Add files using upload-large-folder tool

.gitattributes

@@ -58,3 +58,34 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 # Video files - compressed
 *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2024/C-citizenship/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2024/F-friendly-rivalry/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2024/I-steppe-on-it/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/L-walking-on-sunshine/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/K-treasure-map/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/D-buggy-rover/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/F-herding-cats/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/J-stacking-cups/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/C-bride-of-pipe-stream/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2025/E-delivery-service/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/A-crystal-crosswind/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/L-where-am-i/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/E-hand-of-the-free-marked/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/C-fair-division/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/J-splitstream/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/G-mosaic-browsing/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more12.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more09.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more13.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more11.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more18.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more14.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2021/H-prehistoric-programs/data/secret-more10.in filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2022/P-turning-red/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2022/T-carls-vacation/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2022/Y-compression/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2023/K-alea-iacta-est/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2023/A-riddle-of-the-sphinx/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2023/G-turning-red/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+problems/2023/D-carls-vacation/statement.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+---
+license: other
+language:
+- en
+task_categories:
+- text-generation
+tags:
+- code
+- competitive-programming
+- icpc
+- atcoder
+- algorithms
+- reasoning
+- llm-evaluation
+size_categories:
+- n<1K
+configs:
+- config_name: manifest
+  data_files: manifest.csv
+---
+
+# Competitive programming problems by algorithm category
+
+967 problems, **157 from the ICPC World Finals (2011–2025)** and **810 from AtCoder
+(ABC / ARC / AGC, difficulty ≥ 1200)**, each tagged with 1–3 categories from a
+31-category algorithm taxonomy and stored under its primary category. Every problem can
+be judged locally. It ships with:
+
+- its statement;
+- its official test data;
+- an editorial;
+- a C++ reference solution that passes every test;
+- a `judge.json` with the resolved time limit, memory limit and judging mode.
+
+## Categories
+
+Each problem appears **once**, under its **primary category**, which is the first of its
+labels. Its full label set (1–3 ids) is in `manifest.csv` / `manifest.jsonl`.
+`taxonomy.md` defines every category and gives the boundary rules used to label them.
+
+| ID | Family | Category | Problems | ICPC | AtCoder |
+|---|---|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| MA-01 | Mathematics | Math Reasoning / Formulas | 91 | 18 | 73 |
+| MA-02 | Mathematics | Number Theory | 46 | 2 | 44 |
+| MA-03 | Mathematics | Combinatorics & Probability | 88 | 4 | 84 |
+| MA-04 | Mathematics | Game Theory | 36 | 4 | 32 |
+| MA-05 | Mathematics | Bitwise / XOR | 20 | 1 | 19 |
+| MA-06 | Mathematics | Linear Algebra / Polynomials | 39 | 7 | 32 |
+| MA-07 | Mathematics | Geometry | 31 | 23 | 8 |
+| DS-01 | Data Structures | Prefix Sums / Difference Arrays | 9 | 2 | 7 |
+| DS-02 | Data Structures | Hash / Set / Map | 3 | 0 | 3 |
+| DS-03 | Data Structures | Stack / Queue / Heap | 4 | 1 | 3 |
+| DS-04 | Data Structures | Segment Tree / Fenwick / BST | 20 | 0 | 20 |
+| DS-05 | Data Structures | DSU / Union-Find | 15 | 2 | 13 |
+| DP-01 | Dynamic Programming | Linear / Sequence DP | 91 | 10 | 81 |
+| DP-02 | Dynamic Programming | Knapsack / Subset / Bitmask DP | 53 | 5 | 48 |
+| DP-03 | Dynamic Programming | Tree / DAG DP | 26 | 6 | 20 |
+| DP-04 | Dynamic Programming | DP Optimization | 84 | 6 | 78 |
+| GR-01 | Graph Theory | Traversal / Connectivity | 42 | 11 | 31 |
+| GR-02 | Graph Theory | Shortest Paths / MST | 27 | 5 | 22 |
+| GR-03 | Graph Theory | Flow / Matching | 31 | 5 | 26 |
+| GR-04 | Graph Theory | Tree Algorithms | 11 | 0 | 11 |
+| ST-01 | Strings | Pattern Matching / String Hashing | 4 | 2 | 2 |
+| ST-02 | Strings | Trie / Suffix Structures | 10 | 2 | 8 |
+| PA-01 | Algorithmic Paradigms | Greedy | 51 | 13 | 38 |
+| PA-02 | Algorithmic Paradigms | Binary / Ternary Search | 12 | 2 | 10 |
+| PA-03 | Algorithmic Paradigms | Two Pointers / Sliding Window / Sweep Line | 16 | 2 | 14 |
+| PA-04 | Algorithmic Paradigms | Divide & Conquer / Sqrt Decomposition | 8 | 1 | 7 |
+| PA-05 | Algorithmic Paradigms | Brute Force / Search | 24 | 7 | 17 |
+| AH-01 | Ad-hoc & Implementation | Ad-hoc / Observation / Case Work | 69 | 13 | 56 |
+| AH-02 | Ad-hoc & Implementation | Constructive | 3 | 1 | 2 |
+| AH-03 | Ad-hoc & Implementation | Implementation / Simulation | 3 | 2 | 1 |
+| | | **Total** | **967** | **157** | **810** |
+
+The 31st category, AH-04 (Interactive), is never a primary label. It appears only as a
+secondary label, on the 4 interactive ICPC problems. `categories.json` lists every category
+with its problem ids. It also gives `any_label_count`, the number of problems that carry
+the category at any position.
+
+### How the labels were made
+
+The labels come from an LLM; no human assigned them.
+
+1. **Labeling.** GPT-6-Astra read each problem's statement, editorial and reference
+   solution, along with the taxonomy and its boundary rules. It returned 1–3 category ids.
+2. **Voting.** Each problem was sampled 3 times, with the category order shuffled between
+   samples, and the majority vote was kept.
+3. **Adjudication.** Where the 3 samples disagreed (160 problems), a second model (Claude)
+   chose the final set from the samples and the problem.
+
+The `label_source` field records which path a problem took: `model_unanimous` (807
+problems) or `adjudicated` (160). Label counts per problem: 193 problems have 1 label, 509
+have 2 and 265 have 3.
+
+## The problems
+
+### ICPC World Finals (157)
+
+The source is every World Finals problem from 2011 to 2025 in the archive, except:
+
+- **9 problems that accept several correct answers but have no checker**: 2012/E,
+  2014/A, 2014/I, 2015/E, 2017/G, 2017/J, 2017/L, 2018/H and 2018/K. Comparing a
+  submission's output against the answer file would reject correct submissions.
+- **3 problems whose archive reference solution was wrong**: 2019/B, 2020/K and 2020/L.
