly, pointing out that “the general guidelines are as stated and should not be interpreted as supported by highly detailed and hard-and-fast regulations on file in some central place.” [42] (#cite_note-Stephen_Wolgast_2009_p._292-42) 21st century [ edit ] Today in the U.S. academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement (/wiki/Graduation) ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia (/wiki/Encaenia) and baccalaureate services (/wiki/Baccalaureate_service) , and sometimes matriculation (/wiki/Matriculation) and convocation (/wiki/Convocation) . However, graduation ceremonies have gained in popularity and have expanded to high school graduations, middle school, elementary school and even kindergarten graduation ceremonies. [47] (#cite_note-47) Special academic regalia of American universities [ edit ] More than 400 universities in the U.S. grant the doctoral degree. [48] (#cite_note-48) Of them, more than 125 use academic dress for their doctors that varies from the guidelines found in the code. [49] (#cite_note-49) Some universities limit their unique costumes for doctors only; others provide it for doctors and masters; some provide it for the upper degrees and bachelors too. Unique academic dress typically separates itself from the Code's standards through color. While the Code sanctions black for gowns at the bachelor's level and above (and grey gowns for the associate degree), several American colleges in the late nineteenth century had adopted colored academic dress (see History , above). When the Code was approved in 1895, black became the only sanctioned color for gowns, caps, and hood shells. As early as 1912, however, uniformity was challenged when Brown (/wiki/Brown_University) adopted mortarboards for its trustees and fellows in the university color, seal brown (/wiki/Seal_brown) . [50] (#cite_note-50) In 1938 Yale began using Yale blue gowns for its masters' and doctors' academic dress. [51] (#cite_note-51) In 1950, Syracuse began using orange gowns for its academic officers, but not for graduates. [52] (#cite_note-52) Rochester created a red gown for its president and a black gown with gold trim for some of its officers in 1954. [53] (#cite_note-53) In the next year, Harvard adopted crimson for the gowns of its Ph.D. holders. (Later, all Harvard doctors but the J.D. would wear the crimson gown; today, only research doctors may wear the crimson gown.) [54] (#cite_note-54) Other Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) universities soon followed suit. Princeton adopted a doctoral gown in 1960, the shape of which differed slightly from the Code's standard. The sleeves were somewhat shorter and they were lined in orange; the gown was black with orange trim. [55] (#cite_note-55) The standard shape was recently authorized by Princeton; both are permitted today. [56] (#cite_note-56) Columbia debuted its light blue gowns for all graduates in 1963, following failed attempts in 1948 and 1958 to adopt colored gowns. [57] (#cite_note-57) The gowns Columbia has used since 1963, designed by Jacques Barzun (/wiki/Jacques_Barzun) , have a pair of crowns below the yoke; on the bachelor's and master's gown they are embroidered onto a tab while they are embroidered directly into the velvet facing of the doctoral gown. [58] (#cite_note-58) Pennsylvania's distinctive doctoral gown was first used in 1964. It is red but the lower ends of the sleeves are blue. [59] (#cite_note-59) Deviations from the Code generally fall into one of five categories. [60] (#cite_note-60) Referring to doctoral gowns, these are: Adding piping, usually in the university color, around the velvet trim on a black gown; Changing the velvet trim to the university color; Changing the gown to the university color; Changing both the color of the gown and the color of the velvet trim to other than black or faculty color; or Changing the shape of the gown and/or its trim (e.g. Stanford (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Stanford_University) and Stony Brook University (/wiki/Stony_Brook_University) ). School Hood lining Doctoral gown Doctoral cap Facing emblem Notes Illustration Refs Arizona State University (/wiki/Arizona_State_University) Maroon with Gold Chevron Maroon with Black Velvet Trim Black Tam [61] (#cite_note-61) Bastyr University (/wiki/Bastyr_University) Cranberry with Ginger Chevron Black Seal of Bastyr University Honor Cords are worn for dual track programs [ citation needed ] Boston University (/wiki/Boston_University) Scarlet and White Scarlet and Black Black octagonal tam Boston University Coat of Arms All undergraduate gowns are also scarlet. [62] (#cite_note-62) California Institute of Technology (/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology) Orange with White Chevron Black with orange piping Black velvet hexagonal tam Seal of the California Institute of Technology Carnegie Mellon University (/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University) Carnegie family tartan Black Black tam with Carnegie tartan trim [63] (#cite_note-63) Case Western Reserve University (/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University) Blue and Grey Blue and Black [64] (#cite_note-64) The College of William & Mary (/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary) Bottle green and gold with a silver gray chevron Green and black Black velvet hexagonal tam W and M cypher The doctoral gown is worn open and does not have a hood. The bachelor's gown has bottle green trim on the sleeves. [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) Columbia blue (/wiki/Columbia_blue) with white chevron Slate blue and black Black velvet octagonal tam Crown in slate blue All robes are slate blue [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) Cornell University (/wiki/Cornell_University) Red with two white chevrons Red with black velvet trim Black velvet University shield [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-70) The Cooper Union (/wiki/The_Cooper_Union) Maroon and gold [ citation needed ] Dartmouth College (/wiki/Dartmouth_College) Green Green with black velvet trim Tudor cap Pine tree [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) Duke University (/wiki/Duke_University) Blue with white chevron Duke blue with black velvet trim Black six-pointed tam Duke Shield [71] (#cite_note-71) Emory University (/wiki/Emory_University) Blue with gold chevron Blue and gold Blue hexagonal tam Seal of Emory University [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) Fordham University (/wiki/Fordham_University) Maroon Maroon and black; gold piping Black velvet octagonal tam, hatband is faced in maroon with material matching the gown; gold tassel in bullion. Fordham University coat of arms (/wiki/Fordham_University#Traditions_and_symbols) in gold [74] (#cite_note-herffj2-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) Georgetown University (/wiki/Georgetown_University) "Steele" Grey and Navy Blue Navy Blue, with Dark Grey or Purple Trim, Navy Blue or Gold Metallic piping Dark blue hexagonal tam Seal of Georgetown University [76] (#cite_note-76) Georgia Institute of Technology (/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology) Gold with white chevron Gold gown, dark blue velvet, white piping along velvet Dark blue hexagonal tam with hatband faced with gold material matching gown Seal of the Georgia Institute of Technology Master's and Bachelor's gowns are black with Seal of the Institute in gold. Bachelor's degree candidates do not wear hood. [77] (#cite_note-77) Georgia State University (/wiki/Georgia_State_University) Royal blue with red and blue chevrons Ph.D graduates wear royal blue gowns with black panels, Law graduates wear black gowns with purple panels. Black hexagonal tam President's Seal of Georgia State University [78] (#cite_note-78) Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) Crimson Crimson and black Black square tam Double crow's foot (for earned degrees); triple crow's foot (for honorary degrees) The hood is not trimmed in velvet; the faculty (and not discipline) of the degree is shown by the color of the crow's feet emblem. Research doctorates wear crimson doctoral gowns, while professional doctorates and terminal master's degrees wear black doctoral gowns. [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) Indiana University (/wiki/Indiana_University) Cream and Crimson Black with crimson trim Black octagonal tam University Seal [79] (#cite_note-iuCandG2-79) Iowa State University (/wiki/Iowa_State_University) Dark blue with cardinal and gold trim Cardinal and black with gold trim Black octagonal tam Campanile crest [80] (#cite_note-80) Johns Hopkins University (/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University) Gold and black Gold with black trim Black hexagonal tam [74] (#cite_note-herffj2-74) Lehigh University (/wiki/Lehigh_University) Brown with white chevron Brown Brown velvet with yellow tassel University seal Bachelor's gowns are brown with the university seal, similar in color and design to the doctoral gowns [ citation needed ] Loyola University Chicago (/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago) Maroon with gold chevron Maroon and gold Maroon octagonal tam Gold university seal Bachelor's gowns are maroon and master's gowns are black. Both are made in the standard shapes for those degrees and include white university logos on the sleeves. Bachelor's wear their gowns without hoods. [81] (#cite_note-81) Louisiana State University (/wiki/Louisiana_State_University) Navy blue velvet, purple and gold satin Purple with dark purple velvet lining Dark purple velvet hexagonal tam with golden tassel The seal of Louisiana State University (golden) [82] (#cite_note-82) Manhattan College (/wiki/Manhattan_College) White with kelly green chevron [ citation needed ] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology) Cardinal red with silver-gray chevron Silver-gray and cardinal red Silver-gray octagonal tam none The velvet trim from the hood signifies by color the type of Doctoral degree: blue trim for PhDs and yellow for ScDs. [83] (#cite_note-83) Michigan State University (/wiki/Michigan_State_University) Green and white Black Black velvet octagonal tam All undergraduate gowns and mortarboards are green [ citation needed ] New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) Mayfair Violet Mayfair Violet and Black Black octagonal velvet tam with golden tassel NYU Torch logo (designed by Tom Geismar (/wiki/Tom_Geismar) ) with year the "1831" [84] (#cite_note-84) Northwestern University (/wiki/Northwestern_University) Purple with gold chevron Purple with black front panels and sleeve chevrons Black four-cornered tam "1851" emblem [85] (#cite_note-85) Norwich University (/wiki/Norwich_University) Maroon with gold chevron None- no PhD programs None None Only professors at Norwich wear academic gowns at graduation and official functions. Being a Senior Military College, undergraduates wear dress blues. [86] (#cite_note-86) Ohio State University (/wiki/Ohio_State_University) Scarlet and Grey Scarlet with Grey panels Black Tam University Seal [87] (#cite_note-87) Olivet Nazarene University (/wiki/Olivet_Nazarene_University) Purple and Gold Black with black trim Black octagonal tam University Seal [88] (#cite_note-88) Princeton University (/wiki/Princeton_University) Orange with black chevron Black and orange none [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) [89] (#cite_note-89) Rice University (/wiki/Rice_University) Blue with white chevron Blue and gray Gray square tam Owl of Athena Bachelor's gowns are black and Master's gowns are blue. Additionally, a stole is worn by many to indicate affiliation with one of Rice's residential colleges (/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Rice_University) . [90] (#cite_note-90) [91] (#cite_note-91) [92] (#cite_note-92) Rochester Institute of Technology (/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology) White with brown chevron and orange in the center Brown Brown tam Traditional Institute Seal Rutgers University (/wiki/Rutgers_University) Scarlet Scarlet and black Black velvet four-sided tam Old Queen's College University insignia Bachelor's gowns may be scarlet and black, black and green, or all black depending on the school. Masters gowns are black. PhD gowns vary by school from which degree is granted. [93] (#cite_note-93) Saint Louis University (/wiki/Saint_Louis_University) White with royal blue chevron Royal and Dark Blue with white piping Dark Blue tam with silver tassel [94] (#cite_note-94) Saint Joseph's University (/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University) Crimson with Gray stripe Black with degree-specific chevrons and front paneling Black tam Presently, only Ed.D. degrees are presented. [ citation needed ] San Francisco State University (/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University) Purple and White with Gold lining Black Black San Francisco State Seal Undergraduate and Graduate gowns are solid purple [95] (#cite_note-95) Southern Methodist University (/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University) Red and blue Blue with red panels Red octagonal tam with University seal [96] (#cite_note-96) Stanford University (/wiki/Stanford_University) Cardinal red Cardinal red and black Black velvet tam College/School shield Doctoral gowns are cut in a modified form of the Cambridge doctor gown [d1]. The doctor hood is not lined in velvet, but the lining of the gown indicates the field of study. Texas A&M University (/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University) Maroon with white chevron Maroon with black trim Black mortarboard or tam Bachelor's and master's gowns are black with a maroon band bearing the university logo at the end of the sleeves. [97] (#cite_note-97) Tulane University (/wiki/Tulane_University) Olive green and sky blue Green and black, with white trim Black octagonal tam University "TU" shield [98] (#cite_note-98) University of Alabama (/wiki/University_of_Alabama) Crimson and White Black with Crimson Piping Black hexagonal tam University of Alabama Seal [99] (#cite_note-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) University of California (/wiki/University_of_California) varies by campus Blue with gold trim Dark blue octagonal tam none [101] (#cite_note-101) University of Chicago (/wiki/University_of_Chicago) Maroon Maroon and black Maroon and black velvet tam none [102] (#cite_note-UChicago_12-102) [103] (#cite_note-UChicago_22-103) University of Cincinnati (/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati) Red and black Red robe with black velvet trim Red none University of Dayton (/wiki/University_of_Dayton) Red and blue Black [104] (#cite_note-104) University of Florida (/wiki/University_of_Florida) Orange and blue Blue with orange piping Blue octagonal tam Seal of the University of Florida Only for research doctorates; other degrees use black robes [105] (#cite_note-105) [106] (#cite_note-106) University of Hawaii (/wiki/University_of_Hawaii) Green and white Green, black, white, and gold none All undergraduate gowns are also green. [107] (#cite_note-Hawaii_12-107) [108] (#cite_note-Hawaii_22-108) University of Houston (/wiki/University_of_Houston) Scarlet with White chevron Dark gray robes with black velvet panels and red trim Black velvet octagonal tam with red tassel Seal of the University of Houston bachelor's and master's degree robes are black with the university seal [109] (#cite_note-109) University of Idaho (/wiki/University_of_Idaho) Silver and gold Silver with black velvet panels down the front and across the sleeves [110] (#cite_note-110) University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign) Illinois Blue with two Illinois Orange chevrons Admiral blue and Royal blue with orange trim Royal blue octagonal tam or Admiral blue mortarboard University's block "I" logo on left lapel [111] (#cite_note-111) University of Iowa (/wiki/University_of_Iowa) Black and Gold Black with sleeve bars and Yellow Front Panels Black velvet octagonal tam [112] (#cite_note-112) University of Kentucky (/wiki/University_of_Kentucky) Blue and White Kentucky Blue with Black trim UK logo with Memorial Hall [113] (#cite_note-113) University of Maryland (/wiki/University_of_Maryland) Black with Gold Chevron Scarlet and black Black 6 sided tam Scarlet cross bottony (/wiki/Cross#In_heraldry) Panels, chevrons, and crosses bottony are trimmed with gold piping [114] (#cite_note-114) University of Maryland Global Campus (/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Global_Campus) Black with Gold and Red Chevrons Red and Gold Black octagonal tam Seal of the University of Maryland Global Campus Master's graduates wear octagonal black tams with black tassels University of Miami (/wiki/University_of_Miami) Green and Orange Dark Green and Black Black Tam Gowns given by UM are black with blue stripes and a mortarboard. Doctoral gowns purchased are dark green and come with an eight sided tam. University of Michigan (/wiki/University_of_Michigan) Maize with blue chevrons Black with velvet lining in color that varies based on subject of degree conferred Black tam with tassel in color that varies based on subject of degree conferred [ citation needed ] University of Nebraska–Lincoln (/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln) Scarlet and cream Black , [115] (#cite_note-115) [116] (#cite_note-116) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill) Carolina Blue (/wiki/Carolina_Blue) with two white chevrons Carolina Blue (/wiki/Carolina_Blue) with Royal Blue velvet and white piping Royal Blue 6 sided tam Seal of the University of North Carolina Bachelor's gowns are light blue with white velvet facings. Master's gowns are black. [117] (#cite_note-117) University of North Texas (/wiki/University_of_North_Texas) Green and White with green shell Green gown, Black velvet Black velvet six-pointed tam, gold bullion tassel Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies (https://tsgs.unt.edu/) medallion given to doctoral graduates. Baccalaureates wear a green gown. Masters graduates wear a black gown with green panels and hood lined in green and white. [118] (#cite_note-118) University of Notre Dame (/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame) Gold Royal and navy blue with gold trim Royal blue octagonal tam University shield in gold [119] (#cite_note-119) University of Oklahoma (/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma) Crimson and cream Black with crimson velvet Black hexagonal tam none The bachelor's and master's gowns include the OU Seal on the left chest. [120] (#cite_note-120) University of Pittsburgh (/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh) Royal Blue and Pitt Gold Blue Blue velvet with gold tassel [ citation needed ] University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) Red with blue chevron Red and blue Blue hexagonal tam none [121] (#cite_note-121) University of Rochester (/wiki/University_of_Rochester) Yellow Blue Black and Yellow Velvet Trim Blue or black Hexagonal Tam Dandelion emblem on left The University of the South (/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South) (Sewanee) Varies depending on degree None (no PhD programs) All hoods of Oxford simple shape, piped purple. Hood shell color corresponds to degree level: scarlet for honorary doctors, blue for masters, black for the M.Div. and undergraduates. [122] (#cite_note-122) The University of Texas at Austin (/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin) Traditional orange and white Burnt orange (/wiki/Burnt_orange) Six-cornered velvet tam UT Tower in gold [133] (https://commencement.utexas.edu/graduates/regalia/doctoral-regalia) [123] (#cite_note-123) University of Utah (/wiki/University_of_Utah) Red with White Chevron Black with Red Velvet Trim Black Tam [124] (#cite_note-124) University of Virginia (/wiki/University_of_Virginia) Varies by school or college Navy with navy velvet panels and orange trim Navy hexagonal tam Stylized Rotunda (/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)) logo [125] (#cite_note-125) University of Washington (/wiki/University_of_Washington) Purple Purple with purple velvet panels and gold trim Purple hexagonal tam none All doctoral robes and hoods are purple and gold, regardless of degree specifics. [126] (#cite_note-126) University of Wisconsin–Madison (/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison) Cardinal red Black with red velvet panels and facings. Black octagonal tam University logo [127] (#cite_note-127) Valparaiso University Brown Brown with Gold Tam Vanderbilt University (/wiki/Vanderbilt_University) Antique Gold with black chevron Antique Gold with black facings Black tam Vanderbilt "V" mark PhD graduates only wear the gold and black gown; professional doctorates wear a black gown with Vanderbilt "V" mark facing in gold. [128] (#cite_note-128) Villanova University (/wiki/Villanova_University) Blue and white Blue hexagonal tam none [ citation needed ] Virginia Tech (/wiki/Virginia_Tech) Maroon with orange chevron Black with maroon velvet lined with orange Maroon hexagonal tam University seal in light maroon Bachelor and master gowns are black and has two flaps on each breast of the gown depicting the university shield and motto in maroon and orange. Traditional black doctoral gowns with black velvet facings and stripes are accepted. [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-130) Washington and Lee University (/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University) Purple with blue and white lining Black Black hexagonal tam none [131] (#cite_note-131) Washington University in St. Louis (/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis) Green with red chevron Green with black velvet trim Black hexagonal tam none University shield on sleeves at shoulder; undergraduate gowns also green with shield [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) Wellesley College (/wiki/Wellesley_College) Dark blue [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) Yale University (/wiki/Yale_University) Blue Yale blue (/wiki/Yale_blue) and black Black tam with gold tassel none Doctors, as well as terminal masters, use the doctor gown. A Yale blue masters gown is also available. [68] (#cite_note-harvmag2-68) [134] (#cite_note-134) See also [ edit ] Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) Academic regalia of Columbia University (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University) Academic regalia of Harvard University (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University) Academic regalia of Stanford University (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University) Further reading [ edit ] Erwin, John (1934). History of Academic Costume in America . Albany, NY: N.p. Groves, Nicholas (2001). "Towards a Standard Terminology for Describing Academic Dress". Burgon Society Annual : 9–12. Lockmiller, David A. (1969). Scholars on Parade: Colleges, Universities, Costumes and Degrees . London: Macmillan. Sheard, Kevin (1962). Academic Heraldry in America . illustratored by Paul Wainio. Marquette: Northern Michigan College Press. Smith, Hugh (1970). Academic Dress and Insignia of the World: Gowns, Hats, Chains of Office, Hoods, Rings, Medals and Other Degree Insignia of Universities and Other Institutions of Learning . assisted by Kevin Sheard. Cape Town: A A. Balkema. 3 volumes . Sullivan, Eugene (1997). Academic Regalia (15th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3110146899 . American Council on Education (/wiki/American_Council_on_Education) , reprinted with permission. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 122. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Some Permissible Exceptions. ^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 16-17. ^ (#cite_ref-SullivanHoods2_5-0) Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods ^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods ; Linings ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods, Trimmings ^ (#cite_ref-8) Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Additional Guidance on Costume. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1861. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Hoods ; Length. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Commencement Guide for master’s and doctoral candidates | May 2015 (http://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1463/information_for_masters_and_doctoral_candidates.pdf%7CUniversity) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050950/http://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1463/information_for_masters_and_doctoral_candidates.pdf%7CUniversity) 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Accessed 05/26/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Wearing the Costume ^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Some Permissible Exceptions ^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps ^ (#cite_ref-15) The History of Academic Costume in America. Cotrell & Leonard, Albany, N.Y., Intercollegiate bureau of academic costume. Printed and distributed for the Intercollegiate bureau of academic costume, by Cotrell & Leonard, 1936 ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_16-0) Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Additional Guidance on Costume ^ (#cite_ref-overview2_17-0) Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Historical Overview ^ (#cite_ref-18) Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 59. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 82. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 43-4; Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 60; Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-Princeton_Regalia_5-62_21-0) Smagorinsky, Margaret (1994). The Regalia of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia (sic) . Princeton, New Jersey (/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey) : Princeton University Office of Printing and Mailing. pp. 5–6. Online Edition (http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/regalia.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110521175636/http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/regalia.pdf) May 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Retrieved: 2011-04-05 ^ (#cite_ref-Sewanee_Gownsmen2_22-0) "About - Sewanee: The University of the South" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100529201410/http://www.sewanee.edu/og/about) . Sewanee: The University of the South. n.d. Archived from the original (http://www.sewanee.edu/og/about) on 2010-05-29 . Retrieved 2011-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 36 and Chart 1. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Stephen Wolgast, compiler, "Timeline of Developments in Academic Dress in North America," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 215. ^ (#cite_ref-25) Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 94. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 96 and Fig. 2, p. 97. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 96. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 10-11, 37. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 48-49 ^ (#cite_ref-30) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 11. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Stephen Wolgast, compiler, “Timeline of Developments in Academic Dress in North America,” Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 215. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 11 and Chart 2, p. 36. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 44 ff. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Robert Armagost, “University Uniforms: The Standardization of Academic Dress in the United States,” Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 140. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-37) New York Times. "Gowns for College Men; Academic Costumes in American Universities (1896): Plan to Secure a Uniform Practice in the Use of the Caps and Gowns in This Country So that the Degree of the Wearer, the Faculty Under Whom It Was Obtained, and the Institution Conferring It May Be Readily Seen." Sunday, April 26, 1896. ^ (#cite_ref-38) William Gibson, “The Regulation of Undergraduate Dress at Oxford and Cambridge, 1660-1832,” Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) Annual 2004, and W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963; reprinted Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); best read with Alex Kerr, “Hargreaves-Mawdsley's History of Academical Dress and the Pictorial Evidence for Great Britain and Ireland: Notes and Corrections,” Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 8 (2008), pp. 106-50. ^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 25-28. ^ (#cite_ref-41) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 28. ^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 29. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 29-30. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 30. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 30-31. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), p. 32. ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Kindergarten graduation in the United States" (http://www.rhymeuniversity.com) . 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Retrieved 2011-04-04 . v t e Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) Components Terminology Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) Headwear Bishop Andrewes cap (/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta#Academic_biretta) Canterbury cap (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Couleur (/wiki/Couleur) Doctoral hat (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic cap (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Student cap (/wiki/Student_cap) Tudor bonnet (/wiki/Tudor_bonnet) Hoods Cowl (/wiki/Cowl) Epitoge (/wiki/Epitoge) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Liripipe (/wiki/Liripipe) Stole (/wiki/Academic_stole) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Gowns Cope (/wiki/Cope) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) Miscellaneous Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Doctoral ring (/wiki/Doctoral_ring) Sub fusc (/wiki/Sub_fusc#Subfusc) People Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) John Burgon (/wiki/John_Burgon) Charles Franklyn (/wiki/Charles_Franklyn) Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley (/wiki/Norman_Hargreaves-Mawdsley) George Shaw (/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)) Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) By country Australia Melbourne (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_University_of_Melbourne) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology) Tasmania (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Tasmania) Canada McGill (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University) Ireland Dublin (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin) National (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_National_University_of_Ireland) Philippines Santo Tomas (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas) Thailand Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Chulalongkorn_University) United Kingdom (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) England and Wales Bristol (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol) Cambridge (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge) Durham (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Durham_University) Exeter (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Exeter) Imperial (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Imperial_College_London) Kent (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent) Leeds (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Leeds) Liverpool John Moores (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Liverpool_John_Moores_University) London (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London) King's (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London) Manchester (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Manchester) Nottingham (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Nottingham) Oxford (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford) Wales (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales) Warwick (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Warwick) Scotland Edinburgh (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh) Glasgow (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Glasgow) Robert Gordon (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Robert_Gordon_University) St Andrews (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews) Undergraduate gowns (/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland) United States Columbia (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University) Harvard (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University) Stanford (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University) Other countries China (/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress) France (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_universitaire_en_France) Spain (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_universitaria_en_Espa%C3%B1a) See also The Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) Academic scarves (/wiki/Academic_scarf) Honor cords (/wiki/Honor_cords) Legal dress (/wiki/Legal_dress) Praxe (/wiki/Praxe) Category (/wiki/Category:Academic_dress) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐7fjh4 Cached time: 20240716041532 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.021 seconds Real time usage: 1.185 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7181/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 194727/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9417/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 322224/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.572/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6006663/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 912.267 1 -total 41.52% 378.752 1 Template:Reflist 30.05% 274.111 74 Template:Cite_web 15.61% 142.433 6 Template:Cite_book 14.84% 135.354 14 Template:Citation_needed 12.60% 114.961 4 Template:Navbox 12.53% 114.273 15 Template:Fix 12.17% 110.979 1 Template:Academic_dress 8.17% 74.548 1 Template:Short_description 5.68% 51.828 30 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30857339-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716041532 and revision id 1232185869. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress_in_the_United_States&oldid=1232185869 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress_in_the_United_States&oldid=1232185869) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Academic dress (/wiki/Category:Academic_dress) Academia in the United States (/wiki/Category:Academia_in_the_United_States) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from October 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2018) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2011) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2012) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2011) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2016)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐549fbb8486‐667hl Cached time: 20240704102117 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76323094-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704102117 and revision id 1212995566. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies based in Paris" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Babani (/wiki/Babani) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Balmain (fashion house) (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) C Cartier (jeweler) (/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)) Celine (brand) (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) G Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) K Maison Kitsuné (/wiki/Maison_Kitsun%C3%A9) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_based_in_Paris&oldid=1212995566 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_based_in_Paris&oldid=1212995566) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Paris (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Paris) Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France)
Australian clothing manufacturer Pelaco International Pty Ltd [1] (#cite_note-ASIC_-_ACN_for_Pelaco_International_Pty_Ltd-1) The heritage listed sign (/wiki/Pelaco_Sign) above Pelaco's former factory in Richmond, Victoria (/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria) Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Pelaco Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1910s Pelaco was an Australian clothing manufacturer based in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) . Pelaco is best known for its men's shirts. The Pelaco sign (/wiki/Pelaco_sign) over its former factory in Richmond (/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria) is a Heritage Victoria (/wiki/Heritage_Victoria) listed landmark. Foundation [ edit ] The Pelaco brand was founded in the 1910s by James Kerr Pearson (/w/index.php?title=James_Kerr_Pearson&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 31 July 1881 in Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) , Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) — died 2 October 1950 in Richmond, Victoria) and James Lindsay Gordon Law (/w/index.php?title=James_Lindsay_Gordon_Law&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 21 January 1881 in Ballarat (/wiki/Ballarat) , Victoria (/wiki/Victoria,_Australia) — died 18 February 1963, Fitzroy (/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria) , Victoria). The company name came from the first two letters of its owners' surnames. [2] (#cite_note-Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography_-_2005_-_Law,_James_Lindsay_Gordon_(1881–1963)-2) Products [ edit ] From its inception, Pelaco's main product has been men's shirts (/wiki/Dress_shirt) . [2] (#cite_note-Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography_-_2005_-_Law,_James_Lindsay_Gordon_(1881–1963)-2) [3] (#cite_note-eMelborne_-_25Feb2010_-_Pelaco-3) Industrial relations [ edit ] The Pelaco company under Lindsay Law has been described as innovative in its approach to industrial relations. Saturday morning work was discontinued in its predecessor business in 1908. [3] (#cite_note-eMelborne_-_25Feb2010_-_Pelaco-3) The company management appointed an "industrial relations officer" (/wiki/Mediation#Industrial_relations) to mediate with employees in 1928. [3] (#cite_note-eMelborne_-_25Feb2010_-_Pelaco-3) Pelaco was one of the first companies in Australia to employ an industrial psychologist (/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology) . [2] (#cite_note-Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography_-_2005_-_Law,_James_Lindsay_Gordon_(1881–1963)-2) Lindsay Law came into conflict with unions and arbitration courts over the issues of piecework (/wiki/Piecework) wages and child labour (/wiki/Child_labour) . [2] (#cite_note-Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography_-_2005_-_Law,_James_Lindsay_Gordon_(1881–1963)-2) Business head office and factories [ edit ] In 1922, the company moved its head office and factory from elsewhere in Richmond to Goodwood Street, Richmond. [3] (#cite_note-eMelborne_-_25Feb2010_-_Pelaco-3) The " Pelaco (/wiki/Pelaco_Sign) " neon sign (/wiki/Neon_sign) over the Goodwood Street factory was erected in 1939. [4] (#cite_note-Department_of_Transport,_Planning_and_Local_Infrastructure_-_2010_-_Victorian_Heritage_Register_(VHR)_Number_H1149-4) At the company's peak in the 1950s, it had ten factories across Australia. [3] (#cite_note-eMelborne_-_25Feb2010_-_Pelaco-3) Cultural references [ edit ] Australian football (/wiki/Australian_football) player Royce Hart (/wiki/Royce_Hart) was recruited to Richmond Football Club (/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club) from Tasmanian (/wiki/Tasmania) team Clarence Football Club (/wiki/Clarence_Football_Club) with the promise of "a new suit and six shirts". [5] (#cite_note-AFL_-_2013-_Legend:_Royce_Hart-5) The "six shirts" were "half a dozen Pelacos". [6] (#cite_note-Text_Publishing_-_2011_-_Yarra:_The_History_of_Melbourne's_Murky_River_--6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-ASIC_-_ACN_for_Pelaco_International_Pty_Ltd_1-0) "Pelaco International Pty Ltd" (https://connectonline.asic.gov.au/RegistrySearch/faces/landing/panelSearch.jspx?searchTab=search&searchType=OrgAndBusNm&searchText=007124398) . Australian Securities and Investments Commission (/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission) . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Frances, Raelene (2005). "Law, James Lindsay Gordon (1881–1963)" (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/law-james-lindsay-gordon-13040) . Australian Dictionary of Biography (/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography) . Australian National University (/wiki/Australian_National_University) . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mcleod, Amanda (25 February 2010). "Pelaco" (http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01127b.htm) . eMelborne . School of Historical Studies, University of Melbourne (/wiki/University_of_Melbourne) . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Department_of_Transport,_Planning_and_Local_Infrastructure_-_2010_-_Victorian_Heritage_Register_(VHR)_Number_H1149_4-0) "Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1149" (http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;103897) . Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure . Government of Victoria (/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)) . 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-AFL_-_2013-_Legend:_Royce_Hart_5-0) McNicol, Adam (2013). "Legend: Royce Hart" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130611080527/http://www.afl.com.au/news/event-news/hall-of-fame/2013/royce-hart) . Australian Football League (/wiki/Australian_Football_League) . Archived from the original (http://www.afl.com.au/news/event-news/hall-of-fame/2013/royce-hart) on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Text_Publishing_-_2011_-_Yarra:_The_History_of_Melbourne's_Murky_River_-_6-0) Otto, Kristin (2011). Yarra: The History of Melbourne's Murky River . Text Publishing (/wiki/Text_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781921776854 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://pelaco.com.au) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6cc9f7fdd7‐nnrgg Cached time: 20240715143045 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.336 seconds Real time usage: 0.600 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1662/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16851/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1352/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27921/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.196/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4984218/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 387.395 1 -total 40.21% 155.782 1 Template:Reflist 32.42% 125.588 5 Template:Cite_web 27.01% 104.617 1 Template:Infobox_company 23.71% 91.866 1 Template:Infobox 23.15% 89.672 1 Template:Short_description 12.04% 46.649 2 Template:Pagetype 8.28% 32.084 8 Template:Main_other 6.92% 26.825 1 Template:SDcat 4.95% 19.184 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40369295-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715143045 and revision id 1175640372. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelaco&oldid=1175640372 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelaco&oldid=1175640372) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies established in the 1910s (/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_the_1910s) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Melbourne) Australian companies established in 1915 (/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_1915) Clothing companies established in 1915 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1915) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019)
American drag queen Erickatoure Aviance Nationality American Education Tisch School of the Arts (/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts) Occupations Nightlife personality club host clothing designer fashionista actor drag performer (/wiki/Drag_queen) recording artist dancer singer songwriter Years active 2001–present Known for Music, drag (/wiki/Drag_queen) , dance and fashion Erickatoure Aviance (or Ericka Toure Aviance ) is an American nightlife (/wiki/Nightlife) personality, club host (/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)) , clothing designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) , fashionista, drag performer (/wiki/Drag_queen) , recording artist, dancer, actor, singer and songwriter. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) [2] (#cite_note-Wendy_and_Avi-2) [3] (#cite_note-Wendy_Williams_and_Erickatoure-3) She is a member of the House of Aviance (/wiki/House_of_Aviance) , one of the vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) and ballroom houses (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) in the U.S. founded in 1989 by Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) . [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) It is from this House that she takes her last name from as customary for all ballroom house members. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life and education [ edit ] Aviance was born into a mixed race family with a Black (/wiki/African-American) father and a White (/wiki/White_Americans) mother. [6] (#cite_note-interv-6) She grew up in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire) , and came out of the closet (/wiki/Coming_out) at a young age. [6] (#cite_note-interv-6) Although a trained dancer (/wiki/Dance) , she started off doing theatre (/wiki/Theatre) and didn't enter the dance field until she was 14 years of age. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) She attended New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) with a dance scholarship (/wiki/Scholarship) and in 1999, progressed to the Tisch School of the Arts (/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts) and majored (/wiki/Major_(academic)) in dance. [6] (#cite_note-interv-6) [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) Career [ edit ] During Aviance's career as a drag artist (/wiki/Drag_queen) working in nightclubs (/wiki/Nightclub) , she met the entertainer Jonny McGovern (/wiki/Jonny_McGovern) who later became a friend and encouraged her to explore her drag character and make her own music. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) In her earlier years as an artist in New York City, she drew great influences from the performances of her fellow Aviance House (/wiki/House_of_Aviance) member Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) . [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) As Erickatoure narrates in an interview with The Huffington Post (/wiki/HuffPost) : Nightlife introduced me to the wonder of Kevin Aviance. His performances in my early years in NYC were extremely influential. I found him captivating, dynamic and inspiring. He was completely his own creation unlike anything I'd ever seen before. His command over an audience was enrapturing – his spiritual essence could envelope an entire room. The gravitas he had as a performer is always in the back of my mind when I create anything and every time I perform. — Erickatoure Aviance, [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) In 2009, Aviance released her EP (/wiki/Extended_play) Work Ericka , and soon after released the music video for her single My Pumps collaborating with artist one-half NelSon who constructed all the looks in that video. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) Aviance also started the performance art group enSUBTITLES with one-half NelSon and Clifton Brown. [1] (#cite_note-huff-1) Aviance was part of La'Mady (/wiki/Jonny_McGovern#La'Mady) , a transgender (/wiki/Transgender) rap group that included Koko Aviance, Linda James, and DJ Nita Aviance (/wiki/Nita_Aviance) . The group collaborated with Jonny McGovern in his 2006 album Jonny McGovern Presents: This is NYC, Bitch! The East Village Mixtape (/w/index.php?title=Jonny_McGovern_Presents:_This_is_NYC,_Bitch!_The_East_Village_Mixtape&action=edit&redlink=1) , with Aviance featuring in the track Showgirl as well as on This is New York City (BITCH!) . In that album, she also appeared with the La'Mady group on Runway in My Street Clothes. The track This is New York City (BITCH!) produced by Jonny McGovern, and written by Jonny McGovern, DJ Nita Aviance and Linda James also became a single for La'Mady and featured Kevin Aviance. Aviance also Appeared on Jonny McGovern and Lady Red Couture's premiere Hey Qween TV's show Pimp My Drag! (a drag makeover show (/wiki/Makeover_reality_television_series) ) in 2017 with Adam Joseph (/wiki/Adam_Joseph) and one-half NelSon, [7] (#cite_note-EIN-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) and in 2016 and 2017 appeared on the Hey Qween Show as a guest, starring Jonny McGovern. [7] (#cite_note-EIN-7) The music video for her 2017 single OVAH released on Aviance Records (/wiki/Aviance_Records,_LLC) was first published on Jonny McGovern and Lady Red Couture's Hey Qween YouTube channel on June 26, 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) Controversy involving Wendy Williams [ edit ] In 2009, Aviance was reported to have been kicked out of The Wendy Williams Show (/wiki/The_Wendy_Williams_Show) by Wendy Williams (/wiki/Wendy_Williams) and her team for wearing a dress and a wig. [3] (#cite_note-Wendy_Williams_and_Erickatoure-3) [2] (#cite_note-Wendy_and_Avi-2) [10] (#cite_note-Queerty-10) It is alleged that: "Erickatoure Aviance was told she couldn't sit in the studio audience of The Wendy Williams Show because the show had a strict "no costume policy". Aviance responded to the incident by calling it "particularly offensive", and went on to add that "Williams has compared herself to a drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) on the show multiple times." [3] (#cite_note-Wendy_Williams_and_Erickatoure-3) [2] (#cite_note-Wendy_and_Avi-2) [10] (#cite_note-Queerty-10) After receiving many complaints, and GLAAD (/wiki/GLAAD) getting involved, [11] (#cite_note-GLAAD-11) the show's officials (/wiki/Debmar-Mercury) issued an apology, changed their policy, and invited Aviance back on the show. [3] (#cite_note-Wendy_Williams_and_Erickatoure-3) [10] (#cite_note-Queerty-10) [11] (#cite_note-GLAAD-11) In 2017 when Wendy Williams was supposed to do the pre-show for RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) , former contestant Detox (/wiki/Detox_Icunt) , drag performer Stephanie Stone, and recording artist and RuPaul's Drag Race judge Michelle Visage (/wiki/Michelle_Visage) took to social media (/wiki/Social_media) and brought up the 2009 humiliation of Erickatoure on The Wendy Williams Show by referring to Wendy Williams as transphobic (/wiki/Transphobic) and not an ally of the LGBT community (/wiki/LGBT_community) . [2] (#cite_note-Wendy_and_Avi-2) That sentiment was echoed by RuPaul's Drag Race's All-Stars season 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_2)) winner Alaska Thunderfuck (/wiki/Alaska_Thunderfuck) who referred to Wendy William's coverage of Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) 's transition (/wiki/Trans_woman) as "transphobic". [2] (#cite_note-Wendy_and_Avi-2) See also [ edit ] LGBT culture in New York City (/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City) List of LGBT people from New York City (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Huffington Post : "After Dark: Erickatoure Aviance, Artist And Nightlife Personality" by James Michael Nichols (August 24, 2014) [1] (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/24/erickatoure-aviance-after_n_5703627.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mic : "Detox slams VH1 for making Wendy Williams 'Drag Race' preshow host, Michelle Visage agrees" by Mathew Rodriguez (March 28, 2017) [2] (https://mic.com/articles/172336/detox-slams-vh1-for-making-wendy-williams-drag-race-preshow-host-michelle-visage-agrees#.JWYYJysqK) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Advocate : "Wendy Williams No Homo No Way" by Ross Von Metzke (March 26, 2010) [3] (https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/entertainment-news/2010/03/26/wendy-williams-no-homo-no-way) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Official website of The House of Aviance : Bio page of Erickatoure Aviance [4] (http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/ericka-toure-aviance/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170730201245/http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/ericka-toure-aviance/) July 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bailey, Marlon M., "Butch Queens Up in Pumps: Gender, Performance, and Ballroom Culture in Detroit" , University of Michigan Press (2013), p. 23, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780472051960 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472051960) [5] (https://books.google.com/books?id=SWRJAAAAQBAJ&dq=ball+room+house+members+take+the+name+of+the+house+as+their+last+name&pg=PA23) ^ Jump up to: a b c Erickatoure's exclusive interview on the official Hey Qween YouTube Channel : "Erickatoure Aviance on Hey Qween! With Jonny McGovern" . Published 29 Jun 2017 (also premiere of her music video OVAH; ) [6] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YKZxXpIaG4&t=12s) ^ Jump up to: a b EIN News : "HeyQween.tv hits 100,000+ Subscribers on Youtube! Jonny McGovern joins "The Art of the Teese" tour with Dita Von Teese" , [7] (http://www.einnews.com/pr_news/382563110/heyqween-tv-hits-100-000-subscribers-on-youtube-jonny-mcgovern-joins-the-art-of-the-teese-tour-with-dita-von-teese) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "PIMP MY DRAG: Premiere Episode – A Drag Makeover Special" on Hey Queen's official YouTube Channel. Published on April 26, 2017. [8] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp3nxWw8imA&list=PLkPyiWl3PN8RGY0DiS5BrIw13-GAMSv8J&index=2) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Erickatoure – Ovah (Music Video)" on Hey Qween official YouTube Channel. Published on June 26, 2017 [9] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCZz8PLda4Y) ^ Jump up to: a b c Queerty : (mo' hair, mo' problems) : "Why Did Wendy Williams Try to Block This Drag Queen From Her Show?" (August 14, 2009) [10] (https://www.queerty.com/why-did-wendy-williams-try-to-block-this-drag-queen-from-her-show-20090814) ^ Jump up to: a b Apology of Lonnie Burstein, Executive Vice President, Programming & Production, Debmar-Mercury (/wiki/Debmar-Mercury) (The Wendy Williams Show's production company) [in] GLAAD : "Wendy Williams producer apologizes for offending drag performer" by Taj Paxton (August 25, 2009) : "Much of the success of The Wendy Williams Show is due to our incredibly diverse and colorful audience and we all agree that fashion is a true form of self expression. But in an attempt to explain and enforce our show's dress code, I was not as sensitive as I could have been to Ericka, the LGBT community or drag's long history of being a target of discrimination. And for that, I sincerely apologize as it was never my intention to offend in any way." [11] (https://www.glaad.org/2009/08/25/wendy-williams-producer-apologizes-for-offending-drag-performer/) External links [ edit ] Erickatoure Aviance (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6357391/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) Culture Film and television Paris Is Burning (/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)) (1991) How Do I Look (/wiki/How_Do_I_Look) (2006) Kiki (/wiki/Kiki_(2016_film)) (2016) Strike a Pose (/wiki/Strike_a_Pose) (2016) My House (/wiki/My_House_(2018_TV_series)) (2018) Pose (/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)) (2018–2021) " Pilot (/wiki/Pilot_(Pose)) " Legendary (/wiki/Legendary_(TV_series)) (2020–2022) CBX: Canadian Ballroom Extravaganza (/wiki/CBX:_Canadian_Ballroom_Extravaganza) (2022) Dance Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) Language Banjee (/wiki/Banjee) Kiki (/wiki/Kiki_(social_gathering)) Throw shade (/wiki/Throw_shade) Yas (/wiki/Yas_(slang)) Slay (/wiki/Slay_(slang)) Houses and members The House of Amazon Amazon Leiomy (/wiki/Leiomy_Maldonado) (founder) The House of Aviance (/wiki/House_of_Aviance) Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) (founder) Aviance Records (/wiki/Aviance_Records) (label) Erickatoure Aviance Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) Kim Aviance (/wiki/Kim_Aviance) Nita Aviance (/wiki/Nita_Aviance) Tamsier Joof Aviance (/wiki/Tamsier_Joof_Aviance) The House of Corey Dorian Corey (/wiki/Dorian_Corey) (founder) The House of Dupree Paris Dupree (/wiki/Paris_Dupree) (founder & inventor of vogue) The House of Ebony Richard Ebony (co-founder) Larry Ebony (co-founder) The House of LaBeija (/wiki/House_of_LaBeija) Crystal LaBeija (/wiki/Crystal_LaBeija) (co-founder) Lottie LaBeija (co-founder) Kia LaBeija (/wiki/Kia_LaBeija) Pepper LaBeija (/wiki/Pepper_LaBeija) The House of Milan Kevin Milan (founder) The House of St. Laurent Chris St. Laurent (co-founder) Robbie St. Laurent (co-founder) Terry St. Laurent (co-founder) Octavia St. Laurent (/wiki/Octavia_St._Laurent) The House of Xtravaganza (/wiki/House_of_Xtravaganza) Hector Valle (founder) Angie Xtravaganza (/wiki/Angie_Xtravaganza) Danni Xtravaganza (/wiki/Danni_Xtravaganza) Hector Xtravaganza (/wiki/Hector_Xtravaganza) Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza (/wiki/Jose_Gutierez_Xtravaganza) Lorena Xtravaganza (/wiki/Lorena_Xtravaganza) Luis Camacho (/wiki/Luis_Camacho_(dancer)) Venus Xtravaganza (/wiki/Venus_Xtravaganza) Related topics African culture (/wiki/African_culture) African dance (/wiki/African_dance) African-American culture (/wiki/African-American_culture) African-American dance (/wiki/African-American_dance) Cross dressing ball (/wiki/Cross_dressing_ball) Imperial Court System (/wiki/Imperial_Court_System) " Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(Madonna_song)) " Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) African-American LGBT community (/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Transgender (/wiki/Portal:Transgender) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/21fb6fd0-d622-4865-ac38-7759f3a77bd3) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jhwwg Cached time: 20240712231226 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.550 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2566/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40148/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3807/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33302/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.197/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3995017/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 491.145 1 -total 30.62% 150.377 1 Template:Infobox_person 15.78% 77.480 1 Template:Reflist 13.86% 68.068 3 Template:Navbox 13.58% 66.676 1 Template:Ball_culture 13.23% 64.961 1 Template:Short_description 11.77% 57.831 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.90% 48.646 1 Template:ISBN 9.48% 46.543 21 Template:Main_other 8.46% 41.557 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54435782-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712231226 and revision id 1226318861. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erickatoure_Aviance&oldid=1226318861 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erickatoure_Aviance&oldid=1226318861) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) African-American drag queens (/wiki/Category:African-American_drag_queens) American drag queens (/wiki/Category:American_drag_queens) American LGBT musicians (/wiki/Category:American_LGBT_musicians) Tisch School of the Arts alumni (/wiki/Category:Tisch_School_of_the_Arts_alumni) Nightlife in New York City (/wiki/Category:Nightlife_in_New_York_City) House of Aviance (/wiki/Category:House_of_Aviance) African-American LGBT people (/wiki/Category:African-American_LGBT_people) LGBT people from New Hampshire (/wiki/Category:LGBT_people_from_New_Hampshire) People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire (/wiki/Category:People_from_Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire) Drag performers from New York City (/wiki/Category:Drag_performers_from_New_York_City) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from July 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2017) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
American photographer (1924–2020) William Helburn Born ( 1924-02-19 ) February 19, 1924 New York City, New York (/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Died November 3, 2020 (2020-11-03) (aged 96) Connecticut (/wiki/Connecticut) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Occupation(s) Fashion and advertising photographer William "Bill" Helburn (February 19, 1924 – November 3, 2020) was an American fashion and advertising photographer, best known for images published in magazines including Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) , Town and Country (/wiki/Town_and_Country_Magazine) , Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) and Charm. Over the course of his career, Helburn won more than 46 professional awards for magazine and television ads. He died in November 2020 at the age of 96. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] William Helburn was born in New York City. He attended public and private schools in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) and also took classes at The Art Students League of New York (/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York) , before joining the U.S. Army Air Force (/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces) in 1942. Helburn served in the Pacific theatre (/wiki/Pacific_War) where he and future partner Ted Croner learned to make contact sheets (/wiki/Contact_print) and develop film, including the first pictures of the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima (/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Becoming a photographer [ edit ] Following the war Helburn and Croner resolved to become fashion photographers (/wiki/Fashion_photography) after Croner, on a weekend ski trip to Stowe, Vermont, encountered photographer Fernand Fonssagrives (/wiki/Fernand_Fonssagrives) taking nude pictures of his model wife Lisa in the snow. After an encouraging visit to Fonssagrives studio, Helburn and Croner rented studio space in Manhattan and began taking pictures of aspiring models. The two men soon enrolled in Harper’s Bazaar Art Director Alexey Brodovitch’s Design Laboratory, a workshop for aspiring photographers and graphic designers (/wiki/Graphic_designer) . [3] (#cite_note-3) While the partnership with Croner soon ended, studying with Brodovitch led to Helburn’s first major assignment as a professional, a ten-page editorial shoot in the March 1949 edition of Junior Bazaar (a supplement to Harper’s Bazaar). [4] (#cite_note-4) Helburn, Doyle Dane Bernbach, and the "Creative Revolution" in advertising [ edit ] 1949 also saw the launch of Doyle Dane Bernbach (/wiki/Doyle_Dane_Bernbach) , the agency that would spark advertising’s creative revolution. While Helburn photographed for numerous agencies, he worked frequently for Doyle Dane, teaming with art directors including Robert Gage, Helmut Krone (/wiki/Helmut_Krone) , and Gene Federico (/wiki/Gene_Federico) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) As an advertising photographer, Helburn shot for accounts including Oleg Cassini (/wiki/Oleg_Cassini) , Van Heusen (/wiki/Van_Heusen_(brand)) , Cole of California, Supima Cotton, Cuddle Coat, Napier Jewelry, Ohrbachs (/wiki/Ohrbach%27s) , Volkswagen (/wiki/Volkswagen) , DKW Auto Union, Cadillac (/wiki/Cadillac) , Chrysler (/wiki/Chrysler) , Buick, Polaroid, Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) , Revlon, Helene Curtis (/wiki/Helene_Curtis_Industries,_Inc.) , Yardley, and Max Factor. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) Auto racing [ edit ] After buying a Ferrari Testarossa (/wiki/Ferrari_Testarossa) , Helburn raced, either for Team Ferrari or as an independent, in events sanctioned by the National Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile) (FIA) and the Cuban Sport Commission, between 1956 and 1961. In 1957, his most active year, Helburn raced eight times, with his team finishing second at the SCCA Regional Thompson, fifth in the Cuban Grand Prix (/wiki/Cuban_Grand_Prix) and ninth in the Nassau Trophy Race. Helburn raced just once in 1961, finishing ninth in the Sebring 12-Hour Florida International Grand Prix. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Later career [ edit ] Helburn continued to work as a fashion and advertising photographer through the early 1980s. As his career as a still photographer (/wiki/Still_photographer) declined, Helburn shot and directed television commercials for accounts including The Partnership for A Drug-Free America (/wiki/The_Partnership_for_a_Drug-Free_America) , Mobil Oil (/wiki/Mobil) and Napier Jewelers. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Personal life [ edit ] Helburn married model Sue Jenks (/w/index.php?title=Sue_Jenks&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1948 with whom he had two children, son Will and daughter Robin. After a divorce, Helburn married Ford model Angela Howard (/w/index.php?title=Angela_Howard&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1965. The couple had one son, Chance. Following a second divorce, Helburn married his third wife, Susan Helburn, with whom he had son Hardy and daughter Brooke. Professional awards [ edit ] Helburn’s awards, include thirteen American Institute of Graphic Arts (/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts) (AIGA) ‘Certificates of Excellence/Fifty Advertisements of the Year’ and three ‘ Clio Awards (/wiki/Clio_Awards) for Advertising Excellence Worldwide.’ [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Exhibitions [ edit ] Solo exhibitions 2015 “Seventh and Madison” Peter Fetterman Gallery, Santa Monica, USA 2016 “Ad Man” Staley-Wise Gallery, New York, NY USA Group exhibitions 1997 "The Fords: 50 Years in Fashion" Staley-Wise Gallery, New York NY USA 2018 “Changes” Staley-Wise Gallery, New York, NY USA 2021 "The Reflected Eye: Fashion Through the Lens of the Photographer" Port Washington Library NY USA 2021-22 "Christian Dior: Designer of Dreams" Brooklyn Museum, NY USA 2022-23 "The Extended Runway: Expanding the Language of Fashion" Holden Luntz Gallery, Palm Beach FL USA 2022-23 "A Personal View of High Fashion and Street Style" Norton Museum of Art, Palm Beach FL USA 2023 "Mostly Nude" Hamiltons Gallery, London UK References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "BILL HELBURN, PHOTOGRAPHY ICON" (https://www.williamhelburn.com/about) . William Helburn . Retrieved 2020-12-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lilly, Robert & Lois (2014). William Helburn: Seventh and Madison: Mid-Century Fashion and Advertising Photography . Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500517659 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "William Helburn | Michael Gross" (http://mgross.com/writing/books/focus/bonus-material/william-helburn/) . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Helburn, William (March 1949). "The Lion Also Roars" (https://harpers.org/archive/1949/03/) . Harper's Bazaar . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Helburn, William (2016). "Dovima with Opera Glasses, for Corday Perfume, 1961" (https://www.1814mag.com/issues) . 1814 Magazine . p. Cover . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Challis, Clive. (2005). Helmut Krone, the Book : graphic design and art direction (concept, form and meaning) after advertising's creative revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge Enchorial. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0954893107 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 62131597 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62131597) . ^ Jump up to: a b William, Helburn. "AIGA (American Institute for Graphic Arts) Design Archives" (https://designarchives.aiga.org/#/entries/William%20Helburn/_/grid/relevance/asc/0/20/120) . designarchives.aiga.org . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "William Helburn (USA) - All Results - Racing Sports Cars" (https://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/results/William-Helburn-USA.html) . www.racingsportscars.com . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "William Helburn (USA)'s cars - Photo Gallery - Racing Sports Cars" (https://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/photo/William-Helburn-USA.html) . www.racingsportscars.com . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Collection" (https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/?q=helburn&search.x=0&search.y=0) . The Paley Center for Media . July 2008 . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/315184165) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hkP789kTF9qP7hkRrq) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1064603637) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015007252) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/293426) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f856f9b8b‐s2w7h Cached time: 20240716052358 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.507 seconds Real time usage: 0.955 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2359/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26375/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1958/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43010/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.327/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6306096/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 918.089 1 -total 50.75% 465.905 1 Template:Infobox_person 36.73% 337.243 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 30.39% 278.976 1 Template:Birth_date 20.56% 188.798 1 Template:Reflist 16.57% 152.094 1 Template:Short_description 14.95% 137.223 6 Template:Cite_web 11.12% 102.095 1 Template:Authority_control 5.47% 50.181 2 Template:Pagetype 5.05% 46.350 16 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58833196-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716052358 and revision id 1234795362. 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Elspeth Champcommunal Elspeth Champcommunal in 1928, photographed by Man Ray (/wiki/Man_Ray) Born Elspeth Mary Hodgson [1] (#cite_note-Elspeths_Squitieri_poster_Keren_Ben-Horin-1) 1888 Died 10 November 1976 (aged 87–88) [2] (#cite_note-NPG_biog_brief-2) [3] (#cite_note-Death_notice_Champcommunal_The_Times-3) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, magazine editor Elspeth Champcommunal (1888 – 10 November 1976) was a British fashion designer and the first editor of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) in Britain. She was influential as a designer in her own right in Paris, with an eponymous brand, later taking on the role of chief designer of Worth London. She was among the founder members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) (IncSoc) and remained involved with the organisation during her tenure at Worth London. Background and life in France [ edit ] Born Elspeth Mary Hodgson , little is known about her early life. British by birth, she married the French artist Joseph Champcommunal, who died in 1914 in the first year of World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) . She remained in France, becoming closely associated with the Paris literary and artistic set and posing for portraits by photographer Man Ray (/wiki/Man_Ray) . [4] (#cite_note-EC_by_Man_Ray-4) She was a friend of Virginia Woolf (/wiki/Virginia_Woolf) – who called her 'Champco' – and the Bloomsbury Set (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Set) artist Roger Fry (/wiki/Roger_Fry) , who helped her sort through her husband's paintings and would later stay in her home in the south of France. [1] (#cite_note-Elspeths_Squitieri_poster_Keren_Ben-Horin-1) [5] (#cite_note-Roger_Fry_Spalding_1-5) Elspeth Champcommunal outfit for Worth London, 1945, photographed by the Ministry of Information to promote utility (/wiki/Utility_clothing) designs created by IncSoc members source: IWM (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) She travelled in Europe every summer from 1929–39 with the American literary publisher and modernist Jane Heap (/wiki/Jane_Heap) and Heap's friend Florence Reynolds. [6] (#cite_note-Dear_Tiny_Heart_Baggett-6) Champcommunal was in the Bavarian Alps (/wiki/Bavarian_Alps) with her two friends and the American journalists/writers Solita Solano (/wiki/Solita_Solano) and Janet Flanner (/wiki/Janet_Flanner) at the outbreak of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) and the group managed to return to London via Switzerland. [6] (#cite_note-Dear_Tiny_Heart_Baggett-6) Heap would remain in London as Champcommunal's partner until her death in 1964. [7] (#cite_note-Uni_of_Delaware-7) Editor's role [ edit ] Champcommunal became the first editor of the Vogue London edition, which was launched in September 1916. [8] (#cite_note-elspeth-8) Produced in Europe to bypass shipping restrictions and paper shortages, the British version was largely a reproduction of the American edition initially, but Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine and it later included articles on health and beauty, society and sport, as well as travel and opinion pieces. [9] (#cite_note-society-9) Champcommunal remained with the magazine until the end of 1922. [8] (#cite_note-elspeth-8) Eponymous label [ edit ] From the mid 1920s, Champcommunal had an eponymous couture label in France. An advertisement in a French periodical of 1926 places her salon in the Rue de Penthièvre, in the eighth arrondissement (/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris) of Paris. [10] (#cite_note-advertisement-10) Champcommunal's reputation was significant enough for one of her gowns to feature in the same year in an American newspaper article entitled: "Clothes that express fall fashion decrees". [11] (#cite_note-Evening_Independent-11) Worth London [ edit ] After moving back to Britain with Jane Heap, Champcommunal was appointed head designer with the firm of J. Reville-Terry. When this took over the British operation of Worth in 1936 – a formal split from the Paris arm – Champcommunal became house designer for Worth London. [1] (#cite_note-Elspeths_Squitieri_poster_Keren_Ben-Horin-1) In 1942, when IncSoc was founded, Champcommunal represented Worth's interests among the so-called "big ten" of couture houses in London. [12] (#cite_note-How_Fashion_Works_Waddell-12) In this role, she participated in IncSoc activities – including creating utility (/wiki/Utility_clothing) couture designs to promote its work. An image of a Worth London outfit by Champcommunal, comprising pussycat-bow blouse (/wiki/Pussy_bow) and slim tailored suit, originally photographed by the Ministry of Information (/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)) in 1945, remains part of the Imperial War Museum (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) archive. In 1949, Worth London designs featured in the lighthearted fashion-themed romance Maytime in Mayfair (/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair) within a fashion show sequence promoting the work of IncSoc members. [13] (#cite_note-BFI_Maytime-13) In March 1953, shortly before her retirement, Champcommunal was photographed with other IncSoc members for a lavish feature in Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine about the preparations for the coronation (/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II) of Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . [14] (#cite_note-Life_Greene-14) See also [ edit ] Charles Frederick Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) House of Worth (/wiki/House_of_Worth) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Squitieri, Kathryn; Ben-Horin, Keren. "A Tale of Two Elspeths: Forgotten Couturières and their Impact on Modern Fashion" (http://pinsndls.com/2014/05/08/a-tale-of-two-elspeths-forgotten-couturieres-and-their-impact-on-modern-fashion/) . pinsndls.com . On Pins and Needles . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-NPG_biog_brief_2-0) "Elspeth Champcommunal" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw82744/Elspeth-Champcommunal-with-Fiona-ne-Campbell-Walter-Baroness-Thyssen-and-one-other-fashion-model?LinkID=mp69974&role=sit&rNo=0) . npg.org.uk . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Death_notice_Champcommunal_The_Times_3-0) "Champcommunal" (http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=ess_earl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS470122348&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0) . The Times . The Times Digital Archive. 12 November 1976 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-EC_by_Man_Ray_4-0) "Elspeth Champcommunal by Man Ray" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw251824/Elspeth-Champcommunal?LinkID=mp69974&role=sit&rNo=1) . npg.org.uk . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Roger_Fry_Spalding_1_5-0) Spalding, Frances (1980). Roger Fry, Art and Life . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 242, 228. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0520041267 . ^ Jump up to: a b Baggett, Holly A. (2000). Dear Tiny Heart: The Letters of Jane Heap & Florence Reynolds . New York, NY: New York University Press. p. 6. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0814712460 . ^ (#cite_ref-Uni_of_Delaware_7-0) "Florence Heap collection related to Jane Reynolds and The Little Review" (http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/reyheap1.htm) . lib.udel.edu . University of Delaware . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Elspeth Champcommunal Contribution" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140927210412/http://www.vogue.co.uk/person/elspeth-champcommunal) . Vogue . UK. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/elspeth-champcommunal) on 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-society_9-0) Mahood, A., Fashioning Readers: The avant garde and British Vogue, 1920–9 in Women , 13 (1) (2002), pp. 37–47 ^ (#cite_ref-advertisement_10-0) "Elspeth Champcommunal" (http://hprints.com/item/35999/?u=1,0) . hprints.com . hprints . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Evening_Independent_11-0) staff (17 September 1926). "Clothes that express fall fashion decrees" (https://newspaperarchive.com/us/ohio/massillon/evening-independent/1926/09-17/page-8) . Evening Independent . Massillon, Ohio . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-How_Fashion_Works_Waddell_12-0) Waddell, Gavin (2004). How Fashion Works: Couture, Ready-to-Wear and Mass Production . Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 175–7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780632057528 . ^ (#cite_ref-BFI_Maytime_13-0) "Maytime in Mayfair (1949)" (http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/516661/credits.html) . screenonline.org.uk . British Film Institute . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Life_Greene_14-0) Greene, Milton; staff writer (30 March 1953). "Britain dresses up for the Queen" (https://books.google.com/books?id=CUIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Peter+Russell+Fashion+Designer+%2B+hunting&pg=PA118) . Life . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . External links [ edit ] Elspeth Champcommunal at the National Portrait Gallery (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw82744/Elspeth-Champcommunal-with-Fiona-ne-Campbell-Walter-Baroness-Thyssen-and-one-other-fashion-model?LinkID=mp69974&role=sit&rNo=0) Worth London outfits at the V&A (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/worth-london/3150/) Worth timeline (http://boar.org.uk/oriwxs5CFWorth%28chron.htm) Media offices Preceded by First Editor of British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) 1916–1922 Succeeded by Dorothy Todd (/wiki/Dorothy_Todd) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐ghlcd Cached time: 20240623101844 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.382 seconds Real time usage: 0.482 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3039/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28384/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2135/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52267/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6336523/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 451.739 1 -total 37.35% 168.725 1 Template:Reflist 36.94% 166.873 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.97% 112.805 7 Template:Cite_web 12.43% 56.130 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 10.94% 49.433 1 Template:Succession_box 9.03% 40.793 1 Template:Death_year_and_age 8.11% 36.624 19 Template:Main_other 6.27% 28.316 1 Template:EngvarB 5.57% 25.183 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43587661-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623101844 and revision id 1053764117. 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Articles about Perfumery , the art of making perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5fcb756d7‐kddqg Cached time: 20240701185645 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.005 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1194342-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701185645 and revision id 982061618. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. A Aromatherapy (/wiki/Category:Aromatherapy) ‎ (1 C, 12 P) C Fragrance companies (/wiki/Category:Fragrance_companies) ‎ (3 C, 26 P) I Incense (/wiki/Category:Incense) ‎ (5 C, 13 P) Perfume ingredients (/wiki/Category:Perfume_ingredients) ‎ (2 C, 129 P) O Olfactory art (/wiki/Category:Olfactory_art) ‎ (17 P) P Perfumers (/wiki/Category:Perfumers) ‎ (2 C, 53 P) Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) ‎ (10 C, 116 P) Pages in category "Perfumery" The following 55 pages are in this category, out of 55 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Perfume (/wiki/Perfume) A Absolute (perfumery) (/wiki/Absolute_(perfumery)) Aedes de Venustas (/wiki/Aedes_de_Venustas) Aftershave (/wiki/Aftershave) Alabastron (/wiki/Alabastron) Aromachology (/wiki/Aromachology) The Art and Olfaction Awards (/wiki/The_Art_and_Olfaction_Awards) Attar (caste) (/wiki/Attar_(caste)) B Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) C Chypre (/wiki/Chypre) Concrete (perfumery) (/wiki/Concrete_(perfumery)) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmos (standard) (/wiki/Cosmos_(standard)) E Eau de Cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) Eau de toilette (/wiki/Eau_de_toilette) Enfleurage (/wiki/Enfleurage) F Falanja (/wiki/Falanja) Flanker (perfume) (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) Fougère (/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re) Fragrance extraction (/wiki/Fragrance_extraction) FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) Fragrance Museum (/wiki/Fragrance_Museum) Fragrance wheel (/wiki/Fragrance_wheel) Fragrances of the World (/wiki/Fragrances_of_the_World) G Gandhi (surname) (/wiki/Gandhi_(surname)) Gisada (/wiki/Gisada) Gourmand (fragrance) (/wiki/Gourmand_(fragrance)) Grand Musée du Parfum (/wiki/Grand_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum) Gum anima (/wiki/Gum_anima) H Headspace technology (/wiki/Headspace_technology) History of perfume (/wiki/History_of_perfume) I ISIPCA (/wiki/ISIPCA) ISO 22715 (/wiki/ISO_22715) M Musée du Parfum (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum) Musk (/wiki/Musk) N Niche perfume (/wiki/Niche_perfume) Note (perfumery) (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) O Odor detection threshold (/wiki/Odor_detection_threshold) Perfume organ (/wiki/Perfume_organ) Osmothèque (/wiki/Osmoth%C3%A8que) P Papier d'Arménie (/wiki/Papier_d%27Arm%C3%A9nie) Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film) (/wiki/Perfume:_The_Story_of_a_Murderer_(film)) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Pomander (/wiki/Pomander) Potpourri (/wiki/Potpourri) R Resinoid (perfumery) (/wiki/Resinoid_(perfumery)) Jacques Rouché (/wiki/Jacques_Rouch%C3%A9) S Sachet (/wiki/Sachet) Scentography (/wiki/Scentography) Sillage (perfume) (/wiki/Sillage_(perfume)) Solid perfume (/wiki/Solid_perfume) T Théâtre-Musée des Capucines (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Capucines) U Université Européenne des Senteurs & Saveurs (/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Europ%C3%A9enne_des_Senteurs_%26_Saveurs) W World Perfume (/wiki/World_Perfume) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Perfumery&oldid=982061618 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Perfumery&oldid=982061618) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Consumer goods (/wiki/Category:Consumer_goods) Cosmetics (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics) Toiletry (/wiki/Category:Toiletry) Arts by type (/wiki/Category:Arts_by_type)
Fashion label created by Taiwanese singer and actor Jiro Wang M JO Industry Fashion Founded 14 February 2010 ; 14 years ago ( 2010-02-14 ) Founder Jiro Wang (/wiki/Jiro_Wang) M JO (http://mjo.com.tw/index.html) is a fashion label created by Taiwanese singer and actor Jiro Wang (/wiki/Jiro_Wang) on 14 February 2010, [1] (#cite_note-1) in collaboration with Dong Cheng Wei (/wiki/Dong_Cheng_Wei) members Shu and Deng. The label's slogan is "Enjoy Love, Life, and Peace." As a design graduate of Fu Shin Trade and Arts College (Taiwan) with a degree in Advertising Design, Wang is personally involved [2] (#cite_note-2) with designing the caps, clothing, and accessories, which are characterized by bold, vibrant, and colorful designs. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2014, M JO's creator and designer Jiro Wang designed an exhibit for World Trade Centre (Hong Kong) (/wiki/World_Trade_Centre_(Hong_Kong)) , in line with the 2014 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup) and to celebrate the label's upcoming 5th anniversary, [4] (#cite_note-4) where Wang's artwork, M JO products, and the label's iconic JO robot went on display from 30 May to 17 July 2014. [5] (#cite_note-5) Wang's interest in elements of fantasy and science fiction gave rise to the exhibit's conceptual use of oversized gear wheels, planetary motions, and spaceships, amidst a cosmic backdrop. Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) was also a crucial thematic element. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) M JO has also collaborated with fashion labels such as the U.S.-based New Era Cap Company (/wiki/New_Era_Cap_Company) , South Korean fashion label Dolly & Molly, Japanese fashion label Shine, [8] (#cite_note-8) as well as other Taiwanese celebrity fashion lines, such as those belonging to Darren Qiu and Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band) (/wiki/Fahrenheit_(Taiwanese_band)) mate Calvin Chen (/wiki/Calvin_Chen) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In November 2014, Wang was invited to design a series of virtual stickers/large-sized emoji (/wiki/Emoji) for Line (application) (/wiki/Line_(application)) , making him the first Taiwanese celebrity to design purchasable stickers for the company. Using his fashion line M JO's iconic JO robot as his theme, he designed the "M JO - JO Robot" (https://store.line.me/stickershop/product/1123972/en) series of 40 virtual stickers, which was released in LINE's sticker store on 24 April 2015. [10] (#cite_note-10) Hand-drawn before they were transformed into computer graphics, the virtual stickers also incorporate popular contemporary Mandarin and Taiwanese dialect neologisms. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) M JO . M JO, 2010. Web. Retrieved 22 February 2015. http://mjo.com.tw/about.html (http://mjo.com.tw/about.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hsia, Heidi. "Jiro Wang to expand fashion line market." Yahoo!News (20 August 2014). Retrieved 22 February 2015. https://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/jiro-wang-expand-fashion-line-market-071300010.html (https://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/jiro-wang-expand-fashion-line-market-071300010.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "M JO's Fantasy Football Field (M JO科幻足球場)." The Sun (Hong Kong) (/wiki/The_Sun_(Hong_Kong)) (10 June 2014). Retrieved 12 December 2014. http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/lifestyle/20140610/00482_002.html (http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/lifestyle/20140610/00482_002.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "M JO 5th Anniversary Pop-Up Store." Milk magazine 17 June 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. http://www.milk.com.hk/content/m-jo-5th-anniversary-pop-store (http://www.milk.com.hk/content/m-jo-5th-anniversary-pop-store) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "wtc more (HK's World Trade Centre Mall) and M JO's cosmic football fever (wtc more世貿中心 X M JO 太空足球熱『潮』)." Timable . Retrieved 22 February 2015. http://timable.com/zh-hk/event/505307 (http://timable.com/zh-hk/event/505307) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) " World Trade Centre (Hong Kong) (/wiki/World_Trade_Centre_(Hong_Kong)) X Jiro Wang (/wiki/Jiro_Wang) : 1st M JO Pop-up Store (世貿中心X汪東城 全球首間M JO Pop-up Store). U Travel . Retrieved 22 February 2015. http://travel.ulifestyle.com.hk/mall/detail-event.php?id=ADIRZREvA30 (http://travel.ulifestyle.com.hk/mall/detail-event.php?id=ADIRZREvA30) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) M JO . LookBook, 2010. Web. Retrieved 22 February 2015. http://mjo.com.tw/LOOKBOOK.html (http://mjo.com.tw/LOOKBOOK.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Having established his own management company last year, Jiro Wang sets his sights on signing Chun's beloved daughter (去年自立經理人公司 汪東城盼簽吳尊愛女)." Wen Wei Po (/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po) (Hong Kong-based Chinese language newspaper) (17 June 2014). Retrieved 12 December 2014. http://paper.wenweipo.com/2014/06/17/EN1406170022.htm (http://paper.wenweipo.com/2014/06/17/EN1406170022.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Chen, Calvin, and Jiro Wang. "Calvin Chen's WOW X Jiro Wang's MJO crossover, launching 'Rock Cute.' (辰亦儒服饰品牌WOW X 汪东城服饰品牌MJO 联名发表 ROCK CUTE)." Online video clip. Youku (/wiki/Youku) (May 2014). Retrieved 3 February 2015. http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzE1MDI3MzU2.html (http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzE1MDI3MzU2.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/04/28/EN1504280017.htm (http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/04/28/EN1504280017.htm) "Invites SJ's Lee Donghae (/wiki/Lee_Donghae) and Eunhyuk (/wiki/Eunhyuk) to workout together, Jiro Wang wins award in Korea (約SJ東海銀赫齊健身 汪東城揚威韓國 獲年度藝人獎)." Wen Wei Po (/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po) (28 Apr. 2015). ^ (#cite_ref-11) http://ent.appledaily.com.tw/enews/article/entertainment/20150418/36500934/ (http://ent.appledaily.com.tw/enews/article/entertainment/20150418/36500934/) Chen, Youying. Jiro Wang becomes 1st Taiwanese celebrity to design virtual stickers for Line (application) (/wiki/Line_(application)) (汪東城台灣藝人頭香 為LINE畫貼圖). Apple Daily (Taiwan) (/wiki/Apple_Daily_(Taiwan)) (18 Apr. 2015). ^ (#cite_ref-12) http://ent.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/1290659 (http://ent.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/1290659) Liberty Times (/wiki/Liberty_Times) . First Taiwanese celebrity: Jiro Wang designs virtual stickers for Line (application) (/wiki/Line_(application)) (台灣第一人 大東自創Line貼圖). 18 April 2015. External links [ edit ] M JO Official Website (http://mjo.com.tw/index.html) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Draft-Class fashion articles" The following 150 pages are in this category, out of 150 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 Draft talk:925 Silver Shine (/wiki/Draft_talk:925_Silver_Shine) A Draft talk:Acid-Candy (/wiki/Draft_talk:Acid-Candy) Draft talk:Actress Aferenni Richardson (/wiki/Draft_talk:Actress_Aferenni_Richardson) Draft talk:Ahron Pagayao Pakan (/wiki/Draft_talk:Ahron_Pagayao_Pakan) Draft talk:Akbar Shahpurwala (/wiki/Draft_talk:Akbar_Shahpurwala) Draft talk:Alexis Auclair (/wiki/Draft_talk:Alexis_Auclair) Draft talk:Alise Trautmane-Uzuner (/wiki/Draft_talk:Alise_Trautmane-Uzuner) Draft talk:Alopec Technologies Pvt Ltd (/wiki/Draft_talk:Alopec_Technologies_Pvt_Ltd) Draft talk:AlTerra Retail, LLC (/wiki/Draft_talk:AlTerra_Retail,_LLC) Draft talk:Amadea Angela Aquino (/wiki/Draft_talk:Amadea_Angela_Aquino) Draft talk:Andrea Aranow (/wiki/Draft_talk:Andrea_Aranow) Draft talk:Andy Gus (/wiki/Draft_talk:Andy_Gus) Draft talk:Ashish Gupta (/wiki/Draft_talk:Ashish_Gupta) Draft 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Rupaul's Guide to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Style (/wiki/Draft_talk:Workin%27_It!_Rupaul%27s_Guide_to_Life,_Liberty,_and_the_Pursuit_of_Style) Y Draft talk:Yassine Mekhnache (/wiki/Draft_talk:Yassine_Mekhnache) Draft talk:Yelena Olshansky (/wiki/Draft_talk:Yelena_Olshansky) Draft talk:Yeter Göker (/wiki/Draft_talk:Yeter_G%C3%B6ker) Draft talk:YZY LLC (/wiki/Draft_talk:YZY_LLC) Z Draft talk:Zeauxi (/wiki/Draft_talk:Zeauxi) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Draft-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=952812982 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Draft-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=952812982) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion articles by quality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_articles_by_quality) Draft-Class articles (/wiki/Category:Draft-Class_articles) Hidden categories: Template Category class with class parameter matching title (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_class_with_class_parameter_matching_title) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC)
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Vietnamese-Japanese idol singer Phuong Chi Fonchi フォンチー In October 2008 in Tokyo Born ( 1990-12-16 ) December 16, 1990 (age 33) Hiratsuka, Kanagawa (/wiki/Hiratsuka,_Kanagawa) , Japan Occupations Idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) Gravure idol (/wiki/Gravure_idol) Tarento (/wiki/Tarento) Actor Singer Modeling information Agency Sony Music Artists (/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan) Phongchi [1] (#cite_note-1) ( フォンチー , Fonchī , born December 16, 1990) [2] (#cite_note-naver-2) is a Japanese idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) of Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) descent. [3] (#cite_note-3) Often dubbed " Idoling No. 8 ", [4] (#cite_note-4) she is a former member of Japanese all-girl idol group Idoling (/wiki/Idoling) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She was one of original members [6] (#cite_note-6) and had been the most popular member of the group. [7] (#cite_note-amazon_if-7) She also does glamour modeling (/wiki/Glamour_modeling) as a gravure idol (/wiki/Gravure_idol) , [8] (#cite_note-8) having released two photobooks (/wiki/Photobooks) and five DVDs since 2008. [9] (#cite_note-9) [ user-generated source ] Career [ edit ] Phongchi was born in 1990 in Hiratsuka, Kanagawa (/wiki/Hiratsuka,_Kanagawa) to Vietnamese immigrant parents [10] (#cite_note-10) who came from Saigon (/wiki/Saigon) , South Vietnam (/wiki/South_Vietnam) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Phongchi participated in an audition, the SMA Teens Audition , held by Sony Music Artists (/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan) in 2005, becoming the runner up. [12] (#cite_note-12) She joined Idoling (/wiki/Idoling) as an original member in 2006. [13] (#cite_note-13) She began to be known as the "protégé" of Sayuri Kokusho (/wiki/Sayuri_Kokusho) , a seasoned actress known formerly as " Onyanko (/wiki/Onyanko_Club) No. 8", and began appearing on numerous non-Idoling television shows in late 2007. [14] (#cite_note-14) She released her first photobook titled Fon Fonchi in September 2008 [15] (#cite_note-15) and first DVD titled Cam On : Precious Time in October 2008. [16] (#cite_note-16) Her second DVD A Letter From a Teen was shot in Okinawa (/wiki/Okinawa) [17] (#cite_note-17) and released in September 2009. [18] (#cite_note-18) Her second photobook Ritual Heart was shot in Bali (/wiki/Bali) and released in March 2010. [19] (#cite_note-19) Her third DVD F : Angel's Wing was also shot in Bali [20] (#cite_note-20) and released in March 2010, [21] (#cite_note-21) and fourth DVD if : My Little Sister was released in November 2010. [7] (#cite_note-amazon_if-7) In September 2010 she made her first Vietnam-related appearance at the annual Vietnam Festival event took place at the Yoyogi Park (/wiki/Yoyogi_Park) in Shibuya (/wiki/Shibuya) , Tokyo. [22] (#cite_note-22) She appeared in the event as its main host, along with several guests from Vietnam including famous Vietnamese artists as Ho Quynh Huong and Nam Cuong. [23] (#cite_note-23) Again, she worked as the host for the Vietnam Festival 2011 (September 17–18) where the guests again include Ho Quynh Huong. [24] (#cite_note-24) Phongchi graduated from Idoling in December 2011 to start a career in acting, alongside "Idoling No. 7" Erika Yazawa (/wiki/Erika_Yazawa) who would later become a comedian. [25] (#cite_note-25) She released her fifth DVD Kaleidoscope in January 2012. [26] (#cite_note-26) It was her first DVD after leaving Idoling, where she dressed in costumes such as those inspired by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Weight-loss obsession [ edit ] Phongchi always talks about her weight and weight-loss plan whenever she is interviewed. She was a member of Idoling's Pocchari Dohmei ("Axis of Chubby"), a team consisting of the three heaviest members in the group, [28] (#cite_note-ascii-28) along with Erika Yazawa (/wiki/Erika_Yazawa) and Erika Tonooka. [29] (#cite_note-29) She has weighed up to 48 kg (105 lb) [30] (#cite_note-30) at 1.65m (5 ft 5 in), [31] (#cite_note-yanyan-31) and she has stated that she considers herself overweight and has always been dieting. She said about it, "I can't announce my weight until I have a decent weight". [32] (#cite_note-32) She has stated that she has idolized the actress Risa Goto (/wiki/Risa_Goto) and especially the famous model Emi Suzuki (/wiki/Emi_Suzuki) , whose BMIs (/wiki/Body_mass_index) have been reported to be less than 14. [31] (#cite_note-yanyan-31) She has revealed that she has a strong addiction to Caramel Frappuccino, a Starbucks beverage which often appears on her blog. There are about 247 kcal in one Caramel Frappuccino bottle and she drinks it twice a day. This can be one reason why she struggles so much with her weight, but she has stated that she could not live without it. Personal life [ edit ] Aside from her native Japanese, [28] (#cite_note-ascii-28) Phongchi is also fluent in Vietnamese. [33] (#cite_note-33) Her first DVD Cam On featured her conversations with native Vietnamese-speaking children. [34] (#cite_note-ameba19973-34) She is known as a hardcore gamer, more specifically, a hardcore PS3 player. One time she played Demon's Souls (/wiki/Demon%27s_Souls) in her room for about 20 hours straight, skipping an appearance on the Idoling show. She is also a wrestling fan, specifically a Dragon Gate (/wiki/Dragon_Gate_(wrestling)) fan and has several wrestling game titles. As for fashion, in her personal life, she did not show any preference in the 2000s, but since around 2010 when she turned 20 she has shown a strong preference for the Ageha (/wiki/Koakuma_Ageha) style which does not fit her vibrant " idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) " image. On August 8, 2022, she announced her marriage and pregnancy of her first child. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) Releases [ edit ] Photobooks [ edit ] Fon Fon Chi , September 5, 2008 Ritual Heart , March 12, 2010 DVDs [ edit ] Cam on , October 22, 2008 10-dai Kara no Tegami (A Letter from a Teen), September 30, 2009 F : Angel's Wing , March 19, 2010 if : Boku no Imoto (if : My Little Sister), November 27, 2010 Kaleidoscope , January 25, 2012 Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Tokyo MER: Mobile Emergency Room: The Movie (2023) [37] (#cite_note-TMER-37) Television [ edit ] Tokyo MER: Mobile Emergency Room (2021) [37] (#cite_note-TMER-37) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "http://www.sma.co.jp/artists/ (http://www.sma.co.jp/artists/phongchi/) phongchi /" (http://www.sma.co.jp/artists/phongchi/) , Sony Music Entertainment (/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan) ^ (#cite_ref-naver_2-0) "Person Information: Phongchi" (https://archive.today/20130218210242/http://person.naver.jp/1265952) , Naver Person Search (/wiki/Naver) ^ (#cite_ref-3) " Idoling!!! No. 8 Phongchi in a red maid dress (http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/deview/70948/) " November 23, 2009 Oricon (/wiki/Oricon) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Web The Television 10-03-16 (https://tv.jp.msn.com/news/article.aspx?articleid=246403) [ permanent dead link ] , MSN (/wiki/MSN) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Phongchi graduates from Idoling!!!" (http://npn.co.jp/article/detail/54107362/) , December 14, 2011, The Real Live News (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%A4%96%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Oricon Style News August 28, 2010 (http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/79481/full/) , Oricon (/wiki/Oricon) (in Japanese) ^ Jump up to: a b "if : My Little Sister, Phongchi" (https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B004A70KZY) Amazon.co.jp (/wiki/Amazon.com) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Popular gravure idols Maria Yoshikawa & Phongchi releases "Tekkotsu Musume Pao" (http://music.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2010-04-27-2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100512063817/http://music.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2010-04-27-2) May 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) So-net (/wiki/So-net) , April 27, 2010 (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Phongchi" (http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%A5%D5%A5%A9%A5%F3%A5%C1%A1%BC) [ user-generated source ] , Hatena Diary (/wiki/Hatena_Diary) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Sponichi Annex 08-10-25 (http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/flash/KFullFlash20081025033.html) Sponichi (/wiki/Sponichi) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-11) The Television Entertainment News September 19, 2008 (http://blog.television.co.jp/entertainment/entnews/2008/09/20080919_04.html) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Oricon De View 08-09-16 (http://contents.oricon.co.jp/news/deview/58180/) (in Japanese) Oricon (/wiki/Oricon) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Phongchi" (http://tv.goo.ne.jp/contents/cast/d0e0d5ee908bfd6bade41bcc96dc8471/index.html) at goo TV (/wiki/Goo_(search_engine)) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "History of Phongchi", page 2 (http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/463359/profile/history/p/2/) , Oricon (/wiki/Oricon) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Amazon (https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4902307057) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Amazon (https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001EN2X3E) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-17) An interview about the DVD (http://tv.bunka.co.jp/top/topix/2009/1005/fonchi/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091202142806/http://tv.bunka.co.jp/top/topix/2009/1005/fonchi/index.html) December 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Amazon (https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B002HRT140) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Article on Nikkansports.com 3/14, 2010 (http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/f-et-tp0-20100314-606023.html) Nikkan Sports (/wiki/Nikkan_Sports) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Phongchi self-produces costumes and theme, scoring 100 points!" (http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4722707/) , April 16, 2010, Livedoor (/wiki/Livedoor) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Amazon (https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0036IPGZ2) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Vietnam is my pride" – Stick with the Vietnam Fes spokesperson Phongchi (http://journal.mycom.co.jp/articles/2010/09/20/fonchi/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100924050132/http://journal.mycom.co.jp/articles/2010/09/20/fonchi/index.html) September 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) MyCom Journal (/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun) September 20, 2010 (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Report at Barks2010-9-19 (http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000064297) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Ascii presents ultra rare photobooks made by Phongchi of Idoling!!! with her autographs" (http://weekly.ascii.jp/elem/000/000/061/61237/) , October 23, 2011, ASCII (/wiki/ASCII_(company)) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-25) "'Idoling!!!' Yazawa and Phongchi perform their graduation live" (http://hochi.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/news/20111223-OHT1T00107.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111228095513/http://hochi.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/news/20111223-OHT1T00107.htm) December 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , December 23, 2011, Sports Hochi (/wiki/Sports_Hochi) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Friend-choco at the Valentine, the newest DVD 'watch my mature side', says Phongchi" (http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2012/02/13/026/index.html) , February 13, 2012, Mynavi News (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Phongchi holds her first solo-event after graduating from Idoling!!!" (http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/deview/2006960/) , February 14, 2012, Web De-View (/wiki/Oricon) (in Japanese) ^ Jump up to: a b "Popular idol from Idoling Phongchi releases her first DVD" (http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/183/183595/) ASCII (/wiki/ASCII_(company)) October 28, 2008 (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Idoling!!! Blog – April, 30, 2009 (http://blog.fujitv.co.jp/idoling/blog/member/E20090430001.html) Fuji TV (/wiki/Fuji_TV) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-30) From her blog [1] (http://ameblo.jp/fonchi1216/archive13-200805.html) "My first step is to have 48kg" ^ Jump up to: a b Yanyan Vol.6 , Ryoran Report (p.34) May 2009 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9784197202706 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784197202706) ) ^ (#cite_ref-32) Official blog's first article (http://ameblo.jp/fonchi1216/archive13-200805.html) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-33) " Phongchi becomes a spokesperson (http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/flash/KFullFlash20100916001.html) " September 16, 2010 Sponichi (/wiki/Sponichi) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-ameba19973_34-0) Ameba Entertainment News 4 November 2008 (http://news.ameba.jp/entertainment/2008/11/19973.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090210044944/http://news.ameba.jp/entertainment/2008/11/19973.html) February 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Ameba (/wiki/Ameba_(website)) (in Japanese) ^ (#cite_ref-35) INC, SANKEI DIGITAL (August 8, 2022). "元「アイドリング！！！」フォンチーが結婚と妊娠を発表 「おなかの中に新しい命も授かりました」" (https://www.sanspo.com/article/20220808-OTGCVRYDHZATPNB7P4JUWRBYCI/) . サンスポ (in Japanese) . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "ご報告 | Fonchi Official HP" (https://fonchi-official.com/news/9735) . ご報告 | Fonchi Official HP (in Japanese) . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "鈴木亮平主演「TOKYO MER」映画化、賀来賢人や中条あやみも続投" (https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/460427) . Natalie . Retrieved January 5, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phongchi (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phongchi) . Official profile by Sony Music *She has already retired from SMA and is currently working freelance. (http://www.sma.co.jp/artist/profile/index/67) (in Japanese) Official Homepage (http://fonchi.net/profile-fonchi/) (in Japanese) v t e Idoling!!! (/wiki/Idoling!!!) Current members 1st Generation #6 Erica Tonooka (/wiki/Erica_Tonooka) #9 Rurika Yokoyama (/wiki/Rurika_Yokoyama) 2nd Generation #17 Hitomi Miyake (/wiki/Hitomi_Miyake) 3rd Generation #20 Ai Ōkawa (/wiki/Ai_Okawa) Former members 1st Generation #3 Mai Endo (/wiki/Mai_Endo) #7 Erika Yazawa (/wiki/Erika_Yazawa) #8 Phongchi 2nd Generation #11 Suzuka Morita (/wiki/Suzuka_Morita) #15 Nao Asahi (/wiki/Nao_Asahi) #16 Ami Kikuchi (/wiki/Ami_Kikuchi) Studio albums Daiji na Mono (/wiki/Daiji_na_Mono) Petit-Petit (/wiki/Petit-Petit) Sunrise (/wiki/Sunrise_(Idoling!!!_album)) Sisters (/wiki/Sisters_(Idoling!!!_album)) Gold Experience (/wiki/Gold_Experience_(Idoling!!!_album)) Singles " Ganbare Otome (Warai)/Friend (/wiki/Ganbare_Otome_(Warai)/Friend) " " Kokuhaku (/wiki/Kokuhaku_(Idoling!!!_song)) " " Shokugyō: Idol (/wiki/Shokugy%C5%8D:_Idol) " " Mujōken Kōfuku (/wiki/Muj%C5%8Dken_K%C5%8Dfuku) " " Te no Hira no Yūki (/wiki/Te_no_Hira_no_Y%C5%ABki) " " Love Magic Fever (/wiki/Love_Magic_Fever) " " S.O.W. Sense of Wonder (/wiki/S.O.W._Sense_of_Wonder) " " eve (/wiki/Eve_(Idoling!!!_single)) " " Yarakai Heart (/wiki/Yarakai_Heart) " " Don't think. Feel !!! (/wiki/Don%27t_think._Feel_!!!) " " Mamore!!! (/wiki/Mamore!!!) " " One Up!!!/Ichigo Gyūnyū (/wiki/One_Up!!!/Ichigo_Gy%C5%ABny%C5%AB) " " Sakura Thank You (/wiki/Sakura_Thank_You) " " Summer Lion (/wiki/Summer_Lion) " " Shout!!! (/wiki/Shout!!!) " " Kyupi (/w/index.php?title=Kyupi&action=edit&redlink=1) " " Yuki Usagi (/w/index.php?title=Yuki_Usagi&action=edit&redlink=1) " Collaborations " Big in Japan (/wiki/Big_in_Japan_(Martin_Solveig_and_Dragonette_song)) " " Milky Girl (/wiki/Summer_Lion) " Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d094491f-6608-4cd9-b68d-5ac9f9607696) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐gffpt Cached time: 20240720182228 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.579 seconds Real time usage: 0.793 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4293/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52723/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7379/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51170/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.357/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19783085/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 717.501 1 -total 27.61% 198.116 1 Template:Infobox_model 24.47% 175.605 1 Template:Reflist 13.81% 99.097 1 Template:Nihongo 8.47% 60.801 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.17% 58.608 1 Template:Short_description 8.09% 58.034 3 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 7.63% 54.722 1 Template:Idoling!!! 5.98% 42.920 3 Template:Cite_web 5.85% 41.996 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24448515-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182228 and revision id 1194300059. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phongchi&oldid=1194300059 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phongchi&oldid=1194300059) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese gravure models (/wiki/Category:Japanese_gravure_models) Japanese idols (/wiki/Category:Japanese_idols) Japanese women pop singers (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_pop_singers) 1990 births (/wiki/Category:1990_births) Japanese women television personalities (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_television_personalities) Actresses from Kanagawa Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Kanagawa_Prefecture) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Japanese people of Vietnamese descent (/wiki/Category:Japanese_people_of_Vietnamese_descent) Models from Kanagawa Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Kanagawa_Prefecture) People from Hiratsuka, Kanagawa (/wiki/Category:People_from_Hiratsuka,_Kanagawa) Idoling!!! members (/wiki/Category:Idoling!!!_members) Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Kanagawa_Prefecture) Hidden categories: Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2019) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Accuracy disputes from January 2024 (/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_January_2024) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) Use mdy dates from February 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2020) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
París-Londres , also known as "La Gran Boutique", was a chain of department stores that were briefly rebranded CLASS, [1] (#cite_note-1) then purchased by Grupo Cifra (/wiki/Grupo_Cifra) , owner of Suburbia, and rebranded as Suburbia (/wiki/Suburbia_(department_store)) in the 1990s after Mexico started to permit imports from abroad on a large scale. The main store was located at 81, 16 de Septiembre Street in the Historic Center of Mexico City (/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Mexico_City) , and there were branches at Perisur (/wiki/Perisur) , Plaza Satélite (/wiki/Plaza_Sat%C3%A9lite) and in Polanco (/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Stores [ edit ] Stores were located in: [4] (#cite_note-4) Centro (/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City) , Ave. 16 de Septiembre #81, now a VIPS (/wiki/VIPS_(Mexican_restaurant)) restaurant. [5] (#cite_note-5) Colonia del Valle (/wiki/Colonia_del_Valle) area, Avenida Insurgentes (/wiki/Avenida_Insurgentes) Sur 1235, site is now an office building Condesa (/wiki/Condesa) , Avenida Sonora 180, NE corner of Avenida Ámsterdam (/wiki/Avenida_%C3%81msterdam) , site is now a mixed-use building Lindavista (/wiki/Colonia_Lindavista) , Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 1787 Polanco (/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City) at Horacio 203, now an Innovasport (/wiki/Innovasport) superstore [6] (#cite_note-6) as did Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) from 2010 to 2020 (/wiki/Timeline_of_Saks_Fifth_Avenue_branches) . Perisur (/wiki/Perisur) Satélite : Plaza Satélite (/wiki/Plaza_Sat%C3%A9lite) External links [ edit ] Commercial for París-Londres on YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIR6yBuQkMg) Print ad at (http://museodelamarca.com/producto/1960s-paris-londres-tienda-de-moda-publicidad/) Museo de la Marca References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "¿Qué fue de París Londres, la tienda departamental que competía con Liverpool?" (https://mvsnoticias.com/economia/2023/12/20/que-fue-de-paris-londres-la-tienda-departamental-que-competia-con-liverpool-619248.html) . MVS Noticias (in Spanish). 20 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Celis, Fernanda (November 4, 2015). "A estos comercios se los comió el olvido nacional ("The nation's oblivion ate these stores")" (https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/cadenas-comerciales-que-quedaron-en-el-olvido/) . El Financiero . Retrieved November 2, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "La Ciudad en el Tiempo: comercios del Centro Histórico. Parte II" (https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/galeria/metropoli/cdmx/2016/04/9/la-ciudad-en-el-tiempo-comercios-del-centro-historico-parte-ii) . El Universal . Retrieved 2 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mexico '93: With the Best Beach Resorts, Scenic Drives and Pre-Hispanic Ruins . Fodor's Travel Publications. 25 August 1992. p. 91. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-679-02316-6 . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Vips 16 De Septiembre · 16 de Septiembre 81, Centro Histórico de la Cdad. de México, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, 06060 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico" (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vips+16+De+Septiembre/@19.4319051,-99.1349689,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x85d1fed2a24f9bfd:0xcd522acfc4100cd3!8m2!3d19.4319051!4d-99.1349689!16s%2Fg%2F1v8k_z2c?entry=ttu) . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Horacio 203, Polanco (Map)" (https://www.google.com/maps/@19.4332535,-99.1846711,3a,75y,5.08h,101.1t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s05iwHRtc4eQGZv96AGHL2w!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu) . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . v t e Department and discount stores in Mexico Department stores Cimaco (/wiki/Cimaco) Coppel (/wiki/Coppel) Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool_(department_store)) El Nuevo Mundo (/wiki/El_Nuevo_Mundo) El Palacio de Hierro (/wiki/El_Palacio_de_Hierro) Sears (/wiki/Sears_Mexico) Suburbia (/wiki/Suburbia_(department_store)) Discount stores Waldo's (/wiki/Waldo%27s) Woolworth (/wiki/Woolworth_Mexicana) Hypermarkets Alsúper (Plus) Bodega Aurrerá (/wiki/Bodega_Aurrer%C3%A1) Casa Ley (/wiki/Casa_Ley) Chedraui (/wiki/Chedraui) /Super Che laComer (/wiki/Comercial_City_Fresko) H-E-B/Mi Tienda del Ahorro (/wiki/H-E-B) Soriana (/wiki/Soriana) Híper/Híper Plus/Mega/Mercado Walmart (/wiki/Walmart_de_M%C3%A9xico_y_Centroam%C3%A9rica) Speciality Elektra (/wiki/Grupo_Elektra) La Parisina (/wiki/La_Parisina) Defunct Dorian's (/wiki/Dorian%27s) Fábricas de Francia (/wiki/F%C3%A1bricas_de_Francia) París-Londres Salinas y Rocha (/wiki/Salinas_y_Rocha) Viana (/wiki/Viana_(department_store)) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Mexico portal (/wiki/Portal:Mexico) Category: Department stores of Mexico (/wiki/Category:Department_stores_of_Mexico) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐vdp57 Cached time: 20240720203815 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.419 seconds Real time usage: 0.514 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 423/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22478/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 132/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31595/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.310/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3939847/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 438.779 1 -total 53.17% 233.297 1 Template:Reflist 46.78% 205.281 1 Template:Department_stores_in_Mexico 45.83% 201.106 1 Template:Navbox 38.92% 170.792 3 Template:Cite_news 7.77% 34.091 2 Template:Portal-inline 3.47% 15.204 2 Template:Cite_web 3.11% 13.629 1 Template:Category-inline 2.89% 12.681 1 Template:Cite_book 2.60% 11.402 1 Template:Icon Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69179043-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720203815 and revision id 1194363173. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=París-Londres&oldid=1194363173 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=París-Londres&oldid=1194363173) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct department stores of Mexico (/wiki/Category:Defunct_department_stores_of_Mexico) Hidden category: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es))
American travel and lifestyle brand This article is about American luggage company. For other uses, see Away (/wiki/Away_(disambiguation)) . JRSK, Inc. Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Away Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded November 9, 2015 ; 8 years ago ( 2015-11-09 ) Founders Steph Korey Jen Rubio (/wiki/Jen_Rubio) Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Key people Steph Korey ( co-Founder (/wiki/Co-Founder) ) Stuart Haselden (/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Haselden&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Board Member (/wiki/Board_Member) ) Jen Rubio ( co-Founder (/wiki/Co-Founder) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Catherine Dunleavy ( President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) ) Products Baggage (/wiki/Baggage) , travel accessories Revenue $150+ Million [1] (#cite_note-1) Number of employees 200 Website awaytravel (http://awaytravel.com) .com (http://awaytravel.com) Footnotes / references [2] (#cite_note-vogue.com-2) [3] (#cite_note-NYT_14_Jan_2020-3) Away is an American luggage (/wiki/Luggage) and travel accessories brand founded by Jen Rubio (/wiki/Jen_Rubio) and Steph Korey in 2015 and based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Having raised $31 million in financing, [9] (#cite_note-auto-9) Away is one of the highest funded female-backed startups. [10] (#cite_note-10) The company primarily sells products online, but also has brick and mortar (/wiki/Brick_and_mortar) locations. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Away is a direct-to-consumer (/wiki/Direct-to-consumer) retailer, so the company bypasses third-party wholesalers (/wiki/Wholesale) or distributors. Its products are available for purchase in the US, Canada and the UK. [14] (#cite_note-14) History [ edit ] Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) store at 1121 North State Street (/wiki/State_Street_(Chicago)) in the Gold Coast (/wiki/Gold_Coast_Historic_District_(Chicago)) Steph Korey and Jen Rubio met in 2011 as former colleagues on the early executive team at Warby Parker (/wiki/Warby_Parker) . They founded Away in 2015. [15] (#cite_note-15) It improved upon traditional suitcase designs by adding features such as built-in batteries in their luggage for charging mobile devices. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-:0-18) By November, the company had raised $2.5 million in seed funding from investors Accel Partners (/wiki/Accel_Partners) and Forerunner Ventures. [19] (#cite_note-19) The company's first product, a carry-on became available to ship in February 2016. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) In September 2016, the company raised an additional $8.5 million in Series A funding for expansion. [22] (#cite_note-22) In November 2016 Steph Korey was listed on Forbes 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) , [23] (#cite_note-23) a pick the publication regretted seven years later, placing Korey on its Hall of Shame, featuring ten picks it wished it could take back. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) The next year, the firm had grown to 66 employees and projected more than $50 million in sales. [26] (#cite_note-26) It raised $20 million in Series B funding led by Global Founders Capital, Forerunner Ventures, Comcast Ventures (/wiki/Comcast_Ventures) , and Accel Partners in May 2017. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) As of May 2018, it had more than 150 employees and announced plans to expand jobs across the company, including a relocation of its headquarters in New York City. [29] (#cite_note-29) In May 2019, it secured $100 million of investment and reached a total valuation of $1.4 billion. The funding round was led by Wellington Management, as well as Baillie Gifford, Lone Pine Capital and Global Founders Capital. The money is intended for building brick-and-mortar stores and expanding travel gear. [30] (#cite_note-30) Away expanded into editorial content with the launch of a podcast called Airplane Mode in May 2017, and in July 2017, a print and digital travel magazine, Here , which includes city guides, travel essays, and photo journals. [9] (#cite_note-auto-9) The company was named a "Breakthrough Brand with Ingenious Marketing" by Adweek (/wiki/Adweek) . [31] (#cite_note-31) Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) recognized Away as one of the "2018 Top 10 Most Innovative Companies", and the company was a recipient of Surface Travel Awards. [32] (#cite_note-32) Toxic workplace allegations [ edit ] On December 5, 2019, a report from The Verge (/wiki/The_Verge) described a toxic workplace (/wiki/Toxic_workplace) and "culture of intimidation and constant surveillance" at Away in which employee communications channels were restricted while executives used Slack (/wiki/Slack_(software)) as an internal megaphone to publicly humiliate employees. [33] (#cite_note-33) [18] (#cite_note-:0-18) Employees reported expectations to work long hours, on holidays, at night and late into the evening, and without paid time off. [34] (#cite_note-34) In an apology, CEO Korey said that she was "appalled" to read her own messages and listed steps taken to improve the company's work culture in the last year. [35] (#cite_note-35) Korey initially resigned as CEO on December 9, and the company announced that she was to be succeeded by Stuart Haselden (/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Haselden&action=edit&redlink=1) , former COO (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) of Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon) . [36] (#cite_note-The_Verge_resignation-36) Korey renounced her resignation on January 13, 2020, and stated that she and Haselden would be co-CEOs of Away. In an interview with The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Korey said that The Verge ' s reporting was "inaccurate" and that it was "not right" for her to resign. The Verge replied, "Steph Korey responding to our reporting by saying her behavior and comments were 'wrong, plain and simple' and then choosing to step down as C.E.O. speaks for itself." [3] (#cite_note-NYT_14_Jan_2020-3) Erin Grau, Away's human resources chief, resigned the same day in response to Korey returning. [37] (#cite_note-DelRey-37) On July 2, 2020, however, Jen Rubio and Stuart Haseldon announced that Korey would be stepping down as co-CEO "within the year", following comments she made on social media attacking digital-only media companies. Away employees were concerned that her comments meant she had learned nothing from the events in December 2019. [38] (#cite_note-38) Products [ edit ] Carry-On (/wiki/Carry-on_luggage) from the top Away produces and markets travel accessories using a direct-to-consumer business model. [39] (#cite_note-39) The company's best-known products are suitcases. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [2] (#cite_note-vogue.com-2) [42] (#cite_note-42) Away's product line also includes travel bags, [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) travel organizers [45] (#cite_note-45) and travel accessories. [46] (#cite_note-46) The Carry-On was developed based on the focus group feedback. [47] (#cite_note-47) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) announced the creation of the luggage in November 2015, labeling it "The Perfect Carry-On." [2] (#cite_note-vogue.com-2) By October 2016, Away had launched three additional sizes: The Bigger Carry-On; The Medium; and The Large. The Bigger Carry-On was an honoree in the 2017 Fast Company Innovation By Design Awards. [48] (#cite_note-48) Due to the brand's celebrity appeal, People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) dubbed the luggage "the little black dress of luggage" in August 2017. [49] (#cite_note-49) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Feldman, Amy. "Away Luggage Hits $1.4B Valuation After $100M Fundraise" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2019/05/14/at-a-valuation-as-high-as-145b-valuation/) . Forbes . ^ Jump up to: a b c Farra, Emily (2016-11-09). "New High-End Luggage Brand Away – Direct-to-Consumer Business, Travel" (https://www.vogue.com/article/away-luggage-direct-to-consumer-business-launch) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180804050118/https://www.vogue.com/article/away-luggage-direct-to-consumer-business-launch) from the original on 2018-08-04 . Retrieved 2018-08-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sorkin, Andrew Ross (2020-01-13). "Away C.E.O. Is Back, Just Weeks After Stepping Down" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/business/steph-korey-away.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Garcia, Ahiza (October 24, 2017). 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"This Is the Carry-On Every Celeb Is Toting: Shop Jessica Alba, Mandy Moore and Karlie Kloss's Go-To Bag" (http://people.com/home/jessica-alba-mandy-moore-favorite-carry-on-suitcase-away/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130358/http://people.com/home/jessica-alba-mandy-moore-favorite-carry-on-suitcase-away/) from the original on September 14, 2017 . Retrieved January 12, 2018 . 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< User:Zetawoof (/wiki/User:Zetawoof) This page is automatically generated. Please don't edit it - it'll be overwritten on the next update. Last update was 05:31, 10 June 2011 (UTC) - request updates at User talk:Zetawoof (/wiki/User_talk:Zetawoof) . All pages in the Portal and Portal talk namespaces are accounted for here by way of splitting the name on the first slash and grouping by the title of the parent page. "Content pages" are defined here as pages which aren't redirects. Most of these are usually templates. "Content bytes" is the total number of bytes of text in non-redirect pages. "Headless" portals are portals with subpages but no main page. They're usually the result of either the portal having been incompletely deleted, or pages being named improperly. "Redirected" portals are portals whose main page is a redirect. Some of them have content behind the redirect; this is usually the result of two portals having been incompletely merged. The byte count includes only content pages, not talk pages or redirects. Redirected talk pages are counted as redirects, not as talk pages. Portals with content [ edit ] Portal title Pages Content pages Talk pages Redirects Content bytes Last modified Portal:24 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:24&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:24/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:24) 39 28 11 0 22252 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:A Nightmare on Elm Street (/w/index.php?title=Portal:A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street) 84 78 1 5 86978 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:A-League (/w/index.php?title=Portal:A-League&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:A-League/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:A-League) 20 18 1 1 14883 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:AC/DC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:AC/DC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:AC/DC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:AC/DC) 87 47 33 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2011-06-02T22:58:39Z Portal:Astronomy (/wiki/Portal:Astronomy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Astronomy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Astronomy) 562 533 7 22 367664 2011-06-09T20:32:19Z Portal:Atheism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Atheism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atheism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atheism) 221 160 7 54 157503 2011-06-09T17:04:47Z Portal:Atlanta (/wiki/Portal:Atlanta) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atlanta/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atlanta) 11 10 1 0 10318 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Atlantic Archipelagoes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Atlantic_Archipelagoes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atlantic_Archipelagoes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atlantic_Archipelagoes) 17 17 0 0 22781 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Atlas (/wiki/Portal:Atlas) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atlas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atlas) 250 246 3 1 187633 2011-06-08T23:57:46Z Portal:Atmospheric sciences (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Atmospheric_sciences&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atmospheric_sciences/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atmospheric_sciences) 17 16 1 0 39150 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Austin (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Austin&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Austin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Austin) 20 17 3 0 13443 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Australia (/wiki/Portal:Australia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australia) 664 638 26 0 745418 2011-06-10T04:44:15Z Portal:Australia portals (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australia_portals&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australia_portals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australia_portals) 4 3 1 0 6188 2011-06-02T03:07:39Z Portal:Australian Capital Territory (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_Capital_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_Capital_Territory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_Capital_Territory) 109 57 52 0 54674 2011-06-02T03:07:39Z Portal:Australian cars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_cars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_cars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_cars) 69 60 7 2 42585 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Australian rules football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_rules_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_rules_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_rules_football) 31 28 3 0 11960 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Austria (/wiki/Portal:Austria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Austria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Austria) 82 81 1 0 78824 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Austria-Hungary (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Austria-Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Austria-Hungary/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Austria-Hungary) 14 13 1 0 16327 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Aviation (/wiki/Portal:Aviation) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Aviation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Aviation) 1366 706 632 28 605276 2011-06-09T21:11:24Z Portal:Avril Lavigne (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Avril_Lavigne&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Avril_Lavigne/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Avril_Lavigne) 19 18 1 0 17947 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Ayyavazhi (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ayyavazhi&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ayyavazhi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ayyavazhi) 28 26 1 1 25829 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Azad Kashmir (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Azad_Kashmir&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Azad_Kashmir/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Azad_Kashmir) 11 10 1 0 8803 2011-05-28T08:10:48Z Portal:Azerbaijan (/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Azerbaijan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Azerbaijan) 30 24 5 1 81393 2011-06-10T05:13:05Z Portal:BBC (/wiki/Portal:BBC) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:BBC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:BBC) 74 73 1 0 68801 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Bacon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bacon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bacon) 64 60 4 0 46038 2011-06-09T17:07:55Z Portal:Badminton (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Badminton&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Badminton/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Badminton) 13 10 2 1 6524 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Bahá'í Faith (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith) 26 13 11 2 11240 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Ballet (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ballet/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ballet) 42 21 20 1 28363 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Bangalore (/wiki/Portal:Bangalore) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bangalore/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bangalore) 32 31 1 0 26651 2011-06-07T18:51:05Z Portal:Bangladesh (/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bangladesh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bangladesh) 324 259 61 4 257292 2011-06-09T19:59:54Z Portal:Bangladesh Liberation War (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bangladesh_Liberation_War&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bangladesh_Liberation_War/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bangladesh_Liberation_War) 17 16 0 1 14697 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Baptist (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Baptist&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Baptist/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Baptist) 31 30 1 0 29161 2011-06-05T04:54:44Z Portal:Barack Obama (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Barack_Obama&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Barack_Obama/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Barack_Obama) 166 81 83 2 99205 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Baroque period (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Baroque_period&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Baroque_period/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Baroque_period) 5 5 0 0 6985 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Baseball (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Baseball/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Baseball) 692 362 152 178 983393 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Baseball in Japan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Baseball_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Baseball_in_Japan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Baseball_in_Japan) 35 17 17 1 24723 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Basketball (/wiki/Portal:Basketball) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Basketball/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Basketball) 81 79 2 0 172835 2011-05-29T13:12:54Z Portal:Basque (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Basque&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Basque/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Basque) 20 19 1 0 45932 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Battleships (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Battleships&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Battleships/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Battleships) 131 130 1 0 170167 2011-06-09T05:41:25Z Portal:Bavaria (/wiki/Portal:Bavaria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bavaria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bavaria) 30 29 1 0 28432 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Beer (/wiki/Portal:Beer) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Beer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Beer) 403 204 197 2 164227 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Belarus (/wiki/Portal:Belarus) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Belarus/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Belarus) 14 12 2 0 11002 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Belgium (/wiki/Portal:Belgium) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Belgium/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Belgium) 432 424 8 0 331818 2011-06-10T02:55:04Z Portal:Bengal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bengal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bengal) 81 75 3 3 47911 2011-06-09T00:02:33Z Portal:Benin (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Benin&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Benin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Benin) 38 37 1 0 32107 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Berbers (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Berbers&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Berbers/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Berbers) 2 1 1 0 12270 2011-05-11T01:41:30Z Portal:Berkshire (/wiki/Portal:Berkshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Berkshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Berkshire) 37 36 1 0 26546 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Bermuda (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bermuda/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bermuda) 30 29 1 0 24743 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Beyoncé Knowles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) 57 55 1 1 99930 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Bhutan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bhutan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bhutan) 39 37 2 0 39777 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Bible (/wiki/Portal:Bible) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bible/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bible) 778 715 5 58 1219529 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Bihar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bihar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bihar) 40 39 1 0 37330 2011-06-06T12:43:19Z Portal:Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Biography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Biography) 567 563 4 0 631422 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Biological warfare (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biological_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Biological_warfare/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Biological_warfare) 154 137 16 1 140314 2011-06-02T03:08:20Z Portal:Biology (/wiki/Portal:Biology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Biology) 26 20 6 0 107314 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Biotechnology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Biotechnology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Biotechnology) 113 99 4 10 51358 2011-06-09T09:51:37Z Portal:Birds (/wiki/Portal:Birds) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Birds/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Birds) 219 116 103 0 105649 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Björk (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bj%C3%B6rk&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bj%C3%B6rk/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bj%C3%B6rk) 43 21 21 1 26308 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Blu-ray (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Blu-ray&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Blu-ray/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Blu-ray) 16 15 1 0 9404 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Blues (/wiki/Portal:Blues) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Blues/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Blues) 25 24 1 0 14945 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Bob Dylan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bob_Dylan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bob_Dylan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bob_Dylan) 18 17 1 0 29419 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Body Modification (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Body_Modification&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Body_Modification/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Body_Modification) 9 8 1 0 6398 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Bohol (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bohol&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bohol/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bohol) 23 21 1 1 20612 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Bolivia (/wiki/Portal:Bolivia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bolivia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bolivia) 48 46 1 1 30376 2011-06-05T12:16:49Z Portal:Book of Mormon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Book_of_Mormon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Book_of_Mormon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Book_of_Mormon) 32 17 15 0 19369 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Books (/wiki/Portal:Books) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Books/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Books) 84 83 1 0 80718 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) 23 21 1 1 26253 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Boston (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Boston&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Boston/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Boston) 10 9 1 0 8557 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Botswana (/wiki/Portal:Botswana) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Botswana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Botswana) 31 30 1 0 24255 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Brandy Norwood (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brandy_Norwood&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brandy_Norwood/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brandy_Norwood) 15 14 1 0 17397 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Brazil (/wiki/Portal:Brazil) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brazil/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brazil) 163 158 4 1 153206 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Bridges (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bridges&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bridges/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bridges) 26 25 1 0 23523 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Brighton (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brighton&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brighton/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brighton) 12 12 0 0 6159 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Brisbane (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brisbane&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brisbane/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brisbane) 19 14 1 4 12382 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Bristol (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bristol&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bristol/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bristol) 16 15 1 0 14150 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:British Army (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Army&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Army/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Army) 96 80 7 9 100916 2011-06-09T12:32:16Z Portal:British Columbia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Columbia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Columbia) 77 72 2 3 82374 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:British Empire (/wiki/Portal:British_Empire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Empire) 43 42 1 0 57611 2011-06-03T23:59:20Z Portal:British Library (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Library&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Library/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Library) 26 25 1 0 15499 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:British Virgin Islands (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Virgin_Islands/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Virgin_Islands) 32 31 1 0 28830 2011-06-10T02:15:04Z Portal:Britney Spears (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Britney_Spears&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Britney_Spears/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Britney_Spears) 15 13 1 1 22774 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Brittany (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brittany&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brittany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brittany) 19 18 0 1 14872 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Brussels (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brussels&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brussels/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brussels) 29 28 1 0 17035 2011-06-02T03:07:47Z Portal:Bryan Adams (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bryan_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bryan_Adams/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bryan_Adams) 15 14 1 0 20284 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Bucharest (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bucharest&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bucharest/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bucharest) 10 9 1 0 7029 2011-06-03T23:51:52Z Portal:Buckinghamshire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buckinghamshire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buckinghamshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buckinghamshire) 39 38 1 0 27637 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Budapest (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Budapest&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Budapest/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Budapest) 13 12 1 0 10073 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Buddhism (/wiki/Portal:Buddhism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buddhism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buddhism) 152 137 4 11 132336 2011-06-09T17:15:45Z Portal:Buffy the Vampire Slayer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer) 18 15 1 2 12485 2011-06-04T14:31:31Z Portal:Bulgaria (/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bulgaria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bulgaria) 145 74 71 0 69637 2011-06-03T23:44:29Z Portal:Bulgarian Empire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bulgarian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bulgarian_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bulgarian_Empire) 148 86 54 8 108851 2011-06-08T15:47:02Z Portal:Burkina Faso (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Burkina_Faso/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Burkina_Faso) 47 46 1 0 45853 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Burundi (/wiki/Portal:Burundi) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Burundi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Burundi) 29 28 1 0 26871 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Buses (/wiki/Portal:Buses) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buses/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buses) 25 25 0 0 17197 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Business and economics (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Business_and_economics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Business_and_economics) 214 208 6 0 399878 2011-06-09T20:20:15Z Portal:Byzantine Empire (/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Byzantine_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Byzantine_Empire) 65 63 2 0 74776 2011-06-06T20:53:55Z Portal:California (/wiki/Portal:California) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:California/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:California) 150 140 1 9 150822 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:California Central Valley (/w/index.php?title=Portal:California_Central_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:California_Central_Valley/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:California_Central_Valley) 18 17 1 0 20888 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Calvinism (/wiki/Portal:Calvinism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Calvinism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Calvinism) 60 46 12 2 46977 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Cambodia (/wiki/Portal:Cambodia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cambodia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cambodia) 16 15 1 0 30199 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Cameroon (/wiki/Portal:Cameroon) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cameroon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cameroon) 50 49 1 0 43735 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Canada (/wiki/Portal:Canada) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canada) 419 367 26 26 585297 2011-06-09T23:12:02Z Portal:Canada Roads (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canada_Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canada_Roads) 44 39 1 4 31932 2011-06-09T23:07:17Z Portal:Canadian Armed Forces (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_Armed_Forces/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_Armed_Forces) 66 23 1 42 30458 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Canadian football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_football) 21 20 1 0 19154 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Canadian politics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_politics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_politics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_politics) 65 58 1 6 70509 2011-06-09T23:14:06Z Portal:Cannabis (/wiki/Portal:Cannabis) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cannabis/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cannabis) 86 50 16 20 29731 2011-06-09T22:37:11Z Portal:Cape Cod and the Islands (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands) 100 84 3 13 84711 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Cape Verde (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cape_Verde/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cape_Verde) 81 44 37 0 40150 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Capital District (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Capital_District&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Capital_District/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Capital_District) 95 68 27 0 62255 2011-06-03T21:43:26Z Portal:Capitalism (/wiki/Portal:Capitalism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Capitalism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Capitalism) 15 14 1 0 12098 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Caribbean (/wiki/Portal:Caribbean) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Caribbean/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Caribbean) 180 179 1 0 124670 2011-06-06T14:09:26Z Portal:Carpathian Ruthenia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Carpathian_Ruthenia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Carpathian_Ruthenia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Carpathian_Ruthenia) 15 14 1 0 11240 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Cars (/wiki/Portal:Cars) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cars) 489 468 4 17 201144 2011-06-01T19:30:29Z Portal:Cartoon Network (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon_Network) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cartoon_Network/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cartoon_Network) 54 38 16 0 44827 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Catalan-speaking Countries (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Catalan-speaking_Countries&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Catalan-speaking_Countries/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Catalan-speaking_Countries) 17 15 2 0 14142 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Category theory (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Category_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Category_theory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Category_theory) 28 28 0 0 20290 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Catholicism (/wiki/Portal:Catholicism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Catholicism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Catholicism) 809 748 11 50 1379869 2011-06-09T00:57:46Z Portal:Cats (/wiki/Portal:Cats) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cats/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cats) 96 94 2 0 55504 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Celine Dion (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Celine_Dion&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Celine_Dion/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Celine_Dion) 15 14 1 0 22546 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Celtic Studies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Celtic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Celtic_Studies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Celtic_Studies) 13 13 0 0 14105 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Central African Republic (/wiki/Portal:Central_African_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Central_African_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Central_African_Republic) 31 30 1 0 31182 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Ceramic Art (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ceramic_Art&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ceramic_Art/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ceramic_Art) 13 13 0 0 10709 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Cetaceans (/wiki/Portal:Cetaceans) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cetaceans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cetaceans) 127 124 2 1 137381 2011-05-28T15:45:10Z Portal:Chad (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chad&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chad/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chad) 29 28 1 0 30790 2011-06-03T17:03:53Z Portal:Chandigarh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chandigarh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chandigarh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chandigarh) 20 19 1 0 7507 2011-06-08T15:21:31Z Portal:Charles Dickens (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Charles_Dickens&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Charles_Dickens/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Charles_Dickens) 45 42 1 2 26761 2011-06-07T05:29:22Z Portal:Chechnya (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chechnya/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chechnya) 6 5 1 0 7683 2011-06-03T21:43:21Z Portal:Chemistry (/wiki/Portal:Chemistry) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chemistry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chemistry) 102 96 5 1 157002 2011-06-09T20:40:43Z Portal:Chennai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chennai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chennai) 44 42 2 0 34845 2011-06-05T19:44:09Z Portal:Cher (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cher&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cher/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cher) 28 27 1 0 36811 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Cheshire (/wiki/Portal:Cheshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cheshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cheshire) 176 173 3 0 250763 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Chess (/wiki/Portal:Chess) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chess/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chess) 225 204 3 18 297652 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Chicago (/wiki/Portal:Chicago) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chicago/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chicago) 381 370 11 0 542131 2011-06-09T17:20:31Z Portal:Children's literature (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children%27s_literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children%27s_literature) 178 157 18 3 151507 2011-06-09T17:20:52Z Portal:Chile (/wiki/Portal:Chile) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chile/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chile) 39 37 2 0 36219 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:China (/wiki/Portal:China) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:China) 301 292 3 6 265452 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Christadelphian (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christadelphian&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christadelphian/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christadelphian) 13 12 1 0 10175 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Christian metal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_metal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christian_metal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christian_metal) 11 10 1 0 15554 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Christian music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christian_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christian_music) 26 25 1 0 25712 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Christianity (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christianity/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christianity) 361 346 12 3 581860 2011-06-10T01:31:21Z Portal:Christianity in China (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christianity_in_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christianity_in_China) 38 33 3 2 39058 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Christianity in India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christianity_in_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christianity_in_India) 79 40 38 1 56452 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Christina Aguilera (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christina_Aguilera&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christina_Aguilera/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christina_Aguilera) 18 17 1 0 21120 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Christmas (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christmas&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christmas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christmas) 105 104 1 0 93271 2011-06-10T02:01:23Z Portal:Chronology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chronology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chronology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chronology) 33 32 1 0 22953 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Cincinnati (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cincinnati&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cincinnati/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cincinnati) 124 123 1 0 124959 2011-06-02T10:09:18Z Portal:Cisco Systems (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cisco_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cisco_Systems/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cisco_Systems) 6 6 0 0 5982 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:City of Bankstown (/w/index.php?title=Portal:City_of_Bankstown&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:City_of_Bankstown/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:City_of_Bankstown) 54 50 1 3 51121 2011-06-07T04:09:29Z Portal:City of Port of Spain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:City_of_Port_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:City_of_Port_of_Spain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:City_of_Port_of_Spain) 38 19 19 0 10374 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:City of San Fernando (/w/index.php?title=Portal:City_of_San_Fernando&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:City_of_San_Fernando/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:City_of_San_Fernando) 16 8 8 0 6251 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Classical Civilisation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classical_Civilisation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classical_Civilisation) 19 16 2 1 17658 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Classical guitar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_guitar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classical_guitar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classical_guitar) 24 22 1 1 16651 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Classical music (/wiki/Portal:Classical_music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classical_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classical_music) 42 34 5 3 67839 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Cleveland, Ohio (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cleveland,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cleveland,_Ohio/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cleveland,_Ohio) 8 7 1 0 5709 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Coatbridge (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coatbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Coatbridge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Coatbridge) 34 34 0 0 25005 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Coffee (/wiki/Portal:Coffee) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Coffee/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Coffee) 8 8 0 0 3303 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Cold War (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cold_War&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cold_War/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cold_War) 17 16 1 0 13187 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:College basketball (/w/index.php?title=Portal:College_basketball&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:College_basketball/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:College_basketball) 14 13 1 0 10216 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:College football (/wiki/Portal:College_football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:College_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:College_football) 223 199 13 11 342976 2011-06-01T07:36:10Z Portal:Colombia (/wiki/Portal:Colombia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Colombia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Colombia) 24 15 8 1 19305 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Colonialism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Colonialism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Colonialism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Colonialism) 59 56 2 1 144587 2011-06-02T20:14:50Z Portal:Color (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Color&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Color/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Color) 13 12 1 0 7723 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Colorado (/wiki/Portal:Colorado) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Colorado/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Colorado) 52 45 7 0 55187 2011-06-09T21:25:00Z Portal:Comedy (/wiki/Portal:Comedy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Comedy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Comedy) 313 295 18 0 246993 2011-06-09T22:22:33Z Portal:Comics (/wiki/Portal:Comics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Comics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Comics) 807 414 390 3 364260 2011-06-10T00:09:57Z Portal:Commonwealth Games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Commonwealth_Games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Commonwealth_Games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Commonwealth_Games) 24 23 1 0 38296 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Commonwealth realms (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Commonwealth_realms&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Commonwealth_realms/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Commonwealth_realms) 12 11 1 0 14575 2011-06-07T21:11:19Z Portal:Communism (/wiki/Portal:Communism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Communism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Communism) 26 25 1 0 61287 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Community (/wiki/Portal:Community) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Community/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Community) 21 20 1 0 11653 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Companies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Companies) 102 70 3 29 131826 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Complementary and Alternative Medicine (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine) 66 64 2 0 59177 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Computer Generated Imagery (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_Generated_Imagery&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_Generated_Imagery/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_Generated_Imagery) 10 10 0 0 12684 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Computer graphics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_graphics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_graphics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_graphics) 23 22 1 0 26804 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Computer networking (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_networking&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_networking/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_networking) 13 12 1 0 7444 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Computer science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_science) 17 15 2 0 18139 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Computer security (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_security&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_security/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_security) 15 14 1 0 11545 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Confederate States of America (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Confederate_States_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Confederate_States_of_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Confederate_States_of_America) 1 1 0 0 56 2011-01-30T23:17:19Z Portal:Confucianism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Confucianism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Confucianism) 14 12 1 1 4817 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Connecticut (/wiki/Portal:Connecticut) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Connecticut/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Connecticut) 112 109 3 0 93030 2011-06-02T03:08:04Z Portal:Conservatism (/wiki/Portal:Conservatism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Conservatism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Conservatism) 90 89 1 0 84307 2011-06-09T22:38:15Z Portal:Constructed languages (/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Constructed_languages/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Constructed_languages) 95 87 8 0 104672 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Contents (/wiki/Portal:Contents) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Contents/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Contents) 545 252 50 243 377789 2011-06-10T04:50:30Z Portal:Cooperatives (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cooperatives&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cooperatives/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cooperatives) 24 22 2 0 28361 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Cornwall (/wiki/Portal:Cornwall) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cornwall/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cornwall) 71 68 3 0 66245 2011-06-05T17:42:58Z Portal:Country music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Country_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Country_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Country_music) 15 14 1 0 17307 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Creationism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Creationism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Creationism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Creationism) 21 16 4 1 17395 2011-05-30T06:10:14Z Portal:Cricket (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cricket/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cricket) 827 419 405 3 295626 2011-06-10T05:07:50Z Portal:Crimea (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Crimea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Crimea) 17 13 4 0 16801 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Criminal justice (/wiki/Portal:Criminal_justice) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Criminal_justice/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Criminal_justice) 166 163 2 1 206226 2011-06-09T18:03:52Z Portal:Croatia (/wiki/Portal:Croatia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Croatia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Croatia) 32 30 2 0 24481 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Crusades (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crusades&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Crusades/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Crusades) 64 63 1 0 97826 2011-06-03T23:51:58Z Portal:Crustaceans (/wiki/Portal:Crustaceans) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Crustaceans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Crustaceans) 75 74 1 0 65035 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Cryptography (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cryptography&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cryptography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cryptography) 12 10 2 0 8529 2011-06-07T16:34:31Z Portal:Cryptozoology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cryptozoology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cryptozoology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cryptozoology) 24 23 1 0 18497 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Cuba (/wiki/Portal:Cuba) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cuba/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cuba) 228 209 1 18 134064 2011-06-09T17:27:55Z Portal:Cultural Heritage of Serbia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia) 26 20 6 0 15659 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Culture (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Culture/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Culture) 55 50 2 3 35254 2011-06-09T21:26:36Z Portal:Cumbria (/wiki/Portal:Cumbria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cumbria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cumbria) 51 49 2 0 52180 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Current events (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_events/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_events) 3486 3245 177 64 12790742 2011-06-10T04:59:28Z Portal:Cycling (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cycling&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cycling/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cycling) 25 21 4 0 70114 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Cyprus (/wiki/Portal:Cyprus) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cyprus/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cyprus) 16 14 2 0 10236 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Czech Republic (/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Czech_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Czech_Republic) 44 42 2 0 53152 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Côte d'Ivoire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire) 15 14 1 0 66468 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dallas_%E2%80%93_Fort_Worth_Metroplex&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dallas_%E2%80%93_Fort_Worth_Metroplex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dallas_%E2%80%93_Fort_Worth_Metroplex) 20 17 1 2 16207 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Daman and Diu (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Daman_and_Diu/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Daman_and_Diu) 14 13 1 0 12557 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Dance (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dance&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dance/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dance) 96 86 8 2 59824 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Dannii Minogue (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dannii_Minogue&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dannii_Minogue/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dannii_Minogue) 18 16 1 1 15890 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Death (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Death&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Death/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Death) 80 69 9 2 48605 2011-06-09T21:29:19Z Portal:Delaware (/wiki/Portal:Delaware) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Delaware/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Delaware) 123 122 1 0 102034 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Delhi (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Delhi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Delhi) 39 33 5 1 29504 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) 23 22 1 0 24980 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Denmark (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Denmark/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Denmark) 412 405 1 6 606992 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Dentistry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dentistry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dentistry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dentistry) 40 36 2 2 44423 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Derbyshire (/wiki/Portal:Derbyshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Derbyshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Derbyshire) 119 110 9 0 88808 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Design (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Design&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Design/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Design) 39 23 16 0 29673 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Devon (/wiki/Portal:Devon) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Devon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Devon) 13 12 1 0 9359 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Dhaka (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dhaka&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dhaka/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dhaka) 23 22 1 0 17824 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Dinosaurs (/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dinosaurs/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dinosaurs) 83 81 2 0 83472 2011-06-10T02:31:03Z Portal:Disability (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Disability&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Disability/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Disability) 46 44 2 0 85091 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Disasters (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Disasters&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Disasters/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Disasters) 103 98 3 2 204141 2011-06-10T02:38:25Z Portal:Discrete mathematics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Discrete_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Discrete_mathematics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Discrete_mathematics) 17 16 0 1 19714 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Discrimination (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Discrimination&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Discrimination/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Discrimination) 28 24 4 0 22505 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Discworld (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Discworld&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Discworld/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Discworld) 106 105 1 0 129919 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Disney (/wiki/Portal:Disney) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Disney/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Disney) 36 35 1 0 30354 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Djibouti (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Djibouti/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Djibouti) 26 25 1 0 26951 2011-05-31T08:14:53Z Portal:Doctor Who (/wiki/Portal:Doctor_Who) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Doctor_Who/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Doctor_Who) 90 86 3 1 88518 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Dogs (/wiki/Portal:Dogs) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dogs/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dogs) 143 139 4 0 93705 2011-06-07T01:56:15Z Portal:Dominican Republic (/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dominican_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dominican_Republic) 18 15 3 0 14949 2011-06-03T23:45:52Z Portal:Dorset (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dorset&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dorset/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dorset) 13 12 1 0 8384 2011-05-31T14:45:38Z Portal:Dragon Ball (/wiki/Portal:Dragon_Ball) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dragon_Ball/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dragon_Ball) 53 37 12 4 34423 2011-06-08T03:13:59Z Portal:Dragonlance (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dragonlance&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dragonlance/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dragonlance) 127 102 24 1 65889 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Dragons (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dragons&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dragons/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dragons) 1 1 0 0 788 2011-05-18T23:38:58Z Portal:Dravidian civilizations (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dravidian_civilizations&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dravidian_civilizations/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dravidian_civilizations) 54 46 1 7 42005 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Dream Theater (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dream_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dream_Theater/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dream_Theater) 16 15 0 1 15596 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Drink (/wiki/Portal:Drink) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Drink/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Drink) 458 223 228 7 131467 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Dubai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dubai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dubai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dubai) 7 6 1 0 16599 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Dungeons & Dragons (/wiki/Portal:Dungeons_%26_Dragons) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dungeons_%26_Dragons/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dungeons_%26_Dragons) 86 40 43 3 44134 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Early Modern Britain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Early_Modern_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Early_Modern_Britain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Early_Modern_Britain) 42 41 1 0 51224 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Earth sciences (/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Earth_sciences/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Earth_sciences) 76 71 4 1 90124 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Earthquakes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Earthquakes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Earthquakes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Earthquakes) 40 28 12 0 39945 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:East Frisia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Frisia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:East_Frisia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:East_Frisia) 47 44 1 2 193071 2011-05-14T19:15:14Z Portal:East Germany (/wiki/Portal:East_Germany) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:East_Germany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:East_Germany) 25 22 2 1 43202 2011-06-07T16:07:36Z Portal:East Midlands England (/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Midlands_England&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:East_Midlands_England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:East_Midlands_England) 10 9 1 0 7394 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:East Sussex (/wiki/Portal:East_Sussex) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:East_Sussex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:East_Sussex) 63 59 1 3 46545 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:East Timor (/wiki/Portal:East_Timor) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:East_Timor/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:East_Timor) 19 18 1 0 15008 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:EastEnders (/w/index.php?title=Portal:EastEnders&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:EastEnders/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:EastEnders) 31 15 15 1 64744 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Eastern Christianity (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eastern_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eastern_Christianity/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eastern_Christianity) 76 74 2 0 76229 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Eastern Ontario (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eastern_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eastern_Ontario/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eastern_Ontario) 45 38 2 5 30853 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Ecology (/wiki/Portal:Ecology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ecology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ecology) 18 15 3 0 10751 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Ecuador (/wiki/Portal:Ecuador) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ecuador/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ecuador) 31 16 15 0 22258 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Edgar Allan Poe (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Edgar_Allan_Poe&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Edgar_Allan_Poe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Edgar_Allan_Poe) 78 74 2 2 121509 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Edmonton (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Edmonton&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Edmonton/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Edmonton) 16 15 1 0 11973 2011-06-10T04:58:44Z Portal:Education (/wiki/Portal:Education) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Education/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Education) 84 79 4 1 77774 2011-06-07T16:25:32Z Portal:Egypt (/wiki/Portal:Egypt) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Egypt/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Egypt) 15 14 1 0 15365 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:El Salvador (/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:El_Salvador/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:El_Salvador) 21 18 2 1 25202 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Elbe Sandstone Mountains (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains) 29 27 2 0 23324 2011-05-14T14:35:05Z Portal:Elbe-Weser Triangle (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe-Weser_Triangle&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Elbe-Weser_Triangle/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Elbe-Weser_Triangle) 3 2 1 0 30377 2011-06-02T03:08:24Z Portal:Electromagnetism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electromagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Electromagnetism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Electromagnetism) 18 17 1 0 14982 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Electronic music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electronic_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Electronic_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Electronic_music) 32 16 16 0 16555 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Electronics (/wiki/Portal:Electronics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Electronics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Electronics) 187 168 19 0 124318 2011-06-02T08:29:40Z Portal:Elvis Presley (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elvis_Presley&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Elvis_Presley/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Elvis_Presley) 42 41 1 0 35922 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Eminem (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eminem&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eminem/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eminem) 24 22 1 1 21410 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Emo (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Emo&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Emo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Emo) 41 21 20 0 29129 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Employment (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Employment&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Employment/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Employment) 27 27 0 0 22243 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Energy (/wiki/Portal:Energy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Energy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Energy) 167 147 14 6 246871 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Engineering (/wiki/Portal:Engineering) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Engineering/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Engineering) 30 15 15 0 20739 2011-06-02T03:05:21Z Portal:England (/wiki/Portal:England) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:England) 138 123 3 12 137059 2011-06-09T21:27:13Z Portal:English (/w/index.php?title=Portal:English&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:English/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:English) 10 9 1 0 7159 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:English football (/wiki/Portal:English_football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:English_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:English_football) 266 263 2 1 183598 2011-05-31T21:23:38Z Portal:Environment (/wiki/Portal:Environment) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Environment/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Environment) 135 132 3 0 161868 2011-06-09T16:53:19Z Portal:Epistemology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Epistemology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Epistemology) 66 60 6 0 27369 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Erie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Erie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Erie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Erie) 74 43 1 30 48233 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Eritrea (/wiki/Portal:Eritrea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eritrea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eritrea) 40 39 1 0 32005 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Esperanto (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Esperanto&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Esperanto/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Esperanto) 131 87 2 42 55638 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Espionage (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Espionage&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Espionage/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Espionage) 10 9 1 0 8406 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Estonia (/wiki/Portal:Estonia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Estonia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Estonia) 196 98 98 0 76361 2011-06-08T20:51:58Z Portal:Estrie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Estrie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Estrie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Estrie) 24 20 1 3 11351 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Ethics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ethics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ethics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ethics) 76 63 13 0 28627 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Ethiopia (/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ethiopia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ethiopia) 60 59 1 0 45807 2011-06-03T21:43:26Z Portal:Europe (/wiki/Portal:Europe) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Europe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Europe) 82 79 2 1 78525 2011-06-09T21:28:26Z Portal:European Space Agency (/w/index.php?title=Portal:European_Space_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:European_Space_Agency/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:European_Space_Agency) 9 8 1 0 8360 2011-05-31T10:34:36Z Portal:European Union (/wiki/Portal:European_Union) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:European_Union/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:European_Union) 155 143 6 6 234177 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Eurovision (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eurovision&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eurovision/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eurovision) 45 28 11 6 31965 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Evanescence (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Evanescence&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Evanescence/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Evanescence) 38 38 0 0 24588 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Evolutionary biology (/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Evolutionary_biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Evolutionary_biology) 52 34 1 17 36623 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Existentialism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Existentialism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Existentialism) 31 24 6 1 17813 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Extinction (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Extinction&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Extinction/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Extinction) 22 21 1 0 94958 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Faisalabad (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Faisalabad&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Faisalabad/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Faisalabad) 20 19 1 0 17673 2011-05-28T08:10:48Z Portal:Fall (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fall&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fall/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fall) 40 40 0 0 32119 2011-06-03T23:47:38Z Portal:Falun Gong (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Falun_Gong&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Falun_Gong/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Falun_Gong) 12 11 1 0 6936 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Family Guy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Family_Guy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Family_Guy) 64 42 13 9 41429 2011-06-09T23:07:22Z Portal:Faroe Islands (/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Faroe_Islands/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Faroe_Islands) 26 25 1 0 16808 2011-06-02T03:07:26Z Portal:Fascism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fascism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fascism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fascism) 164 79 3 82 177124 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fashion/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fashion) 14 13 1 0 9662 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Featured content (/wiki/Portal:Featured_content) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_content/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_content) 71 49 7 15 264417 2011-06-10T04:30:06Z Portal:Featured portals (/wiki/Portal:Featured_portals) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_portals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_portals) 4 1 3 0 9686 2011-05-30T12:01:18Z Portal:Featured sounds (/wiki/Portal:Featured_sounds) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_sounds/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_sounds) 5 2 3 0 218830 2011-06-09T05:08:15Z Portal:Feminism (/wiki/Portal:Feminism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Feminism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Feminism) 200 193 7 0 233210 2011-06-09T17:44:05Z Portal:Fencing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fencing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fencing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fencing) 12 11 1 0 5222 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Ferrari (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ferrari&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ferrari/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ferrari) 21 20 1 0 16297 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Fictional characters (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fictional_characters&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fictional_characters/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fictional_characters) 47 29 17 1 38651 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Figure skating (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Figure_skating&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Figure_skating/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Figure_skating) 16 14 1 1 99491 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Film/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Film) 259 219 9 31 291982 2011-06-09T17:38:48Z Portal:Final Fantasy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Final_Fantasy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Final_Fantasy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Final_Fantasy) 17 13 1 3 10212 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Finger Lakes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Finger_Lakes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Finger_Lakes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Finger_Lakes) 223 196 21 6 167255 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Finland (/wiki/Portal:Finland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Finland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Finland) 78 62 14 2 59578 2011-06-09T17:39:13Z Portal:Fire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fire) 14 12 1 1 6626 2011-06-07T18:25:13Z Portal:Fish (/wiki/Portal:Fish) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fish/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fish) 125 103 22 0 335708 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Fishing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fishing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fishing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fishing) 46 42 1 3 34775 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Florida (/wiki/Portal:Florida) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Florida/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Florida) 134 131 2 1 174762 2011-06-07T18:32:36Z Portal:Folklore (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Folklore&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Folklore/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Folklore) 15 14 1 0 10338 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Food (/wiki/Portal:Food) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Food/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Food) 415 219 195 1 220669 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Football (/wiki/Portal:Football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Football) 1 1 0 0 727 2011-04-27T08:50:38Z Portal:Football in Argentina (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Football_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Football_in_Argentina/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Football_in_Argentina) 59 58 1 0 72839 2011-06-03T21:43:23Z Portal:Football in Germany (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Football_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Football_in_Germany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Football_in_Germany) 95 78 17 0 62027 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Football in Iran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Football_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Football_in_Iran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Football_in_Iran) 19 10 9 0 8749 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Formula One (/wiki/Portal:Formula_One) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Formula_One/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Formula_One) 192 149 42 1 307136 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Forums (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Forums&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Forums/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Forums) 12 2 1 9 1984 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:France (/wiki/Portal:France) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:France/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:France) 40 34 5 1 165706 2011-06-08T16:24:23Z Portal:Franco-Americans (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Franco-Americans&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Franco-Americans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Franco-Americans) 23 23 0 0 18158 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Frank Zappa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Frank_Zappa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Frank_Zappa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Frank_Zappa) 18 17 1 0 21209 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Free software (/wiki/Portal:Free_software) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Free_software/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Free_software) 62 48 7 7 54667 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Freemasonry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Freemasonry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Freemasonry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Freemasonry) 28 27 1 0 26482 2011-06-01T14:08:23Z Portal:French and Francophone literature (/w/index.php?title=Portal:French_and_Francophone_literature&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_and_Francophone_literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_and_Francophone_literature) 14 13 1 0 15965 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:French language and French-speaking world (/w/index.php?title=Portal:French_language_and_French-speaking_world&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_language_and_French-speaking_world/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_language_and_French-speaking_world) 22 22 0 0 18490 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:French politics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:French_politics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_politics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_politics) 5 5 0 0 11565 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Fujairah (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fujairah&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fujairah/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fujairah) 1 1 0 0 1957 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Fungi (/wiki/Portal:Fungi) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fungi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fungi) 221 217 1 3 243993 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Furry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Furry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Furry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Furry) 94 82 12 0 47664 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Futurama (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Futurama&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Futurama/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Futurama) 14 13 1 0 7738 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Gabon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gabon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gabon) 35 34 1 0 33842 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Galicia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Galicia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Galicia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Galicia) 33 29 1 3 16163 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Gangs (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gangs&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gangs/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gangs) 17 15 1 1 13740 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Garbage (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Garbage&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Garbage/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Garbage) 6 6 0 0 3213 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Gardening (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gardening/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gardening) 43 28 13 2 22902 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Gaspésie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gasp%C3%A9sie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gasp%C3%A9sie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gasp%C3%A9sie) 20 20 0 0 14282 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Gastropods (/wiki/Portal:Gastropods) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gastropods/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gastropods) 78 76 1 1 109601 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Gemology and Jewelry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gemology_and_Jewelry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gemology_and_Jewelry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gemology_and_Jewelry) 21 20 1 0 23113 2011-06-03T16:28:23Z Portal:Gender studies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gender_studies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gender_studies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gender_studies) 58 56 1 1 34593 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Gene Wiki (/wiki/Portal:Gene_Wiki) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gene_Wiki/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gene_Wiki) 45 31 13 1 92420 2011-06-04T22:51:38Z Portal:Genealogy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Genealogy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Genealogy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Genealogy) 14 13 1 0 8768 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Geneva (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geneva/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geneva) 14 13 1 0 7202 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Genocide (/wiki/Portal:Genocide) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Genocide/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Genocide) 51 48 3 0 79442 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Geoffrey Chaucer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geoffrey_Chaucer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geoffrey_Chaucer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geoffrey_Chaucer) 17 17 0 0 14589 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Geography (/wiki/Portal:Geography) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geography) 363 350 8 5 292870 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Geography of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geography_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geography_of_Canada) 81 64 9 8 66147 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Geometry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geometry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geometry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geometry) 26 23 2 1 27352 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Georgia (U.S. state) (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Georgia_(U.S._state)) 30 25 1 4 29108 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Georgia (country) (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Georgia_(country)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Georgia_(country)) 61 58 2 1 54147 2011-06-09T20:06:21Z Portal:Germany (/wiki/Portal:Germany) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Germany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Germany) 587 496 13 78 793498 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Ghana (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ghana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ghana) 17 15 2 0 23038 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Gibraltar (/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gibraltar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gibraltar) 62 61 1 0 62002 2011-06-03T23:43:53Z Portal:Gilbert and Sullivan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gilbert_and_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gilbert_and_Sullivan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gilbert_and_Sullivan) 132 129 3 0 149696 2011-06-09T17:45:45Z Portal:Girls Aloud (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Girls_Aloud&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Girls_Aloud/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Girls_Aloud) 35 34 1 0 33808 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Global warming (/wiki/Portal:Global_warming) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Global_warming/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Global_warming) 19 18 1 0 17148 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Goa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Goa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Goa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Goa) 22 20 1 1 13948 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Golf (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Golf&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Golf/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Golf) 67 64 2 1 146295 2011-05-29T13:14:56Z Portal:Google (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Google&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Google/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Google) 74 57 10 7 43935 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Government of India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Government_of_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Government_of_India) 118 98 17 3 243931 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Government of Pakistan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Government_of_Pakistan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Government_of_Pakistan) 10 9 1 0 20615 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Government of the Philippines (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Government_of_the_Philippines) 21 18 2 1 31178 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Government of the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Government_of_the_United_States) 58 43 14 1 89117 2011-06-05T19:57:48Z Portal:Graffiti (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Graffiti&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Graffiti/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Graffiti) 21 19 2 0 20358 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Grateful Dead (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grateful_Dead&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Grateful_Dead/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Grateful_Dead) 24 23 1 0 31292 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Gravitation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gravitation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gravitation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gravitation) 21 18 2 1 17295 2011-05-31T15:53:36Z Portal:Greater Los Angeles (/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greater_Los_Angeles) 39 25 2 12 29327 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Greater Manchester (/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greater_Manchester/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greater_Manchester) 52 50 1 1 55824 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Greece (/wiki/Portal:Greece) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greece/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greece) 61 60 1 0 70832 2011-06-03T23:45:21Z Portal:Greek mythology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Greek_mythology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greek_mythology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greek_mythology) 68 67 1 0 100794 2011-06-03T23:45:21Z Portal:Green Day (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Green_Day&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Green_Day/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Green_Day) 48 42 6 0 31051 2011-06-10T01:49:16Z Portal:Grid computing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grid_computing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Grid_computing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Grid_computing) 7 7 0 0 5287 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Guardians of Time Trilogy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guardians_of_Time_Trilogy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guardians_of_Time_Trilogy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guardians_of_Time_Trilogy) 16 13 0 3 6904 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Guatemala (/wiki/Portal:Guatemala) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guatemala/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guatemala) 22 21 1 0 15194 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Guinea (/wiki/Portal:Guinea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guinea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guinea) 27 26 1 0 24135 2011-06-03T21:43:26Z Portal:Guinea Bissau (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guinea_Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guinea_Bissau/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guinea_Bissau) 25 24 1 0 27930 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Guitar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guitar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guitar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guitar) 53 49 2 2 42837 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Gujarat (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gujarat&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gujarat/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gujarat) 31 29 1 1 34597 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Guyana (/wiki/Portal:Guyana) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guyana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guyana) 17 16 1 0 14255 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Gymnastics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gymnastics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gymnastics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gymnastics) 34 32 1 1 28050 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Haiti (/wiki/Portal:Haiti) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Haiti/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Haiti) 68 33 26 9 33051 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hamburg (/wiki/Portal:Hamburg) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hamburg/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hamburg) 81 75 2 4 83900 2011-06-09T22:14:06Z Portal:Hamilton, Ontario (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hamilton,_Ontario/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hamilton,_Ontario) 19 16 2 1 16753 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hampshire (/wiki/Portal:Hampshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hampshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hampshire) 101 98 2 1 81115 2011-05-29T21:55:02Z Portal:Harare (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harare&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harare/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harare) 12 11 1 0 9033 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Harry Potter (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter) 40 36 4 0 65201 2011-06-10T03:21:43Z Portal:Harz Mountains (/wiki/Portal:Harz_Mountains) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harz_Mountains/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harz_Mountains) 2 1 1 0 17376 2011-06-02T03:08:13Z Portal:Hawaii (/wiki/Portal:Hawaii) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hawaii/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hawaii) 247 243 4 0 151857 2011-06-09T20:56:28Z Portal:Hazardous Materials (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hazardous_Materials&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hazardous_Materials/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hazardous_Materials) 16 15 1 0 11376 2011-06-08T16:02:25Z Portal:Health and fitness (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Health_and_fitness&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Health_and_fitness/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Health_and_fitness) 21 15 1 5 18817 2011-06-07T18:26:05Z Portal:Heathenism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heathenism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heathenism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heathenism) 16 14 1 1 16927 2011-05-20T19:42:44Z Portal:Heavy metal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heavy_metal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heavy_metal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heavy_metal) 45 42 2 1 36886 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hellenismos (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hellenismos&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hellenismos/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hellenismos) 61 59 2 0 22424 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Heraldry (/wiki/Portal:Heraldry) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heraldry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heraldry) 261 244 8 9 167201 2011-06-09T16:11:43Z Portal:Hertfordshire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hertfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hertfordshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hertfordshire) 50 47 1 2 42336 2011-06-09T17:49:49Z Portal:Himachal Pradesh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Himachal_Pradesh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Himachal_Pradesh) 40 37 2 1 48286 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Himalaya region (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Himalaya_region&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Himalaya_region/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Himalaya_region) 13 12 1 0 17218 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hindu Mythology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hindu_Mythology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hindu_Mythology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hindu_Mythology) 17 16 1 0 13621 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Hindu Philosophy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hindu_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hindu_Philosophy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hindu_Philosophy) 11 10 1 0 6521 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Hinduism (/wiki/Portal:Hinduism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hinduism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hinduism) 193 119 72 2 90287 2011-06-07T09:20:26Z Portal:Hip hop (/wiki/Portal:Hip_hop) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hip_hop/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hip_hop) 19 18 1 0 21976 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hispanic and Latino Americans (/wiki/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) 17 13 1 3 7801 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:History (/wiki/Portal:History) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History) 172 155 13 4 189032 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:History of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:History_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History_of_Canada) 82 66 10 6 86406 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:History of Imperial China (/w/index.php?title=Portal:History_of_Imperial_China&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History_of_Imperial_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History_of_Imperial_China) 34 31 1 2 34285 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:History of science (/wiki/Portal:History_of_science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History_of_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History_of_science) 496 487 4 5 539612 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Hitchhiker's (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hitchhiker%27s&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hitchhiker%27s/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hitchhiker%27s) 24 14 10 0 20488 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Holidays (/wiki/Portal:Holidays) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Holidays/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Holidays) 106 101 5 0 255104 2011-05-31T14:33:59Z Portal:Home (/wiki/Portal:Home) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Home/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Home) 12 11 1 0 6952 2011-05-21T01:05:40Z Portal:Home improvement (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Home_improvement&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Home_improvement/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Home_improvement) 51 50 1 0 55140 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Hong Kong (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hong_Kong/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hong_Kong) 123 109 14 0 93209 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Horror (/wiki/Portal:Horror) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Horror/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Horror) 483 468 3 12 306488 2011-06-09T17:51:43Z Portal:Horse racing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Horse_racing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Horse_racing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Horse_racing) 125 123 2 0 119344 2011-06-07T07:40:15Z Portal:Horses (/wiki/Portal:Horses) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Horses/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Horses) 124 123 1 0 125036 2011-06-09T21:14:52Z Portal:House, M.D. (/w/index.php?title=Portal:House,_M.D.