input stringlengths 0 19.2k | context stringlengths 688 257k | answers listlengths 1 182 | length int32 258 40.5k | dataset stringclasses 16
values | language stringclasses 4
values | all_classes listlengths 50 50 ⌀ | _id stringlengths 48 48 | question stringlengths 19 19.3k | answer listlengths 1 182 | answer_prefix stringclasses 1
value | task stringclasses 16
values | max_new_tokens int64 32 512 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 499 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
How is the ground truth for fake news established? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Ground truth is not established in the paper"
] | 3,141 | qasper | en | null | 3ac3eef636db11635a21a61804cb28e92c546a5686dd1e12 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Ground truth is not established in the paper"
] | qasper | 128 | 0 | |
What is the GhostVLAD approach? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"extension of the NetVLAD, adds Ghost clusters along with the NetVLAD clusters",
"An extension of NetVLAD which replaces hard assignment-based clustering with soft assignment-based clustering with the additon o fusing Ghost clusters to deal with noisy content."
] | 2,454 | qasper | en | null | db6c4d611b78c840972b57ee0b245003566b982feaff1084 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"extension of the NetVLAD, adds Ghost clusters along with the NetVLAD clusters",
"An extension of NetVLAD which replaces hard assignment-based clustering with soft assignment-based clustering with the additon o fusing Ghost clusters to deal with noisy content."
] | qasper | 128 | 1 | |
By how much does their model outperform the state of the art results? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the attention model, MDREA, also outperforms the best existing research results (WAP 0.690 to 0.688)"
] | 3,207 | qasper | en | null | e419f2bff9d2ab7c3b60b3250caccd2d9ae1285ec3e8e818 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the attention model, MDREA, also outperforms the best existing research results (WAP 0.690 to 0.688)"
] | qasper | 128 | 2 | |
What additional features and context are proposed? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"using tweets that one has replied or quoted to as contextual information",
"text sequences of context tweets"
] | 2,060 | qasper | en | null | 9fb085a1f47673d1907f2378c90843b4b6e8622a14fe1fa9 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"using tweets that one has replied or quoted to as contextual information",
"text sequences of context tweets"
] | qasper | 128 | 3 | |
Which Facebook pages did they look at? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"FoxNews, CNN, ESPN, New York Times, Time magazine, Huffington Post Weird News, The Guardian, Cartoon Network, Cooking Light, Home Cooking Adventure, Justin Bieber, Nickelodeon, Spongebob, Disney",
"FoxNews, CNN, ESPN, New York Times, Time magazine, Huffington Post Weird News, The Guardian, Cartoon Network, Cooki... | 3,411 | qasper | en | null | 14e88916523197e066dbb743339685621db47c4beb503abb | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"FoxNews, CNN, ESPN, New York Times, Time magazine, Huffington Post Weird News, The Guardian, Cartoon Network, Cooking Light, Home Cooking Adventure, Justin Bieber, Nickelodeon, Spongebob, Disney",
"FoxNews, CNN, ESPN, New York Times, Time magazine, Huffington Post Weird News, The Guardian, Cartoon Network, Cooki... | qasper | 128 | 4 | |
Do the hashtag and SemEval datasets contain only English data? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 3,735 | qasper | en | null | c109a25d23a8c5c95af8697ef1ac51cd3bee93c67521af6d | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 5 | |
What type of evaluation is proposed for this task? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Answer with content missing: (Evaluation Metrics section) Precision, Recall, F1-scores, Strict match, METEOR, ROUGE-2"
] | 4,263 | qasper | en | null | 072d3de1a7122730a13a31db3eede4113af2d920814f0aaa | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Answer with content missing: (Evaluation Metrics section) Precision, Recall, F1-scores, Strict match, METEOR, ROUGE-2"
] | qasper | 128 | 6 | |
What are the datasets used for evaluation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"CNN/DailyMail news highlights, New York Times Annotated Corpus, XSum",
"the CNN/DailyMail news highlights dataset BIBREF24, the New York Times Annotated Corpus (NYT; BIBREF25), XSum BIBREF22"
] | 4,369 | qasper | en | null | 8fa5af6a36dd0b6b73900b2ec6f6e43a652a3e7d2b827a58 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"CNN/DailyMail news highlights, New York Times Annotated Corpus, XSum",
"the CNN/DailyMail news highlights dataset BIBREF24, the New York Times Annotated Corpus (NYT; BIBREF25), XSum BIBREF22"
] | qasper | 128 | 7 | |
How does this approach compare to other WSD approaches employing word embeddings? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"GM$\\_$KL achieves better correlation than existing approaches for various metrics on SCWS dataset."
] | 2,189 | qasper | en | null | 5f00d4f6e62f4b99484eb78491f803f8143cc1b13ad33816 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"GM$\\_$KL achieves better correlation than existing approaches for various metrics on SCWS dataset."
] | qasper | 128 | 8 | |
How does their ensemble method work? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"simply averaging the predictions from the constituent single models"
] | 4,212 | qasper | en | null | 91dd7b7a6ead4025763812d70dc51c6674b0acf31bd5a5f0 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"simply averaging the predictions from the constituent single models"
] | qasper | 128 | 9 | |
What are the sources of the datasets? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Friends TV sitcom, Facebook messenger chats"
] | 3,185 | qasper | en | null | fe6e5087f91071369646d9d868d784a290d0d13013292b61 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Friends TV sitcom, Facebook messenger chats"
] | qasper | 128 | 10 | |
what language does this paper focus on? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"English",
"Simple English"
] | 2,243 | qasper | en | null | 51b9066a5f2845e2fdf0d1dcde6833f70ae49ed01aa306db | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"English",
"Simple English"
] | qasper | 128 | 11 | |
What sentiment analysis dataset is used? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"IMDb dataset of movie reviews",
"IMDb"
] | 2,327 | qasper | en | null | bae15e10e0f414a92fb0e943871ed25c3fc16183a3028012 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"IMDb dataset of movie reviews",
"IMDb"
] | qasper | 128 | 12 | |
What accuracy does the proposed system achieve? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"F1 scores of 85.99 on the DL-PS data, 75.15 on the EC-MT data and 71.53 on the EC-UQ data ",
"F1 of 85.99 on the DL-PS dataset (dialog domain); 75.15 on EC-MT and 71.53 on EC-UQ (e-commerce domain)"
] | 5,310 | qasper | en | null | d022dfe02fb2a55b4baa40fe436f616aecd3f3ced1a58d7c | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"F1 scores of 85.99 on the DL-PS data, 75.15 on the EC-MT data and 71.53 on the EC-UQ data ",
"F1 of 85.99 on the DL-PS dataset (dialog domain); 75.15 on EC-MT and 71.53 on EC-UQ (e-commerce domain)"
] | qasper | 128 | 13 | |
Did they experiment with this new dataset? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"No"
] | 3,445 | qasper | en | null | 43279ddf85ada1b163aa1b316a4df1418957058206501c26 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"No"
] | qasper | 128 | 14 | |
What datasets are used? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Custom dataset with user questions; set of documents, twitter posts and news articles, all related to finance.",
"a self-collected financial intents dataset in Portuguese"
] | 13,401 | qasper | en | null | f27a64d129091a6c8973c001ff789b8f68955b8ff0ae70af | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Custom dataset with user questions; set of documents, twitter posts and news articles, all related to finance.",
"a self-collected financial intents dataset in Portuguese"
] | qasper | 128 | 15 | |
Which stock market sector achieved the best performance? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Energy with accuracy of 0.538",
"Energy"
] | 10,349 | qasper | en | null | c47ca982b6c4681c4741d4708801fa79a3e1cab17d0a2c4a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Energy with accuracy of 0.538",
"Energy"
] | qasper | 128 | 16 | |
what NMT models did they compare with? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"RNN-based NMT model, Transformer-NMT"
] | 3,708 | qasper | en | null | 1614ea21f8d039debfc655015f8133d0ef220837804ddf62 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"RNN-based NMT model, Transformer-NMT"
] | qasper | 128 | 17 | |
What are the three regularization terms? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"a regularization term associated with neutral features, the maximum entropy of class distribution regularization term, the KL divergence between reference and predicted class distribution",
"a regularization term associated with neutral features, the maximum entropy of class distribution, KL divergence between ... | 3,604 | qasper | en | null | 159a474e0a7155a2d0b984cbb5215cdc853d721605b90154 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"a regularization term associated with neutral features, the maximum entropy of class distribution regularization term, the KL divergence between reference and predicted class distribution",
"a regularization term associated with neutral features, the maximum entropy of class distribution, KL divergence between ... | qasper | 128 | 18 | |
What are the baselines? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"SVM with unigram, bigram, and trigram features, SVM with average word embedding, SVM with average transformed word embeddings, CNN, ecurrent Convolutional Neural Networks, SVM and deep learning models with comment information",
"SVM with unigram, bigram, trigram features, with average word embedding, with averag... | 4,512 | qasper | en | null | d426a2d42f3dffc8771498ba64ed0e383b91939398e83dce | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"SVM with unigram, bigram, and trigram features, SVM with average word embedding, SVM with average transformed word embeddings, CNN, ecurrent Convolutional Neural Networks, SVM and deep learning models with comment information",
"SVM with unigram, bigram, trigram features, with average word embedding, with averag... | qasper | 128 | 19 | |
By how much did they improve? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"They decrease MAE in 0.34"
] | 2,735 | qasper | en | null | 680ef767fe2a990615d0bc1cb1bf5f7d23c8766209138826 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"They decrease MAE in 0.34"
] | qasper | 128 | 20 | |
How does their model improve interpretability compared to softmax transformers? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the attention heads in the proposed adaptively sparse Transformer can specialize more and with higher confidence",
"We introduce sparse attention into the Transformer architecture"
] | 4,902 | qasper | en | null | 8b6bf313950a892cbda035f2c7b3d8b01472ff34749f028d | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the attention heads in the proposed adaptively sparse Transformer can specialize more and with higher confidence",
"We introduce sparse attention into the Transformer architecture"
] | qasper | 128 | 21 | |
what was the baseline? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
" MT system on the data released by BIBREF11",
"Transformer base, two-pass CADec model"
] | 3,716 | qasper | en | null | 04af9dc96013a1bc7faecbc589f7ea5c207e92c7d9a3495e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
" MT system on the data released by BIBREF11",
"Transformer base, two-pass CADec model"
] | qasper | 128 | 22 | |
What metrics are used for evaluation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"translation probabilities, Labeled Attachment Scores (LAS)",
"accuracy, Labeled Attachment Scores (LAS)"
] | 3,402 | qasper | en | null | 3b069a546d5417be546f57d02981cf5ac68b4d3d6c55624a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"translation probabilities, Labeled Attachment Scores (LAS)",
"accuracy, Labeled Attachment Scores (LAS)"
] | qasper | 128 | 23 | |
What is the attention module pretrained on? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the model is pre-trained on CTC-based ASR task and MT task in the pre-training stage."
