| Author,Study design,Risk level,Median PSA level (ng ml^-1): NHT,Median PSA level (ng ml^-1): No-NHT,Lymph node involvement (%): NHT,Lymph node involvement (%): No-NHT,Inclusion criteria,Dose (NHT),Interventions,Number of treatment participants,Number of control participants,Median follow-up time,PMID | |
| Pan et al. 201910,Cohort study,Very high risk,71.2,60.3,24.7,13.63,"Patients had clinical stage more than cT3a, or primary Gleason pattern 5, or >=5 cores with Gleason sum 8-10, or serum PSA >=50 ng ml-1, or with pelvic metastatic lymph node involvementPatient with resectable tumor could be treated with RP and ePLNDPatients had a good general performance status with ECOG score 0-1",Goserelin acetate: 3.6 mg every 28 days and flutamide: 250 mg tid (duration: 4 cycles to 6 cycles of total androgen blockade),NHT followed by RP and ePLND versus RP and ePLND alone,70,44,22.8 months,31466813 | |
| McClintock et al. 20199,Cohort study,High risk,NA,NA,-,-,"Patients with adenocarcinoma and no metastasis to the lymph nodes or other organs at the time of PCa diagnosis (cT1-T4N0M0)NCCN risk groups (high: T3a, Gleason score 8-10 or PSA >20 ng ml-1)",NA,NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,3293,"58,959",65.28 months,30430324 | |
| Ma et al. 20198,Cohort study,High risk,19.96,17.6,-,-,Localized high-risk PCa (clinical stage of T1 or T2 with a PSA level >20 ng ml-1 or Gleason score >7) and limited progressive PCa (clinical stage >=T3),"GnRH agonist alone (3.75/11.25 mg of leuprolide or 3.6/10.8 mg of goserelin acetate), an androgen receptor antagonist alone, or a combination of the two. (duration: <3 months, 3-6 months, or >6 months)",NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,116,73,26 months,31190986 | |
| Kim et al. 20187,Cohort study,High risk,NA,NA,27.9,7.2,Patients with one or more risk factors: stage >=T3 and/or PSA >20 ng ml-1 and/or Gleason score sum 8-10; any stage T with pelvic nodal involvement; and clinical stage T3b or T4 disease without evidence of nodal involvement or metastasis,NHT: goserelin acetate and flutamide (the median duration: 4 months),NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,50,50,49.1 months,30627554 | |
| Tosco et al. 201713,Cohort study,High risk,11.0,14.0,29.5,36.2,"Patients meeting one or more of the following criteria: clinical stage T3-T4, PSA >20 ng ml-1 or biopsy Gleason score 8-10","NA (The indication, duration and type of NHT depended on institutional protocols)",NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,241,811,56 months,28485390 | |
| Carver et al. 20066,Cohort study,Clinical T3,21.8,10.0,14,21,Patients with cT3 PCa,NA,NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,64,112,6.4 years,16813890 | |
| Schulman et al. 200011,RCT,Clinical T3,NA,NA,26.4,32.6,T3N x M0 prostatic carcinoma and a PSA level of <100 ng ml-1,Goserelin acetate: 3.6 mg every month and flutamide: 250 mg tid (duration: 3 months),NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,87,95,4 years,11111188 | |
| Selli et al. 200212,RCT,Clinical T3,10,10.2,-,-,"C1 (cancer with extracapsular extension; pT3a); C2 (seminal vesicle invasion; pT3b; TNM, 1997 revision)",Zoladex depot: 3.5 mg every 28 days and Casodex: 50 mg per day (duration: for 12 weeks or 24 weeks),NHT followed by RP versus RP alone,66,29,NA,12101195 | |
| Ohashi et al. 201420,Cohort study,High risk,11.95,11.95,-,-,"High risk localized PCa: PSA level higher than 20 ng ml-1, and/or Gleason score >=8, and/or Stage T3Prostate volumes >40 cc usually underwent ADT",GnRH agonist alone or in combination with an anti-androgen (median duration: 4 months),NHT followed by RT (I-125 brachytherapy plus EBRT) versus RT alone,101,105,60 months,24401540 | |