&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:House,_M.D./) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:House,_M.D.) 45 43 1 1 38542 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Houston (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Houston&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Houston/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Houston) 393 391 2 0 449511 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Hudson Valley (/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hudson_Valley/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hudson_Valley) 517 259 252 6 246755 2011-06-03T03:08:57Z Portal:Human (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human) 1 1 0 0 151 2011-04-27T09:09:26Z Portal:Human Body (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human_Body&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human_Body/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human_Body) 147 128 1 18 195219 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Human rights (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human_rights&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human_rights/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human_rights) 66 58 2 6 51263 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Human spaceflight (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human_spaceflight&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human_spaceflight/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human_spaceflight) 112 88 4 20 113115 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Hungary (/wiki/Portal:Hungary) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hungary/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hungary) 18 15 2 1 10962 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Hyderabad (/wiki/Portal:Hyderabad) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hyderabad/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hyderabad) 25 23 1 1 21060 2011-06-06T08:37:37Z Portal:Ice hockey (/wiki/Portal:Ice_hockey) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ice_hockey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ice_hockey) 57 56 1 0 60328 2011-06-05T20:08:16Z Portal:Iceland (/wiki/Portal:Iceland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iceland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iceland) 103 102 1 0 73416 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Idaho (/wiki/Portal:Idaho) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Idaho/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Idaho) 32 25 7 0 36174 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Igbo (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Igbo&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Igbo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Igbo) 38 37 1 0 32676 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Illinois (/wiki/Portal:Illinois) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Illinois/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Illinois) 58 48 10 0 73998 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:India (/wiki/Portal:India) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:India) 1097 946 26 125 3299723 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Indian Education (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_Education&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indian_Education/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indian_Education) 16 14 2 0 16418 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Indian classical music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_classical_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indian_classical_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indian_classical_music) 12 12 0 0 6829 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Indian independence movement (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_independence_movement&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indian_independence_movement/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indian_independence_movement) 16 15 1 0 19711 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Indian wildlife (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_wildlife&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indian_wildlife/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indian_wildlife) 13 11 2 0 7709 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Indiana (/wiki/Portal:Indiana) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indiana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indiana) 200 179 21 0 169461 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Indiana Jones (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indiana_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indiana_Jones/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indiana_Jones) 17 16 1 0 25289 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Indianapolis (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indianapolis&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indianapolis/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indianapolis) 884 271 254 359 197164 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America) 161 56 32 73 90523 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) 42 40 1 1 40630 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Indonesia (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indonesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indonesia) 421 403 16 2 510428 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Industrial music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Industrial_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Industrial_music) 32 31 1 0 20545 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Information technology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Information_technology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Information_technology) 15 12 3 0 20635 2011-06-09T21:41:50Z Portal:Inland Empire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Inland_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Inland_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Inland_Empire) 26 14 1 11 16289 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Insects (/wiki/Portal:Insects) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Insects/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Insects) 67 66 1 0 56131 2011-06-06T14:05:38Z Portal:Insomniac Games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Insomniac_Games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Insomniac_Games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Insomniac_Games) 16 15 1 0 8831 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Intelligence (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Intelligence/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Intelligence) 11 10 1 0 8656 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Internet (/wiki/Portal:Internet) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Internet/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Internet) 165 146 6 13 144708 2011-06-09T21:25:33Z Portal:Internet Relay Chat (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Internet_Relay_Chat&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Internet_Relay_Chat/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Internet_Relay_Chat) 13 12 0 1 15848 2011-06-02T03:09:24Z Portal:Iowa (/wiki/Portal:Iowa) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iowa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iowa) 46 42 4 0 48951 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Iran (/wiki/Portal:Iran) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iran) 35 30 2 3 28377 2011-06-03T23:46:33Z Portal:Iraq (/wiki/Portal:Iraq) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iraq/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iraq) 30 28 2 0 16767 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Ireland (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ireland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ireland) 116 105 8 3 183702 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Iron Maiden (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iron_Maiden&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iron_Maiden/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iron_Maiden) 19 18 1 0 26287 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Islam (/wiki/Portal:Islam) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Islam/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Islam) 199 170 21 8 205574 2011-06-09T17:57:17Z Portal:Islamabad (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Islamabad&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Islamabad/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Islamabad) 45 44 1 0 47205 2011-05-29T06:35:26Z Portal:Isle of Man (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Isle_of_Man/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Isle_of_Man) 13 12 1 0 8054 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Isle of Wight (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Isle_of_Wight&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Isle_of_Wight/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Isle_of_Wight) 34 33 1 0 28072 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Israel (/wiki/Portal:Israel) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Israel/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Israel) 42 32 3 7 175919 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Istanbul (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Istanbul/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Istanbul) 50 49 1 0 51090 2011-06-03T23:53:08Z Portal:Italian Wars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Italian_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Italian_Wars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Italian_Wars) 41 40 1 0 36523 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Italy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Italy) 18 17 1 0 21166 2011-06-03T23:49:40Z Portal:Jainism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jainism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jainism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jainism) 15 12 2 1 6278 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Jamaica (/wiki/Portal:Jamaica) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jamaica/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jamaica) 90 53 26 11 51906 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:James Bond (/w/index.php?title=Portal:James_Bond&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:James_Bond/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:James_Bond) 184 118 66 0 132029 2011-06-10T00:10:44Z Portal:Janet Jackson (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Janet_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Janet_Jackson/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Janet_Jackson) 25 24 1 0 30232 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Japan (/wiki/Portal:Japan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Japan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Japan) 1009 766 140 103 731929 2011-06-07T15:27:02Z Portal:Japanese cars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Japanese_cars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Japanese_cars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Japanese_cars) 4 3 1 0 9839 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Java (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Java&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Java/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Java) 155 77 78 0 73791 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Jazz (/wiki/Portal:Jazz) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jazz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jazz) 34 32 1 1 21606 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Jedi (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jedi&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jedi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jedi) 1 1 0 0 2175 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Jessica Simpson (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jessica_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jessica_Simpson/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jessica_Simpson) 18 17 1 0 18816 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Jharkhand (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jharkhand&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jharkhand/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jharkhand) 38 27 10 1 29025 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Jhelum (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jhelum&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jhelum/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jhelum) 49 48 1 0 45993 2011-06-04T13:22:04Z Portal:Jordan (/wiki/Portal:Jordan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jordan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jordan) 11 10 1 0 6395 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Journalism (/wiki/Portal:Journalism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Journalism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Journalism) 187 181 6 0 180736 2011-06-09T21:27:32Z Portal:Judaism (/wiki/Portal:Judaism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Judaism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Judaism) 148 71 71 6 434774 2011-06-09T16:11:35Z Portal:Jupiter (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Jupiter/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Jupiter) 57 56 1 0 59382 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Justin Bieber (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Justin_Bieber&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Justin_Bieber/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Justin_Bieber) 25 24 1 0 26019 2011-06-10T03:43:54Z Portal:Kabbalah (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kabbalah&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kabbalah/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kabbalah) 15 13 2 0 10899 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Kansas (/wiki/Portal:Kansas) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kansas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kansas) 82 40 39 3 48769 2011-06-03T21:43:23Z Portal:Kanye West (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kanye_West&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kanye_West/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kanye_West) 27 26 1 0 26880 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Karachi (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Karachi&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Karachi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Karachi) 44 43 1 0 45549 2011-06-09T07:48:32Z Portal:Karnataka (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Karnataka&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Karnataka/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Karnataka) 33 29 1 3 65247 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Katy Perry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Katy_Perry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Katy_Perry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Katy_Perry) 1 1 0 0 2175 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Kazakhstan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kazakhstan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kazakhstan) 29 27 2 0 22704 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Kent (/wiki/Portal:Kent) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kent/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kent) 289 262 3 24 94150 2011-06-06T19:39:44Z Portal:Kentucky (/wiki/Portal:Kentucky) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kentucky/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kentucky) 291 270 19 2 216878 2011-06-08T21:12:54Z Portal:Kenya (/wiki/Portal:Kenya) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kenya/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kenya) 31 30 1 0 31476 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Kerala (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kerala&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kerala/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kerala) 63 55 5 3 85194 2011-06-06T08:37:11Z Portal:Kesha (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kesha&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kesha/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kesha) 26 25 1 0 44629 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Khitan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Khitan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Khitan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Khitan) 13 11 1 1 10813 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Kilkenny (/wiki/Portal:Kilkenny) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kilkenny/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kilkenny) 76 64 11 1 62233 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:King Arthur (/w/index.php?title=Portal:King_Arthur&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:King_Arthur/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:King_Arthur) 34 33 1 0 55058 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Kingdom of France (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kingdom_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kingdom_of_France/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kingdom_of_France) 21 18 2 1 14691 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Kiribati (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kiribati/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kiribati) 16 15 1 0 9543 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Knitting (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Knitting&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Knitting/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Knitting) 32 29 1 2 19431 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Kolkata (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kolkata&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kolkata/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kolkata) 11 11 0 0 7494 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Korea (/wiki/Portal:Korea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Korea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Korea) 21 17 3 1 17191 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Korean War (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Korean_War&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Korean_War/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Korean_War) 1 1 0 0 21 2010-12-22T02:06:01Z Portal:Kosovo (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kosovo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kosovo) 22 21 1 0 12931 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Kurdistan (/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kurdistan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kurdistan) 58 56 2 0 35206 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Kylie Minogue (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kylie_Minogue&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kylie_Minogue/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kylie_Minogue) 22 21 1 0 29443 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:LGBT/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:LGBT) 272 236 21 15 180533 2011-06-10T03:03:58Z Portal:Lady Gaga (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lady_Gaga&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lady_Gaga/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lady_Gaga) 22 21 1 0 29546 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lahore (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lahore&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lahore/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lahore) 42 41 1 0 48849 2011-06-03T23:47:46Z Portal:Lancashire (/wiki/Portal:Lancashire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lancashire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lancashire) 25 24 1 0 26402 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lancaster, Pennsylvania (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lancaster,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lancaster,_Pennsylvania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lancaster,_Pennsylvania) 25 24 1 0 19019 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Language (/wiki/Portal:Language) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Language/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Language) 85 79 4 2 61167 2011-06-08T19:59:21Z Portal:Las Vegas (/wiki/Portal:Las_Vegas) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Las_Vegas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Las_Vegas) 17 16 1 0 7664 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Latin America (/wiki/Portal:Latin_America) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latin_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latin_America) 217 210 4 3 302492 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Latin America music (/wiki/Portal:Latin_America_music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latin_America_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latin_America_music) 71 65 1 5 68252 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Latter-day Saints (/wiki/Portal:Latter-day_Saints) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latter-day_Saints/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latter-day_Saints) 37 21 16 0 26816 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Latvia (/wiki/Portal:Latvia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latvia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latvia) 262 131 131 0 73688 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Laurentides (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Laurentides&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Laurentides/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Laurentides) 25 21 1 3 14324 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Law (/wiki/Portal:Law) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Law/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Law) 387 169 4 214 157957 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Law of England and Wales (/wiki/Portal:Law_of_England_and_Wales) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Law_of_England_and_Wales/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Law_of_England_and_Wales) 151 149 2 0 219276 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lebanon (/wiki/Portal:Lebanon) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lebanon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lebanon) 15 14 1 0 13733 2011-06-06T13:31:29Z Portal:Led Zeppelin (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Led_Zeppelin&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Led_Zeppelin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Led_Zeppelin) 29 19 8 2 30471 2011-06-07T02:38:30Z Portal:Lego (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lego&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lego/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lego) 63 34 19 10 21110 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Lemony Snicket (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lemony_Snicket/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lemony_Snicket) 36 19 17 0 59725 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lettuce (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lettuce&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lettuce/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lettuce) 33 32 1 0 16541 2011-06-09T23:58:40Z Portal:Liberalism (/wiki/Portal:Liberalism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Liberalism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Liberalism) 31 29 2 0 31536 2011-06-09T18:04:41Z Portal:Liberia (/wiki/Portal:Liberia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Liberia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Liberia) 34 33 1 0 29431 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Libertarianism (/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Libertarianism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Libertarianism) 81 78 2 1 111801 2011-06-06T12:35:14Z Portal:Library and information science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_and_information_science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Library_and_information_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Library_and_information_science) 76 73 2 1 94880 2011-06-07T07:40:15Z Portal:Library of Congress (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_of_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Library_of_Congress/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Library_of_Congress) 8 7 1 0 5615 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Libya (/wiki/Portal:Libya) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Libya/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Libya) 22 21 1 0 26585 2011-06-08T01:28:59Z Portal:Liechtenstein (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Liechtenstein/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Liechtenstein) 22 21 1 0 10809 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Lincolnshire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lincolnshire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lincolnshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lincolnshire) 66 33 33 0 38298 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lingayatism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lingayatism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lingayatism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lingayatism) 1 1 0 0 156 2011-04-04T08:53:49Z Portal:Linguistics (/wiki/Portal:Linguistics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Linguistics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Linguistics) 61 57 1 3 55324 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Linkin Park (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linkin_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Linkin_Park/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Linkin_Park) 20 19 1 0 12044 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Linux (/wiki/Portal:Linux) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Linux/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Linux) 33 31 1 1 23109 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Literature (/wiki/Portal:Literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Literature) 712 705 6 1 560732 2011-06-09T23:28:00Z Portal:Lithuania (/wiki/Portal:Lithuania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lithuania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lithuania) 21 16 3 2 19169 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Logic (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Logic&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Logic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Logic) 129 67 57 5 32508 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:London (/wiki/Portal:London) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:London/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:London) 260 250 7 3 364325 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:London Transport (/wiki/Portal:London_Transport) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:London_Transport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:London_Transport) 291 176 24 91 308939 2011-06-10T00:22:49Z Portal:Louisiana (/wiki/Portal:Louisiana) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Louisiana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Louisiana) 99 81 16 2 95304 2011-06-05T15:45:34Z Portal:Louisville (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Louisville&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Louisville/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Louisville) 386 292 94 0 205633 2011-06-08T23:17:03Z Portal:Low Saxon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Low_Saxon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Low_Saxon) 1 1 0 0 6313 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Lower Saxony (/wiki/Portal:Lower_Saxony) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lower_Saxony/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lower_Saxony) 9 5 2 2 28363 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Lutheranism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lutheranism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lutheranism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lutheranism) 45 38 1 6 25246 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Luton (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Luton&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Luton/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Luton) 13 13 0 0 6471 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Luxembourg (/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Luxembourg/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Luxembourg) 9 8 1 0 5409 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Lyon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lyon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lyon) 74 37 37 0 18354 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Lüneburg Heath (/w/index.php?title=Portal:L%C3%BCneburg_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:L%C3%BCneburg_Heath/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:L%C3%BCneburg_Heath) 2 1 1 0 17148 2011-06-02T03:08:06Z Portal:M*A*S*H (/w/index.php?title=Portal:M*A*S*H&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:M*A*S*H/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:M*A*S*H) 13 11 2 0 11216 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Macaronesia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macaronesia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Macaronesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Macaronesia) 13 13 0 0 10621 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Macau (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macau&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Macau/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Macau) 20 19 1 0 17480 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Macedonia (Greece) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macedonia_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Macedonia_(Greece)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Macedonia_(Greece)) 7 7 0 0 8331 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Madagascar (/wiki/Portal:Madagascar) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madagascar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madagascar) 53 52 1 0 54656 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Madhya Pradesh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Madhya_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madhya_Pradesh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madhya_Pradesh) 19 18 1 0 14207 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Madonna (entertainer) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Madonna_(entertainer)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madonna_(entertainer)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madonna_(entertainer)) 26 23 1 2 39719 2011-06-09T21:26:00Z Portal:Madurai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madurai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madurai) 25 25 0 0 12171 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Maharashtra (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Maharashtra&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maharashtra/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maharashtra) 18 17 1 0 19294 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Mahayana Buddhism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mahayana_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mahayana_Buddhism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mahayana_Buddhism) 55 53 0 2 33225 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Maine (/wiki/Portal:Maine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maine) 18 17 1 0 13966 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Malacca (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Malacca&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Malacca/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Malacca) 19 19 0 0 14140 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Malawi (/wiki/Portal:Malawi) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Malawi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Malawi) 33 32 1 0 30046 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Malaysia (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Malaysia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Malaysia) 28 25 2 1 35609 2011-05-23T07:22:36Z Portal:Maldives (/wiki/Portal:Maldives) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maldives/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maldives) 35 33 1 1 25548 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Mali (/wiki/Portal:Mali) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mali/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mali) 28 27 1 0 27672 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Malta (/wiki/Portal:Malta) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Malta/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Malta) 125 122 2 1 103317 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Mammals (/wiki/Portal:Mammals) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mammals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mammals) 69 68 1 0 69402 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Manila (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Manila&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Manila/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Manila) 16 16 0 0 13752 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Manitoba (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Manitoba/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Manitoba) 52 45 2 5 50071 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Mantodea (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mantodea&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mantodea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mantodea) 19 18 1 0 15168 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Marching band (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marching_band&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Marching_band/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Marching_band) 16 15 1 0 14767 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Mariah Carey (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mariah_Carey&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mariah_Carey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mariah_Carey) 21 20 1 0 29832 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Marine life (/wiki/Portal:Marine_life) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Marine_life/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Marine_life) 73 71 1 1 72798 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Mario (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mario&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mario/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mario) 16 14 2 0 15881 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Mars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mars) 112 104 7 1 93329 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Martial arts (/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Martial_arts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Martial_arts) 25 23 2 0 24804 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Marvin Gaye (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marvin_Gaye&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Marvin_Gaye/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Marvin_Gaye) 12 11 1 0 19235 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Maryland (/wiki/Portal:Maryland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maryland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maryland) 243 239 4 0 64934 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Massachusetts (/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Massachusetts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Massachusetts) 122 57 61 4 71167 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Massively multiplayer online games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Massively_multiplayer_online_games) 17 13 4 0 7723 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Mathematics (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mathematics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mathematics) 227 203 14 10 271042 2011-06-10T02:00:24Z Portal:Mauricie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mauricie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mauricie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mauricie) 21 20 1 0 11998 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Mauritania (/wiki/Portal:Mauritania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mauritania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mauritania) 34 33 1 0 29222 2011-06-03T23:44:03Z Portal:Mauritius (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mauritius/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mauritius) 40 39 1 0 37487 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Medicine (/wiki/Portal:Medicine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Medicine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Medicine) 473 468 4 1 573669 2011-06-07T18:25:40Z Portal:Medieval Britain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Medieval_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Medieval_Britain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Medieval_Britain) 81 80 1 0 89826 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Medieval Middle East (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Medieval_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Medieval_Middle_East/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Medieval_Middle_East) 13 13 0 0 14777 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Men's rights (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Men%27s_rights&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Men%27s_rights/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Men%27s_rights) 16 14 1 1 20233 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Messianic Judaism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Messianic_Judaism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Messianic_Judaism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Messianic_Judaism) 15 13 2 0 9173 2011-06-10T01:31:21Z Portal:Metabolism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Metabolism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Metabolism) 12 11 1 0 11385 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Metaphysics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Metaphysics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Metaphysics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Metaphysics) 82 63 17 2 44769 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Metro Detroit (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Metro_Detroit&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Metro_Detroit/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Metro_Detroit) 49 36 1 12 40341 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Mexico (/wiki/Portal:Mexico) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mexico/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mexico) 179 172 5 2 160630 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Miami (/wiki/Portal:Miami) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Miami/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Miami) 34 23 1 10 17322 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Michael Jackson (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Michael_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Michael_Jackson/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Michael_Jackson) 36 34 2 0 50618 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Michigan (/wiki/Portal:Michigan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Michigan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Michigan) 100 94 3 3 120087 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Michigan Highways (/wiki/Portal:Michigan_Highways) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Michigan_Highways/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Michigan_Highways) 146 73 73 0 78111 2011-05-29T02:01:10Z Portal:Micronations (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Micronations&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Micronations/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Micronations) 20 19 1 0 15936 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Micronesia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Micronesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Micronesia) 11 10 1 0 8860 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Microsoft (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Microsoft/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Microsoft) 17 15 2 0 17815 2011-06-08T00:31:17Z Portal:Middle Ages (/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle_Ages/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle_Ages) 56 47 9 0 59344 2011-06-06T03:10:34Z Portal:Middle East (/wiki/Portal:Middle_East) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle_East/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle_East) 18 14 1 3 11203 2011-05-30T19:28:24Z Portal:Middle-earth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle-earth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle-earth) 31 26 4 1 298020 2011-06-07T04:14:50Z Portal:Milan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Milan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Milan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Milan) 8 8 0 0 13570 2011-06-06T22:38:14Z Portal:Miles Davis (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Miles_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Miles_Davis/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Miles_Davis) 28 25 1 2 26626 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Military history of Africa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history_of_Africa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history_of_Africa) 370 367 1 2 159680 2011-06-09T16:56:48Z Portal:Military history of France (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history_of_France/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history_of_France) 73 72 1 0 101368 2011-06-02T03:07:47Z Portal:Military history of the Ottoman Empire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) 51 50 1 0 54990 2011-05-31T12:25:28Z Portal:Military of Australia (/wiki/Portal:Military_of_Australia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_Australia) 862 846 15 1 632137 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Military of Germany (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_Germany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_Germany) 11 6 4 1 3619 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Military of Greece (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_Greece/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_Greece) 70 67 1 2 91917 2011-06-01T13:37:15Z Portal:Military of India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_India) 11 10 1 0 9485 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Military of Republic of India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_Republic_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_Republic_of_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_Republic_of_India) 5 5 0 0 6358 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Military of ancient Rome (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_ancient_Rome/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_ancient_Rome) 35 23 12 0 29497 2011-05-31T12:25:28Z Portal:Military of the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_the_United_States) 580 573 6 1 499597 2011-06-08T17:26:16Z Portal:Mind and Brain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mind_and_Brain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mind_and_Brain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mind_and_Brain) 2 1 1 0 10689 2011-05-12T01:15:08Z Portal:Mining (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mining&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mining/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mining) 22 19 1 2 15204 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Minnesota (/wiki/Portal:Minnesota) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Minnesota/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Minnesota) 274 234 38 2 218118 2011-06-07T18:32:32Z Portal:Miskolc (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Miskolc&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Miskolc/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Miskolc) 12 11 1 0 8264 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Mississippi (/wiki/Portal:Mississippi) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mississippi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mississippi) 82 80 2 0 84199 2011-06-02T03:07:36Z Portal:Missouri (/wiki/Portal:Missouri) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Missouri/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Missouri) 102 94 1 7 156478 2011-06-08T06:29:07Z Portal:Mizoram (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mizoram&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mizoram/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mizoram) 3 3 0 0 2676 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Moldova (/wiki/Portal:Moldova) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Moldova/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Moldova) 28 23 3 2 17565 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Molecular Anthropology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Molecular_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Molecular_Anthropology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Molecular_Anthropology) 15 14 1 0 12011 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Molecular and Cellular Biology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology) 26 23 3 0 38647 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Monarchy (/wiki/Portal:Monarchy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Monarchy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Monarchy) 74 72 2 0 115166 2011-06-03T23:52:55Z Portal:Mongolia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mongolia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mongolia) 14 13 1 0 9583 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Montana (/wiki/Portal:Montana) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Montana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Montana) 30 29 1 0 35594 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Montenegro (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Montenegro/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Montenegro) 24 21 2 1 21636 2011-06-09T18:15:58Z Portal:Montreal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Montreal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Montreal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Montreal) 28 25 3 0 192678 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Monty Python (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Monty_Python&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Monty_Python/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Monty_Python) 31 30 1 0 23480 2011-06-05T19:34:01Z Portal:Montérégie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie) 20 20 0 0 14988 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Moon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Moon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Moon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Moon) 39 38 1 0 31767 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Morocco (/wiki/Portal:Morocco) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Morocco/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Morocco) 22 18 2 2 15537 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Motorcycle racing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Motorcycle_racing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Motorcycle_racing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Motorcycle_racing) 13 12 1 0 23681 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Motorsport (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Motorsport&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Motorsport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Motorsport) 124 75 47 2 113505 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Motörhead (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mot%C3%B6rhead) 47 35 12 0 44616 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Mountains (/wiki/Portal:Mountains) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mountains/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mountains) 34 27 4 3 83272 2011-06-02T03:08:38Z Portal:Mozambique (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mozambique/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mozambique) 24 23 1 0 27790 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Mumbai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mumbai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mumbai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mumbai) 31 30 1 0 23184 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Muppets (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Muppets&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Muppets/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Muppets) 12 11 1 0 9850 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Music) 479 466 12 1 1135858 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Music of Australia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Music_of_Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Music_of_Australia) 125 113 12 0 106536 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Music of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Music_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Music_of_Canada) 156 79 72 5 84341 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Musical Theatre (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Musical_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Musical_Theatre/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Musical_Theatre) 40 35 1 4 48359 2011-06-08T03:41:14Z Portal:Mythology (/wiki/Portal:Mythology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mythology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mythology) 84 81 2 1 77891 2011-06-03T21:43:26Z Portal:NASCAR (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NASCAR&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NASCAR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NASCAR) 68 63 5 0 71170 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:NATO (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NATO&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NATO/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NATO) 57 55 2 0 57873 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Namibia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Namibia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Namibia) 82 81 1 0 56450 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Nanotechnology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nanotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nanotechnology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nanotechnology) 11 10 1 0 9002 2011-06-02T16:32:54Z Portal:Narnia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Narnia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Narnia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Narnia) 32 30 1 1 32513 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:National Basketball Association (/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Basketball_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:National_Basketball_Association/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:National_Basketball_Association) 31 30 1 0 34965 2011-06-10T01:36:51Z Portal:National Basketball League (Australia) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Basketball_League_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:National_Basketball_League_(Australia)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:National_Basketball_League_(Australia)) 23 21 1 1 10848 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:National Register of Historic Places (/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places) 132 129 3 0 134072 2011-06-06T18:44:56Z Portal:Nautical (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nautical&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nautical/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nautical) 888 288 3 597 118671 2011-06-02T03:07:21Z Portal:Nebraska (/wiki/Portal:Nebraska) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nebraska/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nebraska) 30 26 1 3 12580 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Neil Young (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Neil_Young&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Neil_Young/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Neil_Young) 15 14 1 0 22377 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Netherlands (/wiki/Portal:Netherlands) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Netherlands/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Netherlands) 59 47 11 1 77309 2011-06-04T01:25:12Z Portal:Netherlands Antilles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Netherlands_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Netherlands_Antilles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Netherlands_Antilles) 33 33 0 0 25087 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Neuroscience (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Neuroscience/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Neuroscience) 26 23 3 0 50989 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Nevada (/wiki/Portal:Nevada) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nevada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nevada) 97 95 2 0 71776 2011-06-02T03:08:05Z Portal:New Brunswick (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Brunswick&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Brunswick/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Brunswick) 35 29 1 5 27913 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:New England (/wiki/Portal:New_England) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_England) 5 5 0 0 3178 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:New France (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_France&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_France/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_France) 62 61 1 0 94946 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:New Hampshire (/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Hampshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Hampshire) 24 23 1 0 18506 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:New Jersey (/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Jersey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Jersey) 48 47 1 0 41833 2011-06-10T00:08:59Z Portal:New Mexico (/wiki/Portal:New_Mexico) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Mexico/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Mexico) 23 19 2 2 18384 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:New Orleans (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Orleans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Orleans) 69 37 32 0 20930 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:New South Wales (/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_South_Wales/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_South_Wales) 59 57 2 0 65956 2011-06-02T03:07:34Z Portal:New Spain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Spain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Spain) 18 16 1 1 15985 2011-06-04T08:38:08Z Portal:New York (/wiki/Portal:New_York) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_York/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_York) 135 134 1 0 228221 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:New York City (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_York_City/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_York_City) 57 56 1 0 59023 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:New York Roads (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_York_Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_York_Roads) 247 124 123 0 238819 2011-06-02T03:08:27Z Portal:New Zealand (/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_Zealand/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_Zealand) 306 291 14 1 403644 2011-06-06T10:04:03Z Portal:Newar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Newar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Newar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Newar) 12 11 1 0 8202 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Newfoundland and Labrador (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Newfoundland_and_Labrador/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Newfoundland_and_Labrador) 54 48 1 5 37117 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Nicaragua (/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nicaragua/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nicaragua) 18 16 1 1 13048 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Nickelodeon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nickelodeon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nickelodeon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nickelodeon) 40 21 19 0 18497 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Niger (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Niger&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Niger/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Niger) 50 44 6 0 44023 2011-06-08T16:24:42Z Portal:Nigeria (/wiki/Portal:Nigeria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nigeria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nigeria) 14 13 1 0 14640 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Nintendo (/wiki/Portal:Nintendo) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nintendo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nintendo) 62 60 2 0 57876 2011-06-10T03:12:53Z Portal:Nishapur (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nishapur&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nishapur/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nishapur) 10 10 0 0 10396 2011-06-08T13:03:08Z Portal:Nontheism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nontheism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nontheism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nontheism) 95 82 2 11 121721 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Normandy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Normandy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Normandy) 22 20 0 2 18732 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:North America (/wiki/Portal:North_America) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_America) 210 206 3 1 206139 2011-06-09T22:13:47Z Portal:North Carolina (/wiki/Portal:North_Carolina) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_Carolina/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_Carolina) 28 18 7 3 107215 2011-05-29T06:14:53Z Portal:North Dakota (/wiki/Portal:North_Dakota) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_Dakota/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_Dakota) 51 42 8 1 36844 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:North East England (/wiki/Portal:North_East_England) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_East_England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_East_England) 17 16 1 0 16249 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:North Rhine-Westphalia (/wiki/Portal:North_Rhine-Westphalia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_Rhine-Westphalia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_Rhine-Westphalia) 53 49 4 0 34543 2011-06-03T23:45:21Z Portal:North West England (/wiki/Portal:North_West_England) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_West_England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_West_England) 75 74 1 0 63890 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Northamptonshire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northamptonshire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Northamptonshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Northamptonshire) 29 24 1 4 16567 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Northern Ireland (/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Northern_Ireland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Northern_Ireland) 26 24 2 0 28026 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Northern Territory (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northern_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Northern_Territory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Northern_Territory) 38 37 1 0 33372 2011-05-29T21:55:02Z Portal:Northwest Territories (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northwest_Territories&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Northwest_Territories/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Northwest_Territories) 83 74 1 8 70903 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Norway (/wiki/Portal:Norway) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Norway/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Norway) 414 408 6 0 451432 2011-06-09T18:24:43Z Portal:Nova Scotia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nova_Scotia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nova_Scotia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nova_Scotia) 42 36 1 5 30733 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Novels (/wiki/Portal:Novels) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Novels/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Novels) 88 44 44 0 65448 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Nuclear technology (/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nuclear_technology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nuclear_technology) 14 13 1 0 11726 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Nudity (/wiki/Portal:Nudity) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nudity/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nudity) 17 13 3 1 10354 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Number theory (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Number_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Number_theory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Number_theory) 20 20 0 0 19601 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Numismatics (/wiki/Portal:Numismatics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Numismatics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Numismatics) 113 85 28 0 103132 2011-06-02T03:07:20Z Portal:Nunavut (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nunavut&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nunavut/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nunavut) 43 35 2 6 31833 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Nursing (/wiki/Portal:Nursing) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nursing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nursing) 15 14 1 0 10656 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Occult (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Occult&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Occult/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Occult) 27 24 2 1 29665 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Oceania (/wiki/Portal:Oceania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oceania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oceania) 112 110 1 1 167926 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Odisha (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Odisha/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Odisha) 27 26 1 0 30508 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Ohio (/wiki/Portal:Ohio) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ohio/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ohio) 489 350 136 3 295280 2011-06-07T18:32:43Z Portal:Oklahoma (/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oklahoma/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oklahoma) 126 111 13 2 147465 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Olympics (/wiki/Portal:Olympics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Olympics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Olympics) 194 95 96 3 81306 2011-06-02T16:41:10Z Portal:Ontario (/wiki/Portal:Ontario) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ontario/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ontario) 53 43 2 8 31307 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Opera (/wiki/Portal:Opera) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Opera/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Opera) 256 207 37 12 299016 2011-06-09T18:26:46Z Portal:Optometry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Optometry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Optometry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Optometry) 2 1 1 0 4105 2011-06-02T03:08:45Z Portal:Ore Mountains (/wiki/Portal:Ore_Mountains) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ore_Mountains/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ore_Mountains) 5 4 1 0 9776 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Oregon (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oregon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oregon) 932 467 464 1 608242 2011-06-09T18:27:19Z Portal:Organic chemistry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Organic_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organic_chemistry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organic_chemistry) 21 20 1 0 24074 2011-05-22T13:19:27Z Portal:Organized Labour (/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organized_Labour/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organized_Labour) 896 529 11 356 284867 2011-06-07T07:40:15Z Portal:Oriental Orthodoxy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oriental_Orthodoxy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oriental_Orthodoxy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oriental_Orthodoxy) 29 28 1 0 28892 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Origami (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Origami&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Origami/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Origami) 51 31 1 19 18160 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Osaka (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Osaka&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Osaka/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Osaka) 19 18 1 0 16481 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Oscar Wilde (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oscar_Wilde&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oscar_Wilde/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oscar_Wilde) 47 39 1 7 29530 2011-05-29T18:26:15Z Portal:Ottawa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottawa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ottawa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ottawa) 65 46 12 7 42314 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Oxfordshire (/wiki/Portal:Oxfordshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oxfordshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oxfordshire) 40 39 1 0 32671 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Oz (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oz&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Oz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Oz) 22 15 1 6 15120 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Pakistan (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pakistan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pakistan) 96 90 4 2 120841 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Paleontology (/wiki/Portal:Paleontology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Paleontology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Paleontology) 142 140 2 0 116623 2011-06-10T02:31:03Z Portal:Palestine (/wiki/Portal:Palestine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Palestine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Palestine) 20 16 3 1 94296 2011-05-30T19:28:47Z Portal:Panama (/wiki/Portal:Panama) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Panama/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Panama) 22 20 1 1 16171 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Papua New Guinea (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Papua_New_Guinea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Papua_New_Guinea) 19 18 1 0 17252 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Paraguay (/wiki/Portal:Paraguay) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Paraguay/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Paraguay) 17 17 0 0 10876 2011-06-10T03:00:38Z Portal:Paralympics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Paralympics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Paralympics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Paralympics) 120 60 60 0 52986 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Paris (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Paris&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Paris/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Paris) 14 12 1 1 12649 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Parliamentary Procedure (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Parliamentary_Procedure&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Parliamentary_Procedure/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Parliamentary_Procedure) 10 10 0 0 9546 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Peer review (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Peer_review&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Peer_review/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Peer_review) 29 27 2 0 24097 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Pendeli (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pendeli&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pendeli/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pendeli) 13 11 0 2 11951 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Pennsylvania (/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pennsylvania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pennsylvania) 200 98 96 6 139674 2011-05-30T16:37:06Z Portal:People's Republic of China (/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:People%27s_Republic_of_China) 19 18 1 0 20910 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Percussion (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Percussion&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Percussion/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Percussion) 35 34 1 0 20433 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Personal life (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Personal_life&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Personal_life/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Personal_life) 19 14 4 1 12736 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Peru (/wiki/Portal:Peru) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Peru/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Peru) 137 114 22 1 185596 2011-06-09T18:00:25Z Portal:Pervasive Developmental Disorders (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders) 12 11 1 0 14693 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Peshawar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Peshawar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Peshawar) 22 21 1 0 19398 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Pharmacy and Pharmacology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pharmacy_and_Pharmacology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pharmacy_and_Pharmacology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pharmacy_and_Pharmacology) 59 48 3 8 69124 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Philadelphia (/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philadelphia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philadelphia) 857 428 423 6 472847 2011-06-01T17:15:33Z Portal:Philately (/wiki/Portal:Philately) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philately/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philately) 62 51 10 1 102638 2011-06-09T18:30:22Z Portal:Philippine Law (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philippine_Law&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philippine_Law/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philippine_Law) 11 7 1 3 6963 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Philippines (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philippines/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philippines) 25 22 3 0 93314 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Philosophy (/wiki/Portal:Philosophy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philosophy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philosophy) 318 187 41 90 630030 2011-06-10T03:49:34Z Portal:Philosophy of science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philosophy_of_science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Philosophy_of_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Philosophy_of_science) 222 121 101 0 71685 2011-06-09T12:37:40Z Portal:Photography (/wiki/Portal:Photography) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Photography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Photography) 159 156 2 1 91681 2011-06-09T12:19:41Z Portal:Physical chemistry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physical_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Physical_chemistry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Physical_chemistry) 14 12 1 1 11273 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Physics (/wiki/Portal:Physics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Physics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Physics) 194 175 14 5 303658 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Piano (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Piano&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Piano/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Piano) 62 61 1 0 24782 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Pichilemu (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pichilemu&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pichilemu/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pichilemu) 847 424 418 5 130027 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Pink Floyd (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pink_Floyd&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pink_Floyd/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pink_Floyd) 26 25 1 0 41263 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Pipe organ (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pipe_organ&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pipe_organ/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pipe_organ) 36 29 1 6 27970 2011-06-05T20:16:53Z Portal:Piracy (/wiki/Portal:Piracy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Piracy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Piracy) 104 69 3 32 70658 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Pittsburgh (/wiki/Portal:Pittsburgh) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pittsburgh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pittsburgh) 964 482 482 0 521481 2011-06-09T15:07:20Z Portal:Plants (/wiki/Portal:Plants) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Plants/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Plants) 71 46 12 13 54475 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Poetry (/wiki/Portal:Poetry) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Poetry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Poetry) 234 224 8 2 192731 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Pokémon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pok%C3%A9mon) 61 46 9 6 98426 2011-06-10T02:08:18Z Portal:Poland (/wiki/Portal:Poland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Poland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Poland) 209 173 28 8 544872 2011-06-09T23:59:22Z Portal:Political science (/wiki/Portal:Political_science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Political_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Political_science) 12 11 0 1 6933 2011-05-31T09:45:14Z Portal:Politics (/wiki/Portal:Politics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Politics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Politics) 168 163 5 0 276537 2011-06-09T21:26:46Z Portal:Pop music (/wiki/Portal:Pop_music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pop_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pop_music) 18 18 0 0 26393 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Pope (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pope&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pope/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pope) 66 64 2 0 44863 2011-06-05T13:51:54Z Portal:Pornography (/wiki/Portal:Pornography) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pornography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pornography) 195 180 13 2 206297 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Portal (/wiki/Portal:Portal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Portal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Portal) 51 50 1 0 33685 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Portugal (/wiki/Portal:Portugal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Portugal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Portugal) 46 35 11 0 128213 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Powderfinger (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Powderfinger&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Powderfinger/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Powderfinger) 49 48 1 0 37653 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Prague (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Prague&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Prague/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Prague) 12 11 1 0 6776 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Prehistoric mammals (/wiki/Portal:Prehistoric_mammals) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Prehistoric_mammals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Prehistoric_mammals) 2 1 1 0 1430 2011-05-11T01:41:31Z Portal:Presidency of the Philippines (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Presidency_of_the_Philippines) 17 16 1 0 15184 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Primates (/wiki/Portal:Primates) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Primates/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Primates) 70 68 2 0 115072 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Prince Edward Island (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Prince_Edward_Island/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Prince_Edward_Island) 35 29 1 5 30398 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Professional wrestling (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Professional_wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Professional_wrestling/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Professional_wrestling) 189 187 2 0 91697 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Progressive rock (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Progressive_rock&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Progressive_rock/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Progressive_rock) 23 22 1 0 22279 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Psychology (/wiki/Portal:Psychology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Psychology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Psychology) 128 112 16 0 71469 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Puducherry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Puducherry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Puducherry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Puducherry) 18 17 1 0 17426 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Puerto Rico (/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Puerto_Rico/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Puerto_Rico) 223 113 102 8 274198 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Punjab (/wiki/Portal:Punjab) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Punjab/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Punjab) 28 27 1 0 35688 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Punk rock (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Punk_rock&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Punk_rock/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Punk_rock) 24 14 10 0 18457 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Pyrotechnics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pyrotechnics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pyrotechnics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pyrotechnics) 49 47 2 0 32622 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Python programming (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Python_programming&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Python_programming/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Python_programming) 16 15 1 0 7413 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Quebec (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Quebec/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Quebec) 123 113 2 8 79004 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Quebec City (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Quebec_City&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Quebec_City/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Quebec_City) 24 20 1 3 16345 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Queen (band) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queen_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Queen_(band)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Queen_(band)) 21 19 2 0 27192 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Queens of the Stone Age (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age) 17 16 1 0 11983 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Queensland (/wiki/Portal:Queensland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Queensland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Queensland) 69 63 6 0 75437 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Qur'an (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Qur%27an&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Qur%27an/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Qur%27an) 28 26 0 2 23427 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:R&B and Soul Music (/wiki/Portal:R%26B_and_Soul_Music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:R%26B_and_Soul_Music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:R%26B_and_Soul_Music) 57 55 2 0 119611 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Rabbits and hares (/wiki/Portal:Rabbits_and_hares) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rabbits_and_hares/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rabbits_and_hares) 62 62 0 0 30440 2011-06-10T03:28:30Z Portal:Radio (/wiki/Portal:Radio) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Radio/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Radio) 79 67 4 8 53622 2011-06-09T15:54:55Z Portal:Railways (/wiki/Portal:Railways) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Railways/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Railways) 17 15 1 1 12918 2011-06-02T03:08:40Z Portal:Railways in India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Railways_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Railways_in_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Railways_in_India) 30 27 2 1 33526 2011-06-07T03:25:32Z Portal:Ras al-Khaimah (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ras_al-Khaimah&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ras_al-Khaimah/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ras_al-Khaimah) 2 1 1 0 2037 2011-06-09T06:42:52Z Portal:Redwall (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Redwall&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Redwall/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Redwall) 13 12 1 0 4788 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Religion (/wiki/Portal:Religion) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Religion/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Religion) 961 696 264 1 403334 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Renewable energy (/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Renewable_energy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Renewable_energy) 113 106 4 3 126034 2011-06-08T12:21:51Z Portal:Republic of China (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_China) 17 16 1 0 34704 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Republic of Macedonia (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_Macedonia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_Macedonia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_Macedonia) 22 17 5 0 21336 2011-06-10T05:16:00Z Portal:Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_the_Congo) 28 26 1 1 18820 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Rhetoric (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rhetoric&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rhetoric/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rhetoric) 18 17 1 0 20703 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Rhode Island (/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rhode_Island/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rhode_Island) 97 84 13 0 73923 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Rhône-Alpes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes) 17 16 1 0 19393 2011-05-01T09:57:38Z Portal:Richard Marx (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Richard_Marx&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Richard_Marx/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Richard_Marx) 1 1 0 0 1919 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Rihanna (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rihanna&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rihanna/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rihanna) 19 18 1 0 22412 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:River City (/w/index.php?title=Portal:River_City&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:River_City/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:River_City) 14 14 0 0 9081 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Roads (/wiki/Portal:Roads) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Roads) 104 100 1 3 125140 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Robert E. Howard (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robert_E._Howard&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Robert_E._Howard/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Robert_E._Howard) 97 95 1 1 92153 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Robotics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robotics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Robotics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Robotics) 61 60 1 0 64273 2011-06-07T11:04:58Z Portal:Rock Climbing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rock_Climbing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_Climbing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_Climbing) 8 6 2 0 6446 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Rock and Roll (/wiki/Portal:Rock_and_Roll) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_and_Roll/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_and_Roll) 13 12 1 0 15139 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Rock music (/wiki/Portal:Rock_music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_music) 33 32 1 0 43157 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Role-playing games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Role-playing_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Role-playing_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Role-playing_games) 16 14 2 0 7259 2011-06-05T12:08:56Z Portal:Romani people (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Romani_people&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Romani_people/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Romani_people) 6 6 0 0 5452 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Romania (/wiki/Portal:Romania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Romania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Romania) 26 22 2 2 88509 2011-06-10T00:50:33Z Portal:Romanian football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Romanian_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Romanian_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Romanian_football) 145 144 1 0 151997 2011-06-09T22:07:43Z Portal:Rome (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rome&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rome/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rome) 10 9 1 0 20782 2011-06-03T23:49:40Z Portal:Royal Air Force (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Royal_Air_Force/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Royal_Air_Force) 114 91 2 21 114647 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Royal Australian Navy (/wiki/Portal:Royal_Australian_Navy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Royal_Australian_Navy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Royal_Australian_Navy) 46 45 1 0 35312 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Royal Navy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Royal_Navy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Royal_Navy) 84 81 1 2 68100 2011-05-26T02:33:42Z Portal:Royalty (/wiki/Portal:Royalty) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Royalty/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Royalty) 49 46 0 3 37300 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Rufus Wainwright (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rufus_Wainwright&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rufus_Wainwright/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rufus_Wainwright) 42 21 21 0 25635 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Rugby (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby) 37 24 13 0 16381 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Rugby league (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_league&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_league/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_league) 78 50 26 2 36428 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Rugby union (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_union&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_union/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_union) 66 60 5 1 58463 2011-06-03T19:05:46Z Portal:Rush (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rush&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rush/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rush) 17 16 1 0 22629 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Russia (/wiki/Portal:Russia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Russia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Russia) 204 142 18 44 155809 2011-06-09T18:41:12Z Portal:Russian Empire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Russian_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Russian_Empire) 28 27 1 0 25102 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Rwanda (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rwanda/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rwanda) 49 48 1 0 41759 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:SAARC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:SAARC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:SAARC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:SAARC) 182 179 1 2 142404 2011-06-06T08:37:16Z Portal:Sacred christian music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sacred_christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sacred_christian_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sacred_christian_music) 10 10 0 0 6055 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean) 21 17 1 3 11842 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Saints (/wiki/Portal:Saints) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saints/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saints) 324 282 23 19 324040 2011-06-07T03:44:47Z Portal:Sakis Rouvas (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sakis_Rouvas&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sakis_Rouvas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sakis_Rouvas) 13 13 0 0 17756 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:San Diego County (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego_County&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Diego_County/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Diego_County) 25 23 1 1 30828 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:San Diego–Tijuana (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana) 34 31 1 2 33865 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:San Francisco Bay Area (/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Francisco_Bay_Area) 49 40 3 6 64343 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Santana (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Santana&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Santana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Santana) 32 28 1 3 29134 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Saskatchewan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saskatchewan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saskatchewan) 148 141 4 3 215336 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saudi_Arabia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saudi_Arabia) 19 18 1 0 19573 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Savoy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Savoy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Savoy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Savoy) 17 16 1 0 12240 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Saxony (/wiki/Portal:Saxony) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saxony/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saxony) 6 5 1 0 13113 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:Saxony-Anhalt (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saxony-Anhalt&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Saxony-Anhalt/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Saxony-Anhalt) 7 5 1 1 18303 2011-06-02T03:08:49Z Portal:Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Portal:Schleswig-Holstein) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Schleswig-Holstein/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Schleswig-Holstein) 28 25 1 2 36987 2011-05-13T21:08:59Z Portal:Schools (/wiki/Portal:Schools) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Schools/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Schools) 154 136 16 2 173279 2011-06-04T12:16:09Z Portal:Science (/wiki/Portal:Science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Science) 185 171 11 3 234460 2011-06-10T05:22:08Z Portal:Scientology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scientology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Scientology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Scientology) 102 93 8 1 106462 2011-06-09T18:43:47Z Portal:Scotland (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Scotland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Scotland) 534 524 9 1 730491 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Scouting (/wiki/Portal:Scouting) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Scouting/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Scouting) 211 120 90 1 270679 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Seamounts (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seamounts&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Seamounts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Seamounts) 17 16 1 0 10641 2011-06-01T17:47:18Z Portal:Seattle (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seattle&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Seattle/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Seattle) 55 54 1 0 41195 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Seattle Sounders FC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seattle_Sounders_FC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Seattle_Sounders_FC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Seattle_Sounders_FC) 3 3 0 0 4561 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Sega (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sega&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sega/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sega) 33 32 1 0 20955 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Selena (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Selena&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Selena/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Selena) 15 14 1 0 23556 2011-06-05T20:16:53Z Portal:Senegal (/wiki/Portal:Senegal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Senegal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Senegal) 11 10 1 0 4806 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:September 11 attacks (/w/index.php?title=Portal:September_11_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:September_11_attacks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:September_11_attacks) 16 14 1 1 19773 2011-06-05T14:38:13Z Portal:Serbia (/wiki/Portal:Serbia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Serbia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Serbia) 100 64 32 4 91647 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Serials (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Serials&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Serials/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Serials) 36 35 1 0 30191 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Set theory (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Set_theory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Set_theory) 26 25 1 0 18805 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Seventh-day Adventist Church (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church) 40 39 1 0 46677 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Sexuality (/wiki/Portal:Sexuality) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sexuality/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sexuality) 93 79 4 10 72736 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Shakespeare (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shakespeare/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shakespeare) 33 30 2 1 41382 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Shanghai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shanghai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shanghai) 17 16 1 0 9555 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Shania Twain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shania_Twain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shania_Twain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shania_Twain) 15 14 1 0 18102 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Shannara (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shannara&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shannara/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shannara) 36 35 1 0 22848 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Sharjah (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sharjah&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sharjah/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sharjah) 14 13 1 0 8370 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Sharks (/wiki/Portal:Sharks) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sharks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sharks) 81 77 2 2 106895 2011-06-08T01:35:03Z Portal:Shinto (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shinto&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shinto/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shinto) 18 15 2 1 17948 2011-06-09T16:05:39Z Portal:Sialkot (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sialkot&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sialkot/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sialkot) 30 29 1 0 27346 2011-05-28T08:10:48Z Portal:Sierra Leone (/wiki/Portal:Sierra_Leone) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sierra_Leone/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sierra_Leone) 26 25 1 0 18671 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Sikhism (/wiki/Portal:Sikhism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sikhism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sikhism) 28 14 12 2 28439 2011-06-01T08:13:02Z Portal:Silesia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Silesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Silesia) 12 11 1 0 9989 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Singapore (/wiki/Portal:Singapore) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Singapore/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Singapore) 62 57 4 1 66152 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Slipknot (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Slipknot&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Slipknot/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Slipknot) 38 37 1 0 24062 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Slovakia (/wiki/Portal:Slovakia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Slovakia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Slovakia) 17 15 2 0 17387 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Slovenia (/wiki/Portal:Slovenia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Slovenia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Slovenia) 19 12 7 0 17946 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Smooth jazz (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Smooth_jazz&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Smooth_jazz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Smooth_jazz) 10 9 1 0 9243 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Snooker (/wiki/Portal:Snooker) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Snooker/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Snooker) 30 15 15 0 10272 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Soccer in the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Soccer_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Soccer_in_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Soccer_in_the_United_States) 79 78 1 0 77359 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Social and political philosophy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Social_and_political_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Social_and_political_philosophy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Social_and_political_philosophy) 69 37 32 0 25407 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Social movements (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Social_movements&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Social_movements/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Social_movements) 47 46 1 0 42591 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Social sciences (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Social_sciences&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Social_sciences/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Social_sciences) 20 19 0 1 16375 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Socialism (/wiki/Portal:Socialism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Socialism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Socialism) 16 15 1 0 12209 2011-05-31T23:50:09Z Portal:Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Society/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Society) 48 39 4 5 68339 2011-06-09T03:48:42Z Portal:Sociology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sociology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sociology) 36 31 1 4 45268 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Soft Rock (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Soft_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Soft_Rock/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Soft_Rock) 24 23 1 0 21792 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Software (/wiki/Portal:Software) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Software/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Software) 21 20 1 0 15791 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Software Testing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Software_Testing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Software_Testing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Software_Testing) 17 16 1 0 11320 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Solar System (/wiki/Portal:Solar_System) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Solar_System/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Solar_System) 85 83 2 0 123267 2011-06-07T17:03:17Z Portal:Somalia (/wiki/Portal:Somalia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Somalia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Somalia) 16 15 1 0 38513 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Somaliland (/wiki/Portal:Somaliland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Somaliland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Somaliland) 1 1 0 0 10106 2011-05-29T14:55:39Z Portal:Somerset (/wiki/Portal:Somerset) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Somerset/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Somerset) 129 128 1 0 199542 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Sonic (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sonic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sonic) 33 32 1 0 21911 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Sony (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sony/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sony) 12 12 0 0 7137 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Sony PlayStation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sony_PlayStation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sony_PlayStation) 69 64 2 3 69528 2011-06-02T03:07:41Z Portal:South Africa (/wiki/Portal:South_Africa) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Africa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Africa) 12 11 1 0 8848 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:South Australia (/wiki/Portal:South_Australia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Australia) 109 55 54 0 67450 2011-05-29T21:55:01Z Portal:South Carolina (/wiki/Portal:South_Carolina) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Carolina/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Carolina) 24 22 1 1 22726 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:South Dakota (/wiki/Portal:South_Dakota) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Dakota/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Dakota) 18 17 1 0 15861 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:South East England (/wiki/Portal:South_East_England) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_East_England/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_East_England) 481 438 3 40 141741 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Southern California (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Southern_California&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Southern_California/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Southern_California) 60 30 1 29 29004 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Soviet Union (/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Soviet_Union/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Soviet_Union) 47 44 2 1 46854 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Space (/wiki/Portal:Space) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Space/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Space) 57 46 1 10 42044 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Spaceflight (/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Spaceflight/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Spaceflight) 804 712 43 49 974768 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Spain (/wiki/Portal:Spain) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Spain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Spain) 97 95 2 0 129405 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Spanish American wars of independence (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spanish_American_wars_of_independence&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Spanish_American_wars_of_independence/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Spanish_American_wars_of_independence) 58 57 1 0 35083 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Speculative fiction (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Speculative_fiction/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Speculative_fiction) 888 824 4 60 1127415 2011-06-10T02:28:31Z Portal:Spirituality (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spirituality&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Spirituality/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Spirituality) 18 15 2 1 19573 2011-06-09T14:30:48Z Portal:Sport in Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sport_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sport_in_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sport_in_Canada) 67 51 10 6 59782 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Sports and games (/wiki/Portal:Sports_and_games) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sports_and_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sports_and_games) 284 185 71 28 177356 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Sri Lanka (/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sri_Lanka/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sri_Lanka) 100 50 50 0 50790 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Stamford (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Stamford&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Stamford/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Stamford) 28 5 23 0 5216 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Star (/wiki/Portal:Star) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Star/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Star) 77 65 11 1 101780 2011-06-10T02:24:57Z Portal:Star Trek (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Star_Trek/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Star_Trek) 80 75 3 2 69349 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Star Wars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Star_Wars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Star_Wars) 39 30 8 1 44524 2011-06-04T20:52:46Z Portal:Statistics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Statistics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Statistics) 56 54 1 1 39469 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Strategy games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Strategy_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Strategy_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Strategy_games) 58 57 1 0 30715 2011-06-04T00:21:33Z Portal:Strictly Come Dancing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Strictly_Come_Dancing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Strictly_Come_Dancing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Strictly_Come_Dancing) 31 31 0 0 41298 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Submarine (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Submarine&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Submarine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Submarine) 37 24 2 11 22511 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Sudan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sudan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sudan) 45 44 1 0 42956 2011-06-03T21:43:26Z Portal:Sufism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sufism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sufism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sufism) 15 14 1 0 8050 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Suicide (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Suicide&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Suicide/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Suicide) 16 15 1 0 50352 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:Super Bowl (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Super_Bowl&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Super_Bowl/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Super_Bowl) 18 17 1 0 21453 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Superfund (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superfund&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Superfund/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Superfund) 5 5 0 0 2882 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Superhero fiction (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superhero_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Superhero_fiction/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Superhero_fiction) 46 45 1 0 52796 2011-06-10T05:01:33Z Portal:Superleague Formula (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superleague_Formula&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Superleague_Formula/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Superleague_Formula) 13 10 2 1 8981 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Suriname (/wiki/Portal:Suriname) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Suriname/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Suriname) 26 25 1 0 19106 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Surrey (/wiki/Portal:Surrey) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Surrey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Surrey) 30 29 1 0 15902 2011-05-29T21:55:02Z Portal:Sussex (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sussex&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sussex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sussex) 21 19 2 0 16242 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Sustainable development (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sustainable_development&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sustainable_development/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sustainable_development) 146 144 2 0 125527 2011-06-02T02:22:02Z Portal:Sweden (/wiki/Portal:Sweden) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sweden/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sweden) 68 67 1 0 44687 2011-06-03T01:18:35Z Portal:Swimming (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Swimming&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Swimming/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Swimming) 27 15 11 1 8428 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Switzerland (/wiki/Portal:Switzerland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Switzerland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Switzerland) 33 31 2 0 59020 2011-06-09T18:54:21Z Portal:Syracuse, New York (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Syracuse,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Syracuse,_New_York/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Syracuse,_New_York) 598 438 159 1 102079 2011-06-07T11:45:38Z Portal:Syria (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Syria&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Syria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Syria) 20 18 2 0 17173 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Systems science (/wiki/Portal:Systems_science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Systems_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Systems_science) 91 48 43 0 51778 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Portal:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) 17 16 1 0 16414 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Taiwan (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Taiwan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Taiwan) 166 123 6 37 77699 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Tajikistan (/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tajikistan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tajikistan) 12 11 1 0 13390 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Tamil Nadu (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tamil_Nadu/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tamil_Nadu) 17 16 1 0 13052 2011-06-03T23:52:43Z Portal:Tamil People (/wiki/Portal:Tamil_People) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tamil_People/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tamil_People) 38 37 1 0 55817 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Tank (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tank&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tank/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tank) 50 49 1 0 76461 2011-06-10T03:54:04Z Portal:Tanzania (/wiki/Portal:Tanzania) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tanzania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tanzania) 114 113 1 0 123767 2011-06-03T23:45:30Z Portal:Taoism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Taoism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Taoism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Taoism) 16 14 1 1 15428 2011-06-08T22:38:54Z Portal:Tasmania (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tasmania&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tasmania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tasmania) 53 51 2 0 50310 2011-05-29T21:55:02Z Portal:Tbilisi (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tbilisi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tbilisi) 8 7 1 0 7481 2011-06-09T01:55:19Z Portal:Technology (/wiki/Portal:Technology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Technology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Technology) 137 124 5 8 159115 2011-06-10T02:19:24Z Portal:Telecommunication (/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Telecommunication/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Telecommunication) 28 27 1 0 20448 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Television/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Television) 208 183 25 0 182191 2011-06-09T21:25:27Z Portal:Television in Australia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Television_in_Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Television_in_Australia) 42 38 1 3 30652 2011-06-09T17:07:01Z Portal:Television in the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Television_in_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Television_in_the_United_States) 25 18 7 0 19868 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Tennessee (/wiki/Portal:Tennessee) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tennessee/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tennessee) 130 62 63 5 75811 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Tennis (/wiki/Portal:Tennis) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tennis/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tennis) 195 156 38 1 210955 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Terrorism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Terrorism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Terrorism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Terrorism) 133 127 5 1 141920 2011-06-09T18:56:57Z Portal:Texas (/wiki/Portal:Texas) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Texas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Texas) 171 138 31 2 163709 2011-06-07T18:32:16Z Portal:Texas A&M University (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Texas_A%26M_University&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Texas_A%26M_University/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Texas_A%26M_University) 14 10 4 0 5209 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Texas Tech University (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Texas_Tech_University&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Texas_Tech_University/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Texas_Tech_University) 58 33 25 0 17386 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Textile arts (/wiki/Portal:Textile_arts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Textile_arts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Textile_arts) 155 144 11 0 155992 2011-06-09T18:57:27Z Portal:Thailand (/wiki/Portal:Thailand) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Thailand/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Thailand) 65 59 6 0 121077 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:The Beach Boys (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beach_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Beach_Boys/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Beach_Boys) 14 13 1 0 16967 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Beatles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beatles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Beatles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Beatles) 115 105 10 0 78929 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Clash (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Clash&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Clash/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Clash) 195 98 97 0 92548 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Dark Tower (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Dark_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Dark_Tower/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Dark_Tower) 19 16 3 0 12072 2011-06-10T01:57:16Z Portal:The Gambia (/wiki/Portal:The_Gambia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Gambia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Gambia) 34 33 1 0 30208 2011-05-26T02:33:35Z Portal:The Jackson Family (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Jackson_Family&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Jackson_Family/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Jackson_Family) 27 26 1 0 27233 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Kinks (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Kinks&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Kinks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Kinks) 19 18 1 0 29272 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Legend of Zelda (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Legend_of_Zelda) 33 32 1 0 36157 2011-06-08T15:23:50Z Portal:The Rolling Stones (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Rolling_Stones&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Rolling_Stones/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Rolling_Stones) 26 25 1 0 44066 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:The Simpsons (/wiki/Portal:The_Simpsons) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Simpsons/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Simpsons) 198 190 7 1 186197 2011-06-09T18:58:28Z Portal:The Sims (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Sims&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Sims/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Sims) 26 25 1 0 15568 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:The Supremes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Supremes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Supremes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Supremes) 19 18 1 0 28886 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Theatre (/wiki/Portal:Theatre) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Theatre/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Theatre) 147 141 6 0 152446 2011-06-09T21:28:07Z Portal:Thinking (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thinking&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Thinking/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Thinking) 20 18 2 0 23569 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Tibet (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tibet/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tibet) 27 23 1 3 26065 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Tibetan Buddhism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tibetan_Buddhism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism) 27 23 1 3 26144 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Time (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Time&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Time/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Time) 85 57 28 0 58081 2011-06-02T03:24:44Z Portal:Tirana (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tirana&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tirana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tirana) 48 28 19 1 19311 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Tobago (/wiki/Portal:Tobago) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tobago/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tobago) 23 13 9 1 9812 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Togo (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Togo&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Togo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Togo) 33 32 1 0 29270 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Tokyo (/wiki/Portal:Tokyo) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tokyo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tokyo) 55 47 4 4 40161 2011-06-02T03:07:40Z Portal:Topology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Topology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Topology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Topology) 19 19 0 0 22676 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Toronto (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Toronto&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Toronto/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Toronto) 18 17 1 0 20587 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Toys (/wiki/Portal:Toys) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Toys/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Toys) 14 13 1 0 6934 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Trains (/wiki/Portal:Trains) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Trains/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Trains) 3372 2095 1264 13 2929458 2011-06-09T11:42:00Z Portal:Transgender (/wiki/Portal:Transgender) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Transgender/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Transgender) 93 64 24 5 46345 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Transhumanism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Transhumanism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Transhumanism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Transhumanism) 12 11 1 0 9445 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Transport (/wiki/Portal:Transport) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Transport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Transport) 235 173 60 2 219362 2011-05-31T15:41:42Z Portal:Transylvania (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Transylvania&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Transylvania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Transylvania) 30 29 1 0 18632 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Trinidad_and_Tobago) 310 217 86 7 122805 2011-06-09T19:01:05Z Portal:Tropical cyclones (/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tropical_cyclones/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tropical_cyclones) 870 590 6 274 504498 2011-06-10T02:33:52Z Portal:Trucks (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Trucks&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Trucks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Trucks) 18 18 0 0 25281 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Tunisia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tunisia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tunisia) 24 23 1 0 18415 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Turkey (/wiki/Portal:Turkey) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Turkey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Turkey) 58 53 2 3 175481 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Turtles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Turtles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Turtles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Turtles) 66 33 33 0 28971 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Twilight (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Twilight&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Twilight/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Twilight) 58 56 1 1 63245 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Typography (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Typography&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Typography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Typography) 14 13 1 0 7524 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Tyrol (/wiki/Portal:Tyrol) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tyrol/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tyrol) 4 3 1 0 15773 2011-05-11T01:41:43Z Portal:U.S. Roads (/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:U.S._Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:U.S._Roads) 212 193 9 10 662136 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:U2 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:U2&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:U2/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:U2) 42 31 11 0 40569 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:UK Railways (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:UK_Railways/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:UK_Railways) 42 38 3 1 26576 2011-06-10T01:50:49Z Portal:UK Trams (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:UK_Trams/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:UK_Trams) 35 31 4 0 25499 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:UK Waterways (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Waterways&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:UK_Waterways/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:UK_Waterways) 213 210 2 1 85083 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Uganda (/wiki/Portal:Uganda) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Uganda/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Uganda) 15 13 1 1 9814 2011-05-28T12:25:08Z Portal:Ukraine (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ukraine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ukraine) 86 71 10 5 730080 2011-06-09T20:23:32Z Portal:Umm al-Quwain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Umm_al-Quwain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Umm_al-Quwain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Umm_al-Quwain) 2 2 0 0 2040 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:United Arab Emirates (/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_Arab_Emirates) 19 18 1 0 40311 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:United Kingdom (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_Kingdom/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_Kingdom) 479 468 4 7 717008 2011-06-09T21:26:16Z Portal:United Nations (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_Nations/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_Nations) 79 76 1 2 66803 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States) 2403 1198 1204 1 1779895 2011-06-10T05:17:05Z Portal:United States Air Force (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Air_Force/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Air_Force) 937 419 469 49 444794 2011-06-07T14:03:29Z Portal:United States Army (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Army&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Army/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Army) 111 54 55 2 50932 2011-06-10T02:24:57Z Portal:United States Army Air Corps (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Army_Air_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Army_Air_Corps/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Army_Air_Corps) 2 1 1 0 39 2011-01-11T19:11:56Z Portal:United States Coast Guard (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Coast_Guard) 72 36 36 0 29491 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:United States Marine Corps (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Marine_Corps) 374 188 181 5 394250 2011-06-10T02:24:57Z Portal:United States Merchant Marine (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Merchant_Marine&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Merchant_Marine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Merchant_Marine) 190 95 94 1 100437 2011-06-03T14:19:33Z Portal:United States Navy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Navy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Navy) 450 224 225 1 115479 2011-05-31T12:25:28Z Portal:Universe (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Universe&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Universe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Universe) 1 1 0 0 3817 2011-05-18T23:38:58Z Portal:Universities in Azerbaijan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Universities_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Universities_in_Azerbaijan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Universities_in_Azerbaijan) 19 19 0 0 14303 2011-05-18T23:38:58Z Portal:University (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University) 26 20 3 3 26861 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:University of Cambridge (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Cambridge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Cambridge) 38 38 0 0 40669 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:University of Chicago (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Chicago/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Chicago) 34 33 1 0 36366 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:University of Houston (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Houston/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Houston) 48 26 22 0 19778 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:University of Montana (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Montana/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Montana) 39 20 19 0 14436 2011-06-05T03:34:06Z Portal:University of Oxford (/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Oxford/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Oxford) 433 431 1 1 679777 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:University of Pittsburgh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Pittsburgh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Pittsburgh) 231 230 1 0 212665 2011-06-04T09:43:12Z Portal:University of Texas at Austin (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Texas_at_Austin&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_Texas_at_Austin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_Texas_at_Austin) 30 15 13 2 18031 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:University of the Arctic (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_the_Arctic&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:University_of_the_Arctic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:University_of_the_Arctic) 61 61 0 0 49980 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Uranus (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Uranus/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Uranus) 39 38 1 0 35459 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Uruguay (/wiki/Portal:Uruguay) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Uruguay/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Uruguay) 74 43 29 2 40437 2011-06-09T16:27:40Z Portal:Usher (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Usher&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Usher/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Usher) 35 35 0 0 38563 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Utah (/wiki/Portal:Utah) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Utah/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Utah) 132 126 5 1 108610 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Uttar Pradesh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Uttar_Pradesh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Uttar_Pradesh) 1267 620 627 20 733973 2011-06-07T19:56:33Z Portal:Uzbekistan (/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Uzbekistan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Uzbekistan) 9 8 1 0 6617 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Vajrayana Buddhism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vajrayana_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vajrayana_Buddhism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vajrayana_Buddhism) 29 28 1 0 19801 2011-06-02T16:07:52Z Portal:Vancouver (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vancouver/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vancouver) 112 94 9 9 163368 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Vatican City (/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vatican_City/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vatican_City) 34 33 1 0 20568 2011-06-03T23:49:40Z Portal:Venezuela (/wiki/Portal:Venezuela) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Venezuela/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Venezuela) 24 19 1 4 38291 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Venice (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Venice&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Venice/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Venice) 8 8 0 0 9456 2011-06-03T23:49:40Z Portal:Vermont (/wiki/Portal:Vermont) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vermont/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vermont) 53 44 2 7 35764 2011-06-06T22:35:21Z Portal:Victoria (/wiki/Portal:Victoria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Victoria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Victoria) 69 68 1 0 56068 2011-06-02T03:07:39Z Portal:Video games (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Video_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Video_games) 283 264 4 15 308537 2011-06-10T00:39:29Z Portal:Vienna (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vienna&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vienna/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vienna) 24 17 7 0 9507 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Vietnam (/wiki/Portal:Vietnam) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Vietnam/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Vietnam) 21 19 2 0 19333 2011-06-09T21:25:08Z Portal:Virginia (/wiki/Portal:Virginia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Virginia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Virginia) 21 20 1 0 24447 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Viruses (/wiki/Portal:Viruses) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Viruses/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Viruses) 16 15 1 0 18535 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Visual arts (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Visual_arts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Visual_arts) 151 80 70 1 95240 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Volcanism of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Volcanism_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Volcanism_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Volcanism_of_Canada) 48 30 18 0 27720 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Volcanoes (/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Volcanoes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Volcanoes) 102 87 12 3 97133 2011-06-07T07:40:15Z Portal:Wales (/wiki/Portal:Wales) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wales/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wales) 150 147 2 1 155659 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:War (/w/index.php?title=Portal:War&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:War/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:War) 481 475 4 2 440073 2011-06-09T17:14:06Z Portal:War of 1812 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:War_of_1812&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:War_of_1812/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:War_of_1812) 47 44 1 2 103224 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Warhammer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Warhammer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Warhammer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Warhammer) 15 14 1 0 10755 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Washington (/wiki/Portal:Washington) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Washington/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Washington) 72 55 12 5 54524 2011-06-04T10:30:14Z Portal:Washington & Jefferson College (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Washington_%26_Jefferson_College&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Washington_%26_Jefferson_College/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Washington_%26_Jefferson_College) 50 49 1 0 39220 2011-06-07T07:40:15Z Portal:Washington Roads (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Washington_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Washington_Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Washington_Roads) 76 39 37 0 23924 2011-06-06T14:00:43Z Portal:Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Portal:Washington,_D.C.) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Washington,_D.C./) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Washington,_D.C.) 14 12 1 1 22406 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Water (/wiki/Portal:Water) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Water/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Water) 16 14 1 1 10724 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Water sports (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Water_sports&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Water_sports/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Water_sports) 18 17 1 0 10612 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Weapons of mass destruction (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Weapons_of_mass_destruction&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Weapons_of_mass_destruction/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Weapons_of_mass_destruction) 26 25 1 0 24226 2011-06-06T21:44:12Z Portal:Weather (/wiki/Portal:Weather) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Weather/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Weather) 1624 1530 4 90 435696 2011-06-09T22:40:19Z Portal:Web Development (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Web_Development&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Web_Development/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Web_Development) 1 1 0 0 198 2011-06-08T11:02:43Z Portal:West Bengal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:West_Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:West_Bengal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:West_Bengal) 240 237 2 1 413482 2011-06-09T00:02:33Z Portal:West Sussex (/wiki/Portal:West_Sussex) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:West_Sussex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:West_Sussex) 35 34 1 0 25683 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:West Virginia (/wiki/Portal:West_Virginia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:West_Virginia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:West_Virginia) 29 28 1 0 26163 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Western Australia (/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Western_Australia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Western_Australia) 113 75 37 1 88490 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Western Region (Ghana) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Western_Region_(Ghana)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Western_Region_(Ghana)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Western_Region_(Ghana)) 1 1 0 0 119 2011-04-27T12:13:29Z Portal:Western Sahara (/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Western_Sahara/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Western_Sahara) 24 17 5 2 13245 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Western region (Ghana) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Western_region_(Ghana)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Western_region_(Ghana)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Western_region_(Ghana)) 2 1 1 0 6363 2011-06-02T03:08:45Z Portal:Wicca (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wicca&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wicca/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wicca) 17 15 2 0 26264 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Wikiatlas (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wikiatlas&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wikiatlas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wikiatlas) 2 1 1 0 10992 2011-05-29T18:09:53Z Portal:Wikimedia featured content (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wikimedia_featured_content&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wikimedia_featured_content/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wikimedia_featured_content) 14 14 0 0 954078 2011-06-08T10:38:04Z Portal:Wiltshire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wiltshire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wiltshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wiltshire) 29 26 1 2 20333 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Wine (/wiki/Portal:Wine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wine) 406 201 203 2 121395 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Winter (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Winter/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Winter) 47 47 0 0 32260 2011-06-03T23:43:51Z Portal:Wisconsin (/wiki/Portal:Wisconsin) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wisconsin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wisconsin) 60 47 13 0 73407 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Women's sport (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Women%27s_sport&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Women%27s_sport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Women%27s_sport) 351 350 1 0 120973 2011-06-08T22:38:53Z Portal:World Rally Championship (/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_Rally_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:World_Rally_Championship/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:World_Rally_Championship) 26 13 13 0 7263 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:World War I (/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_I&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:World_War_I/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:World_War_I) 94 93 1 0 73607 2011-06-10T03:45:22Z Portal:World War II (/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:World_War_II/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:World_War_II) 267 263 2 2 314294 2011-06-09T20:11:36Z Portal:Writing (/wiki/Portal:Writing) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Writing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Writing) 26 25 1 0 20546 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Wyoming (/wiki/Portal:Wyoming) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Wyoming/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Wyoming) 29 28 1 0 37516 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:X-ray astronomy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:X-ray_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:X-ray_astronomy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:X-ray_astronomy) 90 84 6 0 91593 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Xbox (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Xbox/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Xbox) 74 39 35 0 28778 2011-06-06T21:13:57Z Portal:Xray Crystallography (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xray_Crystallography&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Xray_Crystallography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Xray_Crystallography) 11 10 1 0 7722 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:York Region, Ontario (/w/index.php?title=Portal:York_Region,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:York_Region,_Ontario/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:York_Region,_Ontario) 16 13 3 0 9055 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Yorkshire (/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Yorkshire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Yorkshire) 180 91 89 0 95562 2011-06-05T15:41:47Z Portal:Yoruba (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Yoruba&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Yoruba/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Yoruba) 14 12 2 0 9180 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Yukon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Yukon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Yukon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Yukon) 37 31 1 5 26164 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Zambia (/wiki/Portal:Zambia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Zambia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Zambia) 17 15 2 0 15920 2011-06-09T19:57:12Z Portal:Zimbabwe (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Zimbabwe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Zimbabwe) 103 94 4 5 93902 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Zoos and aquariums (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zoos_and_aquariums&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Zoos_and_aquariums/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Zoos_and_aquariums) 41 36 1 4 27000 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Zoroastrianism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zoroastrianism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Zoroastrianism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Zoroastrianism) 96 91 2 3 50188 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Headless portals [ edit ] Portal title Pages Content pages Talk pages Redirects Content bytes Last modified Portal:Anthroponymy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Anthroponymy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Anthroponymy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Anthroponymy) 2 2 0 0 490 2011-05-18T23:38:58Z Portal:Arab-Israeli conflict (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Arab-Israeli_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Arab-Israeli_conflict/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Arab-Israeli_conflict) 1 1 0 0 149 2011-03-26T09:17:33Z Portal:Arizonan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Arizonan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Arizonan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Arizonan) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Berge und Gebirge (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Berge_und_Gebirge&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Berge_und_Gebirge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Berge_und_Gebirge) 1 1 0 0 227 2010-12-17T22:07:37Z Portal:Brandy Norwood (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brandy_Norwood&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brandy_Norwood_/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brandy_Norwood) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cardiovascular System (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cardiovascular_System&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cardiovascular_System/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cardiovascular_System) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cologne (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cologne/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cologne) 23 23 0 0 10227 2011-05-18T23:38:53Z Portal:Dark Tower (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dark_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dark_Tower/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dark_Tower) 2 1 1 0 15773 2011-05-22T11:47:58Z Portal:ESL (/w/index.php?title=Portal:ESL&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ESL/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ESL) 3 3 0 0 627 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Goldfrapp (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Goldfrapp&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Goldfrapp/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Goldfrapp) 14 14 0 0 8319 2011-05-28T23:59:40Z Portal:Highways (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Highways&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Highways/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Highways) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Holby (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Holby&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Holby/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Holby) 4 2 2 0 508 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Hyderabad,India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hyderabad,India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hyderabad,India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hyderabad,India) 5 5 0 0 5282 2011-06-06T08:37:37Z Portal:Kindom of France (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kindom_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kindom_of_France/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kindom_of_France) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Knokout (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Knokout&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Knokout/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Knokout) 1 1 0 0 32 2011-05-18T23:38:58Z Portal:Lübeck (/w/index.php?title=Portal:L%C3%BCbeck&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:L%C3%BCbeck/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:L%C3%BCbeck) 1 1 0 0 1 2010-01-30T23:44:30Z Portal:Marathahalli (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marathahalli&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Marathahalli/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Marathahalli) 23 23 0 0 14351 2011-05-18T23:38:53Z Portal:Michigan Highway (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Michigan_Highway&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Michigan_Highway/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Michigan_Highway) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Musculoskeletal System (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Musculoskeletal_System&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Musculoskeletal_System/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Musculoskeletal_System) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Nervous System (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nervous_System&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nervous_System/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nervous_System) 1 1 0 0 1297 2010-01-14T03:21:14Z Portal:Old Airport Road, Bangalore (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Old_Airport_Road,_Bangalore&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Old_Airport_Road,_Bangalore/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Old_Airport_Road,_Bangalore) 13 13 0 0 11309 2011-04-03T17:24:32Z Portal:Pennslvania (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pennslvania&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pennslvania/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pennslvania) 1 1 0 0 4712 2011-04-03T13:31:51Z Portal:Portal:Human Body (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Portal:Human_Body&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Portal:Human_Body/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Portal:Human_Body) 1 1 0 0 2716 2011-03-18T08:59:15Z Portal:Rapid transit (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rapid_transit&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rapid_transit/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rapid_transit) 137 135 0 2 101638 2011-05-26T13:33:01Z Portal:Rhone-Alpes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rhone-Alpes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rhone-Alpes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rhone-Alpes) 2 2 0 0 5158 2011-01-09T11:43:16Z Portal:SUNY (/w/index.php?title=Portal:SUNY&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:SUNY/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:SUNY) 5 4 0 1 621 2011-05-18T23:38:53Z Portal:Sachin Tendulkar (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sachin_Tendulkar&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sachin_Tendulkar/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sachin_Tendulkar) 5 5 0 0 1388 2011-05-18T23:38:53Z Portal:San Fernando (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Fernando&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Fernando/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Fernando) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Social and political (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Social_and_political&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Social_and_political/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Social_and_political) 1 1 0 0 3151 2011-05-11T01:42:38Z Portal:Tamil civilization (/wiki/Portal:Tamil_civilization) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tamil_civilization/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tamil_civilization) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:United States Military (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Military&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:United_States_Military/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:United_States_Military) 4 0 2 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Ägyptologie (/w/index.php?title=Portal:%C3%84gyptologie&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:%C3%84gyptologie/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:%C3%84gyptologie) 6 0 0 6 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Redirected portals [ edit ] Portal title Pages Content pages Talk pages Redirects Content bytes Last modified Portal:A Series of Unfortunate Events (/w/index.php?title=Portal:A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events) 6 0 0 6 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:A nightmare on elm street (/w/index.php?title=Portal:A_nightmare_on_elm_street&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:A_nightmare_on_elm_street/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:A_nightmare_on_elm_street) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:AC DC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:AC_DC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:AC_DC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:AC_DC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:ACW (/wiki/Portal:ACW) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ACW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ACW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:AI (/w/index.php?title=Portal:AI&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:AI/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:AI) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:ANE (/w/index.php?title=Portal:ANE&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ANE/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ANE) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:AR (/w/index.php?title=Portal:AR&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:AR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:AR) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Aboriginal Canadians (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Aboriginal_Canadians&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Aboriginal_Canadians/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Aboriginal_Canadians) 26 0 0 26 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Academy Awards (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Academy_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Academy_Awards/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Academy_Awards) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Adelaide (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Adelaide&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Adelaide/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Adelaide) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Agriculture (/wiki/Portal:Agriculture) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Agriculture/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Agriculture) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Agronomy (/wiki/Portal:Agronomy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Agronomy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Agronomy) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Agropedia (/wiki/Portal:Agropedia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Agropedia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Agropedia) 18 0 0 18 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Albania DYK (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Albania_DYK&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Albania_DYK/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Albania_DYK) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Alcoran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Alcoran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Alcoran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Alcoran) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Alternative Medicine (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Alternative_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Alternative_Medicine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Alternative_Medicine) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Alternative Music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Alternative_Music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Alternative_Music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Alternative_Music) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Alternative medicine (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Alternative_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Alternative_medicine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Alternative_medicine) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:American Football (/wiki/Portal:American_Football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:American_Football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:American_Football) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:American Revolution (/w/index.php?title=Portal:American_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:American_Revolution/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:American_Revolution) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Amusement Parks (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Amusement_Parks&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Amusement_Parks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Amusement_Parks) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Ancient China (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ancient_China&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ancient_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ancient_China) 3 0 0 3 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Animal (/wiki/Portal:Animal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Animal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Animal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Anime (/wiki/Portal:Anime) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Anime/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Anime) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Anime and manga (/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Anime_and_manga/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Anime_and_manga) 18 0 3 15 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Apple (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Apple&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Apple/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Apple) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Apple Computer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Apple_Computer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Apple_Computer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Apple_Computer) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Apple Inc (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Apple_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Apple_Inc/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Apple_Inc) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Apple Macintosh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Apple_Macintosh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Apple_Macintosh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Apple_Macintosh) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Aquatics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Aquatics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Aquatics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Aquatics) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Archeology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Archeology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Archeology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Archeology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Army (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Army&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Army/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Army) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Art (/wiki/Portal:Art) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Art/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Art) 3 0 0 3 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Artificial Intelligence (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Artificial_Intelligence/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Artificial_Intelligence) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Atmosphere (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Atmosphere&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Atmosphere/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Atmosphere) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Auckland (/wiki/Portal:Auckland) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Auckland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Auckland) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Austin, Texas (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Austin,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Austin,_Texas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Austin,_Texas) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Australian Cars (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_Cars&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_Cars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_Cars) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Australian music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_music) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Australian television (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_television&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Australian_television/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Australian_television) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Auto racing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Auto_racing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Auto_racing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Auto_racing) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Automobile (/wiki/Portal:Automobile) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Automobile/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Automobile) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Automobiles (/wiki/Portal:Automobiles) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Automobiles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Automobiles) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Autumn (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Autumn&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Autumn/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Autumn) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:BEP (/wiki/Portal:BEP) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:BEP/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:BEP) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:BR (/w/index.php?title=Portal:BR&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:BR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:BR) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Baha'i Faith (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Baha%27i_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Baha%27i_Faith/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Baha%27i_Faith) 12 0 0 12 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bahai (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bahai&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bahai/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bahai) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Basic topics (/wiki/Portal:Basic_topics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Basic_topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Basic_topics) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Battlecruisers (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Battlecruisers&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Battlecruisers/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Battlecruisers) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Battlestar Galactica (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Battlestar_Galactica&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Battlestar_Galactica/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Battlestar_Galactica) 14 12 1 1 7200 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Bay Area (/wiki/Portal:Bay_Area) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bay_Area/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bay_Area) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Beatles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Beatles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Beatles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Beatles) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bengali (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bengali&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bengali/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bengali) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bengaluru (/wiki/Portal:Bengaluru) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bengaluru/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bengaluru) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Beyoncé (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Beyonc%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Beyonc%C3%A9/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Beyonc%C3%A9) 23 0 0 23 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Biographies (/wiki/Portal:Biographies) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Biographies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Biographies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bird (/wiki/Portal:Bird) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bird/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bird) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bisexual (/wiki/Portal:Bisexual) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bisexual/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bisexual) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bjork (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bjork&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bjork/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bjork) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Bombay (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bombay&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bombay/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bombay) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Botany (/wiki/Portal:Botany) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Botany/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Botany) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-Header II (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-Header_II&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-Header_II/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-Header_II) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-footer (/wiki/Portal:Box-footer) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-footer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-footer) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-footer2 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-footer2&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-footer2/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-footer2) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header (/wiki/Portal:Box-header) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header) 46 0 0 46 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-blank (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-blank&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-blank/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-blank) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-groovy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-groovy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-groovy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-groovy) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-health (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-health&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-health/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-health) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-plain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-plain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-plain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-plain) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-round (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-round&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-round/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-round) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-square (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-square&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-square/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-square) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header-watch (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header-watch&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header-watch/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header-watch) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header1 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header1&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Box-header2 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Box-header2&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Box-header2/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Box-header2) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Boxfooter (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Boxfooter&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Boxfooter/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Boxfooter) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Boxheader (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Boxheader&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Boxheader/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Boxheader) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Brandy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brandy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Brandy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Brandy) 15 0 0 15 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:BritRail (/w/index.php?title=Portal:BritRail&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:BritRail/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:BritRail) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Britain (/wiki/Portal:Britain) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Britain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Britain) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:British Armed Forces (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Armed_Forces/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Armed_Forces) 10 9 0 1 6895 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:British Rail (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Rail&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_Rail/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_Rail) 12 0 0 12 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:British aircraft since World War II (/wiki/Portal:British_aircraft_since_World_War_II) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_aircraft_since_World_War_II/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_aircraft_since_World_War_II) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:British football (/wiki/Portal:British_football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:British_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:British_football) 14 0 0 14 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Browse (/wiki/Portal:Browse) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Browse/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Browse) 3 0 0 3 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Buckeye (/wiki/Portal:Buckeye) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buckeye/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buckeye) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Buffy the vampire slayer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buffy_the_vampire_slayer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Buffy_the_vampire_slayer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Buffy_the_vampire_slayer) 4 2 0 2 504 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Bus (/wiki/Portal:Bus) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Bus/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Bus) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Business (/wiki/Portal:Business) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Business/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Business) 12 0 0 12 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Business and Economics (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_Economics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Business_and_Economics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Business_and_Economics) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:CE (/wiki/Portal:CE) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:CE/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:CE) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:CFB (/wiki/Portal:CFB) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:CFB/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:CFB) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:CHAR (/w/index.php?title=Portal:CHAR&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:CHAR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:CHAR) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:CN (/wiki/Portal:CN) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:CN/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:CN) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:CVG (/wiki/Portal:CVG) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:CVG/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:CVG) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cabo Verde (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cabo_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cabo_Verde/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cabo_Verde) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Calcutta (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Calcutta&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Calcutta/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Calcutta) 7 0 0 7 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Canadian (/wiki/Portal:Canadian) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian) 2 1 0 1 2575 2011-06-02T03:09:04Z Portal:Canadian Football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_Football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_Football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_Football) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Canadian Football League (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_Football_League/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_Football_League) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Canadian Forces (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_Forces/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_Forces) 41 36 0 5 44320 2011-06-03T23:58:12Z Portal:Canadian Security Intelligence Service (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Canadian sports (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canadian_sports&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canadian_sports/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canadian_sports) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Canberra (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canberra&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Canberra/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Canberra) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Car (/wiki/Portal:Car) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Car/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Car) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cartography (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartography&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cartography/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cartography) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Catalan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Catalan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Catalan) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Catalan Countries (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Catalan_Countries&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Catalan_Countries/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Catalan_Countries) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Categorical index (/wiki/Portal:Categorical_index) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Categorical_index/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Categorical_index) 13 0 0 13 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Categories (/wiki/Portal:Categories) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Categories/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Categories) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Celts (/wiki/Portal:Celts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Celts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Celts) 5 4 0 1 2491 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Central America (/wiki/Portal:Central_America) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Central_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Central_America) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Central Intelligence Agency (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Central_Intelligence_Agency/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Central_Intelligence_Agency) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Central Valley (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Central_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Central_Valley/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Central_Valley) 21 4 0 17 1873 2007-09-28T00:49:52Z Portal:Cetacea (/wiki/Portal:Cetacea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cetacea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cetacea) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cheesehead (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cheesehead&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cheesehead/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cheesehead) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Chicago, Illinois (/wiki/Portal:Chicago,_Illinois) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chicago,_Illinois/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chicago,_Illinois) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Children and Young Adult Literature (/wiki/Portal:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature) 173 0 1 172 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Children's LIterature (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_LIterature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children%27s_LIterature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children%27s_LIterature) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Children's Literature (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_Literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children%27s_Literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children%27s_Literature) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Children's and Young Adult Literature (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_and_Young_Adult_Literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children%27s_and_Young_Adult_Literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children%27s_and_Young_Adult_Literature) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Children's and young adult literature (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_and_young_adult_literature) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Children%27s_and_young_adult_literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Children%27s_and_young_adult_literature) 175 0 0 175 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Chortle (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chortle&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Chortle/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Chortle) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Christ (/wiki/Portal:Christ) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christ/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christ) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Christadelphians (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christadelphians&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christadelphians/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christadelphians) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Christian Metal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_Metal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Christian_Metal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Christian_Metal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cine (/wiki/Portal:Cine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cine) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Classical Civilization (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilization&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classical_Civilization/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classical_Civilization) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Classical antiquity (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classical_antiquity/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classical_antiquity) 5 0 0 5 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Classics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Classics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Classics) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cleveland (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cleveland/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cleveland) 6 0 0 6 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Climate change (/wiki/Portal:Climate_change) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Climate_change/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Climate_change) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Climbing (/wiki/Portal:Climbing) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Climbing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Climbing) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Clothes free (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Clothes_free&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Clothes_free/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Clothes_free) 19 4 0 15 3621 2011-04-21T21:45:22Z Portal:Coins (/wiki/Portal:Coins) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Coins/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Coins) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cold war (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cold_war&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cold_war/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cold_war) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:College Football (/wiki/Portal:College_Football) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:College_Football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:College_Football) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Colonisation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Colonisation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Colonisation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Colonisation) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Colonization (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Colonization&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Colonization/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Colonization) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Commonwealth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Commonwealth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Commonwealth) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Company (/wiki/Portal:Company) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Company/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Company) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer Networking (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_Networking&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_Networking/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_Networking) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer Science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_Science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_Science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_Science) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer Security (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_Security&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_Security/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_Security) 14 0 0 14 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer and console games (/wiki/Portal:Computer_and_console_games) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_and_console_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_and_console_games) 11 0 0 11 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer and video games (/wiki/Portal:Computer_and_video_games) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_and_video_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_and_video_games) 47 0 0 47 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computer generated imagery (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_generated_imagery&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computer_generated_imagery/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computer_generated_imagery) 15 0 0 15 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computers (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computers&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computers/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computers) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Computing (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computing&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Computing/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Computing) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Conlangs (/wiki/Portal:Conlangs) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Conlangs/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Conlangs) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Constructed Languages (/wiki/Portal:Constructed_Languages) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Constructed_Languages/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Constructed_Languages) 2 1 0 1 684 2011-01-10T20:41:14Z Portal:Cooking (/wiki/Portal:Cooking) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cooking/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cooking) 13 11 1 1 5377 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Coran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Coran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Coran) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Cornhusker (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cornhusker&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cornhusker/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cornhusker) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Country Music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Country_Music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Country_Music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Country_Music) 15 1 1 13 408 2010-03-15T01:05:47Z Portal:Cricket (sport) (/wiki/Portal:Cricket_(sport)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Cricket_(sport)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Cricket_(sport)) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Crime (/wiki/Portal:Crime) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Crime/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Crime) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Criminal Justice (/wiki/Portal:Criminal_Justice) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Criminal_Justice/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Criminal_Justice) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Croats (/wiki/Portal:Croats) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Croats/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Croats) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Culture of Indians (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture_of_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Culture_of_Indians/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Culture_of_Indians) 5 0 0 5 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Culture:selected article archive (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture:selected_article_archive&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Culture:selected_article_archive/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Culture:selected_article_archive) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current (/wiki/Portal:Current) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current Events (/wiki/Portal:Current_Events) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_Events/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_Events) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current event (/wiki/Portal:Current_event) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_event/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_event) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current events in Africa (/wiki/Portal:Current_events_in_Africa) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_events_in_Africa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_events_in_Africa) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current events in China (/wiki/Portal:Current_events_in_China) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_events_in_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_events_in_China) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Current events in India (/wiki/Portal:Current_events_in_India) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Current_events_in_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Current_events_in_India) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:D&D (/wiki/Portal:D%26D) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:D%26D/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:D%26D) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:DFW (/w/index.php?title=Portal:DFW&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:DFW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:DFW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:DK (/wiki/Portal:DK) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:DK/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:DK) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:DRC (/wiki/Portal:DRC) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:DRC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:DRC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Dallas (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dallas/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dallas) 55 16 0 39 13322 2011-04-16T22:23:18Z Portal:Dallas-Fort Worth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dallas-Fort_Worth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dallas-Fort_Worth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dallas-Fort_Worth) 45 33 0 12 33405 2011-06-02T03:07:16Z Portal:Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Dark Tower:connections (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dark_Tower:connections&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dark_Tower:connections/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dark_Tower:connections) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Darwin (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Darwin/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Darwin) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Detroit (/wiki/Portal:Detroit) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Detroit/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Detroit) 18 15 0 3 17562 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Directory (/wiki/Portal:Directory) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Directory/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Directory) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Disaster (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Disaster&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Disaster/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Disaster) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:District of Columbia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:District_of_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:District_of_Columbia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:District_of_Columbia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Dk (/wiki/Portal:Dk) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dk/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dk) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Dominican republic (/wiki/Portal:Dominican_republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dominican_republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dominican_republic) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Drama (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drama&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Drama/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Drama) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Dravidian Civilizations (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dravidian_Civilizations&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Dravidian_Civilizations/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Dravidian_Civilizations) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Drinks (/wiki/Portal:Drinks) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Drinks/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Drinks) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:ENGLAW (/wiki/Portal:ENGLAW) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ENGLAW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ENGLAW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:ESA (/w/index.php?title=Portal:ESA&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ESA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ESA) 7 0 0 7 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:EU (/wiki/Portal:EU) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:EU/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:EU) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:EU treaties (/w/index.php?title=Portal:EU_treaties&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:EU_treaties/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:EU_treaties) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Earth (/wiki/Portal:Earth) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Earth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Earth) 10 3 1 6 2977 2011-06-09T19:57:15Z Portal:Earth science (/wiki/Portal:Earth_science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Earth_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Earth_science) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Eastern Orthodox (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eastern_Orthodox&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eastern_Orthodox/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eastern_Orthodox) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Eastern Orthodoxy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eastern_Orthodoxy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eastern_Orthodoxy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eastern_Orthodoxy) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Economics (/wiki/Portal:Economics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Economics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Economics) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Economy (/wiki/Portal:Economy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Economy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Economy) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Edgar Allan Poe:Selected picture archive (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Edgar_Allan_Poe:Selected_picture_archive&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Edgar_Allan_Poe:Selected_picture_archive/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Edgar_Allan_Poe:Selected_picture_archive) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Egyptology (/wiki/Portal:Egyptology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Egyptology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Egyptology) 37 15 1 21 18061 2011-06-08T16:23:40Z Portal:Elvis (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elvis&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Elvis/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Elvis) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Entomology (/wiki/Portal:Entomology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Entomology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Entomology) 6 4 1 1 2690 2011-04-10T00:33:29Z Portal:Erzgebirge (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Erzgebirge&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Erzgebirge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Erzgebirge) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Eu (/wiki/Portal:Eu) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eu/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eu) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Eurovision Song Contest (/wiki/Portal:Eurovision_Song_Contest) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Eurovision_Song_Contest/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Eurovision_Song_Contest) 9 0 0 9 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Evangelion (/wiki/Portal:Evangelion) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Evangelion/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Evangelion) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Executive Branch of the Government of the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Executive_Branch_of_the_Government_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Executive_Branch_of_the_Government_of_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Executive_Branch_of_the_Government_of_the_United_States) 4 2 0 2 184 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:F1 (/wiki/Portal:F1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:F1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:F1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FCHAR (/w/index.php?title=Portal:FCHAR&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FCHAR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FCHAR) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FEM (/wiki/Portal:FEM) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FEM/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FEM) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FL (/wiki/Portal:FL) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FL/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FL) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FP (/wiki/Portal:FP) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FP/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FP) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FYROM (/wiki/Portal:FYROM) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FYROM/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FYROM) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:FaLun DaFa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:FaLun_DaFa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:FaLun_DaFa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:FaLun_DaFa) 9 0 0 9 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Fantasy (/wiki/Portal:Fantasy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fantasy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fantasy) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured (/wiki/Portal:Featured) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured Sounds (/wiki/Portal:Featured_Sounds) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_Sounds/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_Sounds) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured articles (/wiki/Portal:Featured_articles) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_articles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_articles) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured lists (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_lists&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_lists/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_lists) 4 0 0 4 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured material (/wiki/Portal:Featured_material) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_material/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_material) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured pictures (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_pictures&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_pictures/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_pictures) 84 0 0 84 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured sound (/wiki/Portal:Featured_sound) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_sound/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_sound) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured sound candidates (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_sound_candidates&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_sound_candidates/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_sound_candidates) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured sound criteria (/wiki/Portal:Featured_sound_criteria) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_sound_criteria/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_sound_criteria) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured sound log (/wiki/Portal:Featured_sound_log) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_sound_log/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_sound_log) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Featured topics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_topics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Featured_topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Featured_topics) 99 0 0 99 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Features (/wiki/Portal:Features) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Features/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Features) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Feminist (/wiki/Portal:Feminist) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Feminist/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Feminist) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Figure Skating (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Figure_Skating&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Figure_Skating/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Figure_Skating) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Films (/wiki/Portal:Films) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Films/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Films) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:First Slice (/wiki/Portal:First_Slice) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:First_Slice/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:First_Slice) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Fishes (/wiki/Portal:Fishes) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fishes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fishes) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Football (soccer) (/wiki/Portal:Football_(soccer)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Football_(soccer)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Football_(soccer)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (/wiki/Portal:Former_Yugoslav_Republic_of_Macedonia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Former_Yugoslav_Republic_of_Macedonia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Former_Yugoslav_Republic_of_Macedonia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Former featured sounds (/wiki/Portal:Former_featured_sounds) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Former_featured_sounds/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Former_featured_sounds) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Formula 1 (/wiki/Portal:Formula_1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Formula_1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Formula_1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Formula one (/wiki/Portal:Formula_one) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Formula_one/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Formula_one) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Formula1 (/wiki/Portal:Formula1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Formula1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Formula1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Franco American (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Franco_American&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Franco_American/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Franco_American) 17 0 0 17 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Franco-American (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Franco-American&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Franco-American/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Franco-American) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Freddy Krueger (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Freddy_Krueger&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Freddy_Krueger/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Freddy_Krueger) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Free Software (/wiki/Portal:Free_Software) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Free_Software/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Free_Software) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Freeware (/wiki/Portal:Freeware) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Freeware/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Freeware) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:French Republic (/wiki/Portal:French_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_Republic) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:French language (/w/index.php?title=Portal:French_language&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_language/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_language) 21 0 0 21 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:French literature (/w/index.php?title=Portal:French_literature&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:French_literature/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:French_literature) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Fungus (/wiki/Portal:Fungus) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Fungus/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Fungus) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:GLBT (/wiki/Portal:GLBT) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:GLBT/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:GLBT) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gambia (/wiki/Portal:Gambia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gambia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gambia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Games (/wiki/Portal:Games) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Games) 3 1 1 1 119 2009-02-02T20:03:38Z Portal:Gang (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gang&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gang/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gang) 13 0 0 13 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gay (/wiki/Portal:Gay) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gay/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gay) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Geelong (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geelong&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geelong/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geelong) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gemology and Jewellery (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gemology_and_Jewellery&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gemology_and_Jewellery/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gemology_and_Jewellery) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gender Studies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gender_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gender_Studies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gender_Studies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Geneve (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geneve&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geneve/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geneve) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Genf (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Genf&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Genf/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Genf) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Genève (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gen%C3%A8ve&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gen%C3%A8ve/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gen%C3%A8ve) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Geology (/wiki/Portal:Geology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Georgia (/wiki/Portal:Georgia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Georgia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Georgia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Georgia (state) (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(state)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Georgia_(state)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Georgia_(state)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Georgia USA (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_USA) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Georgia_USA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Georgia_USA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Geoscience (/wiki/Portal:Geoscience) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Geoscience/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Geoscience) 10 8 0 2 4158 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Germanic Neopaganism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Germanic_Neopaganism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Germanic_Neopaganism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Germanic_Neopaganism) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Girls' Generation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Girls%27_Generation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Girls%27_Generation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Girls%27_Generation) 5 4 0 1 3247 2011-06-08T22:38:53Z Portal:Global Warming (/wiki/Portal:Global_Warming) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Global_Warming/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Global_Warming) 19 0 0 19 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Glossaries (/wiki/Portal:Glossaries) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Glossaries/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Glossaries) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gnosticism (/wiki/Portal:Gnosticism) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gnosticism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gnosticism) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Gold Coast (/wiki/Portal:Gold_Coast) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Gold_Coast/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Gold_Coast) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Golden State (/wiki/Portal:Golden_State) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Golden_State/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Golden_State) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Governments of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Governments_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Governments_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Governments_of_Canada) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Great Britain (/wiki/Portal:Great_Britain) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Great_Britain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Great_Britain) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Greater Sudbury (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Greater_Sudbury&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greater_Sudbury/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greater_Sudbury) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Greater Vancouver Regional District (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Greater_Vancouver_Regional_District&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Greater_Vancouver_Regional_District/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Greater_Vancouver_Regional_District) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Grunge (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grunge&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Grunge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Grunge) 7 5 1 1 1460 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Guinea-Bissau (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Guinea-Bissau/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Guinea-Bissau) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter Movies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_Movies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_Movies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_Movies) 12 9 2 1 5540 2009-11-03T02:32:26Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry Potter movies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_movies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_Potter_movies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_Potter_movies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harry potter (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_potter&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harry_potter/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harry_potter) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Harz (/wiki/Portal:Harz) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Harz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Harz) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hawai'i (/wiki/Portal:Hawai%27i) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hawai%27i/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hawai%27i) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hawaiʻi (/wiki/Portal:Hawai%CA%BBi) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hawai%CA%BBi/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hawai%CA%BBi) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hazmat (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hazmat&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hazmat/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hazmat) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Health (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Health&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Health/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Health) 20 0 0 20 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Heathen (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heathen&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heathen/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heathen) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Heathenry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heathenry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heathenry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heathenry) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Heavy Metal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heavy_Metal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heavy_Metal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heavy_Metal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Heavy metal music (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heavy_metal_music&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Heavy_metal_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Heavy_metal_music) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Heraldry and Vexillology (/wiki/Portal:Heraldry_and_Vexillology) subpages 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(/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hip-hop) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hispanic and Latino American (/wiki/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_American) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_American/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_American) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:History of China (/w/index.php?title=Portal:History_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History_of_China/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History_of_China) 5 0 0 5 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:History of Science (/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:History_of_Science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:History_of_Science) 11 0 0 11 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:HitchHikers (/w/index.php?title=Portal:HitchHikers&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:HitchHikers/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:HitchHikers) 14 2 0 12 27 2011-06-10T01:56:09Z Portal:Hobart (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hobart&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hobart/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hobart) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hockey (/wiki/Portal:Hockey) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hockey/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hockey) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Homo sapiens (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Homo_sapiens&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Homo_sapiens/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Homo_sapiens) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Homosexuality (/wiki/Portal:Homosexuality) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Homosexuality/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Homosexuality) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hoosier (/wiki/Portal:Hoosier) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hoosier/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hoosier) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Horse (/wiki/Portal:Horse) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Horse/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Horse) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:House MD (/w/index.php?title=Portal:House_MD&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:House_MD/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:House_MD) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Human Being (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human_Being&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human_Being/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human_Being) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Human sexuality (/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Human_sexuality/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Human_sexuality) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Humor (/wiki/Portal:Humor) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Humor/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Humor) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Humour (/wiki/Portal:Humour) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Humour/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Humour) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hurricanes (/wiki/Portal:Hurricanes) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hurricanes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hurricanes) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Huvudsida (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Huvudsida&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Huvudsida/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Huvudsida) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Hyderabad, India (/wiki/Portal:Hyderabad,_India) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Hyderabad,_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Hyderabad,_India) 12 2 0 10 490 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:IJ (/w/index.php?title=Portal:IJ&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:IJ/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:IJ) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:IRC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:IRC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:IRC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:IRC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Indian Christianity (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indian_Christianity/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indian_Christianity) 75 0 0 75 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Indigenous Peoples of North America (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indigenous_Peoples_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Indigenous_Peoples_of_North_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Indigenous_Peoples_of_North_America) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Industrial Design (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Industrial_Design/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Industrial_Design) 13 10 2 1 3655 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Industrial design (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_design&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Industrial_design/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Industrial_design) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Information Technology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Information_Technology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Information_Technology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Information science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Information_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Information_science) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Information studies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_studies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Information_studies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Information_studies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Intelligence Agency (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Intelligence_Agency/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Intelligence_Agency) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Intelligence agencies (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Intelligence_agencies&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Intelligence_agencies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Intelligence_agencies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Internet Forums (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Internet_Forums&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Internet_Forums/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Internet_Forums) 8 0 1 7 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Internet forums (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Internet_forums&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Internet_forums/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Internet_forums) 10 9 0 1 5401 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Iran (Persia) (/wiki/Portal:Iran_(Persia)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iran_(Persia)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iran_(Persia)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Iran football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iran_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Iran_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Iran_football) 19 6 2 11 4707 2011-05-11T15:28:17Z Portal:Japanese Car (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Japanese_Car&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Japanese_Car/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Japanese_Car) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kampuchea (/wiki/Portal:Kampuchea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kampuchea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kampuchea) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Keystone (/wiki/Portal:Keystone) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Keystone/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Keystone) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kingdom of Bhutan (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kingdom_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kingdom_of_Bhutan/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kingdom_of_Bhutan) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kingdom of Denmark (/wiki/Portal:Kingdom_of_Denmark) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kingdom_of_Denmark/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kingdom_of_Denmark) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kingdom of the Netherlands (/wiki/Portal:Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kmt (/wiki/Portal:Kmt) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kmt/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kmt) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Koran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Koran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Koran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Koran) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kuran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kuran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Kuran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Kuran) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Kâmpŭchea (/wiki/Portal:K%C3%A2mp%C5%ADchea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:K%C3%A2mp%C5%ADchea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:K%C3%A2mp%C5%ADchea) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:LDS (/wiki/Portal:LDS) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:LDS/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:LDS) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:LGBT studies (/wiki/Portal:LGBT_studies) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:LGBT_studies/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:LGBT_studies) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Land of Oz (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Land_of_Oz&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Land_of_Oz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Land_of_Oz) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Languages (/wiki/Portal:Languages) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Languages/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Languages) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Latin American music (/wiki/Portal:Latin_American_music) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latin_American_music/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latin_American_music) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Latino and Hispanic American (/wiki/Portal:Latino_and_Hispanic_American) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latino_and_Hispanic_American/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latino_and_Hispanic_American) 14 0 0 14 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Latino and Hispanic Americans (/wiki/Portal:Latino_and_Hispanic_Americans) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Latino_and_Hispanic_Americans/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Latino_and_Hispanic_Americans) 14 12 0 2 298 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Law Enforcement (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Law_Enforcement&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Law_Enforcement/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Law_Enforcement) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Law enforcement (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Law_enforcement&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Law_enforcement/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Law_enforcement) 13 9 3 1 10144 2011-05-25T20:02:48Z Portal:Lesbian (/wiki/Portal:Lesbian) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lesbian/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lesbian) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Libraries and the Academy (/wiki/Portal:Libraries_and_the_Academy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Libraries_and_the_Academy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Libraries_and_the_Academy) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Library and information science portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_and_information_science_portal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Library_and_information_science_portal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Library_and_information_science_portal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Library science (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_science&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Library_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Library_science) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:List (/wiki/Portal:List) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:List/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:List) 4 0 0 4 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:List of glossaries (/wiki/Portal:List_of_glossaries) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:List_of_glossaries/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:List_of_glossaries) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:List of overviews (/wiki/Portal:List_of_overviews) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:List_of_overviews/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:List_of_overviews) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:List of portals (/wiki/Portal:List_of_portals) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:List_of_portals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:List_of_portals) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Lists (/wiki/Portal:Lists) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lists/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lists) 9 0 0 9 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Lists of basic topics (/wiki/Portal:Lists_of_basic_topics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lists_of_basic_topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lists_of_basic_topics) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Lists of overviews (/wiki/Portal:Lists_of_overviews) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lists_of_overviews/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lists_of_overviews) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Lists of topics (/wiki/Portal:Lists_of_topics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lists_of_topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lists_of_topics) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Liverpool (/wiki/Portal:Liverpool) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Liverpool/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Liverpool) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Lone Star (/wiki/Portal:Lone_Star) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lone_Star/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lone_Star) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Los Angeles (/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Los_Angeles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Los_Angeles) 40 2 0 38 1107 2009-12-04T00:11:56Z Portal:Lost (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lost&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Lost/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Lost) 50 47 1 2 55904 2011-06-09T18:07:10Z Portal:Low German (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Low_German&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Low_German/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Low_German) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:MA (/wiki/Portal:MA) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:MA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:MA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:MCB (/w/index.php?title=Portal:MCB&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:MCB/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:MCB) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:MMO (/w/index.php?title=Portal:MMO&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:MMO/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:MMO) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:MMOG (/w/index.php?title=Portal:MMOG&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:MMOG/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:MMOG) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Mac (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mac&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mac/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mac) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Macedonia (/wiki/Portal:Macedonia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Macedonia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Macedonia) 18 1 0 17 406 2009-02-17T12:11:38Z Portal:Macintosh (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macintosh&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Macintosh/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Macintosh) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Madonna (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Madonna&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madonna/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madonna) 22 0 0 22 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Madras (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Madras&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Madras/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Madras) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Main (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Main/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Main) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Main Page (/wiki/Portal:Main_Page) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Main_Page/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Main_Page) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Main page (/wiki/Portal:Main_page) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Main_page/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Main_page) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Manchester (/wiki/Portal:Manchester) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Manchester/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Manchester) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Manga (/wiki/Portal:Manga) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Manga/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Manga) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Maps (/wiki/Portal:Maps) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maps/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maps) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Martial Arts (/wiki/Portal:Martial_Arts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Martial_Arts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Martial_Arts) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Mass (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mass&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mass/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mass) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Math (/wiki/Portal:Math) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Math/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Math) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Maths (/wiki/Portal:Maths) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Maths/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Maths) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Media (/wiki/Portal:Media) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Media/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Media) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Melbourne (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Melbourne&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Melbourne/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Melbourne) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Merseyside (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Merseyside&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Merseyside/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Merseyside) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Metal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Metal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Metal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Metal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Middle Earth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle_Earth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle_Earth) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Middle earth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle_earth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle_earth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle_earth) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Middle-Earth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-Earth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Middle-Earth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Middle-Earth) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Military (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Military History (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_History&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_History/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_History) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Military history (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Military history of Canada (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history_of_Canada/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history_of_Canada) 2 1 0 1 1233 2011-03-15T07:49:39Z Portal:Military history of Greece (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_history_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_history_of_Greece/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_history_of_Greece) 9 0 0 9 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Military of the United Kingdom (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Military_of_the_United_Kingdom/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Military_of_the_United_Kingdom) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Molecular Biology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Molecular_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Molecular_Biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Molecular_Biology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Molecular and cellular biology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Molecular_and_cellular_biology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Molecular_and_cellular_biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Molecular_and_cellular_biology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Molecular biology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Molecular_biology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Molecular_biology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Molecular_biology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Mortal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mortal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mortal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mortal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Moscow (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Moscow/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Moscow) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Motorhead (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Motorhead&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Motorhead/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Motorhead) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Munich (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Munich&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Munich/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Munich) 21 17 3 1 10907 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Mushroom (/wiki/Portal:Mushroom) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mushroom/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mushroom) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Mushrooms (/wiki/Portal:Mushrooms) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mushrooms/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mushrooms) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Musical theatre (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Musical_theatre&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Musical_theatre/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Musical_theatre) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Mycology (/wiki/Portal:Mycology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Mycology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Mycology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:México (/wiki/Portal:M%C3%A9xico) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:M%C3%A9xico/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:M%C3%A9xico) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NBA (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NBA&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NBA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NBA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NC (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NC&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NJ (/wiki/Portal:NJ) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NJ/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NJ) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NOR (/wiki/Portal:NOR) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NOR/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NOR) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NRHP (/wiki/Portal:NRHP) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NRHP/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NRHP) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NRW (/wiki/Portal:NRW) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NRW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NRW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NSW (/wiki/Portal:NSW) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NSW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NSW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NWE (/wiki/Portal:NWE) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NWE/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NWE) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NWT (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NWT&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NWT/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NWT) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NYC (/wiki/Portal:NYC) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NYC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NYC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NYCD (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NYCD&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NYCD/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NYCD) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:NZ (/wiki/Portal:NZ) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:NZ/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:NZ) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Native America (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Native_America&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Native_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Native_America) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Native American culture (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Native_American_culture&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Native_American_culture/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Native_American_culture) 11 0 0 11 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Native American tribes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Native_American_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Native_American_tribes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Native_American_tribes) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Naval Services of the United Kingdom (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Naval_Services_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Naval_Services_of_the_United_Kingdom/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Naval_Services_of_the_United_Kingdom) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Nepal (/wiki/Portal:Nepal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nepal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nepal) 6 4 0 2 2065 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:New York roads (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York_roads&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:New_York_roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:New_York_roads) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Newcastle (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Newcastle&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Newcastle/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Newcastle) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Nicktoons (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nicktoons&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nicktoons/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nicktoons) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Nightmare on Elm Street (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nightmare_on_Elm_Street&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nightmare_on_Elm_Street/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nightmare_on_Elm_Street) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Nightmare on elm street (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nightmare_on_elm_street&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Nightmare_on_elm_street/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Nightmare_on_elm_street) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Norfolk Island (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Norfolk_Island/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Norfolk_Island) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:North American Roads (/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_American_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_American_Roads/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_American_Roads) 54 0 0 54 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:North Korea (/wiki/Portal:North_Korea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:North_Korea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:North_Korea) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Ny (/wiki/Portal:Ny) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ny/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ny) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:OH (/wiki/Portal:OH) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:OH/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:OH) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Open source (/wiki/Portal:Open_source) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Open_source/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Open_source) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Organised labour (/wiki/Portal:Organised_labour) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organised_labour/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organised_labour) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Organized Labor (/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labor) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organized_Labor/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organized_Labor) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Organized labor (/wiki/Portal:Organized_labor) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organized_labor/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organized_labor) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Organized labour (/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Organized_labour/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Organized_labour) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Orissa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Orissa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Orissa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Orissa) 33 6 0 27 5004 2011-06-06T08:37:27Z Portal:Ottowa (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottowa&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Ottowa/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Ottowa) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Outline of knowledge (/wiki/Portal:Outline_of_knowledge) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Outline_of_knowledge/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Outline_of_knowledge) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Outlines (/wiki/Portal:Outlines) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Outlines/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Outlines) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Overviews (/wiki/Portal:Overviews) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Overviews/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Overviews) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PARA (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PARA&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PARA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PARA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PEI (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PEI&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PEI/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PEI) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PITT (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PITT&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PITT/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PITT) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PRC (/wiki/Portal:PRC) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PRC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PRC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PS (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PS&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PS/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PS) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PS one (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PS_one&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PS_one/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PS_one) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PS1 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PS1&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PS1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PS1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PS2 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PS2&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PS2/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PS2) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PS4 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PS4&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PS4/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PS4) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PSP (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PSP&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PSP/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PSP) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PSX (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PSX&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PSX/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PSX) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PSone (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PSone&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PSone/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PSone) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PT (/wiki/Portal:PT) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PT/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PT) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PW (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PW&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pakistan Picture of the week, 2006 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pakistan_Picture_of_the_week,_2006&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pakistan_Picture_of_the_week,_2006/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pakistan_Picture_of_the_week,_2006) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pakistan This week in history, 2006 (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan_This_week_in_history,_2006) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pakistan_This_week_in_history,_2006/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pakistan_This_week_in_history,_2006) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pakistan article of the week, 2006 (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan_article_of_the_week,_2006) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pakistan_article_of_the_week,_2006/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pakistan_article_of_the_week,_2006) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Palaeontology (/wiki/Portal:Palaeontology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Palaeontology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Palaeontology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Paranormal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Paranormal&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Paranormal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Paranormal) 11 9 1 1 5432 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:People (/wiki/Portal:People) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:People/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:People) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Perth (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Perth&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Perth/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Perth) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pervasive developmental disorders (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pervasive_developmental_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pervasive_developmental_disorders/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pervasive_developmental_disorders) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Petal (/wiki/Portal:Petal) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Petal/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Petal) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pharm (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pharm&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pharm/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pharm) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pharmacology (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pharmacology&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pharmacology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pharmacology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pharmacy (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pharmacy&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pharmacy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pharmacy) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Phoenix, Arizona (/wiki/Portal:Phoenix,_Arizona) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Phoenix,_Arizona/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Phoenix,_Arizona) 3 0 0 3 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Physical sciences (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physical_sciences&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Physical_sciences/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Physical_sciences) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pitt (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pitt&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pitt/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pitt) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PlayStation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PlayStation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PlayStation) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PlayStation Experimental (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PlayStation_Experimental&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PlayStation_Experimental/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PlayStation_Experimental) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation 1 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_1&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_1/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_1) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation 2 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_2&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_2/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_2) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation 3 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_3&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_3/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_3) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation 4 (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_4&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_4/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_4) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation Four (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_Four&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_Four/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_Four) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation One (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_One&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_One/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_One) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation Portable (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_Portable&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_Portable/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_Portable) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation Three (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_Three&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_Three/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_Three) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Playstation Two (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Playstation_Two&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Playstation_Two/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Playstation_Two) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:PocketStation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:PocketStation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:PocketStation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:PocketStation) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Poe (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Poe&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Poe/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Poe) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pokemon (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pokemon&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pokemon/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pokemon) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pondicherry (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pondicherry&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pondicherry/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pondicherry) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Porn (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Porn&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Porn/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Porn) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Porno (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Porno&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Porno/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Porno) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Port of Spain (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Port_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Port_of_Spain/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Port_of_Spain) 7 2 3 2 448 2010-12-11T10:13:49Z Portal:Portals (/wiki/Portal:Portals) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Portals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Portals) 10 0 0 10 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pot (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pot&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pot/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pot) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Prehistoric Mammals (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Prehistoric_Mammals&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Prehistoric_Mammals/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Prehistoric_Mammals) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Prelude (/wiki/Portal:Prelude) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Prelude/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Prelude) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Presidency of the United States (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Presidency_of_the_United_States/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Presidency_of_the_United_States) 15 12 1 2 11723 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Primate (/wiki/Portal:Primate) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Primate/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Primate) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Pro wrestling (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pro_wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Pro_wrestling/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Pro_wrestling) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Professional Wrestling (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Professional_Wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Professional_Wrestling/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Professional_Wrestling) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Protected areas of India (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Protected_areas_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Protected_areas_of_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Protected_areas_of_India) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Punjab (Pakistan) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Punjab_(Pakistan)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Punjab_(Pakistan)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Punjab_(Pakistan)) 5 3 1 1 2107 2011-05-28T08:10:48Z Portal:Punk (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Punk&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Punk/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Punk) 4 3 0 1 1689 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Python (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Python&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Python/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Python) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Queen (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queen&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Queen/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Queen) 7 6 0 1 4175 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Quran (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Quran&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Quran/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Quran) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Québec (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Qu%C3%A9bec/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Qu%C3%A9bec) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:ROC (/wiki/Portal:ROC) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:ROC/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:ROC) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:RPG (/w/index.php?title=Portal:RPG&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:RPG/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:RPG) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Raf (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Raf&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Raf/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Raf) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rail transport (/wiki/Portal:Rail_transport) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rail_transport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rail_transport) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Renewable Energy (/wiki/Portal:Renewable_Energy) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Renewable_Energy/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Renewable_Energy) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Reptiles (/wiki/Portal:Reptiles) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Reptiles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Reptiles) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Republic of ChinaCategories (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_ChinaCategories) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_ChinaCategories/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_ChinaCategories) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Republic of Georgia (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_Georgia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_Georgia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_Georgia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Republic of India (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_India) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_India/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_India) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Republic of Kosovo (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Republic_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_Kosovo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_Kosovo) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Republic of Moldova (/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_Moldova) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Republic_of_Moldova/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Republic_of_Moldova) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rhodesia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rhodesia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rhodesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rhodesia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Road (/wiki/Portal:Road) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Road/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Road) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Robot (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robot&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Robot/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Robot) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Robotics news archive (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robotics_news_archive&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Robotics_news_archive/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Robotics_news_archive) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rock & Roll (/wiki/Portal:Rock_%26_Roll) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_%26_Roll/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_%26_Roll) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rock and roll (/wiki/Portal:Rock_and_roll) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_and_roll/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_and_roll) 6 0 0 6 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rock n' Roll (/wiki/Portal:Rock_n%27_Roll) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rock_n%27_Roll/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rock_n%27_Roll) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Role playing games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Role_playing_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Role_playing_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Role_playing_games) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Roleplaying games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Roleplaying_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Roleplaying_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Roleplaying_games) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Roma (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Roma&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Roma/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Roma) 6 0 0 6 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Roman Catholic Church (/wiki/Portal:Roman_Catholic_Church) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Roman_Catholic_Church/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Roman_Catholic_Church) 12 10 0 2 7327 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Roman Empire (/wiki/Portal:Roman_Empire) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Roman_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Roman_Empire) 46 3 1 42 2479 2010-11-01T00:44:49Z Portal:Royal Naval Service (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Naval_Service&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Royal_Naval_Service/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Royal_Naval_Service) 33 31 1 1 15010 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Rugby League (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_League&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_League/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_League) 18 0 1 17 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rugby Union (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_Union&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_Union/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_Union) 67 5 1 61 1363 2011-03-23T04:53:10Z Portal:Rugby football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_football) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rugby league football (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_league_football&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rugby_league_football/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rugby_league_football) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Rush (band) (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rush_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Rush_(band)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Rush_(band)) 14 0 0 14 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:SF (/wiki/Portal:SF) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:SF/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:SF) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:SFBA (/wiki/Portal:SFBA) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:SFBA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:SFBA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:SG (/w/index.php?title=Portal:SG&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:SG/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:SG) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (/wiki/Portal:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:San Diego (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Diego/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Diego) 13 0 0 13 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:San Francisco (/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:San_Francisco/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:San_Francisco) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Science fiction (/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Science_fiction/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Science_fiction) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Scientific method (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scientific_method&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Scientific_method/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Scientific_method) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Second World War (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Second_World_War&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Second_World_War/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Second_World_War) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Seoul (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seoul&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Seoul/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Seoul) 18 11 0 7 9890 2011-06-03T23:50:16Z Portal:Serbs (/wiki/Portal:Serbs) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Serbs/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Serbs) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sesame Street (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sesame_Street&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sesame_Street/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sesame_Street) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sex (/wiki/Portal:Sex) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sex/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sex) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sexology (/wiki/Portal:Sexology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sexology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sexology) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Shark (/wiki/Portal:Shark) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shark/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shark) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Shi'a Islam (/wiki/Portal:Shi%27a_Islam) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shi%27a_Islam/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shi%27a_Islam) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Shia (/wiki/Portal:Shia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Shia Islam (/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shia_Islam/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shia_Islam) 12 10 1 1 3454 2011-06-01T14:41:47Z Portal:Shintō (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shint%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Shint%C5%8D/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Shint%C5%8D) 13 0 0 13 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Simpsons (/wiki/Portal:Simpsons) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Simpsons/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Simpsons) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sims (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sims&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sims/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sims) 9 7 1 1 2871 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:Smooth Jazz (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Smooth_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Smooth_Jazz/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Smooth_Jazz) 4 1 0 3 81 2010-01-11T13:14:13Z Portal:Snorkel (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Snorkel&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Snorkel/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Snorkel) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Soccer (/wiki/Portal:Soccer) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Soccer/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Soccer) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Soccer in the USA (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Soccer_in_the_USA&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Soccer_in_the_USA/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Soccer_in_the_USA) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Solar system (/wiki/Portal:Solar_system) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Solar_system/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Solar_system) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sonic the Hedgehog (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sonic_the_Hedgehog) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sony Playstation (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_Playstation&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sony_Playstation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sony_Playstation) 18 9 0 9 2101 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:South America (/wiki/Portal:South_America) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_America/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_America) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:South Asia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Asia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Asia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:South Korea (/wiki/Portal:South_Korea) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:South_Korea/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:South_Korea) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Southeast Asia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Southeast_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Southeast_Asia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Southeast_Asia) 508 504 0 4 1669990 2011-06-08T21:49:40Z Portal:Southern Rhodesia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Southern_Rhodesia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Southern_Rhodesia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Southern_Rhodesia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Southwest Asia (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Southwest_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Southwest_Asia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Southwest_Asia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Space Exploration (/wiki/Portal:Space_Exploration) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Space_Exploration/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Space_Exploration) 13 0 0 13 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Space exploration (/wiki/Portal:Space_exploration) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Space_exploration/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Space_exploration) 251 192 2 57 179809 2011-06-09T19:57:10Z Portal:Space tourism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Space_tourism&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Space_tourism/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Space_tourism) 31 29 1 1 21940 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Sport (/wiki/Portal:Sport) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sport/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sport) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sport and games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sport_and_games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sport_and_games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sport_and_games) 4 0 1 3 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sports/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sports) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Stargate (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Stargate&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Stargate/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Stargate) 17 0 0 17 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Stars (/wiki/Portal:Stars) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Stars/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Stars) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:State of Georgia (/wiki/Portal:State_of_Georgia) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:State_of_Georgia/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:State_of_Georgia) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:State of Palestine (/wiki/Portal:State_of_Palestine) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:State_of_Palestine/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:State_of_Palestine) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Still Alive (/wiki/Portal:Still_Alive) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Still_Alive/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Still_Alive) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Strategy Games (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Strategy_Games&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Strategy_Games/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Strategy_Games) 44 0 0 44 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sunni Islam (/wiki/Portal:Sunni_Islam) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sunni_Islam/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sunni_Islam) 11 9 1 1 4592 2011-06-01T14:41:47Z Portal:Superheroes (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superheroes&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Superheroes/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Superheroes) 21 9 0 12 16014 2011-06-08T04:53:30Z Portal:Sustainable Development (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sustainable_Development&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sustainable_Development/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sustainable_Development) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Sydney (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sydney&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Sydney/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Sydney) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Syro Malabar Church (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Syro_Malabar_Church&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Syro_Malabar_Church/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Syro_Malabar_Church) 6 4 1 1 3372 2011-05-18T23:39:30Z Portal:System science (/wiki/Portal:System_science) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:System_science/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:System_science) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:T-V (/wiki/Portal:T-V) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:T-V/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:T-V) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:TAS (/w/index.php?title=Portal:TAS&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:TAS/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:TAS) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:TV (/wiki/Portal:TV) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:TV/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:TV) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:TW (/wiki/Portal:TW) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:TW/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:TW) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Taiwan (island) (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan_(island)) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Taiwan_(island)/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Taiwan_(island)) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Taiwan Island (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan_Island) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Taiwan_Island/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Taiwan_Island) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Tamil (/wiki/Portal:Tamil) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tamil/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tamil) 33 0 0 33 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Technology and applied sciences (/wiki/Portal:Technology_and_applied_sciences) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Technology_and_applied_sciences/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Technology_and_applied_sciences) 49 1 0 48 1241 2011-06-02T03:06:09Z Portal:Tele vision (/wiki/Portal:Tele_vision) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tele_vision/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tele_vision) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:TeleVision (/wiki/Portal:TeleVision) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:TeleVision/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:TeleVision) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Textile (/wiki/Portal:Textile) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Textile/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Textile) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Textile Arts (/wiki/Portal:Textile_Arts) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Textile_Arts/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Textile_Arts) 153 1 0 152 606 2011-05-01T21:13:55Z Portal:Thailand topics (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand_topics&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Thailand_topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Thailand_topics) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Central African Republic (/wiki/Portal:The_Central_African_Republic) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Central_African_Republic/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Central_African_Republic) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Portal:The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The First Slice (/wiki/Portal:The_First_Slice) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_First_Slice/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_First_Slice) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Legend of Zelda series (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda_series&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda_series/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Legend_of_Zelda_series) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Lord of the Rings (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Lord_of_the_Rings/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Ottoman Empire (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Ottoman_Empire/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Ottoman_Empire) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Soviet Union (/wiki/Portal:The_Soviet_Union) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Soviet_Union/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Soviet_Union) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The Star Trek Franchise (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Star_Trek_Franchise&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_Star_Trek_Franchise/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_Star_Trek_Franchise) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:The beatles (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_beatles&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_beatles/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:The_beatles) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Theater (/wiki/Portal:Theater) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Theater/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Theater) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Theology (/wiki/Portal:Theology) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Theology/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Theology) 2 0 1 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Three Kingdoms (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Three_Kingdoms/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Three_Kingdoms) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Timor-Leste (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Timor-Leste/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Timor-Leste) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Topics (/wiki/Portal:Topics) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Topics/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Topics) 2 0 0 2 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Trams (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Trams/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Trams) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Transportation (/wiki/Portal:Transportation) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Transportation/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Transportation) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Trindad and Tobago (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Trindad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Trindad_and_Tobago/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Trindad_and_Tobago) 5 4 0 1 977 2011-05-18T23:39:25Z Portal:Tropical Cyclones (/wiki/Portal:Tropical_Cyclones) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tropical_Cyclones/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tropical_Cyclones) 14 0 0 14 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Tropical cyclone (/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclone) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tropical_cyclone/) talks (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal_talk:Tropical_cyclone) 1 0 0 1 0 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z Portal:Tube (/wiki/Portal:Tube) subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Tube/) talks 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6bb98574cc‐qstqq Cached time: 20240626170646 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.031 seconds Real time usage: 0.045 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 378/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.016/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627064/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 38.141 1 Template:Cat_main 100.00% 38.141 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21917231-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626170646 and revision id 964016484. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Anti-fashion" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) C Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) I Imitation of Christ (designs) (/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ_(designs)) M Meat dress of Lady Gaga (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) N Normcore (/wiki/Normcore) R Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) V Victorian dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Anti-fashion&oldid=964016484 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Anti-fashion&oldid=964016484) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion)
Not to be confused with Beauty salon (/wiki/Beauty_salon) . For other uses, see Beauty shop (disambiguation) (/wiki/Beauty_shop_(disambiguation)) . Sephora storefront in Eastview Mall (/wiki/Eastview_Mall) , New York The inside of an Ulta store in the San Francisco Bay Area (/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) A Bath & Body Works in Rapid City, South Dakota (/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota) , USA A MAC Cosmetics store in the SM Aura Premier mall in Bonifacio Global City, Metro Manila, Philippines A beauty store , beauty supply store or cosmetics store is a specialty (/wiki/Specialty_store) retail business that sells cosmetics, hair-care products and/or beauty tools. [1] (#cite_note-1) The term "beauty store" (without "supply") is often associated with large chains that provide a large-format, glamorous shopping experience [2] (#cite_note-2) whereas "beauty supply store" (including "supply") is associated with smaller, independent retailers. [3] (#cite_note-3) The industry collectively is referred to by various terms such as under the NAICS (/wiki/NAICS) classification system, Cosmetics, Beauty Supplies & Perfume Stores (NAICS 446120), comprising establishments known as cosmetic or perfume stores or beauty supply shops primarily engaged in retailing cosmetics, perfumes, hair, wigs, toiletries, and personal grooming products. [4] (#cite_note-4) Chains [ edit ] Chains of beauty stores include: Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) bluemercury (/wiki/Bluemercury) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_Holding) ICI Paris XL (/wiki/ICI_Paris_XL) Lush (/wiki/Lush_(company)) M·A·C (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics) Müller (/wiki/M%C3%BCller_(German_trade_company)) Sally Beauty (/wiki/Sally_Beauty) Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Ulta Beauty (/wiki/Ulta_Beauty) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ibis World Research, accessed March 8, 2020 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/beauty-supply-stores-industry/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wischhover, Cheryl (November 6, 2016). "Why Do So Many Beauty Stores Look and Feel the Same? How retail décor makes you want to buy makeup" (https://www.racked.com/2016/11/16/13628144/beauty-stores-shiny-similar) . Racked . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rambharose, Amber (August 18, 2017). "Why Beauty Supply Stores Are the Best Spots to Buy Makeup" (https://www.glamour.com/story/best-beauty-supply-store-brands) . Glamour . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) NAICS category 446120, NAICS official site (https://www.naics.com/naics-code-description/?code=446120) External links [ edit ] v t e Retail (/wiki/Retail) By product Agricultural supplies (/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store) Alcohol (/wiki/Liquor_store) Antiques (/wiki/Antique_shop) Arts and crafts‎ (/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_crafts_retailer&action=edit&redlink=1) Automotive fuel‎ (/wiki/Automotive_fuel_retailer) Automotive parts (/wiki/Automotive_part_retailer) Beauty products Books (/wiki/Bookstore) Cannabis (/wiki/Cannabis_shop) Cheese‎ (/w/index.php?title=Cheese_retailer&action=edit&redlink=1) Chocolate (/wiki/Chocolaterie) Cigars (/w/index.php?title=Cigar_retailer&action=edit&redlink=1) Clothes (/wiki/Clothes_shop) Coins (/w/index.php?title=Coin_retailer&action=edit&redlink=1) Comics (/wiki/Comics_retailer) Confectionery (/wiki/Confectionery_store) Consumer electronics (/wiki/Consumer_electronics_store) Cycles‎ (/wiki/Cycle_retailer) Doujin 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(Redirected from Wonderstruck (fragrance) (/w/index.php?title=Wonderstruck_(fragrance)&redirect=no) ) American singer-songwriter (born 1989) For the album, see Taylor Swift (album) (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) . Taylor Swift Swift at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) Born Taylor Alison Swift ( 1989-12-13 ) December 13, 1989 (age 34) West Reading, Pennsylvania (/wiki/West_Reading,_Pennsylvania) , US Occupations Singer-songwriter producer director actress Years active 2003–present Organization Taylor Swift Productions (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_Productions) Works Albums (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography) singles (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_singles_discography) songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_by_Taylor_Swift) videos (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_videography) performances (/wiki/List_of_Taylor_Swift_live_performances) Relatives Austin Swift (/wiki/Austin_Swift) (brother) Marjorie Finlay (/wiki/Marjorie_Finlay) (grandmother) Awards Full list (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Taylor_Swift) Musical career Origin Nashville, Tennessee (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) , US Genres Pop (/wiki/Pop_music) country (/wiki/Country_music) folk (/wiki/Folk_music) rock (/wiki/Rock_music) alternative (/wiki/Alternative_music) Instruments Vocals guitar piano six-string banjo ukulele Labels Republic (/wiki/Republic_Records) Big Machine (/wiki/Big_Machine_Records) Musical artist Website taylorswift (https://taylorswift.com) .com (https://taylorswift.com) Signature Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter. Known for her autobiographical songwriting and artistic reinventions, Swift is an influential figure in popular culture (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) and the subject of widespread public interest (/wiki/Public_image_of_Taylor_Swift) . Swift signed with Big Machine Records (/wiki/Big_Machine_Records) in 2005, starting as a country pop (/wiki/Country_pop) singer with her first two albums Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) (2006) and Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) (2008). Their singles " Teardrops on My Guitar (/wiki/Teardrops_on_My_Guitar) ", " Love Story (/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", and " You Belong with Me (/wiki/You_Belong_with_Me) " were crossover (/wiki/Crossover_music) successes on country (/wiki/Country_radio) and pop (/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio) radio formats. She experimented with rock (/wiki/Rock_music) on Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now) (2010) and electronic (/wiki/Electronic_music) on Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)) (2012), recalibrated her image from country to pop with the synth-pop (/wiki/Synth-pop) album 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) (2014), and the ensuing media scrutiny inspired the hip-hop (/wiki/Hip-hop) -imbued Reputation (/wiki/Reputation_(album)) (2017); the albums contained the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) number-one singles " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together (/wiki/We_Are_Never_Ever_Getting_Back_Together) ", " Shake It Off (/wiki/Shake_It_Off) ", " Blank Space (/wiki/Blank_Space) ", " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", and " Look What You Made Me Do (/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do) ". Shifting to Republic Records (/wiki/Republic_Records) in 2018, Swift released the electropop (/wiki/Electropop) album Lover (/wiki/Lover_(album)) (2019) and the autobiographical documentary Miss Americana (/wiki/Miss_Americana) (2020). She explored indie folk (/wiki/Indie_folk) styles on the 2020 albums Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) and Evermore (/wiki/Evermore) and subdued pop genres on Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) (2022) and The Tortured Poets Department (/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department) (2024). She successfully re-recorded (/wiki/Re-recording_(music)) four of her albums subtitled (Taylor's Version) [a] (#cite_note-1) after an ownership dispute with Big Machine (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute) , and garnered the U.S. number-one songs " Cruel Summer (/wiki/Cruel_Summer_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(song)) ", " Willow (/wiki/Willow_(song)) ", " Anti-Hero (/wiki/Anti-Hero_(song)) ", " Fortnight (/wiki/Fortnight_(song)) ", " All Too Well (/wiki/All_Too_Well) ", and " Is It Over Now? (/wiki/Is_It_Over_Now%3F) " in the 2020s. Her sixth concert tour, the Eras Tour (/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) (2023–present), and its accompanying concert film (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_The_Eras_Tour) are respectively the highest-grossing tour (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours) and concert film (/wiki/Concert_film#Highest-grossing_concert_films) of all time; Swift became the first billionaire with music (/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth) as the main source of income, and the highest-grossing female touring act (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists) . Swift is one of the world's best-selling music artists (/wiki/World%27s_best-selling_music_artists) with estimated global sales of 200 million records. Seven of her albums (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography) have opened with over one million pure sales in a week (/wiki/List_of_fastest-selling_albums) . She was named the 2023 Time Person of the Year (/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year) , and has appeared on listicles from publications such as Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , Billboard , and Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) that ranked history's greatest artists. Her accolades (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Taylor_Swift) include 14 Grammy Awards (/wiki/Grammy_Awards) , a Primetime Emmy Award (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award) , 40 American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Awards) , 39 Billboard Music Awards (/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards) , and 23 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards) ; she has won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year) , the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year) , and the IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year (/wiki/IFPI_Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year) a record four times each. Life and career Early life Taylor Alison Swift was born on December 13, 1989, in West Reading, Pennsylvania (/wiki/West_Reading,_Pennsylvania) . [1] (#cite_note-Sutherland-2015-2) She is named after the singer-songwriter James Taylor (/wiki/James_Taylor) . [2] (#cite_note-3) Her father, Scott Kingsley Swift, was a stockbroker (/wiki/Stockbroker) for Merrill Lynch (/wiki/Merrill_Lynch) ; her mother, Andrea Gardner Swift (née Finlay), worked as a mutual fund (/wiki/Mutual_fund) marketing executive briefly. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJepson20131-4) Her younger brother, Austin (/wiki/Austin_Swift) , would become an actor. [4] (#cite_note-5) Swift's maternal grandmother, Marjorie Finlay (/wiki/Marjorie_Finlay) (née Moehlenkamp), was an opera (/wiki/Opera) singer, [5] (#cite_note-6) whose singing in church became one of Swift's earliest memories of music that shaped her career. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJepson20131-4) Swift is of Scottish (/wiki/Scottish_Americans) , English (/wiki/English_Americans) , and German (/wiki/German_Americans) descent, with distant Italian (/wiki/Italian_Americans) and Irish (/wiki/Irish_Americans) ancestry. [6] (#cite_note-7) [7] (#cite_note-scottish-heritage-8) [8] (#cite_note-9) Swift spent her early years on a Christmas tree farm (/wiki/Christmas_tree_farm) in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) that her father had purchased from one of his clients, [9] (#cite_note-10) and she spent her summers at her family's vacation home in Stone Harbor, New Jersey (/wiki/Stone_Harbor,_New_Jersey) , where she occasionally performed acoustic songs at a local coffee shop. [10] (#cite_note-11) She is a Christian [11] (#cite_note-12) and attended preschool and kindergarten at a Montessori (/wiki/Montessori) school run by the Bernardine Sisters of St. Francis (/wiki/Bernardine_Sisters_of_St._Francis) before transferring to the Wyndcroft School. [12] (#cite_note-13) [13] (#cite_note-readingeagle1-14) When her family moved to Wyomissing, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Wyomissing,_Pennsylvania) , she attended Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School (/wiki/Wyomissing_Area_Junior/Senior_High_School) . [14] (#cite_note-15) [15] (#cite_note-16) As a child, she performed in Berks Youth Theatre Academy productions [16] (#cite_note-17) and traveled regularly to New York City for vocal and acting lessons. [17] (#cite_note-18) Her early love for country music (/wiki/Country_music) was influenced by Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) , Patsy Cline (/wiki/Patsy_Cline) , LeAnn Rimes (/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes) , and the Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Dixie_Chicks) , [13] (#cite_note-readingeagle1-14) and she spent weekends performing at local festivals and events. [18] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_2008-12-08-19) [19] (#cite_note-albuminfo-20) After watching a documentary about Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) , she became determined to pursue a country-music career in Nashville, Tennessee (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) . [20] (#cite_note-telegraph1-21) At 11, Swift traveled to Nashville with her mother to visit record labels and submit demo tapes of Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) and Dixie Chicks karaoke covers. [21] (#cite_note-CMT_2008-11-26-22) She was rejected by all the labels, which led her to focus on songwriting. [22] (#cite_note-americansongwriter2-23) She started learning the guitar at 12 with the help of Ronnie Cremer, a computer repairman and local musician who also assisted Swift with writing an original song. [23] (#cite_note-24) In 2003, Swift and her parents started working with the talent manager Dan Dymtrow. With his help, Swift modeled for Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) and had an original song included on a Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) compilation CD. [24] (#cite_note-25) After performing original songs at an RCA Records (/wiki/RCA_Records) showcase, 13-year-old Swift was given an artist development deal and began to travel regularly to Nashville with her mother. [25] (#cite_note-26) [26] (#cite_note-Willman-2007-27) To help Swift break into the country music scene, her father transferred to Merrill Lynch's Nashville office when she was 14 years old, and the family relocated to Hendersonville, Tennessee (/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee) . [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) [28] (#cite_note-Ray-29) Swift attended Hendersonville High School (/wiki/Hendersonville_High_School_(Tennessee)) [29] (#cite_note-30) before transferring to Aaron Academy after two years, which better accommodated her touring schedule through homeschooling. She graduated one year early. [30] (#cite_note-The_Very_Pink,_Very_Perfect_Life_of_Taylor_Swift-31) [31] (#cite_note-32) 2004–2008: Career beginnings and first album In Nashville, Swift worked with experienced Music Row (/wiki/Music_Row) songwriters such as Troy Verges (/wiki/Troy_Verges) , Brett Beavers (/wiki/Brett_Beavers) , Brett James (/wiki/Brett_James) , Mac McAnally (/wiki/Mac_McAnally) , and the Warren Brothers (/wiki/The_Warren_Brothers) [32] (#cite_note-33) [33] (#cite_note-sonydeal-34) and formed a lasting working relationship with Liz Rose (/wiki/Liz_Rose) . [34] (#cite_note-americansongwriter1-35) They began meeting for two-hour writing sessions every Tuesday afternoon after school. [35] (#cite_note-majorlyindie1-36) Rose called the sessions "some of the easiest I've ever done. Basically, I was just her editor. She'd write about what happened in school that day. She had such a clear vision of what she was trying to say. And she'd come in with the most incredible hooks." Swift became the youngest artist signed by Sony/ATV Tree Music Publishing (/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing) , [36] (#cite_note-37) but left then BMG-owned (/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group) RCA Records (later bought by Sony Music (/wiki/Sony_Music) ) at the age of 14 due to the label's lack of care and them "cut[ting] other people's stuff". She was also concerned that development deals can shelve artists [26] (#cite_note-Willman-2007-27) [19] (#cite_note-albuminfo-20) and recalled: "I genuinely felt that I was running out of time. I wanted to capture these years of my life on an album while they still represented what I was going through." [37] (#cite_note-Preston-2009-38) Swift opening for Brad Paisley (/wiki/Brad_Paisley) in 2007. To promote her first album (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) , she opened tours for other country musicians in 2007 and 2008. [38] (#cite_note-vh1country-39) At an industry showcase at Nashville's Bluebird Cafe (/wiki/Bluebird_Cafe) in 2005, Swift caught the attention of Scott Borchetta (/wiki/Scott_Borchetta) , a DreamWorks Records (/wiki/DreamWorks_Records) executive who was preparing to form an independent record label, Big Machine Records (/wiki/Big_Machine_Records) . She had first met Borchetta in 2004. [39] (#cite_note-40) She was one of Big Machine's first signings, [26] (#cite_note-Willman-2007-27) and her father purchased a three-percent stake in the company for an estimated $120,000. [40] (#cite_note-Taylor_in_Wonderland-41) [41] (#cite_note-Greenburg-2013-42) She began working on her eponymous debut album (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) with Nathan Chapman (/wiki/Nathan_Chapman_(record_producer)) . [19] (#cite_note-albuminfo-20) Swift wrote or co-wrote all album tracks, and co-writers included Rose, Robert Ellis Orrall (/wiki/Robert_Ellis_Orrall) , Brian Maher, and Angelo Petraglia (/wiki/Angelo_Petraglia) . [42] (#cite_note-liner-43) Released in October 2006, Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) peaked at number five on the United States Billboard 200 (/wiki/Billboard_200) , on which it spent 157 weeks—the longest stay on the chart by any release in the US in the 2000s decade. [43] (#cite_note-44) [44] (#cite_note-45) Swift became the first female country music artist to write or co-write every track on a platinum-certified (/wiki/Platinum-certified) debut album. [45] (#cite_note-46) Big Machine Records was still in its infancy during the June 2006 release of the lead single (/wiki/Lead_single) , " Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw_(song)) ", which Swift and her mother helped promote by packaging and sending copies of the CD single to country radio stations. [46] (#cite_note-EW1-47) She spent much of 2006 promoting Taylor Swift with a radio tour and television appearances; she opened for Rascal Flatts (/wiki/Rascal_Flatts) on select dates during their 2006 tour, [47] (#cite_note-taylorjoinstour-48) as a replacement for Eric Church (/wiki/Eric_Church) . [48] (#cite_note-49) Borchetta said that although record industry peers initially disapproved of his signing a 15-year-old singer-songwriter, Swift tapped into a previously unknown market—teenage girls who listen to country music. [46] (#cite_note-EW1-47) [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) Following " Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw_(song)) ", four more singles were released throughout 2007 and 2008: " Teardrops on My Guitar (/wiki/Teardrops_on_My_Guitar) ", " Our Song (/wiki/Our_Song_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Picture to Burn (/wiki/Picture_to_Burn) " and " Should've Said No (/wiki/Should%27ve_Said_No) ". All appeared on Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ' s Hot Country Songs (/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs) , with "Our Song" and "Should've Said No" reaching number one. "Our Song" made Swift the youngest person to single-handedly write and sing a Hot Country Songs number-one single, [49] (#cite_note-50) and " Teardrops on My Guitar (/wiki/Teardrops_on_My_Guitar) " was Swift's breakthrough single on mainstream radio and charts. [50] (#cite_note-51) [51] (#cite_note-npr-52) [52] (#cite_note-mtvasia-53) Swift released two EPs, The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection (/wiki/The_Taylor_Swift_Holiday_Collection) in October 2007 and Beautiful Eyes (/wiki/Beautiful_Eyes) in July 2008. [53] (#cite_note-cst-54) [54] (#cite_note-gac-55) She promoted her debut album extensively as the opening act for other country musicians' tours in 2006 and 2007, including those by George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) , [55] (#cite_note-56) Brad Paisley (/wiki/Brad_Paisley) , [56] (#cite_note-57) and Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw) and Faith Hill. [57] (#cite_note-58) Swift won multiple accolades for Taylor Swift . She was one of the recipients of the Nashville Songwriters Association (/wiki/Nashville_Songwriters_Association_International) 's Songwriter/Artist of the Year in 2007, becoming the youngest person given the title. [58] (#cite_note-GAC-2007-59) She also won the Country Music Association (/wiki/Country_Music_Association) 's Horizon Award for Best New Artist, [59] (#cite_note-60) the Academy of Country Music Awards (/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards) ' Top New Female Vocalist, [60] (#cite_note-61) and the American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Awards) ' Favorite Country Female Artist honor. [61] (#cite_note-62) She was also nominated for Best New Artist (/wiki/Best_New_Artist) at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/50th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . [62] (#cite_note-63) In 2008, she opened for Rascal Flatts again [63] (#cite_note-64) and briefly dated the singer Joe Jonas (/wiki/Joe_Jonas) . [64] (#cite_note-65) 2008–2010: Fearless Swift at the 2009 premiere of Hannah Montana: The Movie (/wiki/Hannah_Montana:_The_Movie) . She had a cameo appearance in the film and wrote two songs for its soundtrack (/wiki/Hannah_Montana:_The_Movie_(soundtrack)) . Swift's second studio album, Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) , was released in November 2008 in North America, [65] (#cite_note-66) and in March 2009 in other markets. [66] (#cite_note-67) On the Billboard 200, Fearless spent 11 weeks at number one, becoming Swift's first chart topper and the longest-running number-one female country album. [67] (#cite_note-68) It was the bestselling album of 2009 in the US. [68] (#cite_note-69) Its lead single, " Love Story (/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", was her first number one in Australia and the first country song to top Billboard 's Pop Songs (/wiki/Pop_Songs) chart, [69] (#cite_note-AUSchart-70) [70] (#cite_note-71) and its third single, " You Belong with Me (/wiki/You_Belong_with_Me) ", was the first country song to top Billboard 's all-genre Radio Songs (/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)) chart. [71] (#cite_note-72) Three other singles were released in 2008–2010: " White Horse (/wiki/White_Horse_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Fifteen (/wiki/Fifteen_(song)) ", and " Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ". All five singles were Hot Country Songs top-10 entries, with "Love Story" and "You Belong with Me" topping the chart. [72] (#cite_note-country_songs-73) In 2009, Swift toured as an opening act for Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) and embarked on her first headlining tour, the Fearless Tour (/wiki/Fearless_Tour) . [73] (#cite_note-74) "You Belong with Me" won Best Female Video (/wiki/Best_Female_Video) at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [74] (#cite_note-msnbc.msn.com-75) Her acceptance speech was interrupted (/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards#Kanye_West–Taylor_Swift_incident) by the rapper Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , an incident that became the subject of controversy and widespread media coverage. [75] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen201633-76) That year, Swift won five American Music Awards, including Artist of the Year (/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Artist_of_the_Year) and Favorite Country Album. [76] (#cite_note-77) Billboard named her the 2009 Artist of the Year (/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award#Artist_of_the_Year_awards) . [77] (#cite_note-78) She won Video of the Year and Female Video of the Year for "Love Story" at the 2009 CMT Music Awards (/wiki/CMT_Music_Awards) , where she made a parody video of the song with rapper T-Pain (/wiki/T-Pain) called "Thug Story". [78] (#cite_note-79) At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/52nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards) , Fearless was named Album of the Year (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year) and Best Country Album (/wiki/Best_Country_Album) , and "White Horse" won Best Country Song (/wiki/Best_Country_Song) and Best Female Country Vocal Performance (/wiki/Best_Female_Country_Vocal_Performance) . [79] (#cite_note-80) At the 2009 Country Music Association Awards (/wiki/2009_Country_Music_Association_Awards) , Swift won Album of the Year for Fearless and was named Entertainer of the Year, the youngest person to win the honor. [80] (#cite_note-81) Throughout 2009, Swift featured on and wrote other musicians' releases. She featured on " Half of My Heart (/wiki/Half_of_My_Heart) " by John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) , whom she was romantically linked with in late 2009. [81] (#cite_note-82) [82] (#cite_note-:12-83) She wrote " Best Days of Your Life (/wiki/Best_Days_of_Your_Life) " for Kellie Pickler (/wiki/Kellie_Pickler) , [83] (#cite_note-84) co-wrote and featured on Boys Like Girls (/wiki/Boys_Like_Girls) ' " Two Is Better Than One (/wiki/Two_Is_Better_Than_One) , [84] (#cite_note-85) and wrote two songs—" You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home (/wiki/You%27ll_Always_Find_Your_Way_Back_Home) " and " Crazier (/wiki/Crazier) "—for the soundtrack (/wiki/Hannah_Montana:_The_Movie_(soundtrack)) of Hannah Montana: The Movie (/wiki/Hannah_Montana:_The_Movie) , in which she had a cameo appearance. [85] (#cite_note-86) [86] (#cite_note-87) She wrote and recorded " Today Was a Fairytale (/wiki/Today_Was_a_Fairytale) " for the soundtrack (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(soundtrack)) of Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(2010_film)) (2010), in which she had her acting debut. [87] (#cite_note-slate-88) "Today Was a Fairytale" was her first number-one single on the Canadian Hot 100 (/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100) . [88] (#cite_note-canada-89) While shooting Valentine's Day in October 2009, Swift dated co-star Taylor Lautner (/wiki/Taylor_Lautner) . [89] (#cite_note-90) On television, she made her debut as a rebellious teenager in an CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation) episode [90] (#cite_note-91) and hosted and performed as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) ; she was the first host ever to write their own opening monologue. [91] (#cite_note-92) [92] (#cite_note-93) 2010–2014: Speak Now and Red Swift on the Speak Now World Tour (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour) in 2011 Swift's third studio album, Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now) , was released in October 2010. [93] (#cite_note-94) Written solely by Swift, [94] (#cite_note-NYT-95) the album debuted the Billboard 200 with over one million US copies sold first week [95] (#cite_note-96) and became the fastest-selling digital album by a female artist. [96] (#cite_note-97) Speak Now was supported by six singles: " Mine (/wiki/Mine_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Back to December (/wiki/Back_to_December) ", " Mean (/wiki/Mean_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " The Story of Us (/wiki/The_Story_of_Us_(song)) ", " Sparks Fly (/wiki/Sparks_Fly_(song)) ", and " Ours (/wiki/Ours_(song)) ". "Mine" peaked at number three and was the highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100, [97] (#cite_note-Billboard-98) the first three singles reached the top 10 in Canada, [88] (#cite_note-canada-89) and the last two reached number one on Hot Country Songs. [72] (#cite_note-country_songs-73) Swift promoted Speak Now with the Speak Now World Tour (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour) from February 2011 to March 2012 [98] (#cite_note-billboard1-99) and the live album Speak Now World Tour – Live (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour_%E2%80%93_Live) . [99] (#cite_note-announcement-100) At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) in 2012, Swift performed "Mean", which won Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance (/wiki/Best_Country_Solo_Performance) . [100] (#cite_note-54th_Grammys-101) She was named Songwriter/Artist of the Year by the Nashville Songwriters Association (2010 and 2011), [101] (#cite_note-102) [102] (#cite_note-103) Woman of the Year by Billboard (2011), [103] (#cite_note-billboard2-104) and Entertainer of the Year by the Academy of Country Music (/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music) (2011 and 2012) [104] (#cite_note-105) and the Country Music Association in 2011. [105] (#cite_note-106) At the American Music Awards of 2011 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2011) , Swift won Artist of the Year and Favorite Country Album. [106] (#cite_note-107) Rolling Stone named Speak Now on its list of "50 Best Female Albums of All Time" (2012). [107] (#cite_note-108) Swift on the Red Tour (/wiki/The_Red_Tour) in 2013 Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)) , Swift's fourth studio album, was released in October 2012. [108] (#cite_note-109) On Red , Swift worked with Chapman and new producers including Max Martin (/wiki/Max_Martin) , Shellback (/wiki/Shellback_(record_producer)) , Dan Wilson (/wiki/Dan_Wilson_(musician)) , Jeff Bhasker (/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker) , Dann Huff (/wiki/Dann_Huff) , and Butch Walker (/wiki/Butch_Walker) , resulting in a genre-spanning record that incorporated eclectic styles of pop and rock such as Britrock (/wiki/Britrock) , dubstep (/wiki/Dubstep) , and dance-pop (/wiki/Dance-pop) . [109] (#cite_note-110) [110] (#cite_note-English-2017-111) The album opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 1.21 million sales [111] (#cite_note-112) and was Swift's first number-one album in the UK. [112] (#cite_note-113) Its lead single, " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together (/wiki/We_Are_Never_Ever_Getting_Back_Together) ", was her first number one on the Billboard Hot 100, [113] (#cite_note-114) and its third single, " I Knew You Were Trouble (/wiki/I_Knew_You_Were_Trouble) ", reached the top five on charts worldwide. [114] (#cite_note-:9-115) Other singles from Red were " Begin Again (/wiki/Begin_Again_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " 22 (/wiki/22_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Everything Has Changed (/wiki/Everything_Has_Changed) ", " The Last Time (/wiki/The_Last_Time_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", and " Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ". [115] (#cite_note-chart_history-116) Red and its single "Begin Again" received three nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/56th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) (2014). [116] (#cite_note-117) Swift received American Music Awards for Best Female Country Artist in 2012 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2012) , Artist of the Year in 2013 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2013) , [117] (#cite_note-118) [118] (#cite_note-119) and the Nashville Songwriters Association's Songwriter/Artist Award for the fifth and sixth consecutive years. [119] (#cite_note-120) At the 2014 Country Music Association Awards (/wiki/2014_Country_Music_Association_Awards) , Swift was honored with the Pinnacle Award, making her the second recipient in history after Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) . [120] (#cite_note-121) The Red Tour (/wiki/The_Red_Tour) ran from March 2013 to June 2014 and became the highest-grossing country tour upon completion. [121] (#cite_note-Allen-2014-122) Swift continued writing songs for films and featuring on other artists' releases. On the soundtrack album (/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Songs_from_District_12_and_Beyond) to The Hunger Games (2012), Swift wrote and recorded "Eyes Open" (/wiki/Eyes_Open_(song)) and " Safe & Sound (/wiki/Safe_%26_Sound_(Taylor_Swift_song)) "; the latter of which was co-written with the Civil Wars (/wiki/The_Civil_Wars) and T-Bone Burnett (/wiki/T-Bone_Burnett) . "Safe & Sound" won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media) . [122] (#cite_note-123) She wrote and produced " Sweeter than Fiction (/wiki/Sweeter_than_Fiction) " with Jack Antonoff (/wiki/Jack_Antonoff) for the soundtrack to One Chance (/wiki/One_Chance_(film)) (2013). [123] (#cite_note-124) Swift featured on B.o.B (/wiki/B.o.B) 's " Both of Us (/wiki/Both_of_Us) " (2012) [124] (#cite_note-125) and provided vocals for Tim McGraw's " Highway Don't Care (/wiki/Highway_Don%27t_Care) " (2013), also featuring Keith Urban. [125] (#cite_note-126) She was a voice actress in The Lorax (/wiki/The_Lorax_(film)) (2012), [126] (#cite_note-127) made a cameo in the sitcom New Girl (/wiki/New_Girl) (2013), [127] (#cite_note-128) and had a supporting role in the dystopian (/wiki/Dystopia) film The Giver (2014). [128] (#cite_note-129) From 2010 to 2013, Swift was romantically involved with the actor Jake Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal) , the political heir Conor Kennedy (/wiki/Kennedy_family) , and the singer Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) . [82] (#cite_note-:12-83) 2014–2018: 1989 and Reputation Swift at the 1989 World Tour (/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) , the highest-grossing tour of 2015 In March 2014, Swift began living in New York City, which she credited as a creative influence on her fifth studio album, 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) . [note 1] (#cite_note-132) She described 1989 as her first "official pop album" and produced it with Jack Antonoff, Max Martin, Shellback, Imogen Heap (/wiki/Imogen_Heap) , Ryan Tedder (/wiki/Ryan_Tedder) , and Ali Payami (/wiki/Ali_Payami) . [131] (#cite_note-133) Released in October 2014, the album opened atop the Billboard 200 with 1.28 million copies sold. [132] (#cite_note-134) Its singles " Shake It Off (/wiki/Shake_It_Off) ", " Blank Space (/wiki/Blank_Space) ", and " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " reached number one in Australia, Canada, and the US, with the first two making Swift the first woman to replace herself at the Hot 100 top spot (/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones) . [133] (#cite_note-135) Other singles include " Style (/wiki/Style_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Wildest Dreams (/wiki/Wildest_Dreams_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " Out of the Woods (/wiki/Out_of_the_Woods) ", and " New Romantics (/wiki/New_Romantics_(song)) ". [134] (#cite_note-US-singles-136) The 1989 World Tour (/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) (2015) was the highest-grossing tour of the year (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours#Highest-grossing_tours_by_year) with $250 million in total revenue. [135] (#cite_note-137) After publishing an op-ed (/wiki/Op-ed) in The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) stressing the importance of albums as a creative medium for artists, [136] (#cite_note-Mann-138) in November 2014, Swift removed her catalog from ad-supported, free music streaming platforms (/wiki/Music_streaming_service) such as Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) . [137] (#cite_note-139) In a June 2015 open letter, Swift criticized Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) for not offering royalties to artists during its free three-month trial period and threatened to withdraw her music from the platform, [138] (#cite_note-140) which prompted Apple Inc. (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) to announce that it would pay artists during the free trial period. [139] (#cite_note-141) Swift then agreed to keep 1989 and her catalog on Apple Music. [140] (#cite_note-142) Big Machine Records returned Swift's catalog to Spotify among other free streaming platforms in June 2017. [141] (#cite_note-BBCperry-143) Swift was named Billboard ' s Woman of the Year in 2014, becoming the first artist to win the award twice. [142] (#cite_note-144) At the 2014 American Music Awards (/wiki/2014_American_Music_Awards) , Swift received the inaugural Dick Clark (/wiki/Dick_Clark) Award for Excellence. [143] (#cite_note-145) On her 25th birthday in 2014, the Grammy Museum at L.A. Live (/wiki/Grammy_Museum_at_L.A._Live) opened an exhibit in her honor in Los Angeles that ran until October 4, 2015. [144] (#cite_note-146) [145] (#cite_note-147) In 2015, Swift won the Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist (/wiki/Brit_Award_for_International_Female_Solo_Artist) . [146] (#cite_note-Jonze-148) "Bad Blood" won Video of the Year (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year) and Best Collaboration (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Collaboration) at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2015_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [147] (#cite_note-149) At the 58th Grammy Awards (/wiki/58th_Grammy_Awards) (2016), 1989 won Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album (/wiki/Best_Pop_Vocal_Album) , making Swift the first woman to win Album of the Year twice. [148] (#cite_note-150) Swift on her Reputation Stadium Tour (/wiki/Reputation_Stadium_Tour) (2018), the highest-grossing North American tour Swift dated the DJ Calvin Harris (/wiki/Calvin_Harris) from March 2015 to June 2016. [149] (#cite_note-151) They co-wrote the song " This Is What You Came For (/wiki/This_Is_What_You_Came_For) ", featuring vocals from Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) ; Swift was initially credited under the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg. [150] (#cite_note-152) She recorded " I Don't Wanna Live Forever (/wiki/I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Forever) " with Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) for the soundtrack (/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Darker:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack) to Fifty Shades Darker (/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Darker_(film)) (2017) [151] (#cite_note-153) and won a Country Music Association Award (/wiki/51st_Annual_Country_Music_Association_Awards) for Song of the Year with " Better Man (/wiki/Better_Man_(Little_Big_Town_song)) ", which she wrote for the band Little Big Town (/wiki/Little_Big_Town) . [152] (#cite_note-154) In April 2016, Kanye West released the single " Famous (/wiki/Famous_(Kanye_West_song)) ", in which he references Swift in the line, "I made that bitch famous." Swift criticized West and said she never consented to the lyric, but West claimed that he had received her approval and his then-wife Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) released video clips of Swift and West discussing the song amicably over the phone. The controversy made Swift a subject of an online " cancel (/wiki/Cancel_culture) " movement. [153] (#cite_note-Vogue-155) In late 2016, after briefly dating Tom Hiddleston (/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston) , Swift began a six-year relationship with Joe Alwyn (/wiki/Joe_Alwyn) and retreated herself from the public spotlight. [154] (#cite_note-156) [155] (#cite_note-157) In August 2017, Swift successfully countersued (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_sexual_assault_trial) David Mueller, a former radio jockey (/wiki/Radio_jockey) for KYGO-FM (/wiki/KYGO-FM) , who sued her for damages from loss of employment. Four years earlier, she informed Mueller's bosses that he had sexually assaulted her by groping her at an event. [156] (#cite_note-158) The public controversies influenced Swift's sixth studio album, Reputation (/wiki/Reputation_(album)) , which explored the impact of her fame and musically incorporated electropop with urban (/wiki/Urban_contemporary) styles of hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) and R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) . [157] (#cite_note-Powers-Reputation-159) Released in November 2017, [158] (#cite_note-160) Reputation opened atop the Billboard 200 with 1.21 million US sales [159] (#cite_note-161) and topped the charts in the UK, Australia, and Canada. [160] (#cite_note-162) The album's lead single, " Look What You Made Me Do (/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do) ", was Swift's first UK number-one single [161] (#cite_note-163) and topped charts in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the US. [162] (#cite_note-164) Its singles " ...Ready for It? (/wiki/...Ready_for_It%3F) ", " End Game (/wiki/End_Game_(song)) ", and " Delicate (/wiki/Delicate_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " were released to pop radio. [163] (#cite_note-unterberger-165) Reputation was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. [164] (#cite_note-166) Swift featured on the country duo Sugarland (/wiki/Sugarland) 's " Babe (/wiki/Babe_(Sugarland_song)) " (2018). [165] (#cite_note-Bigger-167) At the 2018 American Music Awards (/wiki/2018_American_Music_Awards) , Swift won four awards, which made her accumulate 23 trophies in total and become the AMAs' most awarded female musician, surpassing Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) . [166] (#cite_note-AMA_Record-168) The same year, she embarked on her Reputation Stadium Tour (/wiki/Reputation_Stadium_Tour) , [167] (#cite_note-169) which became the highest-grossing North American concert tour in history and grossed $345.7 million worldwide. [168] (#cite_note-170) 2018–2021: Lover , Folklore , and Evermore In November 2018, Swift signed a new deal with Universal Music Group (/wiki/Universal_Music_Group) , which promoted her subsequent albums under Republic Records (/wiki/Republic_Records) ' imprint. [169] (#cite_note-171) The contract included a provision for Swift to maintain ownership of her masters (/wiki/Mastering_(audio)) . In addition, in the event that Universal sold any part of its stake in Spotify, it agreed to distribute a non-recoupable portion of the proceeds among its artists. [170] (#cite_note-172) [171] (#cite_note-173) Swift at the American Music Awards of 2019 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019) , where she was named Artist of the Decade Swift's first album with Republic Records, Lover (/wiki/Lover_(album)) , was released in August 2019. [172] (#cite_note-174) She produced the album with Antonoff, Louis Bell (/wiki/Louis_Bell) , Frank Dukes (/wiki/Frank_Dukes) , and Joel Little (/wiki/Joel_Little) . [173] (#cite_note-Catucci-175) Lover peaked atop the charts of such territories as Australia, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, the UK, and the US. [174] (#cite_note-176) The album spawned five singles: " Me! (/wiki/Me!) ", " You Need to Calm Down (/wiki/You_Need_to_Calm_Down) ", " Lover (/wiki/Lover_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", " The Man (/wiki/The_Man_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", and " Cruel Summer (/wiki/Cruel_Summer_(Taylor_Swift_song)) "; the first two singles peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, and the lattermost single became a resurgent success in 2023, reaching number one. [175] (#cite_note-177) Lover was 2019's bestselling album in the US and bestselling album by a solo artist worldwide. [176] (#cite_note-178) The album and its singles earned three nominations at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards) in 2020. [177] (#cite_note-179) At the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2019_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) , Swift won three awards including Video of the Year for "You Need to Calm Down", becoming the first female and second artist overall to win the category for a self-directed video. [178] (#cite_note-180) While promoting Lover in 2019, Swift became embroiled in a public dispute (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute) with the talent manager Scooter Braun (/wiki/Scooter_Braun) after he purchased Big Machine Records, including the masters of her albums that the label had released. [179] (#cite_note-Grady-2019-181) Swift said she had been trying to buy the masters, but Big Machine would only allow her to do so if she exchanged one new album for each older one under a new contract, which she refused to sign. [179] (#cite_note-Grady-2019-181) In November 2020, Swift began re-recording her back catalog, which enabled her to own the new masters and the licensing of her songs for commercial use (/wiki/Synchronization_rights) , substituting the Big Machine-owned masters. [180] (#cite_note-182) In February 2020, Swift signed a global publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group (/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group) after her 16-year contract with Sony/ATV expired. [181] (#cite_note-183) Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) in 2020, Swift surprise-released (/wiki/Surprise_album) two "sister albums" that she recorded and produced with Antonoff and Aaron Dessner (/wiki/Aaron_Dessner) : Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) in July and Evermore (/wiki/Evermore) in December. [182] (#cite_note-184) Joe Alwyn co-wrote and co-produced a few songs under the pseudonym William Bowery. [183] (#cite_note-185) Both albums incorporated a muted indie folk (/wiki/Indie_folk) and alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) production; [184] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath202379FogartyArnold20215-186) each was supported by three singles catering to US pop, country, and triple A (/wiki/Adult_album_alternative) radio formats. The singles were " Cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(song)) ", " Betty (/wiki/Betty_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", and " Exile (/wiki/Exile_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " from Folklore , and " Willow (/wiki/Willow_(song)) ", " No Body, No Crime (/wiki/No_Body,_No_Crime) ", and " Coney Island (/wiki/Coney_Island_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " from Evermore . [185] (#cite_note-187) Folklore was the bestselling album of 2020 in the US [186] (#cite_note-jan212-188) and, together with "Cardigan", made Swift the first artist to debut a US number-one album and a number-one song in the same week; she achieved the feat again with Evermore and "Willow". [187] (#cite_note-189) According to Billboard , Swift was the highest-paid musician in the US and highest-paid solo musician worldwide of 2020. [188] (#cite_note-190) Folklore made Swift the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year three times, winning the category at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards) (2021). [189] (#cite_note-folklorevariety-191) At the American Music Awards, Swift won three awards including Artist of the Year for a third record time ( 2020 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2020) ) [190] (#cite_note-192) and Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Favorite Pop/Rock Album ( 2021 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2021) ). [191] (#cite_note-193) Swift played Bombalurina (/wiki/Bombalurina) in the film adaptation (/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)) of Andrew Lloyd Webber (/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber) 's musical Cats (/wiki/Cats_(musical)) (2019), for which she co-wrote and recorded the Golden Globe-nominated original song " Beautiful Ghosts (/wiki/Beautiful_Ghosts) ". [192] (#cite_note-194) [193] (#cite_note-195) The documentary Miss Americana (/wiki/Miss_Americana) , which chronicled parts of Swift's life and career, premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/2020_Sundance_Film_Festival) . [194] (#cite_note-billboard-20-196) 2021–2023: Re-recordings and Midnights Swift's re-recordings (/wiki/Re-recording_(music)) of her first six studio albums began with Fearless (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)) and Red (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)) , which were released in April and November 2021. Both peaked atop the Billboard 200, and the former was the first re-recorded album to do so. [195] (#cite_note-197) Fearless (Taylor's Version) was preceded by " Love Story (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor%27s_Version)) ", which made Swift the second artist after Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) to have both the original and re-recorded versions of a song reach number one on Hot Country Songs. [196] (#cite_note-198) Red (Taylor's Version) was supported by " All Too Well (10 Minute Version) (/wiki/All_Too_Well_(10_Minute_Version)) ", which became the longest song in history to top the Hot 100. [197] (#cite_note-time_2023numbers-199) Swift performing in 2022 Swift's tenth studio album, Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) , was released in October 2022. [198] (#cite_note-The_Guardian-2022-200) The album incorporates a restrained electropop [199] (#cite_note-:02-201) and synth-pop sound [200] (#cite_note-Guardian-202) with elements of hip hop, R&B, and electronica (/wiki/Electronica) . [198] (#cite_note-The_Guardian-2022-200) [201] (#cite_note-203) In the US, Midnights was her fifth to open atop the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of over one million copies, and its tracks, led by the single " Anti-Hero (/wiki/Anti-Hero_(song)) ", made Swift the first artist to monopolize the top 10 of the Hot 100. [202] (#cite_note-Dailey-2022-204) Globally, the album broke the record for the most single-day streams and most single-week streams (/wiki/List_of_Spotify_streaming_records) on Spotify and peaked atop the charts of at least 14 countries. [203] (#cite_note-Young-2022-205) The album's two further singles, " Lavender Haze (/wiki/Lavender_Haze) " and " Karma (/wiki/Karma_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", both peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. [204] (#cite_note-206) According to Billboard , Swift was the top-earning solo artist in the US and the top-earning musician worldwide of 2021. [205] (#cite_note-207) [206] (#cite_note-208) She won six American Music Awards including Artist of the Year in 2022 (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2022) . [207] (#cite_note-209) At the MTV Video Music Awards, Swift won her third and fourth trophies for Video of the Year with All Too Well: The Short Film (/wiki/All_Too_Well:_The_Short_Film) , her self-directed short film that accompanies "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)", in 2022 (/wiki/2022_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) [208] (#cite_note-vmarecord-210) and "Anti-Hero" in 2023 (/wiki/2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [209] (#cite_note-VMAs2023-211) During this period, Swift won three Grammy Awards: Best Music Video (/wiki/Best_Music_Video) for All Too Well: The Short Film [210] (#cite_note-212) and Best Pop Vocal Album and Album of the Year for Midnights . Swift became the first artist to win Album of the Year four times in Grammy history. [211] (#cite_note-midnightsaoty-213) Swift's next two re-recorded albums, Speak Now (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)) and 1989 (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) , were released in July and October 2023. The former made Swift the woman with the most number-one albums (12) in Billboard 200 history, surpassing Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) , [212] (#cite_note-sntv_usdebut-214) and the latter was her sixth album to sell one million copies in a single week in the US, claiming her career's largest album sales week. [213] (#cite_note-1989tv_usdebut-215) 1989 (Taylor's Version) 's single " Is It Over Now? (/wiki/Is_It_Over_Now%3F) " peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. [214] (#cite_note-11n1-216) Swift featured on Big Red Machine (/wiki/Big_Red_Machine_(band)) 's " Renegade (/wiki/Renegade_(Big_Red_Machine_song)) " and "Birch" (2021), [215] (#cite_note-217) Haim (/wiki/Haim_(band)) 's " Gasoline (/wiki/Gasoline_(Haim_song)) " (2021), [216] (#cite_note-218) Ed Sheeran (/wiki/Ed_Sheeran) 's " The Joker and the Queen (/wiki/The_Joker_and_the_Queen) " (2022), [217] (#cite_note-219) and the National (/wiki/The_National_(band)) 's " The Alcott (/wiki/The_Alcott) " (2023). [218] (#cite_note-220) For the soundtrack (/wiki/Where_the_Crawdads_Sing_(soundtrack)) of Where the Crawdads Sing (/wiki/Where_the_Crawdads_Sing_(film)) (2022), she wrote and recorded " Carolina (/wiki/Carolina_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", which received nominations for Best Original Song at the Golden Globes and Best Song Written for Visual Media at the Grammy Awards. [219] (#cite_note-Davis-2022-221) Swift was 2023's most streamed artist on Spotify, [220] (#cite_note-222) Apple Music, [221] (#cite_note-223) and Amazon Music; [222] (#cite_note-224) and the first act to place number one on the year-end Billboard top artists list in three different decades (2009, 2015 and 2023). [223] (#cite_note-225) She had five out of the 10 best-selling albums of 2023 in the US, a record since Luminate (/wiki/Luminate_(company)) began tracking US music sales in 1991. [224] (#cite_note-226) Besides music, Swift had a supporting role in the period comedy film Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)) (2022) [225] (#cite_note-227) and began writing an original script for her directorial feature film (/wiki/Feature_film) debut with Searchlight Pictures (/wiki/Searchlight_Pictures) . [226] (#cite_note-Lang-2022-228) 2023–present: The Eras Tour and The Tortured Poets Department Swift on the Eras Tour (/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) in 2023 In March 2023, Swift embarked on the Eras Tour (/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) , a retrospective tour covering all her studio albums. Media outlets extensively covered the tour's cultural and economic impact (/wiki/Impact_of_the_Eras_Tour) , [227] (#cite_note-229) and its US leg broke the record for the most tickets sold in a day (/wiki/List_of_fastest-selling_concert_tours) . [202] (#cite_note-Dailey-2022-204) Ticketmaster (/wiki/Ticketmaster) received public and political criticisms (/wiki/Taylor_Swift%E2%80%93Ticketmaster_controversy) for mishandling the tour's ticket sales. [228] (#cite_note-:8-230) The Eras Tour became the highest-grossing tour in history (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours) , collecting over $1 billion. [229] (#cite_note-231) Its concert film (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_The_Eras_Tour) , released to theaters worldwide on October 13, 2023, grossed over $250 million to become the highest-grossing concert film (/wiki/Concert_film#Highest-grossing_concert_films) , and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award) for Cinematic and Box Office Achievement. [230] (#cite_note-232) [231] (#cite_note-233) Swift's music releases, touring, and related activities culminated in an unprecedented height of popularity post-pandemic. [232] (#cite_note-234) In 2023, Music Business Worldwide (/wiki/Music_Business_Worldwide) remarked that Swift entered a "new stratosphere of global career success". [233] (#cite_note-235) She began dating the American football player Travis Kelce (/wiki/Travis_Kelce) the same year. [234] (#cite_note-236) In 2024, Swift won Artist of the Year at the 2024 iHeartRadio Music Awards (/wiki/2024_iHeartRadio_Music_Awards) , [235] (#cite_note-237) and AI-generated fake pornographic images portraying her (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_deepfake_pornography_controversy) were posted to X (formerly Twitter) (/wiki/X_(formerly_Twitter)) and spread to other social media platforms, spurring criticism and demands for legal reform. [236] (#cite_note-238) Swift's eleventh studio album, The Tortured Poets Department (/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department) , was released on April 19, 2024. [237] (#cite_note-239) Topping charts globally, the album broke a string of records: it marked the first album ever to amass 1 billion Spotify streams in a week; sold 2.6 million units in its first week in the US; and made Swift the first artist to monopolize the top 14 of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top 10 of Australia's ARIA Singles Chart (/wiki/ARIA_Singles_Chart) . Its lead single, " Fortnight (/wiki/Fortnight_(song)) " featuring Post Malone (/wiki/Post_Malone) , became Swift's 12th number-one song on the Hot 100. [238] (#cite_note-240) [239] (#cite_note-241) Artistry Musical styles Swift's early musical influences were 1990s female country musicians such as Shania Twain, Faith Hill, LeAnn Rimes, and the Dixie Chicks, [240] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer201016–18-242) and Keith Urban's country crossover sounds incorporating rock, pop, and blues. [241] (#cite_note-243) She self-identified as a country musician and achieved prominence as a country pop (/wiki/Country_pop) singer with her first four studio albums, from Taylor Swift to Red . [242] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt202077Gasser2019310-244) The albums feature country signifiers such as banjo, six-string banjo, mandolin (/wiki/Mandolin) , fiddle (/wiki/Fiddle) , and a slight vocal twang (/wiki/Twang) , in addition to pop melodies and rock influences; [243] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017206Perone201733-245) [244] (#cite_note-Caramanica-2021-246) Speak Now draws on rock styles such as pop rock (/wiki/Pop_rock) , pop-punk (/wiki/Pop-punk) , and 1980s arena rock (/wiki/Arena_rock) . [94] (#cite_note-NYT-95) [245] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone201746,_49-247) [246] (#cite_note-bbc_music-248) Critics argued that country was an indicator of Swift's narrative songwriting rather than musical direction [247] (#cite_note-249) [248] (#cite_note-250) and accused her of causing mainstream country music to stray from its roots. [249] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017206-251) [250] (#cite_note-252) After the critical debate around Red 's eclectic pop, rock, and electronic (/wiki/Electronic_music) styles, Swift chose 1980s synth-pop as a defining sound of her recalibrated pop artistry and image, inspired by the music of Phil Collins (/wiki/Phil_Collins) , Annie Lennox (/wiki/Annie_Lennox) , Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) , and Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) . [251] (#cite_note-NPR_Music-253) [252] (#cite_note-likeaprayer-254) 1989 , the first album in this direction, incorporates electronic arrangements consisting of dense synthesizers (/wiki/Synthesizer) and drum machines (/wiki/Drum_machines) . [253] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt202079Gasser2019310-255) Swift expanded on the electronic production on her next albums; [254] (#cite_note-Levine-256) Reputation consists of hip hop, R&B, and EDM influences; [157] (#cite_note-Powers-Reputation-159) [255] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasser2019310-257) and Lover features eclectic elements from country, pop-punk, and folk rock (/wiki/Folk_rock) . [256] (#cite_note-258) When Swift embraced a pop identity, rockist (/wiki/Rockist) critics regarded her move as an erosion of her country music songwriting authenticity, [257] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt202079Sloan202117Stone202360–61-259) but others regarded it as necessary for Swift's artistic evolution and defended her as a pioneer of poptimism (/wiki/Poptimism) . [258] (#cite_note-260) [259] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan202117-261) Her 2020 albums Folklore and Evermore explore alternative (/wiki/Alternative_music) and indie (/wiki/Indie_music) styles of rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) and folk (/wiki/Indie_folk) , and both incorporate a subtle, stripped-back soundscape with orchestration (/wiki/Orchestration) , synthesizers, and drum pads. [260] (#cite_note-Indie_rock-262) [261] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath202378–79-263) The latter experiments with varied song structures, asymmetric time signatures (/wiki/Time_signature) , and diverse instruments. [262] (#cite_note-264) [263] (#cite_note-Barna-2020-265) Critics deemed the indie styles a mature representation of Swift's artistry as a singer-songwriter. [261] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath202378–79-263) Midnights and The Tortured Poets Department both incorporate a minimalist (/wiki/Minimal_music) , subdued synth-pop sound, making use of analog synthesizers (/wiki/Analog_synthesizers) , sustained bass notes (/wiki/Bass_note) , and simple drum machine patterns. [264] (#cite_note-Pitchforkpodcast-266) [265] (#cite_note-267) With continuous musical reinventions, [266] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranssen202290-268) Swift was described by Time and the BBC as a musical "chameleon". [267] (#cite_note-269) [268] (#cite_note-270) Jody Rosen (/wiki/Jody_Rosen) commented that by originating her career in Nashville, Swift made a "bait-and-switch maneuver, planting roots in loamy country soil, then pivoting to pop". [269] (#cite_note-Rosen-271) Clash (/wiki/Clash_(magazine)) wrote that she has the versatility to "no longer [...] be defined by any genre or sound label". [270] (#cite_note-272) According to Ann Powers (/wiki/Ann_Powers) , Swift's sound is genre-agnostic, blending and "reconfiguring" elements of country, R&B, indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) , and hip hop. [271] (#cite_note-Powers-2022-273) [272] (#cite_note-274) Voice "Our Song" (2006) (/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_-_Our_Song.ogg) Duration: 17 seconds. 0:17 Swift sings with a Southern (/wiki/Southern_American_English) accent and a light country (/wiki/Country_music) twang (/wiki/Twang) in her early songs such as " Our Song (/wiki/Our_Song_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ". [273] (#cite_note-275) [274] (#cite_note-276) "Cardigan" (2020) (/wiki/File:Cardigan_by_Taylor_Swift.ogg) Duration: 22 seconds. 0:22 Swift uses her lower register (/wiki/Register_(music)) in the alternative folk (/wiki/Alternative_folk) ballad " Cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(song)) ". [275] (#cite_note-277) "Lavender Haze" (2022) (/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_%22Lavender_Haze%22_sample.ogg) Duration: 18 seconds. 