] | 4,656 | qasper | en | null | ebd4ae480fe1596841b2132e96f40eac8437c800db8ef59e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the model is pre-trained on CTC-based ASR task and MT task in the pre-training stage."
] | qasper | 128 | 24 | |
What kind of stylistic features are obtained? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 3,543 | qasper | en | null | 036bfbdbfff8294f59afd5860663bbb4349924c9853b2151 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | qasper | 128 | 25 | |
What architecture does the encoder have? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"LSTM",
"LSTM"
] | 2,289 | qasper | en | null | 8595332098adaabcfd8ae199f754a9b06cdde08cdd4cc64a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"LSTM",
"LSTM"
] | qasper | 128 | 26 | |
Is WordNet useful for taxonomic reasoning for this task? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Yes"
] | 6,391 | qasper | en | null | 3ca65b23b3cb316653709b469b4a9b42b790e0350c76ae1a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 27 | |
what were the baselines? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"LF-MMI Attention\nSeq2Seq \nRNN-T \nChar E2E LF-MMI \nPhone E2E LF-MMI \nCTC + Gram-CTC"
] | 1,856 | qasper | en | null | 39352d304bd452de69fcc492ad458b72614e329b4509eb48 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"LF-MMI Attention\nSeq2Seq \nRNN-T \nChar E2E LF-MMI \nPhone E2E LF-MMI \nCTC + Gram-CTC"
] | qasper | 128 | 28 | |
How many users do they look at? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"22,880 users",
"20,000"
] | 4,160 | qasper | en | null | 18576b9ee9994a46dc0c7d916a009ff6d0964991541010ee | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"22,880 users",
"20,000"
] | qasper | 128 | 29 | |
What metrics are used for evaluation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Byte-Pair Encoding perplexity (BPE PPL),\nBLEU-1,\nBLEU-4,\nROUGE-L,\npercentage of distinct unigram (D-1),\npercentage of distinct bigrams(D-2),\nuser matching accuracy(UMA),\nMean Reciprocal Rank(MRR)\nPairwise preference over baseline(PP)",
"BLEU-1/4 and ROUGE-L, likelihood of generated recipes using identic... | 2,673 | qasper | en | null | 86c75d2a9157cb601a49f8424fa1e6e90fcd724132490bbd | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Byte-Pair Encoding perplexity (BPE PPL),\nBLEU-1,\nBLEU-4,\nROUGE-L,\npercentage of distinct unigram (D-1),\npercentage of distinct bigrams(D-2),\nuser matching accuracy(UMA),\nMean Reciprocal Rank(MRR)\nPairwise preference over baseline(PP)",
"BLEU-1/4 and ROUGE-L, likelihood of generated recipes using identic... | qasper | 128 | 30 | |
What labels do they create on their dataset? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"(1) the time the patient has been experiencing the symptom, (2) activities that trigger the symptom (to occur or worsen), (3) the extent of seriousness, (4) the frequency occurrence of the symptom, and (5) the location of symptom, No Answer",
"the time the patient has been experiencing the symptom, activities th... | 3,424 | qasper | en | null | b72f9154e71c03d0403e06e50063325961ea2ad27c245763 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"(1) the time the patient has been experiencing the symptom, (2) activities that trigger the symptom (to occur or worsen), (3) the extent of seriousness, (4) the frequency occurrence of the symptom, and (5) the location of symptom, No Answer",
"the time the patient has been experiencing the symptom, activities th... | qasper | 128 | 31 | |
How much data is needed to train the task-specific encoder? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"57,505 sentences",
"57,505 sentences"
] | 4,371 | qasper | en | null | 2ecd2808617740f222a4e2f3b2df546da046d876b1580952 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"57,505 sentences",
"57,505 sentences"
] | qasper | 128 | 32 | |
What tasks are used for evaluation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"four machine translation tasks: German -> English, Japanese -> English, Romanian -> English, English -> German",
" four machine translation tasks, IWSLT 2017 German $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF27, KFTT Japanese $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF28, WMT 2016 Romanian $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF29, WMT 2014 Engli... | 4,898 | qasper | en | null | 11be2f14f540e957e9797cc962203b8186ca10561228f81f | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"four machine translation tasks: German -> English, Japanese -> English, Romanian -> English, English -> German",
" four machine translation tasks, IWSLT 2017 German $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF27, KFTT Japanese $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF28, WMT 2016 Romanian $\\rightarrow $ English BIBREF29, WMT 2014 Engli... | qasper | 128 | 33 | |
What is the improvement in performance for Estonian in the NER task? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"5 percent points.",
"0.05 F1"
] | 3,290 | qasper | en | null | bfc5d4d72997fdcc0107cd5cab9b9718777c43b86be45eb2 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"5 percent points.",
"0.05 F1"
] | qasper | 128 | 34 | |
What background do they have? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 8,506 | qasper | en | null | 65f7bdb541fd6f01fe866dcf694891f92533186085fcba20 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | qasper | 128 | 35 | |
LDA is an unsupervised method; is this paper introducing an unsupervised approach to spam detection? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"No",
"No"
] | 2,239 | qasper | en | null | 091b4028a3b5e9d8248c58f17a62fd16c878da69693cfbfb | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"No",
"No"
] | qasper | 128 | 36 | |
Which languages are similar to each other? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Nguni languages (zul, xho, nbl, ssw), Sotho languages (nso, sot, tsn)",
"The Nguni languages are similar to each other, The same is true of the Sotho languages"
] | 1,877 | qasper | en | null | 93004cdb0e6d24f5de0568ed952fd50655e42900dc9dbfdb | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Nguni languages (zul, xho, nbl, ssw), Sotho languages (nso, sot, tsn)",
"The Nguni languages are similar to each other, The same is true of the Sotho languages"
] | qasper | 128 | 37 | |
which lstm models did they compare with? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unidirectional LSTM networks with 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 layers."
] | 4,286 | qasper | en | null | 3598040772b4950e6241b50125f7ab7038a8149060e3c381 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unidirectional LSTM networks with 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 layers."
] | qasper | 128 | 38 | |
How large is their data set? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"a sample of 29,794 wikipedia articles and 2,794 arXiv papers "
] | 4,187 | qasper | en | null | ecf37304ab84334d46491b0bd3d8bdc7cda33d54a15870f0 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"a sample of 29,794 wikipedia articles and 2,794 arXiv papers "
] | qasper | 128 | 39 | |
How were the human judgements assembled? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"50 human annotators ranked a random sample of 100 translations by Adequacy, Fluency and overall ranking on a 5-point scale.",
"adequacy, precision and ranking values"
] | 5,344 | qasper | en | null | 1a1daeb5809cde7c7131d972f42ee43654a378c78d5182c8 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"50 human annotators ranked a random sample of 100 translations by Adequacy, Fluency and overall ranking on a 5-point scale.",
"adequacy, precision and ranking values"
] | qasper | 128 | 40 | |
Do they test their framework performance on commonly used language pairs, such as English-to-German? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 4,472 | qasper | en | null | d1d93cefe6e2c643ecf128643f9362e3fa137ff54253a3ec | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 41 | |
How are models evaluated in this human-machine communication game? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"by training an autocomplete system on 500K randomly sampled sentences from Yelp reviews",
"efficiency of a communication scheme $(q_{\\alpha },p_{\\beta })$ by the retention rate of tokens, which is measured as the fraction of tokens that are kept in the keywords, accuracy of a scheme is measured as the fraction... | 1,873 | qasper | en | null | 92da01e7242f30f5266e431b4269fee1b0ca5fcc23aee095 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"by training an autocomplete system on 500K randomly sampled sentences from Yelp reviews",
"efficiency of a communication scheme $(q_{\\alpha },p_{\\beta })$ by the retention rate of tokens, which is measured as the fraction of tokens that are kept in the keywords, accuracy of a scheme is measured as the fraction... | qasper | 128 | 42 | |
What evaluation metrics are looked at for classification tasks? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Precision, Recall, F-measure, accuracy",
"Precision, Recall and F-measure"
] | 3,044 | qasper | en | null | b5f62b7acf975c5454df077adf727c1bcc62985be5e5a660 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Precision, Recall, F-measure, accuracy",
"Precision, Recall and F-measure"
] | qasper | 128 | 43 | |
What are the source and target domains? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Book, electronics, beauty, music, IMDB, Yelp, cell phone, baby, DVDs, kitchen",
"we use set 1 of the source domain as the only source with sentiment label information during training, and we evaluate the trained model on set 1 of the target domain, Book (BK), Electronics (E), Beauty (BT), and Music (M)"
] | 5,061 | qasper | en | null | c92d96ed55bc5dcd92f963d3c5d26e52661b74e71090f24a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Book, electronics, beauty, music, IMDB, Yelp, cell phone, baby, DVDs, kitchen",
"we use set 1 of the source domain as the only source with sentiment label information during training, and we evaluate the trained model on set 1 of the target domain, Book (BK), Electronics (E), Beauty (BT), and Music (M)"
] | qasper | 128 | 44 | |
what previous RNN models do they compare with? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Variational LSTM, CharCNN, Pointer Sentinel-LSTM, RHN, NAS Cell, SRU, QRNN, RAN, 4-layer skip-connection LSTM, AWD-LSTM, Quantized LSTM"
] | 3,319 | qasper | en | null | eeab2b9167f294f68d3058752acc01e1145eb7d89437d5c4 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Variational LSTM, CharCNN, Pointer Sentinel-LSTM, RHN, NAS Cell, SRU, QRNN, RAN, 4-layer skip-connection LSTM, AWD-LSTM, Quantized LSTM"
] | qasper | 128 | 45 | |
What neural network modules are included in NeuronBlocks? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Embedding Layer, Neural Network Layers, Loss Function, Metrics",
"Embedding Layer, Neural Network Layers, Loss Function, Metrics"
] | 1,678 | qasper | en | null | d5280384a4496ef3358dc45dc0199b9198bd0d927be302ef | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Embedding Layer, Neural Network Layers, Loss Function, Metrics",
"Embedding Layer, Neural Network Layers, Loss Function, Metrics"
] | qasper | 128 | 46 | |
what datasets did they use? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary BIBREF12, the multilingual pronunciation corpus collected by deri2016grapheme , ranscriptions extracted from Wiktionary",
"multilingual pronunciation corpus collected by deri2016grapheme"
] | 3,244 | qasper | en | null | 0b90a0a4b2cdceda62a9e2b165f0cfa1a34d34d800a46086 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary BIBREF12, the multilingual pronunciation corpus collected by deri2016grapheme , ranscriptions extracted from Wiktionary",
"multilingual pronunciation corpus collected by deri2016grapheme"
] | qasper | 128 | 47 | |
What were the baselines? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"varied from Maximum Entropy Classifiers (BIBREF4) to Support Vector Machines (BIBREF5,BIBREF6,BIBREF7,BIBREF8), Recursive Neural Networks (BIBREF9,BIBREF10), Convolutional Neural Networks (BIBREF11) and most recently transfer learning-based architectures like Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers ... | 2,215 | qasper | en | null | c9d48df129798d2aed0161fa805a289e5f75306af3e22336 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"varied from Maximum Entropy Classifiers (BIBREF4) to Support Vector Machines (BIBREF5,BIBREF6,BIBREF7,BIBREF8), Recursive Neural Networks (BIBREF9,BIBREF10), Convolutional Neural Networks (BIBREF11) and most recently transfer learning-based architectures like Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers ... | qasper | 128 | 48 | |
What are the languages they use in their experiment? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"English\nFrench\nSpanish\nGerman\nGreek\nBulgarian\nRussian\nTurkish\nArabic\nVietnamese\nThai\nChinese\nHindi\nSwahili\nUrdu\nFinnish",
"English, Spanish, Finnish"
] | 4,086 | qasper | en | null | 443d051a54d96c296d9135dad3794d09f89ff91d6433d092 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"English\nFrench\nSpanish\nGerman\nGreek\nBulgarian\nRussian\nTurkish\nArabic\nVietnamese\nThai\nChinese\nHindi\nSwahili\nUrdu\nFinnish",
"English, Spanish, Finnish"
] | qasper | 128 | 49 | |
What other tasks do they test their method on? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"None"
] | 2,473 | qasper | en | null | c2df5ec4b6b7dd1c56e05d6b3c0e244d0c44d68f117caf0e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"None"
] | qasper | 128 | 50 | |
Do they use pretrained embeddings? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 4,457 | qasper | en | null | e0a92574e7c31adb9146851dcc95729b585305d15cf491d4 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 51 | |
Was PolyReponse evaluated against some baseline? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"No",
"No"
] | 2,738 | qasper | en | null | f545e80cf01375e891406755e35019032cb4b7621338b707 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"No",
"No"
] | qasper | 128 | 52 | |
How do they obtain psychological dimensions of people? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"using the Meaning Extraction Method",
"Unanswerable"
] | 1,440 | qasper | en | null | 43ffd7775c3b4a541e227c120bffcc7c7b31fb184ba94d69 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"using the Meaning Extraction Method",
"Unanswerable"
] | qasper | 128 | 53 | |
What argument components do the ML methods aim to identify? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"claim, premise, backing, rebuttal, and refutation",
"claim, premise, backing, rebuttal, refutation"
] | 14,472 | qasper | en | null | 90b2dc5aba0e95b2f541da4efa36c414b93bb33d56f2c31e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"claim, premise, backing, rebuttal, and refutation",
"claim, premise, backing, rebuttal, refutation"
] | qasper | 128 | 54 | |
Ngrams of which length are aligned using PARENT? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Answer with content missing: (Parent subsections) combine precisions for n-gram orders 1-4"
] | 3,827 | qasper | en | null | 7e339da53449dbd58a1e815d55e440e712af6a1950f342b7 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Answer with content missing: (Parent subsections) combine precisions for n-gram orders 1-4"
] | qasper | 128 | 55 | |
How large is the Twitter dataset? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"1,873 Twitter conversation threads, roughly 14k tweets",
"1,873 Twitter conversation threads, roughly 14k tweets"
] | 3,721 | qasper | en | null | a3aadf47eb153a70559416ba375c57883aec1538a2b17fb5 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"1,873 Twitter conversation threads, roughly 14k tweets",
"1,873 Twitter conversation threads, roughly 14k tweets"
] | qasper | 128 | 56 | |
What are the 12 languages covered? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Chinese Mandarin, Welsh, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Kiswahili, Yue Chinese",
"Chinese Mandarin, Welsh, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Kiswahili, Yue Chinese"
] | 14,660 | qasper | en | null | 388c857ed1b4175e114a0ce9f3489766797a32cd183f10ff | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Chinese Mandarin, Welsh, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Kiswahili, Yue Chinese",
"Chinese Mandarin, Welsh, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Kiswahili, Yue Chinese"
] | qasper | 128 | 57 | |
What are two datasets model is applied to? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
" `Conversations Gone Awry' dataset, subreddit ChangeMyView",
"An expanded version of the existing 'Conversations Gone Awry' dataset and the ChangeMyView dataset, a subreddit whose only annotation is whether the conversation required action by the Reddit moderators. "
] | 4,718 | qasper | en | null | 2589b46ee58a7600e17fa89a0d4fffd9a0faf1df49b3c035 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
" `Conversations Gone Awry' dataset, subreddit ChangeMyView",
"An expanded version of the existing 'Conversations Gone Awry' dataset and the ChangeMyView dataset, a subreddit whose only annotation is whether the conversation required action by the Reddit moderators. "
] | qasper | 128 | 58 | |
Were any of the pipeline components based on deep learning models? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"No",
"No"
] | 2,276 | qasper | en | null | 4c9552eec5c238657f8ed5237bf66067d3fdda2409a903b6 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"No",
"No"
] | qasper | 128 | 59 | |