| Nanda et al. 201419,Cohort study,High risk,14.9,20.0,-,-,"High risk localized PCa: PSA level higher than 20 ng ml-1, and/or Gleason score>=8, and/or Stage T3Men in the study had no or at least a single risk factor and no documented history of coronary artery disease at the time of enrollment",NA (median duration: 4 months),NHT followed by RT (brachytherapy with or without EBRT) versus RT alone,1007,353,4.6 years,22981136 | |
| Denham et al. 201116,RCT,High risk,14.6,16.4,-,-,"Patients with one or more of the following are regarded as high risk: stage T2c, T3, or T4 disease; a Gleason score of >7; or initial PSA concentration of more than 20g l-1; without evidence of lymph-node involvement and metastasesNo upper limit on PSA level was set",Goserelin acetate: 3.6 mg every month and flutamide: 250 mg tid (duration: 6 months),"NHT followed by RT and continued during RT versus RT alone. Prostate/seminal vesicles 66 Gy, 33 fractions/6.5-7.0 weeks",224,222,10.6 years,21440505 | |
| Denham et al. 200515,RCT,High risk,14.6,16.4,-,-,"Patients with one or more of the following are regarded as high risk: stage T2c, T3, or T4 disease; a Gleason score of >7; or initial PSA concentration of more than 20 g l-1; without evidence of lymph-node involvement and metastasesNo upper limit on PSA level was set",Goserelin acetate: 3.6 mg every month and flutamide: 250 mg tid (duration: 6 months),"NHT followed by RT and continued during RT versus RT alone. Prostate/seminal vesicles 66 Gy, 33 fractions/6.5-7.0 weeks",224,222,5.9 years,16257791 | |
| Milecki et al. 200918,Cohort study,High risk,37.3,38.1,73,59,Patients with one or more of the following are regarded as high risk: Gleason score >7 or initial PSA level >20 ng ml-1 or T3All patients represented good general performance status defined as 0 or 1 according to ECOG classificationAll patients had a histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma,Goserelin acetate: 10.8 mg every 3 months and flutamide: 250 mg tid for 4 weeks (the median duration: 4.4 months),NHT followed by WPRT and continued during WPRT versus RT alone. Prostate/seminal vesicles 70.2 Gy/1 weeks,70,92,55 months,19859572 | |
| Paterson et al. 201621,Cohort study,High risk,12.8,13.0,NA,NA,"Patients >70 years of age who were diagnosed with histologically confirmed, localized, or locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostatePatients suitable and those opting for primary RT, neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormonal therapy for 24 months, and radiotherapyPatients with one or more of high-risk factors: Gleason score 8-10 or initial PSA level >=20 ng ml-1 or stage >=T2c",NA,NHT followed by RT versus RT alone,167,117,40.9 months,27083115 | |
| Eom et al. 201417,Cohort study,High risk,NA,NA,-,-,"High-risk group: Gleason score >=8 or PSA >20 ng ml-1 or stage >=T3aLocalized patients (cT1-T4, N0, and M0) with >3 years of follow-up",GnRH agonist combined with anti-androgen agent (n=84). Anti-androgen agent alone (18). Bilateral orchiectomy (n=1; median duration: 3.3 months),NHT followed by RT and continued during RT versus RT alone. (1.8 Gy per fraction in 7-10 weeks),69,27,91.2 months,25568853 | |
| Roach et al. 200814,RCT,B2+C,22.6,33.8,NA,NA,Patients with bulky (defined as 5 cm x 5 cm) tumors (T2-T4) according to the 1988 American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging systemPatients were eligible with or without pelvic lymph node involvement and were randomly assigned to receive combined ADT,Goserelin acetate: 3.6 mg every month and flutamide: 250 mg tid for 2 months before RT (duration: 112 days),"NHT followed by RT and continued during RT versus RT alone (regional lymphatics 44 Gy-46 Gy/prostate 65 Gy-70 Gy, 1.8 Gy-2 Gy 1 day given 4 times-5 times a week)",224,232,13.2 years,18172188 | |