0:18 The R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) -leaning " Lavender Haze (/wiki/Lavender_Haze) " features Swift's falsetto (/wiki/Falsetto) vocals in the refrain (/wiki/Refrain) . [276] (#cite_note-Willman-Midnights-278) Problems playing these files? See media help (/wiki/Help:Media) . Swift possesses a mezzo-soprano (/wiki/Mezzo-soprano) vocal range (/wiki/Voice_type) [277] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford2014192-279) and a generally soft and breathy timbre (/wiki/Timbre) that Rolling Stone deemed versatile. [278] (#cite_note-280) [279] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2023-281) Reviews of Swift's early country albums criticized her vocals as weak and strained compared to those of other female country singers. [280] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvenzano2018173-282) Despite the criticism, most reviewers appreciated that Swift refrained from correcting her pitch (/wiki/Pitch_(music)) with Auto-Tune (/wiki/Auto-Tune) and how she prioritized "intimacy over power and nuance" to communicate the messages of her songs with her audience [281] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvenzano2018173–174-283) —a style that they labeled "conversational". [282] (#cite_note-Powers1989-284) [283] (#cite_note-285) According to Powers, Swift's defining vocal feature was her attention to detail to convey an exact feeling—"the line that slides down like a contented sigh or up like a raised eyebrow". [284] (#cite_note-LAT-286) On Red and 1989 , Swift's vocals are electronically processed to accompany the pop production. [285] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone201746–48-287) [282] (#cite_note-Powers1989-284) Her voice on Reputation and Midnights incorporates hip-hop and R&B influences that result in a near- rap (/wiki/Rap) delivery which emphasizes rhythm and cadence (/wiki/Cadence) over melody. [286] (#cite_note-288) [271] (#cite_note-Powers-2022-273) She uses her lower register (/wiki/Register_(music)) vocals extensively in "Cardigan" [287] (#cite_note-289) and both her lower and upper registers in Evermore ; the musicologist Alyssa Barca described her timbre in the upper register as "breathy and bright" and the lower register as "full and dark". [263] (#cite_note-Barna-2020-265) Reviews of Swift's later albums were more appreciative of her vocals, finding them richer, more resonant, and more powerful, [244] (#cite_note-Caramanica-2021-246) [288] (#cite_note-290) with a better control and varied expressions. [289] (#cite_note-291) [290] (#cite_note-292) Laura Snapes of The Guardian said that Swift's "vocal directness" enables her to express wide-ranging feelings, highlighting some trademarks such as "yo-yoing vocal yelp" and "climactic, processed cri de coeur ". [291] (#cite_note-293) Amanda Petrusich (/wiki/Amanda_Petrusich) praised how the clarity and tone of Swift's live vocals accentuate her lyrics. [292] (#cite_note-:2-294) Swift ranked 102nd on Rolling Stone 's 2023 list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time: "A decade ago, including her on this list would have been a controversial move, but recent releases like Folklore , Evermore , and Midnights officially settled the argument." [279] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2023-281) Songwriting Swift's fascination with songwriting began in her childhood. She credited her mother with igniting confidence and early songwriting interests by helping her prepare for class presentations. [293] (#cite_note-295) [294] (#cite_note-sessionsinterview-296) She enjoyed Disney (/wiki/Disney) film soundtracks and would make up lyrics once she had run out of words singing them. [295] (#cite_note-theaustralian1-297) Her lyrical influences include female country songwriters such as Patsy Cline (/wiki/Patsy_Cline) , Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) , Tammy Wynette (/wiki/Tammy_Wynette) , and Dolly Parton; [18] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_2008-12-08-19) [103] (#cite_note-billboard2-104) 1990s songwriters such as Melissa Etheridge (/wiki/Melissa_Etheridge) , Sarah McLachlan (/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan) , and Alanis Morissette (/wiki/Alanis_Morissette) ; [296] (#cite_note-298) Joni Mitchell (/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) ; [297] (#cite_note-299) and Fall Out Boy (/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy) . [298] (#cite_note-300) She listed Paul McCartney (/wiki/Paul_McCartney) , Bruce Springsteen (/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen) , Emmylou Harris (/wiki/Emmylou_Harris) , and Kris Kristofferson (/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson) as career role models, citing their both evolving and consistent songwriting outputs. [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) [299] (#cite_note-usatoday1-301) Her literary influences included the authors William Shakespeare (/wiki/William_Shakespeare) , Nathaniel Hawthorne (/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne) , F. Scott Fitzgerald (/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald) , [300] (#cite_note-302) and the poets William Wordsworth (/wiki/William_Wordsworth) , Robert Frost (/wiki/Robert_Frost) , and Emily Dickinson (/wiki/Emily_Dickinson) ; [301] (#cite_note-303) the lattermost of whom was a distant cousin of Swift. [302] (#cite_note-304) In The New Yorker in 2011, Swift said she identifies as a songwriter first: "I write songs, and my voice is just a way to get those lyrics across". [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) Her personal experiences were a common inspiration for her early songs, which helped her navigate life. [303] (#cite_note-305) [304] (#cite_note-telltale-306) Her "diaristic" technique began with identifying an emotion, followed by a corresponding melody. [305] (#cite_note-ZaneLowe-307) [306] (#cite_note-308) On her first three studio albums, love, heartbreak, and insecurities, from an adolescent perspective, were dominant themes. [94] (#cite_note-NYT-95) [307] (#cite_note-Kelly-2009-309) She delved into the tumult of toxic relationships on Red , [308] (#cite_note-310) and embraced nostalgia and post-romance positivity on 1989 . [251] (#cite_note-NPR_Music-253) Reputation was inspired by the downsides of Swift's fame, [309] (#cite_note-311) and Lover detailed her realization of the "full spectrum of love". [310] (#cite_note-312) Other themes in Swift's music include family dynamics, friendship, [311] (#cite_note-313) [312] (#cite_note-314) alienation, self-awareness (/wiki/Self-awareness) , and tackling vitriol, especially sexism (/wiki/Sexism) . [294] (#cite_note-sessionsinterview-296) [313] (#cite_note-315) She often references or draws inspiration from historical events and figures. [314] (#cite_note-316) Her confessional lyrics received positive reviews from critics, [315] (#cite_note-Knibbs-2019-317) [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) [316] (#cite_note-318) who highlighted their vivid details and emotional engagement, which they found uncommon in pop music. [317] (#cite_note-iceberg-319) [318] (#cite_note-320) [319] (#cite_note-nymag-321) Critics also praised her melodic compositions; Rolling Stone described Swift as "a songwriting savant with an intuitive gift for verse-chorus-bridge architecture (/wiki/Song_structure) ". [320] (#cite_note-rollingstone2-322) [321] (#cite_note-Powers-323) NPR (/wiki/NPR) dubbed Swift "a master of the vernacular in her lyrics", [157] (#cite_note-Powers-Reputation-159) remarking that her songs offer emotional engagement because "the wit and clarity of her arrangements turn them from standard fare to heartfelt disclosures". [321] (#cite_note-Powers-323) Despite the positive reception, The New Yorker stated she was generally portrayed "more as a skilled technician than as a Dylanesque (/wiki/Bob_Dylan) visionary". [27] (#cite_note-widdicombe1-28) Tabloid media (/wiki/Tabloid_media) often speculated and linked the subjects of her songs with her ex-lovers, a practice reviewers and Swift herself criticized as sexist. [322] (#cite_note-324) [323] (#cite_note-325) [324] (#cite_note-Zach_Johnson-326) Aside from clues in album liner notes (/wiki/Liner_notes) , Swift avoided talking about the subjects of her songs. [325] (#cite_note-327) On her 2020 albums Folklore and Evermore , Swift was inspired by escapism (/wiki/Escapism) and romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) to explore fictional narratives. [326] (#cite_note-musicians_on_musicians-328) She imposed emotions onto imagined characters and story arcs, which liberated her from tabloid attention and suggested new paths for her artistry. [305] (#cite_note-ZaneLowe-307) Swift explained that she welcomed the new songwriting direction after she stopped worrying about commercial success. [326] (#cite_note-musicians_on_musicians-328) According to Spin (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) , she explored complex emotions with "precision and devastation" on Evermore . [327] (#cite_note-329) Consequence (/wiki/Consequence_(publication)) stated her 2020 albums convinced skeptics of her songwriting prowess, noting her transformation from "teenage wunderkind to a confident and careful adult". [328] (#cite_note-Siroky-20212-330) Swift divides her writing into three types: " quill (/wiki/Quill) lyrics", songs rooted in antiquated poeticism; " fountain pen (/wiki/Fountain_pen) lyrics", based on modern and vivid storylines; and "glitter gel pen (/wiki/Gel_pen) lyrics", which are lively and frivolous. [329] (#cite_note-331) Critics note the fifth track of every Swift album as the most "emotionally vulnerable" of the album. [330] (#cite_note-332) Awarding her with the Songwriter Icon Award in 2021, the National Music Publishers' Association (/wiki/National_Music_Publishers%27_Association) remarked that "no one is more influential when it comes to writing music today". [331] (#cite_note-333) The Week (/wiki/The_Week) deemed her the foremost female songwriter of modern times, [332] (#cite_note-334) and the Nashville Songwriters Association International named her Songwriter-Artist of the Decade in 2022. [202] (#cite_note-Dailey-2022-204) Swift has also published two original poems: "Why She Disappeared" and "If You're Anything Like Me". [333] (#cite_note-335) Swift has been referred to as one of the greatest songwriters ever by several publications. [334] (#cite_note-336) [335] (#cite_note-337) [336] (#cite_note-338) Literature scholars like Jonathan Bate (/wiki/Jonathan_Bate) and Stephanie Burt (/wiki/Stephanie_Burt) have noted that her literary and melodic sensibility and writing style are rare among her peers. [337] (#cite_note-Bate-339) [338] (#cite_note-HarvardGazette-340) Critic Kitty Empire (/wiki/Kitty_Empire) opined in 2024 that Swift is "a profoundly old-fashioned artist", whose songs "tell a story, in succinct, emotive ways that often scan meticulously" unlike most pop music of the time; Empire attributed it to Swift's country beginnings. [339] (#cite_note-341) Swift's bridges (/wiki/Bridge_(music)) are often noted as one of the best aspects of her songs, [340] (#cite_note-342) [328] (#cite_note-Siroky-20212-330) earning her the title "Queen of Bridges" (/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music#S) from Time . [341] (#cite_note-343) Mojo (/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)) dubbed her "a sharp narrator with a gift for the extended metaphor (/wiki/Extended_metaphor) ". [342] (#cite_note-344) Academics have variably described her as a poet laureate (/wiki/Poet_laureate) , [343] (#cite_note-:72-345) philosopher (/wiki/Philosopher) , [344] (#cite_note-:202-346) and bard (/wiki/Bard) . [345] (#cite_note-Rosen2-347) Performances Further information: List of Taylor Swift live performances (/wiki/List_of_Taylor_Swift_live_performances) Swift performing on the Reputation Stadium Tour in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) in May 2018 Swift commands large audiences on stage, [346] (#cite_note-McCormick-2023-348) [347] (#cite_note-349) [348] (#cite_note-:7-350) without having to rely on dance. [349] (#cite_note-351) According to V magazine's Greg Krelenstein, she possesses "a rare gift of turning a stadium spectacle into an intimate setting", irrespective of whether she is "plucking a guitar or leading an army of dancers". [350] (#cite_note-VMagazine-352) In a 2008 review of Swift's early performances, Sasha Frere-Jones (/wiki/Sasha_Frere-Jones) of The New Yorker called Swift a "preternaturally skilled" entertainer with a vibrant stage presence, adding "she returned the crowd's energy with the professionalism she has shown since the age of fourteen." [351] (#cite_note-353) In 2023, Adrian Horton of The Guardian noted her "seemingly endless stamina" on the Eras Tour, [352] (#cite_note-Horton-2023-354) and i critic Ilana Kaplan called her showmanship "unparalleled". [353] (#cite_note-355) Critics have highlighted Swift's versatility as an entertainer, praising her ability to switch onstage personas (/wiki/Persona) and performance styles depending on the varying themes and aesthetics of her albums. [354] (#cite_note-356) [355] (#cite_note-357) Her concert productions have been characterized by elaborate Broadway (/wiki/Broadway_theatre) theatricality and high technology (/wiki/High_tech) , [356] (#cite_note-358) and her performances frequently incorporate a live band, with whom she has played and toured since 2007. [357] (#cite_note-359) Swift also often accompanies herself with musical instruments such as electric guitar (/wiki/Electric_guitar) ; [358] (#cite_note-360) acoustic guitar; piano; [359] (#cite_note-Burgham_2018-361) and sometimes twelve-string guitar (/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar) , [360] (#cite_note-362) [361] (#cite_note-363) six-string banjo (/wiki/Banjo_guitar) , [362] (#cite_note-364) or ukulele (/wiki/Ukulele) . [363] (#cite_note-365) Interacting frequently with the audience, her solo acoustic performances are considered intimate and emotionally resonant, complementing her story-based lyrics and fan connection. [292] (#cite_note-:2-294) [364] (#cite_note-366) Lydia Burgham of The Spinoff (/wiki/The_Spinoff) opined that this intimacy remains "integral to her singer-songwriter origins". [365] (#cite_note-367) [359] (#cite_note-Burgham_2018-361) Chris Willman of Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) called Swift "pop's most approachable superstar", [366] (#cite_note-368) and the 21st century's most popular performer. [367] (#cite_note-Willman-2023-369) Video and film Further information: Taylor Swift videography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_videography) Swift emphasizes visuals as a key creative component of her music-making process. [368] (#cite_note-Ordoña-2022-370) She has collaborated with different directors to produce her music videos, and over time, she has become more involved with writing and directing. She developed the concept and treatment (/wiki/Film_treatment) for "Mean" in 2011 [369] (#cite_note-371) and co-directed the music video for "Mine" with Roman White (/wiki/Roman_White) the year before. [370] (#cite_note-372) In an interview, White said that Swift "was keenly involved in writing the treatment, casting and wardrobe. And she stayed for both the 15-hour shooting days, even when she wasn't in the scenes." [371] (#cite_note-373) From 2014 to 2018, Swift collaborated with director Joseph Kahn (/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)) on eight music videos—four each from her albums 1989 and Reputation . Kahn has praised Swift's involvement. [372] (#cite_note-374) She worked with American Express (/wiki/American_Express) for the "Blank Space" music video (which Kahn directed) and served as an executive producer for the interactive app AMEX Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience , for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Interactive Program (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Interactive_Program) in 2015. [373] (#cite_note-375) Swift produced the music video for "Bad Blood" and won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2016. [374] (#cite_note-376) Her production company (/wiki/Production_company) , Taylor Swift Productions (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_Productions) , is credited with producing all of her visual media, starting with the 2018 concert documentary Reputation Stadium Tour . [375] (#cite_note-377) She continued to co-direct music videos for the Lover singles "Me!" with Dave Meyers (/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)) , and "You Need to Calm Down" (also serving as a co-executive producer) and "Lover" with Drew Kirsch, [376] (#cite_note-378) but first ventured into sole direction with the video for "The Man" (which won her the MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Direction) ). [377] (#cite_note-379) After Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (/wiki/Folklore:_The_Long_Pond_Studio_Sessions) , Swift debuted as a filmmaker with All Too Well: The Short Film , [202] (#cite_note-Dailey-2022-204) which made her the first artist to win the Grammy Award for Best Music Video as a sole director. [378] (#cite_note-380) Swift has cited Chloé Zhao (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao) , Greta Gerwig (/wiki/Greta_Gerwig) , Nora Ephron (/wiki/Nora_Ephron) , Guillermo del Toro (/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro) , John Cassavetes (/wiki/John_Cassavetes) , and Noah Baumbach (/wiki/Noah_Baumbach) as filmmaking influences. [368] (#cite_note-Ordoña-2022-370) Accolades and achievements Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Taylor Swift (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Taylor_Swift) In 2009, Swift became the first country singer to win an MTV Video Music Award (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . Swift's discography is a "critically hailed songbook", as per Time 's Sam Lansky (/wiki/Sam_Lansky) . [379] (#cite_note-time_poty2023-381) She has won 14 Grammy Awards (/wiki/Grammy_Award) (including four for Album of the Year—the most (/wiki/Grammy_Award_records#Most_Album_of_the_Year_wins) won by an artist), [380] (#cite_note-382) an Emmy Award (/wiki/Emmy_Award) , [381] (#cite_note-383) 40 American Music Awards (the most won by an artist), [382] (#cite_note-384) 39 Billboard Music Awards (/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award) (the most won by an artist—tying with Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) ), [383] (#cite_note-385) 118 Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) , [384] (#cite_note-386) 23 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards) (including four Video of the Year wins—the most by an act), [209] (#cite_note-VMAs2023-211) 12 Country Music Association Awards (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards) (including the Pinnacle Award), [385] (#cite_note-Lewis-2013-387) eight Academy of Country Music Awards, [386] (#cite_note-388) and two Brit Awards (/wiki/Brit_Awards) . [146] (#cite_note-Jonze-148) As a songwriter, she has been honored by the Nashville Songwriters Association, [58] (#cite_note-GAC-2007-59) [387] (#cite_note-389) the Songwriters Hall of Fame (/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame) , and the National Music Publishers' Association and was the youngest person on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time (/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Songwriters_of_All_Time) in 2015. [388] (#cite_note-390) [389] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_100_Greatest_Songwriters-391) At the 64th BMI Awards (/wiki/BMI_Awards) in 2016, Swift was the first woman to be honored with an award named after its recipient. [390] (#cite_note-392) From available data, Swift has amassed over 50 million album sales and 150 million single sales as of 2019, [391] (#cite_note-393) [392] (#cite_note-394) [393] (#cite_note-Lipshutz-2019-395) and 114 million units globally, including 78 billion streams as of 2021. [394] (#cite_note-Charts-2021-396) [395] (#cite_note-BRIT_Awards-2021-397) The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry) ranked her as the Global Recording Artist of the Year (/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year) for a record four times (2014, 2019, 2022, and 2023). [396] (#cite_note-398) Swift has the most number-one albums in the UK and Ireland for a female artist this millennium, [397] (#cite_note-399) [398] (#cite_note-400) earned the highest income for an artist on Chinese digital music platforms ( CN¥ (/wiki/Renminbi) 159,000,000 as of 2021), [399] (#cite_note-401) and is the first artist to occupy the entire top five [note 2] (#cite_note-404) of the Australian albums chart (/wiki/ARIA_Charts) [402] (#cite_note-405) [403] (#cite_note-406) and the top ten of the country's singles chart. [404] (#cite_note-407) Swift remains the world's highest-grossing female touring act ever (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists#All-time_ranking) , with cumulative ticket sales at $1.96 billion as of November 2023, per Pollstar (/wiki/Pollstar) . [405] (#cite_note-408) The Eras Tour is the highest-grossing tour of all time (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women) and the first to surpass $1 billion in revenue. [406] (#cite_note-eras_gross-409) Beginning with Fearless , each of her studio albums have opened with over one million global units. [407] (#cite_note-410) [408] (#cite_note-411) Swift is the most-streamed act on Spotify, [409] (#cite_note-412) and the most-streamed female artist on Apple Music. [410] (#cite_note-413) On Spotify, she is the only artist to have received more than 250 million and 350 million streams in one day (260 million on October 27, 2023, and 380 million on April 19, 2024) [411] (#cite_note-414) and the only female act to reach 100 million monthly listeners. [412] (#cite_note-415) [197] (#cite_note-time_2023numbers-199) The most entries and the most simultaneous entries (/wiki/Billboard_Global_200#Most_total_entries) (174 and 34 songs), and most number-ones (5) for a soloist on the Billboard Global 200 (/wiki/Billboard_Global_200) , are among her feats. [413] (#cite_note-fortnight_glo-416) [414] (#cite_note-417) Swift is the first and only artist to occupy the top nine spots on the Global 200. [413] (#cite_note-fortnight_glo-416) She has the most entries (153), top-ten songs (20), and number-ones (3) [note 3] (#cite_note-418) among solo acts on the Global 200 Excl. US. [413] (#cite_note-fortnight_glo-416) In the US, Swift has sold over 37.3 million albums as of 2019, [393] (#cite_note-Lipshutz-2019-395) when Billboard placed her eighth on its Greatest of All Time Artists Chart. [415] (#cite_note-419) Twelve of her songs have topped the Billboard Hot 100. [416] (#cite_note-12n1-420) She is the longest-reigning and the first act to spend at least 100 weeks atop the Billboard Artist 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Artist_100) (106 weeks); [417] (#cite_note-421) [418] (#cite_note-422) the soloist with the most cumulative weeks atop and in the top ten of the Billboard 200 (71 and 394); [419] (#cite_note-423) [420] (#cite_note-424) the woman with the most Billboard 200 number-ones (14), [421] (#cite_note-:0-425) Hot 100 entries (total and single-week: 263 and 32), [422] (#cite_note-426) number-one debuts (7), [note 4] (#cite_note-428) top-ten songs (59), [416] (#cite_note-12n1-420) top-five songs (36), [197] (#cite_note-time_2023numbers-199) Streaming Songs (/wiki/Streaming_Songs) chart-toppers (9), [416] (#cite_note-12n1-420) and weeks atop the Top Country Albums (/wiki/Top_Country_Albums) chart (101); [424] (#cite_note-429) and the act with the most number-one songs on Pop Airplay (/wiki/Pop_Airplay) (13) [425] (#cite_note-430) and Digital Songs (/wiki/Digital_Songs) (29). [416] (#cite_note-12n1-420) Swift is the first woman to simultaneously chart five albums in the top 10 and eleven albums on the entire Billboard 200; [426] (#cite_note-431) [427] (#cite_note-432) and the first act to occupy the top four spots and chart seven albums [note 5] (#cite_note-434) in the top 10 on the Top Album Sales (/wiki/Top_Album_Sales) chart. [429] (#cite_note-435) [430] (#cite_note-436) She is the second highest-certified female digital singles artist (and fifth overall) in the US, with 137.5 million total units certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA), [431] (#cite_note-437) and the first woman to have both an album ( Fearless ) and a song ("Shake It Off") certified Diamond. [432] (#cite_note-438) Swift is the only artist in Luminate history to have seven albums sell over a million copies (/wiki/Lists_of_fastest-selling_albums#United_States) in a week. [433] (#cite_note-Caulfield-2022-439) Swift has appeared in various power listings. Time included her on its annual list of the 100 most influential people (/wiki/Time_100) in 2010, 2015, and 2019. [434] (#cite_note-440) She was one of the "Silence Breakers" that the magazine spotlighted as Person of the Year (/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year) in 2017 for speaking up about sexual assault, [435] (#cite_note-441) and she received the honor again in 2023 for her cultural domination that year. [379] (#cite_note-time_poty2023-381) Time described Swift as the first Person of the Year to be recognized for "achievement in the arts (/wiki/The_arts) ", as well as the first woman to be recognized and appear on a Person of the Year cover more than once. [436] (#cite_note-442) [379] (#cite_note-time_poty2023-381) In 2014, she was named to Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' 30 Under 30 (/wiki/30_Under_30) list in the music category [437] (#cite_note-443) and again in 2017 in its "All-Star Alumni" category. [438] (#cite_note-444) Swift became the youngest woman to be included on Forbes ' list of the 100 most powerful women (/wiki/The_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women) in 2015, ranked at number 64. [439] (#cite_note-445) In 2023, she was ranked by Forbes as the fifth-most powerful woman in the world, the first entertainer to place in the top five. [440] (#cite_note-446) Swift received an honorary (/wiki/Honorary_degree) Doctor of Fine Arts (/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts) degree from New York University and served as its commencement speaker (/wiki/Commencement_speaker) on May 18, 2022. [202] (#cite_note-Dailey-2022-204) Cultural status Main articles: Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) and Public image of Taylor Swift (/wiki/Public_image_of_Taylor_Swift) Swift at the 2010 Time 100 (/wiki/Time_100) Gala Swift has been credited with making a profound impact on the music industry (/wiki/Music_industry) , popular culture (/wiki/Popular_culture) , and the economy. [441] (#cite_note-447) [442] (#cite_note-Khan-2021-448) She dominates cultural conversations, [443] (#cite_note-449) [444] (#cite_note-450) which has led publications to describe her as a cultural "vitality" or zeitgeist (/wiki/Zeitgeist) . [445] (#cite_note-451) [446] (#cite_note-:1-452) [447] (#cite_note-453) Her music, life, and public image are points of attention in global celebrity culture (/wiki/Celebrity_culture) . [266] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranssen202290-268) Initially a teen idol (/wiki/Teen_idol) , [448] (#cite_note-454) she has been referred to as a pop icon (/wiki/Pop_icon) ; [254] (#cite_note-Levine-256) [449] (#cite_note-455) publications describe her enormous popularity and longevity as unwitnessed since the 20th century. [450] (#cite_note-456) [451] (#cite_note-457) In 2013, New York magazine's Jody Rosen dubbed Swift the "world's biggest pop star" and opined that the trajectory of her stardom has defied established patterns. Rosen added that Swift "falls between genres (/wiki/Genre) , eras, demographics (/wiki/Demographics) , paradigms (/wiki/Paradigm) , trends", leaving her contemporaries "vying for second place". [269] (#cite_note-Rosen-271) Critics regard Swift as a rare yet successful combination of the pop star and singer-songwriter archetypes. [452] (#cite_note-458) Swift's fans are known as Swifties (/wiki/Swifties) . [228] (#cite_note-:8-230) Billboard noted only few artists have had her chart success, critical acclaim, and fan support. [453] (#cite_note-459) Swift's million-selling albums are considered an anomaly in the streaming (/wiki/Music_streaming_service) -dominated industry following the end of the album era (/wiki/Album_era) in the 2010s. [454] (#cite_note-bloomberg-460) [455] (#cite_note-nymag10s-461) Economist Alan Krueger (/wiki/Alan_Krueger) described Swift as an "economic genius". [456] (#cite_note-462) Although labeled by the media in her early career as " America's Sweetheart (/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music) " for her girl next door (/wiki/Girl_next_door) persona, [457] (#cite_note-463) [458] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerSeidman2016529-464) Swift has been called by detractors "calculated" and manipulative of her image, a narrative bolstered by her 2016 dispute with West. [459] (#cite_note-Vox_VMAs-465) [460] (#cite_note-Vox_2020_call-466) Critics have also noted that her personal life and career have been subject to intense misogyny (/wiki/Misogyny) and " slut-shaming (/wiki/Slut-shaming) ", [461] (#cite_note-467) [462] (#cite_note-468) as well as rampant media scrutiny and tabloid speculation. [463] (#cite_note-Meddings-2014-469) Swift has also been a victim of numerous house break-ins (/wiki/Burglary) and stalkers (/wiki/Stalkers) , some of whom were armed (/wiki/Gun_violence) . [464] (#cite_note-470) [465] (#cite_note-471) Swift's private jet (/wiki/Private_jet) use has drawn scrutiny for its carbon emissions (/wiki/Carbon_emissions) . [466] (#cite_note-472) [467] (#cite_note-473) In 2023, a spokesperson for Swift stated that she had purchased more than double the required carbon credits (/wiki/Carbon_credits) to offset all tour travel and personal flights. [468] (#cite_note-474) [469] (#cite_note-475) In December 2023, Swift's lawyers sent a cease and desist (/wiki/Cease_and_desist) letter to American programmer Jack Sweeney (/wiki/Jack_Sweeney) over tracking her private jet, alleging stalking and safety risks; media outlets have reported that the information posted by Sweeney is a synthesis of publicly available data. [470] (#cite_note-Blistein-476) [471] (#cite_note-477) In February 2024, it was reported that Swift had sold one of her two private jets. [472] (#cite_note-478) Legacy "You have different artists dominating different sectors of the industry: Some are huge at streaming, some are big draws on the road. But we're at this moment where there's no one better than Taylor Swift, whether that's on the radio, with streaming, ticket sales or just cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) ." – Jason Lipshutz, Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) executive director, 2023 [473] (#cite_note-Eras_film-479) Swift helped shape the modern country music scene, [474] (#cite_note-guardian_country-480) having extended her success beyond the Anglosphere (/wiki/Anglosphere) , [269] (#cite_note-Rosen-271) [474] (#cite_note-guardian_country-480) pioneered the use of the internet ( Myspace (/wiki/Myspace) ) as a marketing (/wiki/Marketing) tool, [26] (#cite_note-Willman-2007-27) [46] (#cite_note-EW1-47) and introduced the genre to a younger generation. [475] (#cite_note-Roland-2016-481) [269] (#cite_note-Rosen-271) Country labels have since become interested in signing young singers who write their own music; [476] (#cite_note-482) her guitar performances contributed to the "Taylor Swift factor": a phenomenon to which an upsurge in guitar sales to women, a previously ignored demographic, is attributed. [477] (#cite_note-483) [478] (#cite_note-484) According to publications, Swift changed the music landscape with her genre transitions, a discography that accommodates cultural shifts, [479] (#cite_note-485) and her ability to popularize any sound in mainstream music. [480] (#cite_note-486) Lyrically, in being personal and vulnerable in her songs, music journalist Nick Catucci opined Swift helped make space for later singers like Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) , Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) , and Halsey (/wiki/Halsey_(singer)) to do the same. [481] (#cite_note-487) Scholars have highlighted the literary sensibility and poptimist (/wiki/Poptimist) implications of Swift. [337] (#cite_note-Bate-339) [482] (#cite_note-488) She has been credited with legitimizing and popularizing the concept of album "eras". [483] (#cite_note-:132-489) [484] (#cite_note-:11-490) Swift is a subject of academic study and scholarly media research (/wiki/Media_research) . [266] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranssen202290-268) Various educational institutions offer courses on Swift in literary, cultural, and sociopolitical (/wiki/Sociopolitical) contexts. [485] (#cite_note-491) [266] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranssen202290-268) Swift has influenced numerous music artists (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift#Creative_inspiration) , and her albums have inspired a generation of singer-songwriters. [475] (#cite_note-Roland-2016-481) [260] (#cite_note-Indie_rock-262) [486] (#cite_note-BI_March_2022-492) Journalists praise her ability to reform industry practices, noting how her actions changed streaming policies, prompted awareness of intellectual property in new musicians, [487] (#cite_note-493) [488] (#cite_note-Smith-494) and reshaped ticketing models. [489] (#cite_note-495) Various sources deem Swift's music a paradigm representing the millennial generation (/wiki/Millennial_generation) ; [490] (#cite_note-496) Vox called her the "millennial Bruce Springsteen", [491] (#cite_note-VanDerWerff-2020-497) and The Times (/wiki/The_Times) named her "the Bob Dylan of our age". [492] (#cite_note-498) Swift earned the title Woman of the Decade (/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music#Woman_of_the_Decade_Award) (2010s) from Billboard , [493] (#cite_note-499) Artist of the Decade (/wiki/American_Music_Awards#Artist_of_the_Decade) (2010s) at the American Music Awards, [494] (#cite_note-500) and Global Icon (/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Outstanding_Contribution_to_Music) at the Brit Awards for her impact. [395] (#cite_note-BRIT_Awards-2021-397) Senior artists such as Paul McCartney, [495] (#cite_note-501) Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) , [496] (#cite_note-502) Madonna, [497] (#cite_note-503) Stevie Nicks (/wiki/Stevie_Nicks) , [498] (#cite_note-504) and Dolly Parton have praised her musicianship. [499] (#cite_note-505) Carole King (/wiki/Carole_King) regards Swift as her "professional granddaughter" and thanked Swift for "carrying the torch forward". [500] (#cite_note-:3-506) Springsteen called her a "tremendous" writer, [501] (#cite_note-:6-507) while Ringo Starr (/wiki/Ringo_Starr) and Billy Joel (/wiki/Billy_Joel) considered Swift the Beatles' successor. [502] (#cite_note-:5-508) [503] (#cite_note-:4-509) Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) labeled Swift "the most iconic pop woman of our generation", [504] (#cite_note-510) and Jon Bon Jovi (/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi) commended her for having "created an industry" and "not trying to be something she's not". [505] (#cite_note-511) Entrepreneurship Media outlets describe Swift as a savvy businesswoman; [506] (#cite_note-512) [507] (#cite_note-Steele-513) in 2024, she topped Billboard 's annual Power 100 ranking of the top music industry executives. [508] (#cite_note-514) Swift is known for her traditional album rollouts, consisting of a variety of promotional activities that Rolling Stone termed as an inescapable " multimedia (/wiki/Multimedia) bonanza". [509] (#cite_note-Curto-2020-515) [510] (#cite_note-516) Easter eggs (/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)) and cryptic teasers became a common practice in contemporary pop music because of Swift. [511] (#cite_note-517) Publications describe her discography as a music " universe (/wiki/Shared_universe) " subject to analyzes by fans, critics, and journalists. [512] (#cite_note-518) [513] (#cite_note-EWMay2-519) [514] (#cite_note-Yahr-2022-520) Swift maintains an active presence on social media and a close relationship with fans, to which many journalists attribute her success. [515] (#cite_note-521) [442] (#cite_note-Khan-2021-448) [516] (#cite_note-522) Her in-house management (/wiki/Management) team is called 13 Management. [517] (#cite_note-523) Swift has endorsed many brands and businesses, having launched clothing lines with L.E.I. (/wiki/L.E.I.) and Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , [518] (#cite_note-524) [519] (#cite_note-525) designed American Greetings (/wiki/American_Greetings) cards and Jakks Pacific (/wiki/Jakks_Pacific) dolls, [520] (#cite_note-526) [521] (#cite_note-527) released a number of fragrances with Elizabeth Arden (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden) , [522] (#cite_note-528) and signed multi-year deals with AT&T (/wiki/AT%26T) and Capital One (/wiki/Capital_One) . [523] (#cite_note-529) [524] (#cite_note-530) She was a spokesperson for the National Hockey League (/wiki/National_Hockey_League) 's Nashville Predators (/wiki/Nashville_Predators) and Sony Cyber-shot (/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot) digital cameras, [525] (#cite_note-531) [526] (#cite_note-532) and became the global ambassador for New York City in 2014 and Record Store Day (/wiki/Record_Store_Day) in 2022. [527] (#cite_note-533) [528] (#cite_note-Kaufman-2022-534) Social activism Further information: Political impact of Taylor Swift (/wiki/Political_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) Swift identifies as a pro-choice (/wiki/Pro-choice) feminist (/wiki/Feminist) [529] (#cite_note-GuardianInterview2019-535) and is a founding signatory of the Time's Up (/wiki/Time%27s_Up_(organization)) movement against sexual harassment. [530] (#cite_note-536) Specifically, she criticized the US Supreme Court (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) 's decision to end federal abortion rights (/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization) in 2022. [531] (#cite_note-537) Swift also advocates for LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights) [532] (#cite_note-538) and has called for the passing of the Equality Act (/wiki/Equality_Act_(United_States)) , which prohibits discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity. [533] (#cite_note-539) [534] (#cite_note-Pride2020-540) She performed during WorldPride NYC 2019 (/wiki/WorldPride_NYC_2019) at the Stonewall Inn (/wiki/Stonewall_Inn) , a gay rights (/wiki/Gay_rights) monument, and has donated to the LGBT organizations Tennessee Equality Project (/wiki/Tennessee_Equality_Project) and GLAAD (/wiki/GLAAD) . [535] (#cite_note-TaylorSwiftLGBTQAlly-541) [536] (#cite_note-542) [537] (#cite_note-543) A supporter of the March for Our Lives (/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives) movement and gun control reform (/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States) in the US, [538] (#cite_note-544) Swift is a vocal critic of white supremacy (/wiki/White_supremacy) , racism, and police brutality (/wiki/Police_brutality) . [539] (#cite_note-nazis-545) [529] (#cite_note-GuardianInterview2019-535) Following the George Floyd protests (/wiki/George_Floyd_protests) , she donated to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund) and the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement, [540] (#cite_note-546) called for the removal (/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials) of Confederate (/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) monuments in Tennessee, [541] (#cite_note-547) and advocated for Juneteenth (/wiki/Juneteenth) to become a national holiday. [542] (#cite_note-548) In 2020, Swift urged her fans to check their voter registration ahead of elections, which resulted in 65,000 people registering to vote within one day of her post, [543] (#cite_note-Haag18-549) and endorsed Joe Biden (/wiki/Joe_Biden) in the US presidential election (/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election) . [544] (#cite_note-550) She has openly criticized former president Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) . [545] (#cite_note-Schuster_5/19/2023-551) Wealth and philanthropy Swift became a billionaire (/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth) in October 2023, becoming the first musician to achieve the status "solely based on her songs and performances". [546] (#cite_note-552) [547] (#cite_note-553) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) has estimated her net worth at $1.3 billion as of May 2024. [548] (#cite_note-554) Forbes had also named her the annual top-earning female musician (/wiki/Forbes_list_of_highest-earning_musicians#Female) in 2016, 2019, 2021, and 2022. [549] (#cite_note-555) She was the highest-paid celebrity (/wiki/Forbes_Celebrity_100) of 2016 with $170 million—a feat recognized by Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) as the highest annual earnings ever for a female musician, [550] (#cite_note-556) which she herself surpassed with $185 million in 2019. [551] (#cite_note-557) Overall, Swift was listed as the Forbes highest-paid female artist of the 2010s (/wiki/Forbes_list_of_highest-earning_musicians#2010s) , earning $825 million. [552] (#cite_note-558) She has also developed a real estate portfolio worth $150 million as of 2023, with residential properties in Nashville, New York City, Los Angeles ( Samuel Goldwyn Estate (/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Estate) ), and Rhode Island (/wiki/Rhode_Island) ( High Watch (/wiki/High_Watch) ). [553] (#cite_note-559) Swift is known for her philanthropic efforts. [554] (#cite_note-Billboard-2023-560) She ranked first on DoSomething (/wiki/DoSomething) 's 2015 "Gone Good" list, [555] (#cite_note-561) having received the Star of Compassion from the Tennessee Disaster Services and the Big Help Award from the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards) for her "dedication to helping others" and "inspiring others through action". [556] (#cite_note-562) [557] (#cite_note-563) Especially early in her career, Swift donated to various relief funds following natural disasters. In 2009, she donated $100,000 to the Red Cross to help the victims of the Iowa flood of 2008 (/wiki/Iowa_flood_of_2008) . [558] (#cite_note-564) The same year, she performed at Sydney's Sound Relief (/wiki/Sound_Relief) concert, which raised money for those impacted by bushfires and flooding. [559] (#cite_note-565) In 2011, Swift used a dress rehearsal of her Speak Now tour as a benefit concert for victims of recent tornadoes (/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak) in the US, raising more than $750,000. [560] (#cite_note-566) In response to the May 2010 Tennessee floods (/wiki/May_2010_Tennessee_floods) , she donated $500,000. [561] (#cite_note-567) In 2009, Swift sang at BBC (/wiki/BBC) 's Children in Need (/wiki/Children_in_Need) concert and raised £13,000 for the cause. [562] (#cite_note-568) In 2016, she donated $1 million to Louisiana flood relief (/wiki/2016_Louisiana_floods) efforts and $100,000 to the Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) Fire Fund. [563] (#cite_note-569) [564] (#cite_note-570) Swift donated to food banks (/wiki/Food_bank) after Hurricane Harvey (/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey) struck Houston (/wiki/Houston) in 2017. [565] (#cite_note-571) Swift donated $1 million for Tennessee tornado relief in 2020 (/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) and again in 2023 (/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_9%E2%80%9310,_2023) . [566] (#cite_note-572) [567] (#cite_note-573) Swift has also donated to cancer research. As recipient of the Academy of Country Music's Entertainer of the Year in 2011, Swift donated $25,000 to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital) , Tennessee. [568] (#cite_note-574) In 2012, she participated in the Stand Up to Cancer (/wiki/Stand_Up_to_Cancer) telethon, performing the charity single " Ronan (/wiki/Ronan_(song)) ", which she wrote in memory of a four-year-old boy who died of neuroblastoma (/wiki/Neuroblastoma) . [569] (#cite_note-575) She has also donated $100,000 to the V Foundation for Cancer Research (/wiki/Dick_Vitale) [570] (#cite_note-576) and $50,000 to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia) . [571] (#cite_note-577) She has made donations to her fans several times for their medical or academic expenses. [572] (#cite_note-578) During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) , Swift donated to the World Health Organization (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) and Feeding America [573] (#cite_note-579) and supported independent record stores. [574] (#cite_note-580) [575] (#cite_note-581) Swift performed " Soon You'll Get Better (/wiki/Soon_You%27ll_Get_Better) " on the One World: Together At Home (/wiki/Together_at_Home#Television_special) television special, a benefit concert (/wiki/Benefit_concert) curated by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) for Global Citizen (/wiki/Global_Poverty_Project#Global_Citizen) to raise funds for the World Health Organization's COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund (/wiki/COVID-19_Solidarity_Response_Fund) . [576] (#cite_note-582) She is a supporter of the arts. A benefactor of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (/wiki/Nashville_Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame) , [577] (#cite_note-583) Swift has donated $75,000 to Nashville's Hendersonville High School to help refurbish the school auditorium, [578] (#cite_note-584) $4 million to build a new education center at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum (/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum) in Nashville, [579] (#cite_note-585) $60,000 to the music departments of six US colleges, [580] (#cite_note-586) and $100,000 to the Nashville Symphony (/wiki/Nashville_Symphony) . [581] (#cite_note-587) She has also provided one-off donations. In 2007, she partnered with the Tennessee Association of Chiefs of Police to launch a campaign to protect children from online predators. [582] (#cite_note-swift-588) She has donated items to several charities for auction, including the UNICEF Tap Project (/wiki/UNICEF_Tap_Project) and MusiCares (/wiki/MusiCares) . [583] (#cite_note-589) Swift has also encouraged young people to volunteer in their local communities as part of Global Youth Service Day (/wiki/Global_Youth_Service_Day) . [584] (#cite_note-Hardiman_2007-04-07-590) Also a promoter of children's literacy (/wiki/Literacy) , she has donated money and books to schools around the country. [585] (#cite_note-591) [586] (#cite_note-tasteofcountry1-592) In 2018 and 2021, Swift donated to the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (/wiki/Rape,_Abuse_%26_Incest_National_Network) in honor of Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month. [554] (#cite_note-Billboard-2023-560) Swift donated to fellow singer-songwriter Kesha (/wiki/Kesha) to help with her legal battles against Dr. Luke (/wiki/Dr._Luke) and to actress Mariska Hargitay (/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay) 's Joyful Heart Foundation. [554] (#cite_note-Billboard-2023-560) [587] (#cite_note-593) During the Eras Tour, Swift donated to food banks at every stop; [588] (#cite_note-594) she also directly employed local businesses throughout the tour and gave $55 million in bonus payments (/wiki/Bonus_payment) to her entire crew. [589] (#cite_note-595) [590] (#cite_note-596) In February 2024, she donated $100,000 to the family of a woman who died in a shooting at the Kansas City Chiefs' Super Bowl parade (/wiki/2024_Kansas_City_parade_shooting) . [591] (#cite_note-597) [592] (#cite_note-598) Discography Main articles: Taylor Swift albums discography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography) , Taylor Swift singles discography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_singles_discography) , and List of songs by Taylor Swift (/wiki/List_of_songs_by_Taylor_Swift) Studio albums Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) (2006) Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) (2008) Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now) (2010) Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)) (2012) 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) (2014) Reputation (/wiki/Reputation_(album)) (2017) Lover (/wiki/Lover_(album)) (2019) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) (2020) Evermore (/wiki/Evermore) (2020) Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) (2022) The Tortured Poets Department (/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department) (2024) Re-recorded albums Fearless (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)) (2021) Red (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)) (2021) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)) (2023) 1989 (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) (2023) Filmography Main article: Taylor Swift videography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_videography) This section lists select works only. Refer to the main article for further information. Films Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(2010_film)) (2010) The Lorax (/wiki/The_Lorax_(film)) (2012) The Giver (/wiki/The_Giver_(film)) (2014) Cats (/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)) (2019) All Too Well: The Short Film (/wiki/All_Too_Well:_The_Short_Film) (2021) Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)) (2022) Documentary and concert films Miss Americana (/wiki/Miss_Americana) (2020) Taylor Swift: City of Lover (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_City_of_Lover) (2020) Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (/wiki/Folklore:_The_Long_Pond_Studio_Sessions) (2020) Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_The_Eras_Tour) (2023) Tours Main article: List of Taylor Swift live performances (/wiki/List_of_Taylor_Swift_live_performances) Fearless Tour (/wiki/Fearless_Tour) (2009–2010) Speak Now World Tour (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour) (2011–2012) The Red Tour (/wiki/The_Red_Tour) (2013–2014) The 1989 World Tour (/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) (2015) Reputation Stadium Tour (/wiki/Reputation_Stadium_Tour) (2018) The Eras Tour (/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) (2023–2024) See also List of American Grammy Award winners and nominees (/wiki/List_of_American_Grammy_Award_winners_and_nominees) List of highest-certified music artists in the United States (/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States) List of most-followed Instagram accounts (/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts) List of most-followed Twitter accounts (/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Twitter_accounts) List of most-subscribed YouTube channels (/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels) Footnotes ^ (#cite_ref-132) Though Swift has properties throughout the US, she identifies Nashville as her home. [129] (#cite_note-130) [130] (#cite_note-131) ^ (#cite_ref-404) Swift has occupied the top five of the ARIA Albums Chart (/wiki/ARIA_Albums_Chart) twice. She achieved this feat first on the issue published on July 7, 2023, [400] (#cite_note-402) followed by a second time on the issue published on February 9, 2024. [401] (#cite_note-403) ^ (#cite_ref-418) In a tie with Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) , Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) , and Jungkook (/wiki/Jungkook) . ^ (#cite_ref-428) Swift co-holds this record with American singer Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) . [423] (#cite_note-427) ^ (#cite_ref-434) Swift has charted seven titles in the top 10 of the Top Album Sales chart twice—on the issues dated January 6, 2024, and January 20, 2024. [428] (#cite_note-433) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Namely, Fearless (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)) and Red (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)) in 2021, followed by Speak Now (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)) and 1989 (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) in 2023. References ^ (#cite_ref-Sutherland-2015_2-0) Sutherland, Mark (May 23, 2015). "Taylor Swift interview: 'A relationship? No one's going to sign up for this' (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/11430433/Taylor-Swift-interview-A-relationship-No-ones-going-to-sign-up-for-this.html) " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/11430433/Taylor-Swift-interview-A-relationship-No-ones-going-to-sign-up-for-this.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 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"Taylor Swift Encourages Teen Volunteers" (http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1557662/taylor-swift-encourages-teen-volunteers.jhtml) . CMT (/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121113174730/http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1557662/taylor-swift-encourages-teen-volunteers.jhtml) from the original on November 13, 2012 . Retrieved July 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-591) Sanz, Cynthia (December 14, 2009). "Taylor Swift Gives Big as She Turns 20 – Good Deeds, Taylor Swift" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20326948,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120617035852/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20326948%2C00.html) from the original on June 17, 2012 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Urban, Mike (October 14, 2011). "Taylor Swift donates 6,000 books to Reading Library" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120512192515/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=339089) . 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Retrieved August 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-597) "Taylor Swift gives $100K to family of woman killed at Chiefs' parade" (https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/39539475/taylor-swift-gives-100k-family-woman-killed-chiefs-parade) . ESPN. February 16, 2024 . Retrieved February 16, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-598) Willman, Chris (February 16, 2024). "Taylor Swift Donates $100K to GoFundMe for Family of Woman Killed at Chiefs Victory Parade" (https://variety.com/2024/music/news/taylor-swift-donation-gofundme-victim-killed-chiefs-parade-1235913423/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 16, 2024 . Cited literature Cullen, Shaun (2016). "The Innocent and the Runaway: Kanye West, Taylor Swift, and the Cultural Politics of Racial Melodrama". Journal of Popular Music Studies . 28 (1): 33–50. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/jpms.12160 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpms.12160) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1524-2226 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-2226) . Fischer, Nancy; Seidman, Steven (2016). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies (3rd ed.). Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-44918-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 953030187 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953030187) . Fogarty, Mary; Arnold, Gina (/wiki/Gina_Arnold) (2021). "Are You Ready for It? Re-Evaluating Taylor Swift" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07494467.2021.1976586) . Contemporary Music Review . 40 (1): 1–10. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/07494467.2021.1976586 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07494467.2021.1976586) . Franssen, Gaston (January 2, 2022). "Policing the Celebrity of Taylor Swift: Introduction" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392397.2022.2026148) . Celebrity Studies (/wiki/Celebrity_Studies) . 13 (1): 90–92. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/19392397.2022.2026148 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392397.2022.2026148) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 246997248 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246997248) . Fulford, Phyllis (2014). An Idiots Guide: Singing Second Edition . Penguin Publishing (/wiki/Penguin_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61564-622-7 . Gasser, Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Gasser) (2019). "The Pop Genotype". Why You Like It: The Science and Culture of Musical Taste . Flatiron Books. pp. 306–328. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-250-05719-8 . Hughes, Charles (2017). "Country Music and the Recording Industry". In Stimeling, Travis D. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Country Music . Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . pp. 205–228. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-024817-8 . Jepson, Louisa (2013). Taylor Swift . Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4711-3087-8 . McNutt, Myles (2020). "From 'Mine' to 'Ours': Gendered Hierarchies of Authorship and the Limits of Taylor Swift's Paratextual Feminism". Communication, Culture and Critique (/wiki/Communication,_Culture_and_Critique) . 13 (1): 72–91. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/ccc/tcz042 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fccc%2Ftcz042) . McGrath, John (2023). "The Return to Craft: Taylor Swift, Nostalgia, and Covid-19" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007766.2022.2156761) . Popular Music and Society . 46 (1): 70–84. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/03007766.2022.2156761 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007766.2022.2156761) . Perone, James E. (2017). The Words and Music of Taylor Swift . The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection. ABC-Clio (/wiki/ABC-Clio) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4408-5294-7 . Provenzano, Catherine (2018). "Auto-Tune, Labor, and the Pop-Music Voice". In Fink, Robert; Latour, Melinda; Wallmark, Zachary (eds.). The Relentless Pursuit of Tone: Timbre in Popular Music . Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . pp. 159–182. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-998522-7 . Sloan, Nate (2021). "Taylor Swift and the Work of Songwriting". Contemporary Music Review . 40 (1). Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) : 11–26. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/07494467.2021.1945226 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07494467.2021.1945226) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 237695045 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237695045) . Spencer, Liv (2010). Taylor Swift: Every Day Is a Fairytale – The Unofficial Story . ECW Press (/wiki/ECW_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55022-931-8 . Stone, Alison (/wiki/Alison_Stone) (2023). "Feminism, Gender and Popular Music". In Partridge, Christopher; Moberg, Marcus (eds.). The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music . Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) . pp. 57–68. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781350286979 . External links Taylor Swift at Wikipedia's sister projects Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) from Commons News (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Taylor_Swift) from Wikinews Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) from Wikiquote Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26876) from Wikidata Official website (https://taylorswift.com) Taylor Swift (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000472102) at AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)) Taylor Swift (https://music.amazon.com/artists/B00157GJ20) at Amazon Music (/wiki/Amazon_Music) Taylor Swift (https://www.discogs.com/artist/1124645) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) Taylor Swift (https://x.com/taylorswift13) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Taylor Swift (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2357847/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Taylor Swift (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/20244d07-534f-4eff-b4d4-930878889970) discography at MusicBrainz (/wiki/MusicBrainz) show v t e Taylor Swift Albums discography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography) Singles discography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_singles_discography) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Taylor_Swift) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Taylor_Swift_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_by_Taylor_Swift) Videography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_videography) Public image (/wiki/Public_image_of_Taylor_Swift) Studio albums Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now) Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)) 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) Reputation (/wiki/Reputation_(album)) Lover (/wiki/Lover_(album)) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) Evermore (/wiki/Evermore) Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) The Tortured Poets Department (/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department) Re-recorded albums Fearless (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)) Red (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)) 1989 (Taylor's Version) (/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) Extended plays The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection (/wiki/The_Taylor_Swift_Holiday_Collection) Beautiful Eyes (/wiki/Beautiful_Eyes) Live albums Speak Now World Tour – Live (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour_%E2%80%93_Live) Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 (/wiki/Live_from_Clear_Channel_Stripped_2008) Lover (Live from Paris) (/wiki/Lover_(Live_from_Paris)) Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (/wiki/Folklore:_The_Long_Pond_Studio_Sessions) Concert tours Fearless Tour (/wiki/Fearless_Tour) Speak Now World Tour (/wiki/Speak_Now_World_Tour) The Red Tour (/wiki/The_Red_Tour) The 1989 World Tour (/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) Reputation Stadium Tour (/wiki/Reputation_Stadium_Tour) The Eras Tour (/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) Films Miss Americana (/wiki/Miss_Americana) Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (/wiki/Folklore:_The_Long_Pond_Studio_Sessions) All Too Well: The Short Film (/wiki/All_Too_Well:_The_Short_Film) Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_The_Eras_Tour) Family Austin Swift (/wiki/Austin_Swift) Marjorie Finlay (/wiki/Marjorie_Finlay) Impact and legacy Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) Political impact (/wiki/Political_impact_of_Taylor_Swift) Swifties (/wiki/Swifties) Impact of the Eras Tour (/wiki/Impact_of_the_Eras_Tour) Nannaria swiftae (/wiki/Nannaria_swiftae) Castianeira swiftay (/wiki/Castianeira_swiftay) Controversies 2009 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) Sexual assault trial (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_sexual_assault_trial) Masters dispute (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute) Ticketmaster incident (/wiki/Taylor_Swift%E2%80%93Ticketmaster_controversy) Death of Ana Clara Benevides (/wiki/Death_of_Ana_Clara_Benevides) Deepfake pornography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_deepfake_pornography_controversy) Related City of Lover (/wiki/City_of_Lover) Taylor Swift Productions (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_Productions) Olivia Benson (/wiki/Olivia_Benson_(cat)) High Watch (/wiki/High_Watch) Samuel Goldwyn Estate (/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Estate) Ashley Leechin (/wiki/Ashley_Leechin) Taylor Sheesh (/wiki/Taylor_Sheesh) SwiftOnSecurity (/wiki/SwiftOnSecurity) Bryan West (/wiki/Bryan_West_(journalist)) Category (/wiki/Category:Taylor_Swift) show v t e Taylor Swift songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_by_Taylor_Swift) Singles discography (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_singles_discography) Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)) " Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw_(song)) " " Picture to Burn (/wiki/Picture_to_Burn) " " Teardrops on My Guitar (/wiki/Teardrops_on_My_Guitar) " " Should've Said No (/wiki/Should%27ve_Said_No) " " Our Song (/wiki/Our_Song_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) " Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Fifteen (/wiki/Fifteen_(song)) " " Love Story (/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Hey Stephen (/wiki/Hey_Stephen) " " White Horse (/wiki/White_Horse_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " You Belong with Me (/wiki/You_Belong_with_Me) " " Breathe (/wiki/Breathe_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " You're Not Sorry (/wiki/You%27re_Not_Sorry) " " The Way I Loved You (/wiki/The_Way_I_Loved_You_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Forever & Always (/wiki/Forever_%26_Always) " " The Best Day (/wiki/The_Best_Day_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Change (/wiki/Change_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Taylor's Version (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)) " You All Over Me (/wiki/You_All_Over_Me) " " Mr. Perfectly Fine (/wiki/Mr._Perfectly_Fine) " " That's When (/wiki/That%27s_When) " Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now) " Mine (/wiki/Mine_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Sparks Fly (/wiki/Sparks_Fly_(song)) " " Back to December (/wiki/Back_to_December) " " Speak Now (/wiki/Speak_Now_(song)) " " Dear John (/wiki/Dear_John_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Mean (/wiki/Mean_(song)) " " The Story of Us (/wiki/The_Story_of_Us_(song)) " " Never Grow Up (/wiki/Never_Grow_Up_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Enchanted (/wiki/Enchanted_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Better than Revenge (/wiki/Better_than_Revenge) " " Innocent (/wiki/Innocent_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Haunted (/wiki/Haunted_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Long Live (/wiki/Long_Live_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Ours (/wiki/Ours_(song)) " Taylor's Version (/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)) " Electric Touch (/wiki/Electric_Touch_(song)) " " When Emma Falls in Love (/wiki/When_Emma_Falls_in_Love) " " I Can See You (/wiki/I_Can_See_You_(song)) " " Castles Crumbling (/wiki/Castles_Crumbling) " Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)) " State of Grace (/wiki/State_of_Grace_(song)) " " Red (/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Treacherous (/wiki/Treacherous_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " I Knew You Were Trouble (/wiki/I_Knew_You_Were_Trouble) " " All Too Well (/wiki/All_Too_Well) " " 22 (/wiki/22_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together (/wiki/We_Are_Never_Ever_Getting_Back_Together) " " The Last Time (/wiki/The_Last_Time_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Holy Ground (/wiki/Holy_Ground_(song)) " " Everything Has Changed (/wiki/Everything_Has_Changed) " " Begin Again (/wiki/Begin_Again_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Taylor's Version (/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)) " Nothing New (/wiki/Nothing_New_(song)) " " Message in a Bottle (/wiki/Message_in_a_Bottle_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " I Bet You Think About Me (/wiki/I_Bet_You_Think_About_Me) " 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) " Welcome to New York (/wiki/Welcome_to_New_York_(song)) " " Blank Space (/wiki/Blank_Space) " " Style (/wiki/Style_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Out of the Woods (/wiki/Out_of_the_Woods) " " All You Had to Do Was Stay (/wiki/All_You_Had_to_Do_Was_Stay) " " Shake It Off (/wiki/Shake_It_Off) " " I Wish You Would (/wiki/I_Wish_You_Would_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Wildest Dreams (/wiki/Wildest_Dreams_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " This Love (/wiki/This_Love_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Clean (/wiki/Clean_(song)) " " You Are in Love (/wiki/You_Are_in_Love) " " New Romantics (/wiki/New_Romantics_(song)) " Taylor's Version (/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) " ' Slut! 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" " Gorgeous (/wiki/Gorgeous_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Getaway Car (/wiki/Getaway_Car_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Dress (/wiki/Dress_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Call It What You Want (/wiki/Call_It_What_You_Want_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " New Year's Day (/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Lover (/wiki/Lover_(album)) " I Forgot That You Existed (/wiki/I_Forgot_That_You_Existed) " " Cruel Summer (/wiki/Cruel_Summer_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Lover (/wiki/Lover_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " The Man (/wiki/The_Man_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " The Archer (/wiki/The_Archer_(song)) " " Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince (/wiki/Miss_Americana_%26_the_Heartbreak_Prince) " " Paper Rings (/wiki/Paper_Rings) " " Cornelia Street (/wiki/Cornelia_Street) " " London Boy (/wiki/London_Boy_(song)) " " Soon You'll Get Better (/wiki/Soon_You%27ll_Get_Better) " " False God (/wiki/False_God_(song)) " " You Need to Calm Down (/wiki/You_Need_to_Calm_Down) " " Me! (/wiki/Me!) " Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) " The 1 (/wiki/The_1) " " Cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(song)) " " The Last Great American Dynasty (/wiki/The_Last_Great_American_Dynasty) " " Exile (/wiki/Exile_(song)) " " My Tears Ricochet (/wiki/My_Tears_Ricochet) " " Mirrorball (/wiki/Mirrorball_(song)) " " Seven (/wiki/Seven_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " August (/wiki/August_(song)) " " This Is Me Trying (/wiki/This_Is_Me_Trying) " " Illicit Affairs (/wiki/Illicit_Affairs) " " Invisible String (/wiki/Invisible_String) " " Mad Woman (/wiki/Mad_Woman) " " Epiphany (/wiki/Epiphany_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Betty (/wiki/Betty_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Peace (/wiki/Peace_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Hoax (/wiki/Hoax_(song)) " " The Lakes (/wiki/The_Lakes_(song)) " Evermore (/wiki/Evermore) " Willow (/wiki/Willow_(song)) " " Champagne Problems (/wiki/Champagne_Problems_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " ' Tis the Damn Season (/wiki/%27Tis_the_Damn_Season) " " Tolerate It (/wiki/Tolerate_It) " " No Body, No Crime (/wiki/No_Body,_No_Crime) " " Happiness (/wiki/Happiness_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Dorothea (/wiki/Dorothea_(song)) " " Coney Island (/wiki/Coney_Island_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Long Story Short (/wiki/Long_Story_Short_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " " Marjorie (/wiki/Marjorie_(song)) " Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) " Lavender Haze (/wiki/Lavender_Haze) " " Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_(song)) " " Anti-Hero (/wiki/Anti-Hero_(song)) " " Snow on the Beach (/wiki/Snow_on_the_Beach) " " You're on Your Own, Kid (/wiki/You%27re_on_Your_Own,_Kid) " " Midnight Rain (/wiki/Midnight_Rain) " " Question...? 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Clark (/wiki/Roy_Clark) (1973) Mac Davis (/wiki/Mac_Davis) (1974) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1975) Mickey Gilley (/wiki/Mickey_Gilley) (1976) Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) (1977) Kenny Rogers (/wiki/Kenny_Rogers) (1978) Willie Nelson (/wiki/Willie_Nelson) (1979) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1980) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1981) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1982) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1983) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1984) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1985) Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1986) Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1987) Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1988) George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1989) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1990) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1991) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1992) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1993) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1994) Brooks & Dunn (/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn) (1995) Brooks & Dunn (/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn) (1996) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1997) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1998) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (1999) Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Chicks) (2000) Brooks & Dunn (/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn) (2001) Toby Keith (/wiki/Toby_Keith) (2002) Toby Keith (/wiki/Toby_Keith) (2003) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2004) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2005) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2006) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2007) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2008) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2009) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2010) Taylor Swift (2011) Taylor Swift (2012) Luke Bryan (/wiki/Luke_Bryan) (2013) George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (2014) Luke Bryan (/wiki/Luke_Bryan) (2015) Jason Aldean (/wiki/Jason_Aldean) (2016) Jason Aldean (/wiki/Jason_Aldean) (2017) Jason Aldean (/wiki/Jason_Aldean) (2018) Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) (2019) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2020) Thomas Rhett (/wiki/Thomas_Rhett) (2020) Luke Bryan (/wiki/Luke_Bryan) (2021) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2022) Chris Stapleton (/wiki/Chris_Stapleton) (2023) show v t e American Music Award for Artist of the Year (/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Artist_of_the_Year) TLC (/wiki/TLC_(group)) (1996) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1999) NSYNC (/wiki/NSYNC) (2001) U2 (/wiki/U2) (2002) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) (2003) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2004) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2005) Rascal Flatts (/wiki/Rascal_Flatts) (2006) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2007) Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) (2010) Taylor Swift (2011) Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) (2012) Taylor Swift (2013) One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) (2014) One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) (2015) Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2016) Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) (2017) Taylor Swift (2018) Taylor Swift (2019) Taylor Swift (2020) BTS (/wiki/BTS) (2021) Taylor Swift (2022) show v t e American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist (/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Adult_Contemporary_Artist) Natalie Cole (/wiki/Natalie_Cole) (1992) Michael Bolton (/wiki/Michael_Bolton) (1993) Kenny G (/wiki/Kenny_G) (1994) Michael Bolton (/wiki/Michael_Bolton) (1995) Eagles (/wiki/Eagles_(band)) (1996) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1997) Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) (1998) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (1999) Phil Collins (/wiki/Phil_Collins) (2000) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (2001) Sade (/wiki/Sade_(band)) (2002) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (2003) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (2003) Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) (2004) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2005) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2006) Daughtry (/wiki/Daughtry_(band)) (2007) Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Michael Bublé (/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9) (2010) Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2011) Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2012) Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) (2013) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (2014) Taylor Swift (2015) Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2016) Shawn Mendes (/wiki/Shawn_Mendes) (2017) Shawn Mendes (/wiki/Shawn_Mendes) (2018) Taylor Swift (2019) Jonas Brothers (/wiki/Jonas_Brothers) (2020) show v t e American Music Award for Favorite Country Female Artist (/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Country_Female_Artist) Lynn Anderson (/wiki/Lynn_Anderson) (1974) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1975) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1976) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1977) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1978) Crystal Gayle (/wiki/Crystal_Gayle) (1979) Crystal Gayle (/wiki/Crystal_Gayle) (1980) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1981) Anne Murray (/wiki/Anne_Murray) (1982) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1983) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1984) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1985) Crystal Gayle (/wiki/Crystal_Gayle) (1986) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1987) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1988) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1989) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1990) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1991) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1992) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1993) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1994) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1995) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1996) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (1997) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1998) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (1999) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (2000) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2001) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2002) Martina McBride (/wiki/Martina_McBride) (2003) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2003) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (2004) Gretchen Wilson (/wiki/Gretchen_Wilson) (2005) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2006) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2007) Taylor Swift (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Taylor Swift (2010) Taylor Swift (2011) Taylor Swift (2012) Taylor Swift (2013) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2014) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2015) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2016) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2017) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2018) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2019) Maren Morris (/wiki/Maren_Morris) (2020) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2021) Taylor Swift (2022) show v t e American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist (/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Pop/Rock_Female_Artist) Helen Reddy (/wiki/Helen_Reddy) (1974) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1975) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1976) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1977) Linda Ronstadt (/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt) (1978) Linda Ronstadt (/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt) (1979) Donna Summer (/wiki/Donna_Summer) (1980) Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) (1981) Pat Benatar (/wiki/Pat_Benatar) (1982) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1983) Pat Benatar (/wiki/Pat_Benatar) (1984) Cyndi Lauper (/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper) (1985) Tina Turner (/wiki/Tina_Turner) (1986) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1987) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1988) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1989) Paula Abdul (/wiki/Paula_Abdul) (1990) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) (1991) Paula Abdul (/wiki/Paula_Abdul) (1992) Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) (1993) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1994) Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) (1995) Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) (1996) Alanis Morissette (/wiki/Alanis_Morissette) (1997) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (1998) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (1999) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (2000) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2001) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) (2002) Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) (2003) Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) (2003) Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) (2004) Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) (2005) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2006) Fergie (/wiki/Fergie_(singer)) (2007) Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2010) Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2011) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (2012) Taylor Swift (2013) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (2014) Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2015) Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) (2016) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2017) Taylor Swift (2018) Taylor Swift (2019) Taylor Swift (2020) Taylor Swift (2021) Taylor Swift (2022) show v t e Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist (/wiki/Brit_Award_for_International_Female_Solo_Artist) Tracy Chapman (/wiki/Tracy_Chapman) (1989) Sinéad O'Connor (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor) (1991) Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) (1994) K.d. lang (/wiki/K.d._lang) (1995) Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) (1996) Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) (1997) Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) (1998) Natalie Imbruglia (/wiki/Natalie_Imbruglia) (1999) Macy Gray (/wiki/Macy_Gray) (2000) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) (2001) Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) (2002) Pink (/wiki/Pink_(singer)) (2003) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2004) Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) (2005) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) (2006) Nelly Furtado (/wiki/Nelly_Furtado) (2007) Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) (2008) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (2009) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2010) Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) (2011) Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) (2012) Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) (2013) Lorde (/wiki/Lorde) (2014) Taylor Swift (2015) Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) (2016) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2017) Lorde (/wiki/Lorde) (2018) Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2019) Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2020) Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2021) show v t e CMA Entertainer of the Year (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Entertainer_of_the_Year) Eddy Arnold (/wiki/Eddy_Arnold) (1967) Glen Campbell (/wiki/Glen_Campbell) (1968) Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (1969) Merle Haggard (/wiki/Merle_Haggard) (1970) Charley Pride (/wiki/Charley_Pride) (1971) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1972) Roy Clark (/wiki/Roy_Clark) (1973) Charlie Rich (/wiki/Charlie_Rich) (1974) John Denver (/wiki/John_Denver) (1975) Mel Tillis (/wiki/Mel_Tillis) (1976) Ronnie Milsap (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap) (1977) Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) (1978) Willie Nelson (/wiki/Willie_Nelson) (1979) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1980) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1981) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1982) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1983) Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)) (1984) Ricky Skaggs (/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs) (1985) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1986) Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1987) Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1988) George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1989) George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1990) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1991) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1992) Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) (1993) Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) (1994) Alan Jackson (/wiki/Alan_Jackson) (1995) Brooks & Dunn (/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn) (1996) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1997) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1998) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) (1999) Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Chicks) (2000) Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw) (2001) Alan Jackson (/wiki/Alan_Jackson) (2002) Alan Jackson (/wiki/Alan_Jackson) (2003) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2004) Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) (2005) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2006) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2007) Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Brad Paisley (/wiki/Brad_Paisley) (2010) Taylor Swift (2011) Blake Shelton (/wiki/Blake_Shelton) (2012) George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (2013) Luke Bryan (/wiki/Luke_Bryan) (2014) Luke Bryan (/wiki/Luke_Bryan) (2015) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (2016) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (2017) Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) (2018) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (2019) Eric Church (/wiki/Eric_Church) (2020) Luke Combs (/wiki/Luke_Combs) (2021) Luke Combs (/wiki/Luke_Combs) (2022) Lainey Wilson (/wiki/Lainey_Wilson) (2023) show v t e CMA Female Vocalist of the Year (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Female_Vocalist_of_the_Year) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1967) Tammy Wynette (/wiki/Tammy_Wynette) (1968) Tammy Wynette (/wiki/Tammy_Wynette) (1969) Tammy Wynette (/wiki/Tammy_Wynette) (1970) Lynn Anderson (/wiki/Lynn_Anderson) (1971) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1972) Loretta Lynn (/wiki/Loretta_Lynn) (1973) Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1974) Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) (1975) Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) (1976) Crystal Gayle (/wiki/Crystal_Gayle) (1977) Crystal Gayle (/wiki/Crystal_Gayle) (1978) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1979) Emmylou Harris (/wiki/Emmylou_Harris) (1980) Barbara Mandrell (/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell) (1981) Janie Fricke (/wiki/Janie_Fricke) (1982) Janie Fricke (/wiki/Janie_Fricke) (1983) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1984) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1985) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1986) Reba McEntire (/wiki/Reba_McEntire) (1987) K. T. Oslin (/wiki/K._T._Oslin) (1988) Kathy Mattea (/wiki/Kathy_Mattea) (1989) Kathy Mattea (/wiki/Kathy_Mattea) (1990) Tanya Tucker (/wiki/Tanya_Tucker) (1991) Mary Chapin Carpenter (/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter) (1992) Mary Chapin Carpenter (/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter) (1993) Pam Tillis (/wiki/Pam_Tillis) (1994) Alison Krauss (/wiki/Alison_Krauss) (1995) Patty Loveless (/wiki/Patty_Loveless) (1996) Trisha Yearwood (/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood) (1997) Trisha Yearwood (/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood) (1998) Martina McBride (/wiki/Martina_McBride) (1999) Faith Hill (/wiki/Faith_Hill) (2000) Lee Ann Womack (/wiki/Lee_Ann_Womack) (2001) Martina McBride (/wiki/Martina_McBride) (2002) Martina McBride (/wiki/Martina_McBride) (2003) Martina McBride (/wiki/Martina_McBride) (2004) Gretchen Wilson (/wiki/Gretchen_Wilson) (2005) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2006) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2007) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2010) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2011) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2012) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2013) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2014) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2015) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2016) Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2017) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2018) Kacey Musgraves (/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves) (2019) Maren Morris (/wiki/Maren_Morris) (2020) Carly Pearce (/wiki/Carly_Pearce) (2021) Lainey Wilson (/wiki/Lainey_Wilson) (2022) Lainey Wilson (/wiki/Lainey_Wilson) (2023) show v t e CMA New Artist of the Year (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_New_Artist_of_the_Year) Terri Gibbs (/wiki/Terri_Gibbs) (1981) Ricky Skaggs (/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs) (1982) John Anderson (/wiki/John_Anderson_(singer)) (1983) The Judds (/wiki/The_Judds) (1984) Sawyer Brown (/wiki/Sawyer_Brown) (1985) Randy Travis (/wiki/Randy_Travis) (1986) Holly Dunn (/wiki/Holly_Dunn) (1987) Ricky Van Shelton (/wiki/Ricky_Van_Shelton) (1988) Clint Black (/wiki/Clint_Black) (1989) Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1990) Travis Tritt (/wiki/Travis_Tritt) (1991) Suzy Bogguss (/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss) (1992) Mark Chesnutt (/wiki/Mark_Chesnutt) (1993) John Michael Montgomery (/wiki/John_Michael_Montgomery) (1994) Alison Krauss (/wiki/Alison_Krauss) (1995) Bryan White (/wiki/Bryan_White) (1996) LeAnn Rimes (/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes) (1997) Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Chicks) (1998) Jo Dee Messina (/wiki/Jo_Dee_Messina) (1999) Brad Paisley (/wiki/Brad_Paisley) (2000) Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) (2001) Rascal Flatts (/wiki/Rascal_Flatts) (2002) Joe Nichols (/wiki/Joe_Nichols) (2003) Gretchen Wilson (/wiki/Gretchen_Wilson) (2004) Dierks Bentley (/wiki/Dierks_Bentley) (2005) Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) (2006) Taylor Swift (2007) Lady Antebellum (/wiki/Lady_A) (2008) Darius Rucker (/wiki/Darius_Rucker) (2009) Zac Brown Band (/wiki/Zac_Brown_Band) (2010) The Band Perry (/wiki/The_Band_Perry) (2011) Hunter Hayes (/wiki/Hunter_Hayes) (2012) Kacey Musgraves (/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves) (2013) Brett Eldredge (/wiki/Brett_Eldredge) (2014) Chris Stapleton (/wiki/Chris_Stapleton) (2015) Maren Morris (/wiki/Maren_Morris) (2016) Jon Pardi (/wiki/Jon_Pardi) (2017) Luke Combs (/wiki/Luke_Combs) (2018) Ashley McBryde (/wiki/Ashley_McBryde) (2019) Morgan Wallen (/wiki/Morgan_Wallen) (2020) Jimmie Allen (/wiki/Jimmie_Allen) (2021) Lainey Wilson (/wiki/Lainey_Wilson) (2022) Jelly Roll (/wiki/Jelly_Roll_(singer)) (2023) show v t e CMA Album of the Year (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year) 1967−1970 There Goes My Everything (/wiki/There_Goes_My_Everything_(album)) – Jack Greene (/wiki/Jack_Greene) (1967) Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (/wiki/At_Folsom_Prison) – Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (1968) Johnny Cash At San Quentin (/wiki/Johnny_Cash_At_San_Quentin) – Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (1969) Okie from Muskogee (/wiki/Okie_from_Muskogee) – Merle Haggard (/wiki/Merle_Haggard) and the Strangers (/wiki/The_Strangers_(American_band)) (1970) 1971-1980 I Won't Mention It Again (/wiki/I_Won%27t_Mention_It_Again_(album)) – Ray Price (/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)) (1971) Let Me Tell You About a Song (/wiki/Let_Me_Tell_You_About_a_Song) – Merle Haggard (/wiki/Merle_Haggard) and the Strangers (/wiki/The_Strangers_(American_band)) (1972) Behind Closed Doors (/wiki/Behind_Closed_Doors_(Charlie_Rich_album)) – Charlie Rich (/wiki/Charlie_Rich) (1973) A Very Special Love Song (/wiki/A_Very_Special_Love_Song) – Charlie Rich (/wiki/Charlie_Rich) (1974) A Legend in My Time (/wiki/A_Legend_in_My_Time) – Ronnie Milsap (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap) (1975) Wanted! The Outlaws (/wiki/Wanted!_The_Outlaws) – Waylon Jennings (/wiki/Waylon_Jennings) , Willie Nelson (/wiki/Willie_Nelson) , Jessi Colter (/wiki/Jessi_Colter) , and Tompall Glaser (/wiki/Tompall_Glaser) (1976) Ronnie Milsap Live (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap_Live) – Ronnie Milsap (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap) (1977) It Was Almost Like a Song (/wiki/It_Was_Almost_Like_a_Song_(album)) – Ronnie Milsap (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap) (1978) The Gambler (/wiki/The_Gambler_(album)) – Kenny Rogers (/wiki/Kenny_Rogers) (1979) Coal Miner's Daughter (/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_(soundtrack)) – Various artists (1980) 1981-1990 I Believe in You (/wiki/I_Believe_in_You_(Don_Williams_album)) – Don Williams (/wiki/Don_Williams) (1981) Always on My Mind (/wiki/Always_on_My_Mind_(Willie_Nelson_album)) – Willie Nelson (/wiki/Willie_Nelson) (1982) The Closer You Get (/wiki/The_Closer_You_Get...) – Alabama (/wiki/Alabama_(band)) (1983) A Little Good News (/wiki/A_Little_Good_News_(album)) – Anne Murray (/wiki/Anne_Murray) (1984) Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind (/wiki/Does_Fort_Worth_Ever_Cross_Your_Mind) – George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1985) Lost in the Fifties Tonight (/wiki/Lost_in_the_Fifties_Tonight) – Ronnie Milsap (/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap) (1986) Always And Forever (/wiki/Always_%26_Forever_(Randy_Travis_album)) – Randy Travis (/wiki/Randy_Travis) (1987) Born to Boogie (/wiki/Born_to_Boogie_(album)) – Hank Williams Jr. (/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr.) (1988) Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two (/wiki/Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken:_Volume_Two) – Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (/wiki/Nitty_Gritty_Dirt_Band) (1989) Pickin' on Nashville (/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville) – The Kentucky Headhunters (/wiki/The_Kentucky_Headhunters) (1990) 1991-2000 No Fences (/wiki/No_Fences) – Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1991) Ropin' the Wind (/wiki/Ropin%27_the_Wind) – Garth Brooks (/wiki/Garth_Brooks) (1992) I Still Believe in You (/wiki/I_Still_Believe_in_You_(album)) – Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) (1993) Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles (/wiki/Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles) – Eagles (/wiki/Eagles_(band)) (1994) When Fallen Angels Fly (/wiki/When_Fallen_Angels_Fly) – Patty Loveless (/wiki/Patty_Loveless) (1995) Blue Clear Sky (/wiki/Blue_Clear_Sky) – George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1996) Carrying Your Love with Me (/wiki/Carrying_Your_Love_with_Me) – George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (1997) Everywhere (/wiki/Everywhere_(Tim_McGraw_album)) – Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw) (1998) A Place in the Sun (/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(Tim_McGraw_album)) – Tim McGraw (/wiki/Tim_McGraw) (1999) Fly (/wiki/Fly_(Dixie_Chicks_album)) – The Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Dixie_Chicks) (2000) 2001-2010 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F_(soundtrack)) – Various artists (2001) Drive (/wiki/Drive_(Alan_Jackson_album)) – Alan Jackson (/wiki/Alan_Jackson) (2002) American IV: The Man Comes Around (/wiki/American_IV:_The_Man_Comes_Around) – Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (2003) When the Sun Goes Down (/wiki/When_the_Sun_Goes_Down_(Kenny_Chesney_album)) – Kenny Chesney (/wiki/Kenny_Chesney) (2004) There's More Where That Came From (/wiki/There%27s_More_Where_That_Came_From) – Lee Ann Womack (/wiki/Lee_Ann_Womack) (2005) Time Well Wasted (/wiki/Time_Well_Wasted) – Brad Paisley (/wiki/Brad_Paisley) (2006) It Just Comes Natural (/wiki/It_Just_Comes_Natural) – George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (2007) Troubadour (/wiki/Troubadour_(George_Strait_album)) – George Strait (/wiki/George_Strait) (2008) Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) – Taylor Swift (2009) Revolution (/wiki/Revolution_(Miranda_Lambert_album)) – Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2010) 2011-2020 My Kinda Party (/wiki/My_Kinda_Party) – Jason Aldean (/wiki/Jason_Aldean) (2011) Chief (/wiki/Chief_(Eric_Church_album)) – Eric Church (/wiki/Eric_Church) (2012) Based on a True Story... (/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story...) – Blake Shelton (/wiki/Blake_Shelton) (2013) Platinum (/wiki/Platinum_(Miranda_Lambert_album)) – Miranda Lambert (/wiki/Miranda_Lambert) (2014) Traveller (/wiki/Traveller_(Chris_Stapleton_album)) – Chris Stapleton (/wiki/Chris_Stapleton) (2015) Mr. Misunderstood (/wiki/Mr._Misunderstood) – Eric Church (/wiki/Eric_Church) (2016) From A Room: Volume 1 (/wiki/From_A_Room:_Volume_1) – Chris Stapleton (/wiki/Chris_Stapleton) (2017) Golden Hour (/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kacey_Musgraves_album)) – Kacey Musgraves (/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves) (2018) Girl (/wiki/Girl_(Maren_Morris_album)) – Maren Morris (/wiki/Maren_Morris) (2019) What You See Is What You Get (/wiki/What_You_See_Is_What_You_Get_(Luke_Combs_album)) – Luke Combs (/wiki/Luke_Combs) (2020) 2021-2030 Starting Over (/wiki/Starting_Over_(Chris_Stapleton_album)) – Chris Stapleton (/wiki/Chris_Stapleton) (2021) Growin' Up (/wiki/Growin%27_Up_(Luke_Combs_album)) – Luke Combs (/wiki/Luke_Combs) (2022) Bell Bottom Country (/wiki/Bell_Bottom_Country) - Lainey Wilson (/wiki/Lainey_Wilson) (2023) show v t e CMA Song of the Year (/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year) 1967−1970 " There Goes My Everything (/wiki/There_Goes_My_Everything_(song)) " - Dallas Frazier (/wiki/Dallas_Frazier) (1967) " Honey (/wiki/Honey_(Bobby_Goldsboro_song)) " - Bobby Russell (/wiki/Bobby_Russell) (1968) " The Carroll County Accident (/wiki/The_Carroll_County_Accident) " - Bob Ferguson (/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(musician)) (1969) " Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down (/wiki/Sunday_Mornin%27_Comin%27_Down) " - Kris Kristofferson (/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson) (1970) 1971-1980 " Easy Loving (/wiki/Easy_Loving) " - Freddie Hart (/wiki/Freddie_Hart) (1971-2) " Behind Closed Doors (/wiki/Behind_Closed_Doors_(Charlie_Rich_song)) " - Kenny O'Dell (/wiki/Kenny_O%27Dell) (1973) " Country Bumpkin (/wiki/Country_Bumpkin) " - Don Wayne (/wiki/Don_Wayne_(songwriter)) (1974) " Back Home Again (/wiki/Back_Home_Again_(song)) " - John Denver (/wiki/John_Denver) (1975) " Rhinestone Cowboy (/wiki/Rhinestone_Cowboy) " - Larry Weiss (/wiki/Larry_Weiss) (1976) " Lucille (/wiki/Lucille_(Kenny_Rogers_song)) " Roger Bowling (/wiki/Roger_Bowling_(songwriter)) , Hal Bynum (/wiki/Hal_Bynum) - (1977) " Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue (/wiki/Don%27t_It_Make_My_Brown_Eyes_Blue) " - Richard Leigh (/wiki/Richard_Leigh_(songwriter)) (1978) " The Gambler (/wiki/The_Gambler_(song)) " - Don Schlitz (/wiki/Don_Schlitz) (1979) " He Stopped Loving Her Today (/wiki/He_Stopped_Loving_Her_Today) " - Bobby Braddock (/wiki/Bobby_Braddock) , Curly Putman (/wiki/Curly_Putman) (1980) 1981-1990 " He Stopped Loving Her Today (/wiki/He_Stopped_Loving_Her_Today) " - Bobby Braddock (/wiki/Bobby_Braddock) , Curly Putman (/wiki/Curly_Putman) (1981) " Always on My Mind (/wiki/Always_on_My_Mind) " - Wayne Carson (/wiki/Wayne_Carson) , Johnny Christopher (/wiki/Johnny_Christopher) , Mark James (/wiki/Mark_James_(songwriter)) (1982-3) " Wind Beneath My Wings (/wiki/Wind_Beneath_My_Wings) " - Larry Henley (/wiki/Larry_Henley) , Jeff Silbar (/wiki/Jeff_Silbar) (1984) " God Bless the U.S.A. (/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A.) " - Lee Greenwood (/wiki/Lee_Greenwood) (1985) " On the Other Hand (/wiki/On_the_Other_Hand) " - Paul Overstreet (/wiki/Paul_Overstreet) , Don Schlitz (/wiki/Don_Schlitz) (1986) " Forever and Ever, Amen (/wiki/Forever_and_Ever,_Amen) - Paul Overstreet (/wiki/Paul_Overstreet) , Don Schlitz (/wiki/Don_Schlitz) (1987) " 80's Ladies (/wiki/80%27s_Ladies_(song)) " - K. T. Oslin (/wiki/K._T._Oslin) (1988) " Chiseled in Stone (/wiki/Chiseled_in_Stone) " - Max D. Barnes (/wiki/Max_D._Barnes) , Vern Gosdin (/wiki/Vern_Gosdin) (1989) " Where've You Been (/wiki/Where%27ve_You_Been) " - Don Henry (/wiki/Don_Henry_(musician)) , Jon Vezner (/wiki/Jon_Vezner) (1990) 1991-2000 " When I Call Your Name (/wiki/When_I_Call_Your_Name_(Vince_Gill_song)) " - Tim DuBois (/wiki/Tim_DuBois) , Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) (1991) " Look at Us (/wiki/Look_at_Us_(Vince_Gill_song)) " - Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) , Max D. Barnes (/wiki/Max_D._Barnes) (1992) " I Still Believe in You (/wiki/I_Still_Believe_in_You_(Vince_Gill_song)) " - Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) , John Barlow Jarvis (/wiki/John_Barlow_Jarvis) (1993) " Chattahoochee (/wiki/Chattahoochee_(song)) " - Jim McBride (/wiki/Jim_McBride) , Alan Jackson (/wiki/Alan_Jackson) (1994) " Independence Day (/wiki/Independence_Day_(Martina_McBride_song)) " - Gretchen Peters (/wiki/Gretchen_Peters) (1995) " Go Rest High on That Mountain (/wiki/Go_Rest_High_on_That_Mountain) " - Vince Gill (/wiki/Vince_Gill) (1996) " Strawberry Wine (/wiki/Strawberry_Wine_(Deana_Carter_song)) " - Matraca Berg (/wiki/Matraca_Berg) , Gary Harrison (/wiki/Gary_Harrison) (1997) " Holes in the Floor of Heaven (/wiki/Holes_in_the_Floor_of_Heaven) " - Billy Kirsch (/wiki/Billy_Kirsch) , Steve Wariner (/wiki/Steve_Wariner) (1998) " This Kiss (/wiki/This_Kiss_(Faith_Hill_song)) " - Beth Nielsen Chapman (/wiki/Beth_Nielsen_Chapman) , Robin Lerner, Annie Roboff (1999) " I Hope You Dance (/wiki/I_Hope_You_Dance) " - Mark D. 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(/wiki/Come_Dance_with_Me!_(album)) – Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) (1959) 1960s The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart (/wiki/The_Button-Down_Mind_of_Bob_Newhart) – Bob Newhart (/wiki/Bob_Newhart) (1960) Judy at Carnegie Hall (/wiki/Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall) – Judy Garland (/wiki/Judy_Garland) (1961) The First Family (/wiki/The_First_Family_(album)) – Vaughn Meader (/wiki/Vaughn_Meader) (1962) The Barbra Streisand Album (/wiki/The_Barbra_Streisand_Album) – Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) (1963) Getz/Gilberto (/wiki/Getz/Gilberto) – Stan Getz (/wiki/Stan_Getz) & João Gilberto (/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto) (1964) September of My Years (/wiki/September_of_My_Years) – Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) (1965) A Man and His Music (/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Music) – Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) (1966) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band) – The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) (1967) By the Time I Get to Phoenix (/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenix_(Glen_Campbell_album)) – Glen Campbell (/wiki/Glen_Campbell) (1968) Blood, Sweat & Tears (/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears_(Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears_album)) – Blood, Sweat & Tears (/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears) (1969) 1970s Bridge over Troubled Water (/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water) – Simon & Garfunkel (/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel) (1970) Tapestry (/wiki/Tapestry_(Carole_King_album)) – Carole King (/wiki/Carole_King) (1971) The Concert for Bangladesh (/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)) – George Harrison (/wiki/George_Harrison) & Friends (1972) Innervisions (/wiki/Innervisions) – Stevie Wonder (/wiki/Stevie_Wonder) (1973) Fulfillingness' First Finale (/wiki/Fulfillingness%27_First_Finale) – Stevie Wonder (/wiki/Stevie_Wonder) (1974) Still Crazy After All These Years (/wiki/Still_Crazy_After_All_These_Years) – Paul Simon (/wiki/Paul_Simon) (1975) Songs in the Key of Life (/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life) – Stevie Wonder (/wiki/Stevie_Wonder) (1976) Rumours (/wiki/Rumours_(album)) – Fleetwood Mac (/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac) (1977) Saturday Night Fever (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)) – Various Artists (1978) 52nd Street (/wiki/52nd_Street_(album)) – Billy Joel (/wiki/Billy_Joel) (1979) 1980s Christopher Cross (/wiki/Christopher_Cross_(album)) – Christopher Cross (/wiki/Christopher_Cross) (1980) Double Fantasy (/wiki/Double_Fantasy) – John Lennon (/wiki/John_Lennon) & Yoko Ono (/wiki/Yoko_Ono) (1981) Toto IV (/wiki/Toto_IV) – Toto (/wiki/Toto_(band)) (1982) Thriller (/wiki/Thriller_(album)) – Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) (1983) Can't Slow Down (/wiki/Can%27t_Slow_Down_(Lionel_Richie_album)) – Lionel Richie (/wiki/Lionel_Richie) (1984) No Jacket Required (/wiki/No_Jacket_Required) – Phil Collins (/wiki/Phil_Collins) (1985) Graceland (/wiki/Graceland_(album)) – Paul Simon (/wiki/Paul_Simon) (1986) The Joshua Tree (/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree) – U2 (/wiki/U2) (1987) Faith (/wiki/Faith_(George_Michael_album)) – George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) (1988) Nick of Time (/wiki/Nick_of_Time_(album)) – Bonnie Raitt (/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt) (1989) 1990s Back on the Block (/wiki/Back_on_the_Block) – Quincy Jones (/wiki/Quincy_Jones) and Various Artists (1990) Unforgettable... with Love (/wiki/Unforgettable..._with_Love) – Natalie Cole (/wiki/Natalie_Cole) (1991) Unplugged (/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)) – Eric Clapton (/wiki/Eric_Clapton) (1992) The Bodyguard (/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(soundtrack)) – Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (1993) MTV Unplugged (/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Tony_Bennett_album)) – Tony Bennett (/wiki/Tony_Bennett) (1994) Jagged Little Pill (/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill) – Alanis Morissette (/wiki/Alanis_Morissette) (1995) Falling into You (/wiki/Falling_into_You) – Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (1996) Time Out of Mind (/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind_(Bob_Dylan_album)) – Bob Dylan (/wiki/Bob_Dylan) (1997) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (/wiki/The_Miseducation_of_Lauryn_Hill) – Lauryn Hill (/wiki/Lauryn_Hill) (1998) Supernatural (/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)) – Santana (/wiki/Santana_(band)) (1999) 2000s Two Against Nature (/wiki/Two_Against_Nature) – Steely Dan (/wiki/Steely_Dan) (2000) O Brother, Where Art Thou? (/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F_(soundtrack)) – Various Artists (2001) Come Away with Me (/wiki/Come_Away_with_Me) – Norah Jones (/wiki/Norah_Jones) (2002) Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (/wiki/Speakerboxxx/The_Love_Below) – Outkast (/wiki/Outkast) (2003) Genius Loves Company (/wiki/Genius_Loves_Company) – Ray Charles (/wiki/Ray_Charles) & Various Artists (2004) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb) – U2 (/wiki/U2) (2005) Taking the Long Way (/wiki/Taking_the_Long_Way) – Dixie Chicks (/wiki/The_Chicks) (2006) River: The Joni Letters (/wiki/River:_The_Joni_Letters) – Herbie Hancock (/wiki/Herbie_Hancock) (2007) Raising Sand (/wiki/Raising_Sand) – Robert Plant (/wiki/Robert_Plant) & Alison Krauss (/wiki/Alison_Krauss) (2008) Fearless (/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)) – Taylor Swift (2009) 2010s The Suburbs (/wiki/The_Suburbs) – Arcade Fire (/wiki/Arcade_Fire) (2010) 21 (/wiki/21_(Adele_album)) – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2011) Babel (/wiki/Babel_(Mumford_%26_Sons_album)) – Mumford & Sons (/wiki/Mumford_%26_Sons) (2012) Random Access Memories (/wiki/Random_Access_Memories) – Daft Punk (/wiki/Daft_Punk) (2013) Morning Phase (/wiki/Morning_Phase) – Beck (/wiki/Beck) (2014) 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) – Taylor Swift (2015) 25 (/wiki/25_(Adele_album)) – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2016) 24K Magic (/wiki/24K_Magic_(album)) – Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) (2017) Golden Hour (/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kacey_Musgraves_album)) – Kacey Musgraves (/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves) (2018) When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (/wiki/When_We_All_Fall_Asleep,_Where_Do_We_Go%3F) – Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2019) 2020s Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) – Taylor Swift (2020) We Are (/wiki/We_Are_(Jon_Batiste_album)) – Jon Batiste (/wiki/Jon_Batiste) (2021) Harry's House (/wiki/Harry%27s_House) – Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) (2022) Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) – Taylor Swift (2023) show v t e Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album) 1960s Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band) – The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) (1967) 1990s Longing in Their Hearts (/wiki/Longing_in_Their_Hearts) – Bonnie Raitt (/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt) (1994) Turbulent Indigo (/wiki/Turbulent_Indigo) – Joni Mitchell (/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) (1995) Falling into You (/wiki/Falling_into_You) – Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (1996) Hourglass (/wiki/Hourglass_(James_Taylor_album)) – James Taylor (/wiki/James_Taylor) (1997) Ray of Light (/wiki/Ray_of_Light) – Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) (1998) Brand New Day (/wiki/Brand_New_Day_(Sting_album)) – Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) (1999) 2000s Two Against Nature (/wiki/Two_Against_Nature) – Steely Dan (/wiki/Steely_Dan) (2000) Lovers Rock (/wiki/Lovers_Rock_(Sade_album)) – Sade (/wiki/Sade_(band)) (2001) Come Away with Me (/wiki/Come_Away_with_Me) – Norah Jones (/wiki/Norah_Jones) (2002) Justified (/wiki/Justified_(album)) – Justin Timberlake (/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) (2003) Genius Loves Company (/wiki/Genius_Loves_Company) – Ray Charles (/wiki/Ray_Charles) and various artists (2004) Breakaway (/wiki/Breakaway_(Kelly_Clarkson_album)) – Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2005) Continuum (/wiki/Continuum_(John_Mayer_album)) – John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) (2006) Back to Black (/wiki/Back_to_Black) – Amy Winehouse (/wiki/Amy_Winehouse) (2007) Rockferry (/wiki/Rockferry) – Duffy (/wiki/Duffy_(singer)) (2008) The E.N.D. (/wiki/The_E.N.D.) – Black Eyed Peas (/wiki/Black_Eyed_Peas) (2009) 2010s The Fame Monster (/wiki/The_Fame_Monster) – Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2010) 21 (/wiki/21_(Adele_album)) – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2011) Stronger (/wiki/Stronger_(Kelly_Clarkson_album)) – Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2012) Unorthodox Jukebox (/wiki/Unorthodox_Jukebox) – Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) (2013) In the Lonely Hour (/wiki/In_the_Lonely_Hour) – Sam Smith (/wiki/Sam_Smith) (2014) 1989 (/wiki/1989_(album)) – Taylor Swift (2015) 25 (/wiki/25_(Adele_album)) – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2016) ÷ (/wiki/%C3%B7_(album)) – Ed Sheeran (/wiki/Ed_Sheeran) (2017) Sweetener (/wiki/Sweetener_(album)) – Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2018) When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (/wiki/When_We_All_Fall_Asleep,_Where_Do_We_Go%3F) – Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2019) 2020s Future Nostalgia (/wiki/Future_Nostalgia) – Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) (2020) Sour (/wiki/Sour_(album)) – Olivia Rodrigo (/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo) (2021) Harry's House (/wiki/Harry%27s_House) – Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) (2022) Midnights (/wiki/Midnights) – Taylor Swift (2023) From 1968–1993, the category was discontinued. show v t e Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media) 1980s " Somewhere Out There (/wiki/Somewhere_Out_There_(An_American_Tail_song)) " – James Horner (/wiki/James_Horner) , Barry Mann (/wiki/Barry_Mann) & Cynthia Weil (/wiki/Cynthia_Weil) (songwriters) (1987) " Two Hearts (/wiki/Two_Hearts_(Phil_Collins_song)) " – Phil Collins (/wiki/Phil_Collins) & Lamont Dozier (/wiki/Lamont_Dozier) (songwriters) (1988) " Let the River Run (/wiki/Let_the_River_Run) " – Carly Simon (/wiki/Carly_Simon) (songwriter) (1989) 1990s " Under the Sea (/wiki/Under_the_Sea) " – Alan Menken (/wiki/Alan_Menken) & Howard Ashman (/wiki/Howard_Ashman) (songwriters) (1990) " (Everything I Do) I Do It for You (/wiki/(Everything_I_Do)_I_Do_It_for_You) " – Robert John "Mutt" Lange (/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange) , Michael Kamen (/wiki/Michael_Kamen) & Bryan Adams (/wiki/Bryan_Adams) (songwriters) (1991) " Beauty and the Beast (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(Disney_song)) " – Alan Menken (/wiki/Alan_Menken) & Howard Ashman (/wiki/Howard_Ashman) (songwriters) (1992) " A Whole New World (/wiki/A_Whole_New_World) " – Alan Menken (/wiki/Alan_Menken) & Tim Rice (/wiki/Tim_Rice) (songwriters) (1993) " Streets of Philadelphia (/wiki/Streets_of_Philadelphia) " – Bruce Springsteen (/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen) (songwriter) (1994) " Colors of the Wind (/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind) " – Alan Menken (/wiki/Alan_Menken) & Stephen Schwartz (/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz) (songwriters) (1995) " Because You Loved Me (/wiki/Because_You_Loved_Me) " – Diane Warren (/wiki/Diane_Warren) (songwriter) (1996) " I Believe I Can Fly (/wiki/I_Believe_I_Can_Fly) " – R. Kelly (/wiki/R._Kelly) (songwriter) (1997) " My Heart Will Go On (/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On) " – James Horner (/wiki/James_Horner) & Will Jennings (/wiki/Will_Jennings) (songwriters) (1998) " Beautiful Stranger (/wiki/Beautiful_Stranger) " – Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) & William Orbit (/wiki/William_Orbit) (songwriters) (1999) 2000s " When She Loved Me (/wiki/When_She_Loved_Me) " – Randy Newman (/wiki/Randy_Newman) (songwriter) (2000) " Boss of Me (/wiki/Boss_of_Me) " – John Flansburgh (/wiki/John_Flansburgh) & John Linnell (/wiki/John_Linnell) (songwriters) (2001) " If I Didn't Have You (/wiki/If_I_Didn%27t_Have_You_(Disney_song)) " – Randy Newman (/wiki/Randy_Newman) (songwriter) (2002) "A Mighty Wind" – Christopher Guest (/wiki/Christopher_Guest) , Eugene Levy (/wiki/Eugene_Levy) & Michael McKean (/wiki/Michael_McKean) (songwriters) (2003) " Into the West (/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)) " – Annie Lennox (/wiki/Annie_Lennox) , Howard Shore (/wiki/Howard_Shore) & Fran Walsh (/wiki/Fran_Walsh) (songwriters) (2004) " Believe (/wiki/Believe_(Josh_Groban_song)) " – Glen Ballard (/wiki/Glen_Ballard) & Alan Silvestri (/wiki/Alan_Silvestri) (songwriters) (2005) " Our Town (/wiki/Our_Town_(James_Taylor_song)) " – Randy Newman (/wiki/Randy_Newman) (songwriter) (2006) " Love You I Do (/wiki/Love_You_I_Do) " – Siedah Garrett (/wiki/Siedah_Garrett) & Henry Krieger (/wiki/Henry_Krieger) (songwriters) (2007) " Down to Earth (/wiki/Down_to_Earth_(Peter_Gabriel_song)) " – Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) & Thomas Newman (/wiki/Thomas_Newman) (songwriters) (2008) " Jai Ho (/wiki/Jai_Ho_(song)) " – Gulzar (/wiki/Gulzar) , A. R. Rahman (/wiki/A._R._Rahman) & Tanvi Shah (/wiki/Tanvi_Shah) (songwriters) (2009) 2010s " The Weary Kind (/wiki/The_Weary_Kind) " – Ryan Bingham (/wiki/Ryan_Bingham) & T Bone Burnett (/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett) (songwriters) (2010) " I See the Light (/wiki/I_See_the_Light) " – Alan Menken (/wiki/Alan_Menken) & Glenn Slater (/wiki/Glenn_Slater) (songwriters) (2011) " Safe & Sound (/wiki/Safe_%26_Sound_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " – T Bone Burnett (/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett) , Taylor Swift , Joy Williams (/wiki/Joy_Williams_(singer)) & John Paul White (/wiki/John_Paul_White) (songwriters) (2012) " Skyfall (/wiki/Skyfall_(song)) " – Adele Atkins (/wiki/Adele) & Paul Epworth (/wiki/Paul_Epworth) (songwriters) (2013) " Let It Go (/wiki/Let_It_Go) " – Kristen Anderson-Lopez (/wiki/Kristen_Anderson-Lopez) & Robert Lopez (/wiki/Robert_Lopez) (songwriters) (2014) " Glory (/wiki/Glory_(Common_and_John_Legend_song)) " – Common (/wiki/Common_(rapper)) , Che Smith (/wiki/Rhymefest) & John Legend (/wiki/John_Legend) (songwriters) (2015) " Can't Stop the Feeling! (/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Feeling!) " – Max Martin (/wiki/Max_Martin) , Shellback (/wiki/Shellback_(record_producer)) & Justin Timberlake (/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) (songwriters) (2016) " How Far I'll Go (/wiki/How_Far_I%27ll_Go) " – Lin-Manuel Miranda (/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda) (songwriter) (2017) " Shallow (/wiki/Shallow_(Lady_Gaga_and_Bradley_Cooper_song)) " – Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Mark Ronson (/wiki/Mark_Ronson) , Anthony Rossomando (/wiki/Anthony_Rossomando) & Andrew Wyatt (/wiki/Andrew_Wyatt) (songwriters) (2018) " I'll Never Love Again (/wiki/I%27ll_Never_Love_Again) " – Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Natalie Hemby (/wiki/Natalie_Hemby) , Hillary Lindsey (/wiki/Hillary_Lindsey) & Aaron Raitiere (songwriters) (2019) 2020s " No Time to Die (/wiki/No_Time_to_Die_(song)) " – Billie Eilish O'Connell (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) & Finneas O'Connell (/wiki/Finneas_O%27Connell) (songwriters) (2020) "All Eyes on Me" – Bo Burnham (/wiki/Bo_Burnham) (songwriter) (2021) " We Don't Talk About Bruno (/wiki/We_Don%27t_Talk_About_Bruno) " – Lin-Manuel Miranda (/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda) (songwriter) (2022) " What Was I Made For? (/wiki/What_Was_I_Made_For%3F) " – Billie Eilish O'Connell (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) & Finneas O'Connell (/wiki/Finneas_O%27Connell) (songwriters) (2023) show v t e Grammy Award for Best Music Video (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Video) Video of the Year (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year) (1981−1982) Elephant Parts (/wiki/Elephant_Parts) – Michael Nesmith (/wiki/Michael_Nesmith) (1981) Olivia Physical (/wiki/Olivia_Physical) – Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) (1982) 1983–1986 " Girls on Film (/wiki/Girls_on_Film) " / " Hungry Like the Wolf (/wiki/Hungry_Like_the_Wolf) " – Duran Duran (/wiki/Duran_Duran) (1983) " Jazzin' for Blue Jean (/wiki/Jazzin%27_for_Blue_Jean) " – David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) (1984) " We Are the World (/wiki/We_Are_the_World) " – USA for Africa (/wiki/USA_for_Africa) (1985) " Brothers in Arms (/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(song)) " – Dire Straits (/wiki/Dire_Straits) (1986) Best Concept (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Concept_Music_Video) Music Video (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Concept_Music_Video) (1987−1988) " Land of Confusion (/wiki/Land_of_Confusion) " – Genesis (/wiki/Genesis_(band)) (1987) " Fat (/wiki/Fat_(song)) " – "Weird Al" Yankovic (/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic) (1988) 1989–2009 " Leave Me Alone (/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone_(Michael_Jackson_song)) " – Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) (1989) " Opposites Attract (/wiki/Opposites_Attract) " – Paula Abdul (/wiki/Paula_Abdul) (1990) " Losing My Religion (/wiki/Losing_My_Religion) " – R.E.M. (/wiki/R.E.M.) (1991) " Digging in the Dirt (/wiki/Digging_in_the_Dirt) " – Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) (1992) " Steam (/wiki/Steam_(Peter_Gabriel_song)) " – Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) (1993) " Love Is Strong (/wiki/Love_Is_Strong) " – The Rolling Stones (/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones) (1994) " Scream (/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_and_Janet_Jackson_song)) " – Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) & Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) (1995) " Free as a Bird (/wiki/Free_as_a_Bird) " – The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) (1996) " Got 'til It's Gone (/wiki/Got_%27til_It%27s_Gone) " – Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) (1997) " Ray of Light (/wiki/Ray_of_Light_(song)) " – Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) (1998) " Freak on a Leash (/wiki/Freak_on_a_Leash) " – Korn (/wiki/Korn) (1999) " Learn to Fly (/wiki/Learn_to_Fly) " – Foo Fighters (/wiki/Foo_Fighters) (2000) " Weapon of Choice (/wiki/Weapon_of_Choice_(song)) " – Fatboy Slim (/wiki/Fatboy_Slim) featuring Bootsy Collins (/wiki/Bootsy_Collins) (2001) " Without Me (/wiki/Without_Me_(Eminem_song)) " - Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) (2002) " Hurt (/wiki/Hurt_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song)) " – Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (2003) " Vertigo (/wiki/Vertigo_(U2_song)) " – U2 (/wiki/U2) (2004) " Lose Control (/wiki/Lose_Control_(Missy_Elliott_song)) " – Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) featuring Ciara (/wiki/Ciara) & Fatman Scoop (/wiki/Fatman_Scoop) (2005) " Here It Goes Again (/wiki/Here_It_Goes_Again) " – OK Go (/wiki/OK_Go) (2006) " God's Gonna Cut You Down (/wiki/God%27s_Gonna_Cut_You_Down) " – Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) (2007) " Pork and Beans (/wiki/Pork_and_Beans_(song)) " – Weezer (/wiki/Weezer) (2008) " Boom Boom Pow (/wiki/Boom_Boom_Pow) " – The Black Eyed Peas (/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas) (2009) 2010–present " Bad Romance (/wiki/Bad_Romance) " – Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2010) " Rolling in the Deep (/wiki/Rolling_in_the_Deep) " – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2011) " We Found Love (/wiki/We_Found_Love_(music_video)) " – Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) featuring Calvin Harris (/wiki/Calvin_Harris) (2012) " Suit & Tie (/wiki/Suit_%26_Tie) " – Justin Timberlake (/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) featuring Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) (2013) " Happy (/wiki/Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)) " – Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) (2014) " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) (2015) " Formation (/wiki/Formation_(song)) " – Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2016) " Humble (/wiki/Humble_(song)) " – Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) (2017) " This Is America (/wiki/This_Is_America_(song)) " – Childish Gambino (/wiki/Donald_Glover) (2018) " Old Town Road (/wiki/Old_Town_Road) " – Lil Nas X (/wiki/Lil_Nas_X) featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus) (2019) " Brown Skin Girl (/wiki/Brown_Skin_Girl) " – Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Blue Ivy (/wiki/Blue_Ivy_Carter) & Wizkid (/wiki/Wizkid) (2020) "Freedom" – Jon Batiste (/wiki/Jon_Batiste) (2021) All Too Well: The Short Film (/wiki/All_Too_Well:_The_Short_Film) – Taylor Swift (2022) " I'm Only Sleeping (/wiki/I%27m_Only_Sleeping) " – The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) (2023) show v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer (/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Female_Artist) Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) (2000–2001) P!nk (/wiki/Pink_(singer)) (2002) Ashanti (/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)) (2003) Hilary Duff (/wiki/Hilary_Duff) (2004) Avril Lavigne (/wiki/Avril_Lavigne) (2005) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2006) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2007) Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) (2008–2009) Taylor Swift (2010, 2023–2024) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) (2011, 2013) Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) (2012, 2014–2015, 2017) Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2016, 2019–2022) Demi Lovato (/wiki/Demi_Lovato) (2018) show v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Song (/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Song) 1980s " La Bamba (/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)) " – Los Lobos (/wiki/Los_Lobos) (1988) " Kokomo (/wiki/Kokomo_(song)) " – The Beach Boys (/wiki/The_Beach_Boys) (1989) 1990s " Hangin' Tough (/wiki/Hangin%27_Tough_(song)) " – New Kids on the Block (/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block) (1990) " Ice Ice Baby (/wiki/Ice_Ice_Baby) " – Vanilla Ice (/wiki/Vanilla_Ice) (1991) " Jump (/wiki/Jump_(Kris_Kross_song)) " – Kris Kross (/wiki/Kris_Kross) (1992) No Award (1993) " Whoomp! (There It Is) (/wiki/Whoomp!_(There_It_Is)) " – Tag Team (/wiki/Tag_Team_(group)) (1994) " Creep (/wiki/Creep_(TLC_song)) " – TLC (/wiki/TLC_(group)) (1995) " Gangsta's Paradise (/wiki/Gangsta%27s_Paradise) " – Coolio (/wiki/Coolio) (1996) " Killing Me Softly (/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song#Fugees_version) " – Fugees (/wiki/Fugees) (1997) " MMMBop (/wiki/MMMBop) " – Hanson (/wiki/Hanson_(band)) (1998) " Everybody (Backstreet's Back) (/wiki/Everybody_(Backstreet%27s_Back)) " – Backstreet Boys (/wiki/Backstreet_Boys) (1999) 2000s " Wild Wild West (/wiki/Wild_Wild_West_(Will_Smith_song)) " – Will Smith (/wiki/Will_Smith) (2000) " Who Let the Dogs Out (/wiki/Who_Let_the_Dogs_Out) " – Baha Men (/wiki/Baha_Men) (2001) " Get the Party Started (/wiki/Get_the_Party_Started) " – P!nk (/wiki/Pink_(singer)) (2002) " Sk8er Boi (/wiki/Sk8er_Boi) " – Avril Lavigne (/wiki/Avril_Lavigne) (2003) " Hey Ya! (/wiki/Hey_Ya!) " – Outkast (/wiki/Outkast) (2004) " Burn (/wiki/Burn_(Usher_song)) " – Usher (/wiki/Usher_(musician)) (2005) " Wake Me Up When September Ends (/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_When_September_Ends) " – Green Day (/wiki/Green_Day) (2006) " Irreplaceable (/wiki/Irreplaceable) " – Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2007) " Girlfriend (/wiki/Girlfriend_(Avril_Lavigne_song)) " – Avril Lavigne (/wiki/Avril_Lavigne) (2008) " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) (/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)) " – Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2009) 2010s " You Belong with Me (/wiki/You_Belong_with_Me) " – Taylor Swift (2010) " Baby (/wiki/Baby_(Justin_Bieber_song)) " – Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) featuring Ludacris (/wiki/Ludacris) (2011) " Party Rock Anthem (/wiki/Party_Rock_Anthem) " – LMFAO (/wiki/LMFAO) (2012) " What Makes You Beautiful (/wiki/What_Makes_You_Beautiful) " – One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) (2013) " Story of My Life (/wiki/Story_of_My_Life_(One_Direction_song)) " – One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) (2014) " Bang Bang (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)) " – Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) , Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) and Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) (2015) " Hello (/wiki/Hello_(Adele_song)) " – Adele (/wiki/Adele) (2016) " Work from Home (/wiki/Work_from_Home_(song)) " – Fifth Harmony (/wiki/Fifth_Harmony) featuring Ty Dolla $ign (/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign) (2017) " Shape of You (/wiki/Shape_of_You) " – Ed Sheeran (/wiki/Ed_Sheeran) (2018) " Thank U, Next (/wiki/Thank_U,_Next_(song)) " – Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2019) 2020s " Bad Guy (/wiki/Bad_Guy_(Billie_Eilish_song)) " – Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2020) " Dynamite (/wiki/Dynamite_(BTS_song)) " – BTS (/wiki/BTS) (2021) " Happier Than Ever (/wiki/Happier_Than_Ever_(song)) " – Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2022) " As It Was (/wiki/As_It_Was) " – Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) (2023) " What Was I Made For? 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Johnson (/wiki/Stephen_R._Johnson) (1987) Andy Morahan (/wiki/Andy_Morahan) and George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) (1988) David Fincher (/wiki/David_Fincher) (1989) David Fincher (/wiki/David_Fincher) (1990) Tarsem (/wiki/Tarsem_Singh) (1991) Mark Fenske (1992) Mark Pellington (/wiki/Mark_Pellington) (1993) Jake Scott (/wiki/Jake_Scott_(director)) (1994) Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) (1995) Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris (/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris) (1996) Beck (/wiki/Beck) (1997) Jonas Åkerlund (/wiki/Jonas_%C3%85kerlund) (1998) Torrance Community Dance Group (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) (1999) Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris (/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris) (2000) Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) (2001) Joseph Kahn (/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)) (2002) Jamie Thraves (/wiki/Jamie_Thraves) (2003) Mark Romanek (/wiki/Mark_Romanek) (2004) Samuel Bayer (/wiki/Samuel_Bayer) (2005) Robert Hales (/wiki/Robert_Hales_(director)) (2006) Samuel Bayer (/wiki/Samuel_Bayer) (2007) Erykah Badu (/wiki/Erykah_Badu) and Mr. Roboto (/wiki/Chris_Robinson_(director)) (2008) Marc Webb (/wiki/Marc_Webb) (2009) Francis Lawrence (/wiki/Francis_Lawrence) (2010) Adam Yauch (/wiki/Adam_Yauch) (2011) Romain Gavras (/wiki/Romain_Gavras) (2012) David Fincher (/wiki/David_Fincher) (2013) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (/wiki/Daniels_(directors)) (2014) Colin Tilley (/wiki/Colin_Tilley) and the Little Homies (2015) Melina Matsoukas (/wiki/Melina_Matsoukas) (2016) Dave Meyers (/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)) and The Little Homies (2017) Hiro Murai (/wiki/Hiro_Murai) (2018) Calmatic (/wiki/Calmatic) (2019) Taylor Swift (2020) Lil Nas X (/wiki/Lil_Nas_X) and Tanu Muino (/wiki/Tanu_Muino) (2021) Taylor Swift (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) show v t e MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Pop_Video) 1990s " Livin' la Vida Loca (/wiki/Livin%27_la_Vida_Loca) " – Ricky Martin (/wiki/Ricky_Martin) (1999) 2000s " Bye Bye Bye (/wiki/Bye_Bye_Bye) " – NSYNC (/wiki/NSYNC) (2000) " Pop (/wiki/Pop_(NSYNC_song)) " – NSYNC (/wiki/NSYNC) (2001) " Hey Baby (/wiki/Hey_Baby_(No_Doubt_song)) " – No Doubt (/wiki/No_Doubt) featuring Bounty Killer (/wiki/Bounty_Killer) (2002) " Cry Me a River (/wiki/Cry_Me_a_River_(Justin_Timberlake_song)) " – Justin Timberlake (/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) (2003) " It's My Life (/wiki/It%27s_My_Life_(Talk_Talk_song)#No_Doubt_version) " – No Doubt (/wiki/No_Doubt) (2004) " Since U Been Gone (/wiki/Since_U_Been_Gone) " – Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2005) " Stupid Girls (/wiki/Stupid_Girls) " – Pink (/wiki/Pink_(singer)) (2007) " Piece of Me (/wiki/Piece_of_Me) " – Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) (2008) " Womanizer (/wiki/Womanizer_(song)) " – Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) (2009) 2010s " Bad Romance (/wiki/Bad_Romance) " – Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (2010) " Till the World Ends (/wiki/Till_the_World_Ends) " – Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) (2011) " What Makes You Beautiful (/wiki/What_Makes_You_Beautiful) " – One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) (2012) " Come & Get It (/wiki/Come_%26_Get_It_(Selena_Gomez_song)) " – Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) (2013) " Problem (/wiki/Problem_(Ariana_Grande_song)) " – Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) featuring Iggy Azalea (/wiki/Iggy_Azalea) (2014) " Blank Space (/wiki/Blank_Space) " – Taylor Swift (2015) " Formation (/wiki/Formation_(song)) " – Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) (2016) " Down (/wiki/Down_(Fifth_Harmony_song)) " – Fifth Harmony (/wiki/Fifth_Harmony) (2017) " No Tears Left to Cry (/wiki/No_Tears_Left_to_Cry) " – Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) (2018) " Sucker (/wiki/Sucker_(song)) " – Jonas Brothers (/wiki/Jonas_Brothers) (2019) 2020s " On (/wiki/On_(song)) " – BTS (/wiki/BTS) (2020) " Peaches (/wiki/Peaches_(Justin_Bieber_song)) " – Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) (2021) " As It Was (/wiki/As_It_Was) " – Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) (2022) " Anti-Hero (/wiki/Anti-Hero_(song)) " – Taylor 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Done) (/wiki/Yorktown_(The_World_Turned_Upside_Down)) " by K'naan (/wiki/K%27naan) , Snow Tha Product (/wiki/Snow_Tha_Product) , Riz Ahmed (/wiki/Riz_Ahmed) and Residente (/wiki/Residente) / " Black Spiderman (/wiki/Black_Spiderman) " by Logic (/wiki/Logic_(musician)) featuring Damian Lemar Hudson / "Stand Up/Stand N Rock #NoDAPL" by Taboo (/wiki/Taboo_(rapper)) featuring Shailene Woodley (/wiki/Shailene_Woodley) (2017) " This Is America (/wiki/This_Is_America_(song)) " by Childish Gambino (/wiki/Donald_Glover) (2018) " You Need to Calm Down (/wiki/You_Need_to_Calm_Down) " by Taylor Swift (2019) 2020s " I Can't Breathe (/wiki/I_Can%27t_Breathe_(H.E.R._song)) " by H.E.R. (/wiki/H.E.R.) (2020) " Your Power (/wiki/Your_Power) " by Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) (2021) " About Damn Time (/wiki/About_Damn_Time) " by Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) (2022) show v t e MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year) 1980s " You Might Think (/wiki/You_Might_Think) " – The Cars (/wiki/The_Cars) (1984) " The Boys of Summer (/wiki/The_Boys_of_Summer_(song)) " – Don Henley (/wiki/Don_Henley) (1985) " Money for Nothing (/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)) " – Dire Straits (/wiki/Dire_Straits) (1986) " Sledgehammer (/wiki/Sledgehammer_(Peter_Gabriel_song)) " – Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) (1987) " Need You Tonight (/wiki/Need_You_Tonight) " / " Mediate (/wiki/Mediate_(song)) " – INXS (/wiki/INXS) (1988) " This Note's for You (/wiki/This_Note%27s_for_You) " – Neil Young (/wiki/Neil_Young) (1989) 1990s " Nothing Compares 2 U (/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U) " – Sinéad O'Connor (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor) (1990) " Losing My Religion (/wiki/Losing_My_Religion) " – R.E.M. (/wiki/R.E.M.) 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Swift&oldid=1235825842#Endorsements (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Swift&oldid=1235825842#Endorsements) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Taylor Swift (/wiki/Category:Taylor_Swift) 1989 births (/wiki/Category:1989_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 21st-century American actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_actresses) 21st-century American philanthropists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_philanthropists) 21st-century American songwriters (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_songwriters) 21st-century American women guitarists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_guitarists) 21st-century American women pianists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_pianists) 21st-century American women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_singers) 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(/wiki/Category:American_women_country_singers) American women guitarists (/wiki/Category:American_women_guitarists) American women philanthropists (/wiki/Category:American_women_philanthropists) American women pop singers (/wiki/Category:American_women_pop_singers) American women record producers (/wiki/Category:American_women_record_producers) American women rock singers (/wiki/Category:American_women_rock_singers) American women singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:American_women_singer-songwriters) American women songwriters (/wiki/Category:American_women_songwriters) Big Machine Records artists (/wiki/Category:Big_Machine_Records_artists) Brit Award winners (/wiki/Category:Brit_Award_winners) Christians from Tennessee (/wiki/Category:Christians_from_Tennessee) Country musicians from Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Country_musicians_from_Pennsylvania) Country musicians from Tennessee (/wiki/Category:Country_musicians_from_Tennessee) Country pop musicians 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French fashion designer Louise Chéruit Portrait de Madame Chéruit , by Paul César Helleu (/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9sar_Helleu) , 1898 Born Louise Lemaire 1866 Died 1955 Nationality French Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) Spouse Prosper Chéruit Signature Louise Chéruit [1] (#cite_note-name-1) ( née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Lemaire; 1866–1955), also known as Madame (/wiki/Madam) Chéruit and often erroneously called Madeleine Chéruit , was a French fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) . She was among the foremost couturiers (/wiki/Haute_couture) of her generation, and one of the first women to control a major French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) house. [2] (#cite_note-2) Her salon operated at Place Vendôme (/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) under the name Chéruit ( French pronunciation: [ʃeʁi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ) from 1906 to 1935. She is best remembered today as the subject of a number of portraits by Paul César Helleu (/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9sar_Helleu) (with whom she conducted an affair before opening her couture house) [3] (#cite_note-3) and for the appearance of her name in two celebrated works of literature, Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) 's Remembrance of Things Past (/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time) (1910) and Evelyn Waugh (/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh) 's Vile Bodies (/wiki/Vile_Bodies) (1930). [4] (#cite_note-4) Her name is also frequently associated with the fashion photography of Edward Steichen (/wiki/Edward_Steichen) , whose favorite model, Marion Morehouse, often wore gowns from the house of Chéruit for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine in the 1920s. One particular Steichen image has become iconic – Morehouse in a jet-beaded black net Chéruit dress, first published in 1927. [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life [ edit ] Chéruit with her daughter, 1907 Many basic facts about the life of Chéruit are uncertain, although recent research shows that her forename was not Madeleine, as so many traditional fashion resources claim. [1] (#cite_note-name-1) According to the Carnavalet Museum (/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum) , she was born as Louise Lemaire on 9 June 1866. [6] (#cite_note-carn-6) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine described her as "a Louis XVI woman because she has the daintiness, the extravagant tastes, the exquisite charm, and the art of those French ladies who went gaily through the pre-revolution epoch." Her mother was a seamstress and she received her early professional training in dressmaking during the late 1880s with Raudnitz & Cie, located in the heart of Paris. [7] (#cite_note-7) The salon especially appealed to women who wanted ensembles that exuded an air of youthfulness and simplicity, made of the finest fabrics. [8] (#cite_note-Walters-8) Her talent, alongside that of her sister Marie Huet (/wiki/Marie_Huet) , [9] (#cite_note-9) was such that they ascended to leading positions within the firm. On 28 August 1895, she married Prosper Chéruit, who supported her creative talents and contributed to some business aspects of her early career. Mme Chéruit notably helped launch the career of Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , one of the early twentieth century's most visionary designers, by buying a collection of twelve of his first designs in 1898. [10] (#cite_note-10) By 1900, labels sewn into clothes created at Raudnitz bore the words Raudnitz & Cie, Huet & Chéruit Srs., 21, Place Vendôme, Paris – with the names of the sisters in more prominent type. [11] (#cite_note-MetDress1-11) By 1905, the firm's labels read Huet & Chéruit, Anc.ne Mon. Raudnitz & Cie (French for 'Huet and Chéruit, formerly Mr. Raudnitz and Co.'). [12] (#cite_note-MetDress2-12) 1906–1914 [ edit ] Main showroom at Chéruit in Paris, 1910 Garden party dresses designed by Chéruit, published in La Gazette du Bon Ton (/wiki/La_Gazette_du_Bon_Ton) , 1914 In 1906, the fashion house with its more than 100 employees became her own, and it was rechristened as 'Chéruit'. [13] (#cite_note-13) The salon occupied the distinguished hôtel de Fontpertuis on Place Vendôme (/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me) , built in the 17th century by Pierre Bullet (/wiki/Pierre_Bullet) . Cheruit commissioned an architect to expand the premises to serve her growing clientele. By 1910, Chéruit was one of the most celebrated designers in Paris, the unveiling of her latest collections closely followed by the press, her image drawn by leading artists, and her name mentioned by the ubiquitous Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) in his Remembrance of Things Past (/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time) . [14] (#cite_note-14) As one of the leaders of French style, Chéruit and her house of couture took fashion from the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) through the Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) . In 1910, one reporter wrote glowingly, "With taste, so original, so fine, and so personal, Madame Chéruit has placed her house of fashion at the first rank, not only in Paris, but in the entire world." [15] (#cite_note-ville-15) During her career, Chéruit refined for her aristocratic clientele the creative excesses of some of her contemporaries, offering soft, feminine, richly ornamented dresses which helped transition the couture industry from the glamour of high fashion to the reality of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) . In 1912, Chéruit signed a contract to collaborate with Lucien Vogel to produce the fashion magazine La Gazette du Bon Ton (/wiki/La_Gazette_du_Bon_Ton) . Six other top Paris designers – Georges Doeuillet (/wiki/Georges_Doeuillet) , Jacques Doucet (/wiki/Jacques_Doucet_(fashion_designer)) , Jeanne Paquin (/wiki/Jeanne_Paquin) , Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , Redfern (/wiki/Redfern_(couture)) , and the House of Worth (/wiki/Charles_Worth) – joined the project. Vogel hired leading Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) artists to fill the journal's pages with striking illustrations of the designers' fashions, along with essays by noted writers. [16] (#cite_note-Davis-16) The magazine printed images on fine papers using the expensive pochoir (/wiki/Pochoir) technique, making it a truly exclusive venue for showcasing the couturiers' latest designs. [17] (#cite_note-17) Chéruit had a special affection for the artistic style of Pierre Brissaud (/wiki/Pierre_Brissaud) , and he created most of the illustrations of her work that appeared in the pages of La Gazette du Bon Ton . Chéruit's aesthetic was traditionally feminine, incorporating soft fabrics, pastel colors and rare embroideries, but she was innovative in line and cut. In late 1911, she introduced the pannier gown, full at the hips and tapering to an ankle-length hem, which recalled French court fashions of the 18th century. [18] (#cite_note-18) Delicate evening dresses may have been her forte, but she was also adept at elegant street wear, and by 1914, her walking suits and afternoon gowns were fashion staples. Chéruit fashions, 1912–1914 [ edit ] A dinner dress, 1912 An evening dress, 1912 A reception dress, 1913 A summer dress, 1913 A dress for the beach, 1913 Mother and children, 1913 A garden party dress, 1913 An automobile coat, 1913 A summer dress, 1914 An afternoon dress, 1914 A morning coat, 1914 World War I and the 1920s [ edit ] Actress Jeanne Eagels (/wiki/Jeanne_Eagels) modeling a dress and cape by Chéruit, 1921 When World War I struck, most Paris fashion houses shut down or reduced production, but Chéruit remained fully operational. [19] (#cite_note-19) However, in 1914, following a scandal involving her lover, an Austrian nobleman and military officer who was accused of espionage, Cheruit was forced into seclusion, a startling end to her enormous celebrity in French society. Despite rumors that she was guilty of spying for the Germans herself and, if tried, might be executed, Chéruit maintained an unswerving, if behind-the-scenes, influence on the artistic direction of her company. [20] (#cite_note-20) In early 1915, the house of Chéruit was acquired by its directors Mesdames Wormser and Boulanger, who, Vogue observed, kept the salon "to its original type" while bringing "much originality to it." [21] (#cite_note-21) In addition to evening gowns, the house was known for chic cinema wraps, furs, lingerie, wedding trousseaus, even children's clothing in rayon (/wiki/Rayon) . [22] (#cite_note-22) Fascinated by the effect of light on fabric, Chéruit and her designers worked with taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) , lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) and gauze (/wiki/Gauze) , and followed the latest trends in art, for instance hand-painting Cubist (/wiki/Cubism) designs on dresses, coats and other articles of apparel. These striking creations drew the attention of silent film (/wiki/Silent_film) stars, such as Jeanne Eagels (/wiki/Jeanne_Eagels) . [23] (#cite_note-23) With the move toward simpler fashions after the war, typified by such designers as Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) and Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , Cheruit's taste for opulence lost appeal and she retired in 1923. But for more than a decade, the house continued to produce beautiful, if no longer innovative, fashions including the flapper (/wiki/Flapper) styles that defined the Jazz Age. In the mid to late 1920s, the brand was especially associated with the photographer Edward Steichen and his enticing images for Vogue of the Cheruit-dressed model Marion Morehouse. The design firm's continued popularity was reflected by iconic references in Evelyn Waugh's 1930 bestseller, Vile Bodies . In 1935, the designer Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) famously took over Chéruit's 98-room salon and work studios. [24] (#cite_note-philex-24) According to the Carnavalet Museum, Chéruit died in 1955. [6] (#cite_note-carn-6) Legacy [ edit ] Dresses by Chéruit may be found in the collections of major museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York. [25] (#cite_note-25) The fashion house was reestablished in 2008 at its original location, 21, Place Vendôme in Paris. [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Louise Cheruit, "La Mode," Harper's Bazaar , February 1915, pp. 18-19; Anne Rittenhouse, "Fashion Under Fire," Vogue , October 1, 1914, p. 110. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Childs Gallery, (http://www.childsgallery.com/workdirect.php?id=769366120) Paul César Helleu : "Madame Chéruit" (1900) (http://www.childsgallery.com/workdirect.php?id=769366120) , commentary about a portrait, downloaded 31 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Richard Dormant, ed., James McNeill Whistler (1995), p. 276. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Marcel Proust (1919), (https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Proust_-_%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_%C3%A9dition_1919_tome_5.djvu/167) À la recherche du temps perdu, tome 5 (https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Proust_-_%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_%C3%A9dition_1919_tome_5.djvu/167) , p. 165, « ... Non, répondait Elstir, mais cela sera. D'ailleurs, il y a peu de couturiers, un ou deux, Callot, quoique donnant un peu trop dans la dentelle, Doucet, Chéruit, quelquefois Paquin. Le reste sont des horreurs. » ; Evelyn Waugh, Vile Bodies and Black Mischief (1958), p. 46. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Cheruit's Gown of Glittering Jet," Vogue , May 1, 1927, p. 59. ^ Jump up to: a b Arden, André. "Roman d'Une Garderobe le Chic d'une Parisienne de la Belle Epoque" (http://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/sites/default/files/dp_roman_dune_garde-robe_0.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Musée Carnavalet . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) M.D.C. Crawford, The Ways of Fashion (1948), p. 56. ^ (#cite_ref-Walters_8-0) Linda Walters, and Patricia Cunningham, ed., Twentieth-Century American Fashion (2005), p.21 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Staff writer (1903). "Untitled press notice" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Phc6AQAAMAAJ&q=Cheruit) . The London Gazette . p. 3484 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Marie Huet and Louise Cheruit, married women, trading as Raudnitz and Co ^ (#cite_ref-10) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poir/hd_poir.htm) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History , "Paul Poiret (1879-1944)" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poir/hd_poir.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-MetDress1_11-0) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/80037926?rpp=20&pg=1&ft=*&who=Madeleine+Ch%C3%A9ruit&img=5) Wedding Dress, Raudnitz and Co. - Huet and Chéruit (1900) (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/80037926?rpp=20&pg=1&ft=*&who=Madeleine+Ch%C3%A9ruit&img=5) , digital image of dress label ^ (#cite_ref-MetDress2_12-0) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/80033811?rpp=20&pg=1&ft=*&who=Raudnitz++Co.+-+Huet++Ch%25c3%25a9ruit&img=5) Suit, Raudnitz and Co. - Huet and Chéruit (1905) (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/80033811?rpp=20&pg=1&ft=*&who=Raudnitz++Co.+-+Huet++Ch%25c3%25a9ruit&img=5) , digital image of dress label ^ (#cite_ref-13) Archivi della Moda del Novecento, (http://moda.san.beniculturali.it/wordpress/?page_id=1492) Madeleine Chéruit, atelier ^ (#cite_ref-14) Marcel Proust (1919), (https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Proust_-_%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_%C3%A9dition_1919_tome_5.djvu/167) À la recherche du temps perdu, tome 5 (https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Proust_-_%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_%C3%A9dition_1919_tome_5.djvu/167) , p. 165. ^ (#cite_ref-ville_15-0) La Ville lumière : Anecdotes et documents historiques, ethnographiques, littéraires, artistiques, commerciaux et encyclopédiques , Paris: Paris Direction et Administration, 1909 (https://archive.org/details/lavillelumirea00pariuoft) , p. 97 (translated from French) ^ (#cite_ref-Davis_16-0) Mary E. Davis, Classic Chic: Music, Fashion, and Modernism (2006). ^ (#cite_ref-17) Antique Print Club, search: "Bon Ton" (Fashion/Pochoir) (http://www.antiqueprintclub.com/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Bon+Ton) Archived (https://archive.today/20120719151008/http://www.antiqueprintclub.com/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Bon+Ton) 2012-07-19 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , downloaded 31 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "In Paris it is Written, 'Elegance Oblige,'" Vogue , January 15, 1912, p. 21; "The Designers Open Their Doors," Vogue , April 1, 1912, p. 108. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Vintage Fashion Guide, (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/cheruit/) Cheruit , downloaded 31 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Lady Duff Gordon Discusses the American Style Situation," American Cloak and Suit Review , November 1914, p. 115; M.D.C. Crawford, The Ways of Fashion (1948), p. 57; "It is the Skirt of the Times of Louis XV Which Cheruit Likes," New York Times , October 4, 1914. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Women's Wear Daily , April 27, 1915; "The Blue Book of the Grande Maisons," Vogue , December 15, 1915, p. 55. ^ (#cite_ref-22) The Costume Gallery, (http://www.costumegallery.com/Designers/main/cheruit.htm) Fashion Designers of Their Time , "Madeleine Cheruit, 1906-1935" (http://www.costumegallery.com/Designers/main/cheruit.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Roaring Twenties, (https://jazzage.tumblr.com/post/6219919583/classicfilmheroines-actress-jeanne-eagels-circa) Classic Film Heroines, actress Jeanne Eagels ^ (#cite_ref-philex_24-0) Philadelphia Museum of Art Division of Education. "Shocking! The Art and Fashion of Elsa Schiaparelli - teacher's pack" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080529134356/http://www.philamuseum.org/micro_sites/exhibitions/schiaparelli/kids/schiap-pack.pdf) (PDF) . Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original (http://www.philamuseum.org/micro_sites/exhibitions/schiaparelli/kids/schiap-pack.pdf) (PDF) on 2008-05-29 . Retrieved 2008-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections?ft=madeleine+ch%C3%A9ruit&pg=1&who=Madeleine+Ch%C3%A9ruit) Search the Collections , "Madeleine Chéruit" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections?ft=madeleine+ch%C3%A9ruit&pg=1&who=Madeleine+Ch%C3%A9ruit) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Chéruit, 21, place Vendôme, Paris (http://www.cheruit.com/) , website v t e Members of the Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_la_Haute_Couture_et_de_la_Mode) Members Adeline André (/wiki/Adeline_Andr%C3%A9) Alexandre Vauthier (/wiki/Alexandre_Vauthier) Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) Bouchra Jarrar (/wiki/Bouchra_Jarrar) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Dior (/wiki/Dior) Frank Sorbier (/wiki/Frank_Sorbier) Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) Julien Fournié (/wiki/Julien_Fourni%C3%A9) Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) Maurizio Galante Schiaparelli (/wiki/Maison_Schiaparelli) Stéphane Rolland (/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Rolland) Invited, foreign and guest members See: List of grands couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grands_couturiers) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/315978397) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1072114577) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gdk7j Cached time: 20240712212353 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.864 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2093/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21501/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1050/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48047/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.288/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19943387/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 534.856 1 -total 21.59% 115.470 1 Template:IPA-fr 21.36% 114.261 1 Template:IPA 21.05% 112.600 1 Template:Reflist 18.52% 99.041 1 Template:Infobox_person 14.72% 78.714 2 Template:Cite_web 13.54% 72.417 1 Template:Grands_couturiers 13.24% 70.820 1 Template:Navbox 11.76% 62.909 1 Template:Short_description 6.52% 34.863 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13189056-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712212353 and revision id 1223098711. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Chéruit&oldid=1223098711 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Chéruit&oldid=1223098711) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : French fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_fashion_designers) French women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_women_fashion_designers) 1866 births (/wiki/Category:1866_births) 1955 deaths (/wiki/Category:1955_deaths) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Biography with signature (/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages with French IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers)
Annual fashion show Toronto Fashion Week Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Bryanna Elkins (/w/index.php?title=Bryanna_Elkins&action=edit&redlink=1) walks the runway modeling fashions by Jay Manuel (/wiki/Jay_Manuel) at Toronto Fashion Week, September 2011. Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semi-annually Location(s) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) Country Canada (/wiki/Canada) Inaugurated 1999 Founder Robin Kay (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada#Robin_Kay) Toronto Fashion Week (TFW), held in February (for fall/winter collections) and September (for spring/summer collections) of each year, is a semi-annual event celebrating fashion, arts and culture where Canadian (/wiki/Canada) and international fashion collections (/wiki/Fashion_design) are shown to buyers, the press, and the general public. It is the largest fashion week held in Canada and the second largest fashion week in North America (/wiki/North_America) , following the well known New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) The event is currently held within Toronto's exclusive luxury retail and brand neighbourhood, Yorkville (/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto) , along Hazelton Avenue and Yorkville Avenue. Toronto Fashion Week draws considerable media attention, nationally and internationally. In 2012, it attracted 40,000 guests over 5 days, showcased over 100 designers, and left over 877 million media impressions worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) It has helped propel Canadian designers and fashion brands, such as Joe Fresh (/wiki/Joe_Fresh) , to international recognition. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) Origin [ edit ] Toronto Fashion Week was founded in 1999 by the Fashion Design Council of Canada (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada) under designers Robin Kay (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada#Robin_Kay) and Pat McDonagh (/wiki/Pat_McDonagh_(fashion_designer)) . [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) The goal for the event was to prepare Canadian designers for the international stage, bringing together media, industry, buyers and consumers to give Toronto international recognition. The City of Toronto government (/wiki/City_of_Toronto_government) and Holt Renfrew (/wiki/Holt_Renfrew) were initial sponsors. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) The event was small initially. Its first show was held at the Windsor Arms Hotel (/wiki/Windsor_Arms_Hotel) and showcased six designers and attracted approximately 200 audience members. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) Ownership history [ edit ] Between 1999 and 2012, Toronto Fashion Week was owned by Robin Kay and the Fashion Design Council of Canada. Its first title sponsor was Beauty by L'Oréal Paris (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) in 2002; from 2002 to 2008, the event was thus called L'Oréal Fashion Week . [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) Its title changed to LG Fashion Week in 2008, after LG (Life's Good) Electronics Canada (/wiki/LG_Electronics) became the event's top sponsor, in conjunction with L'Oréal. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) In early 2012, the event was again renamed to World MasterCard Fashion Week after taking on World MasterCard (/wiki/Mastercard) as a new title sponsor. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) On August 8, 2012, it was reported that Robin Kay and the Fashion Design Council of Canada sold the Toronto Fashion Week brand to IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) , the same organisation responsible for operating New York Fashion Week. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) In February 2016, after World MasterCard and L'Oréal withdrew as sponsors, the event's title returned to Toronto Fashion Week. [4] (#cite_note-4) On July 7, 2016, IMG, citing lack of local commercial funding, announced it was closing down Toronto Fashion Week, prompting national media speculation about the demise of the event reflecting global changes in the fashion industry. [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) In December 2016, Peter Freed announced the purchase of Toronto Fashion Week from IMG. Freed, President of Freed Developments, spearheaded the ownership group, composed of several of the country's top executives in real estate, media and finance. The founding sponsors, aside from Freed Developments, included The Hazelton Hotel, Hill & Gertner Capital Corporation and Yorkville Village (/wiki/Yorkville_Village) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Under the new ownership, Toronto Fashion Week has been revived, although the event has been contracted from a bi-annual 7-day event to a bi-annual 3-day event. Other notable events [ edit ] 2004 [ edit ] Italian fashion label Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) celebrated its 50-year anniversary by showcasing a retrospective at the event. Toronto was chosen to commemorate a partnership with Milan (/wiki/Milan) and to endorse trade relations in the area of fashion, after the two cities signed a formal international alliance agreement to strengthen economic and cultural links in 2003. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) 2011 [ edit ] American reality television show America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) featured Toronto Fashion Week after show creator Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) sent models to the event for the Mercedes-Benz Start Up Challenge, a national fashion competition launched by Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) and IMG, then owner of Toronto Fashion Week, to discover Canada's newest design talent. [6] (#cite_note-TyraBanks-6) America's Next Top Model also promoted the line 'Attitude', which had been launched at Toronto Fashion Week in February 2011 by Jay Manuel (/wiki/Jay_Manuel) , Creative Director of America's Next Top Model and host of Canada's Next Top Model (/wiki/Canada%27s_Next_Top_Model) , on behalf of Sears Canada (/wiki/Sears_Canada) . [6] (#cite_note-TyraBanks-6) 2017 [ edit ] Model Rachel Romu attracted national media attention when she became the first model to walk the Toronto Fashion Week runway with a mobility aid, presenting designer Hayley Elsaesser's fashion collection while using a cane. [7] (#cite_note-7) Management [ edit ] As of 2020, Carolyn Quinn was TFW's Executive Director. [8] (#cite_note-8) Suzanne Cohon is currently Toronto Fashion Week's Fashion, Arts and Cultural Ambassador. See also [ edit ] Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) Runway fashion (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Brands of the Year: Toronto Fashion Week puts Canada on the global catwalk" (http://strategyonline.ca/2012/09/28/brands-of-the-year-toronto-fashion-week-puts-canada-on-the-global-catwalk/) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Georgijevic, Anya (October 13, 2016). "Off the Runway" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/off-the-runway-how-torontos-fashion-week-fell-apart/article32354808/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Evolution of Toronto Fashion Week" (https://kimberlylelliott.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/the-evolution-of-toronto-fashion-week-kimberly-elliott.pdf/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Big changes are coming for Toronto Fashion Week" (https://globalnews.ca/news/2495712/big-changes-are-coming-for-toronto-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Toronto Fashion Week® Reimagined: September 2017" (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/toronto-fashion-week-reimagined-september-2017-632462753.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b Naulls, Kevin (March 29, 2012). "Tyra Banks knows absolutely nothing about Canada—it seems that way, anyway" (https://torontolife.com/style/fashion/toronto-fashion-week-americas-next-top-model/) . Toronto Life (/wiki/Toronto_Life) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Syeda, Maha (February 23, 2018). "Meet Rachel Romu, the Model Redefining the Future of Accessibility in Fashion" (https://fashionmagazine.com/fashion/rachel-romu-hayley-elsaesser/) . Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_(magazine)) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Newman-Bremang, Kathleen (January 15, 2020). "Toronto Fashion Week Is Cancelled. Again" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2020/01/9199069/toronto-fashion-week-cancelled) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Toronto Fashion Week Official Site (http://torontofashionweek.to) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐2w5nx Cached time: 20240712183912 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.397 seconds Real time usage: 0.745 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1100/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26758/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 823/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41320/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4948510/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 491.454 1 -total 30.28% 148.789 1 Template:Reflist 29.87% 146.812 1 Template:Short_description 26.40% 129.760 8 Template:Cite_web 24.92% 122.476 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 24.34% 119.617 1 Template:Navbox 21.46% 105.454 2 Template:Pagetype 13.03% 64.028 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 11.71% 57.558 1 Template:Infobox 5.31% 26.113 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37249648-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712183912 and revision id 1201872170. 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Birgit Ridderstedt (/wiki/Birgit_Ridderstedt) wears her 1950s squaw dress on Thanksgiving (/wiki/Thanksgiving) 1984 for her 70th birthday party A squaw , fiesta , Kachina , Tohono or patio dress [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-1) is an American style of dress (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) developed in Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) . It became popular during the 1940s and 1950s, and many famous women owned these dresses. It was developed primarily by Dolores Gonzales (/wiki/Dolores_Gonzales) and Cele Peterson (/w/index.php?title=Cele_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1) , who were inspired by Native American fashion (/wiki/Native_American_fashion) . Overview [ edit ] The squaw dress could be either one or two pieces, with a two piece "dress" consisting of a skirt and a blouse. [2] (#cite_note-Dugas_2018-2) They were made with cotton (/wiki/Cotton) or calico print (/wiki/Chintz) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The skirt part of the dress is pleated (/wiki/Pleat) , gathered (/wiki/Gather_(sewing)) or fully gathered with three-tiers. [2] (#cite_note-Dugas_2018-2) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) The dresses were often colorful and incorporated rickrack (/wiki/Rickrack) as well. [5] (#cite_note-5) The hemlines sometimes copied Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) basket designs. [6] (#cite_note-6) Many squaw dresses would be accessorized with concho (/wiki/Concho_(ornament)) belts, squash blossom necklaces and turquoise (/wiki/Turquoise) earrings. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009387-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Later versions of the squaw dress included metallic fabrics and glitter (/wiki/Glitter) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) The garment was described as being comfortable and flattering to most figures, according to The Arizona Republic (/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The dresses were lightweight and comfortable to wear on hot days. [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) They did not require ironing (/wiki/Ironing) . [14] (#cite_note-14) In addition, the dress could be worn for many different kinds of occasions. [15] (#cite_note-15) History [ edit ] Duration: 1 minute and 15 seconds. 1:15 PSA about Western fashions in Arizona, including the "squaw dress". The original designs that served as the basis of the squaw dress skirt were found in Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) broomstick skirts. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-16) These skirts and blouses that the Navajo wore were, in turn, based on 1870s and 1880s European fashions (/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion) and fabrics. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) By 1910, a unique style had developed which incorporated Navajo ideals of beauty and it had become widespread among Navajo women. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009385-18) The dresses also reflected a sense of "cultural revitalization, high self-esteem, and ethnic identity," according to professor of American Indian studies (/wiki/Native_American_studies) Nancy Parezo and Angelina R. Jones. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009385-18) [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) Bodices (/wiki/Bodice) and blouses (/wiki/Blouse) worn with the skirts reflected different origins. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009385-18) Loose blouses paired with the skirt came from Western Apache (/wiki/Western_Apache_people) and Tohono O'odham (/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham) dress. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009385-18) The squaw dress also had Mexican influences. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009387-8) The different looks of the dress were based on different types of popular Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) , Mexican (/wiki/Mexicans) , Tohono O'odham (/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham) and Western Apache (/wiki/Western_Apache_people) dresses. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-1) Zuni (/wiki/Zuni_people) and Hopi (/wiki/Hopi) dress were also an inspiration. [19] (#cite_note-19) The squaw dress also shows influence from the New Look (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) in fashion. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383-7) Using the term " squaw (/wiki/Squaw) " to name the dresses evoked a connection to Native American culture. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009388-20) In addition, the Native American roots of the design made the dresses seem like uniquely "American" clothing items. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-1) The dress also became synonymous with the Southwest (/wiki/Southwestern_United_States) . [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) The squaw dress started out as a trend in the American Southwest (/wiki/American_Southwest) in the 1940s and went nationwide in the 1950s. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009374-375-21) The first designers of the squaw dress are unknown, however designers such as Dolores Gonzales (/wiki/Dolores_Gonzales) and Cele Peterson (/w/index.php?title=Cele_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1) were selling dresses they called "squaw Dresses" by 1948. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009388-20) Bill and Elizabeth Macey who owned a clothing manufacturing plant (/wiki/Factory) called the Arizona Shirt Company, created a design for the squaw dress as well. [22] (#cite_note-22) The Maceys' design was considered "smart," but authentic, according to The Arizona Republic (/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic) . [23] (#cite_note-23) George Fine who owned Georgie of Arizona was another major creator of the dresses. [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) Lloyd Kiva New (/wiki/Lloyd_Kiva_New) , a Cherokee (/wiki/Cherokee) designer, also created squaw dresses. [24] (#cite_note-24) Eventually J.C. Penney (/wiki/J._C._Penney) , Woolworth's (/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company) and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) were selling versions of the squaw dress. [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) In 1954, Gimble's (/wiki/Gimbels) department store in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) held a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) where "Princess Red Rock" modeled the dress on the runway and the store sold versions of the dress. [25] (#cite_note-25) Women such as Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) , Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) , Cyd Charisse (/wiki/Cyd_Charisse) and Elsa Martinelli (/wiki/Elsa_Martinelli) were seen in these dresses. [26] (#cite_note-Roth_2018-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Squaw dresses went out of fashion nationally by 1960, but remained popular in the southwestern United States and also in square dancing (/wiki/Square_dance) and rodeos (/wiki/Rodeo) . [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009392-28) When the style was revisited in later decades, the dresses were labeled as "Western wear" and given new names. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009393-29) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009395-396-30) These dresses are today more often called patio or fiesta dresses. [13] (#cite_note-Driver_2018-13) Tucson-based dress designers (1950–1960) [ edit ] Dolores Resort Wear Alpha Sportswear or Alpha of Tucson Cele Peterson Costa Co. Danzy Manufacturing Co. Faye Creations and Western Fun Togs (Frye R. Cohen) Georgie of Arizona (George Fine) Imlach of Tucson (James Imlach) Desert Togs (Bea Barcelo) GRETA'S (Greta De Luca) Controversy [ edit ] Because the squaw dress borrows from various different indigenous people's clothing and because of the use of the word " squaw (/wiki/Squaw) ," there were people who were uncomfortable with the fashion. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009390-391-31) Designer Dolores Gonzales (/wiki/Dolores_Gonzales) admitted that she had taken the idea for the design from Native American women's clothing. [32] (#cite_note-32) In a 1954 article in The Arizona Daily Star (/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star) , the dresses were described as "What was once worn proudly by Indian squaws is now being worn across the country by many women." [26] (#cite_note-Roth_2018-26) Anthropologist (/wiki/Anthropologist) Adelaide Law believed that the dresses were blatant ploys to cash in on "tourist trade." [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009391-33) Curator Frederick H. Douglas (/wiki/Frederic_Huntington_Douglas) , who was known for his early exhibits of Native American fashion (/wiki/Native_American_fashion) , felt that using the name "squaw" was disrespectful. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009391-33) Around the same time the dresses went out of fashion in the 1960s, the Native American community began to decry the use of the word "squaw," which was seen as derogatory (/wiki/Pejorative) . [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009393-29) Modern use of the word "squaw" to describe the dress is seen as culturally insensitive. [34] (#cite_note-34) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 375. ^ Jump up to: a b Dugas, Gaile (1955-05-18). "The Squaw Dress from the Southwest" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16630328/press_and_sunbulletin/) . Press and Sun-Bulletin . p. 45 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657811/daily_world/) 'Squaw' Dress Goes East as American Indians Give New Inspiration to Designers" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657811/daily_world/) . Daily World . 1952-04-02. p. 18 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Reynolds, Aileen (1952-11-30). "Arizona Styles are Informal" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658037/star_tribune/) . Star Tribune . p. 68 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Cook, Kristen (26 September 2015). "Modernism Week: "Squaw" dress trend kick-started in Tucson" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150928003419/http://tucson.com/lifestyles/modernism-week-squaw-dress-trend-kick-started-in-tucson/article_728bbbc7-82b7-55d0-9c95-3553ef3485c7.html) . Arizona Daily Star . Archived from the original (https://tucson.com/lifestyles/modernism-week-squaw-dress-trend-kick-started-in-tucson/article_728bbbc7-82b7-55d0-9c95-3553ef3485c7.html) on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Squaw Skirts: Southwest Resort Vacationers Bring Back an Old Tribal Style" (https://books.google.com/books?id=DEgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=life%20magazine%20lloyd%20kiva%20new&pg=PA34) . Life . Vol. 35, no. 1. 6 July 1953. pp. 34–35. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 383. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 387. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Fall Styles for Tucson" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657425/arizona_daily_star/) . Arizona Daily Star . 1949-11-06. p. 25 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Native Fashion Takes on Glitter" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658733/la_grande_observer/) . La Grande Observer . 1955-05-27. p. 3 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Squaw Dress is Tops" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658841/the_terre_haute_tribune/) . The Terre Haute Tribune . 1958-07-27. p. 19 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "To Sew a Pretty Seam for a Pretty Squaw" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16630497/arizona_republic/) . Arizona Republic . 1958. p. 140 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Driver, Maggie (21 April 2016). "The squaw dress: Tucson's controversial but unique fashion history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011417/http://arizonasonoranewsservice.com/the-squaw-dress-tucsons-controversial-but-unique-fashion-history/) . Arizona Sonora News . Archived from the original (http://arizonasonoranewsservice.com/the-squaw-dress-tucsons-controversial-but-unique-fashion-history/) on 2018-01-18 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657917/the_decatur_daily_review/) 'Squaw Dress' is Favorite for Casual Wear" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657917/the_decatur_daily_review/) . The Decatur Daily Review . 1952-04-09. p. 18 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Squaw Dress Forms Basis of Industry" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658489/tucson_daily_citizen/) . Tucson Daily Citizen . 1954-02-19. p. 72 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 384. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Squaw Dresses" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658397/press_and_sunbulletin/) . Press and Sun-Bulletin . 1954. p. 14 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 385. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Squaw Dress Comes in New Sophisticated Variations" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658596/great_falls_tribune/) . Great Falls Tribune . 1955-03-24. p. 18 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 388. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009374-375_21-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 374-375. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Keating, Micheline (1952-02-09). "Style Trade Route Now Originates In Tucson" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16630594/tucson_daily_citizen/) . Tucson Daily Citizen . p. 6 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Shirt Concern Popularized Squaw Dress" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658113/arizona_republic/) . Arizona Republic . 1953-02-15. p. 88 . Retrieved 2018-01-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Roe, Dorothy (2 November 1955). "Cherokee Designer Tops In Squaw Fashions" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19551102&id=CgEkAAAAIBAJ&pg=4318,423474&hl=en) . Ocala Star-Banner . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Phillips, Ruth B.; Steiner, Christopher B. (1999-01-30). Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds . University of California Press. p. 259. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520207974 . ^ Jump up to: a b Roth, Bernie (1954-10-17). "Even Ike's Mamie Wears Squaw Dresses From Dolores' Shop" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16626059/arizona_daily_star/) . Arizona Daily Star . p. 20 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Sandomir, Richard (2017-07-10). "Elsa Martinelli, Italian Model and Actress, Dies at 82" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/10/movies/elsa-martinelli-italian-model-and-actress-dies-at-82.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009392_28-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 392. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 393. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009395-396_30-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 395-396. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009390-391_31-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 390-391. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Henry, Bonnie (1995-02-23). "Dior of the Desert" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16626885/arizona_daily_star/) . Arizona Daily Star . p. 29 . Retrieved 2018-01-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 391. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Metcalfe, Jessica R. (24 March 2012). "Native Fashion and the Squaw Dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170716141017/http://www.beyondbuckskin.com/2012/03/native-fashion-and-squaw-dress.html) . Beyond Buckskin . Archived from the original (http://www.beyondbuckskin.com/2012/03/native-fashion-and-squaw-dress.html) on 16 July 2017 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . Sources [ edit ] Parezo, Nancy J.; Jones, Angelina R. (June 2009). "What's in a Name?: The 1940s-1950s 'Squaw Dress' ". American Indian Quarterly (/wiki/American_Indian_Quarterly) . 33 (3): 373–404. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/aiq.0.0058 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.0.0058) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162233209 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162233209) . External links [ edit ] 1951 ad from Dolores Shop (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657672/) 1952 ad from Georgie of Arizona (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16657789/) 1953 dry cleaning ad featuring the dress (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658349/) 1959 squaw dress spread (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16658904/) in The Arizona Republic (/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐84b8f9dfd6‐2grmr Cached time: 20240717184957 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.424 seconds Real time usage: 0.596 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2571/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44132/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1807/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 92699/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5137305/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 439.794 1 -total 52.70% 231.768 1 Template:Reflist 39.21% 172.441 18 Template:Cite_news 28.12% 123.650 24 Template:Sfn 13.20% 58.074 1 Template:Authority_control 2.41% 10.610 2 Template:Cite_web 1.92% 8.452 1 Template:Cite_journal 1.73% 7.600 25 Template:Main_other 1.44% 6.314 1 Template:Cite_book 1.23% 5.417 1 Template:Cite_magazine Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56334489-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717184957 and revision id 1172274972. 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Traditional Tunisian veil worn by women Two Tunisian women wearing a safseri Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing) on Islamic (/wiki/Islam) female (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) dress (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Types (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Al-amira (/wiki/Al-amira) Battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Çarşaf (/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Haik (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Jilbaab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Kerudung (/wiki/Kerudung) Kimeshek (/wiki/Kimeshek) Khimar (/wiki/Khimar) Kurhars (/wiki/Kurhars) Mukena (/wiki/Mukena) Niqaab (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Safseri Selendang (/wiki/Selendang) Shayla (/wiki/Shayla) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Practice and law by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) Australia (/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia) Britain (/wiki/British_debate_over_veils) Canada (/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country#Canada) Egypt (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt) France (/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France) Indonesia (/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia#National_law_and_sharia) Iran (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran) Pakistan (/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan#Culture) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Hijab_and_dress_code) Taliban Afghanistan (/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Gender_policies) Turkey (/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey) Concepts Andaruni (/wiki/Andaruni) Awrah (/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam) Fahisha (/wiki/Fahisha) Gender segregation (/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation) Haya (/wiki/Haya_(Islam)) Purdah (/wiki/Purdah) Zenana (/wiki/Zenana) Other Hijabophobia (/wiki/Hijabophobia) Hujum (/wiki/Hujum) Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) My Stealthy Freedom (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) World Hijab Day (/wiki/World_Hijab_Day) v t e The safseri ( Tunisian Arabic (/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_language) : سفساري ), sometimes also spelled sefseri , safsari or sefsari , is a traditional Tunisian (/wiki/Tunisia) veil (/wiki/Veil) worn by women. [1] (#cite_note-1) Not to be confused with Chador (/wiki/Chador) or Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) , it is a unique cloth to Tunisia. Composition [ edit ] The safseri is composed of a large piece of cloth covering the whole body. It usually has a cream colour and is made of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , satin (/wiki/Satin) or silk (/wiki/Silk) . [ citation needed ] Depending on the regions of Tunisia, it can also be very colorful, especially in the south of the country. [2] (#cite_note-filiu-2) Wear [ edit ] It is worn by women out of modesty (/wiki/Modesty) to avoid male looks. In contemporary Tunisia, this cloth is mostly worn by senior women. Often a grandmother wears it while her daughter will not wear it. After the hijab was banned in Tunisia, some women began to wear the safseri. As a result, the president Habib Bourguiba (/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba) had tried, in vain, to have people abandon its use. [3] (#cite_note-3) The cloth is today largely abandoned. [2] (#cite_note-filiu-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Chiraz Bouzaien, « Le sefseri, une tradition qui disparaît » (http://www.baya.tn/2012/07/14/le-sefseri-une-tradition-qui-disparait/) , Baya , 14 juillet 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Jean-Pierre Filiu (/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Filiu) et Jean-Noël Jeanneney (/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Jeanneney) , « La Tunisie de Bourguiba (http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-concordance-des-temps-la-tunisie-de-bourguiba-2014-02-15) », Concordance des temps , France Culture, 15 février 2014, 42 e minute. ^ (#cite_ref-3) « Bahia ou... ces femmes de Tunisie » (http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/education-et-enseignement/video/CPF86630549/bahia-ou-ces-femmes-de-tunisie.fr.html) , Les femmes aussi , ORTF, 8 janvier 1968. 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German fashion designer, concert singer, and author Anna Muthesius Photograph by Jacob Hilsdorf (/wiki/Jacob_Hilsdorf) Born Anna Trippenbach 8 December 1870 Aschersleben (/wiki/Aschersleben) Died 30 March 1961 ( 1961-03-31 ) (aged 90) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) Nationality German Spouse Hermann Muthesius (/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius) Anna Muthesius born Anna Trippenbach (8 December 1870 – 30 March 1961) was a German fashion designer, concert singer, and author from Aschersleben (/wiki/Aschersleben) . [1] (#cite_note-Bertschik_2005_p.-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Rice_2006_p._137-3) Life [ edit ] She was born Anna Trippenbach in 1870. In concert with Paul Schultze-Naumburg (/wiki/Paul_Schultze-Naumburg) and Henry van de Velde (/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde) , Anna Muthesius was instrumental in creating models of female reform clothing. [3] (#cite_note-Rice_2006_p._137-3) In 1895 Max Koner (/wiki/Max_Koner) painted her portrait under the title of "Fräulein Trippenbach". [4] (#cite_note-4) Max Koner – Fräulein Trippenbach (Anna Muthesius), 1895 The following year she married the aspiring architect Hermann Muthesius (/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius) . They moved to London as the Kaiser had offered him a position as cultural attaché at the German Embassy in London (/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany_in_London) . [5] (#cite_note-5) They were anglophiles who decided to live in an artist's colony despite having rooms offered in the prestigious Carlton House Terrace (/wiki/Carlton_House_Terrace) near the embassy. They were regular visitors to Glasgow where they became fans of the Willow Tearooms (/wiki/Willow_Tearooms) . [6] (#cite_note-Seymour2013-6) Anna Muthesius's 1903 book with a cover and binding by Frances MacDonald (/wiki/Frances_MacDonald) She met leading British designers and Frances MacDonald (/wiki/Frances_MacDonald) of the Glasgow School (/wiki/Glasgow_School) designed the Art Nouveau (/wiki/Art_Nouveau) [7] (#cite_note-gsa-7) cover of her first book in 1903. [8] (#cite_note-RobertsonGlasgow)2006-8) Muthesius was an advocate of Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) and her book, Das Eigenkleid der Frau (Women's Own Dress) [9] (#cite_note-Muthesius1903-9) encourages women to decide for themselves what to wear. She wrote that they should choose the style and fabrics of their clothing based on aesthetics and they should not follow the dictates of fashion. [10] (#cite_note-DK2012-10) She felt that women were being exploited by German clothing industrialists and they should decide on their own designs. The book which incorporated a novel binding designed by MacDonald is considered an important contribution to the Artistic Dress movement (/wiki/Artistic_Dress_movement) . [7] (#cite_note-gsa-7) She died on 30 March 1961 in Berlin. She was survived by her son Eckart Muthesius (/wiki/Eckart_Muthesius) who became a noted architect. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Winfried Muthesius (/wiki/Winfried_Muthesius) Books [ edit ] Das Eigenkleid der Frau (Women's Own Dress), 1903 [9] (#cite_note-Muthesius1903-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Bertschik_2005_p._1-0) Bertschik, Julia (2005). Mode und Moderne : Kleidung als Spiegel des Zeitgeistes in der deutschsprachigen Literatur (1770–1945 (in German). Köln: Böhlau. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-412-11405-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Despina Stratigakos, Women and the Werkbund: Gender Politics and German Design Reform, 1907-14 , Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians , Vol. 62, No. 4, December 2003, pp. 490-511 ^ Jump up to: a b Rice, C. (2006). The Emergence of the Interior: Architecture, Modernity, Domesticity . Taylor & Francis. p. 137. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-134-17420-1 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "61 [55] – Text – Seite – Digitale Sammlungen – Portal" (https://sammlungen.ulb.uni-muenster.de/hd/content/pageview/3190720) . sammlungen.ulb.uni-muenster.de (in German) . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Dictionary of Art Historians – Hermann Muthesius" (http://arthistorians.info/muthesiush) . arthistorians.info . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seymour2013_6-0) Miranda Seymour (29 August 2013). Noble Endeavours: The life of two countries, England and Germany, in many stories . Simon and Schuster. pp. 1911–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84737-826-2 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Das Eigenkleid der Frau and Artistic Dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210928221050/https://gsalibrarytreasures.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/das-eigenkleid-der-frau/) . Mackintosh Library at Glasgow School of Art . 18 December 2014. Archived from the original (https://gsalibrarytreasures.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/das-eigenkleid-der-frau/) on 28 September 2021 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-RobertsonGlasgow)2006_8-0) Pamela Robertson; Hunterian Art Gallery (University of Glasgow); Walker Art Gallery (2006). Doves and dreams: the art of Frances Macdonald and J. Herbert McNair . Lund Humphries. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85331-938-2 . ^ Jump up to: a b Anna Muthesius (1903). Das Eigenkleid der Frau . Kramer & Baum. ^ (#cite_ref-DK2012_10-0) DK (11 September 2012). Fashion: The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style . Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 236. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4093-2241-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "DESIGN: Indische Visionen" (http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13494981.html) . Der Spiegel . Vol. 12. 20 March 1989 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000055123754) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/37066204) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppwCwqkXMtD4MW49Dwmd) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/117204145) People Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117204145.html?language=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐j4jvg Cached time: 20240623212311 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.548 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2357/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29067/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2096/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44840/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.261/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6475427/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 506.814 1 -total 30.68% 155.507 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.38% 143.812 1 Template:Reflist 20.36% 103.193 6 Template:Cite_book 18.55% 94.012 1 Template:Short_description 17.55% 88.932 1 Template:Authority_control 11.68% 59.176 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.35% 57.527 17 Template:Main_other 9.71% 49.236 1 Template:Death-date_and_age 8.04% 40.746 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56290137-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623212311 and revision id 1173102630. 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Dress worn by Princess Louise at her wedding to John Campbell in 1871 This article is about the wedding dress of Queen Victoria's daughter. For the bridal attire of Edward VII's daughter, see Wedding dress of Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) . This article needs attention from an expert in Fashion . The specific problem is: This topic may be covered by offline, inaccessible sources, which may be found primarily in libraries. WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) may be able to help recruit an expert. ( May 2018 ) Wedding dress of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom Designer The Princess Louise (/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll) Year 1871 ( 1871 ) Type White bridal dress Material Spitalfields white silk (/wiki/Silk) satin (/wiki/Satin) with Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) lace (/wiki/Lace) The wedding dress of Princess Louise (/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll) , Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) 's sixth child and fourth daughter, was worn by her at her wedding to John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll) , the heir-apparent to the 8th Duke of Argyll (/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll) , on 21 March 1871 at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle (/wiki/St._George%E2%80%99s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle) . Louise wore a white silk wedding gown, heavily decorated with national and royal symbols, with deep flounces of flower-strewn Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) . A short bridal veil of Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) lace that she designed herself was held in place by two diamond daisy hair pins which had been presented by her siblings, Princes Arthur (/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn) and Leopold (/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany) and Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-1) The hair pins were supplied by Garrard (/wiki/Garrard_%26_Co) . The tulip brooches are now the property of Princess Michael of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent) , whose husband received them as a legacy from his mother Princess Marina (/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) , who may have received them from Princess Louise as a gift. [2] (#cite_note-2) A bracelet was a present from her fiancé. The centre could be worn as a pendant ornament, with a large and fine sapphire mounted with brilliants and pearls and pearl drop. Princess Louise wore this pendant on a diamond necklace on her wedding day, and it can be seen in her wedding photographs. It was also supplied by Garrard. See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Victorian era portal (/wiki/Portal:Victorian_era) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-RoyalDress_1-0) "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history" (https://www.royal.uk/wedding-dresses) . The Royal Family. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Robert Wilson. The Life and Times of Queen Victoria . Cassell & Company, limited, 1887. pg 407-409. The Illustrated London News , Volume 58, pp. 282–283 v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐tvzq4 Cached time: 20240712172911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.297 seconds Real time usage: 0.412 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 755/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27692/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2044/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17573/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3907973/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 376.881 1 -total 21.84% 82.308 1 Template:Reflist 20.51% 77.285 1 Template:British_Royal_wedding_dresses 19.64% 74.010 1 Template:Navbox 19.17% 72.244 1 Template:Cite_web 18.01% 67.861 1 Template:Short_description 15.09% 56.877 1 Template:Expert_needed 11.02% 41.550 1 Template:Ambox 10.96% 41.317 2 Template:Pagetype 9.79% 36.901 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31719357-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172911 and revision id 1218108170. 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(Redirected from Play suit (/w/index.php?title=Play_suit&redirect=no) ) A playsuit can be: One-piece garment of a child or a woman like romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) or jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) but with short legs. A type of bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) , a women's undergarment with one-piece form-fitting, and/or skin-tight garment Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation (/wiki/Help:Disambiguation) page lists articles associated with the title Playsuit . If an internal link (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Playsuit&namespace=0) led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6464cf4f7‐vs9t7 Cached time: 20240708071949 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.070 seconds Real time usage: 0.112 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2513/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3811/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1114/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 471/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.019/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1092413/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 105.015 1 Template:Disambig 100.00% 105.015 1 -total 40.57% 42.604 1 Template:Dmbox 37.62% 39.506 1 Template:Disambiguation_page_short_description 36.53% 38.358 1 Template:Short_description 32.79% 34.433 4 Template:Main_other 15.85% 16.645 1 Template:SDcat 13.09% 13.748 1 Template:Category_handler 12.53% 13.155 1 Template:Namespace_detect 12.47% 13.099 10 Template:Disambiguation/cat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2206250-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708071949 and revision id 1160448127. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playsuit&oldid=1160448127 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playsuit&oldid=1160448127) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Disambiguation pages (/wiki/Category:Disambiguation_pages) Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All article disambiguation pages (/wiki/Category:All_article_disambiguation_pages) All disambiguation pages (/wiki/Category:All_disambiguation_pages)
Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder (born 1996) Carla Yules Yules in 2021 Born Pricilia Carla Saputri Yules ( 1996-07-08 ) 8 July 1996 (age 28) Surabaya, East Java (/wiki/Surabaya,_East_Java) , Indonesia Other names Carla Yules Alma mater William Angliss Institute of TAFE (/wiki/William_Angliss_Institute_of_TAFE) [1] (#cite_note-almamater/1-1) [2] (#cite_note-almamater/2-2) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss South Sulawesi 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) Miss Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) Miss World Indonesia 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) Eye color Dark Brown / Black [ citation needed ] Major competition(s) Miss Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) (winner), (Best Catwalk) Miss World 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) (top 6) ( Miss World Asia & Oceania (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners) ) Pricilia Carla Saputri Yules , (born 8 July 1996) better known as Carla Yules , is an Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of Miss Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) representing South Sulawesi (/wiki/South_Sulawesi) . [3] (#cite_note-Miss_Indonesia_2020/1-3) [4] (#cite_note-Miss_Indonesia_2020/2-4) Yules represented Indonesia at Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) , where and reached the top six, and also won the Miss World Asia & Oceania (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners) title. [5] (#cite_note-Top_6/1-5) [6] (#cite_note-Top_6/2-6) [7] (#cite_note-Top_6/3-7) Yules is the fourth Indonesian to win the title and the tenth Indonesian to place as finalist in Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) history. [8] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/1-8) [9] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/2-9) [10] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/3-10) [11] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/4-11) Early life and education [ edit ] Yules was born on 8 July 1996 in Surabaya (/wiki/Surabaya) , East Java (/wiki/East_Java) , Indonesia to Chinese Indonesian (/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians) parents, Joe Fredy Yules [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) and Yunny Chandra from Makassar (/wiki/Makassar) , South Sulawesi (/wiki/South_Sulawesi) . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) After graduating from high school, Yules took a gap year before moving to Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Australia in 2015 to pursue her culinary study. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Yules finished junior high school at St. Agnes Catholic Junior High School and continued her study at Frateran Catholic Senior High School (/w/index.php?title=SMA_Katolik_Frateran_Surabaya&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_Katolik_Frateran_Surabaya) ] in Surabaya (/wiki/Surabaya) , East Java (/wiki/East_Java) , Indonesia. She received her diploma in Hospitality Management & Cookery from William Angliss Institute of TAFE (/wiki/William_Angliss_Institute_of_TAFE) in Melbourne, Australia [1] (#cite_note-almamater/1-1) [2] (#cite_note-almamater/2-2) During her time in Melbourne, Australia, apart from working as a cook at well-known restaurants, Yules was actively involved in social activities and volunteered to cook for homeless shelters. Upon taking the crown home, she resumed her social work with MNC Peduli (/wiki/MNC_Corporation) Indonesia. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Indonesia 2020 [ edit ] Yules entered her first pageant in 2020, aged 23. She represented South Sulawesi (/wiki/South_Sulawesi) and won Miss Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) , [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) competing against 33 other contestants. [25] (#cite_note-25) During the final question and answer round, the top five contestants were each given different topics to speak on, which they picked through a draw. [26] (#cite_note-26) The question was asked by Liliana Tanaja Tanoesoedibjo (/w/index.php?title=Liliana_Tanaja_Tanoesoedibjo&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliana_Tanaja_Tanoesoedibjo) ] , president and chief executive officer of MNC Group (/wiki/MNC_Group) and Miss Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Organization; "Knowledge will give you power, but character gives you respect, can you elaborate this sentence?," asked Liliana. Yules answered: If you have a knowledge you can do many things in life. Knowledge makes you powerful, but having a good heart is foundation to get you a life, and therefore and if you have a good heart, it’s the most powerful human being that you can achieved. [27] (#cite_note-jawaban-27) The grand finale was held at MNC Studio (/wiki/MNC_Corporation) , Jakarta, Indonesia, on 20 February 2020. Yules was crowned by the outgoing titleholder of Miss Indonesia 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2019) and the Miss World 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) top 40 finalist, Princess Megonondo (/wiki/Princess_Megonondo) of Jambi (/wiki/Jambi) . [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Miss World 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) , Toni-Ann Singh (/wiki/Toni-Ann_Singh) of Jamaica attended the awarding night. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Miss World 2021 [ edit ] As Miss Indonesia 2020, Yules represented Indonesia at Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) , [3] (#cite_note-Miss_Indonesia_2020/1-3) [4] (#cite_note-Miss_Indonesia_2020/2-4) [32] (#cite_note-32) held in the Coca-Cola Music Hall (/wiki/Coca-Cola_Music_Hall) , San Juan (/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico) , Puerto Rico, on March 16, 2022. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) During the pageant pre-quarantine, Yules won several awards, winning the Head To Head Challenge (Group 2) [36] (#cite_note-36) and advancing to the Top 27 semifinal round of The Miss World Talent fast track by showcasing Pakarena Dance (/w/index.php?title=Tari_Pakarena&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tari_Pakarena) ] and traditional Buginese (/wiki/Bugis) cloths, Bodo blouse (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) and Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) . [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) On December 14, the Miss World Indonesia] organization announced that Yules and others tested positive for COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) , [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) and the event was rescheduled. [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) The finale took place on March 16, 2022, with the 40 semifinalists [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) at Puerto Rico's Coca-Cola Music Hall (/wiki/Coca-Cola_Music_Hall) , [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) Yules finished as a top six finalist, with her Can we ever overcome inequality? answer; [5] (#cite_note-Top_6/1-5) [6] (#cite_note-Top_6/2-6) [7] (#cite_note-Top_6/3-7) [57] (#cite_note-Top_6/4-57) [58] (#cite_note-Top_6/5-58) [59] (#cite_note-Top_6/6-59) Can we ever overcome inequality? “Yes absolutely. I do think we can overcome inequality by respecting each other between women and men, and I do think that equality will submerge if we keep each other and keep respecting each other, our presence, and the way we think. That’s why I think we can overcome if we are joined together, we can overcome it. [60] (#cite_note-60) Yules also won Miss World Asia & Oceania (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners) . [8] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/1-8) [9] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/2-9) [10] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/3-10) [11] (#cite_note-Miss_World_Asia_&_Oceania/4-11) This is the tenth consecutive year (a decade) Indonesia placed in the semifinalist, also the third time Indonesia placed in the Top 6 of Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) history and the third highest placement Indonesia has ever achieved since Maria Harfanti (/wiki/Maria_Harfanti) and Natasha Mannuela Halim (/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela_Halim) both placed as the second runner-up consecutively in 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) and 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) . [61] (#cite_note-Top_6/7-61) [62] (#cite_note-Top_6/8-62) [63] (#cite_note-Top_6/9-63) Yules is the fourth Indonesians to win the " Miss World Asia & Oceania (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners) " title. [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) Toni-Ann Singh (/wiki/Toni-Ann_Singh) of Jamaica crowned her successor Karolina Bielawska (/wiki/Karolina_Bielawska) of Poland as the new titleholder at the end of the event. [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) Filmography [ edit ] Yules has appeared in several music videos as a model and co-singer. She has acted in television and talk shows. Television and Talk Show [ edit ] Year Title Genre Role Film Production Ref. 2020 MasterChef Indonesia - Season 6 (/wiki/MasterChef_Indonesia) Cookery (/wiki/Cookery) as herself RCTI (/wiki/RCTI) [70] (#cite_note-Chef/1-70) [71] (#cite_note-Chef/2-71) 2020 OK Chef (/w/index.php?title=OK_Chef&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK_Chef) ] Season 1]] Cookery (/wiki/Cookery) as herself RCTI (/wiki/RCTI) [70] (#cite_note-Chef/1-70) [71] (#cite_note-Chef/2-71) 2021 Tonight Show (/wiki/Tonight_Show) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_Show) ] Talkshow as herself NET TV (/wiki/NET_(Indonesian_TV_network)) Music Video [ edit ] Year Title Role Singer/Artist Ref. 2020 Senyumlah as model Andmesh Kamaleng (/w/index.php?title=Andmesh_Kamaleng&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmesh_Kamaleng) ] [72] (#cite_note-72) 2023 Salah Hati as model 2nd Chance (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCjYPf6fQDk) [73] (#cite_note-73) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Awards Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2020 HighEnd (/wiki/HighEnd) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighEnd) ] by HighEnd Magazine HighEnd (/wiki/HighEnd) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighEnd) ] 2020/2021 Herself Won [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) 2021 HighEnd (/wiki/HighEnd) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighEnd) ] The Alpha Under 40 by HighEnd Magazine HighEnd (/wiki/HighEnd) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighEnd) ] The Alpha Under 40 of 2021 Herself Won [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) See also [ edit ] Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Miss Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) Miss World 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2022) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Carla Yules Lulusan Melbourne, Peraih Mahkota Miss Indonesia 2020" (https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/gaya/1200968-carla-yules-lulusan-melbourne-peraih-mahkota-miss-indonesia-2020) . Viva.co.id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva.co.id) . 20 February 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200221133141/https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/gaya/1200968-carla-yules-lulusan-melbourne-peraih-mahkota-miss-indonesia-2020) from the original on 21 February 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bio Data Carla Yules, Wakil Indonesia yang Berhasil Melenggang ke Final Miss World 2021" (https://www.suaramerdeka.com/hiburan/pr-042435485/bio-data-carla-yules-wakil-indonesia-yang-berhasil-melenggang-ke-final-miss-world-2021) . Suara Merdeka (/wiki/Suara_Merdeka) . 21 February 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125322/https://www.suaramerdeka.com/hiburan/pr-042435485/bio-data-carla-yules-wakil-indonesia-yang-berhasil-melenggang-ke-final-miss-world-2021) from the original on 22 January 2022 . Retrieved 22 January 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pricilia Carla Yules dinobatkan sebagai Miss Indonesia 2020" (https://www.antaranews.com/foto/1310086/pricilia-carla-yules-dinobatkan-sebagai-miss-indonesia-2020) [Pricilia Carla Yules has been crowned Miss Indonesia 2020]. Antara (news agency) (/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211009023658/https://www.antaranews.com/foto/1310086/pricilia-carla-yules-dinobatkan-sebagai-miss-indonesia-2020) from the original on 9 October 2021 . Retrieved 21 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pricilia Carla Yules crowned Miss Indonesia 2020" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/pricilia-carla-yules-crowned-miss-indonesia-2020/eventshow/74335375.cms) . Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230719203447/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/pricilia-carla-yules-crowned-miss-indonesia-2020/eventshow/74335375.cms) from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 27 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Carla Yules Profile; Miss Indonesia is in the Top 6 Miss World 2021" (https://nbcnews.my.id/2022/03/17/carla-yules-profile-miss-indonesia-is-in-the-top-6-miss-world-2021/) . NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Carla Yules Profile; Miss Indonesia is in the Top 6 Miss World 2021" (https://1news.my.id/2022/03/17/carla-yules-profile-miss-indonesia-is-in-the-top-6-miss-world-2021/) . 1 News (/wiki/1_News) . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Carla Yules Bawa Indonesia Masuk Jajaran Top 6 Miss World 2021" (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20220317111013-277-772490/carla-yules-bawa-indonesia-masuk-jajaran-top-6-miss-world-2021) . CNN Indonesia (/wiki/CNN_Indonesia) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220318175444/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20220317111013-277-772490/carla-yules-bawa-indonesia-masuk-jajaran-top-6-miss-world-2021) from the original on 18 March 2022 . 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Awards and achievements Preceded by Princess Megonondo (/wiki/Princess_Megonondo) , Jambi Miss Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) Succeeded by Audrey Vanessa Susilo, North Sulawesi Preceded by India (/wiki/India) – Suman Ratan Singh Rao (/wiki/Suman_Rao) Miss World Asia & Oceania (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty_winners) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2022) Succeeded by Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) – Yasmina Zaytoun (/wiki/Yasmina_Zaytoun) Preceded by Elis Miele Nyekachi Douglas (Top 5) Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) Top 6 Finalist 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) (with Karolina Vidales Anna Leitch) Succeeded by Lesogo Chombo Aché Abrahams (/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_Abrahams) (Top 4) v t e Miss Indonesia titleholders (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Miss Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) (2005-present) Imelda Fransisca (/wiki/Imelda_Fransisca) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2005) ) Kristania Virginia Besouw (/wiki/Kristania_Virginia_Besouw) (2006) Kamidia Radisti (/wiki/Kamidia_Radisti) (2007) Sandra Angelia Hadisiswantoro (/wiki/Sandra_Angelia) (2008) Kerenina Sunny Halim (/wiki/Kerenina_Sunny_Halim) (2009) Asyifa Latief (/wiki/Asyifa_Latief) (2010) Astrid Ellena Yunadi (/wiki/Astrid_Yunadi) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2011) ) Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra (/wiki/Ines_Putri) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2012) ) Vania Larissa Tan (/wiki/Vania_Larissa) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2013) ) Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (/wiki/Maria_Rahajeng) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2014) ) Maria Harfanti (/wiki/Maria_Harfanti) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2015) ) Natasha Mannuela Halim (/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela_Halim) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2016) ) Achintya Holte Nilsen (/wiki/Achintya_Holte_Nilsen) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2017) ) Alya Nurshabrina Samadikun (/wiki/Alya_Nurshabrina) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2018) ) Princess Mikhaelia Audrey Megonondo (/wiki/Princess_Megonondo) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2019) ) Pricilia Carla Yules ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) ) Audrey Vanessa Susilo ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2022) ) 2005 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2005) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2018) 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2019) 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2020) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2022) 2023 2024 v t e Miss World Indonesia titleholders (/wiki/Miss_World) Appointed representatives (1982-1983) Andi Botenri (/wiki/Andi_Botenri) ( 1982 (/wiki/Miss_World_1982) ) Titi Dwi Jayati (/wiki/Titi_DJ) ( 1983 (/wiki/Miss_World_1983) ) Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) (2005) Lindi Cistia Prabha ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_World_2005) ) Miss Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) (2006-present) Kristania Virginia Besouw (/wiki/Kristania_Virginia_Besouw) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) ) Kamidia Radisti (/wiki/Kamidia_Radisti) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_World_2007) ) Sandra Angelia Hadisiswantoro (/wiki/Sandra_Angelia) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_World_2008) ) Kerenina Sunny Halim (/wiki/Kerenina_Sunny_Halim) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_World_2009) ) Asyifa Latief (/wiki/Asyifa_Latief) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_World_2010) ) Astrid Ellena Yunadi (/wiki/Astrid_Yunadi) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra (/wiki/Ines_Putri) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Vania Larissa Tan (/wiki/Vania_Larissa) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (/wiki/Maria_Rahajeng) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Maria Harfanti (/wiki/Maria_Harfanti) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Natasha Mannuela Halim (/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela_Halim) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Achintya Holte Nilsen (/wiki/Achintya_Holte_Nilsen) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Alya Nurshabrina Samadikun (/wiki/Alya_Nurshabrina) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Princess Mikhaelia Audrey Megonondo (/wiki/Princess_Megonondo) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Pricilia Carla Yules ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Audrey Vanessa Susilo ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2022) ) Miss Indonesia (Miss World Indonesia) (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) v t e Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) placements (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_titleholders) 2nd Runner-up (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_titleholders) Maria Harfanti (/wiki/Maria_Harfanti) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Natasha Mannuela Halim (/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela_Halim) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Top 5-6 (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_titleholders) Pricilia Carla Yules ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Top 10 Vania Larissa Tan (/wiki/Vania_Larissa) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Achintya Holte Nilsen (/wiki/Achintya_Holte_Nilsen) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Top 15-25 Astrid Ellena Indriana Yunadi (/wiki/Astrid_Yunadi) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra (/wiki/Ines_Putri) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (/wiki/Maria_Rahajeng) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Top 30-40 Alya Nurshabrina Samadikun (/wiki/Alya_Nurshabrina) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Princess Mikhaelia Audrey Megonondo (/wiki/Princess_Megonondo) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Special Awards Astrid Ellena Indriana Yunadi (/wiki/Astrid_Yunadi) ( Beauty With a Purpose 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) Vania Larissa Tan (/wiki/Vania_Larissa) ( Miss World Talent 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (/wiki/Maria_Rahajeng) ( Beauty With a Purpose 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Maria Harfanti (/wiki/Maria_Harfanti) ( Beauty With a Purpose 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) , Continental Queen of Beauty (Asia) 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Natasha Mannuela Halim (/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela_Halim) ( Beauty With a Purpose 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) , Continental Queen of Beauty (Asia) 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Achintya Holte Nilsen (/wiki/Achintya_Holte_Nilsen) ( Beauty With a Purpose 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) , Continental Queen of Beauty (Asia) 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ), Best World Dress Designer Awards 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Pricilia Carla Yules ( Continental Queen of Beauty (Asia & Oceania) 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Miss Indonesia (Miss World Indonesia) (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) List of Miss World titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_titleholders) Beauty With a Purpose (/wiki/Beauty_With_a_Purpose) v t e Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) national titleholders Céline Van Ouytsel (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Van_Ouytsel) Phum Sophorn (/wiki/Phum_Sophorn) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Colombian_model)) Rehema Muthamia (/wiki/Rehema_Muthamia) April Benayoum (/wiki/April_Benayoum) Manasa Varanasi (/wiki/Manasa_Varanasi) Pricilia Carla Yules Pamela Uba (/wiki/Pamela_Uba) Lavanya Sivaji 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pricilia_Carla_Yules&oldid=1234870821 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pricilia_Carla_Yules&oldid=1234870821) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1996 births (/wiki/Category:1996_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Technical and further education (/wiki/Category:Technical_and_further_education) Miss Indonesia winners (/wiki/Category:Miss_Indonesia_winners) Indonesian beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_beauty_pageant_winners) Indonesian female models (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_female_models) Indonesian activists (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_activists) Indonesian women activists (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_women_activists) Indonesian Christians (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_Christians) Indonesian chefs (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_chefs) Indonesian television personalities (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_television_personalities) Women chefs (/wiki/Category:Women_chefs) Indonesian people of Chinese descent (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_people_of_Chinese_descent) Indonesian health activists (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_health_activists) Elder rights activists (/wiki/Category:Elder_rights_activists) People from Surabaya (/wiki/Category:People_from_Surabaya) Miss World 2021 delegates (/wiki/Category:Miss_World_2021_delegates) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from March 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Hooded windproof type jacket Hoodie that zips all the way to the top of the hood to look like a stormtrooper (/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)) , with the black patches over the eyes & mouth being a mesh Goggle jackets are a hooded windproof type jacket released in 1988 made by C.P. Company (/wiki/C.P._Company) for the sponsoring of Mille Miglia (/wiki/Mille_Miglia) and open car endurance race and became popular across Europe and in Britain (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . They zip up to cover the head and face completely, except for two built-in goggles, sometimes covered with transparent mesh or various lenses and sometimes including a mesh mouth area for ease of breathing. Some people wear them to protect their faces against cold and driven rain (/w/index.php?title=Driven_rain&action=edit&redlink=1) , some for concealment. Criticism [ edit ] Police have claimed goggle jackets could be used by gangs and criminals to conceal their identity. A Northumbria Police (/wiki/Northumbria_Police) spokesman said the jackets were totally legal. "A hat, scarf and glasses combination could obscure someone's identity so there are no legal powers to stop anyone wearing these jackets." he added. [1] (#cite_note-1) One web site calls them " burqas (/wiki/Burqa) for the boys". [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Anorak (/wiki/Anorak) Hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "New 'gas mask' hoodies 'intimidating' (http://www.metro.co.uk/news/79052-new-gas-mask-hoodies-intimidating) " (http://www.metro.co.uk/news/79052-new-gas-mask-hoodies-intimidating) . 9 December 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-2) http://www.zimbio.com/Ban+on+Criminal+Damage+Hoodies/articles/15/New+Hoodie+Fashion+Trend+Burqa+boys (http://www.zimbio.com/Ban+on+Criminal+Damage+Hoodies/articles/15/New+Hoodie+Fashion+Trend+Burqa+boys) [ dead link ] Link to image (http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2007/12/gogglejacketsNNP_175x125.jpg) Google search for images of goggle jackets (https://www.google.com/images?hl=en&source=imghp&biw=1680&bih=869&q=%22Goggle+Jacket%22&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) 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Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by 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Submission declined on 4 November 2023 by Vanderwaalforces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vanderwaalforces) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Vanderwaalforces) ). This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Barrag%C3%A1n+%28fashion+brand%29%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Barrag%C3%A1n_(fashion_brand)) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Barrag%C3%A1n_(fashion_brand)&defaults=y) Declined by Vanderwaalforces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vanderwaalforces) 8 months ago. Last edited by Netherzone (/wiki/User:Netherzone) 3 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Chainsawpunk&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Mexican-American fashion label Barragán Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) , 2010 [1] (#cite_note-W-1) Founder Victor Barragán [1] (#cite_note-W-1) Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) [1] (#cite_note-W-1) Website barragannnn.com (https://shop.barragannnn.com/) Barragán is a Mexican-American ready-to-wear fashion label founded in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) in 2010 by designer Victor Barragán. [1] (#cite_note-W-1) The brand moved to New York City in 2015. [2] (#cite_note-Metal_Magazine-2) History [ edit ] Victor Barragán did not study fashion design, the brand began when he left his career in industrial design. [2] (#cite_note-Metal_Magazine-2) Prior to this, he engaged in fashion by designing shirts for friends in high school, and through Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) and Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [1] (#cite_note-W-1) When creating silk-screened t-shirts for friends, he operated under the alias YtinifninfinitY, which he has referred to as the inception of his brand. [3] (#cite_note-apartmento-3) [4] (#cite_note-Paper-4) In high school he studied architecture. [3] (#cite_note-apartmento-3) The brand is known for the incorporation of slight alterations made to form lines and silhouettes as well as gender neutral clothing. [2] (#cite_note-Metal_Magazine-2) In 2019 Barragán was nominated for the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Award. [1] (#cite_note-W-1) Anna Wintour visited him personally to advise on his application. [3] (#cite_note-apartmento-3) Barragán has cited OnlyFans (/wiki/OnlyFans) , Mexican food, Mesoamerican pyramids (/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids) , the Brooklyn rave scene, and American pop culture as some of the varying influences on the brand. [5] (#cite_note-Metal_Magazine_2-5) [6] (#cite_note-Interview-6) Media consumption and image dissemination is a crucial part of the Barragán's design practice. Photography and internet marketing are considered part of the broader process. [5] (#cite_note-Metal_Magazine_2-5) His references often motion towards the perception and reception of a concept – in a 2023 interview with Mel Ottenberg (/wiki/Mel_Ottenberg) for Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_Magazine) he said: "I always talk about Mexico, but I’m making fun of, like, 'I’m from Mexico,' at the same time. At the end of the day, you have a little of everything. I think that’s the way so many people can relate to what I’m talking about. It’s not like, 'Oh, this is just for Mexicans because he’s Mexican.'" [6] (#cite_note-Interview-6) His Spring/Summer 2023 New York Fashion Week ready-to-wear collection featured an entirely white-passing cast, a reaction to the fashion industry's efforts to increase diversity and the baggage that goes along with this change. [7] (#cite_note-Interview_2-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f López, Tori (10 October 2022). "Designer Victor Barragán Knows No Bounds" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/victor-barragan-designer-nyfw-interview) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "VICTOR BARRAGÁN BLURRY LINE BETWEEN FASHION AND ART" (https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/interview/victor-barragan-blurry-line-between-fashion-and-art) . July 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Bullock (2021). "Victor Barragán" (https://www.apartamentomagazine.com/stories/victor-barragan/) . ^ (#cite_ref-Paper_4-0) Justin Moran (20 September 2022). "Barragán Captures America's Information Overload" (https://www.papermag.com/barragan-information-overload#rebelltitem5) . ^ Jump up to: a b "BARRAGÁN EXPLORING CULTURAL HUMILITY" (https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/interview/barragan) . January 4, 2021. ^ Jump up to: a b Mel Ottenberg (February 13, 2023). "Designer Victor Barragán on Catholicism, Cock-Blocking, and Cancel Culture" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/designer-victor-barragan-on-catholicism-cock-blocking-and-cancel-culture) . ^ (#cite_ref-Interview_2_7-0) Ernesto Macias (September 13, 2022). "Barragán Brought Meth Tees, Fake Lips, and White Chicks to SS23" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/victor-barragan-brought-meth-prosthetic-lips-and-white-chicks-to-the-runway) . 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Crown given by the Ottoman sultan This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Crown of Bocskay The Crown of Stephen Bocskai is a crown (/wiki/Crown_(headgear)) originally worn by members of the Serbian (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)) Nemanjić dynasty (/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty) [1] (#cite_note-Krune-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) and given by the Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) sultan to Stephen Bocskai (/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai) , Prince of Hungary and Transylvania (/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)) , in the early 17th century. It was produced from gold (/wiki/Gold) , rubies (/wiki/Ruby) , spinels (/wiki/Spinel) , emeralds (/wiki/Emerald) , turquoises (/wiki/Turquoise) , pearls (/wiki/Pearl) and silk (height 23.5 cm (9.3 in), weight 1.88 kg (4.1 lb)). History [ edit ] To save the independence of Transylvania, Bocskay assisted the Ottoman Turks. In 1605, as a reward for his part in driving Giorgio Basta (/wiki/Giorgio_Basta) out of Transylvania, the Hungarian Diet (/wiki/Hungarian_Diet) assembled at Medgyes/Mediasch ( Mediaş (/wiki/Media%C5%9F) ) elected him Prince of Transylvania; in response the Ottoman sultan Ahmed I (/wiki/Ahmed_I) sent a special envoy to greet Bocskay and presented him with a splendid jewelled crown. Bocskay refused the royal dignity, but made skillful use of the Turkish alliance. The crown is today displayed in the Kaiserliche Schatzkammer (/wiki/Schatzkammer_(Vienna)) (Imperial Treasury) at the Hofburg (/wiki/Hofburg) in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) . [1] (#cite_note-Krune-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Српске круне - Сачуване и нестале круна краља Стефана Дечанског" (https://dinastijanemanjic.weebly.com/srpske-krune.html) . dinastijanemanjic.weebly.com (in Serbian). 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius (1815–1825). Die Geschichten der Ungarn und ihrer Landsassen . Leipzig. 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American fashion designer Suzanne lee Suzanne Lee (born 1970) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) is a Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) based fashion designer working on fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and future technologies. She is a Senior Research Fellow (/wiki/Research_Fellow) at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) , the Director of The BioCouture Research Project, and Chief Creative Officer at Modern Meadow. Her recent Arts and Humanities Research Council (/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council) (AHRC) funded project BioCouture looks at ecological (/wiki/Ecological) and sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) issues surrounding fashion. She is working with scientists to engineer optimized organisms for growing future consumer products. In 2007 she published Fashioning the Future: Tomorrow's Wardrobe . The book examines the work of the scientific researchers and fashion designers, such as Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) , Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) , and Walter Van Beirendonck (/wiki/Walter_Van_Beirendonck) , who are transforming today's science fiction into tomorrow's reality. BioCouture [ edit ] suzanne lee 2014 conference BioCouture BioCouture is a research project using nature to suggest an innovative future fashion vision. Suzanne Lee uses microbial cellulose (/wiki/Microbial_cellulose) (composed of millions of tiny bacteria grown in bathtubs of sweet green tea (/wiki/Green_tea) ) to produce clothing. The idea is to grow a dress in a vat of liquid . [3] (#cite_note-3) The project used a kombucha culture, which from feeding bacteria with sugar creates cellulose fibers, which naturally self-assemble to form a non-woven sheet material. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) After 20 years, Lee is now advising startups that are copying the Biocouture process and getting funded. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) BioCouture has been included in Time Magazine (/wiki/Time_Magazine) 's annual roundup of The Top 50 Best Inventions of 2010 . [5] (#cite_note-5) BioFabricate [ edit ] Lee founded BioFabricate in 2014 to work at the intersection of design, biology and sustainability. They host the annual conference BioFabricate Summit (https://www.biofabricate.co/summit2023) where businesses that biotechnology to develop material, fashion and clothing present work. [6] (#cite_note-6) Biofabricate CEO Suzanne Lee at the 2022 edition of the Biofabricate Summit in New York. In an interview with WIPO Magazine (/wiki/WIPO_Magazine) , Suzanne Lee explained that biofabrication involves utilizing microorganisms to create materials and ingredients for human use, such as fuel, food, and fibers. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Lee envisions these organisms as the cell factories of the future, providing high-value ingredients without depleting precious land resources: "The ultimate goal is to bring individuals together to use biomaterials for consumer goods and grow the sector." [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Biofabricate's current activities include building an educational platform for brands to learn about biomaterials, creating a reference book for creative professionals, and collaborating with global brands on their biomaterial innovation strategies. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Venkataramanan, Madhumita (2 January 2014). "Biocouture from the lab to the high street" (https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2014/01/start/biocouture-from-the-lab-to-the-high-street) . Wired.co.uk . Lee, 43 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Grose, Jessica (4 March 2014). "Making Clothes from Microbes" (http://mentalfloss.com/article/55269/making-clothes-microbes) . mental floss (/wiki/Mental_floss) . Lee, 44 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "BioCouture official website" (http://www.biocouture.co.uk/) . BioCouture.co.uk . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Designing with life: Biofabricate's Suzanne Lee envisions a "new material world" (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0017.html) " (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0017.html) . WIPO Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Luscombe, Belinda (11 November 2010). "The 50 Best Inventions of 2010: Clothing - BioCouture" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029497_2030651,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Synbio Blog PLOS" (https://blogs.plos.org/synbio/2016/11/24/biofabricate-biotech-and-synbio-for-the-production-of-new-sustainable-materials/) . plos.org . Further reading [ edit ] Suzanne Lee, " Fashioning the Future: Tomorrow's Wardrobe (http://www.thamesandhudson.com/9780500285855.html) ", Thames & Hudson (/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson) , 2005 Nicholas Jordan, " From teabags to T-shirts (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/executive-lifestyle/from-teabags-to-t-shirts/story-e6frg8k6-1226065708193) ", The Australian , 30 May 2011 Stefania Vourazeri, " V.O.W N°8 // BioCouture by Suzanne Lee (http://www.yatzer.com/VOW-N-8-BioCouture-by-Suzanne-Lee) ", Yatzer , 25 February 2011 Catherine Jewell, " Designing with life: Biofabricate's Suzanne Lee envisions a “new material world” (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0017.html) ", WIPO Magazine , May 2023 External links [ edit ] Suzanne Lee (https://www.ted.com/speakers/suzanne_lee) at TED (/wiki/TED_(conference)) Bio-Couture on Exposureroom, Video for the new Trash Fashion exhibition (https://web.archive.org/web/20110324215347/http://exposureroom.com/members/flavioferrari/e43c1272175d48ef9d8923faeccbda17/) at the Science Museum (/wiki/Science_Museum,_London) (archived in 2011) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000113740954) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/166247266) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5097354) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p291383831) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/69260) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/438636) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/14267432X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐8czwz Cached time: 20240714084320 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.302 seconds Real time usage: 0.695 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 780/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17060/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 801/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26805/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.190/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4941070/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 357.651 1 -total 37.43% 133.885 1 Template:Reflist 27.47% 98.255 2 Template:Cite_news 25.74% 92.044 1 Template:Authority_control 19.51% 69.783 1 Template:Short_description 11.39% 40.752 2 Template:Pagetype 10.27% 36.744 1 Template:TED_speaker 5.16% 18.471 4 Template:Main_other 4.54% 16.226 1 Template:SDcat 4.19% 14.978 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31959009-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714084320 and revision id 1162057533. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Lee&oldid=1162057533 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Lee&oldid=1162057533) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1970 births (/wiki/Category:1970_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) BioArt (/wiki/Category:BioArt) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020) Use British English from June 2011 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2011) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BIBSYS identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with MoMA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MoMA_identifiers) Articles with RKDartists identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RKDartists_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
(Redirected from Power laces (/w/index.php?title=Power_laces&redirect=no) ) Footwear designed to automatically tighten when worn Self-Tying shoes Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)) franchise element A replica (/wiki/Replica) of the original Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) shoes, 2011 Publisher Amblin Entertainment (/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment) First appearance Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) 1989 Created by Robert Zemeckis (/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis) Bob Gale (/wiki/Bob_Gale) Genre Science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) In-universe information Type Shoe Affiliation Marty McFly (/wiki/Marty_McFly) Emmett "Doc" Brown (/wiki/Emmett_%22Doc%22_Brown) Self-tying shoes (also known as self-lacing or power laces ) are designed to automatically tighten once the user puts them on. Such types of " smart shoes (/wiki/Smart_shoe) " were initially depicted in the 1989 science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) film Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) . Manufacturers [ edit ] Nike [ edit ] In April 2009, Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) filed a patent for self-lacing shoes, with a design that bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) , [1] (#cite_note-1) raising speculation among fans about a possible debut of self-lacing shoes. In 2014, Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) , the designer of the original Nike shoes as depicted in Back to the Future Part II , indicated that they would introduce shoes with power-lacing technology the following year, 2015. [2] (#cite_note-2) Fewer than 100 pairs of Nike Mags (/wiki/Nike_Mag) with power-lacing capabilities were made and sold through an online draw starting October 4, 2016, with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation (/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In March 2016, at a press event in New York, Nike unveiled its self-tying shoe to market, the HyperAdapt 1.0 (/wiki/HyperAdapt_1.0) , which was scheduled to hit store shelves in select Nike locations on November 28. The HyperAdapt does not have any real laces, but embedded actuators that, in tandem with pressure monitors, delicately conform the shoe's cushions to the foot's shape; once the user steps in, the heel will hit a sensor and the system will automatically tighten. The HyperAdapt also comes with two buttons on the side tighten and loose, so the user can adjust it to their preference. [4] (#cite_note-4) Nike CEO, Mark Parker, said comparing the self-lacing sneaker tech with self driving car (/wiki/Self_driving_car) tech is a "good analogy" in terms of mainstream appeal. [5] (#cite_note-5) The company introduced a basketball version of HyperAdapt shoes called Adapt BB in 2019. [6] (#cite_note-6) Nike then introduced a shoe in 2020 called Adapt Auto Max. Nike claims to have taken inspiration from the Nike Air Max 90s. Puma [ edit ] In November 2015, Puma (/wiki/Puma_SE) unveiled the Autodiscs, which features Puma's patented Disc closure system that uses a servo motor that powers a uniquely configured cable system designed to offer tunable support throughout the shoe. This prototype version features a micro USB cable to charge the on-board battery which powers the motor, but commercial version will have a charging plate included, so users won't have to worry about plugging the shoe to a power source. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Puma has made 50 pairs of the Autodisc, with many of them reserved to athletes like Usain Bolt (/wiki/Usain_Bolt) and Rickie Fowler (/wiki/Rickie_Fowler) . [9] (#cite_note-9) By 2019, Puma had developed micro-motors to adjust the fit of a shoe from an iPhone (/wiki/IPhone) known as Fi. [10] (#cite_note-10) Power Laces, LLC [ edit ] In 2010, Blake Bevin, a self-described "science geek", created a prototype of self-lacing shoes, inspired by Marty's Nike MAG; once the user steps in, a sensor records the pressure of the foot on the sole and activates two servo motors, which apply tension to the laces, thus tightening the shoe. A touch-activated switch reverses the servos and loosens the laces. [11] (#cite_note-11) Bevin posted DIY (/wiki/DIY) instructions on how to recreate the power laces technology on her website. [12] (#cite_note-12) Later, Bevin founded Power Laces, LLC started a Kickstarter project in order to fund the development of commercial version and successfully raised the pledged goal of $25,024. [13] (#cite_note-13) Powerlace [ edit ] Powerlace P-One shoes are able to lace up automatically based on the wearer's body weight. Once the shoes are on, the wearer presses their heel on the concealed disc linked to the laces by wires, and wearers can use a lever attached to the back of the shoe to release pressure and loosen the lace. In November 2014, the company started a kickstarter project to raise funds and sell the shoes. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Digitsole Smartshoe [ edit ] The Canadian company Digitsole, which already sells smart soles, has unveiled a prototype of a smart sneaker. It is a self-tightening, heating, and shock-absorbing shoe with a USB connector and can be monitored via Bluetooth with a smartphone. [16] (#cite_note-16) See also [ edit ] Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "US2009042072 AUTOMATIC LACING SYSTEM" (http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2009134858) . wipo.int . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Billington, James (February 17, 2014). "Nike is actually making Marty McFly's self-lacing shoes" (https://nypost.com/2014/02/17/nike-is-actually-making-marty-mcflys-self-lacing-shoes/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "How to Get the 2016 Nike Mag - Nike News" (https://news.nike.com/news/how-to-get-the-2016-nike-mag) . news.nike.com . October 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Green, Dennis (March 17, 2016). "Great Scott! Nike's HyperAdapt 1.0 self-tying shoes will debut on November 28" (http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/nike-hyperadapt-self-tying-shoes/) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wiggers, Kyle (March 17, 2016). "NIKE CEO: Self-lacing shoes will be as big as self-driving cars" (http://www.businessinsider.com/self-lacing-shoes-will-be-as-big-as-self-driving-cars-2016-3) . Digital Trends (/wiki/Digital_Trends) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jayson Tatum Is the First Basketball Player to Wear Nike's Self-Lacing Shoes in an NBA Game" (https://footwearnews.com/2019/focus/athletic-outdoor/jayson-tatum-nike-adapt-bb-basketball-sneaker-nba-1202731545/) . Footwear News. 17 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sawyer, Jonathan (November 10, 2015). "PUMA Beats Nike to Market With Auto-Lacing System" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2015/11/10/puma-autodisc-auto-lacing-system/) . High Snobiety (/w/index.php?title=High_Snobiety&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lai, Richard (October 10, 2016). "Puma's self-lacing shoes were made for track athletes" (https://www.engadget.com/2016/10/31/puma-autodisc-hands-on-video/) . Engadget (/wiki/Engadget) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sharma, Shaliesh (November 2, 2016). "Puma's Autodisc gives tough fight to Nike's HyperAdapt" (http://www.latinpost.com/articles/125834/20161102/pumas-autodisc-gives-tough-fight-to-nike-s-hyperadapt.htm) . Latin Post (/w/index.php?title=Latin_Post&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "A Digital Sneaker" (https://time.com/collection/best-inventions-2019/5734576/puma-fi/) . Time. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Back to the Future fan Blake Bevin invents working power laces prototype" (http://www.news.com.au/technology/back-to-the-future-fan-beth-bevin-invents-working-power-laces-prototype/story-e6frfro0-1225889024940) . news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . July 7, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "How To Build Your Own Auto-Lacing Shoes" (http://www.popsci.com/how-to-build-your-own-auto-lacing-shoes) . Popular Science (/wiki/Popular_Science) . October 21, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Self-Tightening Power Laces Shoes, Back From the Future" (https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/tightening-shoes-back-future/story?id=11677354) . news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . September 20, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Yes, someone has finally built Marty McFly's auto-lacing shoes" (http://bgr.com/2014/11/18/kickstarter-powerlace-p-one-auto-lacing-shoes/) . BGR (/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report) . November 18, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Powerlace Technology Stepping Up to Nike With its Own Auto-Lacing Shoes" (http://www.hngn.com/articles/50225/20141120/powerlace-technology-stepping-up-to-nike-with-its-own-auto-lacing-shoes.htm) . BGR (/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report) . November 20, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Your Sneakers Just Got Smarter With Digitsole's Smartshoe" (http://www.ubergizmo.com/2017/05/digitsole-launches-smartshoe/) . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-tying_shoes&oldid=1233162260 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-tying_shoes&oldid=1233162260) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoes (/wiki/Category:Shoes) Back to the Future (franchise) technology (/wiki/Category:Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)_technology) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Circa 1904. A lingerie dress was a popular type of dress (/wiki/Dress) in the North America (/wiki/North_America) and Europe (/wiki/Europe) throughout the decades of the 1900s until 1920. The dress was lightweight, often white and decorated. It was especially popular as an outdoor dress and for summer. Overview [ edit ] Lingerie dresses were heavily decorated and designed to look like a Regency era (/wiki/Regency_era) chemise gown. [1] (#cite_note-Ben-Horin_2018-1) The dresses featured full skirts, blouses and sleeves of varying lengths. [2] (#cite_note-Chalmers_1917-2) They were most often white, but not always. [3] (#cite_note-Osborn_2018-3) The dresses could also be worn over different colored gowns (/wiki/Gown) or slips (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) , expanding a woman's wardrobe. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-Clarke_2018-5) The dresses were named "lingerie" in order to emphasize the lightness and thinness of the dresses, not to suggest lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) as an undergarment. [3] (#cite_note-Osborn_2018-3) The more sheer the lingerie dress, the better. [6] (#cite_note-6) The dresses were made of various fabrics, including linen (/wiki/Linen) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) or silk (/wiki/Silk) and parts of the dress were see-through to reveal the slip or gown worn underneath. [7] (#cite_note-DePauw_2018-7) Lingerie dresses were worn by various classes of women in North America (/wiki/North_America) and Europe (/wiki/Europe) in the decades of the 1900s up to the 1920. [8] (#cite_note-Dirix_2016-8) [7] (#cite_note-DePauw_2018-7) They were often worn at outdoor activities and were touted as being appropriate for warm weather. [1] (#cite_note-Ben-Horin_2018-1) [2] (#cite_note-Chalmers_1917-2) They were also easier to wash than other kinds of dresses. [7] (#cite_note-DePauw_2018-7) In addition, they were praised for their simplicity which also implied that they were less costly than other types of dresses. [9] (#cite_note-9) The dresses could be bought ready-made or created at home by pattern. [8] (#cite_note-Dirix_2016-8) They could be accessorized with collars, laces and bows on the neck. [10] (#cite_note-10) Other accessories included lingerie hats and parasols (/wiki/Umbrella) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Dresses were embellished with lace (/wiki/Lace) and embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , including eyelet embroidery. [5] (#cite_note-Clarke_2018-5) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Ben-Horin, Keren (2012-01-21). "1900-1910: The Reign of The Lingerie Dress" (https://pinsndls.com/2012/01/21/1900-1910-the-reign-of-the-lingerie-dress/) . On Pins and Needles . Retrieved 2018-01-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chalmers, Eleanor (January 1917). "Warm Weather Ahead With Its Need of Lingerie Dresses" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVJAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Lingerie%20dress%22&pg=PP62) . The Delineator . 90 : 57–58. ^ Jump up to: a b Osborn, Ellen (1905). "Shirtwaist Suits for Southern Spring" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16984775/pittsburgh_daily_post/) . Pittsburgh Daily Post . p. 24 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Bordered Materials and Flouncings" (https://books.google.com/books?id=KXVAAQAAMAAJ&q=lingerie+dress&pg=RA2-PA42) . Ladies' Home Journal . 30 : 42. 1913. ^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, Verona (1906-07-10). "Fashions" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17005178/the_sun/) . The Sun . p. 3 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Chic Lingerie Frocks" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16985397/freeport_journalstandard/) . Freeport Journal-Standard . 1905-07-15. p. 3 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c DePauw, Karen (12 July 2013). "Cool Summer Cottons: Early 20th Century Lingerie Dresses" (http://wnpr.org/post/cool-summer-cottons-early-20th-century-lingerie-dresses) . WNPR . Retrieved 2018-01-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dirix, Emmanuelle (2016). Dressing the Decades: Twentieth-century Vintage Style . Yale University Press. p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300215526 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Silk Lingerie Dress" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16984927/the_fulton_county_news/) . The Fulton County News . 1905-05-17. p. 6 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Neckwear for Summer" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16986594/detroit_free_press/) . Detroit Free Press . 1907-05-26. p. 61 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "New Fashions in Gowns and Hats" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16986643/harrisburg_telegraph/) . Harrisburg Telegraph . 1907-06-04. p. 10 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Up-To-Date Lingerie Dress" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17005582/the_daily_missoulian/) . The Daily Missoulian . 1910-02-27. p. 4 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "שמלות לילדות" (https://www.nushas.com/category/girls/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-he-he/) . Thursday, 26 August 2021 External links [ edit ] Lingerie dress drawing (https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVJAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Lingerie%20dress%22&pg=PP62) (1904) Lingerie dress photograph (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16986067/) (1907) Lingerie dress photograph (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17005659/) (1910) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐zrvn5 Cached time: 20240623224308 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.182 seconds Real time usage: 0.215 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 634/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19528/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48799/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.114/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3885692/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 180.222 1 -total 100.00% 180.222 1 Template:Reflist 73.19% 131.911 9 Template:Cite_news 6.37% 11.478 2 Template:Cite_journal 3.05% 5.501 1 Template:Cite_book 2.39% 4.313 1 Template:Cite_web 0.95% 1.716 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56444117-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623224308 and revision id 1144787686. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingerie_dress&oldid=1144787686 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingerie_dress&oldid=1144787686) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 1900s in North America (/wiki/Category:1900s_in_North_America) 1900s in Europe (/wiki/Category:1900s_in_Europe)
Type of haute couture fashion A fantasy couture costume by designer Bobby Love (/wiki/Bobby_Love) Fantasy couture , also sometimes called couture fantasy , is a type of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) . It represents a trend in fashion and design that emphasize fantastical appearance over practicality/functionality and has elements drawn from the fantasy genre of literature and of film, often presented in an extreme style of detail, complexity, and precision. The trend is characterized by individuals such as Iris van Herpen (/wiki/Iris_van_Herpen) , Eiko Ishioka (/wiki/Eiko_Ishioka) , Guo Pei (/wiki/Guo_Pei) , Tim Yip (/wiki/Timmy_Yip) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) , Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) , Mary Sibande (/wiki/Mary_Sibande) , and Bobby Love (/wiki/Bobby_Love) , among many others. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) An example of this style is performed annually at the Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball (/wiki/Labyrinth_of_Jareth_Masquerade_Ball) held in Hollywood, California, named for the 1986 film Labyrinth (/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shally, Anneka (November 21, 2018). "Between the Lines - Iris Van Herpen's Fantasy Couture" (https://www.annekadotes.com/blog/between-the-lines-iris-van-herpens-fantasy-couture) . Annekadotes . Retrieved January 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hirschmiller, Stephanie (November 11, 2013). "Stephen Jones turns fashion designer for Barbie" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10440485/Stephen-Jones-turns-fashion-designer-for-Barbie.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved January 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Parsons, Elly (October 21, 2016). "Mary Sibande's alter ego tells the story of post-apartheid South Africa" (https://www.apollo-magazine.com/mary-sibandes-alter-ego-tells-the-story-of-post-apartheid-south-africa/) . Apollo (/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Weisberger, Jason (January 25, 2016). "The fantastical world of Bobby Love" (https://boingboing.net/2016/01/25/the-fantastical-world-of-bobby.html) . Boing Boing (/wiki/Boing_Boing) . Retrieved January 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bobby Love - The Prince of Fantasy Couture" (http://www.magcloud.com/browse/issue/1532966) . Avant Garde . November 2018 . Retrieved January 7, 2019 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_couture&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐4889r Cached time: 20240712185741 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.738 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 448/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12205/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 448/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23118/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.248/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4216120/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 479.028 1 -total 46.47% 222.622 1 Template:Fashion-stub 45.96% 220.174 1 Template:Asbox 35.93% 172.109 1 Template:Reflist 31.07% 148.839 5 Template:Cite_news 16.92% 81.061 1 Template:Short_description 10.09% 48.340 2 Template:Pagetype 3.53% 16.909 3 Template:Main_other 3.06% 14.641 1 Template:SDcat 0.70% 3.345 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59537293-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185741 and revision id 1144287630. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_couture&oldid=1144287630 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_couture&oldid=1144287630) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing companies of Hong Kong (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Hong_Kong) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐v8xcp Cached time: 20240720184148 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.065 seconds Real time usage: 0.112 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2729/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 464/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.036/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946208/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 103.893 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 103.893 1 -total 97.58% 101.377 1 Template:Sister_project 95.31% 99.025 1 Template:Side_box 7.02% 7.292 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1575701-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720184148 and revision id 1061196222. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. C Clothing retailers of Hong Kong (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Hong_Kong) ‎ (8 P) F Clothing brands of Hong Kong (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Hong_Kong) ‎ (15 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies of Hong Kong" The following 19 pages are in this category, out of 19 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B A Bathing Ape (/wiki/A_Bathing_Ape) Bonham Strand (tailor) (/wiki/Bonham_Strand_(tailor)) Bossini (/wiki/Bossini) C Crocodile Garments (/wiki/Crocodile_Garments) E Esprit Holdings (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) G G2000 (/wiki/G2000) Giordano International (/wiki/Giordano_International) Grana (fashion company) (/wiki/Grana_(fashion_company)) H Hong Kong tailors (/wiki/Hong_Kong_tailors) Hypebeast (company) (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) I I.T (/wiki/I.T) Izzue (/wiki/Izzue) J Joyce (clothing retailer) (/wiki/Joyce_(clothing_retailer)) L Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) P Penway (/wiki/Penway) Ports International (/wiki/Ports_International) R Raja Fashions (/wiki/Raja_Fashions) S Sam's Tailor (/wiki/Sam%27s_Tailor) U U-Right (/wiki/U-Right) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Hong_Kong&oldid=1061196222 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Hong_Kong&oldid=1061196222) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of China (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_China) Companies of Hong Kong by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Hong_Kong_by_industry) Hong Kong fashion (/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American fashion designer and costumier (1946–2009) Ola Hudson Born Ola Oliver ( 1946-10-12 ) October 12, 1946 Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Died June 5, 2009 (2009-06-05) (aged 62) Occupations Fashion designer costumier Spouse Anthony Hudson Children 2, including Saul (/wiki/Slash_(musician)) Ola Hudson ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Oliver ; October 12, 1946 – June 5, 2009) was an American fashion designer and costumier (/wiki/Costume_designer) . She designed costumes for several famous musicians, including the Pointer Sisters (/wiki/The_Pointer_Sisters) , [1] (#cite_note-1) Diana Ross (/wiki/Diana_Ross) , [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) , [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) , John Lennon (/wiki/John_Lennon) and Ringo Starr (/wiki/Ringo_Starr) . She is the mother of Saul Hudson, known professionally as Slash (/wiki/Slash_(musician)) , of Guns N' Roses (/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Her designs are in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . Biography [ edit ] Of African American (/wiki/African_Americans) heritage, Hudson was born Ola Oliver in Los Angeles, California, on October 12, 1946. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) As a young adult, she studied at the Lester Horton School of Modern Dance (/wiki/Lester_Horton) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) She also studied with dancers Bella Lewitzsky (/wiki/Bella_Lewitzky) and Linda Gold. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) She then went to study at the Institute of Dance in Paris, at Le Loft in Switzerland and the Max Rivers School in London. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) In London, she met and married album cover designer Anthony Hudson. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) In 1965, she gave birth to Saul Hudson (/wiki/Slash_(musician)) (Slash from Guns N' Roses (/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) ) in her husband's native United Kingdom. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) In 1972, she gave birth to Albion, their second son. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Her marriage to Anthony was troubled and she returned to Los Angeles around 1974, working out of Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) as a clothes designer. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) She had left her family in England but they met back up with her in Los Angeles around a year later in 1975, however she and Anthony continued to have periods of separation throughout their marriage. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) In the mid-1970s, Hudson designed clothes for David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) . They eventually became lovers for a time. [6] (#cite_note-:4-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) "He was the first guy that came along after my mom and dad divorced," Slash recalled, "so I can't think I was all that interested or happy… Now that I'm older, I can take his music to heart… The guy's a genius. And I worked with him a couple of times." [8] (#cite_note-8) Hudson died on June 5, 2009, of lung cancer. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Career [ edit ] Hudson's design company was named Ola Hudson Enterprises, Incorporated. [9] (#cite_note-9) She also created special collections for Arpeja (/wiki/Organically_Grown_(Delaware_company)) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) , Right Bank Clothing and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , Maxfield Blu of Los Angeles. [11] (#cite_note-11) Hudson's fashion design was somewhat minimal. She said, "It's getting right down to basics". [12] (#cite_note-12) She was also known for her retro design work, featuring details from the 1940s, that the Pointer Sisters (/wiki/The_Pointer_Sisters) wore. [13] (#cite_note-13) Her designs were featured at a 1974 show, Los Angeles Space-Age Designs: Past-Present-Future . [14] (#cite_note-14) She also designed clothing for dancer Linda Gold. [15] (#cite_note-15) Hudson designed clothing for the film The Man Who Fell to Earth (/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth) and for David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) 's Station to Station (/wiki/Station_to_Station) (both 1976). [6] (#cite_note-:4-6) She also created the black pants and waistcoat for Bowie's Thin White Duke (/wiki/The_Thin_White_Duke) look, also in 1976. [16] (#cite_note-16) Some of the items she designed for Bowie are part of the permanent collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "L.A. Designers Put On a Talent Show" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17269323/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . July 14, 1974. p. 152 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Gunnas" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17270623/the_age/) . The Age . 1993. p. 36 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oliver-Hudson, Ola J." (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17269279/the_los_angeles_times/) The Los Angeles Times . June 14, 2009. p. 94 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_4-0) Tomei, Renato (2017). Advertising Culture and Translation: From Colonial to Global . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 174. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781443874861 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Obercam, Sky (February 2014). "The Colorful Canvas Files: Costume Designer & Artistic Diva, Ola Hudson" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150920201701/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/02/colorful-canvas-files-costume-designer-artistic-diva-ola-hudson/) . Clutch Magazine . Archived from the original (http://clutchmagonline.com/2014/02/colorful-canvas-files-costume-designer-artistic-diva-ola-hudson/) on September 20, 2015 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Egan, Sean (2015). Bowie on Bowie: Interviews and Encounters with David Bowie . Chicago Review Press. p. 375. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781613730010 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Goodwyn, Tom (August 28, 2012). "Slash: 'I caught my mum naked with David Bowie' (https://www.nme.com/news/music/slash-16-1250581) " (https://www.nme.com/news/music/slash-16-1250581) . NME . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Q (/wiki/Q_(magazine)) : 72. March 1994. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Krier, Beth Ann (August 22, 1971). "Dress-up Time, Hillbilly Variety" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17269660/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . p. 521 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Varro, Barbara (August 7, 1974). "Long on Controversy" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17270775/press_and_sunbulletin/) . Press and Sun-Bulletin . p. 28 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Uwumarogie, Victoria (February 24, 2017). "Women Of Black History: 5 Things To Know About Costume Designer And Artist Ola Hudson" (http://madamenoire.com/786930/women-black-history-ola-hudson/) . MadameNoire (/wiki/MadameNoire) . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Reach to the Future" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17269406/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . March 2, 1969. p. 567 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Design" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17270844/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . June 7, 1974. p. 106 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Los Angeles Space-Age Designs" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17269555/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . June 10, 1974. p. 136 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Baumsten, Shelley (June 11, 1985). "Formation of Self Explored by Linda Gold" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17270923/the_los_angeles_times/) . The Los Angeles Times . p. 84 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Buruma, Ian (May 23, 2013). "The Invention of David Bowie" (http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/05/23/invention-david-bowie/) . The New York Review of Books . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-7504 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504) . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Dewar's ad (https://npr.tumblr.com/post/7658857087/ok-so-reading-this-made-me-do-some-googling-about) Ola Hudson profile in Dewars Ad NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐zcjg8 Cached time: 20240623103230 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.401 seconds Real time usage: 0.513 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2525/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31417/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1727/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 64644/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.257/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7248683/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 486.303 1 -total 36.32% 176.634 1 Template:Infobox_person 36.10% 175.556 1 Template:Reflist 27.41% 133.305 13 Template:Cite_news 16.04% 78.023 1 Template:Short_description 12.40% 60.314 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.93% 48.266 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.66% 42.138 2 Template:Pagetype 8.12% 39.500 17 Template:Main_other 7.75% 37.706 1 Template:Hlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56533526-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623103230 and revision id 1230017861. 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Danish fashion brand Saint Tropez is a Danish (/wiki/Denmark) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) brand. It is now owned by DK Company (/wiki/DK_Company) . History [ edit ] Saint Tropez was founded by Niels-Henrik Henriksen in 1984. The company was acquired by IC Companys (/wiki/IC_Group) with effect from 1 January 2002. [1] (#cite_note-1) In January 2019, IC Group sold Saint Tropez to DK Company (/wiki/DK_Company) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Organisation [ edit ] Sofie Lindahl-Jessen replaced Hans-Petersen as CEO of Saint Tropez in 2017. She came from a position as Executive Vice President for Sales and Brand Communication at Republic of Fritz Hansen (/wiki/Republic_of_Fritz_Hansen) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Anna Juul Jepsen has been design manager since 2016. [4] (#cite_note-4) Distribution [ edit ] Saint Tropez operates 38 Saint Tropez stores in Denmark (2017). Products are also sold as wholesale and through online sale to consumers. [5] (#cite_note-5) Saint Tropez stores [ edit ] Aarhus (/wiki/Aarhus) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) City centre ( Vimmelskaftet (/wiki/Str%C3%B8get) 43, Købmagergade (/wiki/K%C3%B8bmagergade) 42 and Magasin du Nord (/wiki/Magasin_du_Nord) ) Amager (/wiki/Amager) ( Amagerbrogade (/wiki/Amagerbrogade) 46 and Copenhagen Airport (/wiki/Copenhagen_Airport) ) Frederiksberg (/wiki/Frederiksberg) ( Frederiksberg Centret (/w/index.php?title=Frederiksberg_Centret&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Glostrup (/wiki/Glostrup) ( Glostrup Storcenter (/w/index.php?title=Glostrup_Storcenter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Greve Strand (/wiki/Greve_Strand) ( Waves (/wiki/Hundige_StorCenter) ) Herlev (/wiki/Herlev) ( Herlev Torv (/w/index.php?title=Herlev_Torv&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Kongens Lyngby (/wiki/Kongens_Lyngby) ( Lyngby Storcenter (/w/index.php?title=Lyngby_Storcenter&action=edit&redlink=1) and Magasin Lyngby) Østerbro (/wiki/%C3%98sterbro) ( Østerbrogade (/wiki/%C3%98sterbrogade) 68) Rødovre (/wiki/R%C3%B8dovre) ( Rødovre Centrum (/wiki/R%C3%B8dovre_Centrum) ) Vesterbro (/wiki/Vesterbro,_Copenhagen) ( Fisketorvet (/wiki/Fisketorvet) ) Esbjerg (/wiki/Esbjerg) Frederikssund (/wiki/Frederikssund) Gilleleje (/wiki/Gilleleje) Køge (/wiki/K%C3%B8ge) Kolding (/wiki/Kolding) Helsingør (/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r) Hillerød (/wiki/Hiller%C3%B8d) Næstved (/wiki/N%C3%A6stved) Odense (/wiki/Odense) Ringsted (/wiki/Ringsted) Roskilde (/wiki/Roskilde) Vejle (/wiki/Vejle) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "IC Companys køber tøjproducenten Saint Tropez" (https://npinvestor.dk/nyheder/ic-companys-k%C3%B8ber-t%C3%B8jproducenten-saint-tropez) . npinvestor.dk (in Danish) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Singh, Prachi (2019-01-28). "IC Group sells Saint Tropez to DK Company" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/ic-group-sells-saint-tropez-to-dk-company/2019012841237) . fashionunited.uk . Retrieved 2020-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Saint Tropez får ny CEO" (https://fashionforum.dk/2017/09/29/saint-tropez-faar-ny-ceo/) . Fashion Forum (in Danish) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Saint Tropez ansætter ny designchef" (https://fashionforum.dk/2016/11/16/saint-tropez-ansaetter-ny-designchef/) . Fashion Forum (in Danish) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Saint Tropez er klar med stor dansk satsning" (https://fashionforum.dk/2017/04/12/saint-tropez-klar-stor-dansk-satsning/) . npinvestor.dk (in Danish) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . 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Portuguese luxury clothing retailer Sacoor Brothers Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Clothier (/wiki/Cloth_production) Founded 1989 ; 35 years ago ( 1989 ) Headquarters Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) Products Men's and Women's Luxury (/wiki/Luxury_good) Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Website www.sacoorbrothers.com (https://www.sacoorbrothers.com/) Sacoor Brothers is a Portuguese (/wiki/Portugal) luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) clothing retail (/wiki/Retail) company headquartered in Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) , with over 100 stores in 16 countries across the world. Sacoor is well-known for its sponsorships (/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)) and partnerships (/wiki/Partnership) , including those with Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , F.C. Barcelona (/wiki/F.C._Barcelona) , actor Joaquim de Almeida (/wiki/Joaquim_de_Almeida) and the Portuguese Football Federation (/wiki/Portuguese_Football_Federation) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Sacoor Brothers was founded on 15 November 1989 as Modas Belize in the Arroios (/wiki/Arroios) district of Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) by four brothers: Malik, Moez, Rahim and Salim Sacoor. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2016, Sacoor Brothers won the "Most Admired International Retailer of the Year" award for the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2017, 2018 and 2019, Sacoor Brothers was voted "Escolha do Consumidor" (Consumer's Choice) in Portugal. [7] (#cite_note-7) Operations [ edit ] Sacoor Brothers operates over 100 stores globally, represented in 15 countries: Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) , Romania (/wiki/Romania) , the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) , Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) , Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) , Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) , Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) , Jordan (/wiki/Jordan) , Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) , Uzbekistan (/wiki/Uzbekistan) , Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , and South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ShoppingSpirit - Sacoor Brothers Recebe Joaquim de Almeida (https://shoppingspirit.pt/2017/09/25/sacoor-brothers-recebe-joaquim-de-almeida/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Forbes - The Highest Paid Soccer Players in the World: Cristiano Ronaldo (https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2017/05/26/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-2017-cristiano-ronaldo-lionel-messi-lead-the-list/#2ec15caf210e) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Gulf News - Sacoor Brothers: A Label Ready to Go the Extra Yard (http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/retail/sacoor-brothers-a-label-ready-to-go-the-extra-yard-1.675353) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Today Online - Style Scoop: Sacoor Brothers, Evian X Alexander Wang (https://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/style/style-scoop-sacoor-brothers-evian-x-alexander-wang-puma) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sacoor Brothers - A Marca (https://www.sacoorbrothers.com/pt/sacoor-brothers/) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Qatar Tribune - Sacoor Brothers wins 'Most Admired International Retailer of the Year award' (http://www.qatar-tribune.com/news-details/id/32250) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Vencedores da Escolha do Consumidor 2018 (https://shoppingspirit.pt/2018/01/11/vencedores-da-escolha-do-consumidor-2018/) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sacoor Brothers - Localizador Lojas (https://www.sacoorbrothers.com/pt/localizador-lojas/) External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://www.sacoorbrothers.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐684d774667‐pcqt2 Cached time: 20240704081443 Cache expiry: 2389518 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.121 seconds Real time usage: 0.182 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1342/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7143/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1259/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5895/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.056/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2506169/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 159.933 1 -total 53.96% 86.292 1 Template:Infobox_company 48.38% 77.374 1 Template:Infobox 36.69% 58.686 1 Template:Short_description 22.35% 35.751 2 Template:Pagetype 8.39% 13.415 6 Template:Main_other 7.01% 11.210 1 Template:Reflist 6.87% 10.985 1 Template:SDcat 4.67% 7.461 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 4.36% 6.976 1 Template:Start_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56806074-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704081443 and revision id 1232542776. 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American model This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sherry_Shi) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sherry_Shi) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . 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( July 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sherry Shi Born ( 2002-02-26 ) 26 February 2002 (age 22) Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , U.S. Occupation Model Modelling information Height 180 [1] (#cite_note-1) cm (5 ft 11 in) Hair colour Black [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Eye colour Dark Brown [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) [3] (#cite_note-3) Sherry Ramsay Shi is an American model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . During Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_week) 2022, Shi walked the most shows and opened for major designers. Born and raised in Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) Shi started modelling at the age of 16 and was signed later with IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She currently ranks in the Top 50 Models at Models.com. [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life [ edit ] Sherry Shi was born on 26 February 2002 in Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) . Her parents are Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Immigrants. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Shi also has 2 older siblings and was introduced to modelling by her older sister who was also a model. Career [ edit ] Shi started modelling professionally at the age of 16 and was later signed to IMG models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . Her first modelling job was Alexander Wang’s (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) 2019 resort. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Shi was encouraged to take modelling classes at the age of 13, by a scout at her sister's agency. Shi practiced for 4 years to develop her own walk and drew inspiration from models such as Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) , Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) , Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) and Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2021 Shi appeared on the American Vogue's (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Cover along with Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) and Precious Lee (/wiki/Precious_Lee) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2022 Shi appeared on the Hong Kong and Chinese Vogue and in 2023 Shi appeared in the Chinese Vogue again. [9] (#cite_note-9) Shi walked 39 shows during the fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) 2022–2023 season, more than any other model. [10] (#cite_note-10) As of 2024, Shi has walked nearly 200 fashion shows for prestigious brands worldwide. [11] (#cite_note-11) Shi appeared on the cover of Vogue Spain for the May issue. [1] (https://models.com/work/vogue-espaa-sacar-los-colores) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Sherry Shi - New York - IMG Models" (https://www.imgmodels.com/new-york/women/6236-sherry-shi) . www.imgmodels.com . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sherry Shi - Model" (https://models.com/models/sherry-shi) . MODELS.com . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sherry Shi - London - IMG Models" (https://www.imgmodels.com/london/women/6236-sherry-shi) . www.imgmodels.com . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Akwei, Abi (2022-03-26). "Who Is Sherry Shi? Everything To Know About The Model" (https://44bars.com/who-is-sherry-shi-everything-to-know-about-the-model/) . 44Bars.com . Retrieved 2023-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "MODELS.com's Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/30454#30454) . models.com . Retrieved 2023-05-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b maz_adm_2018 (2020-05-20). "At home with Sherry Shi" (https://www.numeromag.nl/home-sherry-shi/) . Numéro Netherlands . Retrieved 2023-05-10 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sherry Shi is the model who walked the most this Fashion Week" (https://www.vogue.fr/beauty-tips/article/sherry-shi-top-model-interview) . Vogue France (in French). 2022-03-11 . Retrieved 2023-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Generation America: The Models Changing an Industry" (https://www.vogue.com/article/september-issue-2021-cover-new-beginnings) . Vogue . 2021-08-05 . Retrieved 2023-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://models.com/models/sherry-shi/year/magazine (https://models.com/models/sherry-shi/year/magazine) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "MODELS.com's Runway" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Runway/) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2023-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) https://models.com/models/sherry-shi/year/shows (https://models.com/models/sherry-shi/year/shows) This biographical article about a model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherry_Shi&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6r77s Cached time: 20240713011628 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.450 seconds Real time usage: 0.621 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2450/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 76852/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16306/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47009/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.342/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8316378/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 584.406 1 -total 38.30% 223.831 1 Template:Infobox_model 26.30% 153.703 4 Template:Ambox 19.62% 114.670 9 Template:Cite_web 16.59% 96.924 1 Template:Multiple_issues 12.37% 72.274 1 Template:Infobox 11.87% 69.386 1 Template:Short_description 11.40% 66.636 1 Template:Model-stub 11.10% 64.888 1 Template:Asbox 11.06% 64.652 2 Template:BLP_sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73770455-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713011628 and revision id 1228890704. 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Klauser Schuhe Company type Limited (/wiki/Limited_partnership) ( Kommanditgesellschaft (/wiki/Kommanditgesellschaft) ) Industry Shoe shop Headquarters Wuppertal (/wiki/Wuppertal) , Germany Key people Peter Prange (manager) Hermann-Josef Richter (manager) Number of employees 1900 Website klauser-schuhe.de (http://www.klauser-schuhe.de/) The company Klauser , also known as Klauser Schuhe or Schuhhaus Klauser , is one of the largest owner-operated shoe retailers in Germany. With its main office located in Wuppertal (/wiki/Wuppertal) , the company employs 1900 people in 130 branches. Klauser celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2011. [1] (#cite_note-WZ20110510-1) History [ edit ] Klara Klauser founded the Klauser Schuhe business in 1936 by buying a shoe shop from Walter Kamp who was emigrating to the United States, a business described as an "acquisition of Jewish trades by Aryan (/wiki/Aryanism) businessmen". [2] (#cite_note-IHK1936-2) [3] (#cite_note-ruhrbarone15-07-2011-3) A second shop was acquired in 1938 from the Jew Siegfried Rosenberg, who had had to abandon it because of a boycott (/wiki/Boycott) campaign. [4] (#cite_note-Dahlmann2001-4) Another shop taken over from a Jew was the Schuhpalast in the industrial metropolis Barmen (/wiki/Barmen) , a shop which had existed since 1889. The previous owners were Emil Rosendahl and Max Guggenheimer, the first of whom died in the KZ Theresienstadt (/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp) . [3] (#cite_note-ruhrbarone15-07-2011-3) Partners Gerd and Maria Prange joined the company in 1965, hiring future manager Hermann-Josef Richter a year later. In April 1969, the headquarters were moved to the Wasserstraße in Wuppertal's Barmen district, where it remains to this day. [5] (#cite_note-KS_Geschichte-5) In the 1970s and 80s, the company expanded by opening additional branches in Wuppertal and other cities of North Rhine-Westphalia (/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia) . By 1986 there was a network of 28 branches. [5] (#cite_note-KS_Geschichte-5) Klauser acquired the Voswinkel company and its small chain of shops in 1989. In the 1990s, further expansion took place as shops were opened in neighboring Thuringia (/wiki/Thuringia) and Saxony (/wiki/Saxony) . The central office and the central warehouse were almost fully reconstructed in 1994. In early 2009 the 51 German branches of the almost-bankrupt shoe store chain Salamander Schuhe were acquired. [6] (#cite_note-WZ20090115-6) Prior to that, Klauser had its own 80 outlets and with the help of 1200 employees made a turnover of around €110 million (ca US$143 million). [6] (#cite_note-WZ20090115-6) As a result of the takeover, the number of employees increased to more than 1800; as a result of this, Klauser is now one of Germany's largest owner-operated shoe shops, only being exceeded by Deichmann (/wiki/Deichmann_Schuhe) , Leiser Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Görtz. [6] (#cite_note-WZ20090115-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-WZ20110510_1-0) "Klauser Schuhe: Zum Jubiläum sind es 1900 Mitarbeiter" (http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/wirtschaft/klauser-schuhe-zum-jubilaeum-sind-es-1900-mitarbeiter-1.655416) . Westdeutsche Zeitung (/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung) . 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-IHK1936_2-0) IHK Wuppertal Übernahme von jüdischen Geschäften durch arische Unternehmer. 9 May 1936 ^ Jump up to: a b Wuppertal: Schuhhaus Klauser feiert die „Arisierung“ jüdischer Geschäfte ^ (#cite_ref-Dahlmann2001_4-0) (in German) Hans Ch. Dahlmann: ‘ Arisierung’ und Gesellschaft in Witten (http://www.ruhrbarone.de/wuppertal-schuhhaus-klauser-feiert-die-arisierung-juedischer-geschaefte/) Münster 2001, pp. 127–131 ^ Jump up to: a b "Official Website of Klauser Schuhe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427103828/http://www.klauser-schuhe.de/) . Archived from the original (http://www.klauser-schuhe.de/) on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lurchi zieht an die Wupper: Klauser führt Salamander" (http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/wirtschaft/lurchi-zieht-an-die-wupper-klauser-fuehrt-salamander-1.114213) . Westdeutsche Zeitung (/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung) . 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . External links [ edit ] Homepage Klauser Schuhe (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427103828/http://www.klauser-schuhe.de/) WikiMiniAtlas 51°16′2″N 7°11′4″E  /  51.26722°N 7.18444°E  / 51.26722; 7.18444 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐tzd8c Cached time: 20240715074947 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.212 seconds Real time usage: 0.524 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1233/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13166/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 865/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16422/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.128/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3850327/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 277.970 1 -total 52.50% 145.935 1 Template:Infobox_company 47.23% 131.276 1 Template:Infobox 38.16% 106.080 1 Template:Reflist 32.15% 89.365 3 Template:Cite_web 7.55% 20.992 1 Template:Coord 4.00% 11.109 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 0.84% 2.340 4 Template:Main_other 0.65% 1.803 2 Template:Longitem 0.59% 1.629 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37418907-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715074947 and revision id 960947445. 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Makeup brush This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kabuki_brush) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kabuki brush" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kabuki+brush%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kabuki+brush%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kabuki+brush%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kabuki+brush%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kabuki+brush%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kabuki+brush%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kabuki brush A kabuki brush , sometimes called mushroom brush , [ citation needed ] is a makeup brush (/wiki/Makeup_brush) with dense bristles (/wiki/Bristle) and a short handle (/wiki/Handle) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The brush head is usually rounded, though it can also be flat. Traditionally, the bristles are made of natural materials like animal hair, such as from horses (/wiki/Horse) or goats (/wiki/Goat) , but most modern brushes have synthetic bristles. Origin [ edit ] The brush is named after kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) , a traditional type of Japanese drama theater, in which actors wear heavy makeup painted in dramatic styles ( kumadori (/wiki/Kumadori) ) to emphasize the nature of the characters. Actors use the kabuki brush to apply the white rice powder uniformly on their face. Modern usage [ edit ] Usually, a kabuki brush is used to apply loose powdered make-up, such as foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) , face powder (/wiki/Face_powder) , or blush, on large surfaces of the face. Because of its design, the brush blends powdered makeup evenly on the skin and creates natural-looking coverage. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lane, Taylor (2024-01-03). "The 14 Different Types of Makeup Brushes and How to Use Them, According to Experts" (https://wwd.com/shop/shop-beauty/types-of-makeup-brushes-1236079993/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 2024-02-21 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐z2gz7 Cached time: 20240713195843 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.287 seconds Real time usage: 0.387 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 539/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14325/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 925/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6289/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.213/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16789660/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 362.315 1 -total 29.81% 107.995 1 Template:Reflist 26.77% 96.976 1 Template:Cite_web 26.01% 94.235 1 Template:Transliteration 19.48% 70.578 1 Template:More_citations_needed 19.33% 70.053 1 Template:Short_description 17.92% 64.910 1 Template:Ambox 11.05% 40.038 2 Template:Pagetype 5.18% 18.768 4 Template:Main_other 4.93% 17.846 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39726510-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713195843 and revision id 1209356095. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabuki_brush&oldid=1209356095 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabuki_brush&oldid=1209356095) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics) Skin care (/wiki/Category:Skin_care) Kabuki (/wiki/Category:Kabuki) Makeup (/wiki/Category:Makeup) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024)
Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Alexander McQueen Evening Ensemble, Spring / Summer 1999 Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination was the 2018 high fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) art exhibition (/wiki/Art_exhibition) of the Anna Wintour Costume Center (/wiki/Anna_Wintour_Costume_Center) , a wing of The Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (MMA) which houses the collection of the Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The exhibition was held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from May 10th to October 8th, 2018. 1,659,647 people viewed the exhibit, making it the most visited exhibition in the museum's history. [4] (#cite_note-4) The exhibition featured approximately 40 ecclesiastical works from the Sistine Chapel (/wiki/Sistine_Chapel) , which were never seen outside the Vatican (/wiki/Vatican_City) , surpassing the museum's previous exhibition in 1983 entitled “The Vatican Collections: The Papacy and Art.” [5] (#cite_note-5) The exhibition also featured more than 150 ensembles of secular clothing from the 20th century. [6] (#cite_note-6) The dress code for the annual Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) held on May 7 2018, was "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" to highlight the influence of religion and liturgical vestments on fashion from designers such as Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , and Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) . Exhibition design [ edit ] Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Andrew Bolton (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) , the Curator in Charge of The Costume Institute since 2015, spoke of the intention behind the exhibition: "Throughout the history of the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) , dress has affirmed religious allegiances, asserted religious differences, and functioned to distinguish hierarchies as well as gender. Although some might regard fashion as a frivolous pursuit far removed from the sanctity of religion, most of the vestments worn by the secular clergy and religious orders of the Catholic Church actually have their origins in secular dress." [7] (#cite_note-7) The exhibition was to display the interaction between art, fashion, and religion throughout time, as Daniel H. Weiss (/wiki/Daniel_Weiss_(art_historian)) , President and CEO of The Met stated, "The Catholic imagination is rooted in and sustained by artistic practice, and fashion’s embrace of sacred images, objects, and customs continues the ever-evolving relationship between art and religion." [8] (#cite_note-8) Vanessa Friedman (/wiki/Vanessa_Friedman) of The New York Times commented that "in Catholicism the ritual of getting dressed, the pageantry of dress, is part of its identity and history." [9] (#cite_note-9) Heavenly Bodies was the largest exhibition ever offered by the Met’s Costume Institute and featured over 55 designers. [10] (#cite_note-10) The exhibition was divided into two locations: The Met Fifth Avenue and The Met Cloisters. It ran from its dedicated downstairs hall to the Byzantine and medieval galleries and into the Lehman Wing; it then continued at the Cloisters, the museum’s serene home for religious art in Upper Manhattan. The exhibition span 60,000 square feet and 25 galleries. [11] (#cite_note-11) Displays of these garments were showcased throughout multiple locations in the museum to "evoke the concept and practice of pilgrimage." [12] (#cite_note-12) It took 12 trips to the Vatican (/wiki/Vatican_City) for Bolton to present the idea and win over members of Pope Francis (/wiki/Pope_Francis) ’ inner circle to participate with the exhibition. [13] (#cite_note-13) All of the Vatican-approved pieces included in the exhibition were encased in cubes in the Anna Wintour Costume Center and were not exhibited with any unique fashion per the orders of Rome. [14] (#cite_note-14) Roman Catholic priest and American theologist David Tracy (/wiki/David_Tracy#Career) contributed to the exhibition's catalog with a preface, stating that "The highly visual culture of Catholicism is a natural influence for all manner of artists, fashion designers not exempted." [15] (#cite_note-15) Tracy also countered criticism of the exhibition's theming by arguing "Christianity cannot in fact be understood if one ignores the beauty and goodness in all creation or the tragic elements of suffering, evil and sin in all life. That is the Catholic analogical imagination." [16] (#cite_note-16) In May 2024, Chantal Fernandez reported through The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(New_York)) that Bolton originally conceived the show’s theme to be around multiple faiths [17] (#cite_note-17) but later realized that the designers who most interested him such as Galliano, McQueen, and Browne were all Catholic. Bolton originally intended to focus on the relationship between costume and each of the "five world religions" Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. [18] (#cite_note-18) According to The Cut , Versace (/wiki/Versace) agreed it would sponsor the entire budget of the exhibition if the show aligned with the brand founder’s focus on Christian iconography, prompting the narrower theme. [19] (#cite_note-19) A former employee alleged to the publication that the offer from the brand influenced the decision for the theme: “I don’t want to say they decided that in the end, but it was a contributing factor.” [20] (#cite_note-20) However, Fernandez states a representative for the museum disagreed with this report but did not elaborate further. [21] (#cite_note-21) Met Gala [ edit ] The Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) inaugurates its annual exhibition with a formal benefit dinner at The Costume Institute Benefit (/wiki/Costume_Institute_Gala) , also informally known as the ' Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) '. The event is The Costume Institute’s main source of annual funding for exhibitions, publications, acquisitions, and capital improvements. [22] (#cite_note-22) While raising money for the institute, the gala instates a different 'theme' every year corresponding to the Costume Institute's primary exhibition, where guests are encouraged to showcase different interpretations of the exhibition through their designs. For 2018's gala, the dress code was allegedly described as "Sunday Best" and modesty was recommended in view of the exhibition's links with the Church. [23] (#cite_note-23) The annual gala for the Heavenly Bodies exhibition took place on May 7, 2018. The event's co-chairs were human rights lawyer Amal Clooney (/wiki/Amal_Clooney) , singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , designer Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , and chief Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Investors Christine and Stephen A. Schwarzman (/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman) served as Honorary Chairs of the gala alongside the Versace (/wiki/Versace) fashion house. [25] (#cite_note-25) Looks from actress Blake Lively (/wiki/Blake_Lively) , actress Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) , singer Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) , model Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , rapper Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) , actor Chadwick Boseman (/wiki/Chadwick_Boseman) , and singer SZA (/wiki/SZA) were widely touted as the best-dressed at the gala across numerous publications such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Their looks have been featured in numerous subsequent exhibitions, such as 'Crown to Couture' at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) [29] (#cite_note-29) and 'DIVA' at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . [30] (#cite_note-30) During the red carpet many attendees wore crowns, wings, Vatican yellow (/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City) and Papal red (/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia) to incorporate and reflect religious inspirations into their attire. Retrospective reviews after the gala have hailed the theme as "arguably the best-executed." [31] (#cite_note-31) Critical Reception [ edit ] The exhibition received widespread critical acclaim upon opening across major publications such as The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(New_York)) , New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) , and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Laura Jacobs (/wiki/Laura_Jacobs) from the Wall Street Journal labelled the exhibition as "A gift from the Sartorial Gods [...] an idea so right, so inevitably majestic, that it's amazing it never happened here before." [32] (#cite_note-32) Rhonda Garelick from The Cut also praised the exhibition, "It's gorgeous, moving, and surprisingly witty [...] It confirms the historical, even mystical power of fashion, its worthiness of serious attention." [33] (#cite_note-33) Raquel Laneri of the New York Post said: "Art lovers already know the Metropolitan Museum is heaven on Earth. But its new exhibit [...] should convert everyone else." [34] (#cite_note-34) Candace Mixon described the experience of the exhibition as "The crowds and cameras made it feel like a visit to a grand cathedral in Europe, with tourists packed in, moving through in awe." [35] (#cite_note-35) However, Connie Wang (/wiki/Connie_Wang) writing for Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) critiqued the exhibition's lack of diversity, stating that the exhibit focused nearly entirely on Western Catholicism, with only three non-European or non-American names within the showcase. [36] (#cite_note-36) Wang also critiqued the focus on the influence of religion on fashion, stating that "It is the rejection of Catholicism — and the ideas of perpetual tradition, rigid hierarchy, and unquestioning duty it’s become to be associated with — that is the stronger font of fashion creativity." [37] (#cite_note-37) Valentino Evening Dress, Autumn/Winter 2017/18 Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art The exhibition was also met with controversy from members of the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) who viewed the exhibition to be blasphemous and exploitative of Catholicism (/wiki/Catholicism) . On June 9, 2018, nearly 500 Catholics gathered for a rally in front of the Metropolitan Museum of Art on Fifth Avenue in New York City to oppose and make reparations for the exhibition. [38] (#cite_note-38) The rally for reparation took place roughly a block in front of the museum. [39] (#cite_note-39) Protestors included holding signs and banners with statements such as “STOP BLASPHEMING THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY,” “Lay Catholics offer reparation for the sacrilegious Met Heavenly Bodies,” and “Cardinal Dolan: Mixing sin and sanctity is a sacrilege." [40] (#cite_note-40) Similarly, John Horvat II, a spokesperson for the American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property (TFP) stated: "Catholics nationwide were indignant over this show which mixed sacred symbols and Catholic imagery with immodest haute couture fashion. The Gala event inaugurating the exhibition on May 7 added insult to injury with a show of scantily clad celebrities in religious-themed clothes". [41] (#cite_note-41) Exhibition designers [ edit ] The designers who contributed to the exhibition included: [42] (#cite_note-42) A.F.Vandevorst Azzedine Alaïa Cristobal Balenciaga Geoffrey Beene Marc Bohan (for House of Dior) Thom Browne Roberto Capucci Jean-Charles de Castelbajac Gabrielle Chanel Sorelle Fontana Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana (for Dolce & Gabbana) John Galliano (for House of Dior and his own label) Jean Paul Gaultier Robert Goossens (for Chanel and Yves Saint Laurent) Craig Green Madame Grès (Alix Barton) Demna Gvasalia (for Balenciaga) Rosella Jardini (for Moschino) Stephen Jones Christian Lacroix Karl Lagerfeld (for House of Chanel) Jeanne Lanvin Shaun Leane Henri Matisse Claire McCardell Laura and Kate Mulleavy (for Rodarte) Thierry Mugler Rick Owens Carli Pearson (for Cimone) Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pierpaolo Piccioli (for Valentino) Pierpaolo Piccioli (for Valentino) Stefano Pilati (for Saint Laurent) Gareth Pugh Yves Saint Laurent Elsa Schiaparelli Raf Simons (for his own label and House of Dior) Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren (for Viktor & Rolf) Olivier Theyskens Riccardo Tisci Jun Takahashi (for Undercover) Thea Bregazzi and Justin Thornton (for Preen) Philip Treacy Duke Fulco di Verdura (for Gabrielle Chanel) Donatella Versace (for Versace) Gianni Versace Valentina References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Exhibition info" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2018/heavenly-bodies) . www.metmuseum.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190129171523/https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2018/heavenly-bodies) from the original on 2019-01-29 . Retrieved 2021-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Farago, Jason; Mclaughlin, Ariana (May 9, 2018). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) 'Heavenly Bodies' Brings the Fabric of Faith to the Met" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Borrelli-Persson, Laird (8 November 2017). "Met Gala 2018 Theme Revealed: "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2018-theme-heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2018-theme-heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210219184842/https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2018-theme-heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination) from the original on 2021-02-19 . Retrieved 2021-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "1,659,647 Visitors to Costume Institute's Heavenly Bodies Show at Met Fifth Avenue and Met Cloisters Make It the Most Visited Exhibition in The Met's History" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2018/heavenly-bodies-most-visited-exhibition) . www.metmuseum.org.press . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200813063405/https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2018/heavenly-bodies-most-visited-exhibition) from the original on 2020-08-13 . Retrieved 2021-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nast, Condé (2017-11-08). "Met Gala 2018 Theme Revealed: "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2018-theme-heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2018-theme-heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Farago, Jason; Mclaughlin, Ariana (2018-05-09). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) 'Heavenly Bodies' Brings the Fabric of Faith to the Met" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Metaphorical Nature of Creation: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://www.metmuseum.org/articles/heavenly-bodies-fashion-catholic-imagination-introduction) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2017/heavenly-bodies) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Farago, Jason; Mclaughlin, Ariana (2018-05-09). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) 'Heavenly Bodies' Brings the Fabric of Faith to the Met" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Farago, Jason; Mclaughlin, Ariana (2018-05-09). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) 'Heavenly Bodies' Brings the Fabric of Faith to the Met" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/design/heavenly-bodies-met-costumes.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Kanski, Shelby (2022-05-01). "The Met Costume Institute: Evolution, Metamorphosis, and Cultural Phenomenon" (https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/tmd-research-undergrad/4) . Research Papers by Undergraduate Students . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Metaphorical Nature of Creation: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2018/heavenly-bodies-fashion-catholic-imagination-introduction) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Feitelberg, Rosemary (2018-05-07). "The Met's Costume Institute Unveils 'Heavenly Bodies' (https://wwd.com/feature/met-costume-institute-heavenly-bodies-to-examine-designers-influenced-by-catholicism-1202667516/) " (https://wwd.com/feature/met-costume-institute-heavenly-bodies-to-examine-designers-influenced-by-catholicism-1202667516/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Feitelberg, Rosemary (2018-05-07). "The Met's Costume Institute Unveils 'Heavenly Bodies' (https://wwd.com/feature/met-costume-institute-heavenly-bodies-to-examine-designers-influenced-by-catholicism-1202667516/) " (https://wwd.com/feature/met-costume-institute-heavenly-bodies-to-examine-designers-influenced-by-catholicism-1202667516/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Heavenly Bodies, from Michelangelo to Dolce & Gabbana" (https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2018/05/02/heavenly-bodies-michelangelo-dolce-gabbana) . America Magazine . 2018-05-02 . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Heavenly Bodies, from Michelangelo to Dolce & Gabbana" (https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2018/05/02/heavenly-bodies-michelangelo-dolce-gabbana) . America Magazine . 2018-05-02 . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Fernandez, Chantal (2024-05-03). "The Met Gala's Costume Drama" (https://www.thecut.com/article/met-gala-costume-institute-exhibit-anna-wintour-andrew-bolton.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Brown, Elizabeth A.R., "Jesus Christ, heavenly bodies, and Catholic imaginations : the Apostolic Church, the Vatican, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://doi.org/10.1400/285809) , Middle Ages without borders : a conversation on medievalism = Medioevo senza frontiere : una convesazione sul medievalismo = Moyen Âge sans frontières : une conversation sur le médiévalisme / edited by Tommaso di Carpegna Falconeri, Pierre Savy, Lila Yawn , École Française de Rome, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1400/285809 (https://doi.org/10.1400%2F285809) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7283-1493-5 , retrieved 2024-05-08 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Fernandez, Chantal (2024-05-03). "The Met Gala's Costume Drama" (https://www.thecut.com/article/met-gala-costume-institute-exhibit-anna-wintour-andrew-bolton.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Fernandez, Chantal (2024-05-03). "The Met Gala's Costume Drama" (https://www.thecut.com/article/met-gala-costume-institute-exhibit-anna-wintour-andrew-bolton.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Fernandez, Chantal (2024-05-03). "The Met Gala's Costume Drama" (https://www.thecut.com/article/met-gala-costume-institute-exhibit-anna-wintour-andrew-bolton.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2017/heavenly-bodies) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Brown, Elizabeth A.R., "Jesus Christ, heavenly bodies, and Catholic imaginations : the Apostolic Church, the Vatican, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://doi.org/10.1400/285809) , Middle Ages without borders : a conversation on medievalism = Medioevo senza frontiere : una convesazione sul medievalismo = Moyen Âge sans frontières : une conversation sur le médiévalisme / edited by Tommaso di Carpegna Falconeri, Pierre Savy, Lila Yawn , École Française de Rome, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1400/285809 (https://doi.org/10.1400%2F285809) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7283-1493-5 , retrieved 2024-05-08 ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2017/heavenly-bodies) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2017/heavenly-bodies) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "The 20 Absolute Best Dressed at The 2018 Met Gala" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/g20101402/met-gala-2018-best-dressed/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2018-05-08 . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Nast, Condé (2018-05-08). "Met Gala 2018: The Best Dressed Celebrities on the Red Carpet" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/met-gala-best-dressed-celebrity-red-carpet-fashion) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Nast, Condé (2018-05-07). "Met Gala 2018: The Best-Dressed Stars" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2018/05/met-gala-2018-best-dressed) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Wade, Prudence. "New fashion exhibition brings the Met Gala to Kensington Palace" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/kensington-palace-billy-porter-beyonce-grammys-katy-perry-b2310815.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Inside the DIVA exhibition · V&A" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/inside-the-diva-exhibition) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Was this year's Met Gala the most disappointing one yet?" (https://www.lbc.co.uk/opinion/views/was-this-years-met-gala-the-most-disappointing-one-yet/) . LBC . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Jacobs, Laura. " (https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination-review-a-gift-from-the-sartorial-gods-1525907633) 'Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination' Review: A Gift From the Sartorial Gods" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavenly-bodies-fashion-and-the-catholic-imagination-review-a-gift-from-the-sartorial-gods-1525907633) . WSJ . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Garelick, Rhonda (2018-05-10). "The Met's 'Heavenly Bodies' Show Is Worth the Pilgrimage" (https://www.thecut.com/2018/05/review-the-mets-heavenly-bodies-show-is-worth-it.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Laneri, Raquel. "The celebs have left, so check out the Met's 'Heavenly Bodies' (https://nypost.com/2018/05/11/the-celebs-have-left-so-check-out-the-mets-heavenly-bodies/) " (https://nypost.com/2018/05/11/the-celebs-have-left-so-check-out-the-mets-heavenly-bodies/) . New York Post . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Mixon, Candace (2019-05-27). "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination, An Exhibition at the Met Fifth Avenue and The Met Cloisters" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17432200.2019.1590015) . Material Religion . 15 (3): 397–400. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/17432200.2019.1590015 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17432200.2019.1590015) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1743-2200 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-2200) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Wang, Connie. "The Met Got The Catholic Fashion Story Wrong" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2018/05/198476/met-catholic-imagination) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Wang, Connie. "The Met Got The Catholic Fashion Story Wrong" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2018/05/198476/met-catholic-imagination) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2024-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Chang, Eunjung (2019-04-03). "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392) . Studies in Art Education . 60 (2): 148–156. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00393541.2019.1600392) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0039-3541 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3541) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Chang, Eunjung (2019-04-03). "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392) . Studies in Art Education . 60 (2): 148–156. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00393541.2019.1600392) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0039-3541 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3541) . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Chang, Eunjung (2019-04-03). "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392) . Studies in Art Education . 60 (2): 148–156. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00393541.2019.1600392 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00393541.2019.1600392) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0039-3541 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3541) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) II, John Horvat (2018-06-12). "Reparation Crusade in Manhattan: "Much More Than I Expected!" 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Find sources: "Clothing of Hyderabad, India" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clothing+of+Hyderabad%2C+India%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The traditional clothing of Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) , India has both Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) and South Asian (/wiki/South_Asian) influences. Men wear sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) and kurta (/wiki/Kurta) – paijama (/wiki/Paijama) and women wear khara dupatta (/wiki/Khara_dupatta) and Halfsaree,silksaree (/wiki/Salwar_kameez) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-TOI_Culture-2) [3] (#cite_note-Karen_Leonard-3) ,halfsaree,pattusaree Most Muslim women wear burqa (/wiki/Burqa) and hijab (/wiki/Hijab) outdoors. [4] (#cite_note-4) Western-style clothing is increasingly common among younger people. [5] (#cite_note-5) Men's wear [ edit ] Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) – paijama (/wiki/Paijama) / Churidar (/wiki/Churidar) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Women's wear [ edit ] Silk Sarees (/w/index.php?title=Sarees&action=edit&redlink=1) Langa voni (/wiki/Langa_voni) Gaagra Choli (/w/index.php?title=Gaagra_Choli&action=edit&redlink=1) Khada dupatta (/w/index.php?title=Khada_dupatta&action=edit&redlink=1) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rajamani, Radhika (21 March 2002). "Clothes make-over for men" (https://web.archive.org/web/20020523034656/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm) on 23 May 2002 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-TOI_Culture_2-0) "Changing trends in city's culture" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM) . The Times of India . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Karen_Leonard_3-0) Leonard, Karen Isaksen (2007). Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad . Stanford University Press (/wiki/Stanford_University_Press) . pp. 14 and 248–255. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8047-5442-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Imam, Syeda (2008). The Untold Charminar . Penguin. p. 187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-8475-971-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Efforts should be made to preserve traditional wear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234115/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 23 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm) on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . 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1992 1993 1994 (/wiki/Category:1994_clothing) 1995 (/wiki/Category:1995_clothing) 1996 1997 1998 1999 (/wiki/Category:1999_clothing) 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_clothing) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_clothing) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_clothing) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) 2010s (/wiki/Category:2010s_clothing) 2020s (/wiki/Category:2020s_clothing) 2030s 2040s NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐ss4s5 Cached time: 20240719054445 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.138 seconds Real time usage: 0.209 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3914/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 31/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.099/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 996303/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 199.817 1 -total 81.27% 162.400 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 14.53% 29.035 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 10.06% 20.093 1 Template:Category_other 9.10% 18.190 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.93% 5.858 2 Template:Title_year 2.64% 5.273 1 Template:Template_other 1.09% 2.184 1 Template:DECADE 0.76% 1.527 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54992145-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719054445 and revision id 982830642. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "1997 clothing" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Chartreuse Dior dress of Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) U Union Jack dress (/wiki/Union_Jack_dress) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1997_clothing&oldid=982830642 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1997_clothing&oldid=982830642) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1997 works (/wiki/Category:1997_works) 1990s clothing (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Clothing of the Ancient Kingdom of Shu The large bronze figure uncovered at Sanxingdui (/wiki/Sanxingdui) , clothed in the so-called "royal dress". The figure has been interpreted as a representation of a high priest (/wiki/High_priest) by Kimberley S. Te Winkle, [1] (#cite_note-1) and a priest-king (/wiki/Sacred_king) of ancient Shu by Chinese archaeologists. [2] (#cite_note-Ye-2) Clothing in ancient Shu refers to clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn in the Ancient Kingdom of Shu (/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)) (1046 BC? – c. 316 BC , modern-day Chengdu Plain (/wiki/Chengdu_Plain) , Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) ). Archaeological finds in Sanxingdui (/wiki/Sanxingdui) and Jinsha (/wiki/Jinsha_site) sites have provided the best source of information on ancient Shu costume. Shu clothing's right over left lapel closing (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) ( zuoren ) was considered "very strange" by Yang Xiong (/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)) , a 1st-century BC author from Pi County (/wiki/Pidu,_Chengdu) , Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) , as in contrast to contemporary Chinese Western Han clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) 's left over right lapel closing ( youren ). [2] (#cite_note-Ye-2) Overview [ edit ] The large bronze figure uncovered at Sanxingdui wears a crown-like headdress and three layers of robes (/wiki/Robe) of fancy design, [3] (#cite_note-Wu-3) which are referred to as the "royal dress" of ancient Shu by Chinese archaeologists. The outer garment with short sleeves is covered with intricately designed patterns of birds and mythical creatures. [2] (#cite_note-Ye-2) The middle garment is mostly hidden for being the shortest of the three, with its V-shaped neckline visible. The longest inner garment with tight long sleeves is partially visible from the back, [4] (#cite_note-4) which has a swallow-tailed hem. [2] (#cite_note-Ye-2) The most common clothing worn by those bronze figures comprises a tight jacket (/wiki/Jacket) , or a close-fitting, usually knee length tunic (/wiki/Tunic) with a belt, and a pair of tight pants (/wiki/Trousers) . The jackets are mostly plain and simple without decoration, while the tunics have linear geometric patterns, albeit much less intricate compared to the "royal dress". [3] (#cite_note-Wu-3) One exception is the jacket worn by a bronze figure with an animal-form headdress, decorated with motifs, according to Li Laiyu, resembling cloud and lightning. [5] (#cite_note-5) Gallery [ edit ] Large bronze figure from Sanxingdui (/wiki/Sanxingdui) Bronze figurine from Jinsha (/wiki/Jinsha_site) Bronze altar with male figures wearing belted tunics, Sanxingdui Female figures carved on jade blade, Sanxingdui Bronze figurines wearing plain jackets and tight pants, Sanxingdui Bronze figurines wearing belted tunics, Sanxingdui See also [ edit ] Ba–Shu culture (/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_culture) Clothing in the ancient world (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Shu embroidery (/wiki/Sichuan_embroidery) Tocharian clothing (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Te Winkle, Kimberley S. (2005). "A Sacred Trinity: God, Mountain and Bird. Cultic Practices of the Bronze Age Chengdu Plain" (https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp149_bronze_age_chengdu.pdf) (PDF) . Sino-Platonic Papers (/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers) (149): 13. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2157-9679 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9679) . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Xiaoye (2021). "三千多年前三星堆人穿什么？" (https://www.cdcppcc.gov.cn/show-1672-110053062-1.html) [What did Sanxingdui people wear three thousand years ago?]. 天府广记 [Extensive Records of the Land of Abundance] (in Simplified Chinese). No. 3. Chengdu: Chengdu Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wu, Weixi (July 19, 2021). "服飾" (https://books.google.com/books?id=aJQ7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%8F%A4%E8%9C%80%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE&pg=PT138) [Clothing]. 回到塵封的古蜀國：三星堆解密 [ Back to Ancient Kingdom of Shu: Unlocking Sanxingdui ] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: Sonbook Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789865168025 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Xu, Jay (lecturer) (September 11, 2021). Saturday University: Sanxingdui, A Lost Civilization (Lecture video). Seattle: Gardner Center for Asian Art and Ideas. Event occurs at 28:20. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Li, Laiyu (July 21, 2015). "三星堆遗址中的古代蜀人服饰" (http://www.kaogu.cn/cn/kaoguyuandi/kaogubaike/2015/0717/50897.html) [Costumes of the Ancient Shu people from Sanxingdui]. kaogu.cn (/wiki/Institute_of_Archaeology,_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences) (in Simplified Chinese) . 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American restaurant chain Fashion Cafe Company type Private Industry Restaurant Founded 1995 ; 29 years ago ( 1995 ) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Founders Francesco Buti Tommaso Buti Headquarters New York City, New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , United States Number of locations 5 Areas served United States (/wiki/United_States) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Key people Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) (spokesmodel) Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) (spokesmodel) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) (spokesmodel) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) (spokesmodel) Owners Francesco Buti Tommaso Buti Fashion Cafe was an international restaurant chain that was based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) that featured celebrity models and had locations in the United States (/wiki/United_States) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , and Spain (/wiki/Spain) . Francesco Buti and Tommaso Buti founded the restaurant in 1995, the business was initially fronted by super models Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) , Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , and Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) . [1] (#cite_note-Spart-1) The Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) called the chain "a couture version of Planet Hollywood (/wiki/Planet_Hollywood) and the Hard Rock Cafe (/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe) ." [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] The chain first opened in Rockefeller Center (/wiki/Rockefeller_Center) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1995. [3] (#cite_note-Saulny1-3) On Monday May 6, 1996, construction began on the London (/wiki/London) branch of the chain, though the London branch went bust in 1999, a year after it opened. [1] (#cite_note-Spart-1) The London and New York locations became the primary locations of Fashion Cafe. The Fashion Café's grand opening was the highlight of that season's fashion week. [ citation needed ] Gianni and Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Veronica Webb (/wiki/Veronica_Webb) , Beverly Peele (/wiki/Beverly_Peele) , and Eileen Ford (/wiki/Eileen_Ford) were all there with Stephen Baldwin (/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin) , David Copperfield (/wiki/David_Copperfield_(magician)) , the Wayans brothers (/wiki/Wayans_brothers) , Jon Stewart (/wiki/Jon_Stewart) , Matt Lauer (/wiki/Matt_Lauer) , RuPaul (/wiki/RuPaul) , and Molly Ringwald (/wiki/Molly_Ringwald) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The Rockefeller Center Fashion Cafe closed in 1998. Criticized for its management of the restaurant chain, Tommaso Buti was finally granted a full pardon by President Donald Trump on 19 January 2021 before being tried on any charges. [5] (#cite_note-5) Specifications [ edit ] The Fashion Cafe's facade was shiny and merchandised, resembled more of a souvenir gift shop than an eatery with a large steel nameplate and passerby-friendly glass window panes. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] Food portal (/wiki/Portal:Food) ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Cafe, Planet Hollywood square off" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jQYqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ac8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4854,1366461&dq=fashion-cafe&hl=en) . Spartanburg Herald-Journal (/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal) . May 8, 1996. p. A2 . Retrieved July 5, 2011 – via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Trendy celebrity crowd packs opening of chic Fashion Cafe" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X7FJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0A4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,2623093&dq=fashion-cafe+website&hl=en) . Bangor Daily News (/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . April 10, 1995. p. C6 . Retrieved July 5, 2011 – via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . ^ (#cite_ref-Saulny1_3-0) Saulny, Susan (December 12, 2000). "Businessmen Who Created Fashion Cafe Are Hit With Fraud Charges" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/12/nyregion/businessmen-who-created-fashion-cafe-are-hit-with-fraud-charges.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved July 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Remembering the Bizarre History of New York's Fashion Café" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/fashion-cafe-naomi-campbell-claudia-schiffer) . WM Magazine . April 30, 2020 . Retrieved June 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Pardons Granted by President Donald J. Trump (2017-2021)" (https://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardons-granted-president-donald-j-trump-2017-2021) . www.justice.gov . August 28, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A historical look at the Fashion Cafe" (https://crfashionbook.com/culture-a22487526-naomi-campbell-claudia-schiffer-christy-turlington-supermodel-fashion-cafe/) . CR Fashion Book . June 20, 2018 . Retrieved June 23, 2011 . 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Defunct British women's magazine This article is about the British magazine. For the 1724 novel of the same name, see Eliza Haywood (/wiki/Eliza_Haywood) . For the women's debating society, see Women in the Enlightenment (/wiki/Women_in_the_Enlightenment) . La Belle Assemblée , title page, Volume III, July to December 1807 La Belle Assemblée (in full La Belle Assemblée or, Bell's Court and Fashionable Magazine Addressed Particularly to the Ladies ) was a British women's magazine (/wiki/Women%27s_magazine) published from 1806 to 1837, founded by John Bell (/wiki/John_Bell_(publisher)) (1745–1831). [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-British_Fiction-2) Publishing history [ edit ] The magazine was published as La Belle Assemblée from 1806 until May 1832. It became The Court Magazine and Belle Assemblée from 1832 to 1837. After 1837 the Belle Assemblée name was dropped when the magazine merged with the Lady's Magazine and Museum (itself a merger of The Lady's Magazine (/wiki/The_Lady%27s_Magazine) and a competitor) to become The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic . [2] (#cite_note-British_Fiction-2) [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) It was published by John Bell from 1806 until his retirement in 1821, and by G. & W. Whittaker & Co. from 1823 to 1829. Between these dates the magazine was listed as "Published for the proprietors". [2] (#cite_note-British_Fiction-2) [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) Content [ edit ] La Belle Assemblée is now best known for its fashion plates (/wiki/Fashion_plate) of Regency era (/wiki/British_Regency) styles, but until the 1820s it also published original poetry and fiction, non-fiction articles on politics and science, book and theatre reviews, and serialized novels, including Oakwood Hall by Catherine Hutton (/wiki/Catherine_Hutton) . [2] (#cite_note-British_Fiction-2) [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) Other notable contributors to La Belle Assemblée include Mary Shelley (/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography) . Contributions from readers were also encouraged and published. [2] (#cite_note-British_Fiction-2) [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) While each number of La Belle Assemblée typically contained five plates—one depicting a member of the court or fashionable society, two depicting the latest fashions, and a further two providing sheet music and a sewing pattern—the magazine was not dominated by the frivolities of fashionable dress. Indeed, Bell separated the portion of the work dealing with the fashions of the month from the remainder of the publication. One could (at least initially) purchase either of the two divisions of the work separately; the first consisting of the bulk of the letterpress, together with two of the plates, the second ('La Belle Assemblée') consisting of the fashion plates and sewing pattern, together, usually, with four pages describing the plates and discussing the latest London and Paris fashions. [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) In the 1820s, changing expectations of the role of women in British society (/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era) coincided with a marked decrease in the intellectual scope of La Belle Assemblée and its competitors, which increasingly focused on fashion and domestic pursuits (/wiki/Separate_spheres) . [3] (#cite_note-Science-3) Until spring 1822, the fashion plates were labeled a month ahead, e.g., the plates published in May 1810 were marked June 1810. Mary Ann Bell (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bell) was a well known contributor to the fashion content in the publication. [4] (#cite_note-4) The changes in the early 1820s may have resulted from John Bell's retirement some time in 1821. Similar magazines [ edit ] Similarly titled fashion publications included The Penny Belle Assemblée or Maids, Wives and Widows' Gazette of Fashions (1830s), the Weekly Belle Assemblée , and its successor the New Monthly Belle Assemblée (1834–1870). See also [ edit ] Gallery of Fashion (/wiki/Gallery_of_Fashion) List of 18th-century British periodicals (/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals) List of 18th-century British periodicals for women (/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals_for_women) List of 19th-century British periodicals (/wiki/List_of_19th-century_British_periodicals) Plates from La Belle Assemblée [ edit ] Fashion plate, Nov 1806 (from Oct 1806 issue) Fashion plate, Aug 1808 (from Jul 1808 issue) Fashion plate, 1809 Fashion plate, May 1812 (from Apr 1812 issue) Fashion plate, Jun 1814 (from May 1814 issue) Fashion plate, Jan 1817 (from Dec 1816 issue) Fashion plate, ballgown, 1818 Fashion plate, Jan 1820 (from Dec 1819 issue) Fashion plate, Jun 1822 Portrait of the Rt. Hon. Harriet Charlotte Beaujolois, Viscountess Tullamore, engraved by John Cochran (/wiki/John_Cochran_(artist)) , 1826 Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (/wiki/Charlotte_Percy,_Duchess_of_Northumberland) . Stipple engraving by T. A. Dean, 1829 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Regency Fashion" (http://regencyfashion.org/lb.html) . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Garside, P. D., J. E. Belanger, and S. A. Ragaz, authors, A. A. Mandal, designer. "La Belle Assemblée, or Bell's Court and Fashionable Magazine" (http://www.british-fiction.cf.ac.uk/guide/reviews/lba.html) . British Fiction 1800–1829: A Database of Production, Circulation, and Reception . Centre for Editorial and Intertextual Research, Cardiff University . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Belle Assemblée" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110614134110/http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/sciper/browse/BA_desc.html) . Science in the 19th Century Periodical: An Electronic Index . Archived from the original (http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/sciper/browse/BA_desc.html) on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Adburgham, Alison: Women in Print: Writing Women and Women's Magazines from the Restoration (https://books.google.com/books?id=JV1CXhMJJZgC&dq=La+Belle+Assembl%C3%A9e+mary+ann+bell&pg=RA1-PT224) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Belle Assemblée (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:La_Belle_Assembl%C3%A9e) . Plates from (http://regencyfashion.org/lb.html) La Belle Assemblée La Belle Assemblée Volume III (https://books.google.com/books?id=x4MFAAAAQAAJ&q=la+belle+assemblee) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xkhcj Cached time: 20240721053240 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.238 seconds Real time usage: 0.349 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 754/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11873/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1983/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29024/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4339662/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 317.624 1 -total 33.03% 104.906 1 Template:Reflist 28.20% 89.555 3 Template:Cite_web 21.59% 68.566 1 Template:Short_description 12.69% 40.310 1 Template:Commons_category 11.98% 38.042 1 Template:Sister_project 11.91% 37.844 2 Template:Pagetype 11.32% 35.962 1 Template:Side_box 7.01% 22.277 1 Template:About 6.45% 20.484 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25223726-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721053240 and revision id 1216746097. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_Assemblée&oldid=1216746097 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_Assemblée&oldid=1216746097) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion magazines published in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Fashion_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom) Defunct women's magazines published in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom) Magazines established in 1806 (/wiki/Category:Magazines_established_in_1806) Magazines disestablished in 1837 (/wiki/Category:Magazines_disestablished_in_1837) Regency era (/wiki/Category:Regency_era) Defunct women's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines) 1806 establishments in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:1806_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom) 1837 disestablishments in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:1837_disestablishments_in_the_United_Kingdom) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American model and actress Dylan Penn Penn in 2021 Born Dylan Frances Penn ( 1991-04-13 ) April 13, 1991 (age 33) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation(s) Model, actress Years active 2013–present Parents Sean Penn (/wiki/Sean_Penn) (father) Robin Wright (/wiki/Robin_Wright) (mother) Relatives Hopper Penn (/wiki/Hopper_Penn) (brother) Michael Penn (/wiki/Michael_Penn) (uncle) Chris Penn (/wiki/Chris_Penn) (uncle) Leo Penn (/wiki/Leo_Penn) (grandfather) Eileen Ryan (/wiki/Eileen_Ryan) (grandmother) Modeling information Height 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) [1] (#cite_note-DPDTMM-1) Hair color Blonde [1] (#cite_note-DPDTMM-1) Eye color Blue [1] (#cite_note-DPDTMM-1) Agency Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) (New York, Los Angeles) d'management group (Milan) Premier Model Management (London) DT Model Management (Los Angeles) [2] (#cite_note-2) Dylan Frances Penn [3] (#cite_note-MacMinn-3) (born April 13, 1991) is an American model and actress. She is the daughter of Sean Penn (/wiki/Sean_Penn) and Robin Wright (/wiki/Robin_Wright) . Her early public roles included modeling campaigns for Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , a magazine cover for treats! (/wiki/Treats!) , a music video appearance in Nick Jonas (/wiki/Nick_Jonas) 's " Chains (/wiki/Chains_(Nick_Jonas_song)) " and an acting role in Elvis & Nixon (/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon) . Early life [ edit ] Penn was born on April 13, 1991, in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) to actor-director Sean Penn (/wiki/Sean_Penn) and actress Robin Wright (/wiki/Robin_Wright) . [3] (#cite_note-MacMinn-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Wright had surrendered the role of Maid Marian (/wiki/Maid_Marian) in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves) due to her pregnancy with Dylan. [5] (#cite_note-5) Penn was raised in Ross (/wiki/Ross,_California) , a town in Marin County, California (/wiki/Marin_County,_California) . [6] (#cite_note-TmfDPciCJ-6) She has a younger brother named Hopper Jack (/wiki/Hopper_Penn) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Her paternal grandfather Leo Penn (/wiki/Leo_Penn) is of Russian-Jewish (/wiki/Russian-Jewish) and Lithuanian-Jewish (/wiki/Lithuanian-Jewish) descent, whereas her paternal grandmother Eileen Ryan (/wiki/Eileen_Ryan) is Catholic (/wiki/Catholic) and of Irish (/wiki/Irish_people) and Italian (/wiki/Italian_people) descent. She attended Marin Academy (/wiki/Marin_Academy) , [8] (#cite_note-8) and dropped out of the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) after one semester. [9] (#cite_note-DPtSDoRWaSPBA-9) She spent time living in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Her parents' divorce was finalized in 2010. [11] (#cite_note-11) Before modeling, Penn had worked delivering pizzas, as a waitress, and as a freelance screenplay editor. [12] (#cite_note-12) She also worked in New York City as a restaurant hostess (/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27h%C3%B4tel) and an intern (/wiki/Internship) at an advertising agency. [13] (#cite_note-UCWtNI-13) Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] Penn's first modeling billboards were for Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) in 2013. [14] (#cite_note-DPstP-14) Then she appeared in GQ (/wiki/GQ) in December 2013, [15] (#cite_note-15) in W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) in January 2014, [16] (#cite_note-DPIGIT-16) and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) in March 2014. [13] (#cite_note-UCWtNI-13) Penn posed for photographer Tony Duran (/wiki/Tony_Duran_(photographer)) for a partially nude cover and an interior layout [17] (#cite_note-MODELS.com-17) in the seventh, 2014 Spring/Summer, issue of the erotica (/wiki/Erotica) and fine arts (/wiki/Fine_arts) magazine treats! (/wiki/Treats!) , released in April 2014. Penn said, "I have always loved his black and white nudes, they were always so tastefully done and, more specifically, showed that certain elegant yet strong beauty that I think all women embody". [18] (#cite_note-huffpost-2014-Kornowski-18) [9] (#cite_note-DPtSDoRWaSPBA-9) Within weeks of the issue's release, Penn signed a new modeling contract with Premier Model Management to represent her in the United Kingdom. [14] (#cite_note-DPstP-14) [19] (#cite_note-19) Penn appeared at No. 68 on the Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) annual Hot 100 list in 2014, [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) and at No. 93 in the AskMen.com (/wiki/AskMen.com) 99 Most Desirable Women list that same year. [22] (#cite_note-22) In June 2014, she filmed a role in the music video (/wiki/Music_video) for the Nick Jonas (/wiki/Nick_Jonas) song " Chains (/wiki/Chains_(Nick_Jonas_song)) " at the Hotel Alexandria (/wiki/Hotel_Alexandria) . [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) Three months later, Penn and Poppy Delevingne (/wiki/Poppy_Delevingne) played biker women in Rock Roll Ride , [25] (#cite_note-youtube-ROCKROLLRIDE-25) a short film for shoe designer Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) , directed by Julia Restoin Roitfeld (/wiki/Julia_Restoin_Roitfeld) , for Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) She appeared on the cover of L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) that December and the cover of Asos in August 2015. [28] (#cite_note-28) The following January, Penn and her younger brother, Hopper, did their first joint fashion modeling campaign together, [29] (#cite_note-29) eventually making media appearances at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Acting [ edit ] Penn's first film was the horror movie Condemned (/wiki/Condemned_(2015_film)) , directed by Eli Morgan Gesner, in which she played the girlfriend of a band member living in a rundown building. [31] (#cite_note-31) The film opened on Friday the 13th (/wiki/Friday_the_13th) in November 2015. [32] (#cite_note-32) Another early role was in Elvis & Nixon (/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon) , which stars Kevin Spacey (/wiki/Kevin_Spacey) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The movie was presented in at least one spring film festival and was released in April 2016. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) In November 2015, it was announced that she had booked roles in a pair of independent films (/wiki/Independent_films) : GenRX and Unfiltered . [36] (#cite_note-DPtSDoRWaSPIRFHC-36) In 2021, she co-starred with her father in the film Flag Day (/wiki/Flag_Day_(film)) , which he also directed. [37] (#cite_note-37) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Dylan Penn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140728122543/http://www.dtmodelmanagement.com/website/talent/59644/dylan-penn/) . DT Model Management. Archived from the original (http://www.dtmodelmanagement.com/website/talent/59644/dylan-penn/) on July 28, 2014 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Dylan Penn - Model" (https://models.com/models/dylan-penn) . ^ Jump up to: a b MacMinn, Aleene (April 17, 1991). "Cradle Watch" (http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-17/entertainment/ca-49_1_penn-publicist-wright) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120309121117/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-17/entertainment/ca-49_1_penn-publicist-wright) from the original on March 9, 2012 . Retrieved July 27, 2014 . Dylan Frances Penn was born Saturday [April 13] at 10:49 p.m. at UCLA Medical Center. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fink, Mitchell (August 5, 1991). "The Insider" (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20115633,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(American_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120514141509/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20115633,00.html) from the original on May 14, 2012 . Retrieved July 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Georgiades, William (March 15, 2013). "Robin Wright: from fairy-tale princess to House of Cards über-bitch" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/robin-wright-from-fairytale-princess-to-house-of-cards-berbitch-8534073.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved July 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-TmfDPciCJ_6-0) Tschorn, Adam (April 17, 2011). "Treats magazine fetes Dylan Penn cover, inaugurates Club James" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ar-treats-magazine-fetes-dylan-penn-cover-inaugurates-club-james-20140417-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) White, Nicholas (December 27, 2007). "Sean Penn and Robin Wright Penn Divorcing" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20168386,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(American_magazine)) . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Collie, Mary (Fall 2009). "Sean Penn Visits Marin Academy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140728021939/http://www.ma.org/ftpimages/553/download/Fall09Nexus.pdf) (PDF) . Marin Academy Nexus : 7. Archived from the original (http://www.ma.org/ftpimages/553/download/Fall09Nexus.pdf) (PDF) on July 28, 2014 . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stern, Marlow (April 9, 2014). "Dylan Penn, the Stunning Daughter of Robin Wright and Sean Penn, Bares All" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/09/dylan-penn-the-stunning-daughter-of-robin-wright-and-sean-penn-bares-all.html) . The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Weinger, Erin (April 11, 2015). "Coachella: Dylan Penn Bought Her First Coach Bag for $10 on the Street" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/coachella-2015-dylan-penn-coach-787937) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved April 29, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Oh, Eunice (August 4, 2010). "Sean Penn and Robin Wright Finalize Their Divorce" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20407832,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(American_magazine)) . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jacobs, Mark. "Dylan Penn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714055140/http://vmagazine.com/site/content/2814/dylan-penn#!/1) . V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vmagazine.com/site/content/2814/dylan-penn#!/1) on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Up Close With the Newest It-Girl: Dylan Penn" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/spotlight/dylan-penn-photos-interview#slide-1) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . March 2014 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Haylor, Molly (April 29, 2014). "Dylan Penn signed to Premier" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812222624/http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/dylan-penn-signed-to-premier#image=1) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) UK . Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/dylan-penn-signed-to-premier#image=1) on August 12, 2014 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Sean Penn's Daughter, Dylan Penn, Is Gorgeous In GQ" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/sean-penn-daughter-gq_n_4474743.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . December 19, 2013 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-DPIGIT_16-0) Lawrence, Vanessa (January 2014). "Dylan Penn: It Girl, It Trend: This Hollywood progeny keeps her cool even in chaos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140125121103/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2014/01/dylan-penn-it-girl/photos/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2014/01/dylan-penn-it-girl/photos/) on January 25, 2014 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-MODELS.com_17-0) "Treats! Magazine 2014 Spring/Summer Cover" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140829153828/https://models.com/work/various-covers-treats-magazine-ss-14-cover) . MODELS.com (/w/index.php?title=MODELS.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Archived from the original (https://models.com/work/various-covers-treats-magazine-ss-14-cover) on August 29, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2021 . All people in this work: Tony Duran - Photographer; Dylan Penn - Model; ^ (#cite_ref-huffpost-2014-Kornowski_18-0) Kornowski, Liat (April 9, 2014). "Sean Penn's Daughter Is Mesmerizing In NSFW Magazine Shoot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210714221453/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dylan-penn-strips-treats_n_5117798) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived from the original (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dylan-penn-strips-treats_n_5117798) on July 14, 2021 . Retrieved August 21, 2021 . I start my first movie at the end of the month with Eli Morgan Gesner who I cannot wait to work with," she said. "I swore I would never do a horror film but when I read the script and met him I couldn't resist, it just seemed like it would be so much fun to make and I really wanted my first experience to be just that ... plus, 3 weeks in New York ... in the spring ... and getting paid for it?! Fuck yes! ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Dylan Penn's new modelling deal" (http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/fashion-beauty/dylan-penns-new-modelling-deal-30211240.html) . Belfast Telegraph . April 23, 2014 . Retrieved July 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Sieczkowski, Cavan (May 23, 2014). "Maxim's 2014 Hot 100 List Is Here And Candice Swanepoel Is At The Top" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/maxim-2014-hot-100-list_n_5378093.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Maxim Hot 100 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150202035404/http://www.maxim.com/hot100/2014) . Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . May 23, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.maxim.com/hot100/2014) on February 2, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Top 99 Most Desirable Women: 2014 Edition: #93 Dylan Penn" (http://www.askmen.com/specials/2014_top_99/93-dylan-penn.html) . AskMen.com (/wiki/AskMen.com) . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Malkin, Marc (July 1, 2014). "News/ Nick Jonas Gets "Steamy" With Dylan Penn" (http://www.eonline.com/news/555956/nick-jonas-gets-steamy-with-dylan-penn) . E! News (/wiki/E!_News) . Retrieved July 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Rodriguez, Javy (July 30, 2014). "Video: Nick Jonas Premieres "Chains" Music Video Featuring Dylan Penn" (http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/nick-jonas-premieres-chains-music-video-featuring-dylan-penn--2014307) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Retrieved April 29, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-youtube-ROCKROLLRIDE_25-0) Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) (September 28, 2014). "#ROCKROLLRIDE" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CRUQtkX1Gg) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved August 21, 2021 . Stuart Weitzman presents... #RockRollRide for FW14. "Rock Roll Ride" with Poppy Delevingne and Dylan Penn in Julia Restoin Roitfeld's stunning directorial debut. Enter an enchanting paradise of revved-up boots, racy bombshells and fast cars set to a remix of Lana Del Rey's "Ride." ^ (#cite_ref-26) Carlson, Jane (September 29, 2014). "Dylan Penn Dishes on Stuart Weitzman's New Short Film (Exclusive)" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dylan-penn-dishes-stuart-weitzmans-735740) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Holmes, Sally (September 29, 2014). "Poppy Delevingne and Dylan Penn Go Pantsless for Stuart Weitzman" (http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/poppy-delevingne-and-dylan-penn-go-pantsless-for-stuart-weitzman) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Sinha, Barnali Pal (July 30, 2015). "Sean Penn's Daughter Dylan Penn Flaunts Washboard Abs On Asos Magazine Cover" (http://www.ibtimes.com/sean-penns-daughter-dylan-penn-flaunts-washboard-abs-asos-magazine-cover-2030959) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Fisher, Kendall (January 29, 2016). "Sean Penn's Kids, Dylan Penn and Hopper Penn, Star in Their First Fashion Campaign Together" (http://www.eonline.com/news/735231/sean-penn-s-kids-dylan-penn-and-hopper-penn-star-in-their-first-fashion-campaign-together) . E! News (/wiki/E!_News) . Retrieved April 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Paton, Elizabeth (February 25, 2016). "Sound Bite: Dylan and Hopper Penn at Milan Fashion Week" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/fashion/milan-fashion-week-dylan-penn.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved April 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Malkin, Marc (March 25, 2014). "The Face's Lydia Hearst to Terrorize Dylan Penn in New Horror Movie" (http://www.eonline.com/news/525073/the-face-s-lydia-hearst-to-terrorize-dylan-penn-in-new-horror-movie) . E! Online . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Miller, Julie (November 13, 2015). "Dylan Penn on Her Acting Debut and Bringing Dates Home to Dad Sean" (http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/11/dylan-penn-interview) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Kit, Borys (February 4, 2015). " (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pretty-little-liars-star-ashley-770380) 'Pretty Little Liars' Star Ashley Benson Joins Kevin Spacey in 'Elvis & Nixon' (Exclusive)" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pretty-little-liars-star-ashley-770380) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Debruge, Peter (March 29, 2016). "Tribeca Film Review: 'Elvis & Nixon' (https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/elvis-and-nixon-film-review-1201756149/) " (https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/elvis-and-nixon-film-review-1201756149/) . Variety . Retrieved April 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Bowen, Chuck (April 20, 2016). "Elvis & Nixon" (http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/elvis-and-nixon) . Slant (/wiki/Slant_(magazine)) . Retrieved April 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-DPtSDoRWaSPIRFHC_36-0) Stern, Marlow (November 19, 2015). "Dylan Penn, the Stunning Daughter of Robin Wright and Sean Penn, Is Ready For Her Close-Up" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/19/dylan-penn-the-stunning-daughter-of-robin-wright-and-sean-penn-is-ready-for-her-close-up.html) . The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) . Retrieved January 17, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 11, 2021). "Sean Penn Cannes World Premiere 'Flag Day' Picked Up By MGM; Studio Eyes Theatrical Release This Year" (https://deadline.com/2021/06/sean-penn-movie-flag-day-acquired-by-mgm-1234773664/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dylan Penn (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dylan_Penn) . 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Bangladeshi fashion manager Aydha Mehnaz Born Narayanganj (/wiki/Narayanganj) , Bangladesh Alma mater North South University (/wiki/North_South_University) ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) Occupation(s) Fashion and media professional Years active 2014-present Organization(s) Mugler (/wiki/Mugler) , L'Oréal Group (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Group) Website www.aydhamehnaz.com/ (https://www.aydhamehnaz.com/) Aydha Mehnaz ( Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_language) : আইদা মেহনাজ [1] (#cite_note-1) ) is a Bangladeshi fashion and media professional based in Paris, France (/wiki/Paris,_France) . She is the former Manager of Celebrity and Media Relations of Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) , a French luxury fashion house owned by L'Oréal Group (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Group) . She has been recognized for her contributions to the modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) industry. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) She has been featured in Forbes' 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) - Europe - Media & Marketing in 2024, [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) becoming the first Bangladeshi to be featured in that list. [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Mehnaz was born and raised in a small town of Narayanganj (/wiki/Narayanganj) , Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka) . [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Born into a conservative Muslim family, she is the youngest of two siblings. [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) She attended BAF Shaheen English Medium School in Dhaka from the age of 9 until 16 and later went on to completing her O-levels from HURDCO International School (/wiki/Hurdco_International_School) in 2010, and she finished her A level education from Mastermind School (/wiki/Mastermind_School) in 2012. [8] (#cite_note-8) From 2012 through 2017, Mehnaz went to the North South University (/wiki/North_South_University) to obtain a bachelor’s degree majoring in Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Later in the Fall of 2017, she pursued a double master’s degree in Luxury Brand Management from ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) Paris, graduating in 2019. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2022, she served as the Jury President and class sponsor for the graduating class of ESMOD’s Fashion Business School. [12] (#cite_note-12) Career [ edit ] Mehnaz launched a fashion blog titled Minazification , while still in university, [13] (#cite_note-13) which gained traction in Southeast Asian (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) countries like Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , and Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [14] (#cite_note-thedailystar.net-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The blog became popular for its hijab, fashion and makeup tutorials. [16] (#cite_note-16) [14] (#cite_note-thedailystar.net-14) She worked as an international contributor for Aquila Style Singapore, [17] (#cite_note-17) and as a panel speaker in various fashion forums across Indonesia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey and France. [18] (#cite_note-18) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) From 2014-2017, she worked as a fashion marketing analyst, and later as communications and digital lead at Sailor by Epyllion , a consumer fashion and lifestyle brand based in Bangladesh. [19] (#cite_note-19) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2016, she collaborated with a Bangladeshi footwear label to launch her first collaboration series called ‘ Aydha ’. [21] (#cite_note-21) In Paris, as part of her master’s program, she has interned for the fashion brand Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) and international PR agency, KCD, [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) before joining Mugler in 2019, a French Luxury fashion and fragrance brand, as a communications assistant. Within Mugler, she has held several positions as a Communications Coordinator, Image and Communications Officer since then. In 2022, she was promoted to the Manager of Celebrity and Media Relations for the fashion division, where her role was to maintain and nurture key relationships with top talents globally, contributing to the brand’s viral visibility and awareness. [22] (#cite_note-22) Under her leadership, Mugler experienced a notable increase in media impact value, rising from $58 million pre-Covid to over $200 million. During her tenure, the brand-initiated collaborations with artists such as Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) , Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) , Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) , Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) , Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) , Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) , and Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) , [23] (#cite_note-:4-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) and facilitated memorable moments such as Beyoncé's Mugler bee look and several viral appearances by Kylie Jenner and Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) . [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) [25] (#cite_note-25) Recognition [ edit ] Mehnaz has been featured in several international media outlets, such as Vogue France (/wiki/Vogue_France) , [23] (#cite_note-:4-23) Vogue Germany (/w/index.php?title=Vogue_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) , [26] (#cite_note-26) Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) , [27] (#cite_note-:5-27) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) SWR Fernsehen (/wiki/SWR_Fernsehen) , [28] (#cite_note-28) Somoy TV (/wiki/Somoy_TV) , [29] (#cite_note-29) Ice Today (/wiki/Ice_Today) , [30] (#cite_note-30) Basement Approved, [31] (#cite_note-31) The Business Standard (/wiki/The_Business_Standard) . [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) According to fashion media outlets such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , she is regarded as a pioneer in the modest fashion network, and one of the most sought-after modest fashion profiles globally. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) Harper's Bazaar Arabia (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar_Arabia) - 17 Modest wear bloggers to follow, 2018 [32] (#cite_note-32) Vogue Arabia - Top 16 Muslim Influencers in Modern Modest Fashion, 2021 [33] (#cite_note-33) The Daily Star - Top 13 Bangladeshis making names in the global arena, 2021 [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) - 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) - Europe - Media & Marketing, 2024 [3] (#cite_note-:7-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sardar, Rayhan (2021-01-17). "ফ্যাশন রাজধানী প্যারিস মাতাচ্ছেন বাংলাদেশী মেহনাজ!" (https://anannya.com.bd/article/9356) [Bangladeshi Mehnaz taking the fashion capital Paris by storm!]. Anannya (/wiki/Anannya) . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . ^ a b c Chowdhury, Mehrin Mubdi (2021-02-17). "Bangladeshis making names in the global arena" (https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/30th-anniversary-supplements/golden-jubilee-beginnings/news/bangladeshis-making-names-the-global-arena-2046129) . The Daily Star . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ a b c "Aydha Mehnaz" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/aydha-mehnaz/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 2024-04-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Aydha Mehnaz from Bangladesh named in Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe" (https://www.daily-sun.com/post/743388) . Daily Sun (Bangladesh) (/wiki/Daily_Sun_(Bangladesh)) . 2024-04-10 . Retrieved 2024-04-27 . ^ a b "Bangladeshi Aydha Mehnaz among 6 South Asians who earned their place in global fashion industry" (https://www.tbsnews.net/world/bangladeshi-aydha-mehnaz-among-6-south-asians-who-earned-their-place-global-fashion-industry) . The Business Standard . 2023-01-26 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "12 Modest Women Across the Globe Tell Us What Style Means to Them" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/muslim-women-modest-fashion-world/) . Vogue Arabia . 2019-03-28 . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ a b রহমান, শেখ সাইফুর. "বাংলাদেশি মেহনাজের প্যারিস জয়" (https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/বাংলাদেশি-মেহনাজের-প্যারিস-জয়) . Prothomalo (/wiki/Prothomalo) (in Bengali) . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "(PPT) Our Bio Olympiad" (https://dokumen.tips/documents/our-bio-olympiad.html) . dokumen.tips . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ a b c d "Meet the Bangladeshi building a legacy in French luxury fashion" (https://www.tbsnews.net/features/mode/meet-bangladeshi-building-legacy-french-luxury-fashion-266788) . The Business Standard . 2021-06-27 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ a b c d e Rahman, Sheikh Saifur (15 January 2021). "Bangladesh's Mehnaz in French fashion house Mugler" (https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/bangladeshs-mehnaz-in-french-fashion-house-mugler) . Prothomalo (/wiki/Prothomalo) . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Cabasset, Patrick (2023-01-24). "Aydha Mehnaz, patron of the Fashion Business class of 2022" (https://www.planete-esmod.com/post/aydha-mehnaz-patron-of-the-fashion-business-class-of-2022?lang=en) . ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Cabasset, Patrick (2023-01-24). "Aydha Mehnaz, patron of the Fashion Business class of 2022" (https://www.planete-esmod.com/post/aydha-mehnaz-patron-of-the-fashion-business-class-of-2022?lang=en) . PlanetESMOD (in French) . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "5 BANGLADESHI FASHION BLOGS TO FOLLOW in 2017" (https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/5-bangladeshi-fashion-blogs-follow-2017-1438042) . The Daily Star . 2017-07-25 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ a b "YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS IN ISLAMIC FASHION" (https://www.thedailystar.net/young-entrepreneurs-br-in-islamic-fashion-25893) . The Daily Star . 2014-05-29 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "5 BANGLADESHI FASHION BLOGS TO FOLLOW in 2017" (https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/5-bangladeshi-fashion-blogs-follow-2017-1438042) . The Daily Star . 2017-07-25 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Un "Fashion" parcours atypique !" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211022160152/https://www.esmodfashionbusiness-blog.com/post/un-fashion-parcours-atypique) . 2021-10-22. Archived from the original (https://www.esmodfashionbusiness-blog.com/post/un-fashion-parcours-atypique) on 2021-10-22 . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "REDEF - Aydha Mehnaz Archive" (https://redef.com/author/55f03e4772f3cbb0276aa966) . redef.com . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Hossain, Abir (2022-02-10). "The definition of 'Made In Bangladesh', redefined" (https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/the-definition-made-bangladesh-redefined-2958261) . The Daily Star . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Focus, Textile (2021-06-15). " (https://textilefocus.com/talent-grit-master-anything-put-mind-aydha-mehnaz/) "We Have The Talent & Grit To Master Anything Once We Put Our Mind To It" -- Aydha Mehnaz" (https://textilefocus.com/talent-grit-master-anything-put-mind-aydha-mehnaz/) . Textile Focus . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Summer Style Guide" (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/avenue-t/2017/07/05/summer-style-guide) . Dhaka Tribune . 2017-07-05 . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Aydha loafers by La Mode" (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/weekend-tribune/2017/02/06/aydha-loafers-la-mode) . Dhaka Tribune . 2017-02-06 . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) " (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/avenue-t/2020/05/20/fashion-transcends-the-boundaries-of-art?cf_chl_jschl_tk=319111b12f206a04196fe32516eb5918b0a8ee58-1589989301-0-AcMzwnqRZgP0RyEfSqTNoI2v6V9RbKLPYbWAsdeZ1LtK6aGD86cu47OvUuz50IK6xmPsLMpadcw_pIqa-1C-XBuJhdWMqy9V3D7lo-gnCrrgRXwyH6VGJIVya-PQLamVlpWo_LoLxOwohb1BQgmrsLAMoxAyJrgScADOLlAVc4UZfszWJrQaSm3zUGcTCD2jl5sKWquc4qiSXMwRLVjzuZjSGW-wvmCcjFGq4G_NQ4mdKY1npfEPhXhBOaiCef2CogrdKOXNt4GiPCXJVJIOPGX1spQqX4OiF1dmsN-mv1T6If7j0L7ANT9EN1E3G_O_uWYFUD4Kr3E1A_olGypk3si7_Xc9AG6Ox68S52emwhIMQ-rQfmSsbtjpkcLvRLDoZw&fbclid=IwAR20fDZqnmSdwvmOCh2it5zUhdVTklM4mrehnIFMeCK1fcAXH5w9KMCQz9Q) 'Fashion transcends the boundaries of art' (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/avenue-t/2020/05/20/fashion-transcends-the-boundaries-of-art?cf_chl_jschl_tk=319111b12f206a04196fe32516eb5918b0a8ee58-1589989301-0-AcMzwnqRZgP0RyEfSqTNoI2v6V9RbKLPYbWAsdeZ1LtK6aGD86cu47OvUuz50IK6xmPsLMpadcw_pIqa-1C-XBuJhdWMqy9V3D7lo-gnCrrgRXwyH6VGJIVya-PQLamVlpWo_LoLxOwohb1BQgmrsLAMoxAyJrgScADOLlAVc4UZfszWJrQaSm3zUGcTCD2jl5sKWquc4qiSXMwRLVjzuZjSGW-wvmCcjFGq4G_NQ4mdKY1npfEPhXhBOaiCef2CogrdKOXNt4GiPCXJVJIOPGX1spQqX4OiF1dmsN-mv1T6If7j0L7ANT9EN1E3G_O_uWYFUD4Kr3E1A_olGypk3si7_Xc9AG6Ox68S52emwhIMQ-rQfmSsbtjpkcLvRLDoZw&fbclid=IwAR20fDZqnmSdwvmOCh2it5zUhdVTklM4mrehnIFMeCK1fcAXH5w9KMCQz9Q) " (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/avenue-t/2020/05/20/fashion-transcends-the-boundaries-of-art?cf_chl_jschl_tk=319111b12f206a04196fe32516eb5918b0a8ee58-1589989301-0-AcMzwnqRZgP0RyEfSqTNoI2v6V9RbKLPYbWAsdeZ1LtK6aGD86cu47OvUuz50IK6xmPsLMpadcw_pIqa-1C-XBuJhdWMqy9V3D7lo-gnCrrgRXwyH6VGJIVya-PQLamVlpWo_LoLxOwohb1BQgmrsLAMoxAyJrgScADOLlAVc4UZfszWJrQaSm3zUGcTCD2jl5sKWquc4qiSXMwRLVjzuZjSGW-wvmCcjFGq4G_NQ4mdKY1npfEPhXhBOaiCef2CogrdKOXNt4GiPCXJVJIOPGX1spQqX4OiF1dmsN-mv1T6If7j0L7ANT9EN1E3G_O_uWYFUD4Kr3E1A_olGypk3si7_Xc9AG6Ox68S52emwhIMQ-rQfmSsbtjpkcLvRLDoZw&fbclid=IwAR20fDZqnmSdwvmOCh2it5zUhdVTklM4mrehnIFMeCK1fcAXH5w9KMCQz9Q) . Dhaka Tribune (/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune) . 2020-05-20 . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ a b "Aydha Mehnaz, experte en communication, revient sur son parcours, la mode modeste et Mugler" (https://www.vogue.fr/mode/article/rencontre-aydha-mehnaz-mugler-mode-modeste) . Vogue France (/wiki/Vogue_France) (in French). 2022-07-04 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "প্যারিস মাতানো আমাদের মেহনাজ" (https://samakal.com/tp-sahos/article/210179481/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C) . Samakal (/wiki/Samakal) . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Anika, Ayman (2024-02-29). "Bangladeshi Aydha Mehnaz helps actress Zendaya break the internet" (https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/fashion-beauty/news/bangladeshi-aydha-mehnaz-helps-actress-zendaya-break-the-internet-3555421) . The Daily Star (/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)) . Retrieved 2024-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Aydha Mehnaz von Mugler im VOGUE-Interview über ihre Karriere und Modest Fashion" (https://www.vogue.de/mode/artikel/aydha-mehnaz-mugler-interview-modest-fashion) . Vogue Germany (in German). 2022-09-10 . Retrieved 2023-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_27-0) "12 Modest Women Across the Globe Tell Us What Style Means to Them" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/muslim-women-modest-fashion-world/) . Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) . 2019-03-28 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "German Modest Fashion Documentary | Press | So excited to be featured on German Modest Fashion Documentary featuring @Mizaan on SWR (German Television). | By Aydha Mehnaz | Facebook" (https://www.facebook.com/aydhamehnazofficial/videos/german-modest-fashion-documentary-press/1541283825921187/) . SWR Fernsehen (/wiki/SWR_Fernsehen) via Facebook . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Wardah Inspiring Beauty | রূপ সচেতনদের জন্য এক্সপার্ট টিপস | Somoy TV Special Program , retrieved 2023-05-11 ^ (#cite_ref-30) Rashid, Tawhidur (2021-07-12). "Fashion's New Frontier" (http://icetoday.net/2021/07/fashions-new-frontier/) . Ice Today (/wiki/Ice_Today) . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "The Balaclava Palaver" (https://basementapproved.com/culture/the-balaclava-palaver/) . BasementApproved . 2022-03-01 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "17 Modestwear Bloggers On Our Radar | Harper's Bazaar Arabia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230511142829/https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/style-files/modestwear-bloggers-to-follow-this-ramadan) . 2023-05-11. Archived from the original (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/style-files/modestwear-bloggers-to-follow-this-ramadan) on 2023-05-11 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "15 Muslim Influencers with Modern Modest Fashion" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/muslim-influencers-modest-fashion/) . Vogue Arabia . 2021-03-27 . Retrieved 2023-05-11 . 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Italian footwear manufacturer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Calzaturificio_fratelli_soldini) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Calzaturificio_fratelli_soldini) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Calzaturificio_fratelli_soldini) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Calzaturificio fratelli soldini" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . 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Find sources: "Calzaturificio fratelli soldini" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Calzaturificio+fratelli+soldini%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Calzaturificio Fratelli Soldini Industry Shoes Founded 1945 ; 79 years ago ( 1945 ) Founder Gustavo Soldini Headquarters Capolona (/wiki/Capolona) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Website www (http://www.calzaturificiosoldini.com) .calzaturificiosoldini (http://www.calzaturificiosoldini.com) .com (http://www.calzaturificiosoldini.com) Calzaturificio Fratelli Soldini SpA is an Italian (/wiki/Italians) footwear (/wiki/Footwear) manufacturer founded in Arezzo (/wiki/Arezzo) in 1945. History [ edit ] In the spring of 1944, following a tip off, [ clarification needed ] the Germans (/wiki/Germans) confiscated a machine for sewing shoes, belonging to the Soldini family. The machine was redeemed a few days later by Gustavo Soldini. [1] (#cite_note-1) Thanks to that machine, in 1945, Gustavo, together with his brothers Giuseppe and Ermenegildo began making shoes, first in a small area of their home and then in their first workshop. The market of reference was initially Arezzo (/wiki/Arezzo) and Florence (/wiki/Florence) , while the deliveries were made by bicycle during the weekend. In the 1950s, Soldini opened his first factory in Capolona (/wiki/Capolona) , on the banks of the River Arno (/wiki/Arno) , and then a second factory in Anghiari (/wiki/Anghiari) which marked the shift in production from small business (/wiki/Small_business) to industry (/wiki/Industrial_sector) , with a workforce of over 800. The product was orientated towards the national marketplace, but also to the United States (/wiki/United_States) . To meet demand, another factory was opened in Malta (/wiki/Malta) , which carried on working until 2000. In the 1980s, the United States market saw the development of competition with South American (/wiki/South_America) manufacturers, especially in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) ; in the 1990s, competition grew further with the arrival of emerging Asian (/wiki/Asia) countries such as China (/wiki/China) and Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) . To deal with the economic slump (/wiki/Economic_slump) , the company introduced new brands, including Stone Haven and Soldini Sport, choosing to focus on innovation. Following a fire that completely destroyed the plant in Anghiari on the night of 13–14 April 1994, Gustavo Soldini left control of the company to his son, Rossano Soldini, who became director in 1998, proceeding to make investments, innovations and differentiations of the distribution channels. From 2003 to 2007, Rossano Soldini held the role of President of the Assocalzaturifici, the National Association of Italian Footwear Manufacturers. [2] (#cite_note-2) In this role, he asked the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) to introduce anti-dumping (/wiki/Antidumping) charges for importing companies such as China and Vietnam. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the 2000s, the Calzaturificio Fratelli Soldini entered into new markets, recording a series of international patents (/wiki/Patent) , linked above all to new natural, breathable materials used in the lines Ecogreen, Kifu and Drymore. Brands [ edit ] The Calzaturificio Fratelli Soldini has manufactured the following brands: Soldini Uomo Soldini Donna Antica Cuoieria [4] (#cite_note-4) Stone Haven Soldini Junior Soldini Sport Soldini Professional (army, hospital, agrifood, industrial and first aid) [5] (#cite_note-5) Ecogreen Kifu Drymore References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Congratulations to Soldini: quality and timeless tradition » Fotoshoe Magazine" (http://fotoshoemagazine.com/congratulations-to-soldini-quality-and-timeless-tradition/) . Fotoshoe Magazine . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Assocalzaturific's History - Assocalzaturifici" (http://www.assocalzaturifici.it/ancimain/doc.html?id=18808&lang=en) . www.assocalzaturifici.it . Retrieved 19 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rachman, Tom (4 October 2006). "EU imposes long-term tariffs on Asian shoes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/business/worldbusiness/04iht-trade.3031979.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Pitti Immagine Uomo Brands" (https://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/exhibitors.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Soldini Professional | Professional and Safety Work Shoes and Footwear" (https://www.soldiniprofessional.it/en/) . Soldini Professional - Professional Work Shoes and Footwear . Retrieved 19 December 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.calzaturificiosoldini.it) Rep Sneakers (https://hypeunique.is/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b48fcb9d6‐86sk5 Cached time: 20240703073731 Cache expiry: 2478150 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.461 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2011/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 67469/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14011/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25189/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5520903/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 421.239 1 -total 35.17% 148.156 3 Template:Ambox 27.75% 116.873 1 Template:Infobox_company 24.80% 104.465 1 Template:Infobox 23.39% 98.532 4 Template:Cite_web 21.39% 90.098 1 Template:Multiple_issues 16.09% 67.781 1 Template:Short_description 13.61% 57.318 1 Template:More_citations_needed 9.55% 40.212 2 Template:Pagetype 4.85% 20.441 1 Template:Clarify Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59425378-0!canonical and timestamp 20240703073731 and revision id 1232342565. 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Missing Person Gilbert Wynter Born 1961 London (/wiki/London) , England Disappeared 9 March 1998 (age 37) Tottenham (/wiki/Tottenham) , London (/wiki/London) , England Status Missing (/wiki/Missing_person) for 26 years, 3 months and 27 days Gilbert Wynter (c. 1961 – disappeared 1998) was a 37-year-old jeweller who vanished without a trace in Tottenham (/wiki/Tottenham) , London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) in March 1998. He is widely believed either to have been murdered or to be in hiding in the Caribbean (/wiki/Caribbean) . Gang activity [ edit ] Wynter worked as an enforcer for the Adams family (/wiki/Clerkenwell_crime_syndicate) crime syndicate. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1994, allegedly with assistance from fellow enforcer and future crime boss Ray Barton, he murdered drug dealer Claude Moseley with a samurai sword, as punishment for pocketing profits from a drug operation run by the Adams family. He went on trial for the murder, but key witnesses refused to give evidence against him, one preferring to go to jail for contempt of court, and the case was dropped. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Disappearance [ edit ] On 9 March 1998, Wynter left the house he shared with his girlfriend, driving off in her Nissan Micra (/wiki/Nissan_Micra) . Later that day, he spoke to her by phone, but did not disclose his location. [5] (#cite_note-5) Wynter was never seen again, and the car was subsequently discovered abandoned in June. His bank account, credit card and mobile phone have not been used since then. [6] (#cite_note-thetottenhamindependent.co.uk-6) Theories [ edit ] There are two main theories for the disappearance, both hinging on a cannabis (/wiki/Cannabis) deal where £800,000 went missing. Either Wynter double-crossed the Adams family, stole the money and was killed accordingly in retribution (allegedly being buried in the foundations of the Millennium Dome (/wiki/Millennium_Dome) ), or fled to the Caribbean with the money and remained in hiding. [6] (#cite_note-thetottenhamindependent.co.uk-6) [7] (#cite_note-auto-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Related deaths [ edit ] Saul Nahome, financial advisor to the Adams family, was gunned down in front of his house by an unknown assailant on 5 December 1998. Initially, it was claimed that he was murdered by the Adams gang, due to fears he might crack under police pressure and inform on the rest of the gang. Police at the time dismissed this, claiming that most likely he was killed by a rival gang in order to cause disruption. [9] (#cite_note-9) However, Nahome and Wynter knew each other personally, had worked together in the past, and Nahome was allegedly involved in the same cannabis deal as Wynter, and so police now believe that Wynter's disappearance and Nahome's murder are related. [10] (#cite_note-10) [6] (#cite_note-thetottenhamindependent.co.uk-6) In 2011, police reexamined evidence and questioned crime boss Terry Adams and 20 other gang members including former ally Barton about both men, but with no results. [7] (#cite_note-auto-7) [11] (#cite_note-11) It has been suggested that former Adams family enforcer and Bristol drug baron Andrew Baker was responsible for the murder of both men. [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] List of fugitives from justice who disappeared (/wiki/List_of_fugitives_from_justice_who_disappeared) List of people who disappeared (/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_1990%E2%80%93present) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "What MI5 heard at crime boss's home" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6436251.stm) . 9 March 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mirror.co.uk (10 March 2007). "GANGLAND GODFATHER GETS SEVEN YEAR STITCH" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/gangland-godfather-gets-seven-year-457384) . mirror.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Tweedie, Neil (8 February 2007). "Britain's first family of crime" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/3631556/Britains-first-family-of-crime.html) – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Thompson, Tony (13 May 2010). Gang Land: From footsoldiers to kingpins, the search for Mr Big . Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781848949751 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-5) MOORE, STEPHEN. "13-year-old Tottenham missing man case linked to murder" (http://www.tottenhamjournal.co.uk/news/13-year-old-tottenham-missing-man-case-linked-to-murder-1-904784) . tottenhamjournal.co.uk . ^ Jump up to: a b c "New bid to find missing Tottenham man" (http://www.thetottenhamindependent.co.uk/news/9042416.New_bid_to_find_missing_Tottenham_man/) . Tottenham Independent . ^ Jump up to: a b Penrose, Justin (21 May 2011). "Crime Godfather Terry Adams to be questioned over unsolved murders of his closest associates" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/crime-godfather-terry-adams-to-be-questioned-130062) . mirror.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Campbell, Duncan; Correspondent, Crime (19 April 1999). "Vanity 'cost gangland enforcer his life' (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/19/duncancampbell) " (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/19/duncancampbell) . The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "A quiet suburban street, a gangland hit and the death of Solly Who?" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-quiet-suburban-street-a-gangland-hit-and-the-death-of-solly-who-1189201.html) . independent.co.uk . 5 December 1998. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "BBC News | UK | Detectives renew appeal for hitman" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/537911.stm) . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "London crime boss faces new inquiry over gang murders" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london-crime-boss-faces-new-inquiry-over-gang-murders-6404191.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Episode 1: Unmasking the Cornerman" (https://thebristolcable.org/series/cornerman/episode/unmasking-the-cornerman/) . thebristolcable.org . Retrieved 4 August 2021 . 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Type of Kurti Shaluka (an under jacket ) was a ladies' garment, a sleeveless tunic with a hip-length worn over a short, tight bodice (/wiki/Bodice) called a kanchli or angiya. It was a part of the court costume of orient culture. The shape was like a half-sleeve kurta or tunic (similar to a waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) ), reaching up to mid-thigh that could be worn under other garments. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Style [ edit ] Women wore Shaluka under the peshwaj (/wiki/Peshwaj) (the long gowns) over the bodice and the whole outfit would be topped by a large, light, rectangular veil (/wiki/Veil) or shawl (/wiki/Shawl) called an odhni . It was worn in place of the bodice, with buttons in front. Buttons were added later after the European influence on the native costumes. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ''A noble Lucknow lady was shown wearing a shaluka (waist coat), draped over with a dopatta having aklai (including zari ...'' Pakistan Quarterly - Volumes 10-11 - Page 58books.google.co.in › books (https://books.google.com/books?id=5u9RAQAAIAAJ&q=embroidered+on+%27shalukas%27+worn) 1960 (https://books.google.com/books?id=5u9RAQAAIAAJ&q=embroidered+on+%27shalukas%27+worn) ^ (#cite_ref-2) ''The adjectival term Oriental has been used by the West to mean cultures, peoples, countries, Asian rugs, and goods from the Orient. "Oriental" means generally "eastern". It is a traditional designation (especially when capitalized) for anything belonging to the Orient or "East" (for Asia), and especially of its Eastern culture. It indicated the eastern direction in historical astronomy, often abbreviated "Ori"'' Hooke, Robert (/wiki/Robert_Hooke) . 1666. Drawing of Saturn (/wiki/File:Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg) in Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society publication) Volume 1 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kumar, Ritu (2006). Costumes and Textiles of Royal India . Antique Collectors' Club. p. 331. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85149-509-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Omoniyi, Tope (2016-03-16). The Cultures of Economic Migration: International Perspectives . Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-03654-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) ''In Lucknow a shaluka , a waistcoat up to the neck , was worn in place of the bodice , with buttons in front . Buttons had just been introduced to India from Europe . Special styles were displayed in these waistcoats . People of taste wore tight ...'' The Lucknow Omnibusbooks.google.co.in › books (https://books.google.com/books?id=P1swAQAAIAAJ) Abdul Halim Sharar, Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, Veena Talwar Oldenburg · 2001 (https://books.google.com/books?id=P1swAQAAIAAJ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) BAHL, VINAY (2005). "Shifting Boundaries of "Nativity" and "Modernity" in South Asian Women's Clothes" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29790729) . Dialectical Anthropology . 29 (1): 85–121. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10624-005-4173-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-005-4173-z) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-4092 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 29790729 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29790729) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144250957 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144250957) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Goswamy, B. N. (2002). Indian Costumes in the Collection of the Calico Museum of Textiles . D.S. Mehta. p. 42. 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Clothing brand Aviator Nation Aviator Nation storefront in Haleiwa, Hawaii (/wiki/Haleiwa,_Hawaii) Industry Retail Founded 2006 Founder Paige Mycoskie (/wiki/Paige_Mycoskie) Headquarters Venice, LA , CA, US Products Apparel, accessories, surfboards Website aviatornation (http://aviatornation.com/) .com (http://aviatornation.com/) Aviator Nation is an American clothing brand founded by Paige Mycoskie (/wiki/Paige_Mycoskie) in 2006. [1] (#cite_note-auto4-1) The line consists of apparel for men, women, and children with most styles unisex (/wiki/Unisex) , with garments designed to have a worn-in and vintage feel. Garments are advertised as having single needle (/wiki/Lockstitch) stitching and hand drawn graphics. The brand carries apparel, accessories, and surfboards. The company is named after Mycoskie's love for aviator-style sunglasses. All products are manufactured in California. Mycoskie's personal style is that of comfort and color-fused with 70s nostalgia. After failing to find clothes to fit her aesthetic, she began creating garments for herself, out of her home garage [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) in Venice, LA (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) in 2006. [1] (#cite_note-auto4-1) Mycoskie sold them at a local street fair, and witnessed the business potential after quickly selling out of every style, specifically her white hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) , now known as the "signature hoodie," one of the most successful garments for the brand. In 2009, she opened the first retail store in Venice, [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) on Abbot Kinney (/wiki/Abbot_Kinney) Blvd. The company has a website, and 15 retail outlets in the US. Designs favor inks and dye treatments popular in the 1970s, and fabrics are intentionally distressed. [1] (#cite_note-auto4-1) Collections include "Pray for Surf" and "Rock and Roll." Trademark graphics include a surfer, [3] (#cite_note-3) and rainbow stripes [4] (#cite_note-auto3-4) stitched in the hood of garments. The rainbow stripe designs stitched across the chest of T-shirts [5] (#cite_note-auto5-5) and hoodies in both four and five stripe combinations are also the brand's best sellers. Aviator Nation's prints include drawings from Mycoskie's earliest sketches, and she still hand draws details from lightning bolts to psychedelic maidens [4] (#cite_note-auto3-4) Aviator Nation surfboards [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) debuted in early 2016, shaped and airbrushed (/wiki/Airbrush) by hand. Partnerships & Collaborations [ edit ] In 2012, Aviator Nation launched a partnership with Austin City Limits Music Festival (/wiki/Austin_City_Limits_Music_Festival) (ACL). [4] (#cite_note-auto3-4) [8] (#cite_note-auto2-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Mycoskie designed and installed a rainbow tepee (/wiki/Tipi) for musicians to relax and play vintage instruments, which evolved into impromptu (/wiki/Impromptu) shows. She also designed ACL x Aviator Nation merchandise. [8] (#cite_note-auto2-8) [4] (#cite_note-auto3-4) The company has since expanded its co-branded collections for artists such as John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) , [5] (#cite_note-auto5-5) [10] (#cite_note-auto1-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) designing his " Born and Raised (/wiki/Born_and_Raised_(John_Mayer_album)) " tour merchandise [5] (#cite_note-auto5-5) and brands including SoulCycle, [13] (#cite_note-13) Rolling Stone, [14] (#cite_note-14) Gibson Guitar, [15] (#cite_note-15) Honda, [16] (#cite_note-16) FunBoy, [17] (#cite_note-17) SXSW, [18] (#cite_note-18) Celsius, [19] (#cite_note-19) AIM Youth Mental Health, [20] (#cite_note-20) and many more. The brand is represented at some of the largest music festivals and sporting events through partnerships with Austin City Limits, Lollapalooza Music Festival (https://www.gq.com/story/aviator-nation-lollapalooza) ; SXSW, [21] (#cite_note-21) BottleRock, Jazz Aspen Festival, Malibu Chill Cook Off, [22] (#cite_note-22) Sonoma Harvest Festival, Formula One, The Phoenix Open, [23] (#cite_note-23) The Kentucky Derby and more to be announced. The company lends its creative designs and volunteers time raising funds for charities supporting a variety of nonprofits including The Boys & Girls Club, [24] (#cite_note-24) City of Hope, Baller Dream Foundation, Invisible Arts Network, Charity Water; Surf Aid; Heal the Bay; The Flatwater Foundation; [25] (#cite_note-25) Global Citizen [26] (#cite_note-26) and AIM Youth Mental Health. Recognition [ edit ] In 2013, GQ Magazine (/wiki/GQ) named Mycoskie one of the "Best New Menswear Designers in America". [27] (#cite_note-27) [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) She then created a capsule collection for GQ x GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) . [10] (#cite_note-auto1-10) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "With Clothes & Concerts, Aviator Nation Makes A Home in the Haight | Hoodline" (http://hoodline.com/2016/01/with-clothes-concerts-aviator-nation-makes-a-home-in-the-haight) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Nation, Aviator. "MALIBU MAGAZINE : PAIGE MYCOSKIE FEATURE" (https://www.aviatornation.com/blogs/news/112322887-malibu-magazine-paige-mycoskie-feature) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Directo-Meston, Danielle (February 4, 2014). "Aviator Nation Malibu 02/04" (http://la.racked.com/2014/2/4/7621689/aviator-nation-malibu-02-04) . Racked LA . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Moore, Booth (May 19, 2013). "Aviator Nation's founder always looks on the bright side" (https://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/19/image/la-ig-paige-mycoskie-20130519) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0458-3035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "JM x Aviator Nation Rugby T-shirt" (http://johnmayer.shop.musictoday.com/product/JMCT345/jm-x-aviator-nation-rugby-t-shirt) . johnmayer.shop.musictoday.com . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nation, Aviator. "A day in the glassing house with Paige Mycoskie + Bob Haakenson" (https://www.aviatornation.com/blogs/news/112599431-a-day-in-the-glassing-house-with-paige-mycoskie-bob-haakenson) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Summer in Malibu: 20 Ways to Make the Most of the Coast" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/summer-malibu-20-ways-make-710640) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nation, Aviator. "BEHIND THE SCENES with Aviator Nation at Austin City Limits 2014" (https://www.aviatornation.com/blogs/news/114285127-behind-the-scenes-with-aviator-nation-at-austin-city-limits-2014) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Aviator Nation for ACL Festival – ACL Music Festival" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160827204435/http://store.aclfestival.com/collections/aviator-nation-for-acl-festival) . store.aclfestival.com . Archived from the original (http://store.aclfestival.com/collections/aviator-nation-for-acl-festival) on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Gap x GQ 2013 Best New Designers Collection Highlights" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/gap-x-gq-2013-best-new-designers-collection-highlights/) . September 24, 2013 . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sebra, Matt (March 14, 2013). "Announcing the 2013 GQ Best New Menswear Designers in America" (https://www.gq.com/story/announcing-the-2013-gq-best-new-menswear-designers-in-america) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Tschorn, Adam (September 23, 2013). "Gap x GQ Best New Menswear Designers collection drops Tuesday" (https://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/23/news/la-ar-gap-x-gq-best-new-menswear-designers-collection-20130923) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0458-3035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035) . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Why fashion brands are opening standalone gyms" (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/why-fashion-brands-are-opening-standalone-gyms/) . Glossy . November 10, 2022 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ward, Andrew (January 30, 2023). "Travis Scott and Rolling Stone LIVE Head to The Big Game Weekend in Scottsdale" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rslivescottsdale-1234670698/) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Sam Roche (December 9, 2020). "Gibson announces its first-ever apparel collection in partnership with Aviator Nation" (https://www.guitarworld.com/news/gibson-announces-its-first-ever-apparel-collection-in-partnership-with-aviator-nation) . guitarworld . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Honda and Aviator Nation Continue Collaboration in a New Sweepstakes" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170907006467/en/Honda-and-Aviator-Nation-Continue-Collaboration-in-a-New-Sweepstakes) . www.businesswire.com . September 7, 2017 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Shop the new FUNBOY and Aviator Nation yacht pool float now" (https://nypost.com/2022/06/07/shop-the-new-funboy-and-aviator-nation-yacht-pool-float-now/) . June 7, 2022 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Motorcycle.com (March 15, 2017). "Limited Edition Aviator Nation Honda Rebel Launches At SXSW 2017" (https://blog.motorcycle.com/2017/03/15/manufacturers/honda/limited-edition-aviator-nation-honda-rebel-launches-sxsw-2017/) . Motorcycle.com News . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "All the Biggest and Best Parties Taking Place Around Coachella 2023" (https://www.sweetyhigh.com/read/best-parties-coachella-2023-040423) . Sweety High . April 4, 2023 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "AIM x AVIATOR NATION tickets by Dreamland" (https://www.tixr.com/groups/dreamland/events/aim-x-aviator-nation-70123) . Tixr . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "aviator nation sxsw - Google Search" (https://www.google.com/search?q=aviator+nation+sxsw&tbm=nws) . www.google.com . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "aviator nation Malibu Chill Cook Off - Google Search" (https://www.google.com/search?q=aviator+nation+Malibu+Chill+Cook+Off&tbm=nws) . www.google.com . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Directo-Meston, Danielle (February 8, 2023). "Super Bowl LVII: The Best Parties, Concerts and Events in Phoenix During Big Game Week (Updating)" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/super-bowl-2023-best-events-concerts-parties-tickets-hotels-phoenix-1235309118/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Heat turned up for the 40th Annual Malibu Chili Cook-Off • The Malibu Times" (https://malibutimes.com/heat-turned-up-for-the-40th-annual-malibu-chili-cook-off) . September 9, 2022 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Staff, Tribeza (September 13, 2019). "Aviator Nation's Paige Mycoskie Paddles Through Icelandic Waters for the Flatwater Foundation" (https://tribeza.com/aviator-nation-paige-mycoskie-flatwater-foundation-challenge/) . Tribeza . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Why the Founder of Aviator Nation Believes in the Power of Music and Women's Economic Empowerment" (https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/aviator-nation-global-citizen-festival-2019/) . Global Citizen . September 20, 2019 . Retrieved May 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Sebra, Matt (March 14, 2013). "Announcing the 2013 GQ Best New Menswear Designers in America" (https://www.gq.com/story/announcing-the-2013-gq-best-new-menswear-designers-in-america) . Retrieved July 13, 2016 . 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Online fashion retail platform For other uses, see 24s (/wiki/24s_(disambiguation)) . 24S Type of site Online shopping (/wiki/Online_shopping) Available in 4 languages List of languages English, French, German, Korean Headquarters Paris , France CEO Eric Goguey Industry E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Products (/wiki/Product_(business)) Designer fashion (/wiki/Designer_fashion) Parent (/wiki/Holding_company) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) URL www (https://www.24s.com) .24s (https://www.24s.com) .com (https://www.24s.com) Launched 6 June 2017 24S (formerly known as 24 Sèvres ) is a French e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) luxury fashion (/wiki/Designer_clothing) company that went live on 6 June 2017. [1] (#cite_note-draperslaunch-1) The site was launched by LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) as an online equivalent to Le Bon Marché (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) , [2] (#cite_note-2) a department store the company had acquired in 1984. Eric Goguey, the chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , claimed at the time of launch that 24 Sèvres would compete against the online fashion giants Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) and Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) , with an added focus on the style of Paris. [1] (#cite_note-draperslaunch-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) Initially offering womenswear only, the company expanded into menswear in 2019. [4] (#cite_note-4) Also in 2019, the site rebranded from 24 Sèvres to 24S. [5] (#cite_note-5) The brand supports several young talents from the fashion industry, with the most recent examples including Ashlynn Parks, [6] (#cite_note-6) Tokyo James [7] (#cite_note-7) or Satoshi Kuwata. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b McGregor, Kirsty (28 June 2017). "24 Sèvres takes on Farfetch and Net-a-Porter" (https://www.drapersonline.com/companies/24-sevres-takes-on-farfetch-and-net-a-porter) . Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) . Metropolis International (/wiki/Metropolis_International) . Retrieved 16 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Alvarez, Edgar (13 July 2017). "The world of high fashion finally has its answer to Amazon" (https://www.engadget.com/2017-07-13-lvmh-24-sevres-interview.html) . Engadget (/wiki/Engadget) . AOL (/wiki/AOL) . Retrieved 16 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Amed, Imran (/wiki/Imran_Amed) (17 May 2017). "Inside 24 Sèvres, LVMH's New Multi-Brand E-Commerce Play" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/inside-24-sevres-lvmhs-new-multi-brand-e-commerce-play/) . Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) . Retrieved 16 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fernandez, Chantal (21 June 2019). "LVMH's 24S Launches Menswear" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/lvmhs-24s-launches-menswear/) . Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) . Retrieved 16 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Parisi, Danny (31 May 2019). "Two years in, LVMH's 24 Sèvres has a new name and a new focus on international shoppers" (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/two-years-after-launch-lvmhs-24-sevres-rebrands-and-refocuses-on-an-international-audience/) . Glossy (/wiki/Glossy_(website)) . Retrieved 16 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) FWO (28 February 2023). "LVMH Prize's 24s.com Invites You to Discover Ashlynn Park and Conner Ives Capsule Collections" (https://fashionweekonline.com/lvmh-prizes-24s-com-invites-you-to-discover-ashlynn-park-and-conner-ives-capsule-collections) . Fashion Week Online® . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Onessimo, Gabriella (14 July 2023). "24S and Tokyo James unveil exclusive capsule collection" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/24s-and-tokyo-james-unveil-exclusive-capsule-collection/2023071470564) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "24S « PARISIAN PLAYGROUND » CAPSULE : INTERVIEW WITH SATOSHI KUWATA, SETCHU | CRASH Magazine" (https://www.crash.fr/interview-whith-satoshi-kuwata-setchu-for-24s-capsule/) . www.crash.fr . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Cake in the form of wearable dress The Cake dress is a confectionery creation, designed and crafted to resemble a fashionable dress (/wiki/Dress) in its form and appearance. It embodies an artistic expression of culinary virtuosity and imagination, blending the elegance of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) with the indulgence of dessert (/wiki/Dessert) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Award [ edit ] Natasha Coline Kim Fah Lee Fokas, a baker (/wiki/Baker) from Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) , has achieved recognition from the Guinness World Record (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) for creating the largest wearable cake (/wiki/Cake) dress in the world, with a weight of 131.15 kilograms and a sturdy support system. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) To break the world record, the cake must weigh 68 kg or more and the model must walk 5 meters without the dress falling apart. [3] (#cite_note-3) Natasha Coline Kim Fah Lee Fokas undertook her attempt to break the world record during the Swiss World Wedding fair. On January 15, 2023, in Bern, Switzerland, she presented her dress, which was crafted from materials commonly utilized in cake-making, to the public. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Michela Ferriero (/wiki/Michela_Ferriero) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Stunning bride looks good enough to eat in record-breaking cake dress" (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2023/1/stunning-bride-looks-good-enough-to-eat-in-record-breaking-cake-dress-735485) . Guinness World Records . 2023-01-31 . Retrieved 2023-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) 10 AMAZING PRINCESS Dress CAKES 👑 Compilation! , retrieved 2023-02-03 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Opondo, Sophie (2023-02-02). "World record: Baker makes world's largest 'wearable' wedding dress cake" (https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/492919-stunning-bride-good-eat-record-breaking-cake-dress/) . Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news . Retrieved 2023-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A dress for catwalks is a swiss cakewalk" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/just-in-jest/a-dress-for-catwalks-is-a-swiss-cakewalk/articleshow/97560637.cms?from=mdr) . The Economic Times . 2023-02-02. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-0389 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389) . Retrieved 2023-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://food.ndtv.com/news/switzerland-baker-makes-world-s-largest-wearable-cake-dress-3747274) "Wear Your Cake And Eat It Too," Switzerland Baker Makes Wearable Cake Dress" (https://food.ndtv.com/news/switzerland-baker-makes-world-s-largest-wearable-cake-dress-3747274) . NDTV Food . Retrieved 2023-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Switzerland woman makes largest wearable cake dress, sets Guinness World Record" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/switzerland-woman-makes-largest-wearable-cake-dress-sets-guinness-world-record-101675342811496.html) . Hindustan Times . 2023-02-02 . Retrieved 2023-02-03 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6bf4868c9d‐gqrzj Cached time: 20240709091306 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.143 seconds Real time usage: 0.197 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 445/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11194/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 478/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22936/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4211315/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 184.674 1 -total 62.11% 114.703 1 Template:Reflist 47.69% 88.078 4 Template:Cite_web 36.08% 66.636 1 Template:Short_description 21.20% 39.148 2 Template:Pagetype 9.00% 16.613 3 Template:Main_other 7.83% 14.466 1 Template:SDcat 2.79% 5.152 1 Template:Citation 2.35% 4.347 1 Template:Cite_news 1.05% 1.938 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72926271-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709091306 and revision id 1196055210. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cake_dress&oldid=1196055210 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cake_dress&oldid=1196055210) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Wearable art (/wiki/Category:Wearable_art) Cakes (/wiki/Category:Cakes) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Wikipedia portal for content related to 1980s Portal maintenance status: (June 2018) This portal's subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:1980s/) have been checked by an editor, and are needed. Please take care (/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL) when editing, especially if using automated editing software (/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED) . Learn how to update the maintenance information here (/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal) . Portal topics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Activities (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities) Culture (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts) Geography (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places) Health (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness) History (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events) Mathematics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic) Nature (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences) People (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self) Philosophy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking) Religion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems) Society (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences) Technology (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) The 1980s portal The 1980s (/wiki/1980s) (pronounced "nineteen-eighties", shortened to " the '80s " or " the Eighties ") was a decade (/wiki/Decade) that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989. The decade saw a dominance of conservatism (/wiki/Conservatism) and free market (/wiki/Free_market) economics, and a socioeconomic change due to advances in technology and a worldwide move away from planned economies (/wiki/Planned_economy) and towards laissez-faire capitalism (/wiki/Laissez-faire#Capitalism) compared to the 1970s (/wiki/1970s) . As economic deconstruction increased in the developed world, multiple multinational corporations (/wiki/Multinational_corporations) associated with the manufacturing industry relocated into Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , and China (/wiki/China) . Japan (/wiki/Japan) and West Germany (/wiki/West_Germany) saw large economic growth during this decade. The AIDS epidemic (/wiki/AIDS_epidemic) became recognized in the 1980s and has since killed an estimated 40.4 million people (). Global warming (/wiki/Global_warming) theory began to spread within the scientific and political community in the 1980s. The United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and the United States (/wiki/United_States) moved closer to supply-side economic policies (/wiki/Supply-side_economics) , beginning a trend towards global instability of international trade that would pick up more steam in the following decade (/wiki/1990s) as the fall of the USSR made right-wing (/wiki/Right-wing_politics) economic policy more powerful. The final decade of the Cold War opened (/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)) with the US-Soviet confrontation continuing largely without any interruption. Superpower tensions escalated rapidly as President Reagan scrapped the policy of détente and adopted a new, much more aggressive stance on the Soviet Union. The world came perilously close to nuclear war for the first time since the Cuban Missile Crisis (/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis) in 1962, but the second half of the decade (/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)) saw a dramatic easing of superpower tensions and ultimately the total collapse of Soviet communism. Developing countries across the world faced economic and social difficulties as they suffered from multiple debt crises in the 1980s, requiring many of these countries to apply for financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund (/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (IMF) and the World Bank (/wiki/World_Bank) . Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) witnessed widespread famine in the mid-1980s (/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia) during the corrupt rule of Mengistu Haile Mariam (/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam) , resulting in the country having to depend on foreign aid to provide food to its population and worldwide efforts to address and raise money to help Ethiopians, such as the Live Aid (/wiki/Live_Aid) concert in 1985. Major civil discontent and violence occurred, including the Angolan Civil War (/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War) , the Ethiopian Civil War (/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War) , the Moro conflict (/wiki/Moro_conflict) , the Salvadoran Civil War (/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War) , the Ugandan Bush War (/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War) , the insurgency in Laos (/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos) , the Iran–Iraq War (/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War) , the Soviet–Afghan War (/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War) , the 1982 Lebanon War (/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War) , the Falklands War (/wiki/Falklands_War) , the Second Sudanese Civil War (/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) , the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency) , and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War) . Islamism (/wiki/Islamism) became a powerful political force in the 1980s and many jihadist (/wiki/Jihadist) organizations, including Al Qaeda (/wiki/Al_Qaeda) , were set up. By 1986, nationalism was making a comeback in the Eastern Bloc, and the desire for democracy in socialist states (/wiki/Socialist_state) , combined with economic recession, resulted in Mikhail Gorbachev (/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) 's glasnost (/wiki/Glasnost) and perestroika (/wiki/Perestroika) , which reduced Communist Party power, legalized dissent and sanctioned limited forms of capitalism such as joint ventures (/wiki/Joint_venture) with companies from capitalist (/wiki/Capitalist) countries. After tension for most of the decade, by 1988 relations between the communist and capitalist blocs had improved significantly and the Soviet Union was increasingly unwilling to defend its governments in satellite states. 1989 brought the overthrow and attempted overthrow (/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) of a number of governments led by communist parties, such as in Hungary (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary) , the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 (/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989) in China, the Czechoslovak "Velvet Revolution" (/wiki/Velvet_Revolution) , Erich Honecker (/wiki/Erich_Honecker) 's East German regime, Poland's Soviet-backed government, and the violent overthrow (/wiki/Romanian_Revolution) of the Nicolae Ceaușescu (/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu) regime in Romania (/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) . Destruction of the 155-km Berlin Wall (/wiki/Berlin_Wall) , at the end of the decade, signaled a seismic geopolitical shift. The Cold War (/wiki/Cold_War) ended in the early 1990s with the successful Reunification of Germany (/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany) and the USSR's demise (/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) after the August Coup (/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt) of 1991. The 1980s was an era of tremendous population growth around the world, surpassing the 1970s and 1990s, and arguably being the largest in human history. During the 1980s, the world population grew from 4.4 to 5.3 billion people. There were approximately 1.33 billion births and 480 million deaths. Population growth was particularly rapid in a number of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian (/wiki/South_Asia) countries during this decade, with rates of natural increase close to or exceeding 4% annually. The 1980s saw the advent of the ongoing practice of sex-selective abortion (/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion) in China and India as ultrasound (/wiki/Ultrasound) technology permitted parents to selectively abort baby girls. The 1980s saw great advances in genetic and digital technology. After years of animal experimentation since 1985, the first genetic modification of 10 adult human beings took place in May 1989, a gene tagging (/wiki/Gene_tagging) experiment which led to the first true gene therapy implementation in September 1990. The first " designer babies (/wiki/Designer_babies) ", a pair of female twins, were created in a laboratory in late 1989 and born in July 1990 after being sex-selected via the controversial assisted reproductive technology (/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology) procedure preimplantation genetic diagnosis (/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis) . Gestational surrogacy (/wiki/Gestational_surrogacy) was first performed in 1985 with the first birth in 1986, making it possible for a woman to become a biological mother without experiencing pregnancy for the first time in history. The global internet (/wiki/Internet) took shape in academia by the second half of the 1980s, as well as many other computer networks (/wiki/Computer_network) of both academic and commercial use such as USENET (/wiki/USENET) , Fidonet (/wiki/Fidonet) , and the Bulletin Board System (/wiki/Bulletin_Board_System) . By 1989, the Internet and the networks linked to it were a global system with extensive transoceanic satellite links and nodes in most developed countries (/wiki/Developed_countries) . Based on earlier work, from 1980 onwards Tim Berners Lee (/wiki/Tim_Berners_Lee) formalized the concept of the World Wide Web (/wiki/World_Wide_Web) by 1989. Television (/wiki/Television) viewing became commonplace in the Third World (/wiki/Third_World) , with the number of TV sets in China and India increasing by 15 and 10 times respectively. The Atari Video Computer System (/wiki/Atari_2600) console became widespread in the first part of the decade, often simply called "Atari". 1980 Atari VCS port of Space Invaders (/wiki/Space_Invaders) was the first killer app (/wiki/Killer_application) . The video game crash of 1983 (/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983) ended the system's popularity and decimated the industry until the Nintendo Entertainment System (/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System) re-established the console market in North America. The hand-held Game Boy (/wiki/Game_Boy) launched in 1989. Super Mario Bros. (/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.) and Tetris (/wiki/Tetris) were the decade's best selling games. Pac-Man (/wiki/Pac-Man) was the highest grossing arcade game. Home computers (/wiki/Home_computers) became commonplace. The 1981 IBM PC (/wiki/IBM_PC) led to a large market for IBM PC compatibles (/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible) . The 1984 release of the Macintosh (/wiki/Macintosh_128K) popularized the WIMP (/wiki/WIMP_(computing)) style of interaction. ( Full article... (/wiki/1980s) ) The first Space Shuttle (/wiki/Space_Shuttle) , Columbia (/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia) , lifts off in 1981 American president Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) and Soviet (/wiki/Soviet_Union) leader (/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) Mikhail Gorbachev (/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) ease tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the end of the Cold War (/wiki/Cold_War) The fall of the Berlin Wall (/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall) in 1989 is considered to be one of the most momentous events of the 1980s In 1981, the IBM Personal Computer (/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer) is released In 1985, the Live Aid (/wiki/Live_Aid) concert is held in order to fund relief efforts for the famine in Ethiopia (/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia) during the time Mengistu Haile Mariam (/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam) ruled the country Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) and much of the world is filled with radioactive debris from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster) The Iran–Iraq War (/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War) leads to over one million dead and $1 trillion spent Read more... (/wiki/1980s) Refresh with new selections below (purge) Selected article - show another Wham! in 1985: George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) (left) and Andrew Ridgeley (/wiki/Andrew_Ridgeley) (right) Wham! (/wiki/Wham!) (briefly known in the US as Wham! UK ) were an English pop (/wiki/Pop_music) duo formed in Bushey (/wiki/Bushey) in 1981 consisting of George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) and Andrew Ridgeley (/wiki/Andrew_Ridgeley) . They were one of the most successful pop acts during the 1980s, selling more than 30 million certified records worldwide from 1982 to 1986. Influenced by funk (/wiki/Funk) and soul (/wiki/Soul_music) music and presenting themselves as disaffected youth, Wham!'s 1983 debut album Fantastic (/wiki/Fantastic_(Wham!_album)) addressed the United Kingdom's unemployment problem and teen angst over adulthood. Their second studio album Make It Big (/wiki/Make_It_Big) in 1984 was a worldwide pop smash hit, charting at number one in both the UK and the United States. Associated with the MTV-driven Second British Invasion (/wiki/Second_British_Invasion) of the US, the singles from the album—" Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go (/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_Before_You_Go-Go) ", " Everything She Wants (/wiki/Everything_She_Wants) " and " Careless Whisper (/wiki/Careless_Whisper) "—all topped the US Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) . In 1985, Wham! made a highly publicised ten-day visit to China, the first by a Western pop group. The event was seen as a major watershed moment in increasing friendly bilateral relations between China and the West. ( Full article... (/wiki/Wham!) ) List of selected articles Berlin Wall (/wiki/Berlin_Wall) MTV (/wiki/MTV) Iran hostage crisis (/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis) Rubik's Cube (/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube) Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster) Iran Air Flight 655 (/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655) Live Aid (/wiki/Live_Aid) Valley of the Drums (/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums) Saturday-morning cartoon (/wiki/Saturday-morning_cartoon) Video game crash of 1983 (/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983) Murder of John Lennon (/wiki/Murder_of_John_Lennon) Bhopal disaster (/wiki/Bhopal_disaster) Crack epidemic in the United States (/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States) Just Say No (/wiki/Just_Say_No) Commodore 64 (/wiki/Commodore_64) Exxon Valdez oil spill (/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill) Perestroika (/wiki/Perestroika) Yuppie (/wiki/Yuppie) Heavy metal music (/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) Amiga 500 (/wiki/Amiga_500) Indira Gandhi (/wiki/Indira_Gandhi) Falklands War (/wiki/Falklands_War) United States invasion of Grenada (/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada) Chernobyl disaster (/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster) Nintendo Entertainment System (/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System) 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident (/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident) Tawana Brawley rape allegations (/wiki/Tawana_Brawley_rape_allegations) Glasnost (/wiki/Glasnost) Who shot J.R.? (/wiki/Who_shot_J.R.%3F) Magnum, P.I. (/wiki/Magnum,_P.I.) Atari video game burial (/wiki/Atari_video_game_burial) Where's the beef? (/wiki/Where%27s_the_beef%3F) Parents Music Resource Center (/wiki/Parents_Music_Resource_Center) Indiana Jones (franchise) (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(franchise)) Satanic ritual abuse (/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse) The Cosby Show (/wiki/The_Cosby_Show) Solidarity (Polish trade union) (/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)) Famines in Ethiopia (/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia) Assassination of Anwar Sadat (/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat) VHS (/wiki/VHS) Boombox (/wiki/Boombox) Hip hop music (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) First Intifada (/wiki/First_Intifada) Walkman (/wiki/Walkman) Power Glove (/wiki/Power_Glove) Macintosh 128K (/wiki/Macintosh_128K) Iran–Iraq War (/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War) Halley's Comet (/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet) Moonwalk (dance) (/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)) Keating Five (/wiki/Keating_Five) 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens) 1980s in fashion (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) Early 1980s recession (/wiki/Early_1980s_recession) 1980s in film (/wiki/1980s_in_film) Private equity in the 1980s (/wiki/Private_equity_in_the_1980s) Music of the United Kingdom (1980s) (/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1980s)) 1980s oil glut (/wiki/1980s_oil_glut) 1980s professional wrestling boom (/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom) Hairstyles in the 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) 1980 Summer Olympics boycott (/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott) Top Gun (/wiki/Top_Gun) HIV/AIDS (/wiki/HIV/AIDS) Apple Inc. (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) Microsoft Windows (/wiki/Microsoft_Windows) Queen (band) (/wiki/Queen_(band)) The Dukes of Hazzard (/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard) The Transformers (TV series) (/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)) Stars on 45 (song) (/wiki/Stars_on_45_(song)) Teddy Ruxpin (/wiki/Teddy_Ruxpin) The Empire Strikes Back (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back) Return of the Jedi (/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi) Piper Alpha (/wiki/Piper_Alpha) San Juanico disaster (/wiki/San_Juanico_disaster) Pac-Man (/wiki/Pac-Man) Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) World AIDS Day (/wiki/World_AIDS_Day) CNN (/wiki/CNN) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial) Thriller (album) (/wiki/Thriller_(album)) USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) Vietnam Veterans Memorial (/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial) Epcot (/wiki/Epcot) Puʻu ʻŌʻō (/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D) Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007) New Coke (/wiki/New_Coke) Born in the U.S.A. (/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A.) Black Monday (1987) (/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)) al-Qaeda (/wiki/Al-Qaeda) Sega Genesis (/wiki/Sega_Genesis) Run-DMC (/wiki/Run-DMC) N.W.A (/wiki/N.W.A) Duran Duran (/wiki/Duran_Duran) Guns N' Roses (/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) The Bangles (/wiki/The_Bangles) The B-52s (/wiki/The_B-52s) Metallica (/wiki/Metallica) Talking Heads (/wiki/Talking_Heads) Mötley Crüe (/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe) Toto (band) (/wiki/Toto_(band)) Wall Street (1987 film) (/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)) 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia (/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia) Compact disc (/wiki/Compact_disc) 1980 United States presidential election (/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election) 1984 United States presidential election (/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election) 1988 United States presidential election (/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election) 1980 Winter Olympics (/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics) 1980 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics) 1984 Winter Olympics (/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics) 1984 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics) 1988 Winter Olympics (/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics) 1988 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics) Second generation of video game consoles (/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles) Third generation of video game consoles (/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles) Fourth generation of video game consoles (/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles) Atari Democrat (/wiki/Atari_Democrat) Dragon Ball (/wiki/Dragon_Ball) Iran–Contra affair (/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair) WrestleMania I (/wiki/WrestleMania_I) 1982 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup) 1986 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup) Black Saturday (professional wrestling) (/wiki/Black_Saturday_(professional_wrestling)) Reagan era (/wiki/Reagan_era) A Tale of Two Cities (speech) (/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_(speech)) The Shining (film) (/wiki/The_Shining_(film)) Did you know (auto-generated) - load new batch ... that Amdek Corporation (/wiki/Amdek) , a popular manufacturer of computer monitors in the 1980s, started out as a reseller of car radio components? ... that in the 1980s, Amanda Villepastour (/wiki/Amanda_Villepastour) , now an ethnomusicologist (/wiki/Ethnomusicology) at Cardiff University (/wiki/Cardiff_University) , was the keyboardist (/wiki/Electronic_keyboard) in Australian new wave (/wiki/New_wave_music) band Eurogliders (/wiki/Eurogliders) ? ... that the Fighting Vanguard (/wiki/Fighting_Vanguard) waged a guerrilla war against the Syrian government in the 1970s and 1980s? ... that Derek Jeter (/wiki/Derek_Jeter) discusses his biracial upbringing and experiencing racism in Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) in the 1980s and 1990s in The Captain (/wiki/The_Captain_(miniseries)) ? ... that Shanghai Trolleybus Route 20 (/wiki/Shanghai_Trolleybus_Route_20) was so popular in the 1980s that it required 65 buses to run as little as 30 seconds apart? ... that the educational computer games Designasaurus (/wiki/Designasaurus) and UMS 1 (/wiki/The_Universal_Military_Simulator) together gained their publisher more than $5 million during 18 months in the 1980s? ... that in the 1980s, New York City's St. Regis Hotel (/wiki/St._Regis_New_York) was said to have hosted every U.S. president since its opening? ... that the Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) collection Neptune (/wiki/Neptune_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) drew negative reviews comparing the clothing to 1980s science fiction, Xena (/wiki/Xena) , and Wonder Woman (/wiki/Wonder_Woman) ? edit Selected picture President Reagan signs the bill making Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday a national holiday.. Martin Luther King Jr. (/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) Credit: U.S.Government President Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) signs the bill creating Martin Luther King Jr. Day (/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day) as a national holiday. More selected pictures (/wiki/Portal:1980s/Selected_picture) edit Topics 1980s (/wiki/1980s) 1980s in Boxing (/wiki/Boxing_in_the_1980s) 1980s in comics (/wiki/1980s_in_comics) 1980s in film (/wiki/1980s_in_film) 1980s in literature (/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature#1980s) 1980s in music (/wiki/1980s_in_music) 1980s in jazz (/wiki/1980s_in_jazz) Music history of the United States in the 1980s (/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1980s) 1980s in science and technology (/wiki/1980s_in_science_and_technology) 1980s in Computing (/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989) 1980s in Television (/wiki/List_of_years_in_television#1980s) 1980s in video gaming (/wiki/1980s_in_video_gaming) 1980s in Western fashion (/wiki/1980s_in_Western_fashion) Hairstyles in the 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) v t e Events by month 1989 (/wiki/1989) Jan (/wiki/January_1989) Feb (/wiki/February_1989) Mar (/wiki/March_1989) Apr (/wiki/April_1989) May (/wiki/May_1989) Jun (/wiki/June_1989) Jul (/wiki/July_1989) Aug (/wiki/August_1989) Sep (/wiki/September_1989) Oct (/wiki/October_1989) Nov (/wiki/November_1989) Dec (/wiki/December_1989) 1988 (/wiki/1988) Jan (/wiki/January_1988) Feb (/wiki/February_1988) Mar (/wiki/March_1988) Apr (/wiki/April_1988) May (/wiki/May_1988) Jun (/wiki/June_1988) Jul (/wiki/July_1988) Aug (/wiki/August_1988) Sep (/wiki/September_1988) Oct (/wiki/October_1988) Nov (/wiki/November_1988) Dec (/wiki/December_1988) 1987 (/wiki/1987) Jan (/wiki/January_1987) Feb (/wiki/February_1987) Mar (/wiki/March_1987) Apr (/wiki/April_1987) May (/wiki/May_1987) Jun (/wiki/June_1987) Jul (/wiki/July_1987) Aug (/wiki/August_1987) Sep (/wiki/September_1987) Oct (/wiki/October_1987) Nov (/wiki/November_1987) Dec (/wiki/December_1987) 1986 (/wiki/1986) Jan (/wiki/January_1986) Feb (/wiki/February_1986) Mar (/wiki/March_1986) Apr (/wiki/April_1986) May (/wiki/May_1986) Jun (/wiki/June_1986) Jul (/wiki/July_1986) Aug (/wiki/August_1986) Sep (/wiki/September_1986) Oct (/wiki/October_1986) Nov (/wiki/November_1986) Dec (/wiki/December_1986) 1985 (/wiki/1985) Jan (/wiki/January_1985) Feb (/wiki/February_1985) Mar (/wiki/March_1985) Apr (/wiki/April_1985) May (/wiki/May_1985) Jun (/wiki/June_1985) Jul (/wiki/July_1985) Aug (/wiki/August_1985) Sep (/wiki/September_1985) Oct (/wiki/October_1985) Nov (/wiki/November_1985) Dec (/wiki/December_1985) 1984 (/wiki/1984) Jan (/wiki/January_1984) Feb (/wiki/February_1984) Mar (/wiki/March_1984) Apr (/wiki/April_1984) May (/wiki/May_1984) Jun (/wiki/June_1984) Jul (/wiki/July_1984) Aug (/wiki/August_1984) Sep (/wiki/September_1984) Oct (/wiki/October_1984) Nov (/wiki/November_1984) Dec (/wiki/December_1984) 1983 (/wiki/1983) Jan (/wiki/January_1983) Feb (/wiki/February_1983) Mar (/wiki/March_1983) Apr (/wiki/April_1983) May (/wiki/May_1983) Jun (/wiki/June_1983) Jul (/wiki/July_1983) Aug (/wiki/August_1983) Sep (/wiki/September_1983) Oct (/wiki/October_1983) Nov (/wiki/November_1983) Dec (/wiki/December_1983) 1982 (/wiki/1982) Jan (/wiki/January_1982) Feb (/wiki/February_1982) Mar (/wiki/March_1982) Apr (/wiki/April_1982) May (/wiki/May_1982) Jun (/wiki/June_1982) Jul (/wiki/July_1982) Aug (/wiki/August_1982) Sep (/wiki/September_1982) Oct (/wiki/October_1982) Nov (/wiki/November_1982) Dec (/wiki/December_1982) 1981 (/wiki/1981) Jan (/wiki/January_1981) Feb (/wiki/February_1981) Mar (/wiki/March_1981) Apr (/wiki/April_1981) May (/wiki/May_1981) Jun (/wiki/June_1981) Jul (/wiki/July_1981) Aug (/wiki/August_1981) Sep (/wiki/September_1981) Oct (/wiki/October_1981) Nov (/wiki/November_1981) Dec (/wiki/December_1981) 1980 (/wiki/1980) Jan (/wiki/January_1980) Feb (/wiki/February_1980) Mar (/wiki/March_1980) Apr (/wiki/April_1980) May (/wiki/May_1980) Jun (/wiki/June_1980) Jul (/wiki/July_1980) Aug (/wiki/August_1980) Sep (/wiki/September_1980) Oct (/wiki/October_1980) Nov (/wiki/November_1980) Dec (/wiki/December_1980) Selected biography - show another Collins at the O (/wiki/The_O2_Arena) 2 Arena (/wiki/The_O2_Arena) in London, 2022 Philip David Charles Collins (/wiki/Phil_Collins) LVO (/wiki/Lieutenant_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order) (born 30 January 1951) is an English musician (/wiki/Musician) , singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He was the drummer and later became the lead singer of the rock band Genesis (/wiki/Genesis_(band)) and had a successful solo career, achieving three UK number-one singles and seven US number-one singles as a solo artist. In total, his work with Genesis, other artists, and solo resulted in more US top-40 singles than any other artist throughout the 1980s. His most successful singles from the period include " In the Air Tonight (/wiki/In_the_Air_Tonight) ", " Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) (/wiki/Against_All_Odds_(Take_a_Look_at_Me_Now)) ", " One More Night (/wiki/One_More_Night_(Phil_Collins_song)) ", " Sussudio (/wiki/Sussudio) ", " Another Day in Paradise (/wiki/Another_Day_in_Paradise) " and " I Wish It Would Rain Down (/wiki/I_Wish_It_Would_Rain_Down) ". Born and raised in west London, Collins began playing drums at age five. During the same period he attended drama school, which helped secure various roles as a child actor. His first major role was the Artful Dodger (/wiki/Artful_Dodger) in the West End (/wiki/West_End_theatre) production of the musical Oliver! (/wiki/Oliver!) . As an accomplished professional actor by his early teens, he pivoted to pursue a music career, becoming the drummer for Genesis in 1970 at age 19. He took over the role of lead singer in 1975 following the departure of Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) . During the second half of the 1970s, in between Genesis albums and tours, Collins was the drummer of jazz rock band Brand X (/wiki/Brand_X) . Collins began a successful solo career in the 1980s, initially inspired by his marital breakdown and love of soul music (/wiki/Soul_music) , releasing the albums Face Value (/wiki/Face_Value_(album)) (1981), Hello, I Must Be Going (/wiki/Hello,_I_Must_Be_Going!_(album)) (1982), No Jacket Required (/wiki/No_Jacket_Required) (1985) and ...But Seriously (/wiki/...But_Seriously) (1989). Collins became, in the words of AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic) , "one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary (/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music) singers of the '80s and beyond". He became known for a distinctive gated reverb (/wiki/Gated_reverb) drum sound on many of his recordings. He played drums on the 1984 charity single " Do They Know It's Christmas? (/wiki/Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F) ", and in July 1985, he was the only artist to perform at both Live Aid (/wiki/Live_Aid) concerts. He resumed his acting career, appearing in Miami Vice (/wiki/Miami_Vice) and subsequently starring in the film Buster (/wiki/Buster_(film)) (1988). ( Full article... (/wiki/Phil_Collins) ) List of selected biographies Boy George (/wiki/Boy_George) George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) Prince (musician) (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) Mikhail Gorbachev (/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) Madonna (entertainer) (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Mary Lou Retton (/wiki/Mary_Lou_Retton) Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) Yasser Arafat (/wiki/Yasser_Arafat) Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) 1984 New York City Subway shooting (/wiki/1984_New_York_City_Subway_shooting) Brat Pack (/wiki/Brat_Pack) Sally Ride (/wiki/Sally_Ride) Tom Bradley (American politician) (/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)) Betty Bumpers (/wiki/Betty_Bumpers) Howard Scott Warshaw (/wiki/Howard_Scott_Warshaw) Shigeru Miyamoto (/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto) Cyndi Lauper (/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper) "Weird Al" Yankovic (/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic) Ozzy Osbourne (/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne) Rob Halford (/wiki/Rob_Halford) Grandmaster Flash (/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash) Eddie Murphy (/wiki/Eddie_Murphy) Arnold Schwarzenegger (/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger) Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) John Hughes (filmmaker) (/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)) Steven Spielberg (/wiki/Steven_Spielberg) John Williams (/wiki/John_Williams) Charles, Prince of Wales (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Nicolae Ceaușescu (/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu) Deng Xiaoping (/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) Pope John Paul II (/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) Bob Geldof (/wiki/Bob_Geldof) Mr. T (/wiki/Mr._T) Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) Hulk Hogan (/wiki/Hulk_Hogan) John McEnroe (/wiki/John_McEnroe) Sting (musician) (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) Rod Stewart (/wiki/Rod_Stewart) Ruhollah Khomeini (/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) Tom Cruise (/wiki/Tom_Cruise) Steffi Graf (/wiki/Steffi_Graf) Martina Navratilova (/wiki/Martina_Navratilova) Viv Richards (/wiki/Viv_Richards) Richard Gere (/wiki/Richard_Gere) Boris Becker (/wiki/Boris_Becker) Tina Turner (/wiki/Tina_Turner) Christopher Reeve (/wiki/Christopher_Reeve) Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) Larry Bird (/wiki/Larry_Bird) Mike Tyson (/wiki/Mike_Tyson) Yuri Andropov (/wiki/Yuri_Andropov) François Mitterrand (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand) Steve Jobs (/wiki/Steve_Jobs) Manuel Noriega (/wiki/Manuel_Noriega) Sinéad O'Connor (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor) Gloria Estefan (/wiki/Gloria_Estefan) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) Billy Idol (/wiki/Billy_Idol) Bon Jovi (/wiki/Bon_Jovi) Geraldine Ferraro (/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro) Jimmy Carter (/wiki/Jimmy_Carter) George H. W. Bush (/wiki/George_H._W._Bush) Michael Dukakis (/wiki/Michael_Dukakis) Walter Mondale (/wiki/Walter_Mondale) Tip O'Neill (/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill) Randy Savage (/wiki/Randy_Savage) Dan Quayle (/wiki/Dan_Quayle) Lloyd Bentsen (/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen) edit General images The following are images from various 1980s-related articles on Wikipedia. U.S. President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev signing the INF Treaty (/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty) , 1987 (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The Space Shuttle (/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia) Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 1981 (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Kenny G (/wiki/Kenny_G) , one of the leading smooth jazz artists which emerged in the 1980s (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Stage view of the Live Aid (/wiki/Live_Aid) concert at Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) 's JFK Stadium (/wiki/JFK_Stadium) in the United States in 1985. The concert was a major global international effort by musicians and activists to sponsor action to send aid to the people of Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) who were suffering from a major famine (/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia) . (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The Nintendo Entertainment System (/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System) (NES) was released in the mid-1980s and became the best-selling gaming console (/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles) of its time (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) 1983 Beirut barracks bombing (/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing) (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) was considered one of the most successful male pop (/wiki/Pop_music) and R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) artists of the 1980s. (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The Israeli Air Force (/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force) F-16A (/wiki/F-16A) Netz '243' that was flown by Colonel Ilan Ramon (/wiki/Ilan_Ramon) during Operation Opera (/wiki/Operation_Opera) (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The space shuttle (/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger) Challenger disintegrates on January 28, 1986 (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The Police (/wiki/The_Police) , regarded by Rolling Stone as “possibly the biggest band in the world”, November 1983. (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Miles Davis (/wiki/Miles_Davis) (pictured in 1984), whose 1970s fusion (/wiki/Jazz_fusion) music helped lead to the development of smooth jazz (/wiki/Smooth_jazz) in the 1980s. (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Invasion of Grenada (/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada) , October 1983 (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens) (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Controversial dance pop band Frankie Goes to Hollywood (/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood) in London, 1985 (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The highest-grossing film of the decade was E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial) (1982) (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The Grateful Dead (/wiki/Grateful_Dead) in 1980. Left to right: Jerry Garcia, Bill Kreutzmann, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh. Not pictured: Brent Mydland. (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The world map of military alliances in 1980: NATO (/wiki/NATO) & Western allies, Warsaw Pact (/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) & other Soviet allies, Non-aligned countries, China and Albania (communist countries, but not aligned with USSR), × × × Armed resistance (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of German reunification (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Michael Hutchence (/wiki/Michael_Hutchence) singing during an INXS (/wiki/INXS) concert, early 1980s (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Among women large hair-dos and puffed-up (/wiki/Big_hair) styles typified the decade of the 1980s. ( Jackée Harry (/wiki/Jack%C3%A9e_Harry) , 1988 ) (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) saw commercial success during the early 1980s (from Portal:1980s/General images (/wiki/Portal:1980s/General_images) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Image 16 Image 17 Image 18 Image 19 Image 20 Image 21 Show all 1980s films - load new batch These are Good articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:GA) , which meet a core set of high editorial standards. Aliens is a 1986 science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) action film (/wiki/Action_film) written and directed by James Cameron (/wiki/James_Cameron) . It is the sequel to the 1979 science fiction horror film Alien (/wiki/Alien_(film)) , and the second film in the Alien franchise (/wiki/Alien_(franchise)) . Set in the far future, it stars Sigourney Weaver (/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver) as Ellen Ripley (/wiki/Ellen_Ripley) , the sole survivor of an alien (/wiki/Xenomorph) attack on her ship. When communications are lost with a human colony on the moon where her crew first encountered the alien creatures, Ripley agrees to return to the site with a unit of Colonial Marines to investigate. Michael Biehn (/wiki/Michael_Biehn) , Paul Reiser (/wiki/Paul_Reiser) , Lance Henriksen (/wiki/Lance_Henriksen) , and Carrie Henn are featured in supporting roles. Despite the success of Alien , its sequel took years to develop due to lawsuits, a lack of enthusiasm from 20th Century Fox (/wiki/20th_Century_Fox) , and repeated management changes. Although relatively inexperienced, Cameron was hired to write a story for Aliens in 1983 on the strength of his scripts for The Terminator (/wiki/The_Terminator) (1984) and Rambo: First Blood Part II (/wiki/Rambo:_First_Blood_Part_II) (1985). The project stalled again until new Fox executive Lawrence Gordon (/wiki/Lawrence_Gordon_(producer)) pursued a sequel. On an approximately $18.5 million budget, Aliens began principal photography (/wiki/Principal_photography) in September 1985 and concluded in January 1986. Like its development, filming was tumultuous and rife with conflicts between Cameron and the British crew at Pinewood Studios (/wiki/Pinewood_Studios) . The difficult shoot affected the composer, James Horner (/wiki/James_Horner) , who was given little time to record the music. ( Full article... (/wiki/Aliens_(film)) ) For Your Eyes Only is a 1981 spy film (/wiki/Spy_film) directed by John Glen (/wiki/John_Glen_(director)) (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli) . The film stars Roger Moore (/wiki/Roger_Moore) as the fictional MI6 (/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service) agent James Bond (/wiki/Portrayal_of_James_Bond_in_film) , and co-stars Carole Bouquet (/wiki/Carole_Bouquet) , Chaim Topol (/wiki/Chaim_Topol) , Lynn-Holly Johnson (/wiki/Lynn-Holly_Johnson) and Julian Glover (/wiki/Julian_Glover) . The twelfth film in the James Bond franchise (/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films) produced by Eon Productions (/wiki/Eon_Productions) , For Your Eyes Only was written by Richard Maibaum (/wiki/Richard_Maibaum) and Michael G. Wilson (/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson) . Although the script is principally based on two Ian Fleming (/wiki/Ian_Fleming) short stories, " For Your Eyes Only (/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(short_story_collection)#"For_Your_Eyes_Only") " and " Risico (/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(short_story_collection)#"Risico") ", some elements of the plot were also inspired by the novels Live and Let Die (/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(novel)) , Goldfinger (/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)) and On Her Majesty's Secret Service (/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(novel)) . The film follows Bond as he attempts to locate a missile command system while becoming tangled in a web of deception spun by rival Greek businessmen along with Melina Havelock, a woman seeking to avenge the murder of her parents. ( Full article... (/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)) ) Never Say Never Again (/wiki/Never_Say_Never_Again) is a 1983 spy film (/wiki/Spy_film) directed by Irvin Kershner (/wiki/Irvin_Kershner) . The film is based on the 1961 James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) novel Thunderball (/wiki/Thunderball_(novel)) by Ian Fleming (/wiki/Ian_Fleming) , which in turn was based on an original story by Kevin McClory (/wiki/Kevin_McClory) , Jack Whittingham (/wiki/Jack_Whittingham) , and Fleming. The novel had been previously adapted as the 1965 film of the same name (/wiki/Thunderball_(film)) . Never Say Never Again is the second and most recent James Bond film not to be produced by Eon Productions (/wiki/Eon_Productions) (the usual producer of the Bond series) but instead by Jack Schwartzman (/wiki/Jack_Schwartzman) 's Taliafilm, and was distributed by Warner Bros. (/wiki/Warner_Bros.) The film was executive produced by Kevin McClory, one of the original writers of the Thunderball storyline. McClory had retained the filming rights of the novel following a long legal battle (/wiki/Thunderball_(novel)#Controversy) dating from the 1960s. Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) played the role of Bond for the seventh and final time, marking his return to the character twelve years after Diamonds Are Forever (/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)) (1971). The film's title is a reference to Connery's reported declaration in 1971 that he would "never again" play that role. As Connery was 52 at the time of filming, the script makes frequent reference to Bond as aging and past his prime – although ironically, Connery was three years younger than his replacement, Roger Moore (/wiki/Roger_Moore) . The storyline features Bond being reluctantly brought back into action to investigate the theft of two nuclear weapons by SPECTRE (/wiki/SPECTRE) . Filming locations included France, Spain, the Bahamas and Elstree Studios (/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)) in the United Kingdom. ( Full article... (/wiki/Never_Say_Never_Again) ) Hey Good Lookin ' is a 1982 American adult animated (/wiki/Adult_animation) coming of age (/wiki/Coming_of_age_film) comedy-drama film (/wiki/Comedy-drama_film) written, directed, and produced by Ralph Bakshi (/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi) . The film takes place in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) during the 1950s and focuses on Vinnie, the leader of a gang named 'the Stompers', his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their respective girlfriends Roz and Eva. The film stars the voices of Richard Romanus (/wiki/Richard_Romanus) , David Proval (/wiki/David_Proval) , Tina Bowman, and Jesse Welles (/wiki/Jesse_Welles_(actress)) . The film was first completed in 1975 as a live-action/animated film (/wiki/Live-action/animated_film) , in which only the main characters were animated and the rest were portrayed by live actors, but the film's release was pushed back, and later postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. (/wiki/Warner_Bros.) claimed that this version of the film was unsatisfactory; concerns about the backlash against Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_(film)) were also cited. ( Full article... (/wiki/Hey_Good_Lookin%27_(film)) ) Overdrawn at the Memory Bank (/wiki/Overdrawn_at_the_Memory_Bank) is a 1984 science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) television film (/wiki/Television_film) , starring Raul Julia (/wiki/Raul_Julia) and Linda Griffiths (/wiki/Linda_Griffiths) . Based on the 1976 John Varley (/wiki/John_Varley_(author)) short story by the same name, the film takes place in a dystopian (/wiki/Dystopian) future where an employee for a conglomerate (/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)) gets trapped inside the company's computer and ends up affecting the real world. It was co-produced by Canada's RSL Productions in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) television station WNET (/wiki/WNET) . Because of its limited budget, the motion picture was shot on videotape (/wiki/Videotape) instead of film and was pre-sold to small American cable (/wiki/Cable_television) companies. It premiered on the CBC (/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation) in 1984 and was later broadcast on American Playhouse (/wiki/American_Playhouse) in 1985. The film received mixed reception from critics. Overdrawn at the Memory Bank was featured in the eighth-season finale episode of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 (/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000) in 1997. ( Full article... (/wiki/Overdrawn_at_the_Memory_Bank) ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade) is a 1989 American action adventure film (/wiki/Action_adventure_film) directed by Steven Spielberg (/wiki/Steven_Spielberg) from a screenplay by Jeffrey Boam (/wiki/Jeffrey_Boam) , based on a story by George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) and Menno Meyjes (/wiki/Menno_Meyjes) . It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones film series (/wiki/Indiana_Jones) and the sequel to Raiders of the Lost Ark (/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark) (1981). Harrison Ford (/wiki/Harrison_Ford) returned in the title role (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)) , while his father (/wiki/Henry_Jones,_Sr.) is portrayed by Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) . Other cast members featured include Alison Doody (/wiki/Alison_Doody) , Denholm Elliott (/wiki/Denholm_Elliott) , Julian Glover (/wiki/Julian_Glover) , River Phoenix (/wiki/River_Phoenix) , and John Rhys-Davies (/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies) . In the film, set in 1938, Indiana searches for his father, a Holy Grail (/wiki/Holy_Grail) scholar, who has been kidnapped and held hostage by the Nazis (/wiki/Nazis) while on a journey to find the Holy Grail. After the criticism that Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom) (1984) had received, Spielberg chose to make a more lighthearted film for the next installment, as well as bringing back several elements from Raiders of the Lost Ark . During the five years between The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade , he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam's. Filming locations included Spain, Italy, West Germany, Jordan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. ( Full article... (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade) ) Mouna Ragam (/wiki/Mouna_Ragam) ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ m aʊ n ə ˈ r ɑː ɡ əm / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) transl. Silent Symphony ) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama (/wiki/Romantic_drama) film written and directed by Mani Ratnam (/wiki/Mani_Ratnam) , and produced by G. Venkateswaran (/wiki/G._Venkateswaran) . The film stars Mohan (/wiki/Mohan_(actor)) and Revathi (/wiki/Revathi) , with Karthik (/wiki/Karthik_(actor)) in a guest appearance. V. K. Ramasamy (/wiki/V._K._Ramasamy_(actor)) , Ra. Sankaran (/wiki/Ra._Sankaran) , Bhaskar, Kanchana (/wiki/Kanchana_(actress)) , Vani, Kalaiselvi and Sonia (/wiki/Sonia_(actress)) play supporting roles. It narrates the life of Divya (Revathi), a free-spirited college girl who is forced into an arranged marriage (/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) with Chandrakumar (Mohan) by her father (Sankaran) though she still lives with the memory of her deceased lover Manohar (Karthik). The story follows Divya's inner conflict between holding on to her past and coming to terms with the present. The film's development began when Ratnam began writing a short story (/wiki/Short_story) titled "Divya" with no cinematic plans until he finished it. Since production on his directorial debut Pallavi Anu Pallavi (/wiki/Pallavi_Anu_Pallavi) (1983) was delayed, he took a break for a month and developed "Divya" into a film script, which would eventually be renamed Mouna Ragam . Although Ratnam began work on the script during Pallavi Anu Pallavi , it languished in development hell (/wiki/Development_hell) and ended up becoming his fifth film. Mouna Ragam was the first film produced by Venkateswaran's Sujatha Films (/wiki/GV_Films) , and was shot primarily in Madras (/wiki/Chennai) , with additional filming taking place in Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) and Agra (/wiki/Agra) . The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja (/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja) , with lyrics by Vaali (/wiki/Vaali_(poet)) . P. C. Sreeram (/wiki/P._C._Sreeram) was the cinematographer, and the art director was Thota Tharani (/wiki/Thota_Tharani) . The film was edited by B. Lenin (/wiki/B._Lenin) and V. T. Vijayan (/wiki/V._T._Vijayan) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Mouna_Ragam) ) Killer Klowns from Outer Space (/wiki/Killer_Klowns_from_Outer_Space) is a 1988 American science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) comedy horror (/wiki/Comedy_horror) film written, directed and produced by the Chiodo Brothers (/wiki/The_Chiodo_Brothers) and starring Grant Cramer (/wiki/Grant_Cramer) , Suzanne Snyder (/wiki/Suzanne_Snyder) , John Allen Nelson (/wiki/John_Allen_Nelson) and John Vernon (/wiki/John_Vernon) . It is the only film written and directed by the Chiodo Brothers, who also created the practical effects and makeup. It concerns evil extraterrestrials (/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life) who resemble clowns (/wiki/Clown) arriving on Earth and invading (/wiki/Alien_invasion) a small town in order to capture, kill and harvest the human inhabitants to use as sustenance. Killer Klowns from Outer Space was filmed in Watsonville, California (/wiki/Watsonville,_California) and at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk (/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk) . The film utilizes practical effects, including rubber suits (/wiki/Creature_suit) . The score was composed by John Massari (/wiki/John_Massari) . The film received generally positive reviews and has been considered a cult classic (/wiki/Cult_film) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Killer_Klowns_from_Outer_Space) ) Angel Heart (/wiki/Angel_Heart) is a 1987 American neo-noir (/wiki/Neo-noir) psychological horror (/wiki/Psychological_horror) film, an adaptation (/wiki/Film_adaptation) of William Hjortsberg (/wiki/William_Hjortsberg) 's 1978 novel Falling Angel (/wiki/Falling_Angel) . The film was written and directed by Alan Parker (/wiki/Alan_Parker) , and stars Mickey Rourke (/wiki/Mickey_Rourke) , Robert De Niro (/wiki/Robert_De_Niro) , Lisa Bonet (/wiki/Lisa_Bonet) , and Charlotte Rampling (/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling) . Harry Angel (Rourke), a New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) private investigator, is hired to solve the disappearance of a man known as Johnny Favorite. His investigation takes him to New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , where he becomes embroiled in a series of brutal murders. Following publication of the novel, Hjortsberg began developing the screenplay for a film adaptation, but found that no major studio was willing to produce his script. The project resurfaced in 1985, when producer Elliott Kastner (/wiki/Elliott_Kastner) brought the book to Parker's attention. Parker began work on a new script and in doing so made several changes from Hjortsberg's novel. He also met with Mario Kassar (/wiki/Mario_Kassar) and Andrew G. Vajna (/wiki/Andrew_G._Vajna) , who agreed to finance the $18 million production through their independent film (/wiki/Independent_film) studio Carolco Pictures (/wiki/Carolco_Pictures) . Filming took place on location in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) and New Orleans, with principal photography (/wiki/Principal_photography) lasting from March 1986 to June of that year. ( Full article... (/wiki/Angel_Heart) ) The Daicon III and IV Opening Animations are two 8 mm film (/wiki/8_mm_film) anime short films that were produced for the 1981 Daicon III and 1983 Daicon IV Nihon SF Taikai (/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taikai) conventions. They were produced by a group of amateur animators known as Daicon Film, who would later go on to form the animation studio Gainax (/wiki/Gainax) . The films are known for their unusually high production values for amateur works and for including numerous references to otaku (/wiki/Otaku) culture, as well as its unauthorized appropriations of the Playboy Bunny (/wiki/Playboy_Bunny) costume. Usage of the songs "Runaway" by Bill Conti (/wiki/Bill_Conti) (from the soundtrack to the 1981 James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) film For Your Eyes Only (/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)) ) as well as " Twilight (/wiki/Twilight_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_song)) " and " Hold On Tight (/wiki/Hold_On_Tight_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_song)) " by English rock (/wiki/Rock_music) band Electric Light Orchestra (/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra) were also unauthorized. Daicon III was made by Hideaki Anno (/wiki/Hideaki_Anno) , Hiroyuki Yamaga (/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yamaga) and Takami Akai (/wiki/Takami_Akai) and Daicon IV credits twelve people, including Yamaga as the director and Anno and Akai as animation supervisors. Despite the questionable legal status of the works, the production of Daicon III resulted in debts that were repaid by selling video tapes and 8 mm reels of the production, the profits of which went to the production of Daicon IV . In 2001, the anime magazine Animage (/wiki/Animage) ranked the Daicon animations as the 35th of the "Top 100" anime of all time. ( Full article... (/wiki/Daicon_III_and_IV_Opening_Animations) ) Beetlejuice (/wiki/Beetlejuice) is a 1988 American fantasy (/wiki/Fantasy_film) comedy horror film (/wiki/Comedy_horror) directed by Tim Burton (/wiki/Tim_Burton) from a screenplay by Michael McDowell (/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(author)) and Warren Skaaren (/wiki/Warren_Skaaren) based on a story by McDowell and Larry Wilson (/wiki/Larry_Wilson_(screenwriter)) . The film stars Alec Baldwin (/wiki/Alec_Baldwin) , Geena Davis (/wiki/Geena_Davis) , Jeffrey Jones (/wiki/Jeffrey_Jones) , Catherine O'Hara (/wiki/Catherine_O%27Hara) , Winona Ryder (/wiki/Winona_Ryder) and Michael Keaton (/wiki/Michael_Keaton) as the titular character. The first installment of the Beetlejuice franchise (/wiki/Beetlejuice_(franchise)) , the plot revolves around a recently deceased couple. As ghosts, they are not allowed to leave their house. They contact Betelgeuse, a charismatic " bio (/wiki/Biology) - exorcist (/wiki/Exorcist) " to scare the house's new inhabitants away. Beetlejuice was released in the United States on March 30, 1988, by Warner Bros. (/wiki/Warner_Bros.) The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $74.7 million on a $15 million budget. It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling) and a trio of Saturn Awards (/wiki/Saturn_Awards) : Best Horror Film (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Horror_Film) , Best Makeup (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Make-up) and Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) for Sylvia Sidney (/wiki/Sylvia_Sidney) . The film's success spawned an animated television series (/wiki/Beetlejuice_(TV_series)) , video games and a 2018 stage musical (/wiki/Beetlejuice_(musical)) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Beetlejuice) ) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) -language superhero film (/wiki/Superhero_film) directed by Shekhar Kapur (/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur) and produced jointly by Boney Kapoor (/wiki/Boney_Kapoor) and Surinder Kapoor (/wiki/Surinder_Kapoor) under the Narsimha Enterprises banner. The story and screenplay was written by the duo Salim–Javed (/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed) in what was their last collaboration before their split. Starring Anil Kapoor (/wiki/Anil_Kapoor) , Sridevi (/wiki/Sridevi) , and Amrish Puri (/wiki/Amrish_Puri) , the film tells the story of Arun Verma (Kapoor), a humble violinist and philanthropist who receives a cloaking device (/wiki/Cloaking_device) that grants him invisibility (/wiki/Invisibility) . While renting out his house to pay his debts, he meets the journalist Seema Sahni (Sridevi) and falls in love with her. Meanwhile, the criminal Mogambo (Puri) has plans to conquer India. After watching his previous directorial venture Masoom (/wiki/Masoom_(1983_film)) , a 1983 family drama about children, Boney Kapoor approached Kapur to make another film with similar themes. Principal photography (/wiki/Principal_photography) , handled by Baba Azmi (/wiki/Baba_Azmi) , took place in Srinagar (/wiki/Srinagar) , Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , and other locations in India, starting in July 1985, and finished after 350 days. Laxmikant–Pyarelal (/wiki/Laxmikant%E2%80%93Pyarelal) composed the soundtrack, while Akhtar wrote the lyrics. After filming ended, Waman Bhonsle and Gurudutt Shirali jointly edited it; Peter Pereira completed the special effects. ( Full article... (/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)) ) Payanangal Mudivathillai (/wiki/Payanangal_Mudivathillai) ( transl. Journeys never end ) is a 1982 Indian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) -language romantic drama film (/wiki/Romantic_drama_film) written and directed by R. Sundarrajan (/wiki/R._Sundarrajan) . The film stars Mohan (/wiki/Mohan_(actor)) and Poornima Jayaram (/wiki/Poornima_Bhagyaraj) , with Rajini, S. Ve. Shekher (/wiki/S._Ve._Shekher) , Poornam Viswanathan (/wiki/Poornam_Viswanathan) , Rajesh (/wiki/Rajesh_(Tamil_actor)) and Goundamani (/wiki/Goundamani) in supporting roles. Its plot revolves around a woman who falls in love with a singer whom she helped to rise to fame but struggles to declare her love for him. Payanangal Mudivathillai is Sundarrajan's directorial debut and the inaugural venture of Kovaithambi (/wiki/Kovaithambi) 's Motherland Pictures. The film was produced by R. Elanchelian, Pollachi M. V. Rathinam and P. Muthusamy. Ilaiyaraaja (/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja) composed the music and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam) and S. Janaki (/wiki/S._Janaki) performed the songs. Cinematography was handled by Kasthuri and the editing by R. Bhaskaran. ( Full article... (/wiki/Payanangal_Mudivathillai) ) Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (/wiki/Care_Bears_Movie_II:_A_New_Generation) is a 1986 animated (/wiki/Animation) musical (/wiki/Musical_film) fantasy film (/wiki/Fantasy_film) produced by LBS Communications (/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company) and Nelvana (/wiki/Nelvana) . It is the third animated feature from Nelvana and the second film based on the Care Bears (/wiki/Care_Bears) franchise. It was directed by Dale Schott, written by Peter Sauder (/wiki/Peter_Sauder) , and produced by Nelvana's three founders; Michael Hirsh (/wiki/Michael_Hirsh_(producer)) , Patrick Loubert (/wiki/Patrick_Loubert) , and Clive A. Smith (/wiki/Clive_A._Smith) . It stars the voices of Alyson Court (/wiki/Alyson_Court) , Cree Summer (/wiki/Cree_Summer) , Maxine Miller (/wiki/Maxine_Miller) and Hadley Kay (/wiki/Hadley_Kay) . In the story, The Great Wishing Star (voiced by Chris Wiggins (/wiki/Chris_Wiggins) ) tells the origins of the Care Bears and the story of their first Caring Mission. True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse lead the other Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins in aiding Christy, a young camper who is tempted by the evil shape-shifting Dark Heart. This is also the first appearance of the Care Bear Cubs, who also had their own line of toys. A New Generation was made over a seven-month period at Nelvana's Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) facilities, with additional work handled by Taiwan's Wang Film Productions (/wiki/Wang_Film_Productions) , and involved several crew members who had worked on the original Care Bears Movie (/wiki/The_Care_Bears_Movie) . Patricia Cullen served as composer, and Los Angeles musicians Dean (/wiki/Dean_Parks) and Carol Parks (/wiki/Carol_Parks) worked on the film's six songs. The Samuel Goldwyn Company (/wiki/The_Samuel_Goldwyn_Company) , the US distributor for the first film, was originally set to release the sequel, but demands from the film's producers caused the company to give up. The worldwide distribution rights were then acquired by Columbia Pictures (/wiki/Columbia_Pictures) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Care_Bears_Movie_II:_A_New_Generation) ) Begotten is a 1989 American experimental (/wiki/Experimental_film) silent (/wiki/Silent_film) horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) written, directed, and produced by E. Elias Merhige (/wiki/E._Elias_Merhige) . It stars Brian Salsberg, Donna Dempsy, Stephen Charles Barry, and members of Merhige's theatre company, Theatreofmaterial. Its unconventional narrative depicts the suicide of a godlike figure and the resulting births of Mother Earth and the Son of Earth, who set out on a journey across a barren landscape. The film does not contain dialogue, with its visual style evoking early silent films (/wiki/Silent_film) . The film's storyline draws upon creation myths (/wiki/Creation_myth) in Christian mythology (/wiki/Christian_mythology) , Celtic mythology (/wiki/Celtic_mythology) , and Slavic paganism (/wiki/Slavic_paganism) , featuring narrative motifs and religious imagery that reoccur throughout Merhige's work. Other influences include the transgressive artist (/wiki/Transgressive_art) Antonin Artaud (/wiki/Antonin_Artaud) and the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche) . The film's visual style was inspired by Georges Franju (/wiki/Georges_Franju) 's Blood of the Beasts (/wiki/Blood_of_the_Beasts) , Akira Kurosawa (/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa) 's Seven Samurai (/wiki/Seven_Samurai) , Stan Brakhage (/wiki/Stan_Brakhage) 's The Act of Seeing with One's Own Eyes (/wiki/The_Act_of_Seeing_with_One%27s_Own_Eyes) , and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Begotten_(film)) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Show all More 1980s film articles (/wiki/Portal:1980s/Films) edit More did you know... ... that the first designer babies (/wiki/Designer_baby) were created in a laboratory in late 1989? Other "Did you know" facts... (/wiki/Portal:1980s/Did_you_know) Read more... 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Purchases of goods for Chinese consumers made overseas Daigou smuggler Occupation Names Daigou, "overseas personal shopper (/wiki/Personal_shopper) ", [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) "professional shopper" [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) Synonyms Haiwai daigou Occupation type Profession Description Fields of employment Self-employed Daigou ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 代购 [2] (#cite_note-Katie_Hunt-2) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : dàigòu ; lit. 'surrogate shopping') [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [3] (#cite_note-Owens-3) [4] (#cite_note-Lee-4) is an emerging form of cross-border exporting (/wiki/Exporting) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-smh.com.au-6) [7] (#cite_note-bbc.com-7) [2] (#cite_note-Katie_Hunt-2) in which an individual or a syndicated (/wiki/Crime_syndicates) group of exporters [6] (#cite_note-smh.com.au-6) outside China (/wiki/China) purchases commodities (mainly luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) , but sometimes also groceries such as infant formulas (/wiki/Infant_formula) ) for customers in China (/wiki/China) . [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [8] (#cite_note-Chitrakorn2014-8) Daigou shoppers typically purchase the desired goods in a region outside China, after which they post the goods to China or carry them in their luggage when they return to China. The goods are then sold for profit in China. Daigou activities can be conducted illegally (/wiki/Smuggling) , [9] (#cite_note-scmp.com-9) [10] (#cite_note-Chitrakorn2016-10) or legally (/wiki/Tax_avoidance) , [11] (#cite_note-11) using loopholes (/wiki/Loophole) to circumvent import tariffs (/wiki/Import_tariffs) imposed on overseas goods. [12] (#cite_note-Menendez-12) Sales [ edit ] Daigou sales across sectors total $15 billion annually. [13] (#cite_note-Buchwald-13) In 2014 the value of the daigou business just in luxury goods increased from CN¥ (/wiki/Renminbi) 55 billion to CN¥75 billion yuan (/wiki/RMB) (US$8.8 billion to $12 billion). [10] (#cite_note-Chitrakorn2016-10) Daigou purchases are often made in luxury brand boutiques in major fashion cities like Paris (/wiki/Paris) , London (/wiki/London) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) . Some daigou operators use Weibo (/wiki/Sina_Weibo) and WeChat (/wiki/WeChat) to communicate with their clients. [14] (#cite_note-Zhu-14) The large demand for daigou service is due to perceived high import tariffs (/wiki/Import_tariff) on luxury goods [14] (#cite_note-Zhu-14) and concern over unsafe products, especially food safety problems, [15] (#cite_note-Baidu-15) Daigou shoppers can provide assurance that the products which consumers in China order are genuine and safe to use. Shoppers often have personal connections with the people in China who order from them. [16] (#cite_note-ABC_News_The_daigou_channel-16) A 2015 survey of Chinese online luxury shoppers found that 35% have used daigou to purchase luxury goods online, while only 7% used the website of the brand they are buying, or think they are buying. [17] (#cite_note-Solca-17) Approximately 80% of Chinese luxury purchases are made abroad. [18] (#cite_note-Denis-Wendlandt-18) Negative impacts [ edit ] Daigou syndicates can be involved in hoarding (/wiki/Hoarding_(economics)) and stockpiling of goods in large quantities, often infuriating local customers for the shortage of goods and disruption incurred to the markets. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In June 2019 naval personnel from a Chinese warship berthed in Sydney Harbour (/wiki/Sydney_Harbour) , Australia were photographed unloading boxes of baby formula and other products from a large van to carry onto the ship. [21] (#cite_note-21) In January and February 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , China's United Front (/wiki/United_Front_(China)) organized successful Daigou in numerous countries to help China import 2.5 billion pieces of epidemic safety equipment, including over two billion safety masks. The Australian subsidiaries of Country Garden (/wiki/Country_Garden) and Greenland Holdings (/wiki/Greenland_Holdings) had their employees gather medical supplies which were subsequently airlifted to Wuhan, exacerbating these shortages in Australian hospitals. [22] (#cite_note-Risland-22) Jorge Guajardo (/wiki/Jorge_Guajardo) , Mexico’s former ambassador to China, suggested that China was evidently hiding the extent of a pandemic that endangered the world while covertly securing PPE at low prices, as this “surreptitious” operation left “the world naked with no supply of PPE.” [23] (#cite_note-23) Such actions have prompted several governments to take actions against Daigou smuggling (/wiki/Smuggling) and hoarding (/wiki/Hoarding_(economics)) . Starting from 2012, the New Zealand government has been regularly cracking down and sometimes outright banning unauthorized export of consumer goods through unregistered channels. [24] (#cite_note-24) Australian retailers have imposed multiple restrictions on Daigou purchases of baby formula. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Some Daigou service providers fraudulently sell counterfeit products that have been altered to appear purchased abroad from legitimate sources. [27] (#cite_note-Shuan_Sim-27) Responses from China [ edit ] On January 1, 2019, China officially rolled out a new e-commerce law, the first of its kind to directly regulate Daigou activities. Under the new law, all Daigou participants will be legally required to register as e-commerce operators and acquire licenses in both China and the country where they shop, making their business subject to taxation in both China and the region where they purchased goods. Any e-commerce platform and seller could be fined 2 million yuan and 500,000 yuan respectively, and possibly face criminal charges, if they are found guilty of smuggling (/wiki/Smuggling) , tax evasion (/wiki/Tax_evasion) and willful violation (/wiki/Willful_violation) of the new e-commerce law. [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Parallel trading in Hong Kong (/wiki/Parallel_trading_in_Hong_Kong) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Parker, Pamela (16 March 2018). "How to become a professional shopper" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43259904) . BBC.com (/wiki/BBC.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b Hunt, Katie (August 19, 2014). "Shoppers or smugglers? China cracks down on 'daigou' boom" (http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/19/world/asia/china-personal-shoppers/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Owens_3-0) Owens, Susan (July 1, 2015). "FROM DAIGOU TO DIGITAL: LUXURY EXECUTIVES WEIGH IN ON BIGGEST CHINA CHALLENGES" (https://jingdaily.com/from-daigou-to-digital-luxury-executives-weigh-in-on-biggest-china-challenges/) . Jing Daily (精日传媒) . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lee_4-0) Lee, Terence (November 16, 2012). "Daigou, a novel e-commerce business model, is an intriguing Chinese export" (http://www.techinasia.com/daigou-sites-becoming-popular/) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved October 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Six arrested in Australia over baby formula smuggling ring" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/six-arrested-in-australia-over-baby-formula-smuggling-ring-1.3766557) . The Irish Times. January 22, 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b "Melbourne baby formula syndicate smashed as police seize tins worth $300,000" (https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-baby-formula-syndicate-smashed-as-police-seize-tins-worth-300000-20171130-gzw56w.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald. November 30, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-bbc.com_7-0) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-46941821) 'Baby formula ring' leads to six arrests in Australia" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-46941821) . BBC. January 21, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-Chitrakorn2014_8-0) Chitrakorn, Kati (9 April 2014). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150115014717/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/04/daigou-agents-help-chinese-consumers-get-luxury-goods-less.html) 'Daigou' Agents Help Chinese Get Luxury Goods for Less" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150115014717/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/04/daigou-agents-help-chinese-consumers-get-luxury-goods-less.html) . businessoffashion.com (/wiki/Businessoffashion.com) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/04/daigou-agents-help-chinese-consumers-get-luxury-goods-less.html) on 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-scmp.com_9-0) "23 arrested in crackdown on milk-powder smuggling ring run in US" (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2087008/23-arrested-crackdown-milk-powder-smuggling-ring-run-china-and-us) . South China Morning Post. April 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitrakorn, Kati (February 5, 2016). "Can China End the Illicit 'Daigou' Trade?" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/can-china-put-an-end-to-the-illicit-daigou-trade) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved October 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hawkins, Amy; Thorpe, James (8 October 2019). "China ecommerce rules force personal shoppers to be creative" (https://www.ft.com/content/f6ca5ab2-c58f-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4) . Financial Times . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Menendez_12-0) Menendez, Enrique (February 18, 2016). "Missed Opportunity: China's Neglected Domestic Travellers" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/the-missed-opportunity-chinas-neglected-internal-travellers) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Buchwald_13-0) Buchwald, Brian; Neckes, Joshua (August 15, 2014). "Op-Ed | Alibaba's Catch-22" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150322180327/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/08/op-ed-alibabas-catch-22.html) . businessoffashion.com . Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/08/op-ed-alibabas-catch-22.html) on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zhu, Julie (February 23, 2014). "Online agents cut luxury bills for Chinese buyers" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/28e6cec4-993e-11e3-b3a2-00144feab7de.html) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Retrieved 2014-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-Baidu_15-0) "中国食品安全问题现状、原因及对策 中国食品安全现状" (http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=L85WJHhOF1h3l3QJfnWAxi09-ZEoovP7xHuKM3Bsqs8wVZPMoVFJSm4XionQIxBwFkLbx9xvHX7_FElf8XMkwomA8CJdHHVH6i5AlbG32Rq) [The phenomenon, reasons and solutions of food safety problems in China]. Baidu (in Chinese). August 26, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-ABC_News_The_daigou_channel_16-0) Xiao, Bang; Mantesso, Sean (31 July 2019). "The daigou channel — how a handful of Chinese shoppers turned into a billion-dollar industry" (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-31/chinese-daigou-changing-influencing-australian-business/11221498) . ABC News . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Solca_17-0) Solca, Luca (16 April 2015). "Digital China Leaving Ostrich Brands Behind" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/opinion/digital-china-leaving-ostrich-brands-behind) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Denis-Wendlandt_18-0) Denis, Pascale; Wendlandt, Astrid (6 April 2016). Holmes, David (ed.). "Luxury Market Growth Will Hit Low Point in 2016, Forecasts Bain" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/luxury-market-growth-will-hit-low-point-in-2016-forecasts-bain) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) " (https://au.news.yahoo.com/mum-catches-group-shoppers-stockpiling-in-demand-baby-formula-36598199.html) 'Desperate' mum's plea after catching baby formula hoarders emptying shelves" (https://au.news.yahoo.com/mum-catches-group-shoppers-stockpiling-in-demand-baby-formula-36598199.html) . Yahoo7 News. August 3, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Parents fume after watching shoppers hoard milk formula" (https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/parents-fume-after-watching-shoppers-hoard-milk-fo/3223523/) . The Chronicle. September 13, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Loomes, Phoebe (11 June 2019). "Chinese warships pictured loaded with Australian baby formula before departure" (https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/chinese-warships-pictured-loaded-with-australian-baby-formula-before-departure/news-story/934ce3aaf9df90e18a521d6bee1c90c9) . News Ltd (/wiki/News_Ltd) . ^ (#cite_ref-Risland_22-0) McClymont, Kate (27 March 2020). "Second developer flew 82 tonnes of medical supplies to China" (https://www.smh.com.au/national/second-developer-flies-82-tonnes-of-medical-supplies-to-china-20200326-p54e8n.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "United Front groups in Canada helped Beijing stockpile coronavirus safety supplies - National | Globalnews.ca" (https://globalnews.ca/news/6858818/coronavirus-china-united-front-canada-protective-equipment-shortage/) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "新西兰"禁奶"引上海妈妈囤货" (http://baobao.sohu.com/20121011/n354635099.shtml) (in Chinese). Oriental Morning Post . Retrieved February 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Australian limit baby formula as China demand hits stocks" (https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/australian-stores-limit-baby-formula-as-china-demand-hits-stocks) . The Straits Times. May 16, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Retailers crack down on baby formula limits amid parent pressure" (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/babies/retailers-crack-down-on-baby-formula-limits-amid-parent-pressure/news-story/21fbb3b8b742cb7017de8d110b3c5d74) . news.com.au. October 26, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-Shuan_Sim_27-0) Sim, Shuan (April 8, 2014). "China's Sketchy 'Daigou' Luxury Market Is A Hotbed For Fakes" (http://jingdaily.com/chinas-sketchy-daigou-luxury-market-is-a-hotbed-for-fakes/) . jingdaily.com . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "What a New Law Could Mean for China's 'Daigou' (https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003372/what-a-new-law-could-mean-for-chinas-daigou) " (https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003372/what-a-new-law-could-mean-for-chinas-daigou) . Sixth tone. December 21, 2018. External links [ edit ] Look up 代 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3) or 购 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AD) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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< User:Tim.landscheidt (/wiki/User:Tim.landscheidt) Cross-namespace redirects from (Main) to any other namespace; data as of 22:45, 25 February 2013 (UTC). No. Redirect Target Categorized? 2401 P:ACT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ACT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ACT) ) Portal:Australian_Capital_Territory (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_Capital_Territory&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_Capital_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2402 P:AFL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AFL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AFL) ) Portal:Australian_rules_football (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_rules_football&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Australian_rules_football&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2403 P:AUT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AUT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AUT) ) Portal:Austria (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Austria&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Austria) ) Yes 2404 P:AVIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AVIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AVIA) ) Portal:Aviation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Aviation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Aviation) ) Yes 2405 P:AWAKE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AWAKE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AWAKE) ) Portal:Awake (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2406 P:AE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AE) ) Portal:Awake (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2407 P:AWE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AWE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AWE) ) Portal:Awake (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2408 P:AWK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AWK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AWK) ) Portal:Awake (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Awake&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2409 Ballet_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballet_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ballet_Portal) ) Portal:Ballet (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ballet&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2410 Portal-Class_ballet_articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal-Class_ballet_articles&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal-Class_ballet_articles) ) Portal:Ballet (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ballet&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2411 P:BD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BD) ) Portal:Bangladesh (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bangladesh&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh) ) No 2412 P:BPL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BPL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BPL) ) Portal:Bangladesh_Premier_League (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bangladesh_Premier_League&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bangladesh_Premier_League&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2413 P:BO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BO) ) Portal:Barack_Obama (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Barack_Obama&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Barack_Obama&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2414 P:BB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BB) ) Portal:Battleships (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Battleships&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Battleships&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2415 P:Beer (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Beer&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Beer) ) Portal:Beer (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Beer&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Beer) ) No 2416 P:BEER (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BEER&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BEER) ) Portal:Beer (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Beer&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Beer) ) Yes 2417 P:BEL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BEL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BEL) ) Portal:Belarus (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Belarus&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Belarus) ) Yes 2418 P:BERKS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BERKS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BERKS) ) Portal:Berkshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Berkshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Berkshire) ) Yes 2419 P:BLN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BLN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BLN) ) Portal:Berlin (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Berlin&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Berlin) ) No 2420 Biography_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biography_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biography_portal) ) Portal:Biography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Biography) ) Yes 2421 P:BIO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BIO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BIO) ) Portal:Biology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Biology) ) Yes 2422 Biology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biology_portal) ) Portal:Biology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Biology) ) Yes 2423 Biotechnology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biotechnology_portal) ) Portal:Biotechnology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biotechnology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2424 P:BIRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BIRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BIRD) ) Portal:Birds (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Birds&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Birds) ) Yes 2425 P:Bohol (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Bohol&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Bohol) ) Portal:Bohol (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bohol&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bohol&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2426 P:Bolivia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Bolivia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Bolivia) ) Portal:Bolivia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bolivia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bolivia) ) Yes 2427 P:Bol (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Bol&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Bol) ) Portal:Bolivia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bolivia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bolivia) ) Yes 2428 P:B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:B&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:B) ) Portal:Bollywood (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bollywood&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bollywood) ) Yes 2429 P:BOLLY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BOLLY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BOLLY) ) Portal:Bollywood (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bollywood&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bollywood) ) Yes 2430 P:BIH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BIH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BIH) ) Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) ) Yes 2431 P:Boston (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Boston&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Boston) ) Portal:Boston (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Boston&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Boston&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2432 P:BA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BA) ) Portal:British_Army (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Army&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Army&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2433 P:BC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BC) ) Portal:British_Columbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Columbia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2434 P:BE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BE) ) Portal:British_Empire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:British_Empire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:British_Empire) ) Yes 2435 P:br (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:br&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:br) ) Portal:Brussels (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brussels&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Brussels&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2436 P:BUCKS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BUCKS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BUCKS) ) Portal:Buckinghamshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buckinghamshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buckinghamshire&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2437 P:BSAS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BSAS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BSAS) ) Portal:Buenos_Aires (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buenos_Aires&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buenos_Aires&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2438 P:BG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BG) ) Portal:Bulgaria (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bulgaria&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria) ) Yes 2439 P:BUL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BUL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BUL) ) Portal:Bulgaria (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Bulgaria&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria) ) Yes 2440 P:Bus (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Bus&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Bus) ) Portal:Buses (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buses&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Buses) ) Yes 2441 P:Buses (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Buses&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Buses) ) Portal:Buses (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buses&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Buses) ) Yes 2442 P:Bus_transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Bus_transport&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Bus_transport) ) Portal:Buses (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Buses&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Buses) ) Yes 2443 P:BEP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BEP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BEP) ) Portal:Business_and_economics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Business_and_economics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) ) No 2444 P:CAL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CAL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CAL) ) Portal:California (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:California&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:California) ) Yes 2445 P:CALIFORNIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CALIFORNIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CALIFORNIA) ) Portal:California (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:California&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:California) ) Yes 2446 P:CALRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CALRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CALRD) ) Portal:California_Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:California_Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:California_Roads) ) Yes 2447 Cambodia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cambodia_portal) ) Portal:Cambodia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cambodia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cambodia) ) Yes 2448 Cambodia_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodia_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cambodia_Portal) ) Portal:Cambodia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cambodia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cambodia) ) Yes 2449 Canada_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Canada_portal) ) Portal:Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Canada) ) Yes 2450 Canadian_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Canadian_portal) ) Portal:Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Canada) ) Yes 2451 P:CA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CA) ) Portal:Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Canada) ) Yes 2452 P:CANADA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CANADA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CANADA) ) Portal:Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Canada) ) Yes 2453 P:CARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CARD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CARD) ) Portal:Canada_Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada_Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Canada_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2454 P:Cape (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Cape&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Cape) ) Portal:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Cod_and_the_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2455 P:CV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CV) ) Portal:Cape_Verde (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Verde&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2456 P:NYCD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NYCD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NYCD) ) Portal:Capital_District (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Capital_District&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Capital_District&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2457 P:CDNY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CDNY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CDNY) ) Portal:Capital_District (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Capital_District&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Capital_District&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2458 P:CARIB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CARIB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CARIB) ) Portal:Caribbean (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Caribbean&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Caribbean) ) Yes 2459 P:CR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CR) ) Portal:Carpathian_Ruthenia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Carpathian_Ruthenia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Carpathian_Ruthenia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2460 P:CARTOON (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CARTOON&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CARTOON) ) Portal:Cartoon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartoon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon) ) Yes 2461 P:CAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CAR) ) Portal:Cartoon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartoon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon) ) Yes 2462 P:CART (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CART&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CART) ) Portal:Cartoon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartoon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon) ) Yes 2463 P:CN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CN) ) Portal:Cartoon_Network (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartoon_Network&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon_Network) ) Yes 2464 P:CARTOONNETWORK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CARTOONNETWORK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CARTOONNETWORK) ) Portal:Cartoon_Network (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cartoon_Network&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cartoon_Network) ) No 2465 Chemistry_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemistry_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chemistry_portal) ) Portal:Chemistry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chemistry&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Chemistry) ) Yes 2466 P:CHEM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHEM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHEM) ) Portal:Chemistry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chemistry&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Chemistry) ) Yes 2467 P:CHESHIRE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHESHIRE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHESHIRE) ) Portal:Cheshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cheshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cheshire) ) Yes 2468 Chess_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chess_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chess_Portal) ) Portal:Chess (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chess&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Chess) ) Yes 2469 P:CHI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHI) ) Portal:Chicago (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chicago&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Chicago) ) Yes 2470 P:Chicago (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Chicago&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Chicago) ) Portal:Chicago (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chicago&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Chicago) ) Yes 2471 P:ZH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ZH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ZH) ) Portal:China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:China) ) Yes 2472 P:CHINA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHINA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHINA) ) Portal:China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:China) ) Yes 2473 P:CD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CD) ) Portal:Christian_democracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2474 P:CENTER (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CENTER&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CENTER) ) Portal:Christian_democracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2475 P:cd (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:cd&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:cd) ) Portal:Christian_democracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2476 P:CM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CM) ) Portal:Christian_music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2477 P:X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:X&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:X) ) Portal:Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) ) Yes 2478 Christianity_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Christianity_portals) ) Portal:Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) ) Yes 2479 P:IX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IX) ) Portal:Christianity_in_India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2480 P:CI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CI) ) Portal:Christianity_in_India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2481 P:IC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IC) ) Portal:Christianity_in_India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Christianity_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2482 P:CC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CC) ) Portal:Classical_Civilisation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2483 Classical_civilization_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_civilization_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Classical_civilization_portal) ) Portal:Classical_Civilisation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2484 Classical_Civilisation_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_Civilisation_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Classical_Civilisation_portal) ) Portal:Classical_Civilisation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_Civilisation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2485 Classical_guitar_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_guitar_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Classical_guitar_portal) ) Portal:Classical_guitar (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_guitar&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_guitar&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2486 P:CLM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CLM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CLM) ) Portal:Classical_music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Classical_music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Classical_music) ) No 2487 P:COAT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COAT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COAT) ) Portal:Coatbridge (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coatbridge&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coatbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2488 P:CTB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CTB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CTB) ) Portal:Coatbridge (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coatbridge&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Coatbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2489 P:COMEDY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COMEDY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COMEDY) ) Portal:Comedy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comedy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comedy) ) Yes 2490 P:C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:C&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:C) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2491 Comics_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comics_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Comics_portal) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2492 Comic_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comic_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Comic_portal) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2493 P:COMICS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COMICS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COMICS) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2494 P:CMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CMC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CMC) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2495 P:COMIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COMIC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COMIC) ) Portal:Comics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Comics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Comics) ) Yes 2496 P:COMMUNISM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COMMUNISM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COMMUNISM) ) Portal:Communism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Communism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Communism) ) Yes 2497 P:CAM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CAM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CAM) ) Portal:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2498 P:CG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CG) ) Portal:Computer_graphics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_graphics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_graphics&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2499 P:CS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CS) ) Portal:Computer_science (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_science&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Computer_science&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2500 P:Right (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Right&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Right) ) Portal:Conservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Conservatism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Conservatism) ) Yes 2501 P:RIGHT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RIGHT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RIGHT) ) Portal:Conservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Conservatism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Conservatism) ) No 2502 Conservatism_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Conservatism_portal) ) Portal:Conservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Conservatism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Conservatism) ) Yes 2503 The_Conservatism_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Conservatism_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Conservatism_Portal) ) Portal:Conservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Conservatism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Conservatism) ) No 2504 P:CL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CL) ) Portal:Constructed_languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Constructed_languages&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages) ) Yes 2505 P:CAT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CAT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CAT) ) Portal:Contents/Categories (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Categories&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories) ) No 2506 List_of_glossaries (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_glossaries&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_glossaries) ) Portal:Contents/Glossaries (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Glossaries&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Glossaries) ) Yes 2507 List_of_topics_lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_topics_lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_topics_lists) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2508 List_of_intellectual/social/spiritual/artistic_reference_tables (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_intellectual/social/spiritual/artistic_reference_tables&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_intellectual/social/spiritual/artistic_reference_tables) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2509 List_of_list_of_pages (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_list_of_pages&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_list_of_pages) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2510 List_of_Refernce_Tables (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Refernce_Tables&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Refernce_Tables) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2511 List_of_reference_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reference_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_reference_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2512 List_of_encyclopedia_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_encyclopedia_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_encyclopedia_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2513 List_of_list (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_list&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_list) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2514 List_of_lists_on_wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lists_on_wikipedia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_lists_on_wikipedia) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2515 List_of_Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Lists) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2516 List_of_Wikipedia_Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedia_Lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Wikipedia_Lists) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2517 List_of_topic_lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_topic_lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_topic_lists) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2518 List_of_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2519 Complete_list_of_encyclopedia_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complete_list_of_encyclopedia_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Complete_list_of_encyclopedia_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2520 Lists_of_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lists_of_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2521 List_of_lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_lists) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2522 List_of_reference_tables (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reference_tables&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_reference_tables) ) Portal:Contents/Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Lists&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists) ) Yes 2523 List_of_basic_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_basic_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_basic_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) Yes 2524 List_of_basic_topic_lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_basic_topic_lists&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_basic_topic_lists) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) Yes 2525 Lists_about_basic_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_about_basic_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lists_about_basic_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) Yes 2526 Lists_of_basic_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_basic_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lists_of_basic_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) Yes 2527 List_of_topical_outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_topical_outlines&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_topical_outlines) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) Yes 2528 Basic_topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_topics&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Basic_topics) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) No 2529 Basic_topics_list (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_topics_list&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Basic_topics_list) ) Portal:Contents/Outlines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Outlines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines) ) No 2530 List_of_overview_articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_overview_articles&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_overview_articles) ) Portal:Contents/Overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Overviews&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews) ) Yes 2531 List_of_articles_(an_overview) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_articles_(an_overview)&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_articles_(an_overview)) ) Portal:Contents/Overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Overviews&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews) ) Yes 2532 List_of_articles:_an_overview (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_articles:_an_overview&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_articles:_an_overview) ) Portal:Contents/Overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Overviews&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews) ) Yes 2533 List_of_articles,_an_overview (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_articles,_an_overview&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_articles,_an_overview) ) Portal:Contents/Overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Overviews&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews) ) Yes 2534 List_of_overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_overviews&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_overviews) ) Portal:Contents/Overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Overviews&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews) ) Yes 2535 List_of_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2536 List_of_Wikipedia_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedia_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Wikipedia_portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2537 P: (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2538 List_of_Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_Portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2539 Portals/contents (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portals/contents&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portals/contents) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2540 Portal_contents (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_contents&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_contents) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2541 Wikipedia_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia_portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2542 List_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2543 Portals_list (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portals_list&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portals_list) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2544 Portal_list (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_list&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_list) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2545 List_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_portal) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2546 Wikipedia's_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%27s_portals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia%27s_portals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2547 Portals_on_wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portals_on_wikipedia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portals_on_wikipedia) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2548 Wikipediaportals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipediaportals&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipediaportals) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2549 Wikipedia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia_portal) ) Portal:Contents/Portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Contents/Portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals) ) Yes 2550 P:COOP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:COOP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:COOP) ) Portal:Cooperatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cooperatives&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cooperatives&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2551 P:cricket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:cricket&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:cricket) ) Portal:Cricket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cricket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) ) Yes 2552 Cricket_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cricket_portal) ) Portal:Cricket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cricket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) ) Yes 2553 P:CRIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CRIC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CRIC) ) Portal:Cricket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cricket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) ) Yes 2554 P:CRIMEA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CRIMEA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CRIMEA) ) Portal:Crimea (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crimea&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2555 P:KRYM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:KRYM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:KRYM) ) Portal:Crimea (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crimea&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2556 P:CROATIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CROATIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CROATIA) ) Portal:Croatia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Croatia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Croatia) ) Yes 2557 P:CRO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CRO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CRO) ) Portal:Croatia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Croatia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Croatia) ) Yes 2558 P:CRYZOO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CRYZOO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CRYZOO) ) Portal:Cryptozoology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cryptozoology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cryptozoology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2559 P:CUBA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CUBA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CUBA) ) Portal:Cuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cuba&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cuba) ) Yes 2560 P:CUB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CUB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CUB) ) Portal:Cuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cuba&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Cuba) ) Yes 2561 P:CHS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHS) ) Portal:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2562 Culture_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Culture_portal) ) Portal:Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2563 P:CEANZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CEANZ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CEANZ) ) Portal:Current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) ) Yes 2564 P:CE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CE) ) Portal:Current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) ) No 2565 P:CU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CU) ) Portal:Current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) ) Yes 2566 Current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events) ) Portal:Current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) ) Yes 2567 Current_events_in_Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Africa&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Africa) ) Portal:Current_events/Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Africa&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Africa) ) Yes 2568 Current_events_in_Singapore (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Singapore&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Singapore) ) Portal:Current_events/Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Asia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Asia) ) Yes 2569 Current_events_in_Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Thailand&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Thailand) ) Portal:Current_events/Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Asia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Asia) ) Yes 2570 Current_events_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore) ) Portal:Current_events/Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Asia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Asia) ) Yes 2571 Current_events_in_Southeast_Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Southeast_Asia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Southeast_Asia) ) Portal:Current_events/Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Asia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Asia) ) Yes 2572 Chinese_current_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_current_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chinese_current_events) ) Portal:Current_events/China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/China) ) Yes 2573 Current_events_in_East_Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_East_Asia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_East_Asia) ) Portal:Current_events/China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/China) ) Yes 2574 Current_events_in_China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_China&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_China) ) Portal:Current_events/China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/China) ) Yes 2575 Current_events_in_Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Israel&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Israel) ) Portal:Current_events/Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Israel&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Israel) ) Yes 2576 Current_sports_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_sports_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_sports_events) ) Portal:Current_events/Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sports&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Sports) ) Yes 2577 Current_sport_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_sport_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_sport_events) ) Portal:Current_events/Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sports&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Sports) ) Yes 2578 Current_events_in_sport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_sport&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_sport) ) Portal:Current_events/Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sports&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Sports) ) No 2579 P:CE/S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CE/S&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CE/S) ) Portal:Current_events/Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sports&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Sports) ) Yes 2580 February_2013_in_sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_2013_in_sports&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/February_2013_in_sports) ) Portal:Current_events/Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sports&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Sports) ) No 2581 Current_events_in_the_United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_the_United_States&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_the_United_States) ) Portal:Current_events/United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Current_events/United_States) ) Yes 2582 P:DD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DD) ) Portal:Daman_and_Diu (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Daman_and_Diu&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2583 Dance_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dance_portal) ) Portal:Dance (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dance&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dance&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2584 P:DK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DK) ) Portal:Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Denmark&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) ) Yes 2585 P:Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Denmark&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Denmark) ) Portal:Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Denmark&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) ) Yes 2586 P:DEN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DEN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DEN) ) Portal:Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Denmark&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) ) Yes 2587 P:DENMARK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DENMARK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DENMARK) ) Portal:Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Denmark&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) ) Yes 2588 P:Derbys (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Derbys&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Derbys) ) Portal:Derbyshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Derbyshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Derbyshire) ) Yes 2589 P:DESIGN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DESIGN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DESIGN) ) Portal:Design (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Design&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Design&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2590 Devon_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Devon_Portal) ) Portal:Devon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Devon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Devon) ) Yes 2591 P:DISNEY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DISNEY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DISNEY) ) Portal:Disney (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Disney&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Disney) ) Yes 2592 P:DW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DW) ) Portal:Doctor_Who (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Doctor_Who&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Doctor_Who) ) Yes 2593 P:DL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DL) ) Portal:Dragonlance (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dragonlance&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dragonlance&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2594 P:DT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DT) ) Portal:Dream_Theater (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dream_Theater&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Dream_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2595 P:Drink (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Drink&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Drink) ) Portal:Drink (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink) ) No 2596 P:DRINK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DRINK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DRINK) ) Portal:Drink (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink) ) Yes 2597 P:DSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSA) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_article&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_article) ) Yes 2598 P:DSI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSI) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_ingredient (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_ingredient&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_ingredient) ) Yes 2599 P:DSB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSB) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_person (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_person&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_person) ) Yes 2600 P:DSP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSP) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_picture (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_picture&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_picture) ) Yes 2601 P:DSQ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSQ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSQ) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_quote (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_quote&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_quote) ) Yes 2602 P:DSR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DSR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DSR) ) Portal:Drink/Selected_recipe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink/Selected_recipe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Drink/Selected_recipe) ) Yes 2603 Earth_Sciences_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_Sciences_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Earth_Sciences_portal) ) Portal:Earth_sciences (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Earth_sciences&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences) ) Yes 2604 P:QUAKE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:QUAKE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:QUAKE) ) Portal:Earthquakes (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Earthquakes&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Earthquakes&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2605 P:EE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EE) ) Portal:EastEnders (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:EastEnders&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:EastEnders&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2606 P:EF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EF) ) Portal:East_Frisia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Frisia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Frisia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2607 P:EG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EG) ) Portal:East_Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Germany&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:East_Germany) ) Yes 2608 P:GDR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GDR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GDR) ) Portal:East_Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:East_Germany&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:East_Germany) ) Yes 2609 P:Ecology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Ecology&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Ecology) ) Portal:Ecology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ecology) ) Yes 2610 Ecology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ecology_portal) ) Portal:Ecology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ecology) ) Yes 2611 Education_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Education_portal) ) Portal:Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Education&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Education) ) Yes 2612 P:EWT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EWT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EWT) ) Portal:Elbe-Weser_Triangle (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe-Weser_Triangle&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe-Weser_Triangle&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2613 P:ESM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ESM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ESM) ) Portal:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2614 Electromagnetism_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetism_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electromagnetism_portal) ) Portal:Electromagnetism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electromagnetism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electromagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2615 Energy_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Energy_portal) ) Portal:Energy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Energy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Energy) ) Yes 2616 Energy_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Energy_Portal) ) Portal:Energy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Energy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Energy) ) Yes 2617 Engineering_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineering_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Engineering_portal) ) Portal:Engineering (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Engineering&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Engineering) ) Yes 2618 P:England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:England&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:England) ) Portal:England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:England) ) Yes 2619 P:ENG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ENG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ENG) ) Portal:England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:England) ) No 2620 P:ENGLAND (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ENGLAND&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ENGLAND) ) Portal:England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:England) ) Yes 2621 Nature_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nature_portal) ) Portal:Environment (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Environment&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Environment) ) Yes 2622 Environment_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environment_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Environment_portal) ) Portal:Environment (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Environment&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Environment) ) Yes 2623 P:ESTONIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ESTONIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ESTONIA) ) Portal:Estonia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Estonia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Estonia) ) Yes 2624 P:ETH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ETH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ETH) ) Portal:Ethiopia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ethiopia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia) ) Yes 2625 P:E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:E&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:E) ) Portal:Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Europe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Europe) ) Yes 2626 Europe_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Europe_portal) ) Portal:Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Europe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Europe) ) Yes 2627 P:eur (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:eur&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:eur) ) Portal:Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Europe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Europe) ) Yes 2628 P:EU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EU) ) Portal:European_Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:European_Union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:European_Union) ) Yes 2629 Eu_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eu_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Eu_portal) ) Portal:European_Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:European_Union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:European_Union) ) Yes 2630 Portal_eu (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_eu&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_eu) ) Portal:European_Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:European_Union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:European_Union) ) Yes 2631 P:EV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EV) ) Portal:Eurovision (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eurovision&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eurovision&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2632 P:EX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EX) ) Portal:Existentialism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Existentialism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2633 P:XIST (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:XIST&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:XIST) ) Portal:Existentialism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Existentialism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2634 P:FG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FG) ) Portal:Family_Guy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2635 P:FAMILYGUY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FAMILYGUY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FAMILYGUY) ) Portal:Family_Guy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2636 P:FAMGUY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FAMGUY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FAMGUY) ) Portal:Family_Guy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Family_Guy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2637 P:FASC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FASC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FASC) ) Portal:Fascism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fascism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fascism&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2638 P:FA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FA) ) Portal:Fashion (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fashion&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) ) Yes 2639 P:FC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FC) ) Portal:Featured_content (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_content&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Featured_content) ) Yes 2640 P:FP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FP) ) Portal:Featured_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Featured_portals) ) Yes 2641 Featured_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Featured_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Featured_portal) ) Portal:Featured_portals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_portals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Featured_portals) ) Yes 2642 P:FEM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FEM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FEM) ) Portal:Feminism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Feminism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Feminism) ) Yes 2643 P:CHAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CHAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CHAR) ) Portal:Fictional_characters (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fictional_characters&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fictional_characters&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2644 P:FCHAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FCHAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FCHAR) ) Portal:Fictional_characters (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fictional_characters&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fictional_characters&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2645 Film_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Film_portal) ) Portal:Film (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Film&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Film) ) Yes 2646 P:FILM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FILM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FILM) ) Portal:Film (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Film&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Film) ) No 2647 P:F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:F&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:F) ) Portal:Fire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fire&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2648 Fish_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fish_portal) ) Portal:Fish (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fish&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Fish) ) Yes 2649 P:FISH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FISH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FISH) ) Portal:Fish (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fish&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Fish) ) Yes 2650 Fish_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fish_Portal) ) Portal:Fish (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fish&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Fish) ) Yes 2651 P:FOOD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FOOD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FOOD) ) Portal:Food (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food) ) Yes 2652 Food_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Food_portal) ) Portal:Food (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food) ) Yes 2653 P:Food (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Food&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Food) ) Portal:Food (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food) ) Yes 2654 P:FD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FD) ) Portal:Food (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food) ) Yes 2655 P:FSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSA) ) Portal:Food/Selected_article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_article&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_article) ) Yes 2656 P:FSI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSI) ) Portal:Food/Selected_ingredient (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_ingredient&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_ingredient) ) Yes 2657 P:FSB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSB) ) Portal:Food/Selected_person (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_person&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_person) ) Yes 2658 P:FSP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSP) ) Portal:Food/Selected_picture (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_picture&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_picture) ) Yes 2659 P:FSQ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSQ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSQ) ) Portal:Food/Selected_quote (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_quote&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_quote) ) Yes 2660 P:FSR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FSR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FSR) ) Portal:Food/Selected_recipe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Food/Selected_recipe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Food/Selected_recipe) ) Yes 2661 P:F1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:F1&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:F1) ) Portal:Formula_One (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Formula_One&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Formula_One) ) Yes 2662 P:FS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FS) ) Portal:Free_software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Free_software&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Free_software) ) Yes 2663 Free_Software_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Software_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Free_Software_Portal) ) Portal:Free_software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Free_software&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Free_software) ) Yes 2664 Free_software_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_software_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Free_software_portal) ) Portal:Free_software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Free_software&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Free_software) ) Yes 2665 Futurama_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futurama_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Futurama_portal) ) Portal:Futurama (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Futurama&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Futurama&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2666 Garden_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Garden_portal) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2667 Portal_gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_gardening&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_gardening) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2668 Gardening_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gardening_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gardening_portal) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2669 Wikipedia_gardening_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_gardening_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia_gardening_portal) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2670 Wikipedia_garden_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_garden_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia_garden_portal) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2671 Portal_garden (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_garden&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_garden) ) Portal:Gardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gardening&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gardening) ) Yes 2672 P:G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:G&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:G) ) Portal:Geography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Geography) ) Yes 2673 Geography_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geography_portal) ) Portal:Geography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Geography) ) Yes 2674 P:GEO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GEO) ) Portal:Geography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Geography) ) Yes 2675 P:GUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GUS) ) Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) ) Yes 2676 P:GEORGIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEORGIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GEORGIA) ) Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) ) Yes 2677 P:GEORGIAUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEORGIAUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GEORGIAUS) ) Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) ) Yes 2678 P:GEOUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEOUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GEOUS) ) Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) ) Yes 2679 P:GA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GA) ) Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) ) Yes 2680 P:GE/NEW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GE/NEW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GE/NEW) ) Portal:Georgia_(country)/New_article_announcement (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Georgia_(country)/New_article_announcement&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)/New_article_announcement) ) Yes 2681 Germany_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Germany_portal) ) Portal:Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Germany&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Germany) ) Yes 2682 P:DE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DE) ) Portal:Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Germany&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Germany) ) Yes 2683 P:DE/A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DE/A&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DE/A) ) Portal:Germany/New_article_announcements (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Germany/New_article_announcements&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Germany/New_article_announcements) ) Yes 2684 P:GIB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GIB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GIB) ) Portal:Gibraltar (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gibraltar&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar) ) Yes 2685 P:GW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GW) ) Portal:Global_warming (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Global_warming&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Global_warming) ) Yes 2686 Global_warming_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warming_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Global_warming_portal) ) Portal:Global_warming (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Global_warming&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Global_warming) ) Yes 2687 Portal_global_warming (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_global_warming&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_global_warming) ) Portal:Global_warming (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Global_warming&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Global_warming) ) Yes 2688 P:RPGov (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RPGov&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RPGov) ) Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2689 P:PHGov (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PHGov&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PHGov) ) Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Government_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2690 P:Grey's (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Grey%27s&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Grey%27s) ) Portal:Grey's_Anatomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2691 P:Greys (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Greys&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Greys) ) Portal:Grey's_Anatomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2692 P:SGH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SGH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SGH) ) Portal:Grey's_Anatomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2693 P:GWADA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GWADA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GWADA) ) Portal:Guadeloupe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guadeloupe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2694 P:GB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GB) ) Portal:Guinea_Bissau (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guinea_Bissau&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guinea_Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2695 P:GUJ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GUJ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GUJ) ) Portal:Gujarat (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gujarat&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Gujarat&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2696 P:GY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GY) ) Portal:Guyana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Guyana&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Guyana) ) Yes 2697 P:HA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HA) ) Portal:Haiti (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Haiti&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Haiti) ) Yes 2698 P:Hants (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Hants&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Hants) ) Portal:Hampshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hampshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hampshire) ) Yes 2699 Harry_Potter_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Harry_Potter_portal) ) Portal:Harry_Potter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2700 Harry_potter_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_potter_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Harry_potter_portal) ) Portal:Harry_Potter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2701 P:HP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HP) ) Portal:Harry_Potter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2702 P:HZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HZ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HZ) ) Portal:Harz_Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harz_Mountains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Harz_Mountains) ) Yes 2703 P:HI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HI) ) Portal:Hawaii (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hawaii&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hawaii) ) Yes 2704 P:HAWAII (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HAWAII&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HAWAII) ) Portal:Hawaii (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hawaii&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hawaii) ) Yes 2705 P:HM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HM) ) Portal:Heavy_metal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heavy_metal&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heavy_metal&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2706 P:Heraldry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Heraldry&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Heraldry) ) Portal:Heraldry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heraldry&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Heraldry) ) Yes 2707 P:HV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HV) ) Portal:Heraldry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Heraldry&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Heraldry) ) Yes 2708 P:HINDU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HINDU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HINDU) ) Portal:Hinduism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hinduism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hinduism) ) Yes 2709 P:HH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HH) ) Portal:Hip_hop (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hip_hop&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hip_hop) ) Yes 2710 History_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_portal) ) Portal:History (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:History) ) Yes 2711 P:HIS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HIS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HIS) ) Portal:History (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:History) ) Yes 2712 History_of_science_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_science_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_science_portal) ) Portal:History_of_science (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History_of_science&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:History_of_science) ) Yes 2713 P:HK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HK) ) Portal:Hong_Kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hong_Kong&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong) ) Yes 2714 Hong_kong_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_kong_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hong_kong_portal) ) Portal:Hong_Kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hong_Kong&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong) ) Yes 2715 Portal_hong_kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_hong_kong&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_hong_kong) ) Portal:Hong_Kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hong_Kong&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong) ) Yes 2716 Current_events_in_hong_kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_hong_kong&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_hong_kong) ) Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news) ) Yes 2717 Current_events_in_Hong_Kong (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_events_in_Hong_Kong&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_events_in_Hong_Kong) ) Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong/Hong_Kong_news) ) Yes 2718 P:HVNY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HVNY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HVNY) ) Portal:Hudson_Valley (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hudson_Valley&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley) ) Yes 2719 P:HUDSON (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HUDSON&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HUDSON) ) Portal:Hudson_Valley (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hudson_Valley&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley) ) Yes 2720 P:hvny/dyk (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:hvny/dyk&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:hvny/dyk) ) Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know) ) Yes 2721 P:HVNY/DYK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:HVNY/DYK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:HVNY/DYK) ) Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley/Did_you_know) ) Yes 2722 P:ICE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ICE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ICE) ) Portal:Iceland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iceland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Iceland) ) Yes 2723 P:ILL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ILL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ILL) ) Portal:Illinois (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Illinois&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Illinois) ) Yes 2724 Indian_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Indian_Portal) ) Portal:India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:India) ) Yes 2725 India_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/India_Portal) ) Portal:India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:India) ) Yes 2726 Portal_india (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_india&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_india) ) Portal:India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:India) ) Yes 2727 P:IN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IN) ) Portal:India (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:India) ) No 2728 P:ITSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ITSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ITSA) ) Portal:India/Today's_selected_article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India/Today%27s_selected_article&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:India/Today%27s_selected_article) ) Yes 2729 P:IPL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IPL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IPL) ) Portal:Indian_Premier_League (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_Premier_League&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_Premier_League&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2730 Indian_classical_music_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Indian_classical_music_portal) ) Portal:Indian_classical_music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_classical_music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indian_classical_music&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2731 Hoosier_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoosier_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hoosier_Portal) ) Portal:Indiana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indiana&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Indiana) ) Yes 2732 Hoosier_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoosier_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hoosier_portal) ) Portal:Indiana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indiana&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Indiana) ) Yes 2733 P:IJ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IJ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IJ) ) Portal:Indiana_Jones (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indiana_Jones&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indiana_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2734 Indonesia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Indonesia_portal) ) Portal:Indonesia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indonesia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) ) Yes 2735 P:ID (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ID&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ID) ) Portal:Indonesia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Indonesia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) ) Yes 2736 P:IM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IM) ) Portal:Industrial_music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_music&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2737 Information_Technology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_Technology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Information_Technology_portal) ) Portal:Information_technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2738 IT_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IT_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/IT_portal) ) Portal:Information_technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2739 P:IT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IT) ) Portal:Information_technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Information_technology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2740 P:Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Iran&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Iran) ) Portal:Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iran&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Iran) ) Yes 2741 P:IRN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IRN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IRN) ) Portal:Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iran&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Iran) ) Yes 2742 P:IRAN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IRAN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IRAN) ) Portal:Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Iran&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Iran) ) No 2743 P:EIRE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:EIRE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:EIRE) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2744 P:IRE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IRE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IRE) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2745 P:ÉIRE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:%C3%89IRE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:%C3%89IRE) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2746 P:IRL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IRL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IRL) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2747 P:IE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IE) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2748 P:AIR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AIR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AIR) ) Portal:Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ireland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) ) Yes 2749 P:IOW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:IOW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:IOW) ) Portal:Isle_of_Wight (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Isle_of_Wight&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Isle_of_Wight&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2750 P:Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Israel&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Israel) ) Portal:Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Israel&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Israel) ) Yes 2751 P:ISR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ISR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ISR) ) Portal:Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Israel&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Israel) ) Yes 2752 P:I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:I&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:I) ) Portal:Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Italy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ) No 2753 P:JR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JR) ) Portal:Jagadguru_Rambhadracharya (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jagadguru_Rambhadracharya&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jagadguru_Rambhadracharya&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2754 P:JA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JA) ) Portal:Jamaica (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jamaica&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Jamaica) ) Yes 2755 P:007 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:007&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:007) ) Portal:James_Bond (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:James_Bond&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:James_Bond&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2756 P:JB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JB) ) Portal:James_Bond (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:James_Bond&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:James_Bond&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2757 P:JANE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JANE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JANE) ) Portal:Jane_Austen (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jane_Austen&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jane_Austen&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2758 P:AUSTEN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AUSTEN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AUSTEN) ) Portal:Jane_Austen (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jane_Austen&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jane_Austen&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2759 P:JP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JP) ) Portal:Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Japan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Japan) ) Yes 2760 P:JAPAN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JAPAN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JAPAN) ) Portal:Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Japan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Japan) ) Yes 2761 P:JAVAP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JAVAP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JAVAP) ) Portal:Java (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Java&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Java&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2762 P:JAVA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JAVA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JAVA) ) Portal:Java (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Java&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Java&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2763 Jharkhand_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jharkhand_portal) ) Portal:Jharkhand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jharkhand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jharkhand&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2764 Journalism_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalism_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Journalism_portal) ) Portal:Journalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Journalism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Journalism) ) Yes 2765 Portal_journalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_journalism&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_journalism) ) Portal:Journalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Journalism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Journalism) ) Yes 2766 P:JEW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JEW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JEW) ) Portal:Judaism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Judaism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Judaism) ) Yes 2767 P:JUDAISM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JUDAISM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JUDAISM) ) Portal:Judaism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Judaism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Judaism) ) No 2768 P:J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:J&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:J) ) Portal:Jupiter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jupiter&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2769 P:JOVE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:JOVE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:JOVE) ) Portal:Jupiter (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jupiter&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2770 Kansas_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kansas_Portal) ) Portal:Kansas (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kansas&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Kansas) ) Yes 2771 P:KAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:KAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:KAR) ) Portal:Karnataka (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Karnataka&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Karnataka&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2772 Kazakhstan_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kazakhstan_Portal) ) Portal:Kazakhstan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kazakhstan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2773 Kiribati_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiribati_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kiribati_portal) ) Portal:Kiribati (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kiribati&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2774 P:K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:K&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:K) ) Portal:Korea (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Korea&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Korea) ) No 2775 P:KOSOVO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:KOSOVO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:KOSOVO) ) Portal:Kosovo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kosovo&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2776 P:LGBT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LGBT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LGBT) ) Portal:LGBT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:LGBT&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) ) Yes 2777 LGBT_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/LGBT_Portal) ) Portal:LGBT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:LGBT&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) ) Yes 2778 P:LANG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LANG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LANG) ) Portal:Language (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Language) ) Yes 2779 Las_Vegas_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Las_Vegas_portal) ) Portal:Las_Vegas (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Las_Vegas&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Las_Vegas) ) Yes 2780 Portal_Las_Vegas (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_Las_Vegas&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_Las_Vegas) ) Portal:Las_Vegas (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Las_Vegas&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Las_Vegas) ) Yes 2781 Latin_America_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Latin_America_portal) ) Portal:Latin_America (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Latin_America&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Latin_America) ) Yes 2782 P:LA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LA) ) Portal:Latin_America (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Latin_America&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Latin_America) ) Yes 2783 P:LDS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LDS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LDS) ) Portal:Latter-day_Saints (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Latter-day_Saints&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Latter-day_Saints) ) Yes 2784 P:LATVIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LATVIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LATVIA) ) Portal:Latvia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Latvia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Latvia) ) Yes 2785 P:ENGLAW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ENGLAW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ENGLAW) ) Portal:Law_of_England_and_Wales (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Law_of_England_and_Wales&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Law_of_England_and_Wales) ) Yes 2786 P:LZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LZ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LZ) ) Portal:Led_Zeppelin (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Led_Zeppelin&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Led_Zeppelin&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2787 P:LEGO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LEGO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LEGO) ) Portal:Lego (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lego&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lego&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2788 P:SUE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SUE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SUE) ) Portal:Lemony_Snicket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2789 P:SNICK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SNICK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SNICK) ) Portal:Lemony_Snicket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2790 P:LEM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LEM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LEM) ) Portal:Lemony_Snicket (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lemony_Snicket&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2791 P:LB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LB) ) Portal:Liberalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Liberalism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Liberalism) ) Yes 2792 Liberal_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Liberal_Portal) ) Portal:Liberalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Liberalism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Liberalism) ) Yes 2793 P:LIB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LIB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LIB) ) Portal:Libertarianism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Libertarianism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism) ) Yes 2794 P:LIS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LIS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LIS) ) Portal:Library_and_information_science (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_and_information_science&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Library_and_information_science&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2795 P:LINCS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LINCS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LINCS) ) Portal:Lincolnshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lincolnshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lincolnshire&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2796 P:LP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LP) ) Portal:Linkin_Park (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linkin_Park&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linkin_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2797 Literature_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literature_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Literature_portal) ) Portal:Literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Literature) ) Yes 2798 P:LIT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LIT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LIT) ) Portal:Literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Literature) ) Yes 2799 P:LTU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LTU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LTU) ) Portal:Lithuania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lithuania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Lithuania) ) Yes 2800 P:L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:L&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:L) ) Portal:London (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London) ) Yes 2801 P:London (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:London&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:London) ) Portal:London (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London) ) Yes 2802 London_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/London_Portal) ) Portal:London (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London) ) Yes 2803 P:TUBE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TUBE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TUBE) ) Portal:London_Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London_Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London_Transport) ) Yes 2804 P:LT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LT) ) Portal:London_Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London_Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London_Transport) ) Yes 2805 P:LUL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LUL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LUL) ) Portal:London_Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London_Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London_Transport) ) Yes 2806 P:TFL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TFL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TFL) ) Portal:London_Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:London_Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:London_Transport) ) Yes 2807 P:WPLA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WPLA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WPLA) ) Portal:Louisiana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Louisiana&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Louisiana) ) Yes 2808 P:Louisiana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Louisiana&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Louisiana) ) Portal:Louisiana (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Louisiana&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Louisiana) ) Yes 2809 P:LS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LS) ) Portal:Lower_Saxony (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lower_Saxony&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Lower_Saxony) ) Yes 2810 P:Lyon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Lyon&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Lyon) ) Portal:Lyon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lyon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2811 P:LH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:LH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:LH) ) Portal:Lüneburg_Heath (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:L%C3%BCneburg_Heath&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:L%C3%BCneburg_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2812 P:MAC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MAC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MAC) ) Portal:Macaronesia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macaronesia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Macaronesia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2813 P:MANITOBA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MANITOBA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MANITOBA) ) Portal:Manitoba (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Manitoba&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2814 P:M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:M&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:M) ) Portal:Mario (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mario&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mario&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2815 P:MARS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MARS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MARS) ) Portal:Mars (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mars&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mars&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2816 P:ma (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ma&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ma) ) Portal:Martial_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Martial_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts) ) Yes 2817 P:MA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MA) ) Portal:Martial_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Martial_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts) ) Yes 2818 P:MD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MD) ) Portal:Maryland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Maryland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Maryland) ) Yes 2819 P:MDRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MDRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MDRD) ) Portal:Maryland_Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Maryland_Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Maryland_Roads) ) Yes 2820 P:MASS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MASS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MASS) ) Portal:Massachusetts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massachusetts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts) ) Yes 2821 P:Mass (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Mass&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Mass) ) Portal:Massachusetts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massachusetts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts) ) Yes 2822 P:MMO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MMO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MMO) ) Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2823 P:MMOG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MMOG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MMOG) ) Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Massively_multiplayer_online_games&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2824 Math_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Math_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Math_portal) ) Portal:Mathematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mathematics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) ) Yes 2825 Mathematics_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematics_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mathematics_portal) ) Portal:Mathematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mathematics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) ) Yes 2826 P:Math (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Math&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Math) ) Portal:Mathematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mathematics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) ) Yes 2827 P:MV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MV) ) Portal:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) ) Yes 2828 Medicine_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Medicine_portal) ) Portal:Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Medicine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Medicine) ) Yes 2829 Portal_medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_medicine&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_medicine) ) Portal:Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Medicine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Medicine) ) Yes 2830 P:medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:medicine&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:medicine) ) Portal:Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Medicine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Medicine) ) Yes 2831 P:MiB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MiB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MiB) ) Portal:Men_in_Black (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Men_in_Black&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Men_in_Black&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2832 P:MEXICO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MEXICO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MEXICO) ) Portal:Mexico (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mexico&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mexico) ) No 2833 Michael_Jackson_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Michael_Jackson_portal) ) Portal:Michael_Jackson (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Michael_Jackson&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Michael_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2834 P:MISH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MISH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MISH) ) Portal:Michigan_Highways (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Michigan_Highways&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Michigan_Highways) ) Yes 2835 P:MS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MS) ) Portal:Microsoft (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2836 P:ms (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ms&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ms) ) Portal:Microsoft (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2837 P:MSFT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MSFT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MSFT) ) Portal:Microsoft (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2838 Middle-earth_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Middle-earth_portal) ) Portal:Middle-earth (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2839 Middle_earth_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_earth_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Middle_earth_portal) ) Portal:Middle-earth (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2840 P:MIE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MIE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MIE) ) Portal:Middle-earth (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle-earth&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2841 P:ME (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ME&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ME) ) Portal:Middle_East (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Middle_East&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Middle_East) ) Yes 2842 P:ADF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ADF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ADF) ) Portal:Military_of_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Military_of_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Military_of_Australia) ) Yes 2843 P:MM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MM) ) Portal:Millennium (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Millennium&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Millennium&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2844 P:MISS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MISS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MISS) ) Portal:Mississippi (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mississippi&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mississippi) ) Yes 2845 P:WPMS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WPMS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WPMS) ) Portal:Mississippi (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mississippi&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mississippi) ) Yes 2846 P:MO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MO) ) Portal:Missouri (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Missouri&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Missouri) ) Yes 2847 P:MR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MR) ) Portal:Mitt_Romney (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mitt_Romney&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mitt_Romney&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2848 P:Motorhead (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Motorhead&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Motorhead) ) Portal:Motörhead (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2849 P:MOHEAD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MOHEAD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MOHEAD) ) Portal:Motörhead (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mot%C3%B6rhead&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2850 P:MTN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MTN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MTN) ) Portal:Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mountains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mountains) ) Yes 2851 P:MZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MZ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MZ) ) Portal:Mozambique (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozambique&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2852 P:MOZILLA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MOZILLA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MOZILLA) ) Portal:Mozilla (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozilla&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozilla&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2853 P:GECKO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GECKO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GECKO) ) Portal:Mozilla (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozilla&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mozilla&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 2854 Music_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Music_portal) ) Portal:Music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Music) ) Yes 2855 P:MUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MUS) ) Portal:Music (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Music) ) No 2856 P:AUSMUSIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AUSMUSIC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AUSMUSIC) ) Portal:Music_of_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2857 P:AUSMUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:AUSMUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:AUSMUS) ) Portal:Music_of_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Music_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2858 Mythology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mythology_portal) ) Portal:Mythology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mythology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Mythology) ) Yes 2859 P:NASCAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NASCAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NASCAR) ) Portal:NASCAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:NASCAR&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NASCAR&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2860 P:NT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NT) ) Portal:Nanotechnology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nanotechnology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nanotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2861 Narnia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narnia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Narnia_portal) ) Portal:Narnia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Narnia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Narnia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2862 P:NBA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NBA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NBA) ) Portal:National_Basketball_Association (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Basketball_Association&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Basketball_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2863 P:NFL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NFL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NFL) ) Portal:National_Football_League (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Football_League&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2864 P:NRHP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NRHP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NRHP) ) Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places) ) Yes 2865 P:nautical (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:nautical&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:nautical) ) Portal:Nautical (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nautical&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nautical&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2866 P:NEWENG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NEWENG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NEWENG) ) Portal:New_England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_England) ) No 2867 P:NF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NF) ) Portal:New_France (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_France&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_France&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2868 P:NH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NH) ) Portal:New_Hampshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Hampshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire) ) Yes 2869 P:nj (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:nj&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:nj) ) Portal:New_Jersey (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Jersey&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey) ) Yes 2870 P:NJ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NJ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NJ) ) Portal:New_Jersey (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Jersey&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey) ) Yes 2871 P:NO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NO) ) Portal:New_Orleans (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Orleans&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2872 P:NOLA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NOLA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NOLA) ) Portal:New_Orleans (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Orleans&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2873 P:NSW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NSW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NSW) ) Portal:New_South_Wales (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_South_Wales&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales) ) Yes 2874 P:NY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NY) ) Portal:New_York (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_York) ) Yes 2875 P:NYC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NYC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NYC) ) Portal:New_York_City (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York_City&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) ) Yes 2876 P:NYRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NYRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NYRD) ) Portal:New_York_Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York_Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_York_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2877 P:NZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NZ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NZ) ) Portal:New_Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Zealand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand) ) Yes 2878 New_Zealand_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/New_Zealand_portal) ) Portal:New_Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_Zealand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand) ) Yes 2879 P:NICK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NICK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NICK) ) Portal:Nickelodeon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nickelodeon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nickelodeon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2880 P:NICKELODEON (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NICKELODEON&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NICKELODEON) ) Portal:Nickelodeon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nickelodeon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nickelodeon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2881 Wikitendo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikitendo&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikitendo) ) Portal:Nintendo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nintendo&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Nintendo) ) Yes 2882 P:N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:N&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:N) ) Portal:Nintendo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nintendo&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Nintendo) ) Yes 2883 P:NES (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NES&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NES) ) Portal:Nintendo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Nintendo&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Nintendo) ) Yes 2884 North_America_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_America_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/North_America_portal) ) Portal:North_America (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_America&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:North_America) ) Yes 2885 P:ND (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ND&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ND) ) Portal:North_Dakota (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_Dakota&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:North_Dakota) ) Yes 2886 P:nd (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:nd&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:nd) ) Portal:North_Dakota (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_Dakota&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:North_Dakota) ) Yes 2887 P:NEE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NEE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NEE) ) Portal:North_East_England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_East_England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:North_East_England) ) No 2888 P:NRW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NRW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NRW) ) Portal:North_Rhine-Westphalia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:North_Rhine-Westphalia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:North_Rhine-Westphalia) ) Yes 2889 P:NTA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NTA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NTA) ) Portal:Northern_Territory (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northern_Territory&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northern_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2890 P:NWT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NWT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NWT) ) Portal:Northwest_Territories (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northwest_Territories&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Northwest_Territories&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2891 P:NOR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NOR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NOR) ) Portal:Norway (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Norway&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Norway) ) Yes 2892 P:NOV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NOV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NOV) ) Portal:Novels (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Novels&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Novels) ) No 2893 P:OAXACA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OAXACA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OAXACA) ) Portal:Oaxaca (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oaxaca&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oaxaca&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2894 P:O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:O&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:O) ) Portal:Oceania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oceania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oceania) ) Yes 2895 Oceania_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceania_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oceania_portal) ) Portal:Oceania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oceania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oceania) ) Yes 2896 P:OHIO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OHIO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OHIO) ) Portal:Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ohio&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ohio) ) Yes 2897 P:OH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OH) ) Portal:Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ohio&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ohio) ) Yes 2898 Oklahoma_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oklahoma_portal) ) Portal:Oklahoma (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oklahoma&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma) ) Yes 2899 P:OLY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OLY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OLY) ) Portal:Olympics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Olympics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Olympics) ) Yes 2900 P:OP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OP) ) Portal:Opera (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Opera&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Opera) ) Yes 2901 P:OPERA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OPERA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OPERA) ) Portal:Opera (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Opera&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Opera) ) Yes 2902 P:ORE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ORE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ORE) ) Portal:Ore_Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ore_Mountains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ore_Mountains) ) Yes 2903 Oregon_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oregon_portal) ) Portal:Oregon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oregon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) ) Yes 2904 P:OR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OR) ) Portal:Oregon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oregon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) ) Yes 2905 Oregonportal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregonportal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oregonportal) ) Portal:Oregon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oregon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) ) Yes 2906 P:UNION (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UNION&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UNION) ) Portal:Organized_Labour (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Organized_Labour&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour) ) Yes 2907 P:OTW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OTW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OTW) ) Portal:Ottawa (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottawa&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottawa&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2908 P:OT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OT) ) Portal:Ottawa (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottawa&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ottawa&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2909 P:OX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OX) ) Portal:Oxfordshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Oxfordshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Oxfordshire) ) Yes 2910 Pakistan_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pakistan_portal) ) Portal:Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pakistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) ) Yes 2911 Pakistani_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pakistani_portal) ) Portal:Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pakistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) ) Yes 2912 P:PAL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PAL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PAL) ) Portal:Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Palestine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Palestine) ) Yes 2913 P:PALESTINE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PALESTINE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PALESTINE) ) Portal:Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Palestine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Palestine) ) No 2914 P:PNG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PNG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PNG) ) Portal:Papua_New_Guinea (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Papua_New_Guinea&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2915 P:PAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PAR) ) Portal:Paraguay (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Paraguay&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Paraguay) ) Yes 2916 P:VRI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VRI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VRI) ) Portal:Pendeli (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pendeli&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pendeli&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2917 P:PEND (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PEND&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PEND) ) Portal:Pendeli (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pendeli&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pendeli&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2918 Pennsylvania_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pennsylvania_portal) ) Portal:Pennsylvania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pennsylvania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania) ) Yes 2919 P:PRC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PRC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PRC) ) Portal:People's_Republic_of_China (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China) ) Yes 2920 Personal_life_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_life_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Personal_life_portal) ) Portal:Personal_life (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Personal_life&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Personal_life&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2921 P:PER (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PER&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PER) ) Portal:Peru (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Peru&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Peru) ) Yes 2922 P:PERU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PERU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PERU) ) Portal:Peru (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Peru&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Peru) ) Yes 2923 P:PDD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PDD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PDD) ) Portal:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pervasive_Developmental_Disorders&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2924 Philadelphia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philadelphia_portal) ) Portal:Philadelphia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philadelphia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia) ) Yes 2925 P:PHIL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PHIL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PHIL) ) Portal:Philately (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philately&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philately) ) Yes 2926 P:RP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RP) ) Portal:Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) ) Yes 2927 Portal_Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_Philippines&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_Philippines) ) Portal:Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) ) Yes 2928 Philippines_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philippines_Portal) ) Portal:Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) ) Yes 2929 P:PH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PH) ) Portal:Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) ) Yes 2930 Philosophy_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philosophy_portal) ) Portal:Philosophy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Philosophy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Philosophy) ) Yes 2931 P:PHOTO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PHOTO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PHOTO) ) Portal:Photography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Photography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Photography) ) Yes 2932 Physics_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physics_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Physics_portal) ) Portal:Physics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Physics) ) Yes 2933 P:Pipe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Pipe&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Pipe) ) Portal:Pipe_organ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pipe_organ&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pipe_organ&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2934 P:PO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PO) ) Portal:Pipe_organ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pipe_organ&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pipe_organ&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2935 P:PP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PP) ) Portal:Piracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Piracy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Piracy) ) Yes 2936 P:Piracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Piracy&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Piracy) ) Portal:Piracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Piracy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Piracy) ) Yes 2937 Portal_botany (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_botany&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_botany) ) Portal:Plants (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Plants&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Plants) ) Yes 2938 Poetry_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetry_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Poetry_portal) ) Portal:Poetry (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Poetry&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Poetry) ) Yes 2939 P:POK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:POK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:POK) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2940 P:P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:P&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:P) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2941 P:POKE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:POKE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:POKE) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2942 P:POKEMON (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:POKEMON&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:POKEMON) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2943 Pokémon_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%C3%A9mon_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pok%C3%A9mon_Portal) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2944 Pokemon_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokemon_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pokemon_Portal) ) Portal:Pokémon (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2945 P:P/FAA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:P/FAA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:P/FAA) ) Portal:Pokémon/Selected_Pokémon/Archive (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon/Selected_Pok%C3%A9mon/Archive&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pok%C3%A9mon/Selected_Pok%C3%A9mon/Archive&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2946 P:PL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PL) ) Portal:Poland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Poland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Poland) ) Yes 2947 Poland_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Poland_portal) ) Portal:Poland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Poland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Poland) ) Yes 2948 Politics_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Politics_portal) ) Portal:Politics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Politics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Politics) ) Yes 2949 P:POLITICS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:POLITICS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:POLITICS) ) Portal:Politics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Politics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Politics) ) No 2950 P:PORN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PORN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PORN) ) Portal:Pornography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pornography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Pornography) ) Yes 2951 P:PORNO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PORNO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PORNO) ) Portal:Pornography (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Pornography&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Pornography) ) Yes 2952 Portugal_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portugal_Portal) ) Portal:Portugal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Portugal&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Portugal) ) Yes 2953 P:PF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PF) ) Portal:Powderfinger (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Powderfinger&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Powderfinger&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2954 P:PM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PM) ) Portal:Prehistoric_mammals (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Prehistoric_mammals&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Prehistoric_mammals) ) Yes 2955 P:PhilPres (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PhilPres&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PhilPres) ) Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2956 P:RPPres (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RPPres&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RPPres) ) Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Presidency_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2957 P:PW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PW) ) Portal:Professional_wrestling (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Professional_wrestling&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Professional_wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2958 Psychology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Psychology_portal) ) Portal:Psychology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Psychology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Psychology) ) Yes 2959 P:PR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PR) ) Portal:Puerto_Rico (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Puerto_Rico&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico) ) Yes 2960 P:PUR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PUR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PUR) ) Portal:Puerto_Rico (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Puerto_Rico&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico) ) Yes 2961 Did_you_know?_-_Puerto_Rico (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Did_you_know%3F_-_Puerto_Rico&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Did_you_know%3F_-_Puerto_Rico) ) Portal:Puerto_Rico/Did_you_know-Puerto_Rico? (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Puerto_Rico/Did_you_know-Puerto_Rico%3F&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico/Did_you_know-Puerto_Rico%3F) ) Yes 2962 P:PA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PA) ) Portal:Punjab (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Punjab&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Punjab) ) Yes 2963 P:QotSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:QotSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:QotSA) ) Portal:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queens_of_the_Stone_Age&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2964 P:QLD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:QLD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:QLD) ) Portal:Queensland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Queensland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Queensland) ) Yes 2965 P:MUSP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:MUSP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:MUSP) ) Portal:Record_production (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Record_production&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Record_production) ) No 2966 P:RECP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RECP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RECP) ) Portal:Record_production (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Record_production&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Record_production) ) No 2967 P:CT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CT) ) Portal:Record_production/CollapsibleTop (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Record_production/CollapsibleTop&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Record_production/CollapsibleTop) ) No 2968 P:R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:R&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:R) ) Portal:Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Religion&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Religion) ) Yes 2969 P:RE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RE) ) Portal:Renewable_energy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Renewable_energy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy) ) Yes 2970 P:REH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:REH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:REH) ) Portal:Robert_E._Howard (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robert_E._Howard&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Robert_E._Howard&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2971 Romania_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Romania_portal) ) Portal:Romania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Romania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Romania) ) Yes 2972 P:RAF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RAF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RAF) ) Portal:Royal_Air_Force (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Air_Force&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2973 P:RNS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RNS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RNS) ) Portal:Royal_Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Navy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2974 P:RN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RN) ) Portal:Royal_Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Navy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Royal_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2975 P:RL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RL) ) Portal:Rugby_league (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_league&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_league&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2976 P:RU (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RU&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RU) ) Portal:Rugby_union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_union&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2977 Russia_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Russia_portal) ) Portal:Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Russia) ) Yes 2978 Russian_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Russian_portal) ) Portal:Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Russia) ) Yes 2979 P:RUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RUS) ) Portal:Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Russia) ) Yes 2980 P:Russ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Russ&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Russ) ) Portal:Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Russia) ) Yes 2981 P:RUSSIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RUSSIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RUSSIA) ) Portal:Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Russia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Russia) ) Yes 2982 P:SD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SD) ) Portal:San_Diego_County (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego_County&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego_County&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2983 P:SDC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SDC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SDC) ) Portal:San_Diego_County (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego_County&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:San_Diego_County&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2984 P:KSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:KSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:KSA) ) Portal:Saudi_Arabia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saudi_Arabia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia) ) Yes 2985 P:SX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SX) ) Portal:Saxony (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saxony&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Saxony) ) Yes 2986 P:SAX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SAX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SAX) ) Portal:Saxony (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saxony&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Saxony) ) Yes 2987 P:S-A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:S-A&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:S-A) ) Portal:Saxony-Anhalt (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saxony-Anhalt&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Saxony-Anhalt&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2988 P:SH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SH) ) Portal:Schleswig-Holstein (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Schleswig-Holstein&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Schleswig-Holstein) ) Yes 2989 Science_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Science_portal) ) Portal:Science (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Science&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Science) ) Yes 2990 P:SCIENCE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SCIENCE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SCIENCE) ) Portal:Science (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Science&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Science) ) Yes 2991 P:SCO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SCO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SCO) ) Portal:Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scotland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) ) Yes 2992 P:SCOT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SCOT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SCOT) ) Portal:Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scotland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) ) Yes 2993 P:S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:S&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:S) ) Portal:Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scotland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) ) Yes 2994 Portal_Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_Scotland&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_Scotland) ) Portal:Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scotland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) ) Yes 2995 P:Scout (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Scout&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Scout) ) Portal:Scouting (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Scouting&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Scouting) ) Yes 2996 P:SE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SE) ) Portal:Sega (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sega&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sega&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 2997 P:SRB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SRB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SRB) ) Portal:Serbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Serbia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Serbia) ) Yes 2998 P:RS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:RS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:RS) ) Portal:Serbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Serbia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Serbia) ) Yes 2999 Sexuality_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexuality_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sexuality_portal) ) Portal:Sexuality (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sexuality&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Sexuality) ) Yes 3000 Shakespeare_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shakespeare_portal) ) Portal:Shakespeare (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3001 P:BARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BARD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BARD) ) Portal:Shakespeare (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3002 William_Shakespeare_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Shakespeare_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/William_Shakespeare_Portal) ) Portal:Shakespeare (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3003 P:SINGAPORE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SINGAPORE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SINGAPORE) ) Portal:Singapore (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Singapore&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Singapore) ) Yes 3004 P:SLOVAKIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SLOVAKIA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SLOVAKIA) ) Portal:Slovakia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Slovakia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Slovakia) ) Yes 3005 P:SLO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SLO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SLO) ) Portal:Slovenia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Slovenia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Slovenia) ) Yes 3006 P:SLO/A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SLO/A&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SLO/A) ) Portal:Slovenia/New_article_announcements (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Slovenia/New_article_announcements&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Slovenia/New_article_announcements) ) Yes 3007 P:SNOOKER (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SNOOKER&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SNOOKER) ) Portal:Snooker (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Snooker&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Snooker) ) Yes 3008 P:SO (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SO&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SO) ) Portal:Society (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Society&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Society) ) Yes 3009 Society_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Society_portal) ) Portal:Society (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Society&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Society) ) Yes 3010 Software_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Software_portal) ) Portal:Software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Software&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Software) ) Yes 3011 P:software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:software&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:software) ) Portal:Software (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Software&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Software) ) Yes 3012 P:SON (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SON&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SON) ) Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3013 P:SONIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SONIC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SONIC) ) Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sonic_the_Hedgehog&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3014 PlayStation_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayStation_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/PlayStation_Portal) ) Portal:Sony_PlayStation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3015 P:PS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PS) ) Portal:Sony_PlayStation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3016 P:PS2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PS2&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PS2) ) Portal:Sony_PlayStation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3017 P:PS3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PS3&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PS3) ) Portal:Sony_PlayStation (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sony_PlayStation&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3018 P:SA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SA) ) Portal:South_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:South_Australia) ) Yes 3019 P:CROW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CROW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CROW) ) Portal:South_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:South_Australia) ) Yes 3020 P:SEE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SEE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SEE) ) Portal:South_East_England (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_East_England&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:South_East_England) ) Yes 3021 P:SP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SP) ) Portal:South_Park (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3022 P:SPK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPK) ) Portal:South_Park (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3023 P:SPRPK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPRPK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPRPK) ) Portal:South_Park (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3024 P:SOUTHPARK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SOUTHPARK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SOUTHPARK) ) Portal:South_Park (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3025 P:SS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SS) ) Portal:South_Sudan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Sudan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3026 P:USSR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USSR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USSR) ) Portal:Soviet_Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Soviet_Union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union) ) Yes 3027 P:CCCP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CCCP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CCCP) ) Portal:Soviet_Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Soviet_Union&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union) ) Yes 3028 P:SPACE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPACE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPACE) ) Portal:Space (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Space&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Space) ) No 3029 P:SPACEFLIGHT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPACEFLIGHT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPACEFLIGHT) ) Portal:Spaceflight (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spaceflight&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight) ) Yes 3030 P:SPAIN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPAIN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPAIN) ) Portal:Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spain&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Spain) ) Yes 3031 P:SPA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SPA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SPA) ) Portal:Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spain&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Spain) ) Yes 3032 P:ES (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ES&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ES) ) Portal:Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Spain&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Spain) ) Yes 3033 Speculative_fiction_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speculative_fiction_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Speculative_fiction_portal) ) Portal:Speculative_fiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Speculative_fiction&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction) ) Yes 3034 P:SF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SF) ) Portal:Speculative_fiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Speculative_fiction&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction) ) Yes 3035 P:FANTASY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:FANTASY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:FANTASY) ) Portal:Speculative_fiction/Fantasy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Speculative_fiction/Fantasy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Fantasy) ) Yes 3036 P:SCIFI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SCIFI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SCIFI) ) Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction) ) Yes 3037 Star_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Star_portal) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) Yes 3038 Portal_star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_star&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_star) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) Yes 3039 Portal_stars (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_stars&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_stars) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) Yes 3040 Stars_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stars_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stars_portal) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) Yes 3041 P:STR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:STR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:STR) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) No 3042 P:ST (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ST&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ST) ) Portal:Star (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Star) ) Yes 3043 P:TREK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TREK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TREK) ) Portal:Star_Trek (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3044 P:PST (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:PST&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:PST) ) Portal:Star_Trek (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3045 P:START (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:START&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:START) ) Portal:Star_Trek (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Trek&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3046 Star_wars_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_wars_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Star_wars_portal) ) Portal:Star_Wars (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3047 P:SW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SW) ) Portal:Star_Wars (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 3048 P:STARW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:STARW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:STARW) ) Portal:Star_Wars (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Star_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 3049 P:Stat (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Stat&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Stat) ) Portal:Statistics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Statistics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3050 P:stat (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:stat&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:stat) ) Portal:Statistics (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Statistics&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3051 P:SGM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SGM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SGM) ) Portal:Strategy_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Strategy_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Strategy_games&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3052 P:SHF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SHF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SHF) ) Portal:Superhero_fiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superhero_fiction&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superhero_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3053 P:Superhero (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Superhero&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Superhero) ) Portal:Superhero_fiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superhero_fiction&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Superhero_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3054 P:SCOTUS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SCOTUS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SCOTUS) ) Portal:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 3055 P:SWEDEN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SWEDEN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SWEDEN) ) Portal:Sweden (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Sweden&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Sweden) ) Yes 3056 P:SWIM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SWIM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SWIM) ) Portal:Swimming (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Swimming&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Swimming&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3057 P:CH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CH) ) Portal:Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Switzerland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Switzerland) ) No 3058 Switzerland_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Switzerland_portal) ) Portal:Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Switzerland&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Switzerland) ) Yes 3059 P:SYR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:SYR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:SYR) ) Portal:Syracuse,_New_York (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Syracuse,_New_York&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Syracuse,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3060 P:STP (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:STP&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:STP) ) Portal:São_Tomé_and_Príncipe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) ) Yes 3061 P:TW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TW) ) Portal:Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Taiwan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) ) Yes 3062 P:ROC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ROC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ROC) ) Portal:Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Taiwan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) ) Yes 3063 P:TAIWAN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TAIWAN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TAIWAN) ) Portal:Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Taiwan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) ) Yes 3064 P:TJK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TJK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TJK) ) Portal:Tajikistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tajikistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan) ) Yes 3065 Tajikistan_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tajikistan_portal) ) Portal:Tajikistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tajikistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan) ) Yes 3066 Portal_Tajikistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_Tajikistan&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_Tajikistan) ) Portal:Tajikistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tajikistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan) ) Yes 3067 P:TAS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TAS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TAS) ) Portal:Tasmania (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tasmania&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tasmania&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3068 P:TECH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TECH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TECH) ) Portal:Technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Technology) ) Yes 3069 Technology_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Technology_portal) ) Portal:Technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Technology) ) Yes 3070 P:T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:T&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:T) ) Portal:Technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Technology&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Technology) ) Yes 3071 P:TV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TV) ) Portal:Television (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Television) ) Yes 3072 P:CTV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CTV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CTV) ) Portal:Television_in_Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3073 P:CANTV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CANTV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CANTV) ) Portal:Television_in_Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_Canada&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3074 P:USTV (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USTV&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USTV) ) Portal:Television_in_the_United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_the_United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Television_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3075 P:TN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TN) ) Portal:Tennessee (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tennessee&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tennessee) ) Yes 3076 P:TENNIS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TENNIS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TENNIS) ) Portal:Tennis (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tennis&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tennis) ) Yes 3077 P:Terrorism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Terrorism&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Terrorism) ) Portal:Terrorism (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Terrorism&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Terrorism&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3078 P:TA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TA) ) Portal:Textile_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Textile_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Textile_arts) ) Yes 3079 Thailand_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Thailand_portal) ) Portal:Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Thailand) ) Yes 3080 P:Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Thailand&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Thailand) ) Portal:Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Thailand) ) Yes 3081 Portal_thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal_thailand&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal_thailand) ) Portal:Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Thailand) ) Yes 3082 P:TB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TB) ) Portal:The_Beatles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beatles&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beatles&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3083 Beatles_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beatles_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Beatles_portal) ) Portal:The_Beatles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beatles&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Beatles&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3084 P:Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Z&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Z) ) Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Legend_of_Zelda&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3085 P:DOH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:DOH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:DOH) ) Portal:The_Simpsons (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Simpsons&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:The_Simpsons) ) Yes 3086 P:D'OH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:D%27OH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:D%27OH) ) Portal:The_Simpsons (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:The_Simpsons&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:The_Simpsons) ) Yes 3087 Theatre_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Theatre_portal) ) Portal:Theatre (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Theatre&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Theatre) ) Yes 3088 P:TIME (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TIME&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TIME) ) Portal:Time (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Time&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Time&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3089 P:TOYS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TOYS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TOYS) ) Portal:Toys (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Toys&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Toys) ) No 3090 P:Trains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Trains&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Trains) ) Portal:Trains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Trains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Trains) ) Yes 3091 P:TRAINS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TRAINS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TRAINS) ) Portal:Trains (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Trains&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Trains) ) No 3092 P:TRANS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TRANS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TRANS) ) Portal:Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Transport) ) Yes 3093 Transport_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Transport_portal) ) Portal:Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Transport) ) Yes 3094 Transportation_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transportation_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Transportation_portal) ) Portal:Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Transport&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Transport) ) Yes 3095 P:TC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TC) ) Portal:Tropical_cyclones (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tropical_cyclones&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones) ) Yes 3096 P:TS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TS) ) Portal:Tunisia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tunisia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3097 P:Tunisia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Tunisia&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Tunisia) ) Portal:Tunisia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tunisia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3098 P:TR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TR) ) Portal:Turkey (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Turkey&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Turkey) ) Yes 3099 P:TY (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TY&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TY) ) Portal:Tyrol (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Tyrol&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Tyrol) ) Yes 3100 P:USRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USRD) ) Portal:U.S._Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:U.S._Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads) ) Yes 3101 P:NARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:NARD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:NARD) ) Portal:U.S._Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:U.S._Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads) ) Yes 3102 P:U2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:U2&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:U2) ) Portal:U2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:U2&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:U2&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3103 U2_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U2_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/U2_portal) ) Portal:U2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:U2&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:U2&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3104 P:UKRAIL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKRAIL&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKRAIL) ) Portal:UK_Railways (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3105 P:BR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:BR) ) Portal:UK_Railways (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3106 P:UKRAILWAYS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKRAILWAYS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKRAILWAYS) ) Portal:UK_Railways (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3107 P:UKT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKT&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKT) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3108 UK_Trams_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UK_Trams_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/UK_Trams_Portal) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3109 Uk_trams_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uk_trams_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Uk_trams_portal) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3110 The_UK_Trams_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_UK_Trams_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_UK_Trams_Portal) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3111 The_uk_trams_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_uk_trams_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_uk_trams_portal) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3112 P:TUK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:TUK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:TUK) ) Portal:UK_Trams (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Trams&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3113 P:UKW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKW) ) Portal:UK_Waterways (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Waterways&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:UK_Waterways&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3114 Ukraine_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ukraine_portal) ) Portal:Ukraine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ukraine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) ) Yes 3115 Ukrainian_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ukrainian_portal) ) Portal:Ukraine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ukraine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) ) Yes 3116 P:UKR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKR) ) Portal:Ukraine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ukraine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) ) Yes 3117 P:UA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UA) ) Portal:Ukraine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ukraine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) ) Yes 3118 P:UKR/NEW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UKR/NEW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UKR/NEW) ) Portal:Ukraine/New_article_announcements (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ukraine/New_article_announcements&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine/New_article_announcements) ) Yes 3119 P:UAE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UAE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UAE) ) Portal:United_Arab_Emirates (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_Arab_Emirates&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates) ) Yes 3120 P:UK (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UK&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UK) ) Portal:United_Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_Kingdom&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) ) Yes 3121 UN_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UN_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/UN_Portal) ) Portal:United_Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_Nations&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3122 P:USA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USA) ) Portal:United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:United_States) ) Yes 3123 P:US (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:US&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:US) ) Portal:United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:United_States) ) Yes 3124 United_States_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/United_States_portal) ) Portal:United_States (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:United_States) ) Yes 3125 P:USAF (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USAF&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USAF) ) Portal:United_States_Air_Force (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Air_Force&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3126 P:USCG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USCG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USCG) ) Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3127 Marines_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marines_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Marines_Portal) ) Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3128 P:USMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USMC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USMC) ) Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3129 P:USMM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USMM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USMM) ) Portal:United_States_Merchant_Marine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Merchant_Marine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Merchant_Marine&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3130 P:USN (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:USN&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:USN) ) Portal:United_States_Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Navy&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3131 P:CANTAB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CANTAB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CANTAB) ) Portal:University_of_Cambridge (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Cambridge&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3132 P:OXFORD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:OXFORD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:OXFORD) ) Portal:University_of_Oxford (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:University_of_Oxford&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford) ) Yes 3133 P:UZB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:UZB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:UZB) ) Portal:Uzbekistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Uzbekistan&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan) ) Yes 3134 P:V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:V&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:V) ) Portal:Vancouver (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3135 Vancouver_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vancouver_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vancouver_Portal) ) Portal:Vancouver (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3136 P:GVRD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GVRD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:GVRD) ) Portal:Vancouver (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3137 P:VSA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VSA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VSA) ) Portal:Vancouver/Nominate/Articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver/Nominate/Articles&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Vancouver/Nominate/Articles&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3138 P:VIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VIC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VIC) ) Portal:Victoria (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Victoria&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Victoria) ) Yes 3139 P:Arcade_Games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Arcade_Games&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Arcade_Games) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3140 Current_computer_and_video_game_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_computer_and_video_game_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_computer_and_video_game_events) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3141 Current_computer_and_video_games_events (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_computer_and_video_games_events&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Current_computer_and_video_games_events) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3142 P:CVG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:CVG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:CVG) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3143 P:VG (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VG&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VG) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3144 Video_game_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Video_game_portal) ) Portal:Video_games (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Video_games&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) ) Yes 3145 P:VA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VA) ) Portal:Visual_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Visual_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) ) Yes 3146 Visual_arts_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_arts_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Visual_arts_portal) ) Portal:Visual_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Visual_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) ) Yes 3147 Art_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Art_portal) ) Portal:Visual_arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Visual_arts&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) ) No 3148 P:VOLC (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:VOLC&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:VOLC) ) Portal:Volcanoes (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Volcanoes&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes) ) Yes 3149 P:W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:W&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:W) ) Portal:Wales (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wales&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Wales) ) Yes 3150 War_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/War_portal) ) Portal:War (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:War&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:War&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3151 P:WAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WAR&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WAR) ) Portal:War (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:War&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:War&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3152 P:WASH (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WASH&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WASH) ) Portal:Washington (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Washington&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Washington) ) Yes 3153 P:WARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WARD&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WARD) ) Portal:Washington_Roads (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Washington_Roads&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Washington_Roads&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3154 West_Bengal_Portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal_Portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/West_Bengal_Portal) ) Portal:West_Bengal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:West_Bengal&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:West_Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3155 P:WB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WB) ) Portal:West_Bengal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:West_Bengal&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:West_Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3156 P:WA (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WA&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WA) ) Portal:Western_Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Western_Australia&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia) ) Yes 3157 P:Wilts (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Wilts&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Wilts) ) Portal:Wiltshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wiltshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wiltshire&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3158 P:WINE (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WINE&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WINE) ) Portal:Wine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Wine) ) Yes 3159 P:Wine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Wine&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Wine) ) Portal:Wine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wine&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Wine) ) Yes 3160 P:WI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WI&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WI) ) Portal:Wisconsin (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Wisconsin&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Wisconsin) ) Yes 3161 P:WW2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WW2&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WW2) ) Portal:World_War_II (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_II&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3162 P:WWII (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:WWII&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:WWII) ) Portal:World_War_II (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_II&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3163 P:XB (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:XB&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:XB) ) Portal:Xbox (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3164 P:XB360 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:XB360&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:XB360) ) Portal:Xbox (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3165 P:XBOX (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:XBOX&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:XBOX) ) Portal:Xbox (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Xbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3166 P:Yoga (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:Yoga&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:Yoga) ) Portal:Yoga (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Yoga&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Yoga&action=edit&redlink=1) ) No 3167 P:YORKS (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:YORKS&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:YORKS) ) Portal:Yorkshire (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Yorkshire&redirect=no) ( exists? (/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire) ) Yes 3168 P:ZW (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ZW&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ZW) ) Portal:Zimbabwe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3169 P:ZIM (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:ZIM&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/P:ZIM) ) Portal:Zimbabwe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&redirect=no) ( exists? (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Yes 3170 Zimbabwe_portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe_portal&redirect=no) ( links (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Zimbabwe_portal) ) Portal:Zimbabwe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&redirect=no) ( exists? 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Noted bespoke tailoring in Mayfair, London The model David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) wearing a bespoke suit by Henry Poole & Co (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) (2014) Savile Row tailoring is men and women's bespoke tailoring (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) that takes place on Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) and neighbouring streets in Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) , Central London (/wiki/Central_London) . In 1846, Henry Poole (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) , credited as being the "Founder of Savile Row", opened an entrance to his tailoring premises at No. 32 Savile Row. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) The term bespoke is understood to have originated in Savile Row when cloth for a suit was said to "be spoken for" by individual customers. [2] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek1-2) The short street has been termed the "golden mile of tailoring", where customers have included Charles III (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) , Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) , Lord Nelson (/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson) , Napoleon III (/wiki/Napoleon_III) , Muhammad Ali Jinnah (/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) , Laurence Olivier (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier) and Duke Ellington (/wiki/Duke_Ellington) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek1-2) [3] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek2-3) In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of the traditional tailors; a modernisation which continued in the 1990s with the arrival of designers including Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) , Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) and Timothy Everest (/wiki/Timothy_Everest) . With increasing rents the number of tailoring businesses on Savile Row had declined to 19 by 2006. [4] (#cite_note-SRWY-4) [5] (#cite_note-BloomRent-5) There were also criticisms from Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) of falling behind the times. [6] (#cite_note-Armani_FT-6) [7] (#cite_note-SR_Indep_2008-7) However, since the mid-2000s Savile Row has been enjoying a resurgence. A local online directory in October 2014 listed 44 tailoring and clothing businesses on or near Savile Row. [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) History [ edit ] While the first tailors moved onto the street Savile Row as early as 1806, [9] (#cite_note-9) the origins of its tailoring history can be traced back to the beginning of the 17th century. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) The story begins with a tailor called Robert Baker (RB), originally from Staplegrove in Somerset (/wiki/Somerset) , who bought up land to the north west of Charing Cross (/wiki/Charing_Cross) on the back of money made from the sale of Piccadills (/wiki/Piccadill) , a type of large broad collar. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) Working from "a poore little shop in ye Strand (/wiki/Strand,_London) " RB and his wife Elizabeth started a business which pitched their trade at the rich, among which was Lady Cope. Quoting from a contemporary source: "By ye means of ye Ladie Cope, whose Taylor hee was, [RB] fell into a way of makinge Pickadillys ... for most of the Nobilitie and Gentrie". [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) RB soon had "three score men att worke" and with the opening of a shopping arcade the New Exchange by King James I (/wiki/James_VI_and_I) next door in 1609, business prospered. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) Indeed, so much so that by 1613, "poore Countrey Taylor" RB had bought land for £50 (2023 value £10,206), which was then open country, and built himself a comfortable new home near where the Lyric Theatre (/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_London) now stands on Shaftesbury Avenue (/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue) . [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) [11] (#cite_note-BofE_1-11) Soon, RB's new residence gained the nickname "Pickadilly Hall" and with other properties being developed by himself on that land, the nearest roadway also acquired the name "Pickadilly", which became modern-day Piccadilly (/wiki/Piccadilly) . [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) With his next property development RB bought 22 acres of land nearby on which, in present-day terms, includes Golden Square (/wiki/Golden_Square) where many cloth merchants used to reside and several streets in Soho (/wiki/Soho) where subcontracting tailors are traditionally based. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) The plot of land where Savile Row was eventually developed was originally called Ten Acre Close and "was created by the sale on 29 June 1622 of three adjacent parcels of ground, then all in St. Martin's in the Fields, to William Maddox, citizen and merchant tailor of London, by Richard Wilson of King's Lynn, gentleman." [12] (#cite_note-BHO_1-12) Ten-acre close was part of 35 acres bought by Maddox for £1,450 (2023 value £285,666) of undeveloped land which now covers East Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) . [11] (#cite_note-BofE_1-11) [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) This estate was handed down through Maddox's heirs for many generations, until it was passed to the Reverend George Pollen in 1764. [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) As a result of this, the Pollen Estate was founded and still exists to this day, part-owned by Norway's Oil Fund (/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway) since August 2014. [13] (#cite_note-Pollen_2-13) [14] (#cite_note-SR_NYT_NOR-14) Tailoring has been associated with Savile Row the area since the 19th century, when Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) , who epitomised the well-dressed man, patronised the tailors congregated on the Burlington Estate, notably around Cork Street (/wiki/Cork_Street) , on which John Levick in 1790 at Number 9 was among the first. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) As of 1806 there was still not a tailors on Savile Row itself, but such firms as Davies & Son, Adeney & Boutroy, John Levick, Stultz, Meyer, Burghart and Davidson were colonising various surrounding streets including Clifford Street, Cork Street, Conduit Street, Sackville Street and Hanover Street. It is believed that the first tailors to actually work on the Row were Henry Poole and Company in 1846, when they turned the back entrance of their workshops at No. 36 Savile Row into the main entrance to their shop. [15] (#cite_note-15) Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) on No. 1 Savile Row The Savile Row Bespoke Association was founded in 2004 to protect and to develop bespoke tailoring as practised in Savile Row and the surrounding streets. [16] (#cite_note-SRBA-16) Founder members include: Anderson & Sheppard, Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) , Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) and Henry Poole. The member tailors are required to put at least 50 hours of hand labour into each two-piece suit. [17] (#cite_note-SR_MemReq-17) In a March 2006 report by the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) (Department of Planning and City Development), "Bespoke Tailoring in London's West End", it was estimated that between 6,000 and 7,000 men's suits (/wiki/Men%27s_suit) were made in and around the Savile Row area annually, representing a turnover of approximately £21 million. [4] (#cite_note-SRWY-4) A Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) article in February 2013 suggested that the total revenue for the informal group of suitmakers was now estimated to be £30–35 million, with several tailoring houses having over 10% growth in recent years. [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) The contribution of the fashion industry as a whole to the British economy is estimatedbto be £26 billion per year. [19] (#cite_note-BBC_FB-19) In November 2016, Savile Row became a Special Policy Area (#Westminster_Special_Policy_Area_2016) within the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) . This gave Savile Row special planning status to safeguard its character: "Development in the Savile Row Special Policy Area will complement and enhance its role as an international centre of excellence for bespoke tailoring." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) (For more information, see the section below (#Westminster_Special_Policy_Area_2016) ). 19th century [ edit ] Henry Poole and Co [ edit ] Main article: Henry Poole & Co (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) Henry Poole & Co are the acknowledged "Founders of Savile Row" and creators of the Dinner Jacket, called a Tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) in America. The company has remained a family-run business since their establishment in 1806. They opened first in Brunswick Square (/wiki/Brunswick_Square) , in 1806, originally specialising in military tailoring, with particular merit at the time of the Battle of Waterloo (/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo) . Their business moved to Savile Row in 1846, following the death of founder James Poole. In 1982, MD Angus Cundey brought the firm back to Savile Row (No. 15), after being in exile on Cork Street since 1961; Poole were forced to move to Cork Street, because the lease at number 32 expired and the unlisted building was demolished. Gieves and Hawkes [ edit ] Main article: Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) Gieves & Hawkes is a traditional British gentleman's bespoke tailor located at No. 1 Savile Row. The business dates from the late 19th century, and was formed by the merger of two separate businesses, 'Gieves' (founded 1785) and 'Hawkes' (founded 1771). [22] (#cite_note-G&H_EL-22) Starting out with roots from two suppliers who focused on the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) and the Royal Navy (/wiki/Royal_Navy) , it was the first Savile Row tailor to provide ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothes. There are various Gieves & Hawkes shops and concessions around the UK and in several other countries. It holds a number of Royal Warrants of Appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) , which cover all three British Royal Warrants ( Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh) , and Charles, Prince of Wales (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) ). [23] (#cite_note-G&H_WS-23) However, its current status is in doubt after Trinity, a subsidiary of Ruyi Group, was subject to a winding-up petition for debt in September 2021 [24] (#cite_note-24) and its subsequent purchase by Mike Ashley's Frasers Group. [25] (#cite_note-25) Dege and Skinner [ edit ] Main article: Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) Dege & Skinner (pronounced / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ d iː dʒ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is known for its expertise in military as well as civilian clothing. It remains a family-run business and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2015. Located at No. 10 Savile Row, the firm was founded as J. Dege & Sons, and became a joint venture between the two families when William Skinner Jr. joined the firm in 1916. After the Skinner family took full ownership, the business was renamed Dege & Skinner, reopened by customer Colin Montgomerie (/wiki/Colin_Montgomerie) . The company is by royal appointment to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , His Majesty the Sultan of Oman (/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman) and His Majesty the King of Bahrain (/wiki/King_of_Bahrain) . TRH Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge) and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) can be seen wearing Blues & Royals uniforms made by the company in the National Portrait Gallery (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . [26] (#cite_note-alphacityguides-26) Tailors Dege & Skinner made two frock coat uniforms worn by Prince Harry (/wiki/Prince_Harry) and Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge) at the Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) in May 2018. [27] (#cite_note-HeSt-27) [28] (#cite_note-Reuters_RW-28) As well as the two uniforms, four outfits for the page boys were also created, challenging the tailors because of the boys' size. [27] (#cite_note-HeSt-27) Eight weeks' notice was given with very strict secrecy involved. Maurice Sedwell [ edit ] Maurice Sedwell (/wiki/Maurice_Sedwell) , located at No.19 Savile Row, is now owned by Andrew Ramroop. [29] (#cite_note-MS_1-29) Davies and Son [ edit ] Davies and Son is an independent tailors on the West side of Savile Row, having started in Hanover Street in 1803. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) It moved to its current location in 1986, making it the oldest independent tailors on Savile Row. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) [31] (#cite_note-D&SGQ-31) The brand incorporates a number of other tailoring businesses including: Bostridge and Curties and Watson, Fargerstrom and Hughes, Johns and Pegg, James and James, Wells of Mayfair and Fallan & Harvey. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) It is now owned by Patrick Murphy, Graham Lawless and Mark Broadfield, with former owner Alan Bennett as chair. Davies & Son held the Royal Warrant as Military Tailors to HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. Other customers have included: Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_designer)) , Prince Michael of Kent (/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent) , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr.) , Edward Fox (/wiki/Edward_Fox_(actor)) , Clark Gable (/wiki/Clark_Gable) , Benny Goodman (/wiki/Benny_Goodman) , Harry S. Truman (/wiki/Harry_S._Truman) and the Duke of Windsor (/wiki/Edward_VIII) . [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) They have also clothed a large proportion of the crowned heads of Europe. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) H. Huntsman and Sons [ edit ] Main article: H. Huntsman & Sons (/wiki/H._Huntsman_%26_Sons) Huntsman, a 163-year-old business, was taken over by Roubi L'Roubi and Pierre Lagrange in January 2013. [32] (#cite_note-SR_ES_Hunts-32) L'Roubi is a British-born designer of Sudanese origin who was also a couturier on New Bond Street, while Lagrange is a hedge fund investor from Belgium. [32] (#cite_note-SR_ES_Hunts-32) Huntsman has its roots in equestrian wear and this is a part of L'Roubi and Lagrange's country lifestyle. [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) L'Roubi explained to London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) that "rather than just owning the brand, we have a connection." [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) He stated: "British upper-class fashion is about individuality. What we are wearing today is sombre but people wear tweeds and shooting stockings so bright that you'd never wear in the city, and that's where the character comes out, in the high life." [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) As well as the tailoring business, L'Roubi and Lagrange face challenges at Huntsman, including infrastructure updating. [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) Among the technology being used is an electronic tracer that produces a digital file and a hardcopy- this is for the extensive archive of more than 3000 clients and can be used when ordering ready-to-wear. [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) He stated to Spear's magazine that technology for ready-to-wear is not being used on Savile Row. "The others are afraid of technology. We're competing with Gucci, Ralph Lauren." [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) However, not all changes were seen as beneficial – L'Roubi left the company in 2015 as losses continued to mount. [35] (#cite_note-LeG_NYT-35) Norton and Sons [ edit ] Norton & Sons (/wiki/Norton_%26_Sons) was established in the City of Westminster, London in 1821, the firm moving to Savile Row in the middle of the 19th century. In the 1960s Norton's incorporated the Savile Row firm of J. Hoare & E. Tautz. The firm were tailors to Sir Hardy Amies. [36] (#cite_note-Sherwood2007-36) Since 2005, the business has been run by the fashion designer and creative director Patrick Grant (/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(designer)) . [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Grant is also known for his work with media, especially the BBC (/wiki/BBC) . He also relaunched the E. Tautz & Sons (/wiki/E._Tautz_%26_Sons) brand as ready-to-wear clothing, for which Grant was awarded the Menswear designer of 2010 at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) although the company has since been wound up. Grant stated: "When you walk into our shop you get a sense that you're walking into a place where people enjoy their work and take great pride in it." [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Previous clients include Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) and Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) . [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Kilgour, French & Stanbury [ edit ] Founded in 1882 as T & F French in Piccadilly (/wiki/Piccadilly) , in 1923 French merged with existing Savile Row tailor A.H. Kilgour to form Kilgour & French. In 1925, Fred and Louis Stanbury joined the firm, and in 1937 the business changed its name to Kilgour, French and Stanbury. In 2003, the business became Kilgour. In 2013, Fung Group acquired Kilgour from JMH Lifestyle [38] (#cite_note-Kilgour_Fung-38) and Carlo Brandelli (/wiki/Carlo_Brandelli) was appointed Creative Director (he was CD between 2003 and 2009). He stated: "The first time I was here [at Kilgour], I contemporised. But this time I'm experimenting with what bespoke can be. Because a suit is still a form of armour, it tells everyone where you are in the hierarchy." [39] (#cite_note-Kilgour_Carlo-39) Unfortunately, the re-branding exercise overseen by Brandelli has not been commercially successful, and the company went into administration on 27 February 2020. The property on Savile Row is long vacant and Kilgour now appears to be an internet-only business offering read-to-wear clothes only. [40] (#cite_note-40) 20th century [ edit ] Anderson and Sheppard [ edit ] In the early 20th Century, tailoring was softened by Frederick Scholte (/wiki/Frederick_Scholte) , a Dutchman, when he developed the English drape (/wiki/Drape_suit) for the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) ). [41] (#cite_note-A&S_Davies-41) [42] (#cite_note-Hill129-42) Scholte's "dress soft" style was developed into the "London cut", the house style of A&S (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) , by Peter Gustav Anderson, a Swedish protégé of Scholte. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) The "London cut" is a high, small armhole with a generous upper sleeve that permits the jacket to remain close to the neck while freeing the arm to move with comfort. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In 1906, Peter Gustav, also known as Per Anderson, founded A&S at No. 30, Savile Row. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In 2004, A&S' lease at No.30 expired, and the building's landlords wanted to raise its rent. Shortly thereafter, Anda Rowland assumed A&S' daily operations. Rowland, daughter of entrepreneur Tiny Rowland (/wiki/Tiny_Rowland) (who had acquired A&S in the late 1970s, and whose family still holds an 80 per cent stake in the business) had been working at Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) in Paris. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) After Anda Rowland's mother, Josie, decided to relocate A&S to its current, smaller premises on nearby Old Burlington Street, she appealed to her daughter for assistance in managing the firm. Before Anda's arrival, A&S did not operate a web site or viable computer network, costs were left unrecorded and approximately £500,000 worth of unpaid tailoring bills (money owed to A&S) had accrued. Rowland stated: "We'd been in the old buildings since the 1920s and, like many Savile Row tailors or traditional companies, your image becomes tied ... like Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) , it becomes tied to the building." [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) Anda Rowland's initial act at A&S was to create an internet presence for the firm. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) A&S' website is a marketing tool and, says Rowland, "it helps to remind people or reinforces the idea that we have one foot in the past, but, also, one foot very much in today". Since 2005, A&S' sales have risen exponentially so that, allowing for the hiring of six additional full-time apprentices, for a total of eight. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) As part of its 2012 revival, A&S opened a haberdashery shop on Clifford Street, at the end of the Row. Previous A&S customers include: Cary Grant (/wiki/Cary_Grant) , Gary Cooper (/wiki/Gary_Cooper) , Fred Astaire (/wiki/Fred_Astaire) , Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , Bryan Ferry (/wiki/Bryan_Ferry) , Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) and Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In January 2013, HRH Prince Charles visited A&S. [44] (#cite_note-Charles_And&Shep-44) In the 30 years that A&S had tailored his suits and coats, HRH had never actually visited the company's premises. [44] (#cite_note-Charles_And&Shep-44) In 2012, A&S' revenues topped £4 million and its annual revenues have increased over 13 per cent each year since 2009. [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) A&S manager Colin Heywood stated: "We're doing very well, actually. We've found that business has picked up in the last few years, and we couldn't be busier." [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) However, perhaps with the continued 'casualisation' of business and, more recently, the effect of Covid-19, the business has become less profitable than it might otherwise have been. [45] (#cite_note-ARe_1-45) Welsh & Jefferies [ edit ] Welsh & Jefferies has premises at No. 20. It is owned by James Cottrell and includes the tailors Lesley & Roberts. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) It started in 1917 on the high street of Eton (/wiki/Eton,_Berkshire) and became an established military tailor. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) In 1990, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales confirmed Welsh and Jefferies's pedigree when he appointed the firm with his Royal Warrant as sole military tailor. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) They are an independent company. Owner James Cottrell started as an apprentice at the age of 16 in Kilgour French & Stanbury and trained there for five years. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) He worked there as a coatmaker for 15 years before becoming a cutter at Tommy Nutter, from where he went to Henry Poole for 18 years. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) He was invited to join Welsh & Jefferies as a partner in January 2007, and in February 2013 took over the business with Yingmei Quan as junior partner. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) Yingmei Quan won the Golden Shears competition in 2011 which enhanced her reputation as one of the better cutters on Savile Row. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) Cottrell stated: "Finding your cutting style is a process that improves with your experience throughout the years by looking at people's figures and trying to get a perfect line and balance for that person." [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) Chester Barrie [ edit ] Chester Barrie (/wiki/Chester_Barrie) was established in 1935 by expatriate English tailor Simon Ackerman, who wanted a British brand and tailoring for his New York-based clothing business. Locating its factory in Crewe (/wiki/Crewe) from 1939, close to the Port of Liverpool (/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool) and its cloth supplier in Huddersfield (/wiki/Huddersfield) , it introduced semi-bespoke and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) tailoring to the row. [48] (#cite_note-48) Sold to Austin Reed (/wiki/Austin_Reed_(retailer)) in 1980, it went into receivership in 2002, which split the factory from the retail operation. Now owned by Prominent Europe, clients have included Cary Grant (/wiki/Cary_Grant) and Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) , while both Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) and Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) wore Chester Barrie in their films. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) However, in 2020 Prominent Europe decided to close its branded business together with its store on the Row. [51] (#cite_note-51) The premises are now occupied by The Deck, founded by Daisy Knatchbull (/wiki/Daisy_Knatchbull) , a women's made-to-measure tailors that also offers true bespoke clothing. [52] (#cite_note-TDL-52) Hardy Amies [ edit ] The British fashion house Hardy Amies (/wiki/Hardy_Amies_(fashion_house)) was founded by English dressmaker (/wiki/Dressmaker) Hardy Amies (/wiki/Hardy_Amies) in 1946. Having been managing designer for Lachasse (/wiki/Lachasse) in 1934, and having designed clothes for the British Board of Trade under the government Utility Scheme, Amies bought the bombed out shell of No.14 Savile Row in 1946. Amies was one of the first European designers to venture into the ready-to-wear market when he teamed up with Hepworths (/wiki/Joseph_Hepworth_(tailor)) in 1959 to design a range of menswear. In 1961, he made fashion history by staging the first men's ready-to-wear catwalk shows, at the Ritz Hotel in London [53] (#cite_note-VicAlb-53) Amies also undertook design for in-house work wear, which developed from designing special clothes for groups such as the Oxford University Boat Club (/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club) and London Stock Exchange (/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange) . Amies also designed costumes for films, including 2001: A Space Odyssey (/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)) . [54] (#cite_note-Amies_IMDB-54) Amies is perhaps best known to the British public for his work for Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . The association began in 1950, when Amies made several outfits for the then Princess Elizabeth's royal tour to Canada. Although the couture side of the Hardy Amies business was traditionally less financially successful, the award of a Royal warrant of appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) as official dressmaker in 1955 gave his house a degree of respectability and resultant publicity. One of his best known creations is the gown he designed in 1977 for Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee portrait which, he said, was "immortalised on a thousand biscuit tins." Knighted in 1989, Amies held the warrant until 1990, when he gave it up so that younger designers could create for the Queen. [ citation needed ] In May 1973, Amies sold the business to Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) , who had themselves purchased Hepworths which distributed the Hardy Amies line. Amies purchased the business back in 1981. In May 2001, Amies sold his business to the Luxury Brands Group. He retired at the end of that year, when Moroccan-born designer Jacques Azagury became head of couture. In November 2008, after going into bankruptcy, the Hardy Amies brand was acquired by Fung Capital, the private investment arm of Victor and William Fung, who together control the Li & Fung group, [55] (#cite_note-HA_Fung-55) though sadly this was to be a short-lived reprieve and the company re-entered administration in January 2019, with the subsequent sale of the flagship No. 14, Savile Row to Hackett. [56] (#cite_note-56) The Hardy Amies name is still licensed globally, particularly in Japan. [ citation needed ] Nutters of Savile Row [ edit ] Nutters of Savile Row was opened on Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) 1969 by Tommy Nutter (/wiki/Tommy_Nutter) and Edward Sexton (/wiki/Edward_Sexton) , who had worked together at Donaldson, Williamson & Ward. [57] (#cite_note-Nutters_Open-57) They were financially backed by British singer Cilla Black (/wiki/Cilla_Black) and her husband Bobby Willis, managing director of the Beatles' Apple Corps (/wiki/Apple_Corps) Peter Brown (/wiki/Peter_Brown_(music_industry)) , and lawyer James Vallance-White. [36] (#cite_note-Sherwood2007-36) Nutters was the first shop on Savile Row to pioneer 'open windows' and had bold displays created by the then unknown Simon Doonan (/wiki/Simon_Doonan) , resulting in the shop helping modernise the perception of Savile Row. [58] (#cite_note-58) Nutters of Savile Row dressed the entire social spectrum from the Duke of Bedford (/wiki/Robin_Russell,_14th_Duke_of_Bedford) and Lord Montagu (/wiki/Edward_Douglas-Scott-Montagu,_3rd_Baron_Montagu_of_Beaulieu) , to Mayor of San Francisco (/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco) Willie Brown (/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)) , to Mick (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and Bianca Jagger (/wiki/Bianca_Jagger) , Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) and the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) . [59] (#cite_note-TN_Obit-59) Their designs included Bianca Jagger's wedding suit and the costumes for the 1989 (/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)) Batman film (/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)) including those worn by Jack Nicholson (/wiki/Jack_Nicholson) . [ citation needed ] Tommy Nutter was proudest of the fact that the suits worn by three of the Beatles on the front cover of Abbey Road (/wiki/Abbey_Road) were made by Nutters. [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Nutter left the business in 1976 and went to work at Kilgour, leaving Edward Sexton to continue running the business. [61] (#cite_note-Sherwood-61) Nutter died from complications arising from HIV/AIDS (/wiki/HIV/AIDS) on 17 August 1992 at the Cromwell Hospital (/wiki/Cromwell_Hospital) in London. [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Edward Sexton continued to work at his premises on Beauchamp Place (/wiki/Beauchamp_Place) , Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) until his passing on the 23rd of July 2023. [62] (#cite_note-Sexton_Current-62) Meredith Etherington-Smith wrote: "Nutter was a gentle humorist who had a wide and interesting circle of friends attracted by his enthusiasm, by his gentle, self-mocking personality and his acerbic comments on the vagaries of others, always ending with the expression 'But who am I to talk?'." [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Chittleborough & Morgan [ edit ] Chittleborough & Morgan was formed in 1981 by Joseph Morgan and Roy Chittlebrough. [63] (#cite_note-CM_1-63) Before opening their own shop, Joseph and Roy were both cutters at Nutters of Savile Row, working with Tommy Nutter and Edward Sexton. They produce only bespoke clothing from their Savile Row premises, there is no ready-to-wear or made-to-measure. New generation [ edit ] Modernisation, which had begun in 1969 with Nutters of Savile Row, had slowed by the early 1990s, so Savile Row tailors were "struggling to find relevance with an audience that had grown increasingly disassociated". [64] (#cite_note-WeiKoh-64) Three 'New Generation' designers are credited with keeping Savile Row ahead of the times: they were Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) , Timothy Everest (a former apprentice of Nutter's) and Richard James. [65] (#cite_note-BBC_StyleGenius-65) Having each broken away independently from the Savile Row mould, public relations professional Alison Hargreaves coined the term "New Bespoke Movement" to describe collectively the work of this "new generation" of tailors. [66] (#cite_note-Arbuturian-66) Interest reached a peak in 1997 when the three were featured together in Vanity Fair . [66] (#cite_note-Arbuturian-66) The newcomers altered their shop fronts and used marketing and publicity to their advantage. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) For example, when Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) opened its Savile Row store in 1992, it introduced Saturday opening, something of a revolution to Savile Row at that time. [68] (#cite_note-RJ_SatOpen-68) Eight years later in 2000, Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) opened a new shop with large plate glass windows that allowed customers to see inside. [69] (#cite_note-Moreton-69) The new generation challenged the traditional Savile Row styling, bringing twists and "a fine sense of colour to bespoke suits." [70] (#cite_note-Indy_JW-70) They were seen to "push the envelope of modern suit making and bespoke active wear, creating more contemporary silhouettes with bolder fabrics." [71] (#cite_note-BestLife-71) Unlike the older establishments, this new generation of tailors set out to garner celebrity clients, disseminate their products via supermarket chains and attract wider national and international custom, raising the profile of their new tailoring style. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) In 2001 Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) was awarded the title Menswear Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) , following that up in 2008 with the Bespoke Designer of the Year award, in recognition of its contribution to British tailoring. [72] (#cite_note-LB_DT-72) Boateng received the French Trophee de la Mode for Best Male Designer in 1996. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) Richard James [ edit ] Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) was founded in 1992 by designer Richard James and his business partner Sean Dixon and was the first of the 'New Establishment' or New Bespoke Movement (/wiki/New_Bespoke_Movement) tailors of Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) . [73] (#cite_note-RJ_LS-73) James's tailoring has always centred on what has become known as its 'modern classic' style: one or two-button single-breasted suits with slightly longer, more waisted jackets, incorporating deep side vents and a slightly higher armhole to give a slim, definitive silhouette. The overall design philosophy is to produce classic clothing, but push the barriers through experimenting with fabrics and making bold use of colour. Indeed, the British fashion writer and academic Colin McDowell (/wiki/Colin_McDowell) has described James himself as being "the best colourist working in menswear in London today". [74] (#cite_note-RJSS-74) Ozwald Boateng [ edit ] Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) , a pioneer of the new generation, saw himself as both tailor and a designer, coining the term "bespoke couturier". [75] (#cite_note-75) Born in Muswell Hill (/wiki/Muswell_Hill) in 1967 to Ghanaian parents and raised in North London (/wiki/North_London) , Boateng started tailoring at age 16, selling his mother's designs on Portobello Road (/wiki/Portobello_Road) ; by twenty three he had set himself up full-time in business. He began making bespoke suits in 1990, and is credited with introducing Savile Row tailoring to a new generation. The first tailor to stage a catwalk show in Paris, Boateng's many clients include Will Smith (/wiki/Will_Smith) , Jamie Foxx (/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) , Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) , Dhani Jones (/wiki/Dhani_Jones) , Russell Crowe (/wiki/Russell_Crowe) , Keanu Reeves (/wiki/Keanu_Reeves) , and Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) . [76] (#cite_note-76) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) President Bernard Arnault (/wiki/Bernard_Arnault) appointed Boateng Creative Director of Menswear at French Fashion house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) in 2004. [77] (#cite_note-77) His first collection was shown in July 2004 in Paris, at Hotel de Ville. [78] (#cite_note-OB_FS-78) Boateng parted with Givenchy after the Spring 2007 collection. [78] (#cite_note-OB_FS-78) Steed Bespoke Tailors [ edit ] Steed Bespoke Tailors was established in January 1995 by Edwin DeBoise, whose father and brother are both tailors, and Thomas Mahon (/wiki/Thomas_Mahon_(tailor)) . [79] (#cite_note-SR_Steed-79) They are based in nearby Clifford Street and in Cumbria making bespoke and semi bespoke suits. [80] (#cite_note-Steed_HF-80) DeBoise trained at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , and then apprenticed under Edward Sexton, followed by seven years at Anderson & Sheppard, before founding the company Steed. 2002 was Steed's eighth year in business and one that saw an amicable split with Mahon, who is now with Redmayne. [81] (#cite_note-RM_1-81) In September 2008, Edwin's eldest son Matthew DeBoise joined the company. [79] (#cite_note-SR_Steed-79) Kent and Haste [ edit ] John Kent and Terry Haste have worked together, on and off, for over 30 years. [82] (#cite_note-K&H_1-82) John has held the Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_warrant_of_appointment) for many years for the late Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh) , who had followed John from Hawes and Curtis when he left that company to set up on his own. Terry, previously Head Cutter and Managing Director at Huntsman (having originally started his apprenticeship at Anderson and Sheppard), joined John about ten years ago. [83] (#cite_note-K&H_2-83) The two had previously worked together at Hawes and Curtis together with Stephen Lachter, shirtmaker, who still works with them in Sackville Street (/wiki/Sackville_Street_(London)) . [84] (#cite_note-K&H_3-84) The three have a great deal of experience between them: Terry worked with Tommy Nutter (/wiki/Tommy_Nutter) , designing and cutting such garments as the outfits of The Joker (/wiki/The_Joker) in Batman , and then at Huntsman, being responsible for many of their iconic garments including the double-breasted suit worn by Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) . [85] (#cite_note-K&H_4-85) [86] (#cite_note-K&H_5-86) [87] (#cite_note-K&H_6-87) [88] (#cite_note-K&H_7-88) The three of them maintain a storied clients' list, including American film stars and politicians, but are better known for their discretion. Richard Anderson [ edit ] Richard Anderson was founded in 2001 by Richard Anderson and Brian Lishak who acquired Strickland & Sons (est. 1780) in 2004. [89] (#cite_note-GQ-89) Richard Anderson is author of Bespoke: Savile Row Ripped and Smoothed , his autobiographic account of being an apprentice tailor. [89] (#cite_note-GQ-89) Customers have included Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) , Bryan Ferry (/wiki/Bryan_Ferry) and the Black Eyed Peas (/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas) . [6] (#cite_note-Armani_FT-6) Stowers [ edit ] Stowers (initially called Stowers Bespoke), was established in 2006 by Ray Stowers, former head of bespoke at Gieves & Hawkes for 25 years, and was created to reverse the trend in the modern market to mass-produce garments in the far east, with all ready to wear suits, accessories and made to measure suits in England [90] (#cite_note-90) (though the website now notes in Europe [91] (#cite_note-stowers.london-91) ). In 2008, Stowers Bespoke purchased the shop at 13 Savile Row from retiring tailor James Levett. [92] (#cite_note-92) They do not appear to offer bespoke garments. [91] (#cite_note-stowers.london-91) Cad and the Dandy [ edit ] Cad and the Dandy (/wiki/Cad_and_the_Dandy) was founded in 2008 by former bankers James Sleater and Ian Meiers. Cad and the Dandy initially came to an arrangement with Chittleborough & Morgan to allow appointments in their shop, before launching a new flagship store at 13 Savile Row in June 2013. [93] (#cite_note-C&D_No13-93) The store is the first on the street to hand weave a cloth on site before making it up into a fully finished suit. [94] (#cite_note-C&D_handweave-94) With Britain's bespoke tailoring industry facing an alarming shortage of master tailors, the company established an apprenticeship programme in London with young "would-be tailors" in its three London locations: Savile Row, Birchin Lane and Canary Wharf (/wiki/Canary_Wharf) . [95] (#cite_note-C&D_Skills-95) In 2013, Cad and the Dandy bought the shoe manufacturer Wildsmith, a 166-year-old business. [96] (#cite_note-Tele_Aug2013-96) Kathryn Sargent [ edit ] In April 2016, tailor Kathryn Sargent became the first woman to open a tailoring house in Savile Row. [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) [99] (#cite_note-KSBBC_2016-99) As of 2023, Sargent is resident in Brook Street and has a branch in Edinburgh. [100] (#cite_note-KSBS_1-100) Among those Sargent has dressed include royalty, actors, politicians and sportsmen. [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) The master tailor, originally from Leeds (/wiki/Leeds) , spent 15 years at nearby Gieves & Hawkes, rising through the ranks to be head cutter before opening her first store in Brook Street in 2012. [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) [101] (#cite_note-KS_YP-101) She said that it gave a sense of achievement and that it is "just great to have your shop and your garments on display for people to see." [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) William Skinner from Dege & Skinner said: "It's fitting that the first woman to be appointed as a head cutter ... is returning to open a shop of her own." [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) In an interview with Another Magazine in 2012, Sargent said that she wanted to be a skilled worker rather than just a designer and to be able to fit something perfectly. [102] (#cite_note-KS_AO-102) William Hunt [ edit ] Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) -born and former professional footballer William Hunt first opened on Savile Row in 1998, having had shops on the King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) in Chelsea and in Covent Garden (/wiki/Covent_Garden) . [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) Former clients include: Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) , Gary Neville (/wiki/Gary_Neville) , Gordon Ramsay (/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay) and Jonathan Ross (/wiki/Jonathan_Ross) . [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) Hunt aims to make "powerful suits for powerful men", [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) although made-to-measure and not bespoke. Whitcomb and Shaftesbury [ edit ] Whitcomb and Shaftesbury (W&S), named after the intersection of two nearby streets, was started in 2004 by two Indian twins Mahesh and Suresh Ramakrishnan on St. George Street, near Savile Row. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) Both had been working in New York but the brothers spotted "a gap in the market for high quality tailoring and quality advice". [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) The Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) -born twins were able to lure Head Cutter John McCabe, a Savile Row stalwart having spent over 40 years cutting for the major names on the row. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) W&S's Savile Row Bespoke line is made in London, but they have another range, the relatively more affordable Classic Bespoke, which, while cut in London, is tailored in Chennai by handpicked craftspeople trained to Savile Row standards. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) W&S has two units in Chennai staffed by approximately 85 local craftspeople. [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) In 2009 W&S established a new program concentrating on abused and deprived women in rural India, who undergo a rigorous 3-year training and certification programme: over 300 artisans have passed through this. [106] (#cite_note-W&S_Web-106) Former clients include Sachin Tendulkar (/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar) , Mick Jagger, Michael Jackson and Richard Gere (/wiki/Richard_Gere) . [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) Mahesh stated: "The art of Savile Row is to create a three-dimensional form that drapes the body and shows structure while still being fluid and non-restrictive." [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) Clothsurgeon [ edit ] Clothsurgeon was founded in 2012 by Rav Matharu, opening its first store at 40 Savile Row in August 2022. The store is the first on the street specialising in tailored streetwear. [107] (#cite_note-107) Other companies on Savile Row [ edit ] Company logo of Bernard Weatherill Ltd on 5 Savile Row Kent & Curwen (No. 2); Bernard Weatherill (No. 5 - closed at the same time as Kilgour as had become a subsidiary of that company); the cloth merchants Holland & Sherry were at No. 9–10 Savile Row (where they offered fitting space to various visiting tailors, including Higgins & Brown, [108] (#cite_note-108) Katherine Maylin Ladies Bespoke Tailors, [109] (#cite_note-109) King & Allen, [110] (#cite_note-110) Manning & Manning [111] (#cite_note-111) and Nooshin, [112] (#cite_note-112) ) but relocated to ground and lower ground floor 31 Savile Row in 2022, [113] (#cite_note-H&S_1-113) where it would appear they continue to allow visiting tailors to have rooms as Alexandra Wood is listed at this address; [114] (#cite_note-114) Paul Jheeta (No. 12); Castle Tailors (No. 12); Steven Hitchcock (No. 13); Martin Nicholls London Ltd. (No. 13); Hidalgo Bros. (No. 13); James Levett (No. 14); Stuart Lamprell (No. 18); Maurice Sedwell (/wiki/Maurice_Sedwell) (previously at No. 19, moving in 2022 to First Floor, No. 9-10); Gary Anderson (No. 34/35); Alexandre: owned by British Menswear Brands (No. 39); the Savile Row Company (at No.  40 - mainly ready-to-wear and made-to-measure but also offering bespoke). The oldest tailors in London, Ede & Ravenscroft (/wiki/Ede_%26_Ravenscroft) , have a premises close by on Burlington Gardens (/wiki/Burlington_Gardens) . The Deck, located at 32 Savile Row, is a female driven tailoring company that is the first to have a shopfront on Savile Row just for women. The company caters exclusively for women, though its product is mainly made-to-measure in Portugal rather than full bespoke. [115] (#cite_note-The_DK_1-115) Drake's (/wiki/Drake%27s_(haberdashers)) (No. 9) selling clothes "people can and will want to wear for years and years." [116] (#cite_note-Dra-116) [117] (#cite_note-LLo-117) Conduit Street tailors [ edit ] Established by Austrian tailor Jonathan Meyer at 36 Conduit Street in the late 18th century, Meyer & Mortimer supplied both the Prince regent (/wiki/Prince_regent) and his fashion mentor, Beau Brummell, as early as 1800. When the Prince became George IV of the United Kingdom (/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom) he awarded the company a Royal warrant of appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) which, through Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and monarchs since, it still holds today. After Meyer pioneered modern trouser design in the 19th century, he formed a new company with Mortimer in Edinburgh, Meyer & Mortimer, also called the Royal Clan Tartan Warehouse. After being bombed out of its premises during World War II, the company relocated to 6 Sackville Street, [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) also given as the address of Jones, Chalk and Dawson (commenced trading 1896 and currently listed at Companies House as dormant) and also Ward & Kruger, with which they appear to have amalgamated, [120] (#cite_note-120) before moving round the corner to 40 Piccadilly in 2022. Also at 6 Sackville Street was Brian Russell and Company. Brian Russell had worked at Anderson & Sheppard for 20 years before striking out on his own in Mayfair in 1987. He subsequently employed Fadia Aoun as a cutter (who had previously worked at Johns & Pegg but left when they became part of Davies & Son), and she took over the company on his death in 2007, keeping his name. However, the Sackville Street site has been vacated and the website notes that the company is in the process of relocating back to Mayfair. [121] (#cite_note-121) In the late 1950s, from his premises at No.29 Conduit Street, [122] (#cite_note-bondsuits.com-122) Anthony Sinclair created a classic, pared down shape, which became known as the Conduit Cut. Sean Connery famously adopted the look in 1962 for the first James Bond film, Dr. No , and continued to wear Sinclair suits for all of his appearances as Bond. [123] (#cite_note-123) Though it is sometimes reported that Ian Fleming (/wiki/Ian_Fleming) and his character James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) bought suits on Savile Row, there is no evidence for this in the James Bond books, [124] (#cite_note-Empire-124) [125] (#cite_note-Spaiser-125) [126] (#cite_note-MFM-126) and Fleming's own tailor was Benson, Perry & Whitley, located at 9 Cork Street in Mayfair. [127] (#cite_note-127) Another Conduit Street tailor, at No. 42, [122] (#cite_note-bondsuits.com-122) was Cyril Castle, who made the earlier James Bond suits for Roger Moore (later being replaced by Douglas Hayward in Mount Street), [128] (#cite_note-128) [129] (#cite_note-129) and for whom a young Edward Sexton worked. [130] (#cite_note-ESCS_1-130) Bernard Weatherill was also here until bombed out in 1939, [131] (#cite_note-BW_Ltd-131) and over the years many other tailors have been recorded in this street, such as Hammond and Riddle; Sandilands and Son; Forster, Fisher and French; Skrimshire and Herford. [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) [134] (#cite_note-134) Future [ edit ] As of November 2014, there are only two family-owned tailoring houses left on Savile Row, namely Dege & Skinner and Henry Poole & Co. [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) Managing director of D&S William G. Skinner, when interviewed by The Business of Fashion (BofF) website, stated: "Ready-to-wear has been available on the Row for some time, but recession and a tough economic climate have led some retailers further down the road of ready-to-wear..." [136] (#cite_note-BofFPt2-136) Although in recent years the global luxury menswear market has grown at roughly double the pace of luxury womenswear, the tailors of Savile Row face the stark reality that bespoke tailoring is simply not a scalable business. [137] (#cite_note-BofFPt1-137) How different companies compete in the forthcoming years will vary. Starting with the 150-year-old company Dege & Skinner, William Skinner points out the young people involved: the future generation of tailors, serving apprenticeships within the trade. [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) He stated in an interview to The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) : "We have invested in the future of the trade, because we are confident about the future of the trade. We have a good business model; we make money and we reinvest it in the company. We are not a museum piece by any means." [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) Patrick Grant, designer and owner since 2005 of bespoke tailor Norton & Sons, stated to The BofF: "The simple truth is that there are opportunities to sell ready-to-wear clothes thanks to Savile Row's history." [137] (#cite_note-BofFPt1-137) He continued: "Personally as someone who has a business on both sides, I would like to see anything with a Savile Row name on it actually made on Savile Row... If you have got ten thousand suits being made by hand on Savile Row, but you have got a million suits somewhere in a factory in Asia also called Savile Row, I don't think it can do anything other than hurt the business here." [136] (#cite_note-BofFPt2-136) Henry Poole & Co. are wanting to expand into China. [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) In an interview with CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) , Simon Cundey, director of Henry Poole & Co, stated: "We've had a number of customers who have ordered in London and want the attention to detail we offer them and we hope that by bringing that option to Beijing we can grow the market there." [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) Henry Poole & Co already has two stores in China through a partnership; however tailors make the framework for the suit in London and send it over to be assembled in a Chinese factory. [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) In recent years, many alumni of the major Savile Row shops have gone on to set up their own tailoring businesses around the world, offering services and products that are rooted in the traditions of Savile Row. These include tailors such as Richard James, [139] (#cite_note-139) David Reeves of Reeves Bespoke, [140] (#cite_note-140) who have all established their own successful bespoke tailoring houses outside of London. Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) has been present on SR with repurposing, recycling, repairing and minimising waste being part of bespoke tailoring. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) An initiative by former SRBA director Su Thomas has enabled tailors, accessories and cloth merchants in and around SR to participate in the Eco-Luxe project by recycling their wool off-cuts. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) After spending months gathering fabric cuttings, the excess cloth was sent to iinouiio in Yorkshire (/wiki/Yorkshire) where it was converted into a yarn and then woven by the Wooven in the Bone micro-mill in Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) . [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) By February 2024, approximately 100 metres of luxury grey herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) and twill (/wiki/Twill) wool cloth has been produced by this method and demonstrates a future with zero-waste tailoring, reducing re-usable resources that might be sent to landfill. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) Westminster Special Policy Area 2016 [ edit ] In November 2016, Savile Row was given special planning rules within the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) by the introduction of 'Special Policy Areas'. [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) These new planning rules include four other areas and will "make it far harder for developers and landlords to dilute their distinctive character by allowing "clone" chain stores to force out smaller independent businesses." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) Mark Henderson of G&H and chairman of Savile Row Bespoke Association is quoted as saying "I'm absolutely delighted. It's recognition that Savile Row is totally unique." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) Westminster policy 'CM2.3: Savile Row Special Policy Area' states: "The Savile Row Special Policy Area (SPA) is home to a historic concentration of bespoke tailoring, with the street name in itself acting as a widely recognised international brand, synonymous with the unique and high quality bespoke and discreet, personal service it offers." [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) It also states: "Encouraging bespoke tailoring uses in the Savile Row SPA will continue to support this cluster of bespoke tailoring activities and the wider bespoke tailoring industry in Westminster and the UK." [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) Councillor Robert Davis said: "Like a good suit, planning policy should be made to measure." [143] (#cite_note-FN_1-143) Also: "We are using our powers to protect some of the capital's most valuable assets and create environments where specialist traders can thrive." [143] (#cite_note-FN_1-143) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Suit (clothing) (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors) Worshipful Company of Drapers (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Drapers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Deitz, Paula (25 August 1996). "Savile Row's Ambassador to the Court of Kings" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CEFD61530F936A1575BC0A960958260&pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153922/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/25/arts/savile-row-s-ambassador-to-the-court-of-kings.html?pagewanted=all) from the original on 22 March 2023 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b Norton, Kate (31 October 2006). 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"Style Icon: James Bond" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130115071226/http://www.mensfashionmagazine.co.uk/style-icon-james-bond) . Mens Fashion Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.mensfashionmagazine.co.uk/style-icon-james-bond) on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) Pearson, John (1967). The Life of Ian Fleming: Creator of James Bond. London: Pan Books. ^ (#cite_ref-128) " (http://tweedlandthegentlemansclub.blogspot.com/2017/05/roger-moore-and-his-tailor.html) "Tweedland" the Gentlemen's club: Roger Moore and his tailor" (http://tweedlandthegentlemansclub.blogspot.com/2017/05/roger-moore-and-his-tailor.html) . 29 May 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230228222400/http://tweedlandthegentlemansclub.blogspot.com/2017/05/roger-moore-and-his-tailor.html) from the original on 28 February 2023 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) Horwell, Veronica (2 May 2008). "Doug Hayward" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/may/03/fashion.mainsection) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052436/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/may/03/fashion.mainsection) from the original on 2 July 2019 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-ESCS_1_130-0) "Our Heritage (The Early Years)" (https://www.edwardsexton.co.uk/pages/our-heritage) . Edward Sexton. 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230228222401/https://www.edwardsexton.co.uk/pages/our-heritage) from the original on 28 February 2023 . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-BW_Ltd_131-0) "Bernard Weatherill Papers" (https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/b846087c-111c-3036-9194-5c008d1e9b3b?component=716ba9ec-7e49-3aaa-b020-2f515ef4d9d0) . JISC. 1971–1989. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230529104904/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/b846087c-111c-3036-9194-5c008d1e9b3b?component=716ba9ec-7e49-3aaa-b020-2f515ef4d9d0) from the original on 29 May 2023 . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Archived copy" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25785/page/915/data.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230305154233/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25785/page/915/data.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 5 March 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-133) "Archived copy" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28589/page/1866/data.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230305154230/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28589/page/1866/data.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 5 March 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-134) "Archived copy" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26891/page/5129/data.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230305154231/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26891/page/5129/data.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 5 March 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c West, Karl (14 November 2014). "Savile Row tailor fears overseas threat to rich tapestry of tradition" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/nov/14/savile-row-tailoring-foreign-buyout-threat-hong-kong) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141118092136/http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/nov/14/savile-row-tailoring-foreign-buyout-threat-hong-kong) from the original on 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mellery-Pratt, Robin (29 January 2014). "A Row of Opportunity, Part 2" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/row-opportunity-part-2/?source=NextStoryPrompt) . The Business of Fashion . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221003162908/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/row-opportunity-part-2/?source=NextStoryPrompt) from the original on 3 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mellery-Pratt, Robin (28 January 2014). "A Row of Opportunity, Part 1" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/row-opportunity-part-1/?source=NextStoryPrompt) . The Business of Fashion . 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Retrieved 14 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Savile Row and Eco-Luxe aiming for zero waste tailoring" (https://savilerow-style.com/news/campaign-for-wool-aiming-for-zero-waste-tailoring) . Savile Row Style. 4 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Santamaria, Barbara (11 November 2016). "Savile Row granted protection from Westminster City Council" (http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Savile-Row-granted-protection-from-Westminster-City-Council,752252.html) . Fashion Network . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213155/http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Savile-Row-granted-protection-from-Westminster-City-Council,752252.html) from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Savile Row: The Master Tailors of British Bespoke. James Sherwood, Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . Publisher: Thames & Hudson (/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson) (11 October 2010). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0500515242 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500515242) . Bespoke: Savile Row Ripped and Smoothed. Richard Anderson. Publisher: Pocket Books (/wiki/Pocket_Books) (3 September 2009). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1847394569 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847394569) The London Cut: Savile Row Bespoke Tailoring. James Sherwood. Publisher: Marsilio (1 April 2007). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8831791557 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8831791557) Henry Poole: Founders of Savile Row – The Making of a Legend. Stephen Howarth. Publisher: Bene Factum Publishing (17 February 2003). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1903071069 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903071069) . Savile Row: An Illustrated History. Author: Richard Walker. Publisher: Rizzoli Intl Pubns (15 March 1989). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847810208 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847810208) . The Savile Row Cutter. Hormazd Narielwalla (/wiki/Hormazd_Narielwalla) . Publisher: Bene Factum Publishing (1 August 2011). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1903071335 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903071335) . External links [ edit ] The Savile Row Bespoke Association (http://www.savilerowbespoke.com) The Savile Row Bespoke Association is dedicated to protecting and promoting the practices and traditions of Savile Row tailoring. The Prince of Wales visits Savile Row tailor Anderson & Sheppard (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blnV8SuTsXw) A 2'26" video on YouTube showing HRH The Prince of Wales visiting Anderson & Sheppard (5 January 2013). Below the Row (https://vimeo.com/65731270) A 10'08" video on Vimeo (/wiki/Vimeo) by Glen Travis which takes a rare look at the very special relationship between a coatmaker and his young apprentice at Henry Poole & Co. (2013). As seen on the Savile Row Bespoke website. Inside Savile Row: life as a master tailor (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/video/2013/feb/04/inside-savile-row-master-tailor?INTCMP=SRCH) . 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Kosuke Tsumura (born 1959) is a Japanese fashion designer and artist particularly known for his Final Home label. Early life [ edit ] Kosuke Tsumura was born in 1959 in Saitama (/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture) , Japan. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) In 1982 he won the Soen Prize (/wiki/Soen_(magazine)) , an award made by the leading Japanese fashion magazine Soen since 1956 to new young talent in the field of fashion design. [2] (#cite_note-azito-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Previous winners had included Kansai Yamamoto (/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto) and Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) , another former winner of the Soen Award, [5] (#cite_note-5) employed Tsumura the following year. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) Career [ edit ] 1994 "Final Home" nylon parka, the pockets stuffed with newspaper for insulation Tsumura joined Miyake's business in 1983, and with the support of the Miyake Design Studio, launched his own-name label in 1994. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) Final Home became a popular label for young people in Japan, who appreciated its combination of simplicity, humour, and multi-functional design. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) His work focuses upon function, protection, recycling, and survival, such as ponchoes (/wiki/Poncho) that double as bicycle covers. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) Tsumura's key design is the Final Home coat (also known as Homel or Survival Jacket [6] (#cite_note-sabukaru-6) ), conceived as an essential piece should the wearer find themselves made homeless due to war, natural disaster or unemployment. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) The sheer nylon coat, a staple design for Tsumura since 1994, is made with multiple pockets throughout its construction which are designed to hold survival essentials such as medicine or food rations, or to be stuffed with newspaper for heat insulation, or soft toys (/wiki/Stuffed_toy) to keep children distracted. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) By adjusting the levels of padding in various pockets, the garment can be made to fit various sizes. [7] (#cite_note-moma-7) To test his concept, Tsumura wore the prototype to sleep rough in Centennial Park, New York for several nights. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) The Final Home coat has been exhibited in shows around the world, and examples are in museum and art gallery collections including the Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art) , New York; [7] (#cite_note-moma-7) Powerhouse Museum (/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum) , Australia; [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) the Kyoto Costume Institute,; [8] (#cite_note-8) and the ATOPOS collection, Athens. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2020, Tsumura said that the Issey Miyake company still held the copyright to Final Home, hence why the brand was no longer in operation. [6] (#cite_note-sabukaru-6) As artist [ edit ] Due to the success of the Final Home label, Tsumura was able to become increasingly experimental as a designer and also pursue artistic endeavours outside the fashion industry. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) In 1992 he received second prize in the 21st exhibition of Japanese contemporary art in Tokyo's Museum of Contemporary Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Tokyo) , and exhibited again there in 1999. [2] (#cite_note-azito-2) He contributed to the Venice Biennale of Architecture (/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture) in 2000 and the Shanghai Biennale (/wiki/Shanghai_Biennale) in 2002. [1] (#cite_note-ph-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Coat by Kosuke Tsumura" (https://collection.maas.museum/object/351991) . collection.maas.museum . Powerhouse Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kosuke Tsumura" (http://azito-art.com/artists/kosuke-tsumura/) . AZITO . AZITO . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Bunka Fashion College. "Bunka Fashion College: A timeline of Japanese fashion" (https://artsandculture.google.com/story/bunka-fashion-college-a-timeline-of-japanese-fashion-bunka-fashion-college/9gVRcVqm1sl1Iw?hl=en) . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Yamamoto, Yohji (10 April 2022). "Winning the Soen Award, designers' gateway to success: Yohji Yamamoto (10)" (https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Yohji-Yamamoto/Winning-the-Soen-Award-designers-gateway-to-success-Yohji-Yamamoto-10) . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Mikiko, Tsunemi. "Miyake, Issey (1938–)" (https://www.bloomsburydesignlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9781472596161&tocid=b-9781472596161-BED-M068&st=Miyake+Soen) . www.bloomsburydesignlibrary.com . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bianco, Adrian (March 2020). "THE STORY OF FINAL HOME AND KOSUKE TSUMURA" (https://sabukaru.online/articles/city-survival-final-home-and-kosuke-tsumura-an-interview-and-outlook) . Sabukaru . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kosuke Tsumura. Final Home 44-pocket parka. 1994" (https://www.moma.org/collection/works/93957?artist_id=27730&page=1&sov_referrer=artist) . The Museum of Modern Art . MoMA . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Future Beauty: 30 Years of Japanese Fashion" (https://www1.seattleartmuseum.org/futurebeauty/credits.asp) . www1.seattleartmuseum.org . Seattle Art Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bataille-Benguigui, Marie-Claire (2007). Zēdianakēs, Vasilēs (ed.). RRRIPP!! : paper fashion . Athens: ATOPOS. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789608963719 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/253966895) Academics CiNii (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16004281?l=en) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/27730) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐x2xqg Cached time: 20240714104609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.291 seconds Real time usage: 0.451 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 536/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18312/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39646/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.205/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3988750/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 348.241 1 -total 62.53% 217.755 1 Template:Reflist 41.59% 144.829 7 Template:Cite_web 37.43% 130.351 1 Template:Authority_control 2.32% 8.073 1 Template:Cite_news 1.80% 6.252 1 Template:Cite_book 0.66% 2.287 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70875894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714104609 and revision id 1194995364. 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Yue Yuen Industrial (Holdings) Limited 裕元工業(集團 Company type Public Listed company (/wiki/Listed_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) SEHK (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange) : 551 (https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market-Data/Securities-Prices/Equities/Equities-Quote?sym=551&sc_lang=en) Industry Athletic (/wiki/Sportsperson) and casual/outdoor footwear (/wiki/Footwear) manufacturer (/wiki/Manufacturer) Founded 1988 Headquarters Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Area served Worldwide Key people Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) : Mr. Lu Chin Chu Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Pou Chen Corporation (/wiki/Pou_Chen_Corporation) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Pou Sheng International (/wiki/Pou_Sheng_International) Website Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Limited (http://www.yueyuen.com/) Yue Yuen Industrial (Holdings) Limited is a Taiwanese footwear (/wiki/Footwear) manufacturer (/wiki/Manufacturer) headquartered (/wiki/Headquarter) in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) and established by its Taiwanese [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) parent company (/wiki/Parent_company) , Pou Chen (/wiki/Pou_Chen) Group. It is the largest branded athletic (/wiki/Sportsperson) and casual (/wiki/Casual_attire) footwear manufacturer in the world. It is an original equipment manufacturer (/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer) (OEM) and original design manufacturer (/wiki/Original_design_manufacturer) (ODM) for major international brand name (/wiki/Brand_name) companies such as Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , Asics (/wiki/ASICS) , New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) , Puma (/wiki/Puma_AG) , Timberland (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) and Rockport (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It was one of the Hang Seng Index Constituent Stocks (/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index_Constituent_Stocks) ( bluechip (/wiki/Blue_chip_(stock_market)) ) in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange) . [2] (#cite_note-2) But after 8 June 2009, it was removed from blue chip (/wiki/Blue_Chip_Stamps) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In April 2014 40,000 workers were protesting the company's failure to pay the full social security and house renting contribution. [4] (#cite_note-4) The protests were triggered by a staff member who worked for 18 years at Yue Yuen did not get her full pension. The company did not pay 250 yuan per month to the employee that they should have. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) All companies are supposed under Chinese law (/wiki/Chinese_Law_%26_Policy_Review) to pay full mandatory social insurance for workers – including pensions, medical insurance, housing allowances and injury compensation. In 2019, the Huffington Post claimed "Yue Yuen, the Foxconn (/wiki/Foxconn) of footwear, makes one-fifth of all the shoes in the world." [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Limited - Corporate Profile (http://www.yueyuen.com/en/corporate_information.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080407210837/http://www.yueyuen.com/en/corporate_information.html) April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Bluechip App" (https://bluechip1.in/app/) . bluechip1.in . 2022-08-13 . Retrieved 2022-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) HANG SENG INDEXES ANNOUNCES INDEX REVIEW RESULTS (http://www.hsi.com.hk/HSI-Net/static/revamp/contents/en/news/pressRelease/20090508e.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Massive strike by footwear workers in Dongguan" (https://chinaworker.info/en/2014/04/17/6769/) . China Worker . 2014-04-16 . Retrieved 2022-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) More than ten thousand stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/more-ten-thousand-workers-stage-strike-massive-dongguan-shoe-factory) , 2014-04-14 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Yue Yuen shoe factory workers' strike at Dongguan plants continues (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1483287/yue-yuen-shoe-factory-workers-strike-dongguan-plants-continues) , 2014-04-17. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hobbes, Michael. "Why It's Impossible To Shop Ethically" (https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/the-myth-of-the-ethical-shopper/) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2023-05-20 . External links [ edit ] Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Limited website (http://www.yueyuen.com/) Pou Chen Group website (http://www.pouchen.com.tw/) This article about a Taiwanese corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Traditional clothing of the indigenous peoples of Arctic North America Women's traditional caribou (/wiki/Caribou) skin outfit with amauti (/wiki/Amauti) parka (/wiki/Parka) , trousers, mitts and long boots with side pouches. The back of the parka has an amaut or pouch for carrying a baby. From Baker Lake, Eskimo Point and Hikoligjuaq, west of Hudson Bay. Collected on 5th Thule Expedition, 1921–1924 Modern women's parka created by Inuk designer Victoria Kakuktinniq (/wiki/Victoria_Kakuktinniq) , 2021. The body of the parka is made from synthetic waterproof fabric, with silver fox (/wiki/Silver_fox_(animal)) fur trim on the hood and sealskin (/wiki/Sealskin) trim on the hem and cuffs. The curved hem is typical of the traditional amauti . Traditional Inuit clothing is a complex system of cold-weather garments (/wiki/Winter_clothing) historically made from animal hide (/wiki/Animal_hide) and fur (/wiki/Fur) , worn by Inuit (/wiki/Inuit) , a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) inhabiting the Arctic (/wiki/Arctic) areas of Canada, Greenland, and the United States. The basic outfit consisted of a parka (/wiki/Parka) , pants, mittens, inner footwear, and outer boots. The most common sources of hide were caribou (/wiki/Reindeer) , seals (/wiki/Seal_(animal)) , and seabirds (/wiki/Seabird) , although other animals were used when available. The production of warm, durable clothing was an essential survival skill which was passed down from women to girls, and which could take years to master. Preparation of clothing was an intensive, weeks-long process that occurred on a yearly cycle following established hunting seasons. The creation and use of skin clothing was strongly intertwined with Inuit religious beliefs (/wiki/Inuit_religion) . Despite the wide geographical distribution of Inuit across the Arctic, historically, these garments were consistent in both design and material due to the common need for protection against the extreme weather (/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic) and the limited range of materials suitable for the purpose. The appearance of individual garments varied according to gender roles and seasonal needs, as well as the specific dress customs of each tribe or group. The Inuit decorated their clothing with fringes (/wiki/Fringe_(trim)) , pendants, and insets of contrasting colours, and later adopted techniques such as beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) when trade made new materials available. The Inuit clothing system bears strong similarities to the skin clothing systems of other circumpolar peoples (/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples) such as the Indigenous peoples of Alaska (/wiki/Alaska_Natives) , Siberia (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia) and the Russian Far East (/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East) . Archaeological evidence indicates that the history of circumpolar clothing (/wiki/History_of_circumpolar_clothing) may have begun in Siberia as early as 22,000 BCE, and in northern Canada and Greenland as early as 2500 BCE. After Europeans began to explore the North American Arctic (/wiki/North_American_Arctic) in the late 1500s, seeking the Northwest Passage (/wiki/Northwest_Passage) , Inuit began to adopt European clothing for convenience. Around the same time, Europeans began to conduct research on Inuit clothing (/wiki/Research_on_Inuit_clothing) , including the creation of visual depictions, academic writing, studies of effectiveness, and museum collections. In the modern era, changes to the Inuit lifestyle led to a loss of traditional skills (/wiki/Traditional_knowledge) and a reduced demand for full outfits of skin clothing. Since the 1990s, efforts by Inuit organizations to revive historical cultural skills and combine them with modern clothing-making techniques have led to a resurgence of traditional Inuit clothing, particularly for special occasions, and the development of contemporary Inuit fashion (/wiki/Inuit_fashion) as its own style within the larger Indigenous American fashion (/wiki/Indigenous_American_fashion) movement. Traditional outfit [ edit ] Distribution of Inuit groups by language The most basic version of the traditional Inuit outfit consisted of a hooded parka (/wiki/Parka) , pants, mittens, inner footwear, and outer boots, all made of animal hide and fur. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743-1) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199427-2) These garments were fairly lightweight despite their insulating properties: a complete outfit weighed no more than around 3–4.5 kg (6.6–9.9 lb) depending on the number of layers and the size of the wearer. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn201448–49-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19919-4) Extra layers could be added as required for the weather or activity, which generally cycled with the changing of the seasons. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201217-5) Although the basic outfit framework was largely the same across Inuit groups (as well as other Indigenous Arctic peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_Arctic_peoples) , including the Alaska Natives (/wiki/Alaska_Natives) and those of Siberia (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia) and the Russian Far East (/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East) ), their wide geographic range gave rise to a broad variety of styles for basic garments, often specific to the place of origin. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199427-2) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199737-6) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005121-8) The range of distinguishing features on the parka alone was significant, as described by Inuit clothing expert Betty Kobayashi Issenman in her comprehensive study on Inuit clothing Sinews of Survival (/wiki/Sinews_of_Survival) : "a hood or lack thereof, and hood shape; width and configuration of shoulders; presence of flaps front and back, and their shape; in women's clothing the size and shape of the baby pouch; length and outline of the lower edge; and fringes (/wiki/Fringe_(trim)) , ruffs, and decorative inserts." [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798-9) Group or familial affinity was indicated by aesthetic features such as variations in the patterns made by different colours of fur, the cut of the garment, and the length of fur. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005121-8) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes19911-11) In some cases, the styling of a garment could indicate biographical details such as the individual's age, marital status, and specific kin group. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798-9) [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19917-12) The vocabulary for describing individual garments in the Inuit languages (/wiki/Inuit_languages) is correspondingly extensive, which Issenman noted in Sinews of Survival : [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743-1) A few examples will indicate some of the complexities: ' Akuitoq : man's parka with a slit down the front, worn traditionally in the Keewatin and Baffin Island areas'; ' Atigainaq : teenage girl's parka from the Keewatin region'; ' Hurohirkhiut : boy's parka with slit down the front'; ' Qolitsaq : man's parka from Baffin Island' (Strickler and Alookee 1988, 175). Man's parka and pants, southern Baffin Island Inuit, Hudson Bay (1910–1914), Royal Ontario Museum (/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum) The concept of Inuit clothing encompasses the traditional wear of a geographically broad range of Inuit cultures (/wiki/Inuit_culture) from Alaska to Greenland. For the sake of consistency, this article uses Canadian Inuktitut (/wiki/Inuktitut) terminology, unless otherwise noted. Main components of traditional outfit [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743-1) Body position Garment name Inuktitut syllabics (/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics) [a] (#cite_note-15) Description Notes Torso Qulittuq ᖁᓕᑦᑕᖅ Closed hooded parka, fur facing out Men's parka, outer layer Atigi ᐊᑎᒋ Closed hooded parka, fur facing in Men's parka, inner layer Amauti ᐊᒪᐅᑎ Closed parka with pouch for infants Women's parka Hands Pualuuk ᐳᐊᓘᒃ Mitts Unisex, double layered if necessary Legs Qarliik ᖃᕐᓖᒃ Trousers Double layered for men, single for women Mirquliik ᒥᕐᖁᓖᒃ Stockings Unisex, double layered Feet Kamiit ᑲᒦᒃ Boots Unisex, length dependent on function Tuqtuqutiq ᑐᖅᑐᖁᑎᖅ Overshoes Unisex, worn when needed Upper body garments [ edit ] Traditional Inuit culture divided labour by gender (/wiki/Inuit_women#Sexual_division_of_labour) , and men and women wore garments tailored to accommodate their distinct roles. The outer layer worn by men was called the qulittaq , and the inner layer was called the atigi . [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199719-16) These garments had no front opening, and were donned by pulling them over the head. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743-1) Men's parkas usually had straight-cut bottom hems with slits and loose shoulders to enhance mobility when hunting (/wiki/Inuit_hunting_practices) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201234–36-17) The loose shoulders also permitted a hunter to pull their arms out of the sleeves and into the coat against the body for warmth without removing the coat. The closely fitted hood provided protection to the head without obstructing vision. The hem of the outer coat would be left long in the back so the hunter could sit on the back flap and remain insulated from the snowy ground while watching an ice hole while seal hunting (/wiki/Seal_hunting) , or while waiting out an unexpected storm. A traditional parka had no pockets; articles were carried in bags or pouches. Some parkas had toggles called amakat-servik on which a pouch could be hung. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743–44-18) Modern Inuit women in traditionally constructed amauti (woman's parka); left: seal, right: caribou ( Igloolik (/wiki/Igloolik) , Nunavut, 1999) Parkas for women are called amauti (/wiki/Amauti) and have large pouches called amaut for carrying infants. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201215-19) Textile scholar Dorothy Burnham (/wiki/Dorothy_K._Burnham) described the construction of the amaut as an "engineering feat." [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001123-20) Numerous regional variations of the amauti exist, but the hem is typically left longer and cut into rounded apron-like flaps, which are called kiniq in the front and akuq in the back. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199743–44-18) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988a-21) The infant rests against the mother's bare back inside the pouch, providing intimate skin to skin (/wiki/Skin_to_skin) contact. A belt called a qaksun-gauti is cinched around the mother's waist on the outside of the amauti , supporting the infant without restraining it. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199744-22) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200172-23) At rest, the infant usually sits upright with legs bent, although standing up inside the amaut is possible. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) The roomy garment can accommodate the child being moved to the front to breastfeed (/wiki/Breastfeeding) or eliminate urine and faeces, and can be reversed to allow the child to sit facing the mother to play. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199744–45-25) [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201223-26) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200146-27) In the past, the amaut would be made smaller and narrower for widows (/wiki/Widow) or women past their childbearing years, who no longer needed to carry children. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201226-28) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber23_Slide_24]-29) In the western Arctic, particularly among the Inuvialuit (/wiki/Inuvialuit) and the Copper Inuit (/wiki/Copper_Inuit) , there is another style of women's parka called the "Mother Hubbard", adapted from the European Mother Hubbard dress (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) . [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200541–42-30) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995183-31) [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117-32) The Inuit version is a full-length, long-sleeved cotton dress with a ruffled hem and a fur-trimmed hood. A layer of insulation – either wool duffel cloth (/wiki/Duffel_cloth) or animal fur – is sewn inside for warmth, allowing it to function as winterwear. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117-32) Although the Mother Hubbard parka only arrived in the late 19th century, it largely eclipsed historical styles of clothing to the point where it is now seen as the traditional women's garment in those areas. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200541–42-30) The modern hooded overcoat known generically as a parka or anorak in English is descended from the Inuit garment. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2017-33) The terms parka and anorak were adopted into English as loanwords (/wiki/Loanword) from Aleut (/wiki/Aleut_language) and Greenlandic (/wiki/Greenlandic_language) , respectively. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECresswell2021-34) Trousers and leggings [ edit ] Boy's trousers made from ringed seal (/wiki/Ringed_seal) , National Museum of Denmark (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark) , collected 1989 Both men and women wore trousers called qarliik . During the winter, men typically wore two pairs of fur trousers to provide warmth on lengthy hunting trips. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199746-35) [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201229-36) Qarliik were waist-high and held on loosely by a drawstring. The shape and length depended on the material being used, caribou trousers having a bell shape to capture warm air rising from the boot, and seal or polar bear trousers being generally straight-legged. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199746–47-37) In some regions, particularly the Western Arctic, men, women, and children sometimes wore atartaq, leggings with attached feet similar to hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) , although these are no longer common. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199746–47-37) [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber2_Slide_3]-38) In East Greenland, women's trousers, or qartippaat , were quite short, leaving a gap between the thigh-length boots and the bottom of the trousers. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199723-39) Women's qarliik were generally shaped the same as men's, but adjusted for women's needs. Women wore fewer layers overall, as they usually did not go outdoors for long periods during winter. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199746-35) [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201229-36) During menstruation (/wiki/Menstruation) , women would wear a pair of old trousers supplemented inside with small pieces of hide, so as to not soil their daily outfit. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201229-36) In some areas, women historically wore thigh-length trousers known as qarlikallaak with leggings called qukturautiik rather than full-length pants. [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201230-40) The Igluulingmiut of Foxe Basin (/wiki/Foxe_Basin) and some of the Caribou Inuit wore a style of baggy leggings or stockings sewn to boots for long journeys. The wide leggings provided space that could be used to warm food and store small items. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201231–32-41) [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199444–45-42) These leggings were much-noted by non-Inuit who encountered them, although they ceased to be made in the 1940s due to lack of materials. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001131–132-43) Footwear [ edit ] Three layers of winter footwear: short inner slipper, inner boot (fur inwards), outer boot (fur outwards) The footwear of the traditional outfit could include up to five layers of socks, boots, and overboots, depending on the weather and terrain. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199750–51-44) [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199550-45) Traditionally, these garments were almost always made of caribou or sealskin, although today boots are sometimes made with heavy fabric like canvas (/wiki/Canvas) or denim (/wiki/Denim) . [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199520-46) [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199551-47) The traditional first layer was a set of stockings called aliqsiik , which had the fur facing inwards. The second was a pair of short socks called ilupirquk , and third was another set of stockings, called pinirait ; both had outward-facing fur. The fourth layer was the boots, called kamiit (/wiki/Kamiit) or mukluks. [b] (#cite_note-49) The most distinguishing feature of kamiit are the soles, which are made of a single piece of skin that wraps up the side of the foot, where it is sewn to the upper (/wiki/Upper_(shoe)) . They are loose-fitting to allow for more layers, and may be secured at the top or the ankles with a drawstring or straps. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b79-50) Kamiit could be covered with the tuqtuqutiq , a kind of short, thick-soled overshoe that provided additional insulation to the feet. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199750–51-44) These overshoes could be worn indoors as slippers while the kamiit were drying out. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199786-51) Historically, men usually rotated between multiple pairs of boots to allow them to sufficiently dry out between uses, preventing rot and extending the useful life of the boot. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b79-50) During the wet season of summer, waterproof boots were worn instead of insulating fur boots. These were usually made of sealskin with the fur removed. To provide grip on icy ground, boot soles could be sewn with pleats, strips of dehaired seal skin, or forward-pointing fur. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199750–51-44) [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995104-52) [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b83-53) Boot height varied depending on the task – sealskin boots could be made thigh-high or chest-high if they were to be used for wading into water, similar to modern hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) or waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) . [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199520-46) Boots intended for use in wet conditions sometimes included drawstring closures at the top to keep water out. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199585-54) In modern times, boot tops made of skin may be sewn to mass-produced rubber boot bottoms to create a boot that combines the warmth of skin clothing with the waterproofing and grip of artificial materials. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995113,_133-55) Accessory garments [ edit ] Traditional akuilisaq (/wiki/Akuilisaq) or spray skirt (left) and tuilik (/wiki/Tuilik) or watertight jacket (right), sketch c. 1893 Most upper garments include a built-in hood, making separate head coverings unnecessary. The hoods of the Iñupiat (/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat) people of northern Alaska are particularly notable for their distinct "sunburst" ruff around the face, made of long fur taken from wolves, dogs, or wolverines. [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b41-56) Historically, some groups like the Kalaallit (/wiki/Kalaallit) of Greenland and the Alutiiq (/wiki/Alutiiq) people of Kodiak Island (/wiki/Kodiak_Island) wore separate hats instead of having hoods, in a similar fashion to the clothing (/wiki/Yup%27ik_clothing) worn by the Yupik peoples (/wiki/Yupik_peoples) of Siberia (/wiki/Siberia) . [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2018124-57) [56] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199747-58) Many modern Canadian Inuit wear a cap beneath their hood for greater insulation during winter. During summer, when the weather is warmer and mosquitoes (/wiki/Mosquito) are in season, the hood is not used; instead, the cap is draped with a scarf which covers the neck and face to provide protection from insects. [56] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199747-58) Inuit mitts are called pualuuk , and are usually worn in a single layer. If necessary, two layers can be used, but this reduces dexterity. Most mitts are caribou skin, but sealskin is used for work in wet conditions, while bear is preferred for icing sled (/wiki/Sled) runners as it does not shed when damp. The surface of the palm can be made of skin with the fur removed to increase grip. Sometimes a cord is attached to the mitts and worn across the shoulders, preventing them from being lost. [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199747–50-59) Generally, mitts are made from three pieces of skin, but traditionally some areas used only two, or even one. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber3_Slide_4]-60) [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199412-61) To minimize the stress on the seams, the back of the mitt wraps around towards the palm, and the thumb is usually cut with the palm in one continuous piece. [60] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200168-62) Alaskan (/wiki/Alaska) ilgaak or snow goggles (/wiki/Snow_goggles) . Carved wood (top) and caribou (/wiki/Caribou) antler (bottom) Belts, which were usually simple strips of skin with the hair removed, had multiple functions. The qaksun-gauti belt secured the child in the amauti . [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199744-22) Belts tied at the waist could be used to secure parkas against the wind, and to hold small objects. In an emergency, it could be used for field repairs of broken equipment. [61] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b133-63) Some belts were decorated with beads or toggles carved into attractive shapes. [62] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b135–137-64) Inuit groups that regularly practiced kayaking (/wiki/Kayaking) developed specialized garments for preventing water from entering the cockpit of the kayak (/wiki/Kayak) . In Greenlandic, these garments are called the akuilisaq (/wiki/Akuilisaq) (now called a spray skirt), and the watertight tuilik (/wiki/Tuilik) jacket. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen200345-65) [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199721-66) The akuilisaq was a cylindrical garment that covered the wearer from the torso down, held up by suspenders that went over the shoulders. The bottom of the garment would be closed tightly over the cockpit of the kayak with a drawstring or belt. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen200345-65) The tuilik was a full-length jacket that could be drawn tight at the neck and wrists; like the akuilisaq it was tightly closed over the cockpit. Both garments prevented water from entering the cockpit, but the tuilik had the additional benefit of allowing the kayaker to roll their kayak (/wiki/Kayak_roll) without getting water inside their jacket. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen200345-65) [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199721-66) In the Arctic spring and summer, intense sunlight reflecting off the snowy ground can cause a painful condition known as snow blindness (/wiki/Snow_blindness) . In response, Inuit developed ilgaak or snow goggles (/wiki/Snow_goggles) , a type of eyewear which cuts down on glare but preserves the field of view (/wiki/Field_of_view) . [65] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199431-67) [66] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b116-68) Ilgaak are traditionally made of bone (/wiki/Bone) or driftwood (/wiki/Driftwood) , carved in a curve to fit the face. Narrow horizontal slits permit only a small amount of light to enter. [67] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVancouver_Maritime_Museumn.d.-69) Children's clothing [ edit ] Child's combination suit, Caribou Inuit (/wiki/Caribou_Inuit) , collected by 1924 Inuit infants wore little to no clothing, as they were usually held close to their mother in the amauti . [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) What clothing they did wear, usually a small jacket, cap, mittens, or socks, was made from the thinnest skins available: fetal or newborn caribou, crow, or marmot. [68] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201239-70) [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199448-71) The Qikirtamiut (/w/index.php?title=Qikirtamiut&action=edit&redlink=1) of the Belcher Islands (/wiki/Belcher_Islands) in Hudson Bay (/wiki/Hudson_Bay) sewed bonnets (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) for their infants from the delicate neck and head skins of eider ducks. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200226-72) Children's clothing was similar in function to adult clothing, but typically made of softer materials like caribou fawn, fox skin, or rabbit. Once children were old enough to walk, they would wear a one-piece suit called an atajuq , similar in form to a modern blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) . This garment had attached feet and often mittens, and unlike an adult's trousers, it opened at the crotch (/wiki/Crotch) to allow the child to relieve themselves. [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199448-71) [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201240-73) Many of these suits had detached caps, which could be tied down with fringe to prevent them from getting lost. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201241-74) The hood shape and position of decorative flourishes on these suits differentiated between genders. [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199448-71) As children aged, they gradually transitioned into more adult-like garments. Older children wore outfits with separate parkas and trousers, although boots were generally sewn directly to the trousers. [73] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201222,_42-75) [74] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199754–57-76) Amautis for female children often had small amaut , and they sometimes carried younger siblings in them to assist their mother. [75] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201222-77) [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997215-78) Clothing for girls and boys changed at puberty (/wiki/Puberty) ; in eastern Greenland, for example, both received naatsit , or under-breeches, to mark the transition. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) In general, when girls reached puberty, amauti tails were made longer, and the hood and amaut were enlarged to indicate fertility. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201226-28) Hairstyles for pubescent girls also changed to indicate their new status. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997216–217-79) Modern usage [ edit ] Many Inuit wear a combination of traditional skin garments, garments which use traditional patterns with imported materials, and mass-produced imported clothing, depending on the season and weather, availability, and the desire to be stylish. [78] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b146-80) The fabric-based atikłuk and the Mother Hubbard parka remain popular and fashionable in Alaska and Northern Canada, respectively. [79] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994101,_108-81) Mothers from all occupations still make use of the amauti , which may be worn over fabric leggings (/wiki/Leggings) or jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200146-27) [80] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994108–113,_115-82) Both handmade and imported garments may feature logos and images from traditional or contemporary Inuit culture (/wiki/Inuit_culture) , such as Inuit organizations, sports teams, musical groups, or common northern foodstuffs. [81] (#cite_note-Sponagle-83) [82] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994115-84) [83] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohner2017-85) Although it is uncommon for modern Inuit to wear complete outfits of traditional skin clothing, fur boots, coats and mittens are still popular in many Arctic places. Skin clothing is preferred for winter wear, especially for Inuit who make their living outdoors in traditional occupations such as hunting and trapping, or modern work like scientific research. [84] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997242-86) [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrussen200547-87) [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes19876-88) [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200132-89) Traditional skin clothing is also preferred for special occasions like drum dances, weddings, and holiday festivities. [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200132-89) [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199519,_31-90) Materials [ edit ] Prepared caribou hide, Scandinavia (/wiki/Scandinavia) Because the Arctic climate is not suitable for cultivating the plants and animals that produce most textiles (/wiki/Textile) , Inuit made use of fur and skins from local animals. [89] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickman201735-91) The most common sources of hide for Inuit clothing are caribou (/wiki/Caribou) and seals (/wiki/Seal_(animal)) , caribou being preferred for general use. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199719-16) [90] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19914-92) [91] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199534-93) Historically, seabirds (/wiki/Seabird) were also an important source for clothing material, but use of seabird skins is now rare even in places where traditional clothing is still common. [92] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes1991b71–79-94) Less commonly used sources included bears (/wiki/Bear) , dogs (/wiki/Dog) , foxes (/wiki/Fox) , ground squirrels (/wiki/Ground_squirrel) , marmots (/wiki/Marmot) , moose (/wiki/Moose) , muskoxen (/wiki/Muskox) , muskrats (/wiki/Muskrat) , whales (/wiki/Whale) , wolverines (/wiki/Wolverine) , and wolves (/wiki/Wolf) . The use of these animals depended on location and season. When compared to caribou and seal, other skins often had major drawbacks such as fragility, weight, or hair loss, which precluded their more common use. [93] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199732-95) [94] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199544–47-96) [95] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19918-97) Traditionally, all clothing material was obtained from hunting and hand-prepared, but today, many seamstresses also make use of materials purchased from northern supply stores, including commercially prepared skins of traditionally used animals, non-traditional skins like cowhide (/wiki/Cowhide) or sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin) , and even imitation fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) . [96] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199596,_113,_171-98) [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994107-99) Regardless of the animal, Inuit traditionally used as much of the carcass as possible. Every portion of the hide had a specific use depending on its characteristics. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740-100) Tendons (/wiki/Tendon) and other membranes were used to make durable fibres, called sinew thread or ivalu , for sewing clothing together. Feathers were used for decoration. Rigid parts like bones, beaks, teeth, claws, and antlers were carved into tools or decorative items. [93] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199732-95) The soft material shed from antlers (/wiki/Antler) , known as velvet, was used for tying back hair. [93] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199732-95) Intestine (/wiki/Intestine) from seals and walruses (/wiki/Walrus) was used to make waterproof jackets for inclement weather. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988a-21) The Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) word kamleika (/wiki/Kamleika) is sometimes used to describe all garments made from gut, although it originally only referred to gut robes made by the Aleut (/wiki/Aleut) people of the Aleutian Islands (/wiki/Aleutian_Islands) . [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2018124-57) [99] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200548-101) [100] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997270-102) Due to the value of skins, old or worn-out skin clothing was historically not discarded at the end of the season. Instead, it was repurposed as bedding or work clothing, or taken apart and used to repair newer garments. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740-100) In times of extreme need, such as when the caribou hunt failed, scraps of old garments could be re-sewn together into whole new garments, although these were less durable and provided less insulation. [101] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740,_52-103) [102] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b84-104) Through socialization and trade, Inuit groups throughout their history disseminated clothing designs, materials, and styles between themselves. There is evidence indicating that prehistoric and historic Inuit gathered in large trade fairs (/wiki/Trade_fair) to exchange materials and finished goods; the trade network that supported these fairs extended across some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of Arctic territory. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997171-105) They also encountered and incorporated concepts and materials from other Indigenous Arctic peoples such as the Chukchi (/wiki/Chukchi_people) , Koryak (/wiki/Koryaks) , and Yupik peoples of Siberia and the Russian Far East (/wiki/Russian_Far_East) , the Sámi people (/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people) of Scandinavia (/wiki/Scandinavia) , as well as non-Inuit North American Indigenous (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) groups. [104] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798,_172-106) [105] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201114-107) [106] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b100-108) Caribou and seal [ edit ] Prepared ringed seal hide, German Federal Fur School (/w/index.php?title=German_Federal_Fur_School&action=edit&redlink=1) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundes-Pelzfachschule) ] The hide of the barren-ground caribou (/wiki/Barren-ground_caribou) , an Arctic subspecies of caribou, was the most important source of material for clothing of all kinds, as it was readily available, versatile, and, when left with the fur intact, very warm. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001116-109) Caribou fur grows in two layers, which trap air, which is then warmed up by body heat (/wiki/Body_heat) . The skin itself is thin and supple, making it light and flexible. [93] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199732-95) Caribou had to be hunted at specific times to ensure maximum quality of the skins. If taken too early in the spring, the hide would have holes from warble flies (/wiki/Warble_fly) and hair loss from seasonal moulting (/wiki/Moulting) . Animals taken too late in the fall have skin too thick and heavy for clothing. [108] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199416-110) Each piece of the hide had qualities that made it suitable for particular uses: for example, the tough leg skins were used for items that required durability, while the thick skin from the caribou's back was used for the large front piece of parkas. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201215-19) [109] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199540-111) Depending on availability, hides from thicker-skinned male caribou were preferred for men's clothing, which needed to be tougher for hunting, and thinner skin from female caribou was used for women's garments. [110] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201216,_47-112) Caribou sheds badly when exposed to moisture, so it is not suitable for wet-weather garments. [111] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199734-113) Caribou hide could also be shaved and used for footwear and decorative fringe. [112] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199544-114) The hide of Arctic-dwelling seals is both lightweight and water-repellent (/wiki/Water-repellent) , making it ideal as single-layer clothing for the wet weather of summer. Year-round, it was used to make clothing for water-based activities like kayaking and fishing, as well as for boots and mittens. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988a-21) Seal hide is porous enough to allow sweat to evaporate, making it ideal for use as boots. Of the four Arctic seals, the ringed seal (/wiki/Ringed_seal) and the bearded seal (/wiki/Bearded_seal) are the most commonly used for skin clothing, as they have a large population and are widely distributed. Harbour seals (/wiki/Harbor_seal) have a wide distribution but lower population, so they are less commonly used. Clothing made from harp seals (/wiki/Harp_seal) has been reported, but documentation is lacking. [113] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199734–36-115) The skin of younger seals killed in autumn is traditionally preferred for aesthetic reasons, as it is darker and less likely to be damaged. [91] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199534-93) Bird skins [ edit ] Eider duck overshoes, Qikirtamiut Inuit of the Belcher Islands (/wiki/Belcher_Islands) The use of bird skins has been documented across all Inuit groups, although it was most common in the eastern and western Arctic, where larger animals like caribou were less available, compared to the central Arctic. [114] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199736-116) [115] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrech_III200564–65-117) [116] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199715-118) Bird skin, feet, and bones were used to make clothing of all kinds, as well as tools, containers, and decorations. [114] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199736-116) Compared to caribou skin, bird skins have several disadvantages that make it impractical to rely on them for general use except where better materials are unavailable. Feathers make these skins bulky, and they are less durable overall. Their small size means that more animals are required to make a larger garment. Finally, their skins are less consistent than caribou or seal, so using them efficiently requires more technical knowledge on the part of the seamstress. [117] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200222-119) More than two dozen species of birds have been identified in Inuit clothing, including species of auk (/wiki/Auk) , cormorant (/wiki/Cormorant) , crow (/wiki/Crow) , eider duck (/wiki/Eider) , goose (/wiki/Goose) , guillemot (/wiki/Guillemot) , loon (/wiki/Loon) , ptarmigan (/wiki/Ptarmigan) , puffin (/wiki/Puffin) , seagull (/wiki/Seagull) , and swan (/wiki/Swan) . [114] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199736-116) [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrech_III200564-120) [119] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201245-121) The toughest and most desirable skins came from diving birds (/wiki/Diving_bird) . [120] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200549-122) The Qikirtamiut of the Belcher Islands relied on eider duck as their primary clothing material, as there were no caribou on the islands. [121] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995117-123) As a result, they developed an extensive knowledge of the technical properties of eider duck skins depending on the age, gender, and season of each bird. [122] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200223-124) Skins were used according to the properties desired for the garment being made – the tougher skins of adult male ducks were used for hunter's garments, which required durability, while the more flexible skins of juvenile ducks were selected for children's clothing. [123] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200224-125) The unique characteristics of the types of feathers on the body were also taken into account. The more flexible back skin of the duck would be used for parts that required flexibility, like the hood, while the more thickly feathered skin from the belly would be used for the parka body, where warmth was required. [124] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200225-126) Other natural materials [ edit ] Men's polar bear parka and pants, North Greenland Inuit, Greenland National Museum (/wiki/Greenland_National_Museum) Polar bear (/wiki/Polar_bear) was a major source of winter garments for Greenlandic Inuit (/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit) in the 19th century. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19919-4) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) Like caribou fur, polar bear fur grows in dual layers, and is prized for its heat-trapping and water-resistant properties. The long guard hairs (/wiki/Guard_hairs) of dogs, wolves, and wolverines were preferred as trim for hoods and mittens. [125] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199733-127) Arctic fox (/wiki/Arctic_fox) was sometimes also used for trim, and was suitable for hunting caps and the insides of socks. In some areas, women's clothing was made of fox hides, and it was used to keep the breasts warm during breastfeeding. Adult musk-ox hide is too heavy to be used for most clothing, but it was used for mittens as well as summer caps, as the long hairs kept mosquitoes away. It was also suitable as bedding. [111] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199734-113) [126] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995152-128) In places where larger animals were scarce, such as Alaska and Greenland, the skins of small animals like marmots and Arctic ground squirrels (/wiki/Arctic_ground_squirrel) were sewn together to make parkas. These animals were also used to make decorative pieces. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200226-72) [111] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199734-113) The skin of cetaceans (/wiki/Cetacea) like beluga whales (/wiki/Beluga_whale) and narwhals (/wiki/Narwhal) was sometimes used for boot soles. [112] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199544-114) Whale sinew, especially from the narwhal, was prized as thread for its length and strength. Tusks from narwhal and walrus provided ivory (/wiki/Ivory) , which was used for sewing tools, clothing fasteners, and ornaments. In Alaska, fish skins were sometimes used for clothing and bags, but this is not well-documented in Canada. [114] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199736-116) [120] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200549-122) Dried grass and moss were used as insulation and absorbent material. They could be placed inside the stocking to absorb perspiration from the feet, or at the bottom of the amaut to serve a similar function to a diaper (/wiki/Diaper) for an infant. [127] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b56-129) Some groups also stuffed their needle cases with moss to form a sort of pincushion (/wiki/Pincushion) . [128] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b70-130) Fabric and artificial materials [ edit ] Two Iñupiat (/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat) girls wearing print cotton parkas, between 1903 and 1910 Beginning in the late 1500s, contact with non-Inuit, including American, European, and Russian traders and explorers (/wiki/Exploration) , began to have an increasingly large influence on the construction and appearance of Inuit clothing. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798-9) These people brought trade goods (/wiki/Trade_good) such as metal tools, beads, and fabric, which began to be integrated into traditional clothing. [129] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199724-131) [130] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-132) For example, imported duffel cloth was useful for boot and mitt liners, and quilted fabric (/wiki/Quilted) was used to line parkas. [131] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997174-133) [132] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123-134) Sewing machines (/wiki/Sewing_machine) appeared as trade goods beginning in the 1850s, allowing for easy production of garments made from imported cloth. [132] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123-134) [133] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994102-135) Where men often adopted ready-made European garments, Inuit women after European contact used purchased or traded cloth to create garments that suited their needs. [134] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201221–22-136) Beginning in the mid-19th century, the Alaskan Iñupiat began to use colourful imported fabrics like drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) and calico (/wiki/Calico) to make over-parkas to protect their caribou garments from dirt and snow. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117-32) Men's were shorter while women's were longer with ruffled hems; the Iñupiat called both styles atikłuk (/wiki/Atik%C5%82uk) . The longer women's version eventually made its way eastward to the Mackenzie Delta (/wiki/Mackenzie_River) area of the Northwest Territories (/wiki/Northwest_Territories) , where it became known as the Mother Hubbard parka (from the European Mother Hubbard dress) or cloth parka. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117-32) [132] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123-134) The Mother Hubbard parka was originally worn with the fur amauti (overtop or underneath), but later styles were insulated with duffel cloth or fur and could be worn on their own, especially during summer. These garments were valued by women as they were simple to make compared to the intensive process of making skin clothing. Their exotic materials were considered a sign of wealth and status. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117-32) [135] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199489-137) While they became common, these new materials, tools, and techniques generally did not alter the basic design of the traditional skin clothing system, which has always remained consistent in form and function. In many cases Inuit were dismissive of so-called "white men's clothing"; the Inuvialuit referred to cloth pants as kam'-mik-hluk , meaning "makeshift pants". [136] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997176-138) The Inuit selectively adopted foreign elements that simplified the construction process (such as metal needles) or aesthetically modified the appearance of garments (such as seed beads and dyed cloth), while rejecting elements that were unsuitable (such as metal fasteners, which may freeze and snag, and synthetic fabrics, which absorb perspiration). [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2018124-57) [137] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199764,_174,_176,_191-139) Construction and maintenance [ edit ] Inuit women wearing Mother Hubbard parkas (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) scraping a caribou hide with their uluit (/wiki/Ulu) (woman's knives). Photo from Fifth Thule Expedition (/wiki/Thule_Expedition) , 1921–24. Historically, women were responsible for managing every stage of the clothing production process, from preparation of skins to the final sewing of garments. The skills relating to this work were traditionally passed down in families from grandmothers and mothers to their daughters and grandchildren. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [138] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199795-140) Women learned not only sewing skills, but information about game animals, the local environment, and the seasons. [139] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAariak201813-141) An extensive vocabulary existed to describe the specifics of skin preparation and sewing. [139] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAariak201813-141) Although the learning process began in early childhood, fully mastering these skills could take until a woman was into her mid-thirties. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [138] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199795-140) Learning to make traditional clothing has always been a process of acquiring tacit knowledge (/wiki/Tacit_knowledge) by observing and learning (/wiki/Observational_learning) the sewing process, then creating items independently without explicit verbal directions in what can be characterized as learning-by-doing (/wiki/Learning-by-doing) . [140] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitan2007201-142) Traditionally, young girls practiced by creating dolls (/wiki/Doll) and doll clothes from scraps of hide before moving on to small clothing items like mittens intended for actual use. [141] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199451-143) To ensure the survival of the family unit and the community, garments had to be sewn well and properly maintained. Heat loss (/wiki/Heat_transfer) from poorly constructed clothing reduced the wearer's ability to perform essential tasks in camp and on the hunt and limited their ability to travel. [142] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199415-144) It could also lead to negative health outcomes including illness, hypothermia (/wiki/Hypothermia) , or frostbite (/wiki/Frostbite) , which in extreme cases can result in loss of limbs and eventually death. [90] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19914-92) [142] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199415-144) [143] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199553-145) For this reason, most garments, especially boots, were constructed from as few pieces as possible to minimize the number of seams, which in turn minimized heat loss. [101] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740,_52-103) [102] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b84-104) Preparation of new items occurred on a yearly cycle that typically began after the traditional hunting seasons. Caribou were hunted in the late summer and autumn from approximately August to October, and sea mammals like seals were hunted from December to May. [144] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199416–17-146) Production of clothing was an intensive process undertaken by the entire community gathered together in a camp. Men contributed by butchering the animals and stockpiling food, while women processed hides and sewed the garments. The sewing period that followed hunting could last for two to four weeks. [145] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199760-147) [146] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn201458-148) It could take up to 300 hours just to prepare the approximately twenty caribou hides necessary for a five-member family to each have two sets of everyday clothing, and another 225 hours to cut and sew the garments from them. [147] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199775–76-149) [148] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn201449-150) [149] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201250-151) There is no clear estimate for the comparable number of seal hides required to fully clothe a five-member family, although it required approximately eight seal skins to create two parkas and two pairs of pants for one man, and six skins to create boots and mitts for a family of that size. [150] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199773-152) Tools [ edit ] A modern metal ulu in the western Arctic (/wiki/Arctic) style Inuit seamstresses traditionally used tools handcrafted from animal materials like bone, baleen (/wiki/Baleen) , antler and ivory, including the ulu (/wiki/Ulu) ( Inuktitut (/wiki/Inuktitut_language) : ᐅᓗ , plural: uluit , 'woman's knife'), knife sharpener, blunt and sharp scrapers, needle (/wiki/Sewing_needle) , awl (/wiki/Stitching_awl) , thimble (/wiki/Thimble) and thimble-guard, and a needlecase (/wiki/Needlecase) . [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988a-21) [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001116-109) [151] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtak200574-153) [152] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199522-154) Uluit were particularly important tools for seamstresses. Considered to be integral to their identity, they were often buried with their owner. [152] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199522-154) [153] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200844-155) As well as animal materials, wood and stone were also often used to make uluit . When available, meteoric iron (/wiki/Meteoric_iron) or copper (/wiki/Copper) was cold worked (/wiki/Cold_working) into blades by a process of hammering, folding, and filing. [145] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199760-147) [154] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199523-156) After contact with non-Inuit explorers and traders, Inuit began to make use of sheet tin (/wiki/Tin) , brass (/wiki/Brass) , non-meteoric iron, and steel (/wiki/Steel) , obtained by trading or scrapping. [145] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199760-147) [155] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199418-157) They also adopted steel sewing needles, which were more durable than bone needles. [156] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199764-158) European contact also brought scissors (/wiki/Scissors) to the Inuit, but they were not widely adopted, as they do not cut furry hides as cleanly as sharp knives. [157] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199768-159) Today, many tools are mail-ordered or handmade to suit from available materials. [155] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199418-157) During fieldwork (/wiki/Fieldwork) conducted on Baffin Island (/wiki/Baffin_Island) in the 1980s, anthropologist Jill Oakes (/w/index.php?title=Jill_Oakes_(anthropologist)&action=edit&redlink=1) described uluit being made from saw (/wiki/Saw) blades, with handles made from materials as varied as "plastic bread board (/wiki/Breadboard) , an old gun stock (/wiki/Gun_stock) or scrap lumber," shaped to fit the user's hand. [158] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes19879-160) Hide processing [ edit ] Sealskin being dried on a rack at a camp on the Hudson Strait (/wiki/Hudson_Strait) , 1926 The first stage was the harvesting of the skin from the animal carcass after a successful hunt. Generally, the hunter would cut the skin in such a way that it could be removed in one piece. Skinning (/wiki/Skinning) and butchering (/wiki/Butchering) an adult caribou could take an experienced hunter up to an hour. [159] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199771-161) While butchering of caribou was handled by men, butchering of seals was mostly handled by women. [153] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200844-155) [160] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199772-162) After the skin was removed, the hides would be dried on wooden frames, then laid on the knees or on a scraping platform and scraped of fat and other tissues with an ulu until soft and pliable. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001116-109) [161] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200838-163) [162] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199528-164) Most skins, including bird skins, were processed in roughly the same way, although processing oily skins like seal and polar bear sometimes required the additional step of degreasing (/wiki/Degreasing) the hide by dragging it across gravel or, today, washing it with soap. [163] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199778,_82,_84-165) [164] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199535-166) If the hide was soiled with blood, rubbing with snow or soaking in cold water could remove the stain. [165] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199541-167) Sometimes the fur would need to be removed so the hide could be used for things like boot soles. This was usually done with an ulu , or if the hair had been loosened by putrefaction (/wiki/Putrefaction) or soaking in water, a blunt scraping tool could also suffice. [161] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200838-163) The hide would be repeatedly scraped, stretched, chewed, rubbed, wrung or folded up, soaked in liquid, and even stamped on to soften it further for sewing. [166] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199779-168) [167] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199542-169) The softening process was continued until the women judged the skin was ready – up to twelve distinct stages might be required. [151] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtak200574-153) Badly processed hides would stiffen or rot, so correct preparation of hides was essential to ensure the quality of the clothing. [147] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199775–76-149) Sewing of garments [ edit ] Girl's waterproof parka made from seal gut skin, unspecified eastern Greenlandic Inuit group When the hide was ready, the process of creating each piece could begin. The first step was measuring, a detailed process given that each garment was tailored for the wearer. No standardized sewing pattern (/wiki/Sewing_pattern) was used, although older garments were sometimes used as models for new ones. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [168] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes198721-170) Traditionally, measurement was done by eye and by hand alone, although some seamstresses now make bespoke paper patterns following a hand and eye measurement process. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199551-47) [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199786-51) The skins were then marked for cutting, traditionally by biting or pinching, or with an edged tool, although in modern times ink pens may be used. [169] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201259-171) The direction of the fur flow is taken into account when marking the outline of the pieces. [170] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199422–23-172) Most garments were sewn with fur flowing from top to bottom, but strips used for trim had a horizontal flow for added strength. [171] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199787-173) Once marked, the pieces of each garment would be cut out using the ulu , taking care not to stretch the skin or damage the fur. Adjustments were made to the pattern during the cutting process as need dictated. The marking and cutting process for a single amauti could take an experienced seamstress an entire hour. [172] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199789-174) Up to forty pieces might be cut out for the most complex garments like the outer parka, although most used closer to ten. [173] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201225-175) Once the seamstress was satisfied that each piece was the appropriate size and shape, the pieces were sewn together to make the complete garment. A good fit was essential for comfort. [174] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201260-176) Traditionally, Inuit seamstresses used thread made from sinew, called ivalu . Modern seamstresses generally use thread made from cotton, linen (/wiki/Linen) , or synthetic fibres (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) , which are easier to find and less difficult to work with, although these materials are less waterproof compared to ivalu. [175] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199785-177) [176] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199529–30-178) Tight, high-quality seams (/wiki/Seam_(sewing)) were essential to prevent cold air and moisture from entering the garment. [143] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199553-145) Four main stitches were used: from most to least common, they were the overcast stitch (/wiki/Overcast_stitch) , the tuck or gathering stitch, the running stitch (/wiki/Running_stitch) , and the waterproof stitch or ilujjiniq . [172] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199789-174) [177] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199552-179) The overcast stitch was used for the seams of most items. The tuck or gathering stitch was used to join pieces of uneven size. The running stitch was used to attach facings or insert material of a contrasting colour. The waterproof stitch is a uniquely Inuit development, which Issenman described as being "unequalled in the annals of needlework." [172] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199789-174) [178] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199790-180) The stitch was mostly employed on boots and mitts. Two lines of stitching made up one waterproof seam. On the first line, the needle pierced partway through the first skin, but entirely through the second; this process was reversed on the second line, creating a seam in which the needle and thread never fully punctured both skins at the same time. Ivalu swells with moisture, filling the needle holes and making the seam waterproof. [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199721-66) [179] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199790–91-181) Maintenance [ edit ] Bundle of ivalu or tendon thread from North Greenland, created between 1900 and 1928 Once created, Inuit skin clothing must be properly maintained, or it will become brittle, lose hair, or rot. Warmth and moisture are the biggest risks to clothing, as they promote the growth of decay-inducing bacteria. If the garment is soiled with grease or blood, the stain must be rubbed with snow and beaten out quickly. [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199742-182) Beyond practical considerations, wearing clean clothing on a hunt was considered an important sign of respect for the spirits of the animals. [181] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997180-183) Historically, Inuit used two main tools to keep their garments dry and cold. The first was the tiluqtut , or snow beater, a rigid implement made of bone, ivory, or wood. It was used to beat the snow and ice from clothing before entering the home. [182] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199420-184) The second was the innitait , or drying rack. [183] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider198584-185) Once inside the home, garments were laid over the rack near a heat source so they could be dried slowly. All clothing, especially footwear, was checked daily for damage and repaired immediately if any was discovered. Boots were chewed, stretched, or rubbed across a boot softener to maintain durability and comfort. [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199742-182) [184] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199573-186) Although women were primarily responsible for sewing new garments, both men and women were taught to repair clothing and carried sewing kits while travelling for emergency repairs. [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199742-182) Major principles [ edit ] Reindeer hide parka with dog fur trim around the face, Alaskan Iñupiat (/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat) Inuit clothing expert Betty Kobayashi Issenman identifies five aspects common to the clothing worn by all circumpolar peoples, made necessary by the challenges particular to survival in the polar environment: insulation, control of perspiration, waterproofing, functionality, and durability. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199737-6) Other researchers of Arctic clothing have independently described similar governing principles, generally centred around warmth, humidity control, and sturdiness. [116] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199715-118) [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201228-187) Archaeologist Douglas Stenton (/wiki/Douglas_Stenton) noted that cold-weather garments such as Inuit clothing must maintain two attributes to be useful: "(i) protection of the body and (ii) the maintenance of task efficiency." [186] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton199110-188) Interviews with Qikirtamiut seamstresses in the late 1980s found they sought similar attributes when deciding which bird skins to use and where. [122] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashima200223-124) Insulation and heat conservation: Clothing worn in the Arctic must be warm, especially during the winter, when the polar night (/wiki/Polar_night) phenomenon means the sun never rises and temperatures can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) for weeks or months. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199737-6) Inuit garments were designed to provide thermal insulation (/wiki/Thermal_insulation) for the wearer in several ways. Caribou fur is an excellent insulating material: the hollow structure of caribou hairs helps trap warmth within individual hairs, and the air trapped between hairs also retains heat. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201215-19) Each garment was individually tailored to the wearer's body with complex techniques including darts (/wiki/Dart_(sewing)) , gussets (/wiki/Gusset) , gathers (/wiki/Gather_(sewing)) , and pleats (/wiki/Pleat) . [187] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn201448-189) Garments were generally bell shaped to retain warm air. [188] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubuc200236-190) Openings were minimized to prevent unwanted heat loss, but in the event of overheating, the hood could be loosed to allow heat to escape. [189] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199738-191) In many places, long, resilient hairs from wolves, dogs, or wolverines was used for hood trim, which reduced wind velocity on the face. [189] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199738-191) [190] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisFuerbornet_al.20202-192) Layers were structured so that garments overlapped to reduce drafts. [191] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199419-193) [192] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199518-194) For the warmer weather of spring and summer, where average temperatures can range from −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) to 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in Nunavut, only a single layer of clothing was necessary. [193] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Canada2021[httpsclimateweathergccaclimate_normalsresults_ehtmlsearchTypestnProvlstProvinceNUtxtCentralLatMin0txtCentralLatSec0txtCentralLongMin0txtCentralLongSec0stnID1731dispBack0_Alert_Weather_Station]-195) [194] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Canada2021[httpsclimateweathergccaclimate_normalsresults_ehtmlsearchTypestnProvlstProvinceNUtxtCentralLatMin0txtCentralLatSec0txtCentralLongMin0txtCentralLongSec0stnID1709dispBack0_Baker_Lake_Weather_Station]-196) Both men and women wore two upper-body layers during the harsher temperatures of winter. The inner layer had fur on the inside against the skin for warmth, and the outer layer had fur facing outward. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988a-21) [195] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201213-197) Humidity control: Perspiration (/wiki/Perspiration) eventually leads to the accumulation of moisture in closed garments, which must be managed for the comfort and safety of the wearer. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19917-12) [196] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199716–17-198) The carefully tailored layers of traditional clothing allowed fresh air to circulate through the outfit during physical exertion, removing air that was saturated with perspiration and keeping both the garments and the body dry. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740-100) As well, animal skin is relatively porous (/wiki/Porosity) and allows some moisture to evaporate. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199520-46) When temperatures are low enough for moisture in the air to freeze, it accumulates on the surface of fur as frost crystals that can be brushed or beaten away. Fur ruffs on hoods collect moisture from breath; when it freezes it can be brushed away with one hand. [189] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199738-191) For footwear, animal skin provides greater condensation control than nonporous materials like rubber (/wiki/Rubber) or plastic (/wiki/Plastic) , as it allows moisture to escape, keeping the feet drier and warmer for longer. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199520-46) In comparison to skin and fur, woven fibres like wool absorb moisture and hold it against the body; in freezing temperatures, this causes discomfort, limited movement, and eventually, life-threatening heat loss. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton19917-12) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) [196] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199716–17-198) Copper Inuit (/wiki/Copper_Inuit) caribou skin trousers, pre-1927, showing distinctive placement of seams away from stress points Waterproofing: Making garments waterproof (/wiki/Waterproofing) was a major concern for Inuit, especially during the wetter weather of summer. The skin of marine mammals (/wiki/Marine_mammal) like seals sheds water naturally, but is lightweight and breathable (/wiki/Breathability) , making it extremely useful for this kind of clothing. Before artificial waterproof materials became available, seal or walrus intestine was commonly used to make raincoats (/wiki/Raincoat) and other wet-weather gear. Skilful sewing using sinews allowed the creation of waterproof seams, particularly useful for footwear. [197] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199735–36,_39-199) Functional form: Garments were tailored to be practical and to allow the wearer to perform their work efficiently. As the Inuit traditionally divided labour by gender, clothes were tailored in distinct styles for men and women. A man's coat meant to be worn while hunting, for example, would have shoulders tailored with extra room to provide unrestricted movement, while also allowing the wearer to pull their arms into the garment and close to the body for warmth. [192] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199518-194) The long back flap kept the hunter's back covered when crouched over and waiting for an animal. [198] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubuc200237-200) The amauti was tailored to include a large back pouch for carrying infants. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001117-10) For both men and women's clothing, gores and slits allowed for parkas to be donned rapidly, and hoods were constructed to provide warmth while minimizing loss of peripheral vision (/wiki/Peripheral_vision) . [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740-100) Durability: Inuit clothing needed to be extremely durable. Since the creation of skin clothing was a labour-intensive, highly customized process, with base materials available only seasonally depending on the source animal, badly damaged garments were not easy to replace. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001116-109) [199] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740–42-201) To increase durability, seams were placed to minimize stress to the skins. [191] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199419-193) [192] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199518-194) For example, in the parka, the shoulder seam is dropped off the shoulder (/wiki/Drop_shoulder) . On the trousers, seams are placed off the side of the legs. [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199742-182) Different cuts of skin were used according to their individual qualities – hardier skin from the animal's legs was used for mitts and boots, which required toughness, while more elastic skin from the animal's shoulder would be used for a jacket's shoulder, which required flexibility. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740-100) The use of fasteners and closures was minimized to reduce the need for maintenance. [192] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199518-194) Rips or tears would compromise the garment's ability to retain heat and regulate humidity, so they were repaired as soon as possible, including in the field if necessary. [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199742-182) [192] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199518-194) Decorative techniques [ edit ] Amauti decorated with spoons and beads, year unknown, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_beaux-arts_du_Qu%C3%A9bec) Historically, Inuit have added visual appeal to their clothing with ornamental trim (/wiki/Trim_(sewing)) and inlay (/wiki/Inlay) , dye and other colouring methods, decorative attachments like pendants (/wiki/Pendant) and beads (/wiki/Bead) , and design motifs (/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)) , integrating and adapting new techniques and materials as they were introduced by cultural contact. [200] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200515,_20-202) [201] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201269-203) The variety of techniques developed by Inuit allowed for a great deal of customization and self-expression in the appearance of garments. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005121-8) Decorative elements had cultural and spiritual connotations, and may have had practical benefits. They may have served as identifiers: for the seamstress who made them, or to allow people to identify one another at a distance in harsh weather. [202] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillTattersallet_al.202050-204) Archaeological and artistic evidence since the 15th century documents the evolution of the visual style of garments. Contact with new cultures, as well as the arrival of new materials like cloth and beads hastened the evolution of fashion among Inuit and made the changes in style more evident to outsiders. [203] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200515–16-205) [204] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201219-206) [205] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199495-207) For example, in the 1920s, whaling ships (/wiki/Whaler) brought distinct styles of amauti from the Uqqurmiut (/w/index.php?title=Uqqurmiut&action=edit&redlink=1) Inuit of south Baffin Island to the Tununirmiut (/w/index.php?title=Tununirmiut&action=edit&redlink=1) Inuit in the northern part of the island. [204] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201219-206) Traditionally, trim and inlays were made of fur and skin. Variations in the fur direction, length, texture, and colour created visual contrast with the main garment. In general, women's parkas had much more decoration than men's, although men's parkas sometimes had specific markings on the shoulders to visually emphasise the strength of their arms. [206] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997182-208) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201215-19) [75] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201222-77) Historically, markings on the forearms of amauti served as a visual reminder of women's dexterity and sewing skills. [206] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997182-208) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) Inuit groups along the west coast of Hudson Bay, as well as the central Arctic Copper Inuit, used narrow inlays of white fur in a way that mimicked women's traditional tattoo designs (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Inuit) . [207] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200537–38-209) [208] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198443-210) Dehaired skin was sometimes used decoratively, as in the Labrador Inuit use of scalloped trim on boots. [209] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995112-211) Textile materials such as braided (/wiki/Braid) cord, rickrack (/wiki/Rickrack) , and bias tape (/wiki/Bias_tape) were adopted as they became available. [210] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995139-212) [211] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997186-213) Starting in the 1890s, the Alaskan Iñupiat began to make use of elaborate decorative trim on almost all their garments, often in bands of geometric patterns which they called qupak . [212] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005124–125-214) When traders brought rolls of colourful fabric trim, the Iñupiat incorporated pieces of it into qupak . When the style spread east into Canada, it acquired the name "delta trim", possibly in reference to the Mackenzie Delta. [213] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123–124-215) [214] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitan2007113–114,_120-216) [215] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995155-217) The Kalaallit of Greenland are particularly known for a decorative trim known as avittat , or skin embroidery, in which tiny pieces of dyed skin are appliquéd (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) into a mosaic (/wiki/Mosaic) so delicate it resembles embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) . [216] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997187-218) While somewhat visually similar, it is unclear if qupak and avittat are related techniques. [217] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997235–236-219) Another Kalaallit technique, slit weaving, involves a strip of hide being woven through a series of slits in a larger piece of a contrasting colour, producing a checkered pattern. [216] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997187-218) Modern Iglulingmiut (/wiki/Iglulingmiut) kamik (boot) with intricate fur inlay of polar bear, Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) , Toronto, Canada [218] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201116-220) Some skins were coloured or bleached. Dye (/wiki/Dye) was used to colour both skins and fur. Shades of red, black, brown, and yellow were made from minerals such as ochre (/wiki/Ochre) and galena (/wiki/Galena) , obtained from crushed rocks and mixed with seal oil. [161] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200838-163) [219] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199539-221) Plant-based dyes were available in some areas as well. Alder (/wiki/Alder) bark provided a red-brown shade, and spruce (/wiki/Spruce) produced red. [161] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200838-163) The dying process also made the boots more water-repellent. [220] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201121-222) Lichen, moss, berries, and pond algae were also used. [216] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997187-218) Skins could also be tanned (/wiki/Tanning_(leather)) with smoke to make them brown, or left outside in the sun to bleach them white. [112] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199544-114) [221] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199422-223) In modern times, some Inuit use commercial fabric dye or acrylic paint (/wiki/Acrylic_paint) to colour their garments. [161] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoufBell200838-163) [222] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199790-224) [223] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199418,_107-225) Many Inuit groups used attachments like fringes, pendants, and beads to decorate their garments. Fringing on caribou garments was practical as well as decorative, as it could be interlocked between layers to prevent wind from entering, and would weigh down the edges of garments to prevent them from curling up. [224] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199437-226) The paw skins from animals like wolves and wolverines were sometimes hung decoratively from men's belts. [225] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199546-227) Pendants were made from all kinds of materials. Traditionally soapstone (/wiki/Soapstone) , animal bone, and teeth were the most prevalent, but after European contact, items like coins (/wiki/Coin) , bullet casings (/wiki/Shell_casing) , and even spoons (/wiki/Spoon) were used as decorations. [226] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997188–191-228) [227] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201221-229) [228] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198441-230) Inuit clothing makes heavy use of motifs, which are figures or patterns incorporated into the overall design of the garment. In traditional skin clothing, these are added with contrasting inserts, beadwork, embroidery, appliqué, or dyeing. The roots of these designs can be traced back to the Paleolithic (/wiki/Paleolithic) era through artifacts which use basic forms like triangles and circled dots. [229] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997194-231) Later forms were more complex and highly varied, including scrolls (/wiki/Scroll_(art)) and curlicues (/wiki/Curlicue) , heart shapes (/wiki/Heart_symbol) , and plant motifs. [230] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997197–199-232) [231] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201117-233) It has been suggested that these more complex motifs may have come from contact with First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) peoples. [232] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997172-234) There are even examples of beadwork on parkas from the early 20th century that represent complex images like faces and sailing ships (/wiki/Sailing_ship) . [233] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198446-235) Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, the designs on fur inserts used for kamiit became increasingly elaborate, and by the 1980s were incorporating designs drawn from modern culture. Jill Oakes and Rick Riewe describe the increased variety: "a larger number of intricate insets were used, including animals, flowers, logos, letters, hockey team names, people's names, community names, snowmobile brand names, and political concerns." [234] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199584-236) Women's designs have traditionally been placed horizontally as a band around the top of the shaft, while motifs on men's kamiit have traditionally been placed vertically down the shaft of the boot. [235] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes198724-237) Beadwork [ edit ] Caribou skin amauti with extensive seed bead designs, Igloolik or Baffin Island Inuit Beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) was generally reserved for women's clothing. Before European contact, beads were made from amber (/wiki/Amber) , stone, tooth, and ivory. Beginning in the 1700s, European traders introduced trade beads (/wiki/Trade_beads) : colourful, highly prized glass beads (/wiki/Glass_beadmaking) that could be used as decoration or to trade for other valuables. The Inuit referred to these beads as sapangaq ("precious stone"). [236] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198440-238) [237] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199480–81-239) The Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) was the largest purveyor of beads to the Inuit, trading strings of small seed beads (/wiki/Seed_bead) in large batches, as well as more valuable beads such as the Venetian (/wiki/Venice) -made Cornaline d'Aleppo (/w/index.php?title=Cornaline_d%27Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1) , which were red with a white core. [238] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997191–193-240) Access to trade beads increased significantly in the 1860s, and by the early 20th century, many Inuit groups had developed distinct and elaborate styles of beadwork. [239] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199482-241) [240] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198441–43-242) Sections of strung seed beads were used as fringe or stitched directly onto the hide. Some beadwork was applied to panels of skin, which could be removed from an old garment and sewn onto a new one; such panels were sometimes passed down through families. [238] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997191–193-240) [241] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199487-243) Driscoll-Engelstad describes a style typical of the eastern Arctic, where long strings of beads in horizontal bars were draped across the chest. In the central Arctic, beads were set on parkas in the areas where fur insets and skin fringes had traditionally been placed; some of these patterns echoed traditional tattoo designs. [240] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198441–43-242) [242] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199482–83-244) Elaborately beaded and embroidered amauti can take weeks or months to make. [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200132-89) Because of the intense work required, few seamstresses today create elaborate beaded panels by hand. Some purchase premade beaded pieces from fabric stores. [210] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995139-212) [243] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198447-245) Spirituality and identity [ edit ] The white markings on this caribou hide parka (collected by 1924) evoke the distinctive dewlap (/wiki/Dewlap) of the caribou. [206] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997182-208) The entire process of creating and wearing traditional clothing was intimately connected with Inuit spiritual beliefs (/wiki/Inuit_religion) . Hunting was seen as a sacred act with ramifications in both the material and spiritual worlds. [244] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997220-246) [245] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijsOosten19977-247) It was important for people to show respect and gratitude to the animals they killed, to ensure that they would return for the next hunting season. Specific practices varied depending on the animal being hunted and the particular Inuit group. Wearing clean, well-made clothing while hunting was important, because it was considered a sign of respect for the spirits of the animals. Some groups left small offerings at the site of the kill, while others thanked the animal's spirit directly. Generous sharing of the meat from a hunt pleased the animal's spirit and showed gratitude for its generosity. [244] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997220-246) [246] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b90-248) Specific rituals existed to placate the spirits of polar bears, which were seen as particularly powerful animals. It was believed that the spirits of polar bears remained within the skin after death for several days. When these skins were hung up to dry, desirable tools were hung around them. When the bear's spirit departed, it took the spirits of the tools with it and used them in the afterlife. [181] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997180-183) For many Inuit groups, the timing of sewing was governed by spiritual considerations. Traditionally, women never began the sewing process until hunting was completely finished, to allow the entire community to focus exclusively on the hunt. [247] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199519-249) The goddess Sedna (/wiki/Sedna_(mythology)) , mistress of the ocean and the animals within, disliked caribou, so it was taboo (/wiki/Taboo) to sew sealskin clothing at the same time as caribou clothing. Production of sealskin clothing had to be completed in the spring before the caribou hunt, and caribou clothing had to be completed in fall before the time for hunting seal and walrus. [132] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123-134) [248] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997180–181-250) Individual groups had local taboos that also played a part in the timing of the sewing process. [249] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199462-251) Many groups also had clothing taboos related to death. An infant whose older siblings had died might be dressed in garments made from a mix of caribou and sealskin, or with contrasting fur flow, to hide the child from evil spirits. [250] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199475-252) Relatives of a deceased person might be prohibited from working on clothing for a certain period of time after a death. [251] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199476-253) Deceased adults were laid out in their clothes and then wrapped in skins. Their remaining clothing was discarded or left at the grave site, and their tools – sewing tools for women and hunting tools for men – were left with them as well. People who touched a dead body might have to ritually cleanse or discard their own garments. [252] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199476–77-254) Copper Inuit caribou-skin dance cap, with thick-billed murre (/wiki/Thick-billed_murre) beak and stoat (/wiki/Stoat) skins, acquired 1927 Wearing skin clothing traditionally created a spiritual connection between the wearer and the animals whose skins are used to make the garments. This pleased the animal's spirit, and in a show of gratitude, it would return to be hunted in the next season. Skin clothing was also thought to impart the wearer with the animal's characteristics, like endurance, speed, and protection from cold. Shaping the garment to resemble the animal enhanced this connection. For example, the animal's ears were often left on parka hoods to imbue the hunter with acute hearing, and contrasting patterns of light and dark fur were placed to emulate the animal's natural markings. [207] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200537–38-209) [253] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997181–184-255) [254] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199430-256) In particular, the use of the caribou's white underbelly fur, called the pukiq , had strong spiritual connotations, referencing the life-giving power of both women and the caribou. [207] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200537–38-209) Some researchers have theorized that these light and dark patterns, later often rendered with beadwork rather than fur, may represent the animal's bones. [253] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997181–184-255) [255] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198445-257) The Copper Inuit used a design mimicking a wolf's tail on the back of their parkas, referencing the natural predator of the caribou. [256] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200537-258) Hoods on Iñupiat garments almost always had what anthropologist Cyd Martin (/w/index.php?title=Cyd_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1) describes as "hood roots, triangular gussets of a contrasting colour set into the front of the garments...resembl[ing] walrus tusks." [130] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-132) Amulets (/wiki/Amulet) made of skin and animal parts were worn for protection and luck, and to invest the wearer with the powers of the associated animal or spirit. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) [130] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-132) [257] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199457-259) Children were considered to be vulnerable and in need of the most protection, so their clothing was hung with large numbers of protective amulets. [258] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199459-260) Both the material of the amulet and its position on the body had spiritual importance. [253] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997181–184-255) [258] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199459-260) Hunters might wear a pair of tiny model boots while out hunting to ensure that their own boots would last. Weasel (/wiki/Weasel) skins sewn to the back of the parka provided speed and cleverness. [259] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997184-261) For women, ermine skins provided liveliness and energy, while loon skins helped with music and dancing. [260] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2001120-262) The rattling of ornaments like bird beaks was thought to drive off evil spirits. [261] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997205-263) The bodies of small insects like bees (/wiki/Bee) might be kept in small pouches sewn close to the skin. Even clothing could become an amulet of sorts: to prevent illness, the Paatlirmiut group of Caribou Inuit wore pieces of clothing taken from people who had recovered from illness. [262] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199458-264) Ceremonial clothing [ edit ] Shamanic parka created by angakkuq (shaman) Qingailisaq (/w/index.php?title=Qingailisaq&action=edit&redlink=1) , photo c. 1907 In addition to their everyday clothing, many Inuit had a set of ceremonial clothing made of short-haired summer skins, worn for dancing or other ceremonial occasions. In particular, the intricately striped and fringed dance clothing of the Copper Inuit (/wiki/Dance_clothing_of_the_Copper_Inuit) has been extensively studied and preserved in museums worldwide. [263] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200535–36-265) [264] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199471–73-266) Dance parkas were generally not hooded; instead, special dancing caps were worn. [265] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200534-267) [266] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199471-268) These caps were sewn with the beaks of birds like loons and thick-billed murres (/wiki/Thick-billed_murre) , invoking the vision and speed of the animals, and white stoat (/wiki/Stoat) skins to invoke the animal's cunning and ability to camouflage itself in snow. [267] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997204–205-269) [268] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200539-270) Dance clothing was strongly related to shamanistic clothing, indicated by designs that reference the spiritual world. [269] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200533-271) Gutskin clothing could also be donned for ceremonial purposes. [270] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b101-272) Inuit shamans (/wiki/Shaman) , called angakkuq (/wiki/Angakkuq) , [c] (#cite_note-274) usually wore garments like those of laypeople, but which included unique accessories or design elements to differentiate their spiritual status. The intricately designed parka of the angakkuq Qingailisaq (/w/index.php?title=Qingailisaq&action=edit&redlink=1) , inspired by spiritual visions, is an example of such a garment. It was acquired for the American Museum of Natural History (/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History) in 1902 and has been studied extensively by scholars of Inuit culture. [272] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDuffee2018-275) Shamans from groups which permitted the hunting of albino (/wiki/Albino) caribou, such as the Copper and Caribou Inuit, might have parkas whose colouration was inverted compared to regular garments: white for the base garment and brown for the decorative markings. [273] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464–65-276) The fur used for a shaman's belt was white, and the belts themselves were adorned with amulets, coloured cloth, and tools, often representative of important events in the shaman's life or given to the shaman by supplicants seeking magical assistance. [274] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464–66-277) [275] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997209-278) [276] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaladin_D'Anglure2006152-279) Mittens and gloves, though not always visually distinct, were important components of shamanic rituals; they were considered to protect the hands and serve as a symbolic reminder of the shaman's humanity. [277] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199467-280) [278] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997210-281) The use of stoat skins for a shaman's clothing invoked the animal's intellect and cunning, while foot-bones taken from foxes or wolves invoked running speed and endurance. [106] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b100-108) [269] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200533-271) Sealskin mask from Igloolik (/wiki/Igloolik) , Baffin Island (/wiki/Baffin_Island) ; acquired during Fifth Thule Expedition (1921–1924) Traditional ceremonial and shamanic clothing also incorporated masks (/wiki/Mask) made of wood and skin to invoke supernatural abilities, although this practice largely died out after the arrival of Christian missionaries (/wiki/Christian_missionary) and other outside influences. [279] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997208–209-282) While Alaskan religious masks were typically elaborate, those of the Canadian Inuit were comparatively simple. [280] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b96-283) Gender expression [ edit ] Inuit clothing was traditionally tailored in distinct styles for men and women, generally for functionality, but sometimes for symbolic reasons as well. For example, the shape of the kiniq , the frontal apron-flap of the woman's parka, was a symbolic reference to childbirth (/wiki/Childbirth) . [281] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198442-284) However, there is evidence from oral tradition (/wiki/Oral_tradition) and archaeological findings that biological sex and gendered clothing was not always aligned. [282] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalley2018274,_279-285) Some clothing worn by male angakkuit , particularly among the Copper Inuit, included design elements generally reserved for women, such as kiniq , symbolically bringing male and female together. [283] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200540–41-286) [284] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464-287) In some cases, the gender identity of the shaman could be fluid or non-binary (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) , which was reflected in their clothing through the use of both male and female design elements. [271] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalley2018279-273) In some areas of the Canadian Arctic, such as Igloolik (/wiki/Igloolik) and Nunavik (/wiki/Nunavik) , there was historically a kind of gender identity (/wiki/Gender_identity) known as sipiniq (/wiki/Sipiniq) [d] (#cite_note-290) ("one who had changed its sex"). [287] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern201011–12-291) People who were born sipiniq were believed to have changed their physical sex at the moment of birth. Female-bodied sipiniit were socially regarded as male, would perform a male's tasks, and would wear clothing tailored for such tasks. [287] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern201011–12-291) The gender of a child's clothing might be altered temporarily for other spiritual reasons. In some places, if one son in a family died, a surviving son might be dressed as a girl to disguise him from evil spirits. [250] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199475-252) Cultural identity and art [ edit ] The spiritual, personal and social text stitched into footwear designs are difficult or impossible to understand from objects removed from their makers or wearers. Jill E. Oakes [288] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESemmelhack20169-292) The production and use of traditional skin clothing is increasingly important as a visual signifier of a distinct Inuit identity. [289] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199729-293) [290] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199789-294) [291] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994120-295) Engaging in traditional cultural practices like clothesmaking is strongly correlated with happiness and well-being among Inuit families and communities. [292] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKralIdlout2012393-296) Wearing skin clothing can communicate one's cultural affiliation to Inuit culture in general or to a specific group. [293] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199794-297) Decorated kamiit are regarded as an important symbol of Inuit identity and a uniquely female art. [294] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995194-298) The amauti is also considered symbolic of Inuit women and motherhood. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2017-24) [295] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarr200247-299) Issenman describes the continued use of traditional fur clothing as not simply a matter of practicality, but "a visual symbol of one's origin as a member of a dynamic and prestigious society whose roots extend into antiquity." [296] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997177-300) The decline in the use of traditional clothing coincided with an uptick in artistic depictions of traditional clothing in Inuit art (/wiki/Inuit_art) , which has been interpreted as a reaction to a feeling of cultural loss. [297] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraburn2005135-301) Some artists have explored the effect of climate change (/wiki/Climate_change) on the use of traditional clothing, including sculptor Manasie Maniapik, and painter Elisapee Ishulutaq, who includes skin clothing in her works to represent "continuity in identity". [298] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathwell202073,_75-302) Other artists have examined the connection of sewing to motherhood. [299] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2021-303) [300] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2021-304) History [ edit ] Main article: History of Inuit clothing (/wiki/History_of_Inuit_clothing) Woman's sealskin parka discovered at Qilakitsoq (/wiki/Qilakitsoq) in 1972, dated to c. 1475 The history of Inuit clothing (/wiki/History_of_Inuit_clothing) extends far back into prehistory (/wiki/Prehistory) , with significant evidence to indicate that the basic clothing structure has changed little since. The clothing systems of all Indigenous Arctic peoples (/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples) are structurally similar, and evidence in the form of tools and carved figurines indicates that these systems may have been in use in the Mal'ta–Buret' culture (/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture) of Siberia as early as 22,000 BCE, and in the Pre-Dorset (/wiki/Pre-Dorset) and Dorset cultures (/wiki/Dorset_culture) in Canada and Greenland as early as 2500 BCE. [301] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199711–14-305) [302] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton199115–16-306) Occasionally, pieces of garments are found at archaeological sites, mostly dating from the Thule culture (/wiki/Thule_culture) era of approximately 1000 to 1600 CE. [303] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman19979,_18-307) Examples include the fully dressed 15th-century mummies found at Qilakitsoq (/wiki/Qilakitsoq) in 1972, as well as the garments found at Utqiaġvik, Alaska (/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik,_Alaska) in the early 1980s. [304] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199721-308) Structural elements of these remnants are very similar to garments from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, which confirms significant consistency in construction of Inuit clothing over centuries. [305] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199718,_24,_234-309) [306] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton199116-310) Beginning in the late 1500s, contact with non-Inuit traders and explorers began to have an increased influence on the construction and appearance of Inuit clothing. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798-9) Imported tools and fabrics became integrated into the traditional clothing system, and premade fabric garments sometimes replaced traditional wear. [129] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman199724-131) [130] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-132) [307] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraburn2005133-311) Adoption of fabric garments was often driven by external forces: missionaries found Inuit traditional garments inappropriate, and traders provided incentives for Inuit to sell furs rather than use them themselves. [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2018124-57) [308] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117,_174-312) Inuit also adopted fabric garments for their own convenience, especially men who took work on whaling ships. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109-7) [227] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201221-229) These voluntary adoptions often precluded the decline of traditional styles, as the use of manufactured clothing became associated with wealth and prestige. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200541–42-30) [309] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109–110-313) [310] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs199725-314) Inuit throat singers (/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing) in 1999 wearing modern clothing of traditional design Increased cultural assimilation (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) and modernization at the beginning of the 20th century led to reduced production of traditional skin garments for everyday use. The introduction of the Canadian Indian residential school system (/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system) to northern Canada disrupted the cycle of elders (/wiki/Native_American_elder) passing down knowledge to younger generations informally. [311] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassam2017-315) [312] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada20153,_14-316) Even after the decline of the residential schools, most day schools did not include material on Inuit culture until the 1980s. [313] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997224-317) [314] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor20114-318) Demand for skin garments shrank with lifestyle changes, including wider availability of manufactured clothing, which can be easier to maintain. [296] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997177-300) [315] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199793-319) Overhunting (/wiki/Overexploitation) depleted many caribou herds, and opposition to seal hunting from the animal rights movement (/wiki/Animal_rights_movement) crashed the export market for seal pelts; there was a corresponding drop in hunting as a primary occupation. [84] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997242-86) [316] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes198748-320) [317] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200541-321) Reduced demand meant that fewer practitioners retained their skills, and even fewer passed them on. [313] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997224-317) By the mid-1990s, the skills necessary to make Inuit skin clothing were in danger of being lost. [318] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997ix–x-322) [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrussen200547-87) Since that time, Inuit groups have made significant efforts to integrate traditional sewing skills into modern Inuit culture, and cultural material is now taught in many northern schools and cultural literacy (/wiki/Cultural_literacy) programs. [319] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997225–226-323) [320] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullochKusugaket_al.201328–32-324) Sewing is now seen by many as a method for connecting with Inuit culture. [321] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmanuelsen20201,_4-325) Incorporating modern techniques and purchasing materials commercially reduces the time and effort needed for garment production, lowering barriers for entry (/wiki/Barriers_to_entry) . [322] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes198714,_34-326) [323] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199534,_171-327) Although full outfits of traditional skin clothing are uncommon in day-to-day life, they may still seen in the winter and on special occasions. [84] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997242-86) [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199519,_31-90) Many Inuit seamstresses today use modern materials to make traditionally styled garments, particularly amauti . [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERholem200146-27) [296] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997177-300) [324] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharand201266–68-328) Since the 1990s, some seamstresses have begun to create fashionable garments for sale to consumers, supporting contemporary Inuit fashion (/wiki/Inuit_fashion) as its own style within the larger Indigenous American fashion (/wiki/Indigenous_American_fashion) movement. [325] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird20023-329) [326] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewar200525-330) In light of the growing interaction between Inuit clothing and the fashion industry, Inuit groups have raised concerns about the protection of Inuit heritage from cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) and prevention of genericization (/wiki/Generic_trademark) of cultural garments like the amauti . [327] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird20023–4-331) [328] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2018-332) [329] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadwar2014-333) Research and documentation [ edit ] Main article: Research on Inuit clothing (/wiki/Research_on_Inuit_clothing) Inuk man known as Kalicho (/wiki/Kalicho) , painted by John White (/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)) c. 1577 There is a long historical tradition of research on Inuit clothing (/wiki/Research_on_Inuit_clothing) . Since Europeans first made contact with Inuit in the 15th century, documentation and research on Inuit clothing has included artistic depictions, academic writing, studies of effectiveness, and the collection of artifacts for museums. Historically, European images of Inuit were sourced from the clothing worn by Inuit who travelled to Europe (whether voluntarily or as captives), clothing brought to museums by explorers, and written accounts of travels to the Arctic. The earliest of these was a series of illustrated broadsides printed after an Inuit mother and child from Labrador (/wiki/Labrador) were brought to the European Low Countries (/wiki/Low_Countries) in 1566. [330] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200516-334) Other paintings and engravings of Inuit and their clothing were created over the following centuries. [331] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200517-335) 19th-century techniques such as photography allowed for a wider dissemination of images of Inuit clothing, especially in illustrated magazines. [331] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200517-335) From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, explorers, missionaries, and academics described the Inuit clothing system in memoirs and dissertations. [332] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahnson200586-336) [333] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200517–18-337) After a decline in the 1940s, serious scholarship of Inuit clothing did not pick up again until the 1980s, at which time the focus shifted to in-depth studies of the clothing of specific Inuit and Arctic groups, as well as academic collaborations with Inuit and their communities. [333] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200517–18-337) [334] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016194-338) [335] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFienup-Riordan199856-339) Inuit clothing has also been extensively studied for its effectiveness as cold-weather clothing, especially as compared to synthetic materials. [336] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesWilkinset_al.199589-340) [337] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotelGolingoet_al.200484-341) Microscopic analysis of historical garments can reveal details about the animal that produced the pelt, including genetic information (/wiki/Genetic_information) from DNA (/wiki/DNA) and dietary (/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)) information from carbon (/wiki/Carbon) and nitrogen (/wiki/Nitrogen) isotopes (/wiki/Isotope) . [338] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisFuerbornet_al.20203,_9–10-342) Many museums, particularly in Canada, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have extensive collections of historical Inuit garments, often acquired during Arctic explorations (/wiki/Arctic_exploration) undertaken in the 19th and early 20th centuries. [339] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuijs201840-343) The British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) holds some of the world's oldest surviving Inuit fur clothing, and the collection of the National Museum of Denmark (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark) is one of the most extensive in the world. [340] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing20058-344) [341] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016191–205-345) [342] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsenFeldthusSchmidt1995333-346) Gallery [ edit ] Niviatsinaq, companion of George Comer (/wiki/George_Comer) , in her elaborate beaded parka, c. 1903–1904 Long "Mother Hubbard" style parka, Alaskan Inuit, acquired 1926 Men's seal fur gloves, sealskin palm and trim, east Greenlandic Inuit (/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit) , acquired 1940 Inuit woman chewing hide to soften it, 1946 Modern Kalaallit (/wiki/Kalaallit) formal women's outfit with beadwork collar, and avittat or skin embroidery at the ends of the sleeves, acquired 1979 Two Inuit women wearing modern cloth amautiit (woman's parka, skirted style), Nunavut, 1995 Women's qarlikallaak , or short trousers from Greenland, collected by Robert Peary (/wiki/Robert_Peary) by 1908 Three Iñupiat women wearing traditional long parkas. The woman in the centre has qupak trim, a traditional geometric style, around her hem. Seattle, 1911. Woman's Copper Inuit parka in the traditional style with exaggerated shoulders, Peabody Museum (/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology) , acquired 1920–1921 Inuit woman hanging kamiit boots to dry, Pangnirtuuq, Nunavut, 1951 Pair of wet-weather kamiit boots and tools for sewing kamiit . Note wrap-around sole, seam location, and lack of laces ( close-up (/wiki/File:Inuit_boots_for_wet_conditions,_Ungava_Inuit,_1989_-_Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_DSC00400.JPG) ). Ungava (/wiki/Ungava_Peninsula) , 1989. Contemporary men's dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) made with undyed ringed seal fur, by Nicole Camphaug (/wiki/Nicole_Camphaug) , 2021 Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-15) Inuktitut syllabics were standardized in 1976 by the now-defunct Inuit Cultural Institute to reflect the Romanized spelling of Inuktitut words. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2019-13) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirurvik_Centren.d.-14) ^ (#cite_ref-49) Kamiit is the Eastern Arctic term for boots, and mukluk is the Western Arctic equivalent. While there are some stylistic differences between them, they are functionally the same. This article refers to all Inuit boots as kamiit for consistency. The singular form of kamiit is kamik . [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199550,_54,_60-48) ^ (#cite_ref-274) Plural form angakkuit [271] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalley2018279-273) ^ (#cite_ref-290) Plural form sipiniit ; the Netsilik Inuit (/wiki/Netsilik_Inuit) used the word kipijuituq for a similar concept [285] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997214-288) [286] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalley2018274-289) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 43. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 27. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn201448–49_3-0) Osborn 2014 (#CITEREFOsborn2014) , pp. 48–49. ^ Jump up to: a b Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201217_5-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 37. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Buijs 2005 (#CITEREFBuijs2005) , p. 109. ^ Jump up to: a b c Martin 2005 (#CITEREFMartin2005) , p. 121. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 98. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hall 2001 (#CITEREFHall2001) , p. 117. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes19911_11-0) Oakes 1991 (#CITEREFOakes1991) , p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 7. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2019_13-0) Bell 2019 (#CITEREFBell2019) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirurvik_Centren.d._14-0) Pirurvik Centre n.d (#CITEREFPirurvik_Centren.d.) . ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201234–36_17-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 34–36. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 43–44. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2001123_20-0) Hall 2001 (#CITEREFHall2001) , p. 123. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Issenman & Rankin 1988a (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988a) . ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 44. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERholem200172_23-0) Rholem 2001 (#CITEREFRholem2001) , p. 72. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ryder 2017 (#CITEREFRyder2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199744–45_25-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 44–45. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201223_26-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 23. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rholem 2001 (#CITEREFRholem2001) , p. 46. ^ Jump up to: a b Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 26. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber23_Slide_24]_29-0) Issenman 2007 (#CITEREFIssenman2007) , Slide 24 (http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?section=162&Lang=1&tourID=CW_InuitClothing_EN&seqNumber=23) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , pp. 41–42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995183_31-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 183. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 108, 117. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2017_33-0) Atkinson 2017 (#CITEREFAtkinson2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECresswell2021_34-0) Cresswell 2021 (#CITEREFCresswell2021) . ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 46. ^ Jump up to: a b c Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 29. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 46–47. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber2_Slide_3]_38-0) Issenman 2007 (#CITEREFIssenman2007) , Slide 3 (http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?section=162&Lang=1&tourID=CW_InuitClothing_EN&seqNumber=2) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijs199723_39-0) Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201230_40-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 30. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201231–32_41-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 31–32. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199444–45_42-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 44–45. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2001131–132_43-0) Hall 2001 (#CITEREFHall2001) , pp. 131–132. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 50–51. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199550_45-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 50. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 51. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199550,_54,_60_48-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 50, 54, 60. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 79. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 86. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995104_52-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 104. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b83_53-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 83. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199585_54-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 85. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995113,_133_55-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 113, 133. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b41_56-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 41. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schmidt 2018 (#CITEREFSchmidt2018) , p. 124. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 47. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199747–50_59-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 47–50. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman2007[httpcollectionsmusee-mccordqccascriptsviewobjectphpsection162Lang1tourIDCW_InuitClothing_ENseqNumber3_Slide_4]_60-0) Issenman 2007 (#CITEREFIssenman2007) , Slide 4 (http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?section=162&Lang=1&tourID=CW_InuitClothing_EN&seqNumber=3) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199412_61-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERholem200168_62-0) Rholem 2001 (#CITEREFRholem2001) , p. 68. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b133_63-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 133. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b135–137_64-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , pp. 135–137. ^ Jump up to: a b c Petersen 2003 (#CITEREFPetersen2003) , p. 45. ^ Jump up to: a b c Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199431_67-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 31. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b116_68-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 116. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVancouver_Maritime_Museumn.d._69-0) Vancouver Maritime Museum n.d (#CITEREFVancouver_Maritime_Museumn.d.) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201239_70-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 39. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 48. ^ Jump up to: a b Nakashima 2002 (#CITEREFNakashima2002) , p. 26. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201240_73-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 40. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201241_74-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 41. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201222,_42_75-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 22, 42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199754–57_76-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 54–57. ^ Jump up to: a b Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997215_78-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 215. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997216–217_79-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 216–217. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b146_80-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 146. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994101,_108_81-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 101, 108. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994108–113,_115_82-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 108–113, 115. ^ (#cite_ref-Sponagle_83-0) Sponagle, Jane (30 December 2014). "Inuit parkas change with the times" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-parkas-change-with-the-times-1.2886115) . CBC News . Retrieved 18 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994115_84-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 115. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohner2017_85-0) Rohner 2017 (#CITEREFRohner2017) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 242. ^ Jump up to: a b Petrussen 2005 (#CITEREFPetrussen2005) , p. 47. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes19876_88-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , p. 6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rholem 2001 (#CITEREFRholem2001) , p. 32. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 19, 31. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickman201735_91-0) Pickman 2017 (#CITEREFPickman2017) , p. 35. ^ Jump up to: a b Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 4. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 34. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes1991b71–79_94-0) Oakes 1991b (#CITEREFOakes1991b) , pp. 71–79. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 32. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199544–47_96-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 44–47. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton19918_97-0) Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199596,_113,_171_98-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 96, 113, 171. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994107_99-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 107. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 40. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed200548_101-0) Reed 2005 (#CITEREFReed2005) , p. 48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997270_102-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 270. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 40, 52. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997171_105-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 171. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199798,_172_106-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 98, 172. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201114_107-0) Inuktitut Magazine 2011 (#CITEREFInuktitut_Magazine2011) , p. 14. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 100. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hall 2001 (#CITEREFHall2001) , p. 116. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199416_110-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199540_111-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 40. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201216,_47_112-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 16, 47. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 34. ^ Jump up to: a b c Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 44. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199734–36_115-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 34–36. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 36. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrech_III200564–65_117-0) Krech III 2005 (#CITEREFKrech_III2005) , pp. 64–65. ^ Jump up to: a b Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakashima200222_119-0) Nakashima 2002 (#CITEREFNakashima2002) , p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrech_III200564_120-0) Krech III 2005 (#CITEREFKrech_III2005) , p. 64. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201245_121-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 45. ^ Jump up to: a b Reed 2005 (#CITEREFReed2005) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995117_123-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 117. ^ Jump up to: a b Nakashima 2002 (#CITEREFNakashima2002) , p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakashima200224_125-0) Nakashima 2002 (#CITEREFNakashima2002) , p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakashima200225_126-0) Nakashima 2002 (#CITEREFNakashima2002) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199733_127-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995152_128-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 152. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b56_129-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b70_130-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 70. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin 2005 (#CITEREFMartin2005) , p. 122. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997174_133-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 174. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin 2005 (#CITEREFMartin2005) , p. 123. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994102_135-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 102. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201221–22_136-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 21–22. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199489_137-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997176_138-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 176. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199764,_174,_176,_191_139-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 64, 174, 176, 191. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 95. ^ Jump up to: a b Aariak 2018 (#CITEREFAariak2018) , p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitan2007201_142-0) Reitan 2007 (#CITEREFReitan2007) , p. 201. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199451_143-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 51. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 15. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 53. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199416–17_146-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 16–17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 60. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn201458_148-0) Osborn 2014 (#CITEREFOsborn2014) , p. 58. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 75–76. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn201449_150-0) Osborn 2014 (#CITEREFOsborn2014) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201250_151-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 50. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199773_152-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 73. ^ Jump up to: a b Otak 2005 (#CITEREFOtak2005) , p. 74. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 22. ^ Jump up to: a b Renouf & Bell 2008 (#CITEREFRenoufBell2008) , p. 44. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199523_156-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 23. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199764_158-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 64. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199768_159-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 68. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes19879_160-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199771_161-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199772_162-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 72. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Renouf & Bell 2008 (#CITEREFRenoufBell2008) , p. 38. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199528_164-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 28. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199778,_82,_84_165-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 78, 82, 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199535_166-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199541_167-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 41. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199779_168-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 79. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199542_169-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes198721_170-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201259_171-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 59. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199422–23_172-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 22–23. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199787_173-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 87. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201225_175-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201260_176-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 60. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199785_177-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 85. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199529–30_178-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 29–30. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199552_179-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 52. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199790_180-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199790–91_181-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 90–91. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 42. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 180. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199420_184-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 20. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider198584_185-0) Schneider 1985 (#CITEREFSchneider1985) , p. 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199573_186-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201228_187-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 28. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton199110_188-0) Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn201448_189-0) Osborn 2014 (#CITEREFOsborn2014) , p. 48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubuc200236_190-0) Dubuc 2002 (#CITEREFDubuc2002) , p. 36. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 38. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisFuerbornet_al.20202_192-0) Harris, Fuerborn & et al. 2020 (#CITEREFHarrisFuerbornet_al.2020) , p. 2. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Canada2021[httpsclimateweathergccaclimate_normalsresults_ehtmlsearchTypestnProvlstProvinceNUtxtCentralLatMin0txtCentralLatSec0txtCentralLongMin0txtCentralLongSec0stnID1731dispBack0_Alert_Weather_Station]_195-0) Environment Canada 2021 (#CITEREFEnvironment_Canada2021) , Alert Weather Station (https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NU&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1731&dispBack=0) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Canada2021[httpsclimateweathergccaclimate_normalsresults_ehtmlsearchTypestnProvlstProvinceNUtxtCentralLatMin0txtCentralLatSec0txtCentralLongMin0txtCentralLongSec0stnID1709dispBack0_Baker_Lake_Weather_Station]_196-0) Environment Canada 2021 (#CITEREFEnvironment_Canada2021) , Baker Lake Weather Station (https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NU&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1709&dispBack=0) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201213_197-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 13. ^ Jump up to: a b Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , pp. 16–17. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199735–36,_39_199-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 35–36, 39. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubuc200237_200-0) Dubuc 2002 (#CITEREFDubuc2002) , p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199740–42_201-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 40–42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200515,_20_202-0) King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , pp. 15, 20. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201269_203-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 69. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillTattersallet_al.202050_204-0) Hill, Tattersall & et al. 2020 (#CITEREFHillTattersallet_al.2020) , pp. 50. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200515–16_205-0) King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , pp. 15–16. ^ Jump up to: a b Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199495_207-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 95. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 182. ^ Jump up to: a b c Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , pp. 37–38. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198443_210-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 43. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995112_211-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 112. ^ Jump up to: a b Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 139. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997186_213-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 186. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005124–125_214-0) Martin 2005 (#CITEREFMartin2005) , pp. 124–125. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123–124_215-0) Martin 2005 (#CITEREFMartin2005) , pp. 123–124. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitan2007113–114,_120_216-0) Reitan 2007 (#CITEREFReitan2007) , pp. 113–114, 120. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995155_217-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 155. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 187. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997235–236_219-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 235–236. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201116_220-0) Inuktitut Magazine 2011 (#CITEREFInuktitut_Magazine2011) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199539_221-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 39. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201121_222-0) Inuktitut Magazine 2011 (#CITEREFInuktitut_Magazine2011) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199422_223-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199790_224-0) Oakes & Riewe 1997 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1997) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199418,_107_225-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 18, 107. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199437_226-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199546_227-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 46. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997188–191_228-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 188–191. ^ Jump up to: a b Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198441_230-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 41. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997194_231-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 194. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997197–199_232-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 197–199. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Inuktitut_Magazine''201117_233-0) Inuktitut Magazine 2011 (#CITEREFInuktitut_Magazine2011) , p. 17. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997172_234-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 172. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198446_235-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 46. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199584_236-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes198724_237-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198440_238-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 40. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199480–81_239-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 80–81. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 191–193. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199482_241-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 82. ^ Jump up to: a b Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , pp. 41–43. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199487_243-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 87. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199482–83_244-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 82–83. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198447_245-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 47. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 220. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijsOosten19977_247-0) Buijs & Oosten 1997 (#CITEREFBuijsOosten1997) , p. 7. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b90_248-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199519_249-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997180–181_250-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 180–181. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199462_251-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 62. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 75. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199476_253-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 76. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199476–77_254-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 76–77. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 181–184. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199430_256-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 30. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198445_257-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200537_258-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199457_259-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 57. ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 59. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997184_261-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 184. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2001120_262-0) Hall 2001 (#CITEREFHall2001) , p. 120. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997205_263-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 205. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199458_264-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 58. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200535–36_265-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , pp. 35–36. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199471–73_266-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 71–73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200534_267-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , p. 34. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199471_268-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997204–205_269-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 204–205. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200539_270-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , p. 39. ^ Jump up to: a b Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b101_272-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 101. ^ Jump up to: a b Walley 2018 (#CITEREFWalley2018) , p. 279. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDuffee2018_275-0) MacDuffee 2018 (#CITEREFMacDuffee2018) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464–65_276-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 64–65. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464–66_277-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , pp. 64–66. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997209_278-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 209. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaladin_D'Anglure2006152_279-0) Saladin D'Anglure 2006 (#CITEREFSaladin_D'Anglure2006) , p. 152. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199467_280-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 67. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997210_281-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 210. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997208–209_282-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 208–209. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenmanRankin1988b96_283-0) Issenman & Rankin 1988b (#CITEREFIssenmanRankin1988b) , p. 96. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad198442_284-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 1984 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad1984) , p. 42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalley2018274,_279_285-0) Walley 2018 (#CITEREFWalley2018) , pp. 274, 279. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200540–41_286-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , pp. 40–41. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster199464_287-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 64. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997214_288-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 214. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalley2018274_289-0) Walley 2018 (#CITEREFWalley2018) , p. 274. ^ Jump up to: a b Stern 2010 (#CITEREFStern2010) , pp. 11–12. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESemmelhack20169_292-0) Semmelhack 2016 (#CITEREFSemmelhack2016) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijs199729_293-0) Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , p. 29. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199789_294-0) Oakes & Riewe 1997 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1997) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallOakesWebster1994120_295-0) Hall, Oakes & Webster 1994 (#CITEREFHallOakesWebster1994) , p. 120. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKralIdlout2012393_296-0) Kral & Idlout 2012 (#CITEREFKralIdlout2012) , p. 393. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199794_297-0) Oakes & Riewe 1997 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1997) , p. 94. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe1995194_298-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , p. 194. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarr200247_299-0) Farr 2002 (#CITEREFFarr2002) , p. 47. ^ Jump up to: a b c Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 177. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraburn2005135_301-0) Graburn 2005 (#CITEREFGraburn2005) , p. 135. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathwell202073,_75_302-0) Rathwell 2020 (#CITEREFRathwell2020) , pp. 73, 75. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2021_303-0) Taylor 2021 (#CITEREFTaylor2021) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2021_304-0) MacDonald 2021 (#CITEREFMacDonald2021) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199711–14_305-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 11–14. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton199115–16_306-0) Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , pp. 15–16. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman19979,_18_307-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 9, 18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199721_308-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman199718,_24,_234_309-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 18, 24, 234. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton199116_310-0) Stenton 1991 (#CITEREFStenton1991) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraburn2005133_311-0) Graburn 2005 (#CITEREFGraburn2005) , p. 133. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997108,_117,_174_312-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 108, 117, 174. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijs2005109–110_313-0) Buijs 2005 (#CITEREFBuijs2005) , pp. 109–110. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijs199725_314-0) Buijs 1997 (#CITEREFBuijs1997) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassam2017_315-0) Kassam 2017 (#CITEREFKassam2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada20153,_14_316-0) Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 2015 (#CITEREFTruth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada2015) , pp. 3, 14. ^ Jump up to: a b Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , p. 224. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor20114_318-0) McGregor 2011 (#CITEREFMcGregor2011) , p. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199793_319-0) Oakes & Riewe 1997 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1997) , p. 93. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes198748_320-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , p. 48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll-Engelstad200541_321-0) Driscoll-Engelstad 2005 (#CITEREFDriscoll-Engelstad2005) , p. 41. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997ix–x_322-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. ix–x. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssenman1997225–226_323-0) Issenman 1997 (#CITEREFIssenman1997) , pp. 225–226. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullochKusugaket_al.201328–32_324-0) Tulloch, Kusugak & et al. 2013 (#CITEREFTullochKusugaket_al.2013) , pp. 28–32. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmanuelsen20201,_4_325-0) Emanuelsen 2020 (#CITEREFEmanuelsen2020) , pp. 1, 4. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes198714,_34_326-0) Oakes 1987 (#CITEREFOakes1987) , pp. 14, 34. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesRiewe199534,_171_327-0) Oakes & Riewe 1995 (#CITEREFOakesRiewe1995) , pp. 34, 171. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharand201266–68_328-0) Pharand 2012 (#CITEREFPharand2012) , pp. 66–68. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird20023_329-0) Bird 2002 (#CITEREFBird2002) , p. 3. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewar200525_330-0) Dewar 2005 (#CITEREFDewar2005) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird20023–4_331-0) Bird 2002 (#CITEREFBird2002) , pp. 3–4. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2018_332-0) Grant 2018 (#CITEREFGrant2018) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadwar2014_333-0) Madwar 2014 (#CITEREFMadwar2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200516_334-0) King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , p. 16. ^ Jump up to: a b King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , p. 17. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahnson200586_336-0) Bahnson 2005 (#CITEREFBahnson2005) , p. 86. ^ Jump up to: a b King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , pp. 17–18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016194_338-0) Schmidt 2016 (#CITEREFSchmidt2016) , p. 194. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFienup-Riordan199856_339-0) Fienup-Riordan 1998 (#CITEREFFienup-Riordan1998) , p. 56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakesWilkinset_al.199589_340-0) Oakes, Wilkins & et al. 1995 (#CITEREFOakesWilkinset_al.1995) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotelGolingoet_al.200484_341-0) Cotel, Golingo & et al. 2004 (#CITEREFCotelGolingoet_al.2004) , p. 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisFuerbornet_al.20203,_9–10_342-0) Harris, Fuerborn & et al. 2020 (#CITEREFHarrisFuerbornet_al.2020) , pp. 3, 9–10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuijs201840_343-0) Buijs 2018 (#CITEREFBuijs2018) , p. 40. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing20058_344-0) King 2005 (#CITEREFKing2005) , p. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016191–205_345-0) Schmidt 2016 (#CITEREFSchmidt2016) , pp. 191–205. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlsenFeldthusSchmidt1995333_346-0) Carlsen, Feldthus & Schmidt 1995 (#CITEREFCarlsenFeldthusSchmidt1995) , p. 333. 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"Exploring Potential Archaeological Expressions of Nonbinary Gender in Pre-Contact Inuit Contexts" (https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1064504ar) . Études/Inuit/Studies . 42 (1): 269–289. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7202/1064504ar (https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1064504ar) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0701-1008 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0701-1008) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26775769 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26775769) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204473441 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204473441) . Websites [ edit ] Atkinson, Nathalie (14 February 2017). "Parka Life" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-150/the-evolution-of-the-parka-from-survival-garment-to-genericcoat/article34016616/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Retrieved 11 July 2021 . Bell, Jim (27 September 2019). 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" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/11/sealskin-trade-inuit-fashion-designers-greenpeace) 'It's Our Way of life': Inuit Designers Are Reclaiming the Tarnished Sealskin Trade" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/11/sealskin-trade-inuit-fashion-designers-greenpeace) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 19 June 2021 . Rohner, Thomas (9 February 2017). "Winnipeg conference showcases Nunavut designers, businesses" (https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674winnipeg_conference_showcases_nunavut_designers_businesses/) . Nunatsiaq News (/wiki/Nunatsiaq_News) . Retrieved 19 June 2021 . Taylor, Juanita (14 February 2021). " (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/arctic-sewing-room-wen-alookee-1.5912256) 'Sewing is Therapy': Why This Nunavut Mom Sews Clothes for Her Kids" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/arctic-sewing-room-wen-alookee-1.5912256) . CBC News . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Inuit Snow Goggles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070314111555/http://www.vancouvermaritimemuseum.com/modules/vmmuseum/treasures/?artifactid=77) . Vancouver Maritime Museum (/wiki/Vancouver_Maritime_Museum) . Archived from the original (http://www.vancouvermaritimemuseum.com/modules/vmmuseum/treasures/?artifactid=77) on 14 March 2007. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inuit clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inuit_clothing) . Skin Clothing Online (https://skinddragter.natmus.dk/) : a database of clothing from indigenous peoples from the entire circumpolar region v t e Inuit (/wiki/Inuit) Culture (/wiki/Inuit_culture) Astronomy (/wiki/Inuit_astronomy) Cuisine (/wiki/Inuit_cuisine) Languages (/wiki/Inuit_languages) Grammar (/wiki/Inuit_grammar) Phonology (/wiki/Inuit_phonology) Proto-Inuit language (/wiki/Proto-Inuit) Music (/wiki/Inuit_music) Throat singing (/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing) Religion (/wiki/Inuit_religion) Material (/wiki/Material_culture) culture (/wiki/Material_culture) Art (/wiki/Inuit_art) Dolls (/wiki/Inuit_doll) Inuksuk (/wiki/Inuksuk) Clothing History (/wiki/History_of_Inuit_clothing) Research (/wiki/Research_on_Inuit_clothing) Types Atikłuk (/wiki/Atik%C5%82uk) Amauti (/wiki/Amauti) Kamleika (/wiki/Kamleika) Mukluk (/wiki/Mukluk) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Snow goggles (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Tuilik (/wiki/Tuilik) Tools Weapons (/wiki/Inuit_weapons) Unaaq (/wiki/Harpoon) Sakku (/wiki/Toggling_harpoon) Kakivak (/wiki/Kakivak) Pana (/wiki/Snow_knife) Savik (/wiki/Knife) Ulu (/wiki/Ulu) Qulliq (/wiki/Kudlik) Transportation (/wiki/Transportation) Ammassalik (/wiki/Ammassalik_wooden_maps) Iggaak (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Inuksuk (/wiki/Inuksuk) Qajaq (/wiki/Kayak) Sled dog (/wiki/Sled_dog) Snowmobile (/wiki/Snowmobile) Snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) Qamutiik (/wiki/Qamutiik) Umiak (/wiki/Umiak) Homelands Alaska (/wiki/Alaska) , US (/wiki/United_States) Iñupiat Nunaat (/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat) Nunavut (Alaska) (/wiki/Yup%27ik) Nunarpet (/wiki/Alutiiq) Canada (/wiki/Canada) Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ (/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat) Inuvialuit Nunangit (/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region) Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ (/wiki/Nunavut) Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ (/wiki/Nunavik) Nunatsiavut (/wiki/Nunatsiavut) Denmark (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark) Nunaat (/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit) Inughuit (/wiki/Inughuit) Kalaallit (/wiki/Kalaallit) Tunumiit (/wiki/Tunumiit) Denmark (/wiki/Greenlandic_people_in_Denmark) Organisations Global Inuit Circumpolar Council (/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council) Alaska Alaska Native corporation (/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation) Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation) Calista Corporation (/wiki/Calista_Corporation) Bering Straits Native Corporation (/wiki/Bering_Straits_Native_Corporation) Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Region,_Inc.) NANA Regional Corporation (/wiki/NANA_Regional_Corporation) Canada Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (/wiki/Inuit_Tapiriit_Kanatami) Makivik Corporation (/wiki/Makivik_Corporation) Nunatsiavut (/wiki/Nunatsiavut) Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated) Notable people United States (/wiki/List_of_American_Inuit) Canada (/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Inuit) Greenland (/wiki/List_of_Greenlandic_Inuit) Category (/wiki/Category:Inuit) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hq8gq 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A Gorjiduz ( Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : گورجیدوز ) was a leather craftsman who practised the profession known as gorjiduzi ; creating leather Georgian (/wiki/Georgians) -style shoes. The gorjiduz were commonly found in cities and towns in 19th century Qajar Iran (/wiki/Qajar_Iran) , and formed their own associations (i.e. guilds (/wiki/Guild) ). [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2009a171-1) Formerly, the gorjiduz also made Georgian shoes for males; these male versions were commonly worn in Iran, but fell into disuse in the course of the 19th century. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2009a171-1) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor1999266-2) Thus, the gorjiduz had become synonym with being a crafter of female Georgian shoes. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2009a171-1) [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor20037-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2009b5-4) In his assessment of the 1853 building survey of the Grand Bazaar (/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Tehran) of Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) , Nobuaki Kondo notes that it hosted many of Tehran's gorjiduzi shops. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKondo2017131-5) In his Geography of Isfahan , Mirza Hosayn (son of Ebrāhīm Khan Taḥwīldār) noted that in the 1890s the business of numerous specialized leather craftsmen in Isfahan (/wiki/Isfahan) , including that of the gorjiduz , had declined. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor1990820–822-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Floor 2009a (#CITEREFFloor2009a) , p. 171. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor1999266_2-0) Floor 1999 (#CITEREFFloor1999) , p. 266. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor20037_3-0) Floor 2003 (#CITEREFFloor2003) , p. 7. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2009b5_4-0) Floor 2009b (#CITEREFFloor2009b) , p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKondo2017131_5-0) Kondo 2017 (#CITEREFKondo2017) , p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor1990820–822_6-0) Floor 1990 (#CITEREFFloor1990) , pp. 820–822. Sources [ edit ] Floor, Willem M. (1990). "ČARM" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/carm-av) . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 . pp. 820–822. Floor, Willem (1999). The Persian textile industry in historical perspective, 1500-1925 . Harmattan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2738483805 . Floor, Willem (2003). Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925) . Mazda Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1568591476 . Floor, Willem (2009a). Guilds, Merchants, and Ulama in Nineteenth-century Iran . Mage Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1933823317 . Floor, Willem (2009b). Labor and Industry in Iran, 1850-1941 . Mage Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1933823287 . Kondo, Nobuaki (2017). Islamic Law and Society in Iran: A Social History of Qajar Tehran . Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1351783194 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐bmlvf Cached time: 20240718104308 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.253 seconds Real time usage: 0.306 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 739/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9987/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 623/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18541/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20269400/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 289.333 1 -total 39.93% 115.544 1 Template:Lang-fa 28.33% 81.960 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 18.57% 53.716 8 Template:Sfn 7.23% 20.920 5 Template:Cite_book 5.52% 15.972 1 Template:Reflist 1.27% 3.686 9 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57415985-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718104308 and revision id 1016938127. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorjiduz&oldid=1016938127 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorjiduz&oldid=1016938127) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Georgia (country)–Iran relations (/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)%E2%80%93Iran_relations) Iranian clothing (/wiki/Category:Iranian_clothing) Shoemakers (/wiki/Category:Shoemakers) Leatherworkers (/wiki/Category:Leatherworkers) 19th century in Iran (/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Iran) Hidden category: Articles containing Persian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_David_Casavant_Archive) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:The_David_Casavant_Archive) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "The David Casavant Archive" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+David+Casavant+Archive%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_David_Casavant_Archive&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The David Casavant Archive is a private clothing collection belonging to stylist David Casavant (/wiki/David_Casavant) , based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and founded in 2014. The Archive houses a substantial collection of vintage men's clothing, with a focus on pieces by designers such as Raf Simons (/wiki/Raf_Simons) and Helmut Lang (/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(artist)) . It primarily serves as a resource for editorial work, lending garments to celebrities, designers, and stylists. Notable clients have included Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Paul McCartney (/wiki/Paul_McCartney) , Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) , Lorde (/wiki/Lorde) , Big Sean (/wiki/Big_Sean) , Young Thug (/wiki/Young_Thug) , Pharrell (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) , Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) , and Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) . For example, two vintage Helmut Lang denim jackets from the Archive were featured in the music video for the song ' FourFiveSeconds (/wiki/FourFiveSeconds) ' by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , West, and McCartney. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fashion's Undercover Experts Searching for Inspiration Designers Send Spies to Scour Vintage" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/fashions-undercover-experts-searching-for-inspiration-designers-send-spies-to-scour-vintage-a6732531.html) . The Independent . 12 November 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jake Woolf,Matthew Martin (15 May 2015). "The Museum-Level Fashion Archives of David Casavant" (https://www.gq.com/gallery/raf-simons-helmut-lang-archive-kanye-west-big-sean) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Marc Bain (14 August 2015). "A Decade After he left Fashion Helmut Lang is still one of the World's Most Influential Designers" (http://qz.com/355718/a-decade-after-he-left-fashion-helmut-lang-is-still-one-of-the-worlds-most-influential-designers/) . Qz . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "when kanye wants to borrow raf, he turns to david casavant" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/when-kanye-wants-to-borrow-raf-he-turns-to-david-casavant) . i-D . 3 June 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A Conversation With David Casavant, Foremost Raf Simons Collector And Archivist - Four Pins" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150514023033/http://fourpins.com/style/david-casavant-raf-simons-archive-interview) . fourpins.com . Archived from the original (http://fourpins.com/style/david-casavant-raf-simons-archive-interview/) on 2015-05-14. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145840/http://syndicate.details.com/post/david-casavant-interview/) . Archived from the original (http://syndicate.details.com/post/david-casavant-interview/) on 2016-08-17 . Retrieved 2016-08-01 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "David Casavant: Človek, od ktorého si požičiavajú jednotlivé kúsky oblečenia aj Kanye West, Big Sean alebo Rihanna (Rozhovor)" (http://refresher.sk/26752-David-Casavant-Clovek-od-ktoreho-si-poziciavaju-jednotlive-kusky-oblecenia-aj-Kanye-West-Big-Sean-alebo-Rihanna-Rozhovor) . 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Military history Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history Template:WikiProject Military history military history articles Associated task forces: / Military science, technology, and theory task force (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Military_science,_technology,_and_theory_task_force) __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;L'Eplattenier helmet in wrong section&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;L'Eplattenier helmet in wrong section&quot;} L'Eplattenier helmet in wrong section [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z","replies":["c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section","timestamp":"2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;L'Eplattenier helmet in wrong section&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;L'Eplattenier helmet in wrong section&quot;} The L'Eplattenier helmet (/wiki/L%27Eplattenier_helmet) is not a medieval or early modern helmet. It's a World War I era prototype helmet that wasn't mass-produced for the Swiss army as was originally hoped for. I'm editing the template to add it to 20th century helmets. -- ZemplinTemplar (/wiki/User:ZemplinTemplar) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:ZemplinTemplar) ) 17:35, 4 November 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets#c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z","author":"ZemplinTemplar","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-ZemplinTemplar-2015-11-04T17:35:00.000Z-L'Eplattenier_helmet_in_wrong_section","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Adding Sutton Hoo helmet&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Adding Sutton Hoo helmet&quot;} Adding Sutton Hoo helmet [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z","replies":["c-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Mlpearc-2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z","timestamp":"2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Adding Sutton Hoo helmet&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Adding Sutton Hoo helmet&quot;} Hey @ Mlpearc (/wiki/User:Mlpearc) : , I see you reverted my addition of the Sutton Hoo helmet (/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet) to the template, and then reverted your reversion. My bad if I didn't add in sufficient explanation before adding it in the first place. Is there anything else I should do to make the Sutton Hoo helmet a part of this? Thanks! -- Usernameunique (/wiki/User:Usernameunique) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Usernameunique) ) 02:58, 26 December 2016 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets#c-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z","author":"Usernameunique","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z-Adding_Sutton_Hoo_helmet","replies":["c-Mlpearc-2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z"]}} No, that was my error, sorry. Happy editing :) - Mlpearc ( open channel ) 03:05, 26 December 2016 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets#c-Mlpearc-2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z","author":"Mlpearc","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Mlpearc-2016-12-26T03:05:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2016-12-26T02:58:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Helmet_fragments-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z-Helmet_fragments&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Helmet fragments&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Helmet fragments&quot;} Helmet fragments [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Helmet_fragments-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z","replies":["c-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z-Helmet_fragments"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Usernameunique-2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z","timestamp":"2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{&quot;headingLevel&quot;:2,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;h-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading&quot;,&quot;level&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;h-Helmet_fragments-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;replies&quot;:[&quot;c-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z-Helmet_fragments&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Helmet fragments&quot;,&quot;linkableTitle&quot;:&quot;Helmet fragments&quot;} There are a few articles on helmet fragments that I have created that are not included in this template. They are: Guilden Morden boar (/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar) (FA) Gevninge helmet fragment (/wiki/Gevninge_helmet_fragment) (FA) Horncastle helmet fragment (/wiki/Horncastle_helmet_fragment) (GA) Tjele helmet fragment (/wiki/Tjele_helmet_fragment) (GA) Lokrume helmet fragment (/wiki/Lokrume_helmet_fragment) Does anyone have an opinion on whether, or how to, include these articles in the template? One option would be to include them with the "Individual historical helmets" by location name (e.g., "Guilden Mornden", "Gevninge", and "Horncastle"). A second option would be to indicate with the link that they are fragmentary (e.g., "Gevninge fragment" and "Horncastle fragment"). A third option would be to include them as a subsection of "Individual historical helmets" (e.g., in the way that "Ancient" is a subsection of "Combat"). And of course, a fourth option would be to not include them in the template. My preference is probably towards the first or third option, but I would be interested to hear what anybody else thinks. For what it's worth, there are a few more (3 that I can think of, maybe more) that I intend on creating at some point. -- Usernameunique (/wiki/User:Usernameunique) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Usernameunique) ) 04:22, 13 June 2018 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets#c-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z-Helmet_fragments) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z","author":"Usernameunique","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z-Helmet_fragments","replies":["c-Usernameunique-2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z"]}} Woodensuperman (/wiki/User:Woodensuperman) , thanks for added the Gevninge and Tjele fragments. I've added the others, with the same naming convention. -- Usernameunique (/wiki/User:Usernameunique) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Usernameunique) ) 15:20, 30 October 2018 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets#c-Usernameunique-2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z","author":"Usernameunique","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Usernameunique-2018-10-30T15:20:00.000Z-Usernameunique-2018-06-13T04:22:00.000Z","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7mtsr Cached time: 20240721141120 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.015 seconds CPU time usage: 0.226 seconds Real time usage: 0.302 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4871/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19900/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 67/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11256/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.118/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2162956/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 243.179 1 -total 96.58% 234.869 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 38.25% 93.007 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 31.82% 77.375 1 Template:WikiProject_Military_history 7.59% 18.454 55 Template:WikiProject_Military_history/Task_force_categories 2.84% 6.905 56 Template:WikiProject_Military_history/class 2.32% 5.639 1 Template:Mention 1.33% 3.242 1 Template:WikiProject_Military_history/Special_project_categories 0.99% 2.399 1 Template:U 0.98% 2.379 4 Template:WikiProject_Military_history/Class Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41962261-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721141120 and revision id 1231626216. 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Type of shoe For other uses, see High-top (disambiguation) (/wiki/High-top_(disambiguation)) . This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( March 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Fila Foggia Hi LTD 03 The high-top is a shoe (/wiki/Shoe) that extends slightly over the wearer's ankle (/wiki/Ankle) . It is commonly used for sports (/wiki/Sport) , particularly basketball (/wiki/Basketball) . It is sometimes confused with the slightly shorter mid-top, which typically extends no higher than the wearer's ankle. High-tops also should not be confused with shorter-length boots such as ankle boots (/wiki/Ankle_boot) , since high-tops usually refer to athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoes) , although can also refer to other above-ankle shoes such as some hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boots) . Some dress and casual shoes (/wiki/Shoe#Dress_and_casual) may also be high-tops. Converse All-Stars (/wiki/Converse_All-Stars) , Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) , Nike Air Forces 1, 2, and 3 (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) , Reebok Freestyle (/wiki/Reebok_Freestyle) , Reebok BB4600, Nike Air Yeezy (/wiki/Nike_Air_Yeezy) and Fila (/wiki/Fila) Foggia Hi LTD are examples of high top sneakers. Others include skateboarding sneakers, such as the Vans (/wiki/Vans) Vault Hi Fi LX. High-tops are supportive to the wearer's ankles and are useful to those with hypermobility (/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)) and fallen arches (/wiki/Flat_feet) . Gallery [ edit ] A pair of Converse All-Star high tops Adidas Conductor High Tops References [ edit ] Skinner, Tina; Cardona, Melissa (2005). The Sneaker Book: 50 Years of Sports Shoe Design . Schiffer Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-2188-9 . This shoe (/wiki/Shoe) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-top&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐zz9wk Cached time: 20240712165628 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.325 seconds Real time usage: 0.457 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 479/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10517/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 389/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12850/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.222/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3833524/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 420.118 1 -total 24.41% 102.567 1 Template:Short_description 23.32% 97.982 1 Template:Cite_book 18.82% 79.069 1 Template:Shoe-stub 17.83% 74.904 1 Template:Asbox 17.27% 72.570 1 Template:No_footnotes 15.32% 64.370 1 Template:Ambox 14.73% 61.888 2 Template:Pagetype 7.09% 29.766 1 Template:Other_uses 5.69% 23.885 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5711020-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165628 and revision id 1183340688. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-top&oldid=1183340688 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-top&oldid=1183340688) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) Athletic shoes (/wiki/Category:Athletic_shoes) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_March_2023) All articles lacking in-text citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Diamond and turquoise diadem The Marie Louise Diadem on display in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. The Marie Louise Diadem is a diamond and turquoise (/wiki/Turquoise) diadem (/wiki/Diadem) on permanent display at the National Museum of Natural History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History) in Washington D.C.. It is named for Marie Louise of Austria (/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma) , the wife of Emperor Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) of France (/wiki/First_French_Empire) . Description [ edit ] The design of the diadem's shell is very typical of Marie-Étienne Nitot (/wiki/Marie-%C3%89tienne_Nitot) 's work from the period. A closed circle in shape, the diadem is left-right symmetrical, broadest in the front and narrowing towards the rear. Nitot made elaborate use of scrollwork (/wiki/Scrollwork) , medallions (/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)) , as well as palmettes (/wiki/Palmette) and other floral motifs, rendered in silver and gold. In this it is similar to diadems and tiaras he produced for Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême (/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme) and Princess Augusta of Bavaria (/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Bavaria) . The centrepiece at the front of the diadem was originally a single large square-cut emerald, aligned with one of its diagonals along the median line, which weighed 12 carats (2.4 g). A smaller oval-cut emerald was placed directly below the largest stone, and was in turn framed by five smaller rose-cut emeralds. Surrounding the centrepiece is a single layer of rose-cut (/wiki/Diamond_cutting) white diamonds. Twenty large emeralds were set into the symmetrical floral and scrollwork decorations, cut in oval and briolette (/wiki/Briolette) forms, and fifty-two smaller rose-cut (/wiki/Rose_cut) and square-cut emeralds, also framed by a mix of rose-cut and brilliant-cut (/wiki/Brilliant_(diamond_cut)) diamonds. The band that forms the base of the diadem is decorated with an unbroken single row of rose-cut diamonds. In total, the Marie Louise Diadem held seventy-nine Colombian emeralds (/wiki/Colombian_emeralds) 'of the highest quality', sourced from the mines of Muzo (/wiki/Muzo) , along with 1,002 brilliant-cut and 264 rose-cut diamonds of various sizes [1] (#cite_note-apollo-1) totalling more than 700 carats (140 g) in weight. The seventy-nine emeralds were later removed and replaced with the same number of Iranian turquoise stones, cut as cabochons (/wiki/Cabochon) rather than faceted like the original emeralds. The turquoise replacement stones weigh a total of 540 carats (108 g). Provenance [ edit ] Marie Louise [ edit ] Detail from Jean-Baptiste Isabey (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey) 's 1810 portrait of Empress Marie Louise, wearing the diadem. It is unknown why the artist chose to paint the diadem as holding rubies (/wiki/Ruby) , rather than emeralds Tradition dictated that a royal bride coming to France must keep nothing of her homeland, especially her clothes. Accordingly, when Marie Louise of Austria arrived in France to marry Emperor Napoleon, she was stripped of her dress, corset, stockings, and chemise, leaving her completely naked. Pauline Bonaparte (/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte) , Napoleon's sister, then made the nude teenager take a bath. She was then redressed in only the clothes and jewels purchased for her by her new husband. [2] (#cite_note-2) As such, with no jewelry of her own, Marie Louise needed an entire new set produced for her. Among these were a pair of parures (/wiki/Parure) , one in diamond and opal, one in diamond and emerald. It is to the latter set that the later-named Marie Louise Diadem belonged. Both sets were given to Marie Louise to keep as part of her personal collection. As such, when she left Paris for Vienna after Napoleon's exile, she took the diadem and its associated jewelry pieces with her, where the crown jewels (/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels) were left behind. The diadem was designed by Marie-Étienne Nitot (/wiki/Marie-%C3%89tienne_Nitot) , the official court jeweler of Emperor Napoleon, and produced by his company in Paris, The House of Chaumet (/wiki/Chaumet) . Nitot had been commissioned to create several other pieces for the Emperor in the past, including Napoleon's papal tiara (/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara) , his coronation crown, his ceremonial sword and the wedding jewels of his first wife, Josephine de Beauharnais (/wiki/Josephine_de_Beauharnais) . In this case, the commissioned diadem was to be the centrepiece of a parure (/wiki/Parure) for Napoleon's second wife, Marie Louise of Austria. The parure also included matching earrings, a necklace, a comb tiara and a belt buckle, all designed in silver and gold, decorated with emeralds (/wiki/Emerald) and diamonds, and using the same stylistic flourishes. Marie Louise wore the set on several state occasions. There is some disagreement over the exact date the diadem was presented to Marie Louise. The jewelers Van Cleef & Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels) , who purchased the diadem in the mid 20th century, reported to Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine that Napoleon had gifted the diamond and emerald parure to her in celebration of the birth of her son, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (/wiki/Napoleon_II) , in 1811. [3] (#cite_note-life-3) Both the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) and the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) , who later owned pieces from the parure, put the gift as being presented on the day of the imperial wedding in 1810. [4] (#cite_note-Smith-4) [5] (#cite_note-Louvre-5) Of mixed use as circumstantial evidence of the latter theory, a portrait of Marie Louise wearing a diadem of the design was painted by Jean-Baptiste Isabey (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey) in 1810 (see right). However, the painter may not have been working from life, as the painting depicts the diadem as holding rubies (/wiki/Ruby) instead of emeralds. Habsburgs [ edit ] Upon Marie Louise's death in 1847, her jewels were divided among her Habsburg relatives (/wiki/House_of_Habsburg) , her son having pre-deceased her. There is some disagreement over the exact path down the family tree that the diadem and its parure took: The Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) trace the inheritance of the diamond and emerald parure through Marie Louise's aunt, Princess Elisabeth of Savoy (/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy) . Elisabeth died just nine years later in 1856, and passed the jewelry to her son, Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria (/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ludwig_of_Austria) . Leopold had no children of his own, so upon his death in 1897 the diadem went to his cousin, Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria (/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria) . [4] (#cite_note-Smith-4) The Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) state that the parure went to Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany) , who passed it on to his descendants until it eventually reached Karl Albrecht. [5] (#cite_note-Louvre-5) The reason for the unclear provenance between Marie Louise and Albrecht lies in the loss of the family's papers and documentation when Albrecht and his family fled Poland (/wiki/Poland) after being interned by Nazi Germany (/wiki/Nazi_Germany) in World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . After his death in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) in 1951, Albrecht's widow ( Alice Habsburg (/wiki/Alice_Habsburg) ) and son ( Archduke Karl Stefan of Austria (/w/index.php?title=Archduke_Karl_Stefan_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1) ) began the process of selling the family jewels, including the diadem, to various jewelers. However, with the documentation for the jewels lost during the flight from Poland, finding buyers proved difficult. After the Habsburgs [ edit ] Eventually, the New York-based jewelry firm Van Cleef & Arpels purchased the Marie Louise Diadem and its matching belt buckle from the family in 1953, accepting the signed affidavit (/wiki/Affidavit) of both Alice and Karl Stefan attesting to the jewels' long history within the family and the claimed original provenance. The remaining pieces of the parure were later sold separately by the family in private sales. Van Cleef & Arpels put both the diadem and belt buckle on display in the window of their New York store. At some point after, the firm took them down from display to remove the emeralds from both and re-set them into individual pieces of jewelry. The largest of the emeralds were divided amongst six pieces—two sets of earrings, a bracelet, a ring, a clip, and a necklace. These used platinum (/wiki/Platinum) settings and more modern brilliant cut diamonds, and were valued as a set at around $1m. The smaller emeralds from the diadem were mounted piecemeal into individual pieces and sold at various price points, some as low as $300, advertised as "emeralds from the historic Napoleon Tiara." [3] (#cite_note-life-3) Following the article/advertisement of the emeralds in Life magazine in January 1955, Van Cleef & Arpels' secretary, Fred Vermont, told the United Press, "In 24 hours, we were sold out of emeralds. And we are still flooded with orders…letters and telegrams from all over the country." [ citation needed ] One such brooch, set with nine of the diadem's emeralds, has been put up for auction at Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) several times since its original purchase; it sold for $178,500 in 1999, [6] (#cite_note-6) and again for $450,000 in 2014. [7] (#cite_note-7) As each emerald was sold, Van Cleef & Arpels replaced it in the original diadem with turquoise sourced from Iran (then Persia). Jeffrey Edward Post, Curator of the U.S. National Gem and Mineral Collection, speculates that turquoise was chosen as it was relatively inexpensive and easy to shape to match the original settings, [8] (#cite_note-Post-8) while the Louvre claim it was done by request of Marjorie Merriweather Post (/wiki/Marjorie_Merriweather_Post) . [5] (#cite_note-Louvre-5) It was with these new stones that the diadem was put on display in the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) in 1962, alongside the necklace, earrings and comb tiara from the original parure, as part of the 'Dix Siecles de Joaillerie Francaise' exhibition, celebrating French jewelry from the past millennium. The Louvre went on to purchase the necklace and earrings from their owners in 2004 for €3.7m, the highest price ever paid by a museum for individual pieces of jewelry. They remain on display in the Galerie d’Apollon (/wiki/Galerie_d%E2%80%99Apollon) . [1] (#cite_note-apollo-1) The Marie Louise Diadem was returned to Van Cleef & Arpels after the 1962 exhibition. They lent it out to Marjorie Merriweather Post (/wiki/Marjorie_Merriweather_Post) to wear to a fundraising ball (/wiki/Ball_(dance_party)) for the Red Cross (/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement) in Palm Beach, Florida (/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida) in 1967, where it received a great amount of acclaim. [8] (#cite_note-Post-8) When the firm later wrote to Post in 1971 offering her the opportunity to buy the diadem through a private sale before they began looking for clients, she donated the requested funds to the Smithsonian Institution to allow them to purchase it at the stated price. The Smithsonian Institution have had the diadem on display in the National Museum of Natural History ever since, in the Janet Hooker Hall of Gems and Geology. It was temporarily removed from its shared display alongside the Napoleon Diamond Necklace (/wiki/Napoleon_Diamond_Necklace) for several months in the 1990s while the diadem was passed to a conservator-restorer (/wiki/Conservator-restorer) for restoration. During that restoration, the antique frame was disassembled, cleaned, and re-assembled, with damaged portions soldered (/wiki/Solder) . After facilitating the purchase, Post inquired about the possibility of replacing the turquoise with emeralds once again, either artificial (/wiki/Artificial_gem) or—if possible to collect from their new owners—the original gemstones themselves. The fragility of the diadem precluded any further replacement, however. [8] (#cite_note-Post-8) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diadem of Marie-Louise of Austria (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diadem_of_Marie-Louise_of_Austria) . ^ Jump up to: a b Scarisbrick, Diana. " An Imperial Parure (https://www.thefreelibrary.com/An+imperial+parure%3a+the+Louvre+has+achieved+a+remarkable+coup+by...-a0122375139) ", Apollo (/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)) (Vol. 160, Issue 511), Sept. 2004. pp. 80–83. Retrieved via TheFreeLibrary.com on December 29, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-2) de Saint-Amand, Imbert (2010). The Happy Days of the Empress Marie Louise . Miami: HardPress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4076-4955-9. ^ Jump up to: a b " Napoleonic Tiara is Torn Up (https://books.google.com/books?id=5VMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45) ", Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) . January 31, 1955; p.45. Retrieved via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) on December 29, 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) , " Marie Louise Diadem (https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002698) ", National Museum of Natural History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History) website. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dion, Anne, " Necklace and earrings of the Empress Marie-Louise (https://web.archive.org/web/20121018223526/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/necklace-and-earrings-empress-marie-louise) ", Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) website. Retrieved via the Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) on December 30, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bates, Rob, " Internally Flawless Ear Pendants, Napoleon Emerald Highlight Christie’s Sale (https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/d-internally-flawless-ear-pendants-napoleon-emerald-highlight-christies-sale/) ", JCK Magazine , March 28, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-7) " An Historic Emerald and Diamond Brooch, by Van Cleef & Arpels (https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5785706) ", Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) website. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b c Post, Jeffrey Edward (2021). The Smithsonian National Gem Collection Unearthed: Surprising Stories Behind the Jewels . Abrams Books (/wiki/Abrams_Books) (New York). ISBN 9781683359401 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jftpp Cached time: 20240720170936 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.155 seconds Real time usage: 0.512 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 886/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7160/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1777/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7264/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.066/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3815414/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 223.271 1 -total 31.15% 69.546 1 Template:Commonscat 30.41% 67.900 1 Template:Short_description 30.04% 67.077 1 Template:Sister_project 29.31% 65.440 1 Template:Side_box 14.98% 33.444 2 Template:Pagetype 13.85% 30.931 1 Template:CN 12.41% 27.701 1 Template:Fix 11.28% 25.192 5 Template:Main_other 10.38% 23.169 3 Template:Convert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72608569-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170936 and revision id 1226023545. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Adaptive clothing (/wiki/Adaptive_clothing) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5ff89d9f6c‐mwrpl Cached time: 20240717124616 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.038 seconds Real time usage: 0.053 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 388/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.019/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627116/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 44.356 1 Template:Cat_main 100.00% 44.356 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57771927-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717124616 and revision id 1048226710. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Adaptive clothing" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Adaptive clothing (/wiki/Adaptive_clothing) Open Style Lab (/wiki/Open_Style_Lab) L Locking clothing (/wiki/Locking_clothing) M MagnaReady (/wiki/MagnaReady) S Silvert's (/wiki/Silvert%27s) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Adaptive_clothing&oldid=1048226710 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Adaptive_clothing&oldid=1048226710) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Assistive technology (/wiki/Category:Assistive_technology)
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(Redirected from Carmelite habit (/w/index.php?title=Carmelite_habit&redirect=no) ) Distinctive set of garments worn by members of a religious order This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_habit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Religious habit" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religious+habit%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religious+habit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religious+habit%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religious+habit%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) St. Anthony the Great (/wiki/Anthony_the_Great) , wearing the habit of a Coptic (/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) monk. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) worn by members of a religious order (/wiki/Religious_order) . Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic (/wiki/Hermit) and anchoritic (/wiki/Anchorite) life, although in their case without conformity to a particular uniform style. Uniformity and distinctiveness by order often evolved and changed over time. Interpretation of terms for clothes in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the need for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but do not necessarily resemble them in cut, colour, material, detail or use. In Christian monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) orders of the Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_church) , Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheranism) and Anglican (/wiki/Anglicanism) Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) covered by a scapular (/wiki/Scapular) and cowl (/wiki/Cowl) , with a hood for monks (/wiki/Monk) or friars (/wiki/Friar) and a veil (/wiki/Veil) for nuns (/wiki/Nun) ; in apostolic orders it may be a distinctive form of cassock (/wiki/Cassock) for men, or a distinctive habit and veil for women. Catholic Canon Law (/wiki/Canon_Law) requires only that the garb of their members be in some way identifiable so that the person may serve as a witness of the Evangelical counsels (/wiki/Evangelical_counsels) . In many orders, the conclusion of postulancy (/wiki/Postulant) and the beginning of the novitiate (/wiki/Novitiate) is marked by a ceremony, in which the new novice is accepted as a novice and then clothed in the community's habit by the superior (/wiki/General_superior) . In some cases the novice's habit will be somewhat different from the customary habit: for instance, in certain orders of women that use the veil (/wiki/Veil) , it is common for novices to wear a white veil while professed members wear black, or if the order generally wears white, the novice wears a grey veil. Among some Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) communities of men, novices wear a sort of overshirt over their tunic; Carthusian (/wiki/Carthusian) novices wear a black cloak over their white habit. Buddhism [ edit ] Monks from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) and China (/wiki/China) wearing traditional kāṣāya; Bezeklik (/wiki/Bezeklik) , Eastern Tarim Basin (/wiki/Tarim_Basin) , China, 9th–10th century Kāṣāya ( Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) : काषाय , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit) : kāṣāya ; Pali (/wiki/Pali) : kasāva; Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 袈裟 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : jiāshā ; Cantonese Jyutping (/wiki/Jyutping) : gaa 1 saa 1 ; Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 袈裟 kesa ; Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 袈裟 가사 gasa ; Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) : cà-sa ), "chougu" ( Tibetan (/wiki/Standard_Tibetan) ) are the robes of Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhism) monks (/wiki/Bhikkhu) and nuns (/wiki/Bhikkhuni) , named after a brown or saffron dye. In Sanskrit and Pali, these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Origin and construction [ edit ] An early representation of the Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) wearing kāṣāya robes, in the Hellenistic (/wiki/Hellenistic) style Buddhist kāṣāya are said to have originated in India (/wiki/India) as set of robes for the devotees of Gautama Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) . A notable variant has a pattern reminiscent of an Asian rice field. Original kāṣāya were constructed of discarded fabric (/wiki/Textile) . These were stitched together to form three rectangular pieces of cloth, which were then fitted over the body in a specific manner. The three main pieces of cloth are the antarvāsa , the uttarāsaṅga , and the saṃghāti . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390-1) Together they form the "triple robe", or tricīvara . The tricīvara is described more fully in the Theravāda (/wiki/Therav%C4%81da) Vinaya (/wiki/Vinaya) (Vin 1:94 289). Uttarāsaṅga [ edit ] A robe covering the upper body. It is worn over the undergarment, or antarvāsa. In representations of the Buddha, the uttarāsaṅga rarely appears as the uppermost garment, since it is often covered by the outer robe, or saṃghāti. Saṃghāti [ edit ] The saṃghāti is an outer robe used for various occasions. It comes over the upper robe ( uttarāsaṅga ), and the undergarment ( antarvāsa ). In representations of the Buddha, the saṃghāti is usually the most visible garment, with the undergarment or uttarāsaṅga protruding at the bottom. It is quite similar in shape to the Greek himation (/wiki/Himation) , and its shape and folds have been treated in Greek style in the Greco-Buddhist art (/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art) of Gandhāra (/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra) . Additions [ edit ] Other items that may have been worn with the triple robe were: a waist cloth, the kushalaka a buckled belt, the samakaksika Indian depiction of the Buddha wearing red robes; Sanskrit manuscript, Nālandā (/wiki/N%C4%81land%C4%81) , Bihar (/wiki/Bihar) , India, Pāla period Kāṣāya in Indian Buddhism [ edit ] In India, variations of the kāṣāya robe distinguished different types of monastics. These represented the different schools that they belonged to, and their robes ranged widely from red and ochre, to blue and black. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) Between 148 and 170 CE, the Parthian (/wiki/Parthia) monk An Shigao (/wiki/An_Shigao) came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí (Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455-3) Another text translated at a later date, the Śariputraparipṛcchā , contains a very similar passage corroborating this information, but the colors for the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka sects are reversed. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESujato2012i-5) Nikāya Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí Śariputraparipṛcchā Sarvāstivāda (/wiki/Sarvastivada) Deep Red Black Dharmaguptaka (/wiki/Dharmaguptaka) Black Deep Red Mahāsāṃghika (/wiki/Mahasamghika) Yellow Yellow Mahīśāsaka (/wiki/Mahisasaka) Blue Blue Kaśyapīya (/wiki/Kasyapiya) Magnolia Magnolia In traditions of Tibetan Buddhism (/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism) , which follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of the Mūlasarvāstivādins. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266-6) According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) The symbols sewn on the robes were the endless knot (/wiki/Endless_knot) (Skt. śrīvatsa ) and the conch shell (Skt. śaṅkha ), two of the Eight Auspicious Signs (/wiki/Ashtamangala) in Buddhism. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism [ edit ] In Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is called gāsā (Ch. 袈裟). During the early period of Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the most common color was red. Later, the color of the robes came to serve as a way to distinguish monastics, just as they did in India. However, the colors of a Chinese Buddhist monastic's robes often corresponded to their geographical region rather than to any specific schools. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) By the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, only the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was still in use, and therefore the color of robes served no useful purpose as a designation for sects, the way that it had in India. Kesa in Japanese Buddhism [ edit ] Japanese Buddhist priest's mantle ( kesa ), 1775–1825, LACMA (/wiki/LACMA) textile collections In Japanese Buddhism (/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is known as the kesa ( 袈裟 ) . In Japan, during the Edo (/wiki/Edo_period) and Meiji periods (/wiki/Meiji_period) , kesa were sometimes pieced together from the theatrical kimono (/wiki/Kimono) used in Noh theatre (/wiki/Noh_theatre) . Christianity [ edit ] Religious clothing includes habits Catholicism [ edit ] Pope John Paul II (/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) in his post-apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata (1996) says concerning the religious habit of consecrated (/wiki/Consecrated_life) persons: §25 [...] The Church must always seek to make her presence visible in everyday life, especially in contemporary culture, which is often very secularized and yet sensitive to the language of signs. In this regard the Church has a right to expect a significant contribution from consecrated persons, called as they are in every situation to bear clear witness that they belong to Christ. Since the habit is a sign of consecration, poverty and membership in a particular Religious family, I join the Fathers of the Synod in strongly recommending to men and women religious that they wear their proper habit, suitably adapted to the conditions of time and place. Where valid reasons of their apostolate call for it, Religious, in conformity with the norms of their Institute, may also dress in a simple and modest manner, with an appropriate symbol, in such a way that their consecration is recognizable. Institutes which from their origin or by provision of their Constitutions do not have a specific habit should ensure that the dress of their members corresponds in dignity and simplicity to the nature of their vocation. Nuns [ edit ] A nun of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (/wiki/Poor_Clares_of_Perpetual_Adoration) in her cloister Traditional Catholic nuns The religious habits of Catholic nuns typically consist of the following elements: Tunic : This is the central piece of the habit. It is a loose dress made of serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) fabric pleated at the neck and draping to the ground. It can be worn pinned up in the front or in the back to allow the nun to work. Scapular (/wiki/Scapular) : This symbolic apron hangs from both front and back; it is worn over the tunic, and Benedictine (/wiki/Benedictine) nuns also wear it over the belt, whereas some other orders wear it tied under the belt. Cincture : The habit is often secured around the waist with a belt of leather, wool or a lanyard. The cincture of the Franciscan orders has three (or four) knots standing for the vows. Coif (/wiki/Coif) : This is the garment's headpiece and includes the white cotton cap secured by a bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) and a white wimple (/wiki/Wimple) (to cover the neck and cheeks) and guimpe (/wiki/Guimpe) (to cover the chest, similar to a short cape) of starched linen, cotton, or (today) polyester. It is sometimes covered by a thin layer of black crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) . Veil (/wiki/Black_veil) : This element is worn pinned over the coif head coverings. Some veils can be worn down to cover the face or up to expose it. The veil sometimes includes a white underveil as well. The colour of the veil depends as well from the habit of the order and the status of the sister or nun (novices or postulants wear differently coloured veils than the professed sisters and nuns). The coif and veil were common items of clothing for married women in medieval Europe. [ citation needed ] Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. Sisters [ edit ] Sisters of the Daughters of Mary in traditional habit Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) sisters in Haiti, wearing the order's traditional white sari with blue stripes This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Historically, the religious habit of Catholic sisters (/wiki/Religious_sister) was a visible sign of a woman's consecration to God. [8] (#cite_note-8) Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. For example, in former times, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) wore a cornette (/wiki/Cornette) instead of a veil. Due the ecclesiastical document Perfectae caritatis (/wiki/Perfectae_caritatis) , many congregations decided to simplify their habits, to conform to the attire of the culture they are working in, or to even discard their use entirely. While styles vary, for those wearing the traditional habit, three pieces are consistently worn: tunic (robe), belt/cincture, veil. The habit of some Dominican Sisters (/wiki/Dominican_Sisters) consists of a tunic, belt (cincture), scapular, veil, rosary, and on formal occasions a cappa (mantle). [9] (#cite_note-9) Even for orders that have chosen not to wear a habit, these sisters often share a common appearance: calf-length skirt, blouse or sweater, visible cross necklace. Monks [ edit ] Carthusian monks of the Chartreuse de Portes Monks in the Catholic church wear a tunic, a cincture (/wiki/Cincture) , a hooded scapular, and, for the Liturgy of the Hours (/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours) , a mantle (novices) or a cowl (professed monks). [ citation needed ] Friars [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Canons regular [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Owing to the different traditions and origins that exist, there is no singular common habit worn by the Canons Regular (/wiki/Canons_Regular) . Historically the common habit was the distinctive white cassock, with white fascia, over time some communities of Canons have changed to wearing the black cassock with black fascia. The only item of the habit that is common to all Canons is the linen rochet (/wiki/Rochet) a mark of the canonical status. In the Netherlands, some wore a cacullae (a small asymmetrical black cope (/wiki/Cope) of cloth or sheepskin.) Some communities of canons, notably in Austria and Switzerland wear a sarotium, coming from the Latin sacrum rochettum , 'the sacred rochet'. It is a thin band of linen worn over the cassock when not in choir. As part of their choir dress, some communities of Canons wear a mozzetta, either black or purple over the rochet. Outdoors Canons wear a black cloak and hood, but again adaptations have been made to this in some of the communities. Canons also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) . Clergy [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) Usually, secular priests (/wiki/Secular_clergy) wear either a black cassock (/wiki/Cassock) or an ordinary men's garb in black or another dark color along with a white clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) . White cassocks or clothes may be worn in hot climates. Also, a ferraiolo (a kind of cope) could be worn along with the cassock. Priests also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) along with the cassock. Deacons, priests, and bishops belonging to religious institutes (/wiki/Religious_institute) wear the habit of their institute. Abbot or cardinal [ edit ] Main article: Pontifical vestments (/wiki/Pontifical_vestments) Latin Church (/wiki/Latin_Church) clergy other than bishops, in particular any who are abbots (/wiki/Abbot) or apostolic prefects (/wiki/Apostolic_prefect) or ordinary of a personal ordinariate, may wear pontifical items. Mitre, crosier and ring are bestowed on an abbot at his blessing and the pectoral cross is a customary part of an abbatial habit. [ citation needed ] Catholic habits gallery [ edit ] The religious habit of the Carmelite Order (/wiki/Carmelites) is brown and includes the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel) (also known as Brown Scapular) The religious habit of the Hieronymite enclosed monks and nuns (/wiki/Hieronymites) is white and includes a brown scapular The religious habit of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd (/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd) (and also of the Sisters from the Order of Our Lady of Charity) is white, with a white scapular, a black veil and a large silver heart on the breast The religious habit of the Sisters of Mary Reparatrix (/wiki/Sisters_of_Mary_Reparatrix) is white, with a blue scapular, a white and blue veil and a large golden heart on the breast The religious habit of the Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) Order of Friars Minor (/wiki/Friars_Minor) and Friars Minor Capuchin (/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin) is usually brown or gray; the habit of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual (/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans) and Third Order Regular is black, although the Order of Friars Minor Conventual is returning to the grey habit worldwide The religious habit of the Benedictines (/wiki/Benedictines) is black (the style varies depending upon the monastery) The religious habit of the Carthusians (/wiki/Carthusians) is white. A similar habit is used by the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno (/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno) The religious habit of the Dominicans (/wiki/Dominican_Order) is black and white Cistercians (/wiki/Cistercians) in their religious habit (with the black scapular (/wiki/Scapular) ) The religious habit of the Clarisses (/wiki/Clarisses) (also known as Poor Clares (/wiki/Poor_Clares) ) is brown, with a black veil The religious habit of the Sisters of the Annunciation (/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil The religious habit (based on the Indian sari (/wiki/Sari) ) of the Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) , founded by Mother Teresa of Calcutta (/wiki/Mother_Teresa) The religious habit of the Trinitarian Order (/wiki/Trinitarian_Order) is white with a distinctive cross with a blue horizontal bar and a red vertical bar The religious habit of the Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament (/wiki/Order_of_the_Incarnate_Word_and_Blessed_Sacrament) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil Oratorians (/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus) wear roughly the same vestments as parish priests (/wiki/Priest) . The distinctive Oratorian clerical collar consists of white cloth that folds over the collar all around the neck. Sisters belonging to the Daughters of Charity (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) with the cornette which used to be common Religious habit of a Trappist (/wiki/Trappists) monk Religious habit of a Premonstratensian (/wiki/Premonstratensian) canon Pauline (/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit) Pius Przeździecki The Mercedarians (/wiki/Mercedarian_Order) wear white The religious habit of a Minims (/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)) friar; it consists of a black tunic, a scapular with a capuche and a black cincture with four knots (four vows) Lutheranism [ edit ] In Lutheranism (/wiki/Lutheranism) , various religious orders (/wiki/Religious_order) have a habit of a different colour. The Daughters of Mary (/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_(Lutheran)) wear a blue habit. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790-10) Anglicanism [ edit ] Further information: Anglican religious order (/wiki/Anglican_religious_order) Eastern Orthodoxy [ edit ] The Analavos , worn by Orthodox monks and nuns of the Great Schema The Eastern Orthodox Church (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) does not have distinct religious orders such as those in the Catholic Church. The habit ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Σχήμα , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek) : Schēma ) is essentially the same throughout the world. The normal monastic color is black, symbolic of repentance and simplicity. The habits of monks and nuns are identical; additionally, nuns wear a scarf, called an apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) . The habit is bestowed in degrees, as the monk or nun advances in the spiritual life. There are three degrees: (1) the beginner, known as the Rassaphore ('robe bearer') (2) the intermediate, known as the Stavrophore ('cross bearer'), and (3) the Great Schema worn by Great Schema Monks or Nuns. Only the last, the Schemamonk or Schemanun, the monastic of the highest degree, wears the full habit. The habit is formally bestowed upon monks and nuns at the ceremony known as the tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) (Greek κουρά ). The parts of the Eastern Orthodox habit are: Inner Rason ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Έσώρασον , Ζωστικὸν or Ἀντερί , Esórason ; Slavonic (/wiki/Church_Slavonic) : Podryásnik ): The inner rason (/wiki/Cassock#Eastern_practice_.28Orthodox_and_Eastern_Catholic.29) (cassock) is the innermost garment. It is a long, collared garment coming to the feet, with narrow, tapered sleeves. Unlike the Roman cassock, it is double-breasted. The inner rason is the basic garment and is worn at all times, even when working. It is often given to novices (/wiki/Novice) and seminarians (/wiki/Seminarian) , though this differs from community to community. The inner rason is also worn by chanters (/wiki/Chanter) , readers (/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)) , and the married clergy. For monks and nuns, it symbolizes the vow (/wiki/Religious_vows) of poverty (/wiki/Poverty#Relative_poverty) . Belt (Greek: Ζώνη , Zone ; Slavonic: Poyas ): The belt worn by Orthodox monks and nuns is normally leather, though sometimes it is of cloth. In the Russian tradition, married clergy, as well as the higher monastic clergy, may wear a cloth belt that is finely embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) , especially on feast days (/wiki/Great_Feasts) . The belt is symbolic of the vow of chastity (/wiki/Chastity) . Paramand (Greek: Παραμανδύας , Paramandýas ; Slavonic: Paraman ): The Paramand is a piece of cloth, approximately 5 inches (130 mm) square which is attached by ribbons to a wooden cross. The cloth is embroidered with a cross and the Instruments of the Passion (/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)#Instruments_of_the_Passion) . The wooden cross is worn over the chest, then the ribbons pass over and under the arms, like a yoke (/wiki/Yoke) , and hold the square cloth centered on the back. The paramand is symbolic of the yoke of Christ (Matthew 11:29–30). [11] (#cite_note-11) Outer Rason ( a.k.a. , Greek: εξώρασον, exorason or simply ράσο, raso ; Slavonic: ryasa ): Among the Greeks it is worn by readers and all higher clerics; among the Russians it is worn only by monks, deacons, priests, and bishops. Analavos (Greek: Άνάλαβος; Slavonic: Analav ): The distinctive dress of the Great Schema is the analavos, and it is worn only by Schemamonks and Schemanuns. Traditionally made of either leather or wool, the analavos covers the shoulders, and then comes down in the front and back, forming a cross (see illustration, above right). Polystavrion (Greek: Πολυσταύριον, lit. "many crosses"): The polystavrion is a long cord that has been plaited with numerous crosses forming a yoke that is worn over the analavos to hold it in place. Mantle (Greek: Μανδύας, Mandías ; Slavonic: Mantíya ): The Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)) is a long, full cape, joined at the neck which the monastic wears over the other parts of the habit. St. Tikhon of Moscow (/wiki/Tikhon_of_Moscow) wearing the patriarchal white koukoulion Kalymafki (a.k.a. Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) , Greek: καλυμαύκι; Slavonic: klobuk): The distinctive headdress (/wiki/Headdress) of Eastern Orthodox monks and nuns is the kalymafki, a stiffened hat, something like a fez (/wiki/Fez_(clothing)) , only black and with straight sides, covered with a veil (/wiki/Veil) . The veil has lappets which hang down on each side of the head and a stylized hood falling down the back. For monastics of the Great Schema, the kalymafki takes a very distinctive shape, known as a koukoulion (/wiki/Cowl) (cowl), and is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The koukoulion is also worn by the Patriarchs of several local churches, regardless of whether or not he has been tonsured to that degree. In the Slavic tradition, the koukoulion will be in the form of a cloth hood, similar to that worn on the Western cowl. Outside church, monastics wear a soft hat known as a Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) . Again, for Schemamonks and Schemanuns it is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The portions of the habit worn by the various degrees of monastics is as follows: Rasophore Stavrophore Great Schema Inner Rason Inner Rason Inner Rason Belt Belt Belt Paramand Paramand Outer Rason Outer Rason Outer Rason Analavos Mantle (Russian use only) Mantle Polystavrion Kalymafki Kalymafki Koukoulion Eastern Orthodox habits gallery [ edit ] Inner Rason worn by Polish Orthodox Church (/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church) cleric Monk at the Mount Athos, 1850s Hinduism [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) In Hinduism, religious clothing is a huge element of an individual’s life. [ citation needed ] Most Hindus are known to wear a religious pendant in their daily life to show their faith in God. Hindu women cover their heads with scarf as a sign of respect for not only religion but also their husbands. [ citation needed ] In India, most devoted Hindus are seen wearing a tilak and orange clothing depicting devotion to their religion. [ citation needed ] Most Hindu Pandits (/wiki/Pandit) are either seen in a white or orange (kesari) religious clothing in India. [ citation needed ] Brahmin Hindus are most known for their devotion to the religion among all Hindus. They are seen wearing religious habits at various important moments in their life. [ citation needed ] Islam [ edit ] See also: Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Islam does not have religious habits or monastic orders. Muslim ascetics do not have particular uniforms, but rather dress in humble clothing appropriate to their era and region. [ citation needed ] Jainism [ edit ] Female ascetics and Śvetāmbara (/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara) male monks always wear un-stitched or minimally stitched white clothes. Digambara (/wiki/Digambara) Jain monks do not wear clothes. A loin cloth which reaches up to the shins is called a Cholapattak. Another cloth to cover the upper part of the body is called Pangarani (Uttariya Vastra). A cloth that passes over the left shoulder and covers the body up to a little above the ankle is called a Kïmli. Kïmli is a woolen shawl. They also carry a woolen bed sheet and a woolen mat to sit on. Those who wear clothes have a muhapati (/wiki/Muhapati) , which is a square or rectangular piece of cloth of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their face covering the mouth. Śvetāmbara ascetics have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to clean insects around their sitting place or while they are walking. Digambara ascetics have a Morpichhi and a Kamandal in their hands. This practice may vary among different sects of Jains but essential principle remains the same to limit needs. Shinto [ edit ] In Japan, various types of very traditional dress are worn by Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) priests, often dating to styles worn by nobles during the Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) or Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) . Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) ( 袴 ) are a type of traditional Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) , originally worn only by men, but today they are worn by both sexes. There are two types, divided umanori ( 馬乗り , "horse-riding hakama ") and undivided andon bakama ( 行灯袴 , "lantern hakama ") . The umanori type have divided legs, similar to trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , but both types appear similar. Hakama are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles, and are worn over a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) (hakamashita), with the kimono then appearing like a shirt. A Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) ( 浄衣 ) is a garment worn in Japan by people attending religious ceremonies and activities, including Buddhist and Shinto related occasions. Not only Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) and Buddhist priests can be found wearing Jōe at rituals, but laymen as well, for example when participating in pilgrimage such as the Shikoku Pilgrimage (/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage) . The garment is usually white or yellow and is made of linen or silk depending on its kind and use. The Shinto priest who wears the jōe is attired in a peaked cap (/wiki/Cap) called tate-eboshi , an outer tunic called the jōe proper, an outer robe called jōe no sodegukuri no o , an undergarment called hitoe , ballooning trousers called sashinuki or nubakama , and a girdle called jōe no ate-obi . See also [ edit ] Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism (/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism) Religious dress (/wiki/Religious_dress) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390_1-0) Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 90. ^ Jump up to: a b Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455_3-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , p. 55. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56_4-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , pp. 55–56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESujato2012i_5-0) Sujato 2012 (#CITEREFSujato2012) , p. i. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266_6-0) Mohr & Tsedroen 2010 (#CITEREFMohrTsedroen2010) , p. 266. ^ Jump up to: a b Rinpoche 1999 (#CITEREFRinpoche1999) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why do nuns (and monks) wear habits?" (https://aleteia.org/2020/07/09/why-do-nuns-and-others-in-religious-life-wear-habits/) . Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture . 2020-07-09 . Retrieved 2024-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Our Religious Habit" (https://houstondominicans.org/our-religious-habit) . Dominican Sisters . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790_10-0) DuBois 2017 (#CITEREFDuBois2017) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Matthew 11:29–30 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2011:29–30&version=nrsv) Bibliography [ edit ] DuBois, Thomas A. (12 December 2017). Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood Carving . University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-74242-7 . Hino, Shoun (2004). Three Mountains and Seven Rivers . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-208-2468-3 . Kieschnick, John (2003). The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture . Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Rinpoche, Dudjom (1999). Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows . Wisdom Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861710836 . Sujato, Bhante (/wiki/Bhante_Sujato) (2012). Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools . Santipada. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781921842085 . Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa, eds. (2010). Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861715886 . Further reading [ edit ] Dwyer-McNulty, Sally (2014). Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4696-1409-0 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious habits (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_habits) . New Catholic Dictionary (https://web.archive.org/web/20070107022157/https://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd03798.htm) Images of medieval monks and nuns in the dress of their Orders (http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monasticorders.html) (Public Domain images and text) Many photographs of nuns and sisters in the dress of their respective orders (http://www.nunsandsisters.com/Photographs.html) Catholic Sisters International Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections (http://digital.udayton.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nuns) (photographs of reproductions of over 130 religious habits) v t e Consecrated life (/wiki/Consecrated_life) in the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) Types (/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life) Consecrated virgin (/wiki/Consecrated_virgin) Hermit (/wiki/Hermit) Religious institute (/wiki/Religious_institute) Orders (/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)) Monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) Cenobitic (/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism) Chapter 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(Redirected from Bow Tie (/w/index.php?title=Bow_Tie&redirect=no) ) Variety of necktie For other uses, see Bow tie (disambiguation) (/wiki/Bow_tie_(disambiguation)) . A striped bow tie The bow tie or dicky bow [1] (#cite_note-Collins1-1) / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) b oʊ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) is a type of necktie (/wiki/Necktie) . A modern bow tie is tied using a common shoelace knot (/wiki/Shoelace_knot) , which is also called the bow knot for that reason. It consists of a ribbon (/wiki/Ribbon) of fabric tied around the collar (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) of a shirt in a symmetrical (/wiki/Symmetrical) manner so that the two opposite ends form loops. There are generally three types of bow ties: the pre-tied, the clip-on, and the self-tie. Pre-tied bow ties are ties in which the distinctive bow is sewn onto a band that goes around the neck and clips to secure. Some "clip-ons" dispense with the band altogether, instead clipping straight to the collar. The traditional bow tie, consisting of a strip of cloth that the wearer has to tie by hand, is also known as a "self-tie", "tie-it-yourself", or "freestyle" bow tie. Bow ties may be made of any fabric material, but most are made from silk (/wiki/Silk) , polyester (/wiki/Polyester) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , or a mixture of fabrics. Some fabrics (e.g., wool (/wiki/Wool) or velvet) are much less common for bow ties than for ordinary four-in-hand (/wiki/Four-in-hand) neckties. Origin and history [ edit ] The bow tie originated among Croatian (/wiki/Croatia) mercenaries (/wiki/Mercenaries) during the Thirty Years' War (/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War) of the 17th century: the Croat mercenaries used a scarf (/wiki/Scarf) around the neck to hold together the opening of their shirts. This was soon adopted (under the name cravat (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) , derived from the French (/wiki/French_language) for " Croat (/wiki/Croat) ") by the upper classes in France, then a leader in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , and flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is uncertain whether the cravat then evolved into the bow tie and four-in-hand (/wiki/Four-in-hand) necktie (/wiki/Necktie) , or whether the cravat gave rise to the bow tie, which in turn led to the four-in-hand necktie. The most traditional bow ties are usually of a fixed length and are made for a specific size neck. Sizes can vary between approximately 14 inches (36 cm) and 19 inches (48 cm) as with a comparable shirt collar. Fixed-length bow ties are preferred when worn with the most formal wing-collar shirts, so as not to expose the buckle or clasp of an adjustable bow tie. Adjustable bow ties are the standard when the tie is to be worn with a less formal, lie-down collar shirt that obscures the neckband of the tie. "One-size-fits-all" adjustable bow ties are a later invention that helps to moderate production costs. Karl Michael Ziehrer (/wiki/Karl_Michael_Ziehrer) wearing a 19th-century style bow tie The lavallière (/wiki/Lavalli%C3%A8re) is a type of cravat similar to the bow tie that was popularly worn in the 19th century in France. It is of a similar fashion to the bow tie but has a larger knot and drooping ends. Wearers [ edit ] Main article: List of bow tie wearers (/wiki/List_of_bow_tie_wearers) To its devotees, the bow tie suggests iconoclasm (/wiki/Iconoclasm) of an Old World sort, a fusty adherence to a contrarian (/wiki/Contrarian) point of view. The bow tie hints at intellectualism (/wiki/Intellectualism) , real or feigned, and sometimes suggests technical acumen, perhaps because it is so hard to tie. Bow ties are worn by magicians, country doctors, lawyers and professors and by people hoping to look like the above. But perhaps most of all, wearing a bow tie is a way of broadcasting an aggressive lack of concern for what other people think. — Warren St John in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , 2005 [2] (#cite_note-St_John-2) Instructions on a common way to tie a bow tie Popular perception tends to associate bow tie wearers with particular professions (/wiki/Profession) , such as architects, [3] (#cite_note-3) debt collectors, attorneys, [4] (#cite_note-4) university professors, teachers, waiters, and politicians. Pediatricians (/wiki/Pediatricians) frequently wear bow ties, for infants cannot grab them the way they could grab a four-in-hand (/wiki/Four-in-hand) necktie. Bow ties do not readily droop into places where they would get soiled or where they could, whether accidentally or deliberately, strangle the wearer. Clowns sometimes use an oversized bow tie for comic effect. Classical musicians traditionally perform in white tie (/wiki/White_tie) or black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) ensembles, of which both designs are bow ties. Bow ties are also associated with weddings (/wiki/Weddings) , mainly because of their almost universal inclusion in traditional formal evening-wear. Bow ties, or slight variations thereof, have also made their way into women's wear, especially business attire. The 1980s saw professional women, especially in law, banking, and the corporate world, donning very conservative tailored suits, with a rise of almost 6 million units in sales. [5] (#cite_note-5) These were often worn with buttoned-up blouses, some with pleats up the front like tuxedo shirts, and accessorized with bow ties that were slightly fuller than the standard bow ties worn by their male counterparts, but typically consisting of the same fabrics, colors, and patterns as men's ties. [ citation needed ] Russell Smith (/wiki/Russell_Smith_(novelist)) , style columnist for Toronto's The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) , records mixed opinions of bow tie wearers. He observed that bow ties were experiencing a potential comeback among men, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-Smith-7) though "the class conscious man recoils at the idea" of pre-tied bow ties and "[l]eft-wingers ... recoil at what they perceive to be a symbol of political conservatism." He argues that anachronism is the point, and that bow tie wearers are making a public statement of their disdain for changing fashion. Such people may not be economic conservatives, he argues, but they are social conservatives. In Smith's view, the bow tie is "the embodiment of propriety", an indicator of fastidiousness, and "an instant sign of nerddom in Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) movies", but "not the mark of a ladies' man" and "not exactly sexy". [7] (#cite_note-Smith-7) He attributes the building of this image to the association of the bow tie with newspaper editors (because of their fastidiousness with words), high-school principals, and bachelor English teachers. Most men, he observes, only wear bow ties with formal dress. Types [ edit ] Self-tie [ edit ] There are usually two shapes of self-the bow ties available: the "bat wing", which is parallel-sided like a cricket bat (/wiki/Cricket_bat) , and the "thistle", also known as the "butterfly". An example of each can also be seen below. Which is worn is a matter of personal preference. Some other shapes do exist; for instance, the Diamond Point, with pointed tips at both ends. This is a double-ended type, with both ends shaped, though occasionally, ties are tied in the single-ended type, in which only one end flares out to give the batwing or thistle shape, and the other remains thin. To tie one of these requires careful consideration, to ensure the broader end finishes in front of the thinner one. Self-Tie Bows Silk bow ties. Fixed length with "thistle" ends (left) and adjustable with "bat wing" ends (right). Bright Yellow patterned self-tie bow tie, made of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , designed and made in the UK Bow tie, type Butterfly, silk Bow tie, type Batwing, wool Bow tie, type Diamond Point, silk Pre-tie [ edit ] Shown below on the right is one style of pre-tie/ready-tie bow tie. Wearing a ready-tied bow tie at formal occasions requiring a black or white tie dress code is usually considered a faux pas (/wiki/Faux_pas) , though at occasions such as Schools Leavers' Proms (/wiki/Prom) or ones at which the participants are unlikely to have had much experience wearing bow ties, it may be commonplace. As shown in the pictures below, another type of ready-tie bow tie is the wooden bow tie (/w/index.php?title=Wooden_bow_tie&action=edit&redlink=1) , a fairly new product made mostly in the U.S and Canada. Other materials are also in use. An example would be bow ties that are made of natural bird feathers; this too is a fairly new product made mostly in the U.S. and Europe (in Poland). Pre-Tie Bows A pre-tied bow tie Informal bow tie Wooden bow tie, made in Canada and U.S Bow tie made of feathers, made in Poland Clip-on [ edit ] Main article: Clip-on tie (/wiki/Clip-on_tie) A clip-on does not go around the neck but clips to the collar points. Gallery [ edit ] Johan Krouthén (/wiki/Johan_Krouth%C3%A9n) wearing a bow tie. Jim Rogers (/wiki/Jim_Rogers) , wearing a bow tie in 2010. Elio Di Rupo (/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo) , former Prime Minister of Belgium (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium) , is a regular wearer of bow ties. Bill Nye (/wiki/Bill_Nye) , on his show (/wiki/Bill_Nye_The_Science_Guy) , wore a powder blue lab coat and bow tie. Paul Reubens (/wiki/Paul_Reubens) as Pee-wee Herman (/wiki/Pee-wee_Herman) wore a trademark red bow tie. Donald Tsang (/wiki/Donald_Tsang) , former Chief Executive of Hong Kong (/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong) , is well known for wearing bow-ties. Michael Maxey (/wiki/Michael_Maxey) , president of Roanoke College (/wiki/Roanoke_College) is well known for wearing bow-ties. Tucker Carlson (/wiki/Tucker_Carlson) wearing a bow tie in early 2004. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Collins1_1-0) "DICKY BOW definition and meaning" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240412101117/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dicky-bow) . Collins English Dictionary (/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary) . Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) : HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . Archived from the original (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dickey-bow) on April 12, 2024 . Retrieved April 12, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-St_John_2-0) St John, Warren (June 26, 2005). "A Red Flag That Comes in Many Colors" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/fashion/sundaystyles/26BOWTIE.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hammel, Bette Jones (1989). From Bauhaus to Bowties . Minneapolis, MN: Hammel, Green, & Abrahamson. p. 134. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9622610-0-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cook, Joan (February 19, 1988). "The Law; In Celebration of 'Dignified Frivolity' (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/19/us/the-law-in-celebration-of-dignified-frivolity.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/19/us/the-law-in-celebration-of-dignified-frivolity.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Euse, Erica (March 21, 2016). "The Revolutionary History of the Pantsuit" (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wd7vey/the-history-of-the-pantsuit-456) . Vice.com . Retrieved March 11, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Smith, Russell (2007). Men's Style . Macmillan. p. 135. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-312-36165-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Russell (November 15, 2008). "Rock the bow tie without looking nerdy" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/rock-the-bow-tie-without-looking-nerdy/article67729/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Bow ties are tricky. They carry strong connotations: conservative, newspaperman, high-school principal. They are instant signs of nerddom in Hollywood movies. They look fastidious but not exactly sexy. 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