Question: What is a financial crash and how does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a financial crash and how does it happen?

The economy has a lot of factors that go into play here, but basically a recession occures when there isn't enough spending. When unemployment is too high. People don't have money to spend. Therefore companies aren't making as much money, which in turn, gets resolved by more layoffs to recover the losses. More people without jobs means that companies have less potential customers. Which is why Ford was a big landmark company since they retained employees and kept wages consistent back in the early 19xx's.


Question: A river running over millions of years eventually create a valley or in extreme cases the Grand Canyon. Why are there not more examples of extreme canyons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A river running over millions of years eventually create a valley or in extreme cases the Grand Canyon. Why are there not more examples of extreme canyons?

Making a canyon like the Grand Canyon requires a fast-moving, narrow river running over the right kind of rock. Rivers running over softer soils carve out huge valleys instead. The Mississippi River Valley is dozens of miles wide for most of the river's length.


Question: Why do the newer call of duty games take up so much space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the newer call of duty games take up so much space?

A combination of the use of photogrammetry, HD assets and poor compression and optimization.


Question: Why adding @, & , *, #,%,etc makes your password stronger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why adding @, & , *, #,%,etc makes your password stronger?

It makes for more different possibilities of what each character could be, and it makes it so your password won't be found in a dictionary. So eg: if your password was only numbers (0-9) and lowercase letters (a-z) then each character has 36 possibilities, right? so a 5 character password would have 36\*36\*36\*36\*36 possibilities. Now say you add uppercase letters and 15 different special characters. Now there are 77 possibilities per character, so 77\*77\*77\*77\*77 possibilities for what your password could be. Edit: I understand there's more to it and the latest suggestions have changed to using a longer password/password managers instead, this was just trying to explain the basic premise of OP's question.


Question: why is touching a butterflies wings bad? What is the "dust" on their wings that makes them fly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is touching a butterflies wings bad? What is the "dust" on their wings that makes them fly?

Butterflies have mini scales (that dust you mentioned) on their wings, they are strengthening their fragile wings so they won't tear, by touching them you "scrape" those scales off and you make their wings membrane vulnerable to injuries. Worth mentioning that those scales can't regrow


Question: What’s the difference between an Ira, Roth IRA and IRA roll over?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between an Ira, Roth IRA and IRA roll over?

Super high-level explanation, but there are things like contribution limits, income restrictions, etc. that are also different for each scenario and change each year or so. & nbsp; Traditional IRA = You pay tax when you withdraw funds, typically in retirement & nbsp; Roth IRA = You pay tax now on funds added / funds added after they've been taxed & nbsp; Rollover = Typically a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA where you pay taxes on the traditional IRA amount and do not have to pay taxes when the funds are withdrawn


Question: Why is the derivative of kinetic energy, momentum? ( reasoning without formulas if possible)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the derivative of kinetic energy, momentum? ( reasoning without formulas if possible)

The derivative of kinetic energy over time is power, i.e. the amount of energy spent or accumulated over a given period of time. The derivative of kinetic energy over speed is momentum, but that does not necessarily make some physical sense.


Question: What does it mean that mp3 is now "dead"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean that mp3 is now "dead"?

MP3 isn't dead from a consumer POV. It's actually better than ever. A patent is when you essentially say "I have invented this method of doing *something* on this date, and anyone who creates something using that method has to get my permission." For example, you might patent the technique of printing photos by combining streams of different primary-coloured ink. If the patent office in your country approves that, you have exclusive rights to make any printers using that technique. There were people who claimed patents on parts of the MP3 format and the methods to use MP3 files. Depending on where you lived, if you wanted to make a device or a program that dealt with MP3s, you had to pay those people a fee. Software patents are a messy thing that varies a ton by region so it was a hassle and could be expensive. But patents don't last forever. They usually last 20 years, with some differences and grace periods and so on. Last month, the last of the MP3-related patents expired in the US. This means that now, any programmer who wants to can create their own MP3 playing or recording software without needing to seek permission or pay fees. And any company who wants to make a music player can do the same, can support MP3 files freely. MP3 will still be widely used. MP3 files won't break. There are no security concerns. Systems won't stop supporting it -- MP3 files are incredibly popular (and now implementing support is free and easy) so pretty much all consumer stuff is going to support them for decades. MP3 was 'replaced' long ago, in the sense that better, more efficient formats have been invented, which give you better quality at the same size, or the same quality at a lower size. These are pretty popular (iTunes prefers AAC files for example) already. But a 320k MP3 is already good enough quality to serve 99.99% of people out there, and small enough that on modern systems people can store loads of them no worries. So there hasn't been a huge shift towards other formats -- MP3 is 'good enough.' Unlike video formats, where we keep adopting new ones because video consumes a ton of data and we can still benefit from better and better quality, so every new improvement is appreciated.


Question: How prehistorical people dealt with their nails and hairs ? Even tho there were no fashion style back then, i assume it would get difficult to hunt and all with very long nails and hairs

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How prehistorical people dealt with their nails and hairs ? Even tho there were no fashion style back then, i assume it would get difficult to hunt and all with very long nails and hairs

Nails do get worn down when you use them. Even today not everyone needs to clip their nails as they use their hands enough to wear them down. We do not know very much about hairs though as most hair grooming tools would have rotted away before we could find it. But we do have some prehistoric combs which indicates people were taking care of their hair. And a lot of the stone knifes we find is sharp enough to cut hair. So it is very unlikely that people had long unkempt hair. But we do not know much about the hair styles which were popular for hunter gatherers.


Question: Why does the moon look like it is covered in asteroid craters, but Earth doesn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the moon look like it is covered in asteroid craters, but Earth doesn’t?

A few reasons: 1. Plate tectonics. The Earth has plates that move, sink under each other, and re-emerge as lava elsewhere. The Moon has no tectonic activity. 2. Speaking of lava: volcanoes. The Moon doesn't have those, either. 3. Most importantly, erosion. The Earth has water and wind, which erode rock over time. There's no erosion on the Moon. 4. And let's not forget life. Plants and animals modify the landscape.


Question: Why sweat is saltier than tears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why sweat is saltier than tears?

Sweat and tears have close to the same salinity. So why does sweat taste so salty? It's because sweat cools you off by evaporation. The water evaporates but the salt stays behind. With more and more sweating, that means more and more salt stays behind. Hence the salty taste


Question: - why do things in the background appear wobbly when heat rises if it is transparent gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - why do things in the background appear wobbly when heat rises if it is transparent gas?

Hot air rises because it have lower density then cold air. Different densities of air have different optical properties. So you end up with light refracting and bending as it moves between the different layers of air. Since the boundaries between the layers are wobbly and constantly moving light will change direction all the time giving you a wobbly picture.


Question: What contributes to a room or space becoming "stuffy" and how can our bodies tell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What contributes to a room or space becoming "stuffy" and how can our bodies tell?

Primarily it is a lack of air movement. Your bodies tell by the pocket of warm air around your body warmed by your body heat stops being disrupted thus hindering your body cooling properly. You tell by the odors around you (and from you) not moving about and becoming stale. And there are many other smaller cues.


Question: What would actually happen if someone dropped a nuke/large bomb into a hurricane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would actually happen if someone dropped a nuke/large bomb into a hurricane?

[You’d turn the regular hurricane into a radioactive hurricane]( URL_0 ). Nukes are puny compared to the size and total energy of a hurricane.


Question: What caused Pangea to separate and why did the landmasses separate in those directions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What caused Pangea to separate and why did the landmasses separate in those directions?

The answer to both questions is Plate Tectonics. Earth's surface is made up of a series of giant 'plates' of material that slowly movee around the planet. They do this because right below the continents is a layer of rock that is very hot (due to the pressure caused by the continental plates), and not rigid like surface rocks, allowing for very slow movement of the plates resting on top. Over time, these plates drift around the world, periodically merging and breaking apart. Pangaea was only one of many such supercontinents. There were others before that looked very different. URL_0 These are the plates that make up our world. the shape of the continents and how they used to look and how they split apart is just a natural result of all of them constantly, slowly moving against each other.


Question: What's the diference between a car alternator, and a car generator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the diference between a car alternator, and a car generator?

Older cars used generators. They developed DC to charge the battery direct. Unfortunately they were very inefficient at idle speeds. An alternator generates AC, then has a rectifier in it to convert to DC, these work more effectively at idle speeds, hence the now common use for them.


Question: how did we document time before Christ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did we document time before Christ?

The same way we do now. The invention of AD and BC was popularized by scholars to make the birth of Christ an important part of history however how we actually track time (24 hours in a day, 30(ish) days in a month, 12 months and a year) did not change. Different cultures used different starting points as their "beginning" but they just counted up years. This happens every so often in different cultures. Something they deem super important happens and they make it the new start of the calendar. Like in North Korea they start the calendar in 1912 because that is when Kim Il-sung was born. It is currently year 106 in North Korea.


Question: How do we know which part of our brain does what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know which part of our brain does what?

Injuries, basically people with injuries to certain parts of the brain either can't do or have great difficulty with specific things, hence that part of the brain is involved in that activity.


Question: Why is the United States tax system so complicated and inconvenient?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the United States tax system so complicated and inconvenient?

One person’s inconvenience is another’s free pass. The tax code is written by special interests to benefit their *special interests*. The result is a mess that caters to the powerful and leaves the rest of us to fend for ourselves the best we can.


Question: If MLM's are widely seen as modern day pyramid schemes. Why are they not considered to be illegal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If MLM's are widely seen as modern day pyramid schemes. Why are they not considered to be illegal?

They exploit a loophole in the laws because they can function as a normal business. You can just make money by selling herbal supplements, or whatever the MLM's product is. So in theory, you could just be good at selling their product and not need to engage in the pyramid scheme elements of the MLM. But in practice, most people get caught up in that side of things.


Question: Why aren't all plastics recyclable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't all plastics recyclable?

So there's a weird thing about chemistry... Any stable compound needs to have energy added to it before it can change to any other stable compound. That's why you have to light explosives or smack them really hard or whatever. So every combination of atoms that form molecules is stable if, and only if, all of the electrons can find basically a tiny lowland valley in their energy chart. So raw petroleum, and coal, All started as plant material, The oil of various algae and plants. They all got buried at once, where at once means over the course of the same million or 100 million years etc, and then the heat and pressure of the Earth basically jammed more and more individual oil molecules into longer and longer chains. So in a refinery what's really happening is that, slowly, crude oil is being pumped into the refinery tower and the application of heat and pressure allows useful molecules to be sorted into different layers and pumped away. The most volatile chemicals are things like acetone, which is very light and rise to the top, and beneath that is gasoline and beneath that is kerosene and so forth. Down at the very bottom just above the ash is where we find things like molten plastics and petroleum jelly. This entire refinery process is called cracking, and it sorts the useful parts from the toxic parts from the dangerous parts from the ashy useless parts. So when virgin plastic pellets of the various grades are made, basically that liquid stack has the particular chemicals they're interested in siphoned off and allowed to cool. In the case of plastics it's usually looks like a whole bunch of little tiny white pellets. And different pellets have different grades, and different grades of pellets will only bond with pellets of similar grades. I mean they'll bond with anything but they'll only bond well and uniformly with similar molecules. The entire field of chemical science is figuring out what bonds with what. The thing we're actually missing is that we have no way to recreate the original petroleum that we got out of the ground. We basically need to take the ash, the chunks of plastic, the Vaseline, the gasoline, the acetone, and just everything else and put it in chamber and supply it with a whole bunch of heat and a whole bunch of pressure for a whole bunch of time in order to recreate the crude oil. And people have tried to do this. There's one process that uses microwaves and wave guides and hydraulic presses and some other stuff to recreate crude oil more or less, but it's not as good as the real thing because we can't take the time and energy necessary to put it back into original equipment position. We also can't do it in bulk (as of yet). So when we're recycling plastic, most of the time we're just taking shreds of plastic, heating it up and jamming it together. A plastic bottle doesn't become a new plastic bottle, on average plastic bottle becomes a bench. The other thing is we have an unpleasant tendency to do things like color our plastics and add things like BPA to keep it flexible instead of letting it get brittle and stuff like that. We're basically polluting the plastic when we make it. So we have no way to get the plastic pollution out, and we have no way to gather up everything we need to make new petroleum out of the old stuff because we do things like burn kerosene and gasoline and throw acetone away and stuff like that. So you're basically trying to unbake a cake when you recycle. Advanced polymer chemistry is sort of like solving millions of individual jigsaw puzzles, and we've got certain ways to work them in one direction, but we don't really have any ways to work them reliably in the other direction. So we've got a very limited number of processes we can use to "reuse plastic", but we got something half as good and nowhere near as flexible as the stuff we started with. Unbake a cake, un-boil an egg, turn an adult into a child again Somebody else talked about injection molded versus pressure molded. But that's just the details. The stuff that turns the empty butter tub yellow and leaves it soft instead of brittle is far worse for future recycling the van the means of molding. The means of molding are important, I'm not saying they're not, part of the reason they're important is because of the chemicals we add to it and the different temperatures we use in the various processes. The thing is we used to have the perfect material for doing our soda bottles. We called it glass. Glass can be used again and again, particularly clear glass. And we used to use paper for bags until the plastic industry decided to convince us that we were killing trees and we should really use plastic, and now we've got a garbage patch in the ocean. We simply cannot make the furnace presses necessary to properly recycle any plastic at scale. So even if you think you recycling, a lot of it's just getting thrown away later, and most of the stuff that is getting recycled isn't being turned back into what it was that you just used. A bottle never becomes a bottle, a bottle becomes a parking stop in a parking lot. And then that can't be recycled at all. The sad and simple truth is that most chemical processes are very difficult to reverse, particularly if you've extracted energy in the process of performing them because it's hard to put exactly the energy you took out back in. The entire idea that recycling is the solution to plastic waste is basically blame shifting. If you perfectly recycled everything in your life most of it would still get redirected to the landfill after made you feel good to put it in a little blue bin. I'm not saying it's not worth doing, but it is not the solution, it's the guilt trip run by the industry. If we went to glass bottles and reserved the petroleum products for the rarefied processes and truly important products like medical plastics we could solve a lot of problems. We'd recycle the glass, and yeah we'd burn the medical waste or whatever, but then plastic would be a boutique industry instead of a gold rush. Edit: I corrected some of the mess made by my voice to text app. I'm sure there's much more mess in there. But I got a screwed up right hand right now so I can really do more than dictate into my phone.


Question: How do stem cells replicate? What are they made of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stem cells replicate? What are they made of?

A STEM cell is just a cell that isn't differentiated. What does this mean? Well, all of the cells in your body have the same set of DNA in them, but a neuron is obviously very different from a muscle cell. That's because although they have the same set of DNA, the neuron "reads" a different subset of DNA than a muscle cell. In animal cells, once a cell "decides" what kind of cell it's going to be, it's set pretty irreversibly down that path. Stem cells are just cells that are undifferentiated-- they haven't "decided" what type of cell they want to be, so they can be any kind of cell. Most stem cells in your body exist to replace certain kinds of cells that die, like skin, blood, or gut cells. Stem cells also repair wounds, or replace disease-fighting cells in your immune system. How do cells know how to turn into a different type of cell? Signals from other cells trigger "switches" that start the cell down some developmental path.


Question: Why is it that when hot water is poured in a glass with powder, it dissolves quickly but when cold water is poured, it formes clumps and doesn't dissolve easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when hot water is poured in a glass with powder, it dissolves quickly but when cold water is poured, it formes clumps and doesn't dissolve easily?

The ability for a liquid solvent (such as water) to dissolve a solid solute (such as powder) depends, in part, on the temperature of the solvent. One simple way of thinking about it is: Heat = Energy; Energy = Motion of Atoms. The faster the atoms are moving (more energy/heat) the more space there is between them and this is the space that would accommodate the solid particles of the powder. More space = more powder dissolved. Less heat = less energy = less speed = less space = less powder dissolved.


Question: - Why does different software drain my mobile phone battery vastly differently, even if doing the same thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does different software drain my mobile phone battery vastly differently, even if doing the same thing?

Different video codecs and qualities require more CPU power to process. In addition, Disney is going to be sending a stream that is protected by HDCP (basically encryption that goes all the way through to the monitor, preventing software from just copying it). This requires extra CPU power beyond just the quality/codec changes.


Question: Why does salt make everything taste more like itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does salt make everything taste more like itself?

Salt is used as a universal flavor improver because at low concentrations it will reduce bitterness, but increase sweet, sour and umami, which is desirable for sweet recipes. But at higher concentrations it suppresses sweetness and enhances umami, which is good for savoury things. It’s also easily obtained in a pure form without any interfering flavors. URL_0 )


Question: Why do several of my devices have the same Ip address?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do several of my devices have the same Ip address?

Your home internet connection only has 1 public IP address, so every device connected to it will have the same public IP. So your router can tell the difference, each device connected will be assigned a different private IP address, but that address is only used within your home network.


Question: Why do humans get such an immense sense of security and safety if we go under the covers when we get scared in bed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans get such an immense sense of security and safety if we go under the covers when we get scared in bed?

I’m not a scientist or anything, but I’d hazard a guess that it’s a learned behaviour and reaction from being a child and being tucked in/ looked after by someone.


Question: Why is it when you watch a tv show or a movie at home, when characters are talking it is really quiet, but music and sound effects are really loud?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you watch a tv show or a movie at home, when characters are talking it is really quiet, but music and sound effects are really loud?

movies are mixed in surround sound (5.1 or higher) dialogue is usually in the center/ sfx and others in rear channels and left right tvs that only have one or two speakers can't properly play 5.1 so it down mixes it to 2 channel audio and what you get is low dialogue drowned out by music etc & #x200B; you're trying to output 5 channel audio into something that only has 2 channels, so what you get won't be ideal and this is the result


Question: when swiping (or inserting) a card, how does the card transfer its information to the machine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when swiping (or inserting) a card, how does the card transfer its information to the machine?

Your information is stored either in a magnetic strip (similar to a hard disk drive) or in a chip that the card reader has an interface too (like the metal bits In a charger) When connected the reader reads the information and confirms with a site whether the pin is correct and whether you have enough money to purchase the goods. If so it sends a code authorising the payment to the reader allowing you to go about the day and deducts it from your account


Question: Why do some viruses live longer on inanimate surfaces than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some viruses live longer on inanimate surfaces than others?

Viruses are basically just a strand of RNA, covered by a capsule of proteins that has the ability to force that RNA into specific kinds of living cells. Where they are able to survive and for how long, depends on how the virus's exterior is build up and what environmental condition it's exposed to. Like, are there chemicals involved that damage the virus's hull or it's RNA? Or radiation (UV, perhaps?) that does so instead? It's a little bit like letting a car just stand in a forest for 30 years. How quickly it rusts and how long it 'survives' is dependent on how it is built and what environmental conditions the car is exposed to in said forest.


Question: When things like video games, Pro sports worship, and TV are accused of zombifying people and helping the elite keep the masses complacent, why is music never included in this criticism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When things like video games, Pro sports worship, and TV are accused of zombifying people and helping the elite keep the masses complacent, why is music never included in this criticism?

Probably because it has been around a lot longer and is seen as different. Listening to music can also be a very passive activity and can be done while doing other things and doesn't require engagement unless you are watching it performed live.


Question: ; What's that throbbing on the side of our heads when we chew?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; What's that throbbing on the side of our heads when we chew?

That is your jaw muscles. URL_0 If the throbbing is painful you should see a doctor.


Question: Why are some smokers able to live to a very old age?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some smokers able to live to a very old age?

Because smoking isn't the garunteed cancer death that people seem to believe it is. Smoking will not give you cancer; smoking will *dramatically* increase the odds of you getting cancer. That may not seem like a very large distinction, but I assure you it is.


Question: What is a wave in science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a wave in science?

In science a wave is an oscilating disturbance through a medium. There ya go.. but really wtf does that mean. A medium is a collection of individual things. These things could be anything your heart desires. Air, water(made of individual molocules). A slinky, or string are made up molocules to.. For this lets use a chain. But each individual thing in a medium is in some way affect by its neighbor. Lets use a chain for example. The chain as a whole is the medium Each link in the chain is tied to the other. Imagine a chain laying on the floor if you pick up one single link in the chain and hold it your going to pull a few others up too. You have disturbed one link directly. But because each pulls its neighbor up you actually caused a disturbance in many. Put the chain back on the ground and bam all links are again undisturbed. But what if you lift the chain up and down really fast. Like whip it. Well you caused the same kind of disturbance as picking it up, but with higher energy. You put the energy into the first link. And then thant energy when to The next link. And every link passes a bit of that energy to the next, and that causes each link to "jump". This is a Pulse. But each link only moves up and down. Its because no link can move without its neighbor, the "jump" moves through the chain. The disturbance moves through the medium. Now you do this, whip the chain up and down twice. You see 2 of these pulses go down the chain. That is a wave the start of a wave. If you do it again and again and again you are "oscilating" the first link. This continues to cause the chain to jump over and over as long as you keep whipping it. You are continuing to put energy into the chain and that energy transfer causes a disturbance of each link and its neighbor and its neighbor and so on. Now there you have it a wave.


Question: what is the GamerGate controversy and why did it happen ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the GamerGate controversy and why did it happen ?

It started as an ethics in journalism controversy in 2014\* when game developer Zoe Quinn was accused of sleeping with game journalists to get positive reviews on her game (important to note these accusations arose after her ex made a "revenge post" and there was no evidence). Then it was picked up by 4-chan and turned into a bullying campaign against women in video games, effectively accusing them all of being sluts and only working in video games for attention, and also attacking any men who defended them as cucks (this was actually its rise to prominence as an insult). The whole thing spiralled out of control, especially on twitter, and became co-opted by 4-chan far-right hate groups (and actual neo-nazis) who tried to turn it into an actual GamerGate movement (they made an anime girl-gamer mascot and everything). They realised that it was a way to tap into angry young white males and push them into reactionaries against "social justice". Steve Bannon, co-founder and at the time executive chair of Breitbart who was attempting to create a space for the self described "alt-right", picked up on GamerGate and it's believed he began to fund efforts to create a Trump-loving political movement targetted at the same "gamers" (which may have become The\_Donald). The guy went on to be the chief executive of the Trump campaign and vice president of Cambridge Analytica in 2016. So although the spark was a debate about ethics in gaming journalism, the actual force behind it was 4-chan and the emerging alt-right movement, they are the ones who called it GamerGate and made it into a massive controversy. EDIT: Wow they are already here. EDIT 2: \*


Question: . If a computer is made up of preprogrammed circuits, then how does it display anything on its screen, even if that particular thing hasn’t been preprogrammed in its circuits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . If a computer is made up of preprogrammed circuits, then how does it display anything on its screen, even if that particular thing hasn’t been preprogrammed in its circuits?

The ELI5 answer is that the circuits are not designed to display an image. & #x200B; Instead there is a set of circuits designed to turn on or off a Red pixel, a green pixel or a blue pixel at a very specific location on the screen. (RGB) Different circuits in the computer are designed to tell that circuit which pixels need to be turned on.


Question: If a soda has gone flat, why does it fizz like it isn't when you pour it out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a soda has gone flat, why does it fizz like it isn't when you pour it out?

So soda fizzes because of dissolved Carbon dioxide(CO2). We call a soda flat when there is less CO2 dissolved than we would like, but there is still considerable CO2 in solution - pouring agitates the gas out of solution and we get fizz as the (now gaseous) CO2 rises through the soda; the same reason you’ll get a little “puff” if you shake a closed bottle of flat soda, then open it, instead of the explosion you’d see with a “fresh” soda.


Question: Why is it that clear plastic sheets begin to display a colour if you fold them onto themselves enough times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that clear plastic sheets begin to display a colour if you fold them onto themselves enough times?

So you know how color can be made up of different primary colors combined together? Red green and blue for color of light. With an even amount of red, green and blue light, you get white light. Say you have a thick enough blue plastic that blocks 100% of red and green while letting blue light through. You will perceive this plastic as blue, true blue. Cut this plastic in half. Now it can only block 50% of red and green, but still can allow 100% of blue light through. With the addition of red and green, the blue color looks washed out and more faint. Cut it in half again, 75% of red and green light gets through. As you can see, with this much thinner plastic, you are approaching having all 3 primary colors be the same intensity. 75% is very close to 100%. As you thin out the plastic more and more and more, the intensity of red and green light is let through more and more. With something like plastic wrap, it is so thin that the original color is completely unnoticeable because it is unable to block most of the light it should. If you fold the plastic wrap, you are increasing the amount of light it can block by doing the opposite of what is described above.


Question: What is so special about primes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so special about primes?

Effectively they are special because they are the building block of multiplication (and therefore all multiplicative properties of numbers). You can think of 1 and 0 as the building blocks of addition, i.e., every additive transformation is the result of adding 1 (or many 1's) or 0. In this way, the prime numbers are similar for multiplication. Every multiplicative transformation is the result of multiplying by a prime number (or the number 1, or the number 0). So, any time multiplication begins to be mathematically useful, the prime numbers become important. And since multiplication is super useful...the primes are very, very important. Another reasons prime numbers have become so well known popularly, is even though they are simple to understand - we may even learn about them in middle school - they are notoriously difficult form a theoretical perspective, and there are lots of unproved theorems out there having to do with prime numbers. So in this way they are considered by laypeople to be a bit mysterious.


Question: Why do snowflakes crystalize into a single plane rather than growing in 3 dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do snowflakes crystalize into a single plane rather than growing in 3 dimensions?

This process is called "terracing" and is useful for explaining how crystals grow. ELI5: Lets say you have a bunch of rigid boxes with sides 2m long. They are currently sitting around outside and your boss wants you to pack them into a room. Initially, it will be easier for you to just put them each on the ground next to each other (instead of getting out the forklift and lifting each one on top of another). Eventually, when the room fills up, you will be forced to walk on top of the first layer and put the boxes down on top. In this way, you grow 1 layer at a time, but the horizontal direction is always preferred over the vertical one. If you have a big room (like lets say the entire sky), you will always prefer to put the boxes on the ground level and you end up with a big flat shape made up of many boxes. Edit: A word or 2


Question: What is the Euler-Mascheroni constant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Euler-Mascheroni constant?

Here are two nifty facts about numbers: * As n goes to infinity, the sum 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ... + 1/n goes to infinity as well, but slowly. For example, at n = 100 this sum is still only about 5.1774, but it will eventually get larger and larger without bound. * As n goes to infinity, the natural logarithm of n goes to infinity as well, but slowly. Because the natural logarithm of n (or ln(n) for short) is defined to be the real number m such that e^m = n, n has to (literally) grow exponentially just to make the natural logarithm grow by some linear amount, but the natural logarithm does grow without bound. In fact, these two slow "goings to infinity" happen at the same rate. By this we mean that the difference between them, 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ... + 1/n - ln(n), approaches a fixed constant value as n goes to infinity. This fixed constant value is the Euler-Mascheroni constant, and it happens to be approximately 0.5722. It has a tendency to show up somewhat frequently when the natural logarithm is lurking in the background, so it was given a name for convenience. Interestingly, some basic facts about it (like whether it's an irrational number) are still unknown.


Question: When we try to think of the next word to say why do say "umm/uhh" or stutter rather than just silently pause?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we try to think of the next word to say why do say "umm/uhh" or stutter rather than just silently pause?

Psychologically, humans don't like silence in conversation. It feels awkward, especially if we've just been asked something and we feel we need to respond. Additionally, conversation is a two-way street, and it's sometimes hard to determine when someone intends to "give up" the floor, so to speak, so that another person can speak. Linguistic filler helps to keep our place, letting the other people know we intend to keep speaking.


Question: How does dirt and dust cling to a perfectly flat, smooth, clean piece of glass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does dirt and dust cling to a perfectly flat, smooth, clean piece of glass?

I think it has to do with the positive and negative forces of the actual particles that make up the dirt and glass being attracted to one another. Like sand on a very weak magnet.


Question: Why can my white gold wedding band be used as a stylus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can my white gold wedding band be used as a stylus?

White gold is conductive, which is the main method touch screens use to detect that something touches them. You can use any conductive metal as a stylus, since the screen doesn't care what exactly is being used nor does it know the difference. All the screen knows is "There was some drop in voltage in this location. Register it as a touch!".


Question: Why do singers, actors and athletes make more money and are worshipped more than those who actually contribute to society such as scientists, engineers, doctors and researchers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do singers, actors and athletes make more money and are worshipped more than those who actually contribute to society such as scientists, engineers, doctors and researchers?

It's just a matter of what people value and what they spend money on. Our economy is a capitalist one so basically if it brings in money the person or people get paid big to do it. Teachers dont get paid a ton because people see education as an entitlement. One outlier to your argument is doctor. They do good and get paid very well, the flip side, however, is inner city doctors where they're needed the most and are under the most stress, get paid less than suburban doctors and they get paid less than rural doctors. That's just a matter of supply and demand.


Question: Why do people laugh during mental breakdowns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people laugh during mental breakdowns?

From personal experience, I laughed because I felt so ridiculous. But from what I pulled off wiki - Paradoxical laughter is an exaggerated expression of humour which is unwarranted by external events. It may be uncontrollable laughter which may be recognised as inappropriate by the person involved. It is associated with altered mental states or mental illness, such as mania, hypomania or schizophrenia, and can have other causes.[1][2] Paradoxical laughter is indicative of an unstable mood, often caused by the pseudobulbar affect, which can quickly change to anger and back again, on minor external cues. This type of laughter can also occur at times when the fight-or-flight response may otherwise be evoked. The more you know.


Question: Where did salary come from (as opposed to be being paid hourly + overtime) and why is it the norm for full time employees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did salary come from (as opposed to be being paid hourly + overtime) and why is it the norm for full time employees?

Salary comes from Roman times. Soldiers were paid in Salt (salt in latin is "Sal") at the end of each day. They could use the salt to trade to other goods like food and drinks. It's the norm because it's a easy way to organize things. All the people get their money at the same day (approx) each month, making it easier to the employer and the employees to keep track of it. There are some countries that pay to the workers at the start of the week. UK still has that costume. It depends on the culture and the nature of the job.


Question: Why do videos or images in 4K still look more crisp than 1080p, on a 1080p display ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do videos or images in 4K still look more crisp than 1080p, on a 1080p display ?

4k content is generally encoded at very high bitrates, and the media it's stored on support higher bitrates in their specifications. Downsampling a very high quality image can achieve better quality than just displaying an initially lower quality/resolution image at it's native resolution.


Question: why is it that the 2$ bill is so rare, and why don’t more people use it more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that the 2$ bill is so rare, and why don’t more people use it more?

There’s actually a gentleman’s club where I used to live that gives you change in $2 bills. So if you break $100, it ALL comes back to you in $2 bills. It makes sense, the girls make twice as much as surrounding clubs. Makes buying a sandwich for lunch at a restaurant the next day a little awkward because everyone knows where you got that $2 bill.


Question: How does fire produce/give off light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does fire produce/give off light?

It gives of light for the same reason any object does. It isn't special. Light is emitted when an electron gets bumped. In a light bulb flowing electricity (which is electrons) bump and hostile the electrons of the material that compared the light filament +or gas) Fire is created when a chemical reaction involving oxygen combustion occurs. When these reactions happen the molecules are violently ripped apart by the oxygen, and snap apart as other oxygen comes barreling in to laugh onto the atoms that used to make up the molecules. This violent set of collisions bounce around the electrons in those atoms, and nearby ones. This released light photons.


Question: Why are clothes with reflector stripes really bright in the dark when in contact with weak light sources, while they just appear grey in daylight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are clothes with reflector stripes really bright in the dark when in contact with weak light sources, while they just appear grey in daylight?

The reflector stripes contain many small [Retroreflectors]( URL_0 ), which reflect light back in the direction of the light source. At night it reflects the light from the car headlight back to the car it came from, and looks bright to the person driving the car.


Question: the thought process behind adding "last seen" to apps. Isn't it only really useful for crazy partners?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the thought process behind adding "last seen" to apps. Isn't it only really useful for crazy partners?

True, but also to see if the user is still active on the app or not. and if they are active, when was it last time they were.. It is useful for a lot of scenarios, crazy partners will find their way eitherways


Question: How did the European Colonials bring so much disease to Natives when they were quarantined on ships for months at a time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the European Colonials bring so much disease to Natives when they were quarantined on ships for months at a time?

Because those diseases were significantly more fatal to the natives who had never been exposed to them before. For Europeans, small pox was a common disease, chances are many many of your ancestors had it, and over generations Europeans built up a resiliency to small pox. Then, they expose someone who’s ancestors didn’t experience it and therefore didn’t have the same resiliency, and the disease was significantly more deadly.


Question: Why are people willing to pay for every other alt-coins? What's their point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people willing to pay for every other alt-coins? What's their point?

Bitcoin is imperfect. It has numerous flaws that mean that, in a hypothetical 2038 where cryptocurrency is widespread, the dominant cryptocurrency might be something else. For that reason, people have invested in other competing currencies that have more features in the hopes that they someday surpass Bitcoin. Of course, everyone and their mother can fairly easily create a new type of coin and claim it has "cool and exciting new features" that make it superior to every other one, so you see a large number of 'shitcoins' springing up as well, backed exclusively by morons.


Question: When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

It's to confirm the body is actually who they think it is by asking the dentist of the missing person (who usually has some xrays and maybe treatments in his archive so you can check if they match the teeth of the corpse) It won't help If they don't have a clue, or the person isn't even missed by anyone in the vicinity


Question: How does snow get onto the parts of mountains that are above the clouds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does snow get onto the parts of mountains that are above the clouds?

Some snow clouds form higher than mountains, even Everest. Strong winds can also blow snow to higher altitudes. Edit: [This]( URL_0 ) video clearly shows clouds at higher altitudes than Everest.


Question: What happens if you turn your PC off during an update when it says to not turn off your PC?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you turn your PC off during an update when it says to not turn off your PC?

When a computer is applying an update, it is rewriting some critical system files that contain instructions for it's basic operations. Imagine if you are writing something and someone bumps your hand or steals your paper. It would mess up what you are writing. Forcing a shut down of a computer can have the same effect. When you do this to a computer, it can't read its instructions anymore and will be unable to function normally.


Question: Just watched the SpaceX launch; how do they measure speed of a vehicle in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Just watched the SpaceX launch; how do they measure speed of a vehicle in space?

With something as important as spacecraft they will use several methods. First the craft will have a beacon on it that transmits "hey, I am here" which you can use to determine where they are. If you use receivers at known locations and look at the precise angle they are getting the beacon signal from you can triangulate its location. The specific location of satellites are also determined by using radar, in the same way you would detect the location of aircraft. Radio waves travel just fine in space and it is one of the most accurate and commonly used methods of finding a satellite's position other than just trusting where it thinks it is.


Question: 0% matter and does it exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 0% matter and does it exist?

In an absolute vacuum (which is a purely hypothetical thing for various reasons), particle/anti-particle pairs are spontaneously created and then annihilate one another due to complicated quantum voodoo. So even if a bit of space is completely empty, things keep appearing and disappearing in it. Regarding temperature, it wouldn't have one. Temperature is a measure of the average energy of the particles in a substance. If there are no particles, there can be no measurement of their energy. If you poked your finger in, it would not feel especially cold as there is nothing to conduct heat away, though the low (zero) pressure would force water to evaporate from your skin, creating a cooling effect.


Question: What things can't gravity theory really explain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What things can't gravity theory really explain?

So first of all we need to clarify there isn't a single theory of gravity, but there are two major ones that superseded each other. First we have (probably most recognisable) Newton's theory of gravity, which fails to predict the slightly wonky orbit of Mercury. Second we have Einstein's theory of gravity or general relativity which in turn which fails to predict what happens in black holes and what happens on very small scales i.e. on the quantum level This doesn't mean those theories are useless or false, they just have limitations. Newton's theory of gravity works a charm if you want to predict the behaviour of a falling hammer on the moon, but it ceases to give good predictions if you come to close to a star or get really fast. Einstein's Theory does work at the small scale to, as the terms that gain importance with large numbers involved are negligible if your talking about a normal hammer. To be precise if you do something called a Taylor expansion (a mathematical tool to make approximations where you can easily find a term for the error your introducing while approximating) on Einstein's formulas you get as first and most important term just Newton's formula for gravity.