Question: How does glass shatter when run under super hot water or in a dishwasher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does glass shatter when run under super hot water or in a dishwasher?

When things heat up, they expand. This is true for most types of glass†. When you heat something up unevenly, the heat can bend/warp it. Glass no likey bending. The resulting stress can cause the glass to break. † Yes, they make special borosilicate glass with very low coefficient of thermal expansion, but I presume the OP is talking about ordinary glass.


Question: What happens when all the matter in the universe (terrestrial bodies, gases, suns, everything) stop moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when all the matter in the universe (terrestrial bodies, gases, suns, everything) stop moving?

Well, first off, whoever clarified that is wrong. Space itself is increasing in size, and everything moving away from each other is a result of that, not the other way around. Say you have a half-inflated balloon and you draw 2 dots on it. Now you put more air into the balloon. The dots will be further apart despite not actually moving their own position, there's just more space in between them. This expansion is fueled by Dark Energy. We're not really sure what that is, other than that it's existence is necessary (because something is making space expand). Also, the expansion is accelerating, so it likely will never stop. What will happen is that things will get further and further away from each other as the space between them grows. Eventually, each galaxy will be far enough from any other galaxy that they won't be able to interact through gravity any more. Eventually, the galaxies will break up as the stars that make them up have more space in between them. The same will happen to solar systems, and eventually even the planets themselves. Everything solid will break up as the space between atoms will grow too far for them to be held together by subatomic forces. Eventually, atoms themselves will break apart for the same reason, and then the protons and neutrons will break up, until all that's left is a bunch of elementary particles. Another interesting thing is that, while nothing can move *through* space faster than light, space itself can expand faster than light. So as it accelerates, you'll be able to see less and less, since light won't be able to keep up with the expansion of the space between wherever it's coming from and whatever is trying to look at it. So everything will be totally dark.


Question: Why does Aquaponics work to grow plants, but its possible to over water your potted plants and kill them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Aquaponics work to grow plants, but its possible to over water your potted plants and kill them?

because an hydroponic system has fresh nutrient rich water constantly flowing over the roots and not stagnating in a pot which will cause the roots to rot. Most hydroponic systems wont constantly keep the roots submerged either.


Question: When faced with a totally new material how do chemists figure out what elements the material is made out of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When faced with a totally new material how do chemists figure out what elements the material is made out of?

You place it in a spectrometer. Using different types(such as a flight of mass spectrometer, nmr, infrared spectrometer ) you can see what a substance is made out of, what percentages of different elements are in its composition and things like if whether(if it’s an organic compound) what functional groups are attached to it (like hydroxyl, carbonyl or nitrile groups)


Question: why is it with all the technology that we have today that most security footage or CCTV still looks grainy and takes time to ID whoever the perp or vehicle is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it with all the technology that we have today that most security footage or CCTV still looks grainy and takes time to ID whoever the perp or vehicle is?

Storing video in high quality formats takes lots of space and since security footage isn't that important minimizing cost is more important than quality picture. The footage is highly compressed which degrades quality, and often times the frame rate of security cameras is much less than normal video which means moving objects are more likely to be blurry.


Question: If there are strong signs of an impending recession, are there actions that can be taken to fend it off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If there are strong signs of an impending recession, are there actions that can be taken to fend it off?

Typically there are tools in the Fed's toolbox to do so, but Trump already has used many of them when the economy was good so there are fewer options available... typically things like lowering interest rates and tax cuts help, but interest rates are already super low so there isn't much room to drop them and tax cuts have already caused major issues with deficit since they're cutting so far into revenue (while, sadly but predictably, causing middle class to pay more in taxes while the wealthy and corporations save) and the government needs revenue to spend on increased demands for social services in recession.


Question: can the immune system be both "too strong" and "too weak"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can the immune system be both "too strong" and "too weak"?

Your doctor did a shitty job explaining it. One cause of vitiligo is when the immune system attacks your own cells. Which is less the case of your immune system being "too strong" and more so just attacking the wrong thing. It would be like explaining you cutting your finger with a knife as the knife being "too sharp" when really you just... cut your finger. Don't cut your finger.


Question: How did countries like Hungary manage to fix their hyperinflation while Venezuela is still dealing with it after 10 years eventhough Hungary had it was worse in terms of inflation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did countries like Hungary manage to fix their hyperinflation while Venezuela is still dealing with it after 10 years eventhough Hungary had it was worse in terms of inflation?

Hungary solved its crisis by abandoning the Pengo (old currency) in favor of the forint (new currency). They basically started over. The conversion rate was like 1 forint for every 400,000 quadrillion Pengo. This is obviously not an easy thing to do, and Venesuala has held out hope so far that it won't be neccessary.


Question: Why are human babies so dependent on their parents for so long but other animals babies can usually take care of themselves after only a brief period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are human babies so dependent on their parents for so long but other animals babies can usually take care of themselves after only a brief period of time?

URL_0 Basically human babies are born too early as compared to other mammals - there are a variety of theories as to why. Possibly to allow for greater brain growth as the size the brain can grow is constrained in utero.


Question: How do sink holes happen and how do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sink holes happen and how do they work?

Sinkholes are mostly the cause of limestone structures being eroded by water, leading to the upper ground to cave in.


Question: Why is anxiety and depression much more common today then in years past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is anxiety and depression much more common today then in years past?

There’s always been depression. They used to call it melancholia. Abraham Lincoln suffered from it and tons of poets.


Question: how come if I wanted to use a song in a video, I have to pay for the license, but if I wanted to use a poem/excerpt/article in a book (for example), I just have to cite it? Is the music industry fundamentally different in this way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come if I wanted to use a song in a video, I have to pay for the license, but if I wanted to use a poem/excerpt/article in a book (for example), I just have to cite it? Is the music industry fundamentally different in this way?

If you want to use a poem, except, or article in your book you need to pay for a license. The real world is not college. There is no such thing as plagiarism in the real world. Either you have a license to use copyrighted work or you don't. If you don't have a license then you've committed copyright infringement. If you do have a license then you are allowed to use the work as per the terms of your license. Most commercial licenses do not require attribution so you usually do not need to include a citation. The only way around getting a license is if your use of something constitutes "fair use" within the legal (not internet) definition of that term. Fair use is an extremely limited range of uses that are unlikely to ever apply to you, as a normal human being. In fact, probably the only time you could cite fair use would be if you quoted a passage from a book in a paper that you turned in for a class and the publisher of the book somehow found out about that and tried to sue you. Fair use really only applies to newspapers and schools and only then when they are using brief excerpts of works for certain limited purposes related to their function. And again, if a fair use exception does apply then the newspaper/school in question doesn't need to attribute or otherwise cite the work in question. And just because it always gets raised: "parody" in the context of fair use is an even more *extremely* narrow exception for works that mock a copyrighted work for political purposes. It is very difficult to actually produce a work that qualifies as parody. The vast, vast majority of what people call "parody" is actually legally considered to be satire and satire is explicitly not covered under fair use.


Question: Why does plastic turn white when you bend it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does plastic turn white when you bend it?

Plastics contain lots of very tiny holes. When the plastic is bent, the stress inside the plastic makes the holes get bigger. The empty holes in the plastic scatter the light, and so now the polymer reflects all colors of light instead of its original pigment, and so the plastic appears white.


Question: how does domain and range work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does domain and range work?

Domain is the set (you can think of this as a list, I guess) of all possible inputs to a functions; range is the set of all possible outputs.


Question: Why do some places with open doorways have a "temperature wall" where you can feel a massive change rather than a gradual difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some places with open doorways have a "temperature wall" where you can feel a massive change rather than a gradual difference?

You're probably thinking of one of [these]( URL_0 ). They're called an air curtain, and they're basically just a big blower fan (sometimes with heater). The idea is they blow a curtain of (possibly warm) air down to floor level, across the full width of the opening and their purpose is to keep the indoor, warmed air inside, and the outside air outside, and the point of them is to *stop* the two mixing. They also work to stop insects and other things like that making it inside. Installed properly, the cost of keeping one of those running is far better value than the cost it would take to keep an entire store heated but have a completely open doorway for the heat to rush out.


Question: Is there a way to genetically modify Gum Leaves so that they are more nutritious for koalas? And maybe less flammable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a way to genetically modify Gum Leaves so that they are more nutritious for koalas? And maybe less flammable?

Sure. E.g. we've modified rice so that it now produces Vitamin A. No reason we couldn't do the same for Koalas's Whether they'd still eat it is another matter. There are already foods we could give them that are better but they refuse to eat it as they don't think of it as food.


Question: What does "The price of data exceeded the price of oil" mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does "The price of data exceeded the price of oil" mean?

That headline is just clickbait. All it means is that the biggest companies in the world are now data-based operations (Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, etc) rather than resource extractors like Exxon and Shell.


Question: When old movies say "Filmed in Technicolor", what exactly does that mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When old movies say "Filmed in Technicolor", what exactly does that mean?

It was one camera that had several mirrors in it. Those mirrors reflected the image in front of the camera down 3 different channels. Each of those channels had a filter on it that only allowed one color of light through: red, green, and blue. After passing through the color filter the light would be captured by a piece of black and white film. So now you have three pieces of black and white film, but what each piece of film is *really* telling you is how much of the one color that it had been exposed to was present in the scene. Once you have those three strips of film you dye them to match whatever color they had been exposed to. You now have 3 sets of film which you can place on top of each other to get a complete color picture. But they would go a step further and press the three single color channel films onto a single piece of blank film to create a piece of film with all 3 color channels on it. The process had some shortcomings - notably that each piece of film was only exposed to 1/3 of the total light present. This required the use of blindingly bright lights on the set. Even then, it produced a somewhat darker, more saturated picture than what was being captured such that technicolor films have a very distinct and easily recognized color profile.


Question: Why does Salt turn 'invisible' once dissolved in Water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Salt turn 'invisible' once dissolved in Water?

The bonds between the Na and Cl in the salt crystals are broken, the Na and Cl become + and - ions which get surrounded by water ( H2O). These ions are so very small that they don’t interact with light passing through the water so the water remains clear. Some things dissolve in water but actually if you looked really closely with a powerful microscope - you would see it was not dissolved at all but a very fine suspension ( called a colloid) These particles are big enough to interact with light and cause diffraction which creates a shift in the wavelength of light and results in some pretty interesting colours.


Question: Why do some judges ask a person to pay more alimony/Child Support, than what they make in a month? Or a extremely high % of what they make in a month?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some judges ask a person to pay more alimony/Child Support, than what they make in a month? Or a extremely high % of what they make in a month?

A lot of it is based on previous employment. Say you had a job that made 6000 a month last year, well your wife and you split, and you get depressed and lose the job because of whatever reason. The judge will assume that your previous income is your earning potential and charge accordingly. In most cases this is complete fudge nuggets for the father and he gets hosed on the arrangement. This was probably *and i have no source for this* brought in because of some fathers trying to skip out on alimony by claiming a lower income immediately after a divorce just to stiff the wife while hiding their current income.


Question: What was so important about Hannibal Barca crossing the Alps with elephants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was so important about Hannibal Barca crossing the Alps with elephants?

Well, Hannibal was Phoenician from the state of Carthage. Looking At a map, Carthage used to be around North Africa, specifically around Tunisia. At the time Phoenicians were one of the larger empires and occupied most of the coastal regions around the Mediterranean Sea. In any case, pulling up a map of Italy, you can see that nothern Italy blocked by the Alps which served as a natural barrier against invasion. This is mostly because at the time there were no road systems capable of supporting an invasion force and it would be really easy to set up a defensive position (look up battle 300). Because of this rationale the Romans didn't set up heavy defenses in the north, in stead they focused on the South, where it's easier to invade plus you get naval support. So Hannibal's decision, was strategically crazy because he took his invasion forces and marched across the Alps. He then proceeded to decimate Roman forces even though they had the advantage in numbers and turf. Within I think 2years of fighting Rome had lost almost 20% of their male population? Also his tactics were so profound that the Germans were studying them during WWI.


Question: Why magnet attracts lighter object faster, but earths gravity attracts all objects at same speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why magnet attracts lighter object faster, but earths gravity attracts all objects at same speed?

Gravity and magnetism are very different forces. (This is an ELI5 so this is a very simplified explanation). The force of gravity is proportional to the mass of both objects. In the case of the earth, a high mass object "feels" a higher force and a low mass object "feels" a lower force. The result is that the acceleration is identical since the effects of mass difference essentially "cancel out". (Since acceleration is proportional to the force). The force of magnetism is NOT governed by an object's mass. A high mass object might feel the same magnetic force as a small mass object (operating in the same magnetic field). So this results in greater acceleration for the smaller mass than the high mass object.


Question: How does the U.S. national debt affect regular citizens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the U.S. national debt affect regular citizens?

A chunk of the federal budget goes to servicing the debt. This has been in the ballpark of $300B a year paying interest. 30some percent of that goes to foreign governments and investors, the rest goes to US investors or, somewhat confusingly, the Federal Reserve - which holds 11% of the debt. Government debt isn't really analogous to personal debt since the government sets the interest rates and has the ability to devalue currency, but large debt burdens mean more money goes to investors instead of programs. Some of that money goes overseas and is lost from the US economy.


Question: Whats the chemistry/physics of a corn kernel exploding into a piece of popcorn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the chemistry/physics of a corn kernel exploding into a piece of popcorn?

There is a quantity of water inside the kernel. When heated, the water turns to steam. Steam being much less dense than water, the pressure causes the fun explosion.


Question: - Why does ADD/ADHD medication sometimes make people suicidal while it makes others more productive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does ADD/ADHD medication sometimes make people suicidal while it makes others more productive?

I think the reason that ADHD drugs can give rise to suicidal thoughts in some people is mostly unknown. However the way the drugs work is by releasing and/or inhibiting the 'breakdown' (reuptake) of dopamine, the neurotransmitter most strongly linked to increasing motivation. So if someone is already suicidal, the drugs could give them the motivation to carry out the deed, just like they can motivate people to work or study hard.


Question: Why do we need sunlight to make Vitamin D? Is it possible to make artificial light/ monitors/ screens that could perform the same role as sunlight in that process?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need sunlight to make Vitamin D? Is it possible to make artificial light/ monitors/ screens that could perform the same role as sunlight in that process?

You don't need sunlight specifically. You need ultraviolet light specifically. And sun exposure is the easiest way to get UV exposure that your body needs to synthesize vitamin D


Question: Why do we feel tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel tired?

It's the subject of ongoing research. Unfortunately, that means there are currently no solid answers to that question, or even well supported hypotheses.


Question: Why are presidential terms limited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are presidential terms limited?

People who had experiences with dictators decided it’s a good idea to prevent that. No one human is infallible or irreplaceable. By putting limits, you limit the opportunities for damage one human, however popular, can do.


Question: How does car insurance work and why it is mandatory to have it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does car insurance work and why it is mandatory to have it?

Insurance in general works like this: Everyone involved pays the insurance company regularly. Let's say monthly. When one of them suffers a disaster, the insurance company pays them to help cover the expenses of the disaster. In this way, the financial risk of the disaster is spread across all of the participants and over the duration of their contract instead of just turbo-fucking one person. Everyone can breathe easy knowing that, in a disaster, they won't be fucked financially. Car insurance serves an additional purpose. Some other types do this as well. If my house burns down, I won't end up owing other people money. *However*, if I'm a doctor and I fuck up bigtime, or if I'm driving and I fuck up bigtime, then I may owe someone *else* money. By forcing *me* to have insurance, we protect whoever I might owe money to. Example: I get into a car crash. It was my fault, and I just wrecked some dude's jeep. I'm broke, and I sure as shit can't afford to buy him a new jeep. Do I owe him one? Yes. But, no matter what the law does to me, I simply do not have any money to give him, and he's fucked. If the law requires me to have insurance, then regardless of if I have money, my insurance plan will cover his jeep (or at least, some of it).


Question: ; what is the MBTI personality test, and does it hold any significant scientific validity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; what is the MBTI personality test, and does it hold any significant scientific validity?

It holds absolutely 0 scientific validity, yet everyone still refers to it for some reason. It was not developed using any kind of scientific study, it was just how one woman viewed people.


Question: In the Speed Racer movie, T180's are racecars with wheels that can spin independently, like a shopping cart. Would it be possible to build such a car in real life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the Speed Racer movie, T180's are racecars with wheels that can spin independently, like a shopping cart. Would it be possible to build such a car in real life?

If each wheel has its own electric motor, sure, why not?


Question: How does epsom salt help with muscle soreness and stress?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does epsom salt help with muscle soreness and stress?

It doesn't, at least not in any way that science has been able to confirm. It's generally believed that the hot bath you're pouring the Epsom salts into is where you're getting all the rejuvenating effects, not the salt itself.


Question: how come we can use telescopes to take long exposure images when the world spins?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come we can use telescopes to take long exposure images when the world spins?

Modern telescopes are computer controlled so you can track an object across the sky easily enough. The Earth isn't rotating that fast so it's not really a big issue. Or you can just let it blur and get cool images like [this]( URL_0 )


Question: how do businesses on dragons den/ shark tank value themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do businesses on dragons den/ shark tank value themselves?

There are lots of different ways to value a business, which is why you so often hear the dragons say that someone's valuation is ridiculous; they've come to that valuation based on bad methods or bad data. Usually, the valuation rests on how much money the business is predicted to bring in over a given period of time. That period of time typically depends on the industry. Often, it also includes the assets the business already owns (eg if a coffee shop owns the place it operates out of, that would count towards the valuation), and sometimes the valuation is based on how much money the company expects to get bought for - this is often true for startups, where the explicit goal is to get good enough that a bigger company buys them out.


Question: If I lift a pile of book and carry it towards another table, is work being done on the books?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I lift a pile of book and carry it towards another table, is work being done on the books?

Yes- not from any force in the vertical direction unless you move the pile upwards. The work done comes from the force x the direction of movement- meaning when you move the books horizontally work is done.


Question: how are major food/drink companies allowed to keep recipes secret? Isn’t that a problem due to disclosure laws and the possibility of allergies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are major food/drink companies allowed to keep recipes secret? Isn’t that a problem due to disclosure laws and the possibility of allergies?

You can find a full ingredient list for any fast food chain online. Many will have the info in a pamphlet in person. The ingredients list on nutrition facts in the US lists things from largest quantity to smallest quantity, but it won't tell you that theres a tablespoon of paprika in a whole pack of hotdogs or anything that specific. Plus, many ingredients can fall under "natural flavors" or "spices". And that's perfectly legal


Question: How do vegetation like tree and plants grow on newly formed islands?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do vegetation like tree and plants grow on newly formed islands?

Bird poop. Seeds can land via wind, poop, travel over the ocean, etc. Many different ways.


Question: if I suspend freely a piece of red hot steel in a vacuum, what (if anything) gets hot? The space around it? The walls of the vacuum? And how soon will the steel cool down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if I suspend freely a piece of red hot steel in a vacuum, what (if anything) gets hot? The space around it? The walls of the vacuum? And how soon will the steel cool down?

Due to the absence of particles, conduction and convection cannot occur. Hence radiation is the only method of heat transfer between the rod and the walls of the vacuum and the space around it. (Radiation is also how the sun gives earth heat energy.


Question: How does cooking something cause it to gain more carbohydrates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cooking something cause it to gain more carbohydrates?

Fiber in foods represents inaccessible carbohydrates because your body can't break fiber down. However, when you cook fiber it can sometimes break down in the cooking process into something your body actually can use, and therefore increase the carbohydrates your body takes from the food.


Question: How does a chemical computer work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a chemical computer work?

A normal computer basically uses a long series of switches that flip on and off based on the states of other switches. A program is just a list of what switches to flip in what order. A chemical computer does the same thing but uses chemical reactions as switches. The concentration of chemicals determines the state of each switch. Currently chemical computers are extremely limited in that we can barely get them to do simple math. This article has a bit more detail URL_0


Question: Why can neurotransmitter receptors in the brain not become damaged with excessive use of say drugs, but insulin receptors can become damaged when consuming too much sugar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can neurotransmitter receptors in the brain not become damaged with excessive use of say drugs, but insulin receptors can become damaged when consuming too much sugar?

Okay there's a big misunderstanding here, I'm not actually sure where to start. Receptors don't get "damaged," at least not even remotely in the way you think. Receptors are just proteins, they bind a ligand and they do some effect in turn. You have a huge amount of these receptors per cell. Activating a receptor excessively with its ligand or with a drug will in turn excessively sitmulate its downstream effects. Cells sense there is too much signaling coming via that pathway and so they adapt by, for example, reducing the amount of new receptors they make. Receptors are constantly in a state of dynamic recycling. They often get internalized and destroyed and the cell makes new ones. If the cell decides to make less or destroy more, you have less of that receptor on the cell membrane, and then less signaling despite excessive ligand/drug. So it's an adaptation. Insulin is a hormone, it binds its receptor to induce changes in cells like uptake of glucose and anabolic things (building things). Sugar increases the level of the insulin released, sugar has no "receptor," it's sensed by the beta cells. Type 2 diabetes onset happens when two factors occur. First the insulin resistance rises (meaning cells around the body don't respond to insulin as well as they did before) and second, the beta cells try to compensate by making and secreting more insulin until a point where they decompensate meaning they cannot meet the demands. At that point, blood sugar begins to rise even at basal levels. Why insulin resistance happens? That's not entirely known but the evidence shows its far more complex than a simple adaptation at the single cell level. It has to do with a bunch of other hormones that are affected by a bunch of things like obesity.


Question: Why has the response to rising economic inequality been reducing taxes for the rich?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has the response to rising economic inequality been reducing taxes for the rich?

The honest answer is most countries have no interest in doing anything about income inequality. I am unaware of any law that has been passed that was specifically made to address income inequality. The reasons for this are many, but the simple answer is no one is doing anything with intention of changing income inequality.


Question: Why does “North” = “Up” and when did mapmakers all decide on this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does “North” = “Up” and when did mapmakers all decide on this?

Some early Egyptian maps put south on top, while in medieval Europe, Christian cartographers tended to give that distinction to east, since you had to turn that way to face Jerusalem. Others placed east on top because of the rising Sun (that’s why we *orient* ourselves). And early American settlers sometimes used maps with west on top, because that was the direction they were often heading. In the 2nd century, Claudius Ptolemy wrote the influential *Geographia*, which featured a “global” map with north on top. No one’s positive why he positioned it that way, but it may be that the Library of Alexandria—where he did his research—simply didn’t have much information on the Southern Hemisphere. it was *then*, now it follows the *Magnetic North* which was not located until 1831. On an expedition to Arctic, British explorer James Clark Ross discovered the pole—the spot where a compass needle on a horizontal axis points straight down—on the west coast of Canada's Boothia peninsula. it's just by convention (mutual agreement) that North is the top of the map The word north is related to the Old High German nord, both descending from the Proto-Indo-European unit *ner-, meaning "left; below" as north is to left when facing the rising sun. Similarly, the other cardinal directions are also related to the sun's position. ___ shamelessly stolen from [1]( URL_1 ), [2]( URL_0 )


Question: If the amazon echo doesn’t start processing audio until you say “Alexa”, how does it know when you say it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the amazon echo doesn’t start processing audio until you say “Alexa”, how does it know when you say it?

To put it as simply as possible, this is the process that happens: 1. There is a chip that is always listening in the echo. It doesn't record, doesn't transmit to Amazon. 2. When this chip hears the wake word (Alexa, Amazon, Echo or Computer, whatever you have set) it activates a buffer, recording a bit (less than a few seconds) 3. This is sent up to Amazon where their better processing (their servers are obviously more powerful than an echo) verifies the wake word was said 4. If the wake word wasn't said, the buffer is purged. If not, the buffer gets analyzed along with any continued speech for commands The buffer is used so it is smooth, otherwise, you'd have to say "Alexa" wait for it to verify, with a pause, then state your command. The couple second buffer allows smoother "Alexa, turn on the lights" type commands


Question: If breaking the sound barrier makes a sonic boom, what would the equivalent reaction be for breaking the light barrier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If breaking the sound barrier makes a sonic boom, what would the equivalent reaction be for breaking the light barrier?

There is a thing called [Cherenkov radiation]( URL_0 ), which happens when particles are travelling faster than the speed of light in that medium. It happens around nuclear reactors, when β and γ particles, travelling at close to the speed of light in a vacuum, travel through the surrounding cooling water. The speed of light in water is about 0.7 times the speed of light in a vacuum (*c*), so these particles have to shed their energy and slow down, which they do by emitting a pale blue light.


Question: - What do Defense lawyers get out of defending mass murderers, knowing they will lose the case?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What do Defense lawyers get out of defending mass murderers, knowing they will lose the case?

The goal isn't to win and get the client off the hook in a lot of cases. At some point it ends up as making sure that the clients rights aren't infringed upon. This can include things like making sure evidence was handled correctly, the jury is impartial, and the charges fit the crime.


Question: Why does the skin under your nails need your nails to protect it? Why and how is it different to the rest of your skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the skin under your nails need your nails to protect it? Why and how is it different to the rest of your skin?

You have it the wrong way round. That skin is sensitive because your nails grow over it, so it never needs to get as tough as the rest of your skin. You may not think of nails as that important because, as an evolved Human, you don't use them much in day-to-day life, but look at how other species use them. That's what they're there for - not to protect skin.


Question: How does a coil generate a magnetic force?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a coil generate a magnetic force?

When electrical current flows through a conductor, it creates a magnetic field around the wire. This field is oriented such that the lines of Force revolve around the axis of the wire. When this wire is coiled, aligns all of these magnetic fields into one large magnetic field. Essentially, it adds the magnetic forces together. Vsauce has a very good video on this on YouTube. Electricity and magnetism are very closely related. If you are interested in learning more about the physics behind these phenomena, I suggest picking up a copy of a book I studied while I was in middle school, entitled “Physics Simplified”. It contained many helpful explanations. It served for me as an ELI5, except it was an ELI11 because I was 11. I believe a pdf May be available online, but I was unable to find it as I am on mobile.


Question: Why can't we voluntarily hallucinate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we voluntarily hallucinate?

What purpose would that serve? Why would that have made our early ancestors any more likely to survive and pass on that trait? Evolution does not achieve perfection. It achieves "good enough".


Question: What is a "resort fee" and who decides their price?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "resort fee" and who decides their price?

To my understanding, a resort fee is a flat rate charge which covers access to the extra ammenities a hotel may offer. Rather than charging for individual services such as the pool, spa, massage, or whatever else (I don't know what those would be because I usually just go to a hotel only to sleep) or other extras they can all be had at a flat rate. It seems to be legal only in the USA and Canada and explicitly illegal in most other places. My issue is that its a semi-hidden cost when you look for a room on an online site like Expedia. To my knowledge there's no way to opt out of the resort fee (and thus resort services) so why not just include it in the advertised price? As for who determines the price, the hotel itself does. they can vary from 20 to way over 100.


Question: how much money (in $ worth) is actually circulating around the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how much money (in $ worth) is actually circulating around the world?

I think you’re asking is how much much currency is in circulation which is a separate question from much money there is. As of September 9th there was $1,980,000,000,000 in circulation, according to the Fed’s website. According to Wikipedia, the 2016 value of worldwide circulating currency was just under 4.7 trillion US dollars.


Question: Why hasn't anyone made women's pants that have functional pockets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't anyone made women's pants that have functional pockets?

My view on this has always been that women's jeans are designed without pockets to help sell other products. If they have no storage built into their clothing they will have to buy an accessory such as a handbag or backpack which allows a company to have a larger variety of products.


Question: Can somebody explain the concept of 'pi' to me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can somebody explain the concept of 'pi' to me?

Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. Let's say you have bicycle, and you measure the diameter of the front wheel. Let's say it's 28 inches. Now, you mark the part touching the ground with a white marker, as well as the point in the ground. Next, you walk the bicycle until the front wheel has turned one revolution and the white mark is again touching the ground. If you now measure the distance you walked your bicycle, you will notice that it's a bit over three times 28 inches. That's where pi comes into play: the circumference is 28 times pi. That's basically it. If you have a circle with a diameter of 1, you know that the circumference is equal to pi. But why is pi 3.1415926...? That's because a perfect circle happens to have that ratio between its circumference and its diameter. So yeah, pi is used to make calculations about circles. They're also used when you do math involving radians. People usually tend to use degrees for angular measurements because it's a tad more intuitive; 360 degrees is one full revolution, 180 degrees is half a turn, 90 degrees is a quarter turn and so on. However, radians make sense as well in a different way. A full revolution in radians is 2pi, and so half a revolution is pi radians. This may be a bit confusing at first, but it comes from the definition of a radian: it's the angle determined by an arc with a length of the circle's radius (radius is half of the diameter). It's a bit easier to understand with this [GIF from Wikipedia]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why is seemingly every TV's volume unbearably loud at like 30/100? What is the last 70% for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is seemingly every TV's volume unbearably loud at like 30/100? What is the last 70% for?

many people have many needs. not every TV is placed in a bedroom or a living room. most are, but people have different uses for TVs. a bar, a school, small auditorium, office etc where they'd need for it to be louder


Question: | How does a computer calculate sin/cos/tan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 | How does a computer calculate sin/cos/tan?

They either use a look up table, or some sort of easily computable approximation like [CORDIC]( URL_0 ). These don't give exact results, but computers have limited precision, so results only need to be correct up to the available precision.


Question: What is a confidence interval?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a confidence interval?

At a simple level, it is the range of some value that you are confident (to a pre-defined level such as 95%) that some quantity, measurement, dimension etc falls within. So if I make 1 million widgets that are designed to be 100mm long, and I measure 1000 of them. I will get a distribution of lengths that is probably a normal distribution. So I can do some stats and say that 95% of all my widgets will fall between e.g. 98.2 and 101.8 mm.


Question: why do divers wear their oxygen bottles with the exit valve pointing up, but firefighters with the exit valve pointing down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do divers wear their oxygen bottles with the exit valve pointing up, but firefighters with the exit valve pointing down?

Divers are going to watch their heads and are in a mostly open area with very little heavy falling debris, so putting the oxygen valve up near the head allows it to be safer in the case of cramped spaces, and limits the hoses required to get the oxygen to the facemask. Firefighters have to worry a lot more about falling debris and dangling wires and pipes, and worry less about the pressures of being underwater, so they use a longer hose and put the tanks on valves down, so a falling beam is more likely to strike the sturdy bottom of the tank and not the relatively fragile valves that release oxygen.


Question: How do diet drinks have zero calories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do diet drinks have zero calories?

Zero calorie drinks typically have extremely strong sweeteners that can taste just as sweet as sugar with less than a hundredth as much of the compound by weight. Most of what is in a zero calorie drink is just water. The tiny amounts of other compounds add up to less than 1 calorie per serve, and so the drinks can be legally marketed as having 0 calories.


Question: Why does everyonw say you need a surplus of calories to gain muscle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyonw say you need a surplus of calories to gain muscle?

The maths is that building muscle requires calories, like any other process in your body. A low carb diet is somewhat irrelevant, you are still getting sufficient calories. High protein diets are better for muscle growth than high carb anyway. The reason why it is a good idea to eat more - especially proteins - post workout is because of an amino acid called leucine. This is the "switch" that lets the body build muscles. You can't synthesise it, you have to get it from meat, fish, dairy, beans or tofu. It's also something that gets depleted post-workout. So if you workout and don't eat afterwards, you will build muscles more slowly than you would do otherwise. You will still build muscle, in the same way if you put a pan of water on half heat it will still boil. But you are not giving your body the tools to build the optimum amount it can do naturally. Obviously if you starve yourself you will not build muscle and eventually your body will cannibalise the muscles you have. This is most evidence in anorexics, who often do excessive amounts of exercise but have severe muscle wasting.


Question: Why are humans rather obsessed with having most of things set to an even number? It's almost an internal crime to set the volume on the TV to 19 instead of 20, or set the brightness to 59 instead of 60.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are humans rather obsessed with having most of things set to an even number? It's almost an internal crime to set the volume on the TV to 19 instead of 20, or set the brightness to 59 instead of 60.

It might have to do with the common exaggerated fear for odd numbers. Imparnumerophobia (from Latin impar, "odd", and numerus, "number") is the fear of odd numbers. Imparnumerophobes would make sure everything they do is even, like the amount of foods eaten. Some sufferers may bear less of the odd numbers whose sum of the digits is an even number, like 13 (1+3=4), than odd numbers that sum up to odd number, like 25 (2+5=7). Few sufferers may not unbear odd numbers divisible by a certain number, like by 3 or 5. Taken from phobia.wiki


Question: Why do slippers squeak when they get wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do slippers squeak when they get wet?

Water in between the surface of the floor and the rubber bottom of the slipper creates a situation with incomplete grip and it’s basically the sound of the rubber sliding around.


Question: how did the TV, computer, and telephone have such a vast reduction in size and are able to do you so much more at a much higher quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did the TV, computer, and telephone have such a vast reduction in size and are able to do you so much more at a much higher quality?

The main technology that makes all of that happen is the transistor - a little gate that can let electricity through or prevent it from flowing through. Currently, they are as small as single-digit nanometers in length. Thats significantly smaller than a human hair. The technology needed to be able to manufacture that level of precision is not something we've had access to for long. Our ability to manufacture those transistors at smaller and smaller sizes is ultimately what has been the limiting factor. Over time, we've seen these shrink at a pretty predictable rate - and the advancements made in every sector that relies on them have improved along with them.


Question: How do they get words or images on latex balloons? What kind of substance is it that it stretches with the balloon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they get words or images on latex balloons? What kind of substance is it that it stretches with the balloon?

It isn't any kind of special ink that magically stretches. They inflate the balloon to its expected capacity and print the image/text onto the balloon while inflated.


Question: Why can't honey go "bad"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't honey go "bad"?

Honey is 'hyperosmotic'. Simply put: its extremely concentrated sugars with very little water. When bacteria gets into honey the water inside the bacteria gets pulled out of the bacteria and it shrivels and dies. Like a grape becoming a raisin.