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zippbler
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Trocr_Line_Test_Resized_Dataset

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set aside . A modern government needs
( the royal income from the revenues of
social services . A mediaeval oligarchy
guilds of a city . A mediaeval tax was
Social service as a function of government
monasteries , manors , townships , or wards and
it was therefore always granted grudgingly
return was the uncertain bounty of booty
therefore in essence a forced payment whose
communities , whether those communities were
and the vague advantages of military glory ;
was quite alien to mediaeval thought - its
and coupled with the vain hope that , in the
substitute was the mutual self-help of
be bold enough to demand the production of
booty , a new group of Lords might oust
the unsuccessful . But the Commons were not
the people , and even a full Parliament was
the unsuccessful leaders , and the Commons ,
accounts , and even at times the impeachment of
not yet a true mirror of the nation .
who usually supplied the hard cash , might
When ' his ' war did not bring victory and
in the pay of landed Lords .
The people - Langland's ' folk ' and Gaunt's
successful farmers , the artisans , craftsmen ,
towns , and the retainers and men-at-arms
had bought their release , free labourers
' knaves ' - were villeins still tied to the
yeomen who had prospered enough to become
journeymen and small tradesmen of the
who worked for the highest bidders , free
feudal obligations of work or villeins who
None of these classes , except the yeomen , paid or
means of that ' staple ' system which ensured that
financing the Exchequer had become stabilized .
expected to pay direct taxes . During the four-
teenth century , the traditional methods of
pervised and controlled , together with a
prices , quality and tax could be efficiently su-
export tax on the wool trade , collected by
When the King and his Council required additio-
nal funds , they were usually granted an
first , the Church , which wisely followed the lead
the foreign merchants , with whom the King's
sanction at a rate roughly fifty per cent in
payments were now authorized by parliamentary
of the Commons and in its own Convocations
at ' colloquies of merchants ' , and whose
officials had formerly made private bargains
There were two other sources of public revenue -
excess of the rate for native merchants .
granted equivalent contributions , and second ,
In addition to these revenues , the King had the
vely simple obligations of the feudal pyramid
and national war , and in which the comparati-
It was , therefore , a complicated and not very
as ill-defined as the borders between private
satisfactory financial system in which the
financial benefits of his position at the head
of the feudal system , as its chief landowner
and the recipient of the fines of royal justice .
borders between private and public purse were
and , where the poorest were to pay a groat ,
attempt to apply a sliding scale to the
and between these two extremes a graduated
But this time there was a very interesting
scale of payments was fixed for the
payments demanded . The definition of an
different classes of laymen and clerics .
adult was altered to read ' over sixteen ' ,
of Canterbury and York were to pay ten marks ,
the Duke of Lancaster and the Archbishops
In the following year , 1380 , the last and
the results disappointing - a tax estimated
to yield 50,000 in fact raised only 27,000 .
Again the resentment was widespread and
poor communications and not over supplied
far away from the capital in a town with
with hostelries and lodgings .
most notorious third poll-tax was agreed
by a Parliament which met at Northampton .
There were dark reasons for a meeting so
The city merchants were jealous of foreign
from the chronicles that this was a sordid
merchants who could tempt court and
baronage with rarer luxuries than those
quarrel between monopolists and interlopers .
those charged with the crime . It is clear
London was again in turmoil ; but this time
over a question of trade rivalry . A rich mer-
chant from Genoa had been murdered , and
John de Kyrkby , a Londoner , was one of
the suggestion that the rich should help
poll-tax had supplied 22,000 , a tax of
carrying it into effect , and a subordinate
Trebling the rate was arrived at by a simple
arithmetic which argued that , as the first
three times the rate would produce 66,000 .
objections to the first two poll-taxes was