+- **5 problems shared by WF 2022 and WF 2023**: Turning Red, Bridging the Gap, Carl's
+  Vacation, Three Kinds of Dice and Riddle of the Sphinx. They have identical test data and
+  references, and each is kept once, as its 2023 copy.
+
+| File | What it is |
+|---|---|
+| `statement.pdf` | the official statement |
+| `statement.txt` | the PDF's text, checked line by line against the PDF and corrected (superscripts, ≠, fractions, floor/ceil, formulas) |
+| `page.html` | the archive page |
+| `solution.cpp`, `solution.tex` | the reference solution and its write-up (observations, algorithm, proof, complexity). These are the official archive's for 70 problems (2019–2025). For the other 87, mostly 2011–2018, the archive serves only a template. Their solution was written by GPT-6-Astra, accepted on the full official data, and the write-up was then written in the archive's `solution.tex` format. `solution_source` in the manifest says which. |
+| `meta.json` | year, letter, title, slug and page range in the contest PDF |
+| `data/` | official test data: `sample-*` and `secret-*` `.in`/`.ans`, plus sample figures and descriptions, and testing tools for the interactive problems |
+
+### AtCoder (810)
+
+The source is ABC, ARC and AGC tasks with an estimated difficulty of at least 1200 (from
+AtCoder Problems) and an English editorial: 477 ABC, 259 ARC and 74 AGC, with difficulty
+from 1202 to 4310 (median 2150).
+
+Only tasks that AtCoder judges by exact, case-sensitive token comparison are kept. That
+drops:
+
+- interactive tasks;
+- tasks with a floating-point tolerance;
+- tasks that accept several answers, including 8 construction tasks found while writing
+  references;
+- tasks with case-insensitive checkers.
+
+| File | What it is |
+|---|---|
+| `statement.md` | the English task page in Markdown with LaTeX; the samples are part of it |
+| `editorial.md` | the official English editorial with all code removed (programs, pseudocode, submission links) |
+| `solution.cpp` | C++ reference, accepted on every test: 233 are the editorial's own code, 577 were written by GPT-6-Astra from the editorial. The header comment and `solution_source` say which. |
+| `meta.json` | task id, contest, URL, estimated difficulty, score, limits, editorial URL |
+| `data/` | official test data, `N.in` / `N.out`. There is no sample/secret split; the samples are among the numbered tests. |
+
+278 of the AtCoder references `#include <atcoder/...>`. To compile them, put the
+[AtCoder Library](https://github.com/atcoder/ac-library) on the include path, as
+AtCoder's own judge does.
+
+## Judging
+
+Each problem directory has a `judge.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "time_limit_s": 4.0,
+  "time_limit_source": "statement",
+  "memory_mb": 2048,
+  "memory_source": "default (the statement gives none)",
+  "mode": "float",
+  "validator_flags": "float_absolute_tolerance 0.001 float_relative_tolerance 1e-05",
+  "comparison": "Kattis default output validator: token-wise, whitespace- and case-insensitive, numbers within the flagged tolerance",
+  "validator": null,
+  "tests_dir": "data",
+  "answer_suffix": ".ans",
+  "n_sample": 2,
+  "n_secret": 44
+}
+```
+
+| `mode` | Problems | How |
+|---|---:|---|
+| `exact` | 911 | Token comparison of the output against the answer file. ICPC uses the Kattis default validator, which ignores case. AtCoder is case-sensitive (`validator_flags: case_sensitive`). |
+| `float` | 40 | Kattis default validator with the tolerance in `validator_flags`. When both an absolute and a relative bound are given, a difference within either one is accepted. |
+| `custom` | 12 | ICPC problems with more than one correct answer. `validator` names a checker under `problems/_verify/checkers/`. It uses the Kattis output-validator protocol: argv `input answer feedback_dir`, the submission's output on stdin, exit 42 for accept and 43 for reject. |
+| `interactive` | 4 | ICPC interactive problems. `validator` names the interactor under `problems/_verify/interactors/`. It is connected to the submission over a pair of pipes and uses the same exit codes. |
+
+Where the limits come from:
+
+- **AtCoder**: time and memory limits come from the task page.
+- **ICPC, time**: the time limit is parsed from the statement. 22 statements (all of 2011 and
+  2012) print none and use a default of 10 s.
+- **ICPC, memory**: World Finals statements state no memory limit, so 2048 MB is used.
+
+The checkers import `problems/_verify/checkers/wfcheck.py`, so keep the `_verify/`
+tree together. `problems/_verify/judging.json` records the non-default modes, keyed by
+`<year>/<letter>`.
+
+## Contents
+
+```
+README.md
+manifest.csv          # one row per problem (the `manifest` config); list fields joined with ';'
+manifest.jsonl        # the same records as JSON
+categories.json       # category -> family, name, counts, any_label_count, problem ids
+taxonomy.md           # the 31 categories, what each includes, and the boundary rules
+
+problems/<CAT>/ICPC_WF/<year>/<L-slug>/
+    statement.txt  statement.pdf  page.html  solution.cpp  solution.tex  meta.json  judge.json
+    data/          # sample-*.in|.ans, secret-*.in|.ans
+problems/<CAT>/Atcoder/<task_id>/
+    statement.md  editorial.md  solution.cpp  meta.json  judge.json
+    data/          # 1.in|.out, 2.in|.out, ...
+problems/_verify/
+    judging.json  checkers/  interactors/
+```
+
+Manifest fields:
+
+| Field | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `id` | `ICPC_WF/<year>/<L-slug>` or `Atcoder/<task_id>` |
+| `source` | `ICPC_WF` or `Atcoder` |
+| `primary_category`, `primary_category_name`, `family` | the problem's primary category |
+| `labels`, `label_names` | all 1–3 labels, in order |
+| `label_source` | `model_unanimous` or `adjudicated` (see above) |
+| `title`, `year`, `letter`, `contest`, `contest_type`, `difficulty`, `url` | where the problem comes from; `difficulty` is AtCoder only |
+| `solution_source`, `editorial_source` | official or model-written (see above) |
+| `time_limit_s`, `memory_mb`, `judge_mode`, `n_tests` | from `judge.json` |
+| `problem_dir` | path of the problem's directory |
+
+## Download
+
+The dataset is about 58 GB, almost all of it AtCoder test data. To fetch one category, or
+everything except test data:
+
+```python
+from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
+
+# the top-level files and one category, test data included
+snapshot_download("xupy21/Category_Data", repo_type="dataset",
+                  allow_patterns=["README.md", "manifest.*", "categories.json", "taxonomy.md",
+                                  "problems/MA-07/*", "problems/_verify/*"])
+
+# everything except test data: statements, editorials, references, judge.json
+snapshot_download("xupy21/Category_Data", repo_type="dataset",
+                  ignore_patterns=["*/data/*"])
+```
+
+## Sources
+
+The statements, editorials and test data come from the ICPC World Finals archive and from
+AtCoder (atcoder.jp); their rights stay with ICPC, AtCoder and the problem authors. The
+model-written references and write-ups are marked as such in `solution_source` and
+`editorial_source`.

categories.json

@@ -0,0 +1,1278 @@
+{
+  "MA-01": {
+    "family": "Mathematics",
+    "category": "Math Reasoning / Formulas",
+    "count": 91,
+    "icpc": 18,
+    "atcoder": 73,
+    "any_label_count": 222,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc176_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc190_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc196_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc200_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc219_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc227_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc229_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc240_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc242_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc255_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc256_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc261_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc262_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc269_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc272_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc288_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc293_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc296_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc302_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc303_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc321_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc322_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc323_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc324_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc351_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc353_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc356_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc361_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc368_g",
+      "Atcoder/agc048_b",
+      "Atcoder/agc052_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc052_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc054_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc055_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc058_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc059_a",
+      "Atcoder/agc065_a",
+      "Atcoder/agc065_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc109_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc111_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc119_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc119_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc120_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc123_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc124_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc125_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc126_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc126_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc130_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc133_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc135_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc135_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc136_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc136_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc139_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc142_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc147_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc150_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc152_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc152_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc154_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc155_a",
+      "Atcoder/arc155_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc157_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc158_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc164_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc172_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc173_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc174_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc178_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc181_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc182_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc182_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/A-to-add-or-to-multiply",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/I-mummy-madness",
+      "ICPC_WF/2012/B-curvy-little-bottles",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/B-hey-better-bettor",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/G-pipe-stream",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/H-qanat",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/E-forever-young",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/H-scenery",
+      "ICPC_WF/2018/E-getting-a-jump-on-crime",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/D-circular-dna",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/J-miniature-golf",
+      "ICPC_WF/2020/A-cardiology",
+      "ICPC_WF/2020/G-opportunity-cost",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/B-dungeon-crawler",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/C-fair-division",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/C-bride-of-pipe-stream",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/J-stacking-cups",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/K-treasure-map"
+    ]
+  },
+  "MA-02": {
+    "family": "Mathematics",
+    "category": "Number Theory",
+    "count": 46,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 44,
+    "any_label_count": 84,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc186_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc191_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc193_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc206_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc212_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc222_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc227_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc228_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc230_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc254_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc259_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc304_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc306_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc315_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc319_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc333_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc335_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc349_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc363_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc370_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc371_g",
+      "Atcoder/agc047_a",
+      "Atcoder/agc047_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc057_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc057_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc063_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc063_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc112_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc117_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc123_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc124_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc126_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc127_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc141_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc144_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc159_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc166_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc166_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc167_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc172_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc176_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc181_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc182_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc183_f",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/K-traffic-blights",
+      "ICPC_WF/2020/M-trailing-digits"
+    ]
+  },
+  "MA-03": {
+    "family": "Mathematics",
+    "category": "Combinatorics & Probability",
+    "count": 88,
+    "icpc": 4,
+    "atcoder": 84,
+    "any_label_count": 176,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc198_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc205_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc214_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc215_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc220_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc221_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc224_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc231_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc235_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc240_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc242_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc246_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc266_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc268_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc276_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc280_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc284_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc290_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc290_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc295_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc295_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc297_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc309_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc326_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc327_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc330_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc331_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc336_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc361_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc053_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc053_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc054_b",
+      "Atcoder/agc054_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc054_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc055_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc055_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc056_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc056_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc057_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc058_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc060_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc061_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc062_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc065_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc065_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc068_a",
+      "Atcoder/arc106_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc106_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc113_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc114_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc114_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc116_c",
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+      "ICPC_WF/2022/Z-archaeological-recovery",
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+      "ICPC_WF/2017/A-airport-construction",
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+      "Atcoder/arc175_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc176_d",
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+      "Atcoder/arc180_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/F-machine-works",
+      "ICPC_WF/2014/B-buffed-buffet",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/B-branch-assignment",
+      "ICPC_WF/2018/C-conquer-the-world",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/F-directing-rainfall",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/J-the-silk-road-with-robots"
+    ]
+  },
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+      "Atcoder/abc184_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc197_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc210_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc224_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc226_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc241_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc241_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc244_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc245_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc247_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc256_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc258_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc266_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc280_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc286_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc289_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc292_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc296_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc302_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc319_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc334_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc339_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc357_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc361_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc361_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc377_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc068_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc143_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc146_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc165_d",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/C-ancient-messages",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/H-mining-your-own-business",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/A-self-assembly",
+      "ICPC_WF/2014/G-metal-processing-plant",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/F-keyboarding",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/K-tours",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/E-dead-end-detector",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/H-hobsons-trains",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/A-crystal-crosswind",
+      "ICPC_WF/2023/G-turning-red",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/G-kindergarten"
+    ]
+  },
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+      "Atcoder/abc191_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc204_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc210_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc213_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc232_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc235_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc245_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc246_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc264_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc270_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc282_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc307_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc342_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc355_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc363_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc364_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc369_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc375_f",
+      "Atcoder/agc056_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc150_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc173_d",
+      "ICPC_WF/2012/A-asteroid-rangers",
+      "ICPC_WF/2012/G-minimum-cost-flow",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/M-window-manager",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/I-secret-chamber-at-mount-rushmore",
+      "ICPC_WF/2023/K-alea-iacta-est"
+    ]
+  },
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+      "Atcoder/abc205_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc214_h",
+      "Atcoder/abc215_h",
+      "Atcoder/abc224_h",
+      "Atcoder/abc225_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc231_h",
+      "Atcoder/abc241_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc247_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc259_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc263_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc285_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc318_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc320_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc326_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc354_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc374_g",
+      "Atcoder/agc069_a",
+      "Atcoder/arc106_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc107_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc125_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc129_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc137_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc142_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc161_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc176_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/D-chips-challenge",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/C-surely-you-congest",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/C-catering",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/C-mission-improbable",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/E-hand-of-the-free-marked"
+    ]
+  },
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+    "category": "Tree Algorithms",
+    "count": 11,
+    "icpc": 0,
+    "atcoder": 11,
+    "any_label_count": 20,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc202_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc212_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc221_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc222_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc294_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc340_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc359_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc367_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc047_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc108_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc159_e"
+    ]
+  },
+  "ST-01": {
+    "family": "Strings",
+    "category": "Pattern Matching / String Hashing",
+    "count": 4,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 2,
+    "any_label_count": 8,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc257_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc349_g",
+      "ICPC_WF/2020/D-gene-folding",
+      "ICPC_WF/2020/O-which-planet-is-this"
+    ]
+  },
+  "ST-02": {
+    "family": "Strings",
+    "category": "Trie / Suffix Structures",
+    "count": 10,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 8,
+    "any_label_count": 13,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc213_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc272_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc353_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc362_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc377_g",
+      "Atcoder/agc047_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc141_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc149_f",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/G-first-of-her-name",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/L-where-am-i"
+    ]
+  },
+  "PA-01": {
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+    "category": "Greedy",
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+    "icpc": 13,
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+    "any_label_count": 111,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc177_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc225_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc225_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc226_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc236_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc239_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc245_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc249_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc252_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc254_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc257_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc268_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc290_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc299_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc308_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc312_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc314_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc325_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc329_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc330_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc359_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc366_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc376_g",
+      "Atcoder/agc053_b",
+      "Atcoder/agc063_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc117_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc121_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc125_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc127_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc128_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc132_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc134_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc141_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc147_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc157_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc166_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc167_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc170_f",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/F-low-power",
+      "ICPC_WF/2014/K-surveillance",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/A-amalgamated-artichokes",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/L-weather-report",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/A-balanced-diet",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/L-swap-space",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/A-azulejos",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/H-prehistoric-programs",
+      "ICPC_WF/2023/H-jet-lag",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/A-billboards",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/D-doubles-horseback-wrestling",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/I-steppe-on-it",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/A-a-skew-ed-reasoning"
+    ]
+  },
+  "PA-02": {
+    "family": "Algorithmic Paradigms",
+    "category": "Binary / Ternary Search",
+    "count": 12,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 10,
+    "any_label_count": 44,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc192_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc203_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc215_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc257_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc267_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc270_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc346_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc370_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc373_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc374_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/D-cutting-cheese",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/E-need-for-speed"
+    ]
+  },
+  "PA-03": {
+    "family": "Algorithmic Paradigms",
+    "category": "Two Pointers / Sliding Window / Sweep Line",
+    "count": 16,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 14,
+    "any_label_count": 66,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc211_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc231_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc247_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc250_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc260_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc274_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc311_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc318_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc327_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc337_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc344_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc360_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc366_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc368_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2015/I-ship-traffic",
+      "ICPC_WF/2018/I-triangles"
+    ]
+  },
+  "PA-04": {
+    "family": "Algorithmic Paradigms",
+    "category": "Divide & Conquer / Sqrt Decomposition",
+    "count": 8,
+    "icpc": 1,
+    "atcoder": 7,
+    "any_label_count": 22,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc219_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc242_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc293_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc335_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc350_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc363_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc365_g",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/D-money-for-nothing"
+    ]
+  },
+  "PA-05": {
+    "family": "Algorithmic Paradigms",
+    "category": "Brute Force / Search",
+    "count": 24,
+    "icpc": 7,
+    "atcoder": 17,
+    "any_label_count": 65,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc184_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc196_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc199_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc211_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc219_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc226_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc270_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc271_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc300_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc307_c",
+      "Atcoder/abc312_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc322_d",
+      "Atcoder/abc339_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc345_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc104_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc105_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc177_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2011/B-affine-mess",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/D-factors",
+      "ICPC_WF/2013/E-harvard",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/D-clock-breaking",
+      "ICPC_WF/2017/B-get-a-clue",
+      "ICPC_WF/2019/C-checks-post-facto",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/E-flipping-container"
+    ]
+  },
+  "AH-01": {
+    "family": "Ad-hoc & Implementation",
+    "category": "Ad-hoc / Observation / Case Work",
+    "count": 69,
+    "icpc": 13,
+    "atcoder": 56,
+    "any_label_count": 170,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc179_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc218_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc223_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc237_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc242_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc250_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc253_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc253_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc257_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc258_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc262_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc279_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc285_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc298_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc300_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc312_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc313_e",
+      "Atcoder/abc337_g",
+      "Atcoder/abc347_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc350_f",
+      "Atcoder/abc354_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc048_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc054_d",
+      "Atcoder/agc057_a",
+      "Atcoder/agc058_b",
+      "Atcoder/agc058_c",
+      "Atcoder/agc061_a",
+      "Atcoder/agc066_e",
+      "Atcoder/agc068_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc108_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc109_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc113_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc128_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc131_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc136_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc139_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc142_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc149_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc149_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc151_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc153_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc153_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc154_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc155_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc157_d",
+      "Atcoder/arc160_a",
+      "Atcoder/arc164_e",
+      "Atcoder/arc165_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc165_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc171_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc172_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc173_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc176_c",
+      "Atcoder/arc176_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc183_b",
+      "Atcoder/arc183_e",
+      "ICPC_WF/2012/I-a-safe-bet",
+      "ICPC_WF/2014/E-maze-reduction",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/F-longest-rivers",
+      "ICPC_WF/2021/J-splitstream",
+      "ICPC_WF/2022/Y-compression",
+      "ICPC_WF/2023/F-tilting-tiles",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/B-bingo-for-the-win",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/C-citizenship",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/K-tower-of-noiha",
+      "ICPC_WF/2024/L-where-am-i-now",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/F-herding-cats",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/I-slot-machine",
+      "ICPC_WF/2025/L-walking-on-sunshine"
+    ]
+  },
+  "AH-02": {
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+    "category": "Constructive",
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+    "atcoder": 2,
+    "any_label_count": 14,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc233_f",
+      "Atcoder/arc144_c",
+      "ICPC_WF/2022/U-toy-train-tracks"
+    ]
+  },
+  "AH-03": {
+    "family": "Ad-hoc & Implementation",
+    "category": "Implementation / Simulation",
+    "count": 3,
+    "icpc": 2,
+    "atcoder": 1,
+    "any_label_count": 7,
+    "problems": [
+      "Atcoder/abc315_d",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/C-ceiling-function",
+      "ICPC_WF/2016/M-what-really-happened-on-mars"
+    ]
+  },
+  "AH-04": {
+    "family": "Ad-hoc & Implementation",
+    "category": "Interactive",
+    "count": 0,
+    "icpc": 0,
+    "atcoder": 0,
+    "any_label_count": 4,
+    "problems": []
+  }
+}

