Question: Why does frost sometimes form this way on the inside of my windshield?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does frost sometimes form this way on the inside of my windshield?

There are tiny scratches in your windshield there. That forms the basis of nucleation sites for water vapor to freeze first. Nucleation is the hard part of freezing. Scratches make it easier.


Question: Why is it such a big deal to lose security clearance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it such a big deal to lose security clearance?

There are two halves to the security equation - having a clearance, and being granted access. You can have a clearance and not need it ("need to know") First, a clearance is issued after a long background investigation determines the individual is trustworthy enough to handle classified information. Then as that person has a need for information he is "read on" to a classified subject. When he moves on to another job he might get read off - which means he no longer has access to classified information he had previously, but he still has a clearance. This means he can step into a new job or transfer to a new department and be read on to new information without delay. He can also be called back to the old job and read on again to answer any questions about things that might have happened on his watch. Intelligence information is highly compartmented and the higher you go, the more compartments you might be read on to at any given time. Background investigations must be renewed every few years or they expire, and that is normally what happens when someone retires and just gets out of the business for good. A clearance is only revoked when the government determines that an individual is no longer trustworthy. Revoking a clearance means that an individual can no longer work any job requiring a security clearance, so if they wanted to do contract work (which a lot of former government workers do) they couldn't do that if Trump revokes their clearance.


Question: why, after some time, when your car/train/bus stops, you have the feeling that the vehicle is going backwards, and sometimes you could even have sworn you saw everything going backwards, why's that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why, after some time, when your car/train/bus stops, you have the feeling that the vehicle is going backwards, and sometimes you could even have sworn you saw everything going backwards, why's that?

It's called spatial disorientation, and is actually a big deal in some fields, like aviation. Your inner ear has a fluid filled cavity lined with ultra-sensitive hairs. When you accelerate in a particular direction, the fluid accelerates with it, and as it touches those hairs it fires off nerve signals to the brain that tell you which way you're going. This is called the vestibular system, one of four systems that your body uses to determine its orientation and position in space. Two things can happen- If you suddenly stop moving, the fluid in your ear sloshes back and forth a little bit, giving you the false sensation of sudden back and forward motion until it stabilizes. Or, if that stimulation is maintained for a long time, the brain actually calibrates that to "normal", meaning when you stop moving and the fluid returns to "true normal" it causes you to feel like you're accelerating in a different direction before the brain recalibrates.


Question: How do services like Spotify create personalized suggestions for each user?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do services like Spotify create personalized suggestions for each user?

They take music you listen to a lot, and use an algorithm to suggest music by similar artist or similar people. (For example, they would translate “if they listen to Rap God by Eminem suggest My Name is By Eminem” into JavaScript or whatever coding language they use


Question: Why are there not a lot more farms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there not a lot more farms?

Conventional farming is becoming more efficient, and making more farms means destroying natural biodiversity.


Question: besides strong mental game, what's the science behind people breaking bricks and other tough materials during martial art shows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 besides strong mental game, what's the science behind people breaking bricks and other tough materials during martial art shows?

It depends. Sometimes it is a performance trick, and there's really nothing much behind it other than circus trickery. At other times, it comes about as a slow process of 'conditioning' the hand whereby the bones and connective tissues become stronger, as opposed to just roughening up the skin. This combined with tendonal strength (so you don't break your wrist for example) leads to the ability to be able to break things that normal untrained people can't, at least not without breaking their own bones. As one example, Kyo-Kushinkai, those who practice Kyo-Kushin karate, have a particular favourite of breaking baseball bats with their shins by kicking them. If a normal person tried that, they'd most likely seriously hurt themselves, but a trained proponent can break the 'tough material' without breaking their own bones.


Question: Why do the vast majority of online forms consider apostrophes and hyphens invalid characters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the vast majority of online forms consider apostrophes and hyphens invalid characters?

For a long time, the people who built forms online spent a lot of time trying to create rules that would keep out bad data. Anecdotally, this was often driven by the presumption that human users were likely to fill out forms incorrectly, more than it was about preventing naughty people from exploiting weaknesses in the application for malicious purposes. That's not to say that those vulnerabilities didn't exist, it's that (for better or worse) people weren't concerned about them. Speaking from experience, a lot of people didn't even know about them -- including among "hackers." Today, everybody in the business knows what a SQL injection attack is; that was not true in 1993. & #x200B; For example, you're building a form so that people can register to attend a seminar. Someone probably says "make sure the FirstName field doesn't allow spaces, otherwise some idiot will just type their whole name into that box." That rule bakes in all kinds of assumptions about names, assumptions which are false even in the Western culture in which this rule is common. But, if you didn't know that, you'd go ahead and write that rule. Now everybody who uses the form has to live by stupid rules designed by ignorant people. Also, one way to implement that rule is to say "a name can only be letters." Boom: suddenly, in addition to preventing spaces (which was the goal), you've also just forbidden dashes, apostrophes, periods, and probably accented characters. Also, programmers make mistakes, so sometimes the effective rule ends up being different (and more restrictive) than was even intended. & #x200B; Some other common validation rules that are foolishly inflexible and unimaginative: \- ZIP codes must be exactly 5 digits \- phone numbers must be exactly 10 digits, formatted like "(xxx) xxx-xxxx" \- state must be a two-letter abbreviation & #x200B; These things mattered, because the consumption of data was typically crude and unforgiving of errors. Very often in the '90s, data collected by web forms was stored in a database so that it could be used to do things like printing addresses on envelopes for mailers or produce telephone directories. Sometimes, badly-entered data might just produce an awkward result, such as when " < LastName > , < FirstName > " yields ", Bob Ross". But often, the consuming system would choke on the bad data, because it was not built to be forgiving, and the linkage between the two systems was not fault-tolerant. & #x200B; Consider a web form that students use to register for classes, which is used to (1) send registration information to the state's central database as well as (2) printing out a class list for instructors. And imagine that one student from Canada has a six-character ZIP code that includes letters. That might not be a problem for the printed class list, but if the state database chokes on that 6-character ZIP code, the entire process would stop immediately: records after this one aren't sent to the state, and *no class lists get printed at all*. When this happens, you've got everybody from the college president on down, yelling at you for creating an administrative catastrophe on *day 0* of the semester. & #x200B; Finally, storage space and processing speed was a much bigger concern back then, and one result is that databases were designed to fit the data like a skin-tight wetsuit. These days, when I can buy an SD card the size of a thumbnail that holds 32 gigabytes, it seems absurd -- we often make every text field unlimited length: a first name can be 2000 letters long and we don't care because it's free and easy. But back then, you'd have serious debates with someone about whether you could literally afford to set aside 20 or 30 letters for first names. I've been doing this for 20 years, and I cannot count the number of times somebody said this in a meeting: "okay, but what is the *longest* first name you've ever seen?" Yes, we had the technology for unlimited-length database fields, but using them often came with a performance cost. A lot of web applications back in the day were just web pages that showed the content of a database as a giant HTML table. It took a long time for the computer to scan the entire database, then loop through every row and produce the HTML, and then to send that whole thing to someone's computer over a 14.4 modem. Imagine a webpage that takes 35 seconds to load. I am not kidding you, this was the reality back then. A lot of these applications were running on a single physical computer that one guy built from parts he got at the local store, and now it's sitting under a desk in the office. & #x200B; TL;DR: crude technology and brittle software patterns created really strong incentives to design very rigid rules for data entry. Those rules were designed by flawed humans who often failed to recognize their own ethnocentrism, especially in a culture that was less diverse and inclusive than today. & #x200B; EDIT: Thanks for the gold, kind stranger!


Question: Could anyone explain Doppler shift to me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could anyone explain Doppler shift to me?

The easiest way to picture this is to imagine that the distant object is staying still and you are moving. Physics doesn't actually care which one is doing the moving, thanks to relativity, so this example holds true no matter how you're actually moving Imagine the beam of light coming towards you. The number of times it vibrates per second (it's frequency) determines its color. If you move towards it, all that light traveling towards you reaches your eyes sooner, and you count more waves per second (it's more blue). If you move away from it, you count fewer waves per second (it's more red). While the speed of light doesn't actually change (which is another can of worms), you're either meeting the light half-way or running from the light which makes it need to catch up, stretching or compressing your perceived frequency. tl;dr the light itself doesn't change, but your perception of it does based on your movement.


Question: Why is shorting company stock even allowed in our financial system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is shorting company stock even allowed in our financial system?

shorting helps prevent a stock bubble from being created due to overvaluing a stock. since shorting a stock is inherently risky, the shorter typically has to do their due diligence to value the company (in theory). also since a stock has to be bought to complete a short sale, there is a stabilizing effect when the stock goes back in.


Question: How do sign languages work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sign languages work?

They interpret the whole sentence. There are signs for entire words, and the grammar isn't exactly the same as English, so they listen to a whole sentence or phrase, then put the words in an order that makes sense in sign language.


Question: How does our brain differentiate between pleasant and unpleasant smells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our brain differentiate between pleasant and unpleasant smells?

It's a combination of learned behaviors and some degree of hardwiring. Something entering the nose is ultimately converted into electrical signals that are analyzed by the brain to decide what they are. We spend our early years developing our olfactory system, exposing ourselves to smells in the environment and our foods, and learning what we like and don't like. Those preferences generally stay with us for life. Certain smells, like the organic compounds found in feces or decomposing flesh, are believed to be at least somewhat hardwired into a healthy human brain as repulsive, because both are evolutionarily favorable to avoid so as to not contract disease. But given the extreme variability of the human brain, this isn't always the case- some people might find pleasant what others find repulsive.


Question: If we are getting much lower temperatures up north, why is that not helping freeze the north pole again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we are getting much lower temperatures up north, why is that not helping freeze the north pole again?

You are getting cold temperatures because you are in a temperate place that's seeing larger incursions of cold air from the North, like the US. However, on average, the temperature of the North Pole is rising. Sure, ice freezes in the winter and melts in the summer, but it's not freezing faster just because it's colder than average in Chicago today. The shape of the arctic cold air mass is changing, but the mass at a given cold temperature is smaller than in previous years. Instead of being a circle, or a gear with small teeth it's become a daisy with long petals. As it rotates, sometimes a petal sweeps over Chicago and makes it so cold they have to set the train tracks on fire, but the area of the daisy is smaller than the area when it was a gear.


Question: Why does the act of going back to sleep sometimes feel better/more rejuvenating than the original sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the act of going back to sleep sometimes feel better/more rejuvenating than the original sleep?

If you wake up halfway through a sleep cycle you tend to feel groggy/irritable. When you go back to sleep it’s like finishing that cycle (only if you’re not awake for too long) and it feels amaaaaaazing


Question: What is the possibility of Yellowstone Supervolcano Erupting soon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the possibility of Yellowstone Supervolcano Erupting soon?

The headline "massive fissure opens atop Yellowstone supervolcano" is not just misleading, it's a complete lie. The fissure is not on top of the caldera. It's simply a lie to sell copies/get clicks. The possibility of the Yellowstone supervolcano erupting remains unchanged. Any closures of certain park areas have been to protect rock climbers from injury. The top answer in the post about this over on r/askscience explains nicely [about the fissure itself]( URL_0 ) The bottom line is that this is common in the landscape that it does occur in, and it is a surface weathering process rather than an internally generated process that has to do with magma chambers/earthquakes or whatever. I assume your previous post about Yellowstone got removed along with plenty of others simply because it is a hugely popular and sensationalised topic which gets posted a lot. Without removals subs like this would be clogged with misinformation or scaremongering about Yellowstone (even though you obviously didn't intend it as such), or just the same old stuff, which would make for a boring sub.


Question: How do ingrown nails happen? What stops a nail from growing all the way into the side of your finger/foot anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ingrown nails happen? What stops a nail from growing all the way into the side of your finger/foot anyway?

as to why nails grow how they normally do, it's because of how they're built. all of the nail you can see is dead. it's created under the skin by a strip of material called the "root", and it's a C shaped channel that build the nail. the nail grows forward because that's the direction the material is drawn. a common cause of ingrown nails is bad footwear. the pressure pushes the skin and nail together until the obvious happens. trauma is another cause. something damages the toe and the nail gets messed up. as are infections in the toe, as infections can swell tissues. however, a large number of cases have no known cause. common speculation among professionals is that it's a minor defect in the nail's root. if the channel is misshapen, then the nail can push in the wrong direction. not unlike a defective printer. the rest of your anatomy has some ability to compensate, the Perionychium (the skin around your nail) can callous up and that added hardness can potentially push the nail into proper shape, but sometimes it can't.


Question: Why does 350 degrees Farenheit seem like the 'standard' cooking temp for so many recipes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 350 degrees Farenheit seem like the 'standard' cooking temp for so many recipes?

It's a fair middling temperature where most cooking can occur at a decent pace without the outside burning too fast. Long ago they'd just say "cook it at a moderate flame", and had to keep that fire going just right, before the invention of oven temperature regulators that let you "set it and forget it" for a few hours. But, more importantly, it's right around the middle of the temperature range you want for a good use of the Maillard reaction: that's what gives things that beautiful golden brown. Too low and you can forget about a crispy skin or decent looking cookies... too high and while the reaction happens by the time the middle's cooked it's gone way past golden and into worthless charcoal exteriors.


Question: How is electric current/voltage described in terms of elementary particles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is electric current/voltage described in terms of elementary particles?

1 Ampere is defined to be 1 Coulomb per second passing through a plane. 1 Coulomb is 6.24x10^18 electron charges(you can also see holes flow but that's another issue) The speed of the electrons is the same, the drift velocity never really changes. Very rarely will you get an electron you put in one end of the wire out the other end in a reasonable time Voltage is defined as the difference in electric potential across a load that dissipates 1 Watt of power at 1 Amp. An Ohm is the resistance of that load To use the traditional water analogy Voltage is the height difference between two points, it makes the water want to flow Resistance is the width and depth of the river Current is the volume of water that passes through


Question: Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

It's turmeric - which is indeed a plant in the ginger family. I don't know why turmeric hangs on as well as it does, but it's been used as a dye forever. It's the curcumin in turmeric which produces the color. Interestingly, Indians have used turmeric as an antibacterial - you may wash your vegetables in turmeric water before cooking, for instance, or use a turmeric facial to help with acne - and it does indeed have antibacterial qualities similar to synthetics. URL_0


Question: How do bails bondsmen make their living?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bails bondsmen make their living?

You pay a portion of your bail to the bondsman and they put up the rest of the bail. If you put up the entire bail amount yourself, then you get it all back when you show up to court. If you don't have the entire amount, then you can give 10% to a bail bondsman. They keep the 10% and get their money back when you show up to court. So, if your bail is $10,000, you can give the bondsman $1,000 and they will put up the $10,000 to get you out of jail. They keep the $1,000 and get their $10,000 back when you show up to court. If you don't show up, the bondsman will likely try to track you down to avoid losing that $10,000 (i.e. hire a bounty hunter to find you -- the plot of many movies and whatnot).


Question: What is different about the insides of wires that transmit power (Charger), data (Aux, Ethernet), or both (USB-C)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is different about the insides of wires that transmit power (Charger), data (Aux, Ethernet), or both (USB-C)?

It's more about the connections between the two ends of the cord. Cords that are only for power only have connections at the pins that carry power, so a power only cord will have less individual wires inside it than one that can transfer power and data. That's why the power only cords are generally cheaper. They also don't have to conform to the data speed standards that data cords have to conform to.


Question: How does one computer use another computer's IP address to find and talk to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one computer use another computer's IP address to find and talk to it?

You are very much on track with your post office analogy. I am going to focus on public IPs only and ignore private or internal IPs for this explanation, although the process is similar. For the most part, the internet is just a large group of independent machines that talk to their neighbors, and know how to get out of their network on to the next one in the chain. The pointer to the next one in the chain is called a gateway, and (again for the most part) all devices can have one. When a machine wants to get somewhere, it compares its target IP address to a list of its neighbors, and it if can't find it on that list, it asks the gateway to pass it on. The device that is that machine's gateway (most likely a router) then does the same thing until it reaches it's destination. This is an incredibly simplified explanation, because that would be incredibly inefficient if that's all there was to it. A public IP address has identifiers just like an address does in that part of an IP can indicate its country in order to get it pointed in the correct direction. Hopefully I shed at least a little light on your question.


Question: Why does anybody want to be roasted in the sub r/roastme? Why would I want to be insulted?, i genuinely don't get it.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does anybody want to be roasted in the sub r/roastme? Why would I want to be insulted?, i genuinely don't get it.

Why something is funny is a question people have been trying to answer for years and years. Humor is a very subjective experience. There are hundreds of definition of what makes something humourous. One definition has humor as being "the subversion of expectations". In that way, being roasted or insulted is the subversion of how you think about yourself. But as I said it's subjective. What I find fun doesnt have to be funny to you, or vice versa and it's impossible to explain my subjective experience to someone who doesn't have my brain.


Question: Why is 12 hour time even taught? Wouldn’t it just be easier to remember 13:00 instead of 1:00pm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 12 hour time even taught? Wouldn’t it just be easier to remember 13:00 instead of 1:00pm?

12 hour time is a *very* ancient system that traces back to the Mesopotamian empires. They had a cultural fixation on the number 12, used a base-12 numerical system, and divided up most things into 12ths whenever possible - including day and night. The 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night system spread throughout Europe and the Middle East and has defied multiple attempts to change it over the centuries.


Question: Why is some light warm and cozy and other kinds are harsh and cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is some light warm and cozy and other kinds are harsh and cold?

Yellow light (warm light) looks like, and remind us of fire, which is warm and cozy. Blue light (cold light) is more like ice, which isn't as cozy. This is why different light bring different sensations


Question: how do they recreate 0 gravity in movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they recreate 0 gravity in movies?

There are quite a few different ways to do it, with various tradeoffs. A couple common ones: * Props + editing. Use wires or other rigging to suspend the actor. Edit the rigging out of the shot. Fairly easy, lots of different ways to actually do the rigging. You can also do clever camera angles to make it look like they're floating without actually having the whole body in the shot, simplifying the difficulty of rigging/editing. * Actual freefall. The most well-known variant on this is taking a specially designed plane up and entering a parabolic arc. You're in freefall for a short time, 20-30 seconds. This is very expensive, but might be used when you have a lot of budget - or you might use it to get a few shots to see how the actor's movements "should" look, then do the normal prop/editing work to match that.


Question: Why are so many people opposed to the Affordable Care Act?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many people opposed to the Affordable Care Act?

They're not, exactly. They're mostly opposed to the name "Affordable Care Act." If you poll on "Do you support the Affordable Care Act?", that's when you get a lot of people who say they oppose it. Even more will say they oppose it if you say "Do you support Obamacare?" even though those are two names for the same legislation. \*But\*, if you ask people, point by point by point, if they support the various parts of the ACA, like "Do you support allowing kids to stay on their parents' insurance until they're 25?" or "Do you support preventing insurance companies from excluding people based on pre-existing conditions?" the support goes WAY up. Basically, most people don't know what's in the ACA and, thanks mostly to propaganda, they think the ACA is something different than health care policies they actually support.


Question: Is the amount of caffeine absorbed into the bloodstream dependant on the same variations that alcohol absorption is based upon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the amount of caffeine absorbed into the bloodstream dependant on the same variations that alcohol absorption is based upon?

Well, it's dependent on the same mechanisms in your GI tract. So all chemicals from food and drink end up in your blood stream the same way. There are a few differences specifically between caffeine and alcohol that I'll mention, but everything is a little different. What you are ultimately talking about is something called bioavailability. That is the measure of something you put in your body that actually reaches where it has to go. So, alcohol and caffeine have to get to your brain, but not 100% of what you eat or drink of them makes it there. The amount that does, that bioavailability in percentage. All the blood from your stomach and intestines flows out and immediately goes into your liver. This is a great setup because your liver is like a chemical processing plant. If you eat something toxic, it ends up in your liver and the liver might be able to break it down before it makes it to the rest of your body. Alcohol is heavily broken down by the liver so only a small portion of what you drink ends up available to make you "drunk." About caffeine: > Caffeine absorption is rapