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parse/train/uk-3aIx54t/uk-3aIx54t.md
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199 $X _ { i }$ in the causal graph. To fulfill this property, the GNN of the decoder should satisfy the following:
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200 Proposition 1. (Causal factorization). VCAUSE satisfies causal factorization, $p _ { \theta } ( \mathbf { X } \mid \mathbf { Z } , \mathbf { A } ) =$
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201 $\prod _ { i } { \bar { p } } _ { \theta _ { i } } ( X _ { i } \mid \mathbf { Z } _ { a n ^ { * } ( i ) } )$ , if and only if the number of hidden layers in the decoder is greater or equal
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202 than $\delta - 1$ , with
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203 The above proposition (proved in Appendix $\boxed { \mathbf { B } }$ is based on the fact that, in a GNN with $N _ { h }$ hidden
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204 layers (and $N _ { h } + 1$ layers in total), the output for the $i$ -th node depends on its neighbors of up
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205 to $N _ { h } + 1$ hops. As an example, consider the following chain causal graph: $X _ { 1 } X _ { 2 } X _ { 3 }$ ,
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199 $X _ { i }$ in the causal graph. To fulfill this property, the GNN of the decoder should satisfy the following:
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200 Proposition 1. (Causal factorization). VCAUSE satisfies causal factorization, $p _ { \theta } ( \mathbf { X } \mid \mathbf { Z } , \mathbf { A } ) =$
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201 $\prod _ { i } { \bar { p } } _ { \theta _ { i } } ( X _ { i } \mid \mathbf { Z } _ { a n ^ { * } ( i ) } )$ , if and only if the number of hidden layers in the decoder is greater or equal
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202 than $\delta - 1$ , with being the longest shortest directed path between any two endogenous nodes.
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203 The above proposition (proved in Appendix $\boxed { \mathbf { B } }$ is based on the fact that, in a GNN with $N _ { h }$ hidden
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204 layers (and $N _ { h } + 1$ layers in total), the output for the $i$ -th node depends on its neighbors of up
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205 to $N _ { h } + 1$ hops. As an example, consider the following chain causal graph: $X _ { 1 } X _ { 2 } X _ { 3 }$ ,
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