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/data/sample-2.ans

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+PRSPS
+PPSPP
+SSSSS

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/data/secret-008_random.ans

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+SRPPRRS
+RRRSPSP
+RPRRRPR
+SPPPSRP
+PPSRSSR
+SRSPPSP
+PSSPSPS
+SSPSPRR
+PPPPPSS
+RPRRPRR

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/data/secret-010_random.ans

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+SRPPRRSRR
+RSPSPRPRR
+RPRSPPPSR
+PPPSRSSRS
+RSPPSPRPR
+RPRRPSSPS
+PSSSPSPRR
+PPPPPSSRP
+RPRPPRRSP
+PRPRSRSSS

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/data/secret-016_lastdiffer.in

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+197 10
+RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRP
+RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSR
+PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPR
+PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPS
+RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRP
+SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSR
+SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSP
+RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRP
+SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSR
+RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRS

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/data/secret-018_random.ans

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+RPPPPPPPPPRPRPPPPPPPPRPPPRPPPPPPRRPPPRPPPPPPPPPPPPSSPRPRPRPR
+PPPPPPPPRRPPPPPPPPPRPPPPPRPRRPPPPRPPRPPRPRPPPPPSRRPPRPPSPPPP
+PPSPRPPPPRPRPPPRPPPRPPPPPRPPPRRPSPPPPPRPPPPPPPRPPPPPRPPPRPPP
+SPRPPPPPPPPPSRPSPPPPPRRRRPPPPRRPSPRPRPPPPPPPRPSPPPRPPPPPRPPR
+RPPPPPRPPPPRPPRRPPPPPPPRPRPRPPPRRPPPPPRPSSPPRPPPPPPPPPPRPPPR
+SPPRPPRRPPPPPPPPPPRRPRPSPPPPPRPRPPRPPSPRRRPPPPRPPSPPPPPPPPPP
+PRPPRPPPPPSPPRPPPRPPPSPPSPPPPPPPRRPPPSPRPPPPPPPPPPPPPPRRPPPR
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/meta.json

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+{
+  "year": "2017",
+  "letter": "K",
+  "title": "Tarot Sham Boast",
+  "slug": "tarot-sham-boast",
+  "source_pdf": "contest_problems.pdf",
+  "page_start": 21,
+  "page_end": 22
+}

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/page.html

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+<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"><meta name="generator" content="Astro v6.1.0"><meta name="description" content="event sponsor ICPC 2017 Problem K Tarot Sham Boast Time limit: 2 seconds Curse your rival! Every year at the annual Rock Paper Scissors tournament, you have made it to the final match. (Your Rock technique is unmatched, and your Paper cuts to the bone! Your..."><link rel="canonical" href="https://nghia03092004.github.io/competitive-programming/icpc/2017/k-tarot-sham-boast/"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg"><meta name="theme-color" content="#f8fafc"><meta property="og:title" content="K. Tarot Sham Boast | Ethan Pham"><meta property="og:description" content="event sponsor ICPC 2017 Problem K Tarot Sham Boast Time limit: 2 seconds Curse your rival! Every year at the annual Rock Paper Scissors tournament, you have made it to the final match. (Your Rock technique is unmatched, and your Paper cuts to the bone! Your..."><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:url" content="https://nghia03092004.github.io/competitive-programming/icpc/2017/k-tarot-sham-boast/"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><title>K. Tarot Sham Boast | Ethan Pham</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/BaseLayout.B7QrEWOj.css"></head> <body> <div class="site-backdrop" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="site-backdrop__orb site-backdrop__orb--warm"></div> <div class="site-backdrop__orb site-backdrop__orb--cool"></div> <div class="site-backdrop__grid"></div> </div> <div class="page-shell"> <header class="site-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="site-header__inner"> <a class="brand" href="/"> <span class="brand__mark">EP</span> <span class="brand__text"> <span class="brand__title">Ethan Pham</span> <span class="brand__subtitle">Project Euler, competitive programming, and notes on the things I keep studying.</span> </span> </a> <nav class="nav-links" aria-label="Primary"> <a class="nav-link" href="/"> Home </a><a class="nav-link" href="/project-euler"> Project Euler </a><a class="nav-link" href="/competitive-programming" aria-current="page"> Competitive Programming </a><a class="nav-link" href="/about"> About </a> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <main class="container site-main">  <article class="article-shell"> <div class="post-content"> <a class="post-layout__back" href="/competitive-programming/icpc/2017"> <span aria-hidden="true">&larr;</span> <span>ICPC 2017</span> </a> <header class="post-header"> <span class="eyebrow">ICPC 2017</span> <h1>K. Tarot Sham Boast</h1> <p>event sponsor ICPC 2017 Problem K Tarot Sham Boast Time limit: 2 seconds Curse your rival! Every year at the annual Rock Paper Scissors tournament, you have made it to the final match. (Your Rock technique is unmatched, and your Paper cuts to the bone! Your...</p>  <div class="meta-grid"> <div class="meta-item"> <strong>Updated</strong> <span>May 21, 2026</span> </div><div class="meta-item"> <strong>Track</strong> <span>ICPC</span> </div><div class="meta-item"> <strong>Year</strong> <span>2017</span> </div><div class="meta-item"> <strong>Statement</strong> <span>Text + PDF</span> </div> </div> <div class="chip-row"> <span class="chip">TeX</span><span class="chip">C++</span><span class="chip">Statement text</span><span class="chip">Statement PDF</span> </div> </header> <div class="post-content">  <section class="cp-content cp-content--statement panel" id="problem-statement" data-cp-statement-root="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast"> <div class="cp-content__header"> <div> <span class="section-label">Problem statement</span> <h2>Problem Statement</h2> <p>Formatted from the contest statement text, with sample tests broken out into copyable blocks.</p> </div> <div class="cp-content__actions"> <a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.txt">
+Statement text
+</a> <a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.pdf">
+Statement PDF
+</a>  </div> </div> <div class="cp-statement__meta"> <div class="cp-statement__meta-item"> <span class="metric">Time limit</span> <strong>2 seconds</strong> </div>   </div><div class="cp-content__body cp-statement__body"><p>Curse your rival! Every year at the annual Rock Paper Scissors tournament, you have made it to the final match. (Your Rock technique is unmatched, and your Paper cuts to the bone! Your Scissors need a little work, though.) But every year, he defeats you, even though his moves appear entirely random! And he claims to the press that he simply cannot be beaten. What is his secret? Fortunately, you think you have figured it out. This year, just before the tournament, you caught him visiting various shamans around town. Aha! He is using the supernatural against you! You figured two can play at this game. So you went and visited a set of fortune-tellers, who have each used a Tarot deck to predict a sequence that your rival will end up using, sometime during the match. However, your initial excitement has passed, and now you are feeling a little silly. This cannot possibly work, right? In the end it feels like you have paid good money for a fraudulent, random set of predictions. Oh well; you might as well keep an eye out for some of them during the match. But which predictions will you use? In the final match, you and your rival will play n rounds of Rock Paper Scissors. In each round, your rival and you will both choose one of the three options (Rock, Paper, or Scissors). Based on your selections, a winner of the round will be determined (exactly how is irrelevant to this problem). Given the length of the final match and the various predictions, sort them in order of how likely they are to appear sometime during the match as a contiguous sequence of options chosen by your rival, assuming he is choosing his symbol in each round independently and uniformly at random.</p></div><section class="cp-statement__section" id="statement-input"> <h3>Input</h3> <div class="cp-content__body cp-statement__body"><p>The first line of input contains two integers n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106 ), the number of rounds in the final match, and s (1 ≤ s ≤ 10), the number of sequences. The remaining s lines each describe a prediction, consisting of a string of characters ‘R’, ‘P’, and ‘S’. All predictions have the same length, which is between 1 and n characters long, inclusive, and no longer than 105 .</p></div> </section><section class="cp-statement__section" id="statement-output"> <h3>Output</h3> <div class="cp-content__body cp-statement__body"><p>Display all of the predictions, sorted by decreasing likelihood of appearance sometime during the final match. In the case of tied predictions, display them in the same order as in the input.</p></div> </section><section class="cp-statement__section" id="statement-samples-1"> <h3>Sample Tests</h3> <div class="cp-statement__samples"> <article class="cp-statement__sample"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-header"> <strong>Sample 1</strong> </div> <div class="cp-statement__sample-grid"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-panel"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-label"> <span class="metric">Sample Input</span> <button class="source-copy" type="button" data-copy-target="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-0-input">
+Copy
+</button> </div> <pre class="cp-statement__sample-code"><code id="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-0-input"> 3 4
+ PP
+ RR
+ PS
+ SS</code></pre> </div> <div class="cp-statement__sample-panel"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-label"> <span class="metric">Sample Output</span> <button class="source-copy" type="button" data-copy-target="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-0-output">
+Copy
+</button> </div> <pre class="cp-statement__sample-code"><code id="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-0-output">PS
+PP
+RR
+SS
+
+
+Rapid City
+
+sponsor
+ICPC 2017</code></pre> </div> </div>  </article><article class="cp-statement__sample"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-header"> <strong>Sample 2</strong> </div> <div class="cp-statement__sample-grid"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-panel"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-label"> <span class="metric">Sample Input</span> <button class="source-copy" type="button" data-copy-target="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-1-input">
+Copy
+</button> </div> <pre class="cp-statement__sample-code"><code id="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-1-input">20 3
+PRSPS
+SSSSS
+PPSPP</code></pre> </div> <div class="cp-statement__sample-panel"> <div class="cp-statement__sample-label"> <span class="metric">Sample Output</span> <button class="source-copy" type="button" data-copy-target="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-1-output">
+Copy
+</button> </div> <pre class="cp-statement__sample-code"><code id="cp-statement-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-sample-2-1-output">PRSPS
+PPSPP
+SSSSS</code></pre> </div> </div>  </article> </div> </section> </section> <section class="cp-content cp-content--editorial panel" id="editorial"> <div class="cp-content__header"> <div> <span class="section-label">Editorial</span> <h2>Editorial</h2> <p>The solution write-up is rendered from the LaTeX source, with equations kept live through MathJax.</p> </div> <div class="cp-content__actions"> <a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.tex">Raw TeX</a> </div> </div>  <div class="cp-content__body" data-cp-math-content><h3 id="cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-key-observations">Key Observations</h3>
+<ul><li><p>Write the structural observations that make the problem tractable.</p></li><li><p>State any useful invariant, monotonicity property, graph interpretation, or combinatorial reformulation.</p></li><li><p>If the constraints matter, explain exactly which part of the solution they enable.</p></li></ul>
+<h3 id="cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-algorithm">Algorithm</h3>
+<ol><li><p>Describe the data structures and the state maintained by the algorithm.</p></li><li><p>Explain the processing order and why it is sufficient.</p></li><li><p>Mention corner cases explicitly if they affect the implementation.</p></li></ol>
+<h3 id="cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-correctness-proof">Correctness Proof</h3>
+<p>We prove that the algorithm returns the correct answer.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Lemma 1.</strong></p>
+<p>State the first key claim.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Proof.</strong></p>
+<p>Provide a concise proof.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Lemma 2.</strong></p>
+<p>State the next claim if needed.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Proof.</strong></p>
+<p>Provide a concise proof.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Theorem.</strong></p>
+<p>The algorithm outputs the correct answer for every valid input.</p>
+<p class="cp-content__paragraph-heading"><strong>Proof.</strong></p>
+<p>Combine the lemmas and finish the argument.</p>
+<h3 id="cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-complexity-analysis">Complexity Analysis</h3>
+<p>State the running time and memory usage in terms of the input size.</p>
+<h3 id="cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-implementation-notes">Implementation Notes</h3>
+<ul><li><p>Mention any non-obvious implementation detail that is easy to get wrong.</p></li><li><p>Mention numeric limits, indexing conventions, or tie-breaking rules if relevant.</p></li></ul></div> </section> <script>
+	const ensureMathJax = () => {
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+
+		if (window.__siteMathJaxPromise) {
+			return window.__siteMathJaxPromise;
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+		window.MathJax = {
+			tex: {
+				tags: 'ams',
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+				root.dataset.mathRendered = 'true';
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+		} catch (error) {
+			console.error('Failed to render competitive programming math.', error);
+		}
+	};
+
+	const resetMathContent = () => {
+		document.querySelectorAll('[data-cp-math-content]').forEach((root) => {
+			if (root instanceof HTMLElement) {
+				root.dataset.mathRendered = 'false';
+			}
+		});
+	};
+
+	if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
+		document.addEventListener(
+			'DOMContentLoaded',
+			() => {
+				resetMathContent();
+				void renderMathContent();
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+			{ once: true },
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+	} else {
+		resetMathContent();
+		void renderMathContent();
+	}
+
+	document.addEventListener('astro:page-load', () => {
+		resetMathContent();
+		void renderMathContent();
+	});
+</script> <section class="source-library panel" id="code" data-source-root="cp-code-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast" data-default-tab="cpp"> <div class="source-library__header"> <div> <span class="section-label">Implementation</span> <h2>Code</h2> <p>C++ solution used for this page.</p> </div>  </div> <article class="source-panel is-active" data-source-panel="cpp"> <div class="source-panel__meta"> <div class="source-panel__copy"> <span class="metric">C++</span>  <p>Clean code view with a raw-file link when you want the original source.</p> </div> <div class="source-panel__actions"> <a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.cpp">Raw file</a> <button class="source-copy" type="button" data-copy-target="cp-code-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-cpp-code">
+Copy
+</button> </div> </div> <pre><code id="cp-code-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-cpp-code" class="language-cpp">#include &lt;bits/stdc++.h&gt;
+using namespace std;
+
+namespace {
+
+void solve() {
+    // Fill in the full solution logic for the problem here.
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main() {
+    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
+    cin.tie(nullptr);
+
+    solve();
+    return 0;
+}
+</code></pre> </article> </section> <script>
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+
+		setActive(root.dataset.defaultTab ?? 'tex');
+		root.dataset.sourceInitialized = 'true';
+	});
+</script> <section class="cp-resources panel" id="source-files"><div class="cp-resources__header"><span class="section-label">Resources</span><h2>Source Files and Assets</h2><p>Raw files are still available here when you want the original TeX, C++, or statement assets.</p></div><details class="cp-resources__details"><summary class="cp-resources__summary">Show raw files</summary><div class="cp-resources__grid"><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.tex"><strong>TeX write-up</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.tex</code></a><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.cpp"><strong>C++ implementation</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.cpp</code></a><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.txt"><strong>Statement text</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.txt</code></a><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.pdf"><strong>Statement PDF</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.pdf</code></a><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/meta.json"><strong>Metadata</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/meta.json</code></a><a class="cp-resources__link" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/contest_problems.pdf"><strong>Year packet</strong><code>competitive_programming/icpc/2017/contest_problems.pdf</code></a></div></details></section> <nav class="problem-pagination panel" aria-label="Archive navigation"><a class="problem-pagination__link" href="/competitive-programming/icpc/2017/j-son-of-pipe-stream" rel="prev"><span class="problem-pagination__label">Previous Problem</span><strong>ICPC2017</strong><span>J. Son of Pipe Stream</span></a><a class="problem-pagination__link problem-pagination__link--next" href="/competitive-programming/icpc/2017/l-visual-python" rel="next"><span class="problem-pagination__label">Next Problem</span><strong>ICPC2017</strong><span>L. Visual Python++</span></a></nav>  </div> </div> <aside class="post-sidebar"> <div class="post-actions"> <a class="button" href="/competitive-programming/icpc/2017">Browse ICPC 2017</a> <a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming/icpc">All ICPC</a><a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.pdf">Statement PDF</a><a class="button button--ghost" href="/competitive-programming-assets/icpc/2017/contest_problems.pdf">Contest packet</a> </div> <nav class="toc" aria-label="Table of contents"><h2>On this page</h2><div class="toc__body"><ul class="toc__list"><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-2"><a href="#problem-statement">Problem Statement</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-2"><a href="#editorial">Editorial</a><ul class="toc__list"><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-3"><a href="#cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-key-observations">Key Observations</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-3"><a href="#cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-algorithm">Algorithm</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-3"><a href="#cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-correctness-proof">Correctness Proof</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-3"><a href="#cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-complexity-analysis">Complexity Analysis</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-3"><a href="#cp-editorial-icpc-2017-k-tarot-sham-boast-implementation-notes">Implementation Notes</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-2"><a href="#code">Code</a></li><li class="toc__item toc__item--depth-2"><a href="#source-files">Source Files and Assets</a></li></ul></div></nav> </aside> </article>  </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer__inner"> <div class="footer__identity"> <span class="footer__label">Endnote</span> <p class="footer__copy">
+Personal site by Ethan Pham (Pham Van Nghia). Project Euler, competitive programming, essays,
+					and code notes from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
+</p> </div> <p class="footer__tagline">Project Euler, competitive programming, and notes on the things I keep studying.</p> <nav class="footer-links" aria-label="Secondary"> <a class="footer-link nav-link" href="https://github.com/Nghia03092004"> GitHub </a><a class="footer-link nav-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ethan-pham03092004/?skipRedirect=true"> LinkedIn </a><a class="footer-link nav-link" href="https://projecteuler.net"> Project Euler </a><a class="footer-link nav-link" href="mailto:phamvannghia03092004@gmail.com"> Email </a><a class="footer-link nav-link" href="/feed.xml"> RSS </a> </nav> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="module" 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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+struct Prediction {
+    string text;
+    vector<unsigned char> overlap;
+};
+
+int main() {
+    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
+    cin.tie(nullptr);
+
+    int n, s;
+    if (!(cin >> n >> s)) return 0;
+
+    vector<Prediction> predictions(s);
+    for (auto &p : predictions) {
+        cin >> p.text;
+        int m = (int)p.text.size();
+        int limit = min(m - 1, n - m);
+        p.overlap.assign(limit, 0);
+
+        vector<int> pi(m, 0);
+        for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
+            int j = pi[i - 1];
+            while (j > 0 && p.text[i] != p.text[j]) {
+                j = pi[j - 1];
+            }
+            if (p.text[i] == p.text[j]) ++j;
+            pi[i] = j;
+        }
+
+        // A border of length len permits two occurrences at shift m-len.
+        // Only shifts at most n-m can fit into the match.
+        for (int len = pi[m - 1]; len > 0; len = pi[len - 1]) {
+            int shift = m - len;
+            if (shift > limit) break;
+            p.overlap[shift - 1] = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // At the smallest differing shift, no overlap means higher likelihood.
+    stable_sort(predictions.begin(), predictions.end(),
+                [](const Prediction &a, const Prediction &b) {
+                    return a.overlap < b.overlap;
+                });
+
+    for (const auto &p : predictions) {
+        cout << p.text << '\n';
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/solution.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+\documentclass[11pt]{article}
+\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}
+\usepackage{enumitem}
+
+\title{ICPC World Finals 2017\\K. Tarot Sham Boast}
+\author{}
+\date{}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\section*{Problem Summary}
+
+Given $s$ predictions of a common length $m\le n$ over \texttt{R}, \texttt{P}, \texttt{S}, sort
+them by the probability of appearing at least once as a contiguous substring in $n$ independent,
+uniformly random symbols. Output in decreasing probability, retaining input order on ties.
+
+\section*{Key Observations}
+
+Every prediction matches a fixed window with probability $3^{-m}$, so expected occurrence counts
+are equal. The probability of at least one occurrence depends on self-overlap instead.
+
+For $1\le d<m$, let $c_w(d)=1$ if prediction $w$ has equal prefix and suffix of length $m-d$,
+and $c_w(d)=0$ otherwise. Two copies can overlap at shift $d$ exactly when $c_w(d)=1$.
+Equivalently, $m-d$ is a \emph{border}: a nonempty proper prefix that is also a suffix.
+
+Two occurrences at shift $d$ need $m+d$ positions, so only $d\le n-m$ can matter. Shifts at least
+$m$ give disjoint occurrences and behave identically for all predictions. Define
+\[
+L=\min(m-1,n-m),\qquad K(w)=(c_w(1),c_w(2),\ldots,c_w(L)).
+\]
+The key comparison rule is: at the first differing entry of $K(u)$ and $K(v)$, the prediction
+with $0$ is more likely to appear. Equal keys mean equal probabilities. For this three-symbol
+alphabet, later shifts cannot reverse this comparison, as proved below.
+
+\section*{Algorithm}
+
+\begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*]
+    \item For each prediction, compute the KMP prefix-function array \texttt{pi}. Its entry
+    $\pi_i$ is the longest border length of the prefix ending at index $i$, or zero if none exists.
+    Process each character by extending the previous matched prefix, falling back through
+    $\pi_{j-1}$ on mismatches.
+    \item Initialize an \texttt{overlap} byte vector of length $L$ with zeros. Starting at
+    $\ell=\pi_{m-1}$, follow $\ell\gets\pi_{\ell-1}$ while $\ell>0$.
+    For each border, set $d=m-\ell$. If $d>L$, stop: subsequent borders are shorter and their
+    shifts are larger. Otherwise set \texttt{overlap[d-1]} to $1$.
+    Store the vector with the original string.
+    \item Use \texttt{stable\_sort} to sort these records by ascending lexicographic order of
+    their vectors, with $0$ before $1$. Output the stored strings in this order.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\section*{Correctness Proof}
+
+Let $a_w(k)$ count length-$k$ strings avoiding $w$, and let $f_w(k)$ count those whose first
+occurrence of $w$ ends at the last position. Define formal generating functions
+\[
+A_w(z)=\sum_{k\ge0}a_w(k)z^k,\qquad F_w(z)=\sum_{k\ge0}f_w(k)z^k.
+\]
+Set $c_w(0)=1$ and define
+\[
+C_w(z)=\sum_{d=0}^{m-1}c_w(d)z^d,\qquad D_w(z)=(1-3z)C_w(z)+z^m.
+\]
+These series are only used in the proof. Write $[z^k]H(z)$ for the coefficient of $z^k$ in $H$.
+
+\paragraph{Lemma 1.}
+The counting functions satisfy
+\[
+F_w(z)=\frac{z^m}{D_w(z)},\qquad A_w(z)=\frac{C_w(z)}{D_w(z)}.
+\]
+
+\paragraph{Proof.}
+All strings ending in $w$ have generating function $z^m/(1-3z)$. Decompose such a string at the
+end of its first occurrence. If the final occurrence ends $d<m$ positions later, its extension
+is possible exactly when $c_w(d)=1$, and is then unique. If $d\ge m$, the extension has $d-m$
+arbitrary symbols followed by $w$, giving $3^{d-m}$ choices. Hence
+\[
+\frac{z^m}{1-3z}=F_w(z)\left(C_w(z)+\frac{z^m}{1-3z}\right),
+\]
+which gives $F_w$.
+
+Appending one symbol to an avoiding string either leaves it avoiding or creates its first
+occurrence at the end. Thus $a_w(k)=3a_w(k-1)-f_w(k)$ for $k\ge1$, with $a_w(0)=1$.
+It follows that $(1-3z)A_w(z)=1-F_w(z)$, yielding the formula for $A_w$. \qed
+
+\paragraph{Lemma 2.}
+Ascending lexicographic order of $K(w)$ is exactly decreasing order of appearance probability,
+including ties.
+
+\paragraph{Proof.}
+By Lemma 1,
+\[
+h_w(t)=[z^t]\frac{1}{D_w(z)}=f_w(m+t),\qquad h_w(0)=1.
+\]
+Prepend a symbol to a string counted by $h_w(t)$. Any new earlier occurrence must start at the
+new first position. At most one of the three symbol choices can create it, so at least two
+choices still have their first occurrence at the end. All these extensions are distinct,
+giving $h_w(t+1)\ge2h_w(t)$.
+
+For predictions $u,v$, let
+\[
+B(z)=\frac{1}{D_u(z)D_v(z)}=\sum_{t\ge0}b_tz^t.
+\]
+The coefficients are the convolution of the nonnegative sequences $h_u,h_v$. Their growth
+implies $b_0=1$ and $b_t\ge2b_{t-1}$ for $t\ge1$. Consequently,
+\[
+\sum_{j=0}^{t-1}b_j<b_t
+\]
+for every $t\ge0$, taking the sum to be empty when $t=0$.
+
+By Lemma 1,
+\[
+A_u(z)-A_v(z)=z^m\bigl(C_u(z)-C_v(z)\bigr)B(z).
+\]
+If $K(u)=K(v)$, all coefficients of $C_u-C_v$ through degree $n-m$ are zero. Thus the
+coefficient of $z^n$ above is zero, and their avoidance counts and appearance probabilities tie.
+
+Otherwise, let $d\le L$ be the first differing shift and $t=n-m-d\ge0$. The coefficient of
+$z^n$ on the right is $(c_u(d)-c_v(d))b_t$ plus contributions from later shifts. Each later
+contribution is a distinct earlier coefficient $b_j$ multiplied by $-1$, $0$, or $1$.
+Their total absolute value is less than $b_t$, so the sign is determined by $c_u(d)-c_v(d)$.
+If $K(u)$ is smaller, this sign is negative, giving $a_u(n)<a_v(n)$.
+The appearance probability is $1-a_w(n)/3^n$, so $u$ is strictly more likely.
+This establishes both the ordering and the ties. \qed
+
+\paragraph{Theorem.}
+The algorithm outputs the predictions in the required order.
+
+\paragraph{Proof.}
+Every shorter border of a string is also a border of its longest border, and every border of a
+border is a border of the original string. Thus following prefix-function links enumerates
+exactly all proper borders. Marking shift $m-\ell$ constructs $K(w)$, and the early stop is safe
+because border lengths decrease along the chain.
+Lemma 2 shows that sorting these keys in ascending order sorts probabilities in decreasing
+order. Equal keys are exactly the probability ties, and \texttt{stable\_sort} preserves their
+input order. Printing the stored strings therefore gives the required output. \qed
+
+\section*{Complexity Analysis}
+
+Prefix functions and border chains take $O(sm)$ time. Each vector comparison costs $O(L+1)$,
+and sorting uses $O(s\log s)$ comparisons. Total time is $O(sm+s(L+1)\log s)$, at most
+$O(sm\log(s+1))$. Strings and keys occupy $O(sm+sL)$ space, with $O(m)$ for the temporary
+prefix-function array and $O(s)$ sorting workspace, so total memory is $O(sm)$.
+
+\section*{Implementation Notes}
+
+\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=*]
+    \item Entries of \texttt{overlap} are \texttt{unsigned char} values $0$ or $1$; ordinary
+    vector comparison gives the desired order.
+    \item Truncating to $L$ is essential: an overlap that cannot fit must not break a tie.
+    When $n=m$ or $m=1$, $L=0$, all keys are empty, and input order is retained.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\end{document}

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2017/K-tarot-sham-boast/statement.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+Rapid City
+
+                                                                                  event
+                                                                                  sponsor
+                                                                                                  ICPC 2017
+
+                                            Problem K
+                                      Tarot Sham Boast
+                                      Time limit: 2 seconds
+Curse your rival! Every year at the annual Rock Paper Scissors tournament, you have made it to the final
+match. (Your Rock technique is unmatched, and your Paper cuts to the bone! Your Scissors need a little
+work, though.) But every year, he defeats you, even though his moves appear entirely random! And he
+claims to the press that he simply cannot be beaten. What is his secret?
+Fortunately, you think you have figured it out. This year, just before the tournament, you caught him visiting
+various shamans around town. Aha! He is using the supernatural against you! You figured two can play at
+this game. So you went and visited a set of fortune-tellers, who have each used a Tarot deck to predict a
+sequence that your rival will end up using, sometime during the match.
+However, your initial excitement has passed, and now you are feeling a little silly. This cannot possibly
+work, right? In the end it feels like you have paid good money for a fraudulent, random set of predictions.
+Oh well; you might as well keep an eye out for some of them during the match. But which predictions will
+you use?
+In the final match, you and your rival will play n rounds of Rock Paper Scissors. In each round, your rival
+and you will both choose one of the three options (Rock, Paper, or Scissors). Based on your selections, a
+winner of the round will be determined (exactly how is irrelevant to this problem).
+Given the length of the final match and the various predictions, sort them in order of how likely they are to
+appear sometime during the match as a contiguous sequence of options chosen by your rival, assuming he
+is choosing his symbol in each round independently and uniformly at random.
+
+Input
+
+The first line of input contains two integers n (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^6), the number of rounds in the final match, and
+s (1 ≤ s ≤ 10), the number of sequences. The remaining s lines each describe a prediction, consisting
+of a string of characters ‘R’, ‘P’, and ‘S’. All predictions have the same length, which is between 1 and n
+characters long, inclusive, and no longer than 10^5.
+
+Output
+
+Display all of the predictions, sorted by decreasing likelihood of appearance sometime during the final
+match. In the case of tied predictions, display them in the same order as in the input.
+
+ Sample Input 1                                         Sample Output 1
+ 3 4                                                    PS
+ PP                                                     PP
+ RR                                                     RR
+ PS                                                     SS
+ SS
+
+                                                                              Rapid City
+
+                                                                 event
+                                                                 sponsor
+                                                                           ICPC 2017
+
+Sample Input 2                                 Sample Output 2
+20 3                                           PRSPS
+PRSPS                                          PPSPP
+SSSSS                                          SSSSS
+PPSPP

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/sample-2.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+4.9

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/sample-3.ans

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+12.2567433

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0001-0001-0001.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1 1 1

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0001-0002-0001.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0001-0010-0001.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+11.0000000

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0001-0444-0001.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0001-0002.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0002-0001.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0002-0002.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0010-0001.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0100-0001.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0277-0001.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0002-0500-0002.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0003-0001-0001.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0003-0001-0002.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0003-0099-0001.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0003-0142-0002.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0001-0001.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0001-0001.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0055-0001.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0055-0002.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0055-0002.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0004-0055-0003.ans

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0005-0005-0001.in

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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0005-0020-0003.ans

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0005-0020-0003.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+5 20 3

problems/MA-03/ICPC_WF/2018/D-gem-island/data/secret-0010-0005-0002.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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