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ื“ืขืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ (ื”ืœโ€™ ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”โ€™ ืื•ืช ื’โ€™) ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื” ื›ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœืขื“ โ€“ ื“ื• ื–ืืœืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื ืขื’ืœ ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ โ€œืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’...
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื (1931) ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืก ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื. ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื”'ืช"ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงืืžืื ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื ืจืื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืข...
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ึดืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ื™ืึธืจึพื™ืขืจืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึธื ื“ืข...
ื‘ืขืช ืึท ืงืขืจืžืขืฉืœ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึท ื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืกืชึผื ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจืขื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ืคึฟืขืœื™ืงืข, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. ืึท 45ึพื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืœื™...
ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืงื ื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 135 ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 104 ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข...
ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืฉ'ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”'ืชืจื "ื–, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืฅ, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืฅ, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืฅ, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืคืชืœื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืคืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืจืช ืจืขื›ื™ืœ ื ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ืฉ ืงืื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–...
ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื (ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ืฆืžืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ื (ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื) ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืžื (ืฆื™ื’ืื ืขืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืื ื˜ืจืืœื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื–ืืจื™ืฉ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื–ืืจ...
ืžืฉื ื” ื : ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ : ืžืฉื ื” ื’ : ืžืฉื ื” ื“ : ืžืฉื ื” ื” : ืžืฉื ื” ื• : ืžืฉื ื” ื– : ืžืฉื ื” ื— : ืžืฉื ื” ื˜ : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื’ : ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ืคืจืง "ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืช")ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื : ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ : ืžืฉื ื” ื’ : ืžืฉื ื” ื“ : ืžืฉื ื” ื” : ืžืฉื ื” ื• : ืžืฉื ื” ื– : ืžืฉื ื” ื— : ืžืฉื ื” ื˜ : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื : ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื‘ : ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ (ืคืจืง "ื›ืจื ืจื‘ืขื™")ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื : ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ : ืžืฉื ื”...
โ€žื›ืึทืžืึทืกโ€Ÿ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืึทื– ืžืึทื›ืžื•ื“ ืึทื‘ืึทืกืณ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ื•ื•ืึทืจื“ื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ึพืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกืœืึทืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ึฟึพื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืœื™ื’ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึทืกืณ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธ...
ืจื‘ื™ '''ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคึฟื™ื ืงืœ''' (ืืœื•ืœ [[ื”'ืชืจืœ"ื–]] - [[ื™"ื˜ ืชืžื•ื–]] [[ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื”]]) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ [[ืžื™ืจืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”|ืžื™ืจ]]. == ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸ == ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืœ"ื– ืื™ืŸ [[ืงืขืœื]], ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ [[ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ]], ื“ืขืจ "ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืื‘ืื“ืงืข". ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืกื›ืช...
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื“"ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืกืคืจื™ื. ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืืžืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืืœ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ ื”'ืชืงืฆ"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ื™ืœืงืื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”'ืชืจ"ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืกืืš ื“ืจ...
ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจืžืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืืžืื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœื•ื ื’, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืคืืจ ืจืื“ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืค ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขึพืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 0.01 ื‘ื™ื– 10 ื ืื ืืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืคืจืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 30 ืคืขื˜ืื”ืขืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื– 30 ืขืงืกืื”ืขืจืฅ (3ร—1016 Hz ื‘ื™ื– 3ร—1019 Hz) ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 100 eV ืื•ืŸ 100 keV...
ืจืขืจ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื“ื™ื ื’.ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืงืฉืจ, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืขืจืึธื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ื™ื ื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ, ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื ืœื™ืžืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืกื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื. Aืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš / ื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจื™ืข, ืฉื™...
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ืŸึพืคึผืึทืจืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืจืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืจืขืงืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง; ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ...
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคึฟื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขืš, ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืงืจืึทืš ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1990ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ...
* ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื‘ - ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืขืฆื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืžืจืช ืฉืจื” ืœืื” , ื“ื™ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ืœ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืžืืงืื•ื•ื (ื”ื•ื™ืฃ)|ืžืืงืื•ื•ื ืืœืขื“-ื ืชื ื™ื”]] (ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื ืกื“ืืจืคืขืจ). **ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ , ืžืจืช ืจื—ืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ื , ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื ืชืŸ ื ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืœืคืจื™ืŸ (ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžื ...
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ "ืฉืขื-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜-ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“", ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืึทืกืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฅ. ื...
ืงื™ืฉืงืขืจื™ืฉ (ืื•ื ื’ืึทืจื™ืฉ: Kiskล‘rรถs, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: Kรถrรถsch) ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸ, 100 ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 77 ืงืดืž ืžืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื’ืขื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1900 ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ 400 ืื™ื“ืŸ.โ€[1] ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœืขื‘ืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™...
ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืœืืงืืœืขืจ ืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ 32,000 ื“ื•ื ืื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืžืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืืจืฃ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1950 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืœืืงืืœืขืจ ืจืื˜. ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 35 ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™...
ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธึพืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื โ€žื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกึพืงื•ืœโ€Ÿ. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜? ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืึทื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื•ืœื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”...
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: MDR-102 ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืกืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืึทื‘ืึทืœ, ืฉื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜, ืจืขืงื˜ืึทื ื’ื’ื™ืึทืœืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ: ื”ื™ื™ื ืึทื’ืข ื’ืจื•ืคืข: ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 35 * 75 ืงื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ: ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืคึผ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ: ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจื™ื™ึท, ื›ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืืื–"ื• ื• ื•ื•ืึธื’: 80 ื’...
ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™-ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืณืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคึฟืœืึทื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคึฟืึธืœื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืคึฟื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•...
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื˜ื™ืคึผ: ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืก ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜: ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉื•ืœืข ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ ๏ผš: ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืกื•ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: MSK ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืกืข ืžืึทืกืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ + ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื ื•ืกื—: ืคืึทื ืก ื”ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ : ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ / ืคืจื•ื™ / ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ...
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจ' ืึทื”ืจืŸ ืจืึธื–ืžืึทืจื™ืŸ ื–"ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ืžืึทืจืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืคึผื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื˜"ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืฒืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื›ื ื˜ืœื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ...
ืงืจืŸ ืขื–ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื•ืช - ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ื ืคืื ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืืจืคืขื ื“ืข ืคืืžืœื™ืขืก. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 5 ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื“ืงื” ืคืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื˜ืžืืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื•ื...
ื›ืณื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ืขืงื‘ึฟึพื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ? ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืชึผื ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื‘ึฟื™ื‘ึฟื”, ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•? ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืš ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ...
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ื—ื‘ึฟืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช. ืœืฑื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืืฒื ืขืจ ืึท ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ึฟืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ: ืึท ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttps://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€), ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ/ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืช...
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขึพืจืขืงืœืึทืžืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ึพืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€žืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’โ€Ÿึพื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ, ...
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื– ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจื–, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ FAUCI AAPG ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธืŸ.ืœื™ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื™ื ื’.ื ืึธืš 7 ื˜ืขื’, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื– ืกืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ Fauci AAPG ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืกื™ืžื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื– ืึธืŸ FAUCI AAPG ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืกืข...
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคึฟืจืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืžื•ื–ื™ืง? ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืžื•ื–ื™ืงึพื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื โ€žื’ืฒึท ืžืขื ื“ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ึพืึทื ืกืึทืžื‘ืœโ€Ÿ [Guy Mendilow Ensemble], ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, โ€žืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคึฟ...
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜! ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜, ืงืœืืคื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ (ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืœืื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข). ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื”ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืืก Back ืงื ืขืคืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ. ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืœืื’ื˜. ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ ืคื™ ืื“ืจืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืขื‘ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•...
ืคึฟื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: Fiji; ืคื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืฉ: Matanitu ko Viti; ืคึฟื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™: เคซเคผเคฟเคœเฅ€), ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ (ืคื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืฉ: Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti; ืคึฟื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™: เคซเคผเคฟเคœเฅ€ เคฆเฅเคตเฅ€เคช เคธเคฎเฅ‚เคน เค—เคฃเคฐเคพเคœเฅเคฏ[1] fiji dvip samooh ganarajya), ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคืืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ื ืคืืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืŸ ืืงืขืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ 2000 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžื–ืจื— ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืœืื ื“'...
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื™ืึทืงืึธื‘ืกืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, โ€žืœืฉื•ืŸึพื›ึผื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฐื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืืฒื’ื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ.โ€Ÿ ืœืฉื•ืŸึพื›ึผื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื›ืึทื™ึดืฉ, ืืฒื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืค...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttps://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€), ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ/ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืช...
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืชึผืžื™ื“. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคึฟืจื™, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ โ€œืžื•ื“ื” ืึทื ื™โ€, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืชึผืคึฟื™ืœื” ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื ืขื’ืœื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืœื•...
ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจืžื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืœืึทื ื“. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื ืงืจืึทืคึผืก. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื-ืขื•...
ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ื’ืข ื”ืกื›ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€) ืื•ืŸ phpBB (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œื–ื™ื™โ€, โ€œื–ื™ื™ืขืจโ€, โ€œphpBBโ€, โ€œwww.phpbb.co.ilโ€, โ€œืงื‘ื•ืฆืช phpBBโ€, โ€œืฆื•ื•ืช phpBB ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€) ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจ ืŸื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื. ืึท ื‘ืึทื™ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดึดื“, ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืข ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ....
โ— [ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง & ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 2]: 23.6 "ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขื  9.3" ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขื  1.5". ืคึผืจืขืžื™ื•ื ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื“ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืฉืขืœื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 30 ืœื‘ืก ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง. โ— [ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืฉืขืœื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜]: ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืœืึทืฅ, ื”ืึธืจ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืึทื ืขืจ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืืื–"ื• ื•, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’...
SHANDONG XINRI BEARING TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ืขืก ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 2006, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข: ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืขื ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ...
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœ โ€” ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืก, ืึท ื“ืึทืจืก, ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืก. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืึทื– ืฆื• ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึทืฆื ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’. ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜...
ื '''ืคืขืจื“''' ืื™ื– ื [[ืžื™ืŸ]] [[ื‘ื”ืžื”]]. ืึท ืคืขืจื“ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืึท "[[ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข]]"; ืึท ืคืขืจื“ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืึทืŸ "[[ืึธื’ืขืจ]]". ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืกืืจื˜ ืคืขืจื“, ืงื•ื“ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื 1) ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื ืงืข ืคืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืจืก. 2) ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืคืขืจื“, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขืจ...
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ืš ื—ื–ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ืŸ ื ืกืš ืžืืœ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืœืื˜. ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื˜ ื•ืณ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืณื˜ืื’ืณ ื‘ืœืื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืกืœืื ื™ืžืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืดื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืด (ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคืจ). ื“ืืก ืกืคืจ (ื•ื•ืืก ื...
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื›ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืœืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื–ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ืกืึธืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธ...
Verman ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืึท ืึทืคึผื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Shangri-La ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื ื’ืจื™-ืœืึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืข ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืœื™ื•ื–ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’...
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 20ืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1903. ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅึพืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 49 ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืึพื˜ืขื’, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืึทืœืข ืคึผื...
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืฑืšึพื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ื•ืืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืงื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข! ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึฟืขื ืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ: ืืฑื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืื˜ื–ืื ื“ืืก ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ" ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, (ื–ืขื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช: ืฐื™ืงื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข:ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื ื‘ืœืื˜) ื...
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ โ€žื™ื•ึพื˜ื•ื‘โ€Ÿ. ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื•ืžืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคึฟืจื•ืžืขึพืœืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™...
ื '''ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืงืืจื“''' (ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: '''ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืข''') ืื™ื– ื ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืืจื˜ืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื›ื˜ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก[[ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ]]ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 2 ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื›ื˜ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ (ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืœื“) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื 'ืก ื ืืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ (ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜) ื“ืืก ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื•...
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธืขื ืึธื“ื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ื›ืึทืœืึทื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ / ืคึผืึทืœื™ืึทืžื™ื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜: 200-500 ื’ืกื ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜: 3-5 ื˜ืขื’ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: OEKO ื˜ืขืงืก ...
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธืจืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืกืขืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื– ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืึทืœื ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“. ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึท ื˜ืึธืจืึทืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคึผื™ืกืกืขืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืขืžืึธืฆื™...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttps://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€), ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ/ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืช...
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก, ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’-ืฆื•-ื˜ืึธื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ืงืึธื•ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ืจืœื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื–. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื”ืฆืœื—...
ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1904 ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื•ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœึพืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข โ€žืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ืฉืขืคึฟื˜ืœโ€Ÿ. ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคึฟื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸึพืงื•ื“ืฉื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜...
WOE (WOE) ืึทืงืกืขืคึผืฅ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืคืึทืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ E- ืคึผืึธืกื˜.ื›ืœ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ื“ื•ืจืš WOE.ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ WOE ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ.ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš...
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ โ€” ื›ึผืฉืจ. ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท โ€žืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื”ื•ื™ื–โ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ, ื–ืขืŸ ืคึฟื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืคึผืœื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•...
ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฐืขืจื˜ืก ืงืขืจืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืฒึทื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื ืกึพื”ืึธืคึผืงื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืœื˜ื™ืžืึธืจ. ืฉืฑืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืึพื‘ืจืึธื“ืฐืฒ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 10-20 ื™...
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื ืขืึทืคึผืึธืœื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืกืึธื˜ืึท. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื‘ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ (โ€œืคึฟืจืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ื˜ื™ืกโ€ ืื•ืŸ โ€œืกืึธืจืึธืจื™ื˜ื™ืกโ€ ื‘ืœืขโ€ื–), ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึธืจืขืžืขึพืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงึพื’ื™ื™ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆ...
ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืื ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืฑื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืืฑืฃ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืคึฟื•ืื”, ืืฑื‘ ืž'ืฐื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืคึฟืขืงื˜. ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ืงืข, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื˜...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€), ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ/ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื ...
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึท ืจืึธืจื™ื’, ื“ืขืจ 48ึพื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ึพืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸึพืคึฟื™ืœื โ€žืฉืื•ืœืก ื–ื•ืŸโ€Ÿ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. Courtesy of Geza Rohrig ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœื’ื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืงืึธืžืึทื ื“ืึธ, ื“ืึทืจื™ืึธ ื’ื‘ืึทื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืกึพืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก ืื™ื ืขื ืคึฟื™ืœื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคึฟื•...
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื ืœืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš. ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ, ...
ืคืึธื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ืจื•ืง-ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืงืงืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืจืึทื’ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืคื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืึธืจื“ ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืก, ืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธืจืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืงื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ื‘ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืคึผืึทืœืึทื˜ ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ื–ื™ื ื’, ืืื–"ื• ื•. ืขืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืง-ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืง ืงืึธื•ื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืึท ืค...
ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜.JDL ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทืงืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจ...
ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’:ื”ื™ืฅ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’, PVD / CVD ืงืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื’ืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื“, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืกืคึผืจื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ื–. ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜:ืงื ืง ืžืึทืฉื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื ืง ืœื™ื™ื“, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื, ื“ืจื...
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื“ืขืจ ืกืชื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื™ื– "ื‘ื–ื™ืขืช ืืคืš ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ื", ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืŸ; ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’'ืก ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’...
ืื™ืŸ 2014, JDL ืก FMBR ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ IWA ืžื–ืจื— ืื–ื™ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ื™ื ื ืึธื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืขื“ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืจ&ื“ื™ 100 2018. JDL's FMBR ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืจ & ื“ื™ 100 ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™. MassCEC ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 2018, ืžืึทืกืกืึทื˜ืฉื•ืกืขื˜ืฅ, ...
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืก ื™ื•ืืœื™ ื“ืืกืงืืœ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืฉ, [ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืงืžื” ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื] ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืงืœืืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื–ื•ื™. ื“ืขืก ืื– ื“ื™ ื›ืช ืžื‘ื–ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืœื™ื’ืข ืฉืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ื™โ€™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืกืข ื“ืจืฉื” ...
ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’? ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืึทืจืคึฟื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ โ€žื“ืึธื™ึดืงืฒื˜โ€Ÿ. ื“ื™ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉืข ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื“ื•ืก, ืงื•ืœื‘ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจึพื‘ื™...
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœื™ื–ื ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื”ืฒื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื”ืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื”ืฒื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก...
ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทื, ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืจ-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืข...
events ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืคืจืึทื ืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง-ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื’ events ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื SteelOrbis ืงืึทื ืคืจืึทื ืกืึทื–, ื•ื•ืขื‘ื™ื ืึทืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, Ilsenburger Groblec...
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืจื™ืกืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืงืกืึทื ื–, ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ืกืงืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง, ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื–. ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืึทืกืกืขืกืกืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท: ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืข...
ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืฆื• ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืขืก, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืึทืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทืžื™ืงืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ืœ, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึผ...
ืคืจืื ืฅ ื™ืื–ืขืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ (ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: Franz Joseph Haydn;โ€ 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 1732 - 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 1809) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืืžืคืื–ื™ื˜ืืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ืคืขืจื™ืื“ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืขืจื”ืื–ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื™ืื–ืขืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื’ืื ื’ ืืžืื“ืขื•ืก ืžืืฆืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื“...
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื– ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื– ืž'ื”ืื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื 'ื ื™ื™ืข' ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืืจ ื™ืืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื—ืกื“ ื”' ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“"ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ...
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• โ€žืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจึพืกืคึฟืจื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: โ€žืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืึพืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืžื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸโ€ฆ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ื”ืงื™ืฆื”, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ื›ืึทืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืš ื...
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ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืœืื’ื˜. ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ ืคื™ ืื“ืจืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืขื‘ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ . ืื– ืื™ืจ ืœืื’ื™ืจื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืงืื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืขื“ืื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืขืจ-ื ืืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื˜ื™ึพืกืคืื ืงืื ื˜ืจืืœืข. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืื‘ ื“ื! {{ืกื•ื‘ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื• |ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ=ื“ืขืจ |ืื™...
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืก, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืณืจืฒื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื ืกืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืึทื ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืขโ€“ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’โ€ฆ ื ื•, ...
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€œืื•ื ื–โ€, โ€œืื•ื ื–ืขืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ืจโ€, โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€, โ€œhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ€), ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ/ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ โ€œืงืื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœโ€. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื ...
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื•ื“ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืœืึธื•ื‘ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 19 ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึธืงื•ืกื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื•ื“, ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ...
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื, ืฐื™ โ€žื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ืณืœื™ื˜ืโ€Ÿ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื•ืŸ ืจืณ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฐื™ ืืฑืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืื™ื– ื“ืฐืงื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1860ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ...
North Tech ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืึทืคึผืขืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืก, ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืึทื ื’ืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืœื™ื ื’ ืงื•ืจื•ื•ืขืก.ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืึทืžืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื. ื ืกืคึผืข...
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืคึฟืœื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“, ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื•ื•ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืจื’ืขโ€ฆ ืžืฉื” ืœืขืžืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืจื•ื™ ืœืึทืจื™ืกืข ืขืดื” ื...
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ โ€žืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืœืึธืจึพื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜โ€ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืจืึธื“ึพืืฒึทืœืึทื ื“, ืคึฟื•ื ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ. ื’ืึทื‘ืจื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืึพืชึผืœ...
ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกืืŸ (ื”'ืชืง"ืฅ - ื›"ื– ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืจ"ืก) ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคื•ืกื˜.[1] ื™' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจ"ื– ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืขืคืœื™. ืขืจ ...
ืึทื‘ื•ึพื›ืึทืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ืึทืžืึทื“ ืึทืœึพื’ืึทื–ืึทืœื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืก, ืื™ืจืึทืŸ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ื“ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืงืข, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉื‚ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ...
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืœืข ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืคืจืขื ืกืขืก, ืงืขืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืœ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก ื•ื•ืขืœืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืœื™ื ืง ืฆื• ื ื“ืืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืกืคืจ โ€œืชื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”โ€. (ื“ืืก ื”ืื‘ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ...
ื“ื™ 10 GB / s SFP + BIDI ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 10 GBASE-BX ืขื˜ื”ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ SFF-8431, SFF-8432, IEEE 802.3ae 10GBASE-LR / LW, SFF-8472 ืื•ืŸ SFP + MSA, FCC 47 CFR Part 15, Class B ืื•ืŸ Telcordia GR-468-CORE. ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืกืขื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื•ื– ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืคึผืจื˜ 10Gb / s SFP + ...
ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธึพืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื โ€žื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกึพืงื•ืœโ€Ÿ. โ€žืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืชโ€Ÿ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืฉืจื™ึพื™ื•ืึพื˜ื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜. ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ึฟื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ 15 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ืขื ืข...
ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”, ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืฉืคืœื”), ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 35,000 ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ. ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1883, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขืœื™ื”. ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ "ื ื—ืœืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ื›ืื ื™ืŸ. ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื“ื™...
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืข ืžืขืจื‘ึฟื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขื›ืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืœื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ึฟื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ โ€žืคึผื•ืœืกโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืึท...
โ€œืžื™ื˜ 60 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ โ€žืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืฒืžืœืึทื ื“โ€Ÿ. ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟื•ื ื’, ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ โ€žืกืคึฟืจโ€Ÿ. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธ...
ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’:ื”ื™ืฅ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’, PVD / CVD ืงืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื’ืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื“, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืกืคึผืจื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ื–. ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜:ืงื ืง ืžืึทืฉื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื ืง ืœื™ื™ื“, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื, ื“ืจื...
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื– ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื– ืž'ื”ืื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื 'ื ื™ื™ืข' ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืืจ ื™ืืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื—ืกื“ ื”' ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“"ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ...
ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืืฑืคึฟื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™"ื’ ืื‘ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื‘ (22.07.2002) ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ืง-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืžืชื ื“ื‘". ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฒึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฑืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฒึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฒึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืชึผืคื•ื– ืฒึดื“ื™ืฉ". ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืœ' ืื‘ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื‘ (09.08.2002) ืื•ืŸ ื™"ื˜ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื“ (10.04.2004) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ...
ะณะปะฐะฒะฝะฐั ะฒัะต ัะทั‹ะบะธ ะณะดะต ัƒั‡ะฐั‚ ะธะดะธัˆ ะฐะฒั‚ะพั€ ะผะตั‚ะพะดั‹ ะทะพะปะพั‚ั‹ะต ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปะฐ ะปะธั‚ะตั€ะฐั‚ัƒั€ะฐ ะณั€ะฐะผะผะฐั‚ะธะบะฐ ะฝะฐั‡ะธะฝะฐัŽั‰ะธะผ ะดะตั‚ัะผ ัะปะพะฒะฐั€ะธ ั‚ะตะผั‹ ะฟะตัะฝะธ ั„ะพั€ัƒะผ,ะฑะปะพะณ ะฐะฝะฐะฟะฐ ะดะพััƒะณ All the verbs in alphabetical order ignoring the reflexive particle ื–ื™ืš (click the verb you are interested in, and you'll be taken to the relevant page) ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืข"ืค ืกื“ืจ...
ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขื˜ื”ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขื˜ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื•ืจืึทื ื•ืก ืก ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•...