How is the quality of the data empirically evaluated? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Validated transcripts were sent to professional translators., various sanity checks to the translations, sanity check the overlaps of train, development and test sets",
"computed sentence-level BLEU, We manually inspected examples where the source transcript was identical to the translation, measured the perple... | 2,435 | qasper | en | null | bee3efb92996570d990ab04bfdf054835ef720b9dd1c6f5a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Validated transcripts were sent to professional translators., various sanity checks to the translations, sanity check the overlaps of train, development and test sets",
"computed sentence-level BLEU, We manually inspected examples where the source transcript was identical to the translation, measured the perple... | qasper | 128 | 60 | |
How do they combine audio and text sequences in their RNN? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"combines the information from these sources using a feed-forward neural model",
"encodes the information from audio and text sequences using dual RNNs and then combines the information from these sources using a feed-forward neural model"
] | 3,201 | qasper | en | null | 7e2663bb13493e18205f6aab469fee8b2a9df281a0ba0e2a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"combines the information from these sources using a feed-forward neural model",
"encodes the information from audio and text sequences using dual RNNs and then combines the information from these sources using a feed-forward neural model"
] | qasper | 128 | 61 | |
by how much did their model improve? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"For the WikiLarge dataset, the improvement over baseline NMT is 2.11 BLEU, 1.7 FKGL and 1.07 SARI.\nFor the WikiSmall dataset, the improvement over baseline NMT is 8.37 BLEU.",
"6.37 BLEU"
] | 2,271 | qasper | en | null | 6b9d0c1e63714067fc0b54c024dc065e63f64cbaf44ab4d0 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"For the WikiLarge dataset, the improvement over baseline NMT is 2.11 BLEU, 1.7 FKGL and 1.07 SARI.\nFor the WikiSmall dataset, the improvement over baseline NMT is 8.37 BLEU.",
"6.37 BLEU"
] | qasper | 128 | 62 | |
how many humans evaluated the results? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Unanswerable"
] | 3,711 | qasper | en | null | ea58638e132307bb3f2c24abeb0e2d07eaf162e3e1d12b57 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Unanswerable"
] | qasper | 128 | 63 | |
What is their definition of tweets going viral? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Viral tweets are the ones that are retweeted more than 1000 times",
"those that contain a high number of retweets"
] | 3,144 | qasper | en | null | 51cd01004f7bc29798a9671b991c5223ada1d40ccb8141e0 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Viral tweets are the ones that are retweeted more than 1000 times",
"those that contain a high number of retweets"
] | qasper | 128 | 64 | |
Which basic neural architecture perform best by itself? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"BERT"
] | 1,507 | qasper | en | null | 3dd2d62c046f3b559c34003f570ed35211000500b8f0145f | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"BERT"
] | qasper | 128 | 65 | |
what is the source of the data? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Android application"
] | 3,795 | qasper | en | null | d230ce079b2e4ecf5d9a987fb750dcbc319a537bdcfcc3d4 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Android application"
] | qasper | 128 | 66 | |
What machine learning and deep learning methods are used for RQE? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Logistic Regression, neural networks"
] | 7,257 | qasper | en | null | 89a4fd3fce6114c3401790c6f9b5243fda094597657f348a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Logistic Regression, neural networks"
] | qasper | 128 | 67 | |
What is the benchmark dataset and is its quality high? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Social Honeypot dataset (public) and Weibo dataset (self-collected); yes",
"Social Honeypot, which is not of high quality"
] | 2,242 | qasper | en | null | 9c46084d667b60a92a3cebfb8fa56436fa1497668ce2af56 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Social Honeypot dataset (public) and Weibo dataset (self-collected); yes",
"Social Honeypot, which is not of high quality"
] | qasper | 128 | 68 | |
What architecture does the decoder have? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"LSTM",
"LSTM"
] | 2,289 | qasper | en | null | f755dcbd288905ec07a63f18ddee7ed22103c45e887a091e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"LSTM",
"LSTM"
] | qasper | 128 | 69 | |
Do they report results only on English data? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Unanswerable"
] | 3,838 | qasper | en | null | db4afd55783aaf6d069c5228152492cf0804e9cf310cb238 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"Unanswerable"
] | qasper | 128 | 70 | |
What is best performing model among author's submissions, what performance it had? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"For SLC task, the \"ltuorp\" team has the best performing model (0.6323/0.6028/0.6649 for F1/P/R respectively) and for FLC task the \"newspeak\" team has the best performing model (0.2488/0.2863/0.2201 for F1/P/R respectively)."
] | 1,541 | qasper | en | null | d25cf05e9fda9bdadb01c26a57122079766a565269fac749 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"For SLC task, the \"ltuorp\" team has the best performing model (0.6323/0.6028/0.6649 for F1/P/R respectively) and for FLC task the \"newspeak\" team has the best performing model (0.2488/0.2863/0.2201 for F1/P/R respectively)."
] | qasper | 128 | 71 | |
what was the baseline? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"pivot-based translation relying on a helping language BIBREF10, nduction of phrase tables from monolingual data BIBREF14 , attentional RNN-based model (RNMT) BIBREF2, Transformer model BIBREF18, bi-directional model BIBREF11, multi-to-multi (M2M) model BIBREF8, back-translation BIBREF17",
"M2M Transformer"
] | 4,542 | qasper | en | null | f55efaaee938369fc4be8a430e531c164168be643b3cfe57 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"pivot-based translation relying on a helping language BIBREF10, nduction of phrase tables from monolingual data BIBREF14 , attentional RNN-based model (RNMT) BIBREF2, Transformer model BIBREF18, bi-directional model BIBREF11, multi-to-multi (M2M) model BIBREF8, back-translation BIBREF17",
"M2M Transformer"
] | qasper | 128 | 72 | |
What was their highest recall score? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"0.7033",
"0.7033"
] | 6,810 | qasper | en | null | 6ceab4edd1d0e37d217958e7e962697124ccb6a4f449f4af | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"0.7033",
"0.7033"
] | qasper | 128 | 73 | |
What embedding techniques are explored in the paper? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Skip–gram, CBOW",
"integrated vector-res, vector-faith, Skip–gram, CBOW"
] | 4,259 | qasper | en | null | 710f7452388fe5d22e2329697dbc4fa17d2c9a53daedafa6 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Skip–gram, CBOW",
"integrated vector-res, vector-faith, Skip–gram, CBOW"
] | qasper | 128 | 74 | |
How do they match words before reordering them? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Unanswerable",
"CFILT-preorder system"
] | 2,231 | qasper | en | null | d7fcca67f5487a55282f8217e4f05bc54ee67e2ddb578e73 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Unanswerable",
"CFILT-preorder system"
] | qasper | 128 | 75 | |
Does the paper explore extraction from electronic health records? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes"
] | 3,035 | qasper | en | null | 901f735b1582acacb606002ab77c6c7a3fe6017d38349aa2 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 76 | |
Who were the experts used for annotation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Individuals with legal training",
"Yes"
] | 3,846 | qasper | en | null | 17a2b96e126ab914e1179b4794d18513627ade82d5c35554 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Individuals with legal training",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 77 | |
What models are used for painting embedding and what for language style transfer? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"generating a poem from images we use an existing actor-critic architecture, various types of sequence to sequence models"
] | 1,653 | qasper | en | null | 6eec5b0ef38f64f6a545677f730b4ea1c980db6d380de966 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"generating a poem from images we use an existing actor-critic architecture, various types of sequence to sequence models"
] | qasper | 128 | 78 | |
On top of BERT does the RNN layer work better or the transformer layer? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Transformer over BERT (ToBERT)",
"The transformer layer"
] | 2,655 | qasper | en | null | d696cd0b146419d53d72071d8b8949fc562ea4addb87eb96 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Transformer over BERT (ToBERT)",
"The transformer layer"
] | qasper | 128 | 79 | |
Do the authors hypothesize that humans' robustness to noise is due to their general knowledge? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 4,127 | qasper | en | null | 04174ea6c9849bfa946452cdbc20fc0c4ff9d27596099dcc | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 80 | |
What cyberbulling topics did they address? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"personal attack, racism, and sexism",
"racism, sexism, personal attack, not specifically about any single topic"
] | 3,244 | qasper | en | null | b805e336d2e8cce895100cfde3a536e632ddd5296ddece21 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"personal attack, racism, and sexism",
"racism, sexism, personal attack, not specifically about any single topic"
] | qasper | 128 | 81 | |
How do they obtain the new context represetation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"They use two independent convolutional and max-pooling layers on (1) a combination of the left context, the left entity and the middle context; and (2) a combination of the middle context, the right entity and the right context. They concatenated the two results after pooling to get the new context representation.... | 2,435 | qasper | en | null | 06baf6c4ae0f97a3131aa06bfa2b4878bd99ef96659cbf9c | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"They use two independent convolutional and max-pooling layers on (1) a combination of the left context, the left entity and the middle context; and (2) a combination of the middle context, the right entity and the right context. They concatenated the two results after pooling to get the new context representation.... | qasper | 128 | 82 | |
How many different types of entities exist in the dataset? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"OurNepali contains 3 different types of entities, ILPRL contains 4 different types of entities",
"three"
] | 2,851 | qasper | en | null | ac6538e9c173ba7b453d6bf62480d56eb3761b5f6f73c328 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"OurNepali contains 3 different types of entities, ILPRL contains 4 different types of entities",
"three"
] | qasper | 128 | 83 | |
How much higher quality is the resulting annotated data? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"improvement when the difficult subset with expert annotations is mixed with the remaining crowd annotation is 3.5 F1 score, much larger than when a random set of expert annotations are added"
] | 4,399 | qasper | en | null | 8f650cd8021e553a4106d292af9908f29595f88fc39385b2 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"improvement when the difficult subset with expert annotations is mixed with the remaining crowd annotation is 3.5 F1 score, much larger than when a random set of expert annotations are added"
] | qasper | 128 | 84 | |
How big is imbalance in analyzed corpora? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Women represent 33.16% of the speakers"
] | 4,055 | qasper | en | null | 07484380079dcec47eb573ab62eaff39a1a44b32006ec74e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Women represent 33.16% of the speakers"
] | qasper | 128 | 85 | |
What dataset does this approach achieve state of the art results on? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the English-German dataset"
] | 1,833 | qasper | en | null | 65e11f98300887fc3b0d3912db406f8d8825d3f61c7a12a2 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the English-German dataset"
] | qasper | 128 | 86 | |
What are strong baselines model is compared to? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Baseline models are:\n- Chen et al., 2015a\n- Chen et al., 2015b\n- Liu et al., 2016\n- Cai and Zhao, 2016\n- Cai et al., 2017\n- Zhou et al., 2017\n- Ma et al., 2018\n- Wang et al., 2019"
] | 3,629 | qasper | en | null | 4f6f6dfa672ed697a94d1d1ee528e50645f01f568707b0b5 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Baseline models are:\n- Chen et al., 2015a\n- Chen et al., 2015b\n- Liu et al., 2016\n- Cai and Zhao, 2016\n- Cai et al., 2017\n- Zhou et al., 2017\n- Ma et al., 2018\n- Wang et al., 2019"
] | qasper | 128 | 87 | |
What type of classifiers are used? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"probabilistic model",
"Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron"
] | 4,475 | qasper | en | null | 4a244628cbffa02d2240d412aeeed45c53fec95e66595a00 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"probabilistic model",
"Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron"
] | qasper | 128 | 88 | |
Which toolkits do they use? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"BIBREF17, BIBREF18, TensiStrength BIBREF13, TwitterNLP BIBREF6, BIBREF19, CogComp-NLP BIBREF20, Stanford NLP NER BIBREF21",
"BIBREF23, BIBREF17, BIBREF18, BIBREF19, BIBREF24, BIBREF25, BIBREF26"
] | 1,452 | qasper | en | null | 4f1d5a7b6c42269c845959f8a8d7ef95cb7e0c122c9a721c | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"BIBREF17, BIBREF18, TensiStrength BIBREF13, TwitterNLP BIBREF6, BIBREF19, CogComp-NLP BIBREF20, Stanford NLP NER BIBREF21",
"BIBREF23, BIBREF17, BIBREF18, BIBREF19, BIBREF24, BIBREF25, BIBREF26"
] | qasper | 128 | 89 | |
On what datasets are experiments performed? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"SQuAD",
"SQuAD"
] | 3,757 | qasper | en | null | 5f7af98db66df4388108e26cde4781423ca2580bb48de4fa | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"SQuAD",
"SQuAD"
] | qasper | 128 | 90 | |
what are the existing approaches? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"BOW-Tags, BOW-KL(Tags), BOW-All, GloVe"
] | 4,658 | qasper | en | null | a80067307d72e349f14a1f6765d914acf0b43764afe77ab7 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"BOW-Tags, BOW-KL(Tags), BOW-All, GloVe"
] | qasper | 128 | 91 | |
Do they use attention? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 1,687 | qasper | en | null | f3aba3579b9e3373ce708f10b33510d6a198c3bae58c5ad7 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 92 | |
What datasets did they use for evaluation? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"CSAT dataset, 20 newsgroups, Fisher Phase 1 corpus",
"CSAT dataset , 20 newsgroups, Fisher Phase 1 corpus"
] | 2,652 | qasper | en | null | 466bd29bcab1cdfdef327777808236bd2677e2a54414a32a | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"CSAT dataset, 20 newsgroups, Fisher Phase 1 corpus",
"CSAT dataset , 20 newsgroups, Fisher Phase 1 corpus"
] | qasper | 128 | 93 | |
What sentiment classification dataset is used? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"the IMDb movie review dataset BIBREF17",
"IMDb movie review"
] | 3,432 | qasper | en | null | e7efd3969adf95459805233e580d6e0c7539a4de09b4441e | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"the IMDb movie review dataset BIBREF17",
"IMDb movie review"
] | qasper | 128 | 94 | |
Were any of these tasks evaluated in any previous work? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | 1,464 | qasper | en | null | 6a78dbe4f8e30d35c13ea1f80e52df286f9e1f664f9c3d98 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"Yes",
"Yes"
] | qasper | 128 | 95 | |
Is datasets for sentiment analysis balanced? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"No"
] | 1,441 | qasper | en | null | 188fe9331293312465b4564e11ab36dfbcb37191e62a969c | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"No"
] | qasper | 128 | 96 | |
What is the invertibility condition? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"The neural projector must be invertible.",
"we constrain our neural projector with two requirements: (1) INLINEFORM0 and (2) INLINEFORM1 exists"
] | 4,323 | qasper | en | null | 0e83a6f7ee840931e1851402cc87bd34f52fe8bfa4dc1cab | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"The neural projector must be invertible.",
"we constrain our neural projector with two requirements: (1) INLINEFORM0 and (2) INLINEFORM1 exists"
] | qasper | 128 | 97 | |
How does proposed qualitative annotation schema looks like? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"The resulting taxonomy of the framework is shown in Figure FIGREF10",
"FIGREF10"
] | 4,958 | qasper | en | null | 894a0e08b526f2093c854d91c680190c898ae6acbc1ba131 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"The resulting taxonomy of the framework is shown in Figure FIGREF10",
"FIGREF10"
] | qasper | 128 | 98 | |
what are the sizes of both datasets? | You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do... | [
"training set has 89,042 sentence pairs, and the test set has 100 pairs, training set contains 296,402, 2,000 for development and 359 for testing",
"WikiSmall 89 142 sentence pair and WikiLarge 298 761 sentence pairs. "
] | 2,266 | qasper | en | null | 0ce1ee7ab0f1557704a9d7f937e6f5182c665687a3e2b0d9 | Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write "unanswerable". If the question is a yes/no question, answer "yes", "no", or "unanswerable". Do not provide any explana... | [
"training set has 89,042 sentence pairs, and the test set has 100 pairs, training set contains 296,402, 2,000 for development and 359 for testing",
"WikiSmall 89 142 sentence pair and WikiLarge 298 761 sentence pairs. "
] | qasper | 128 | 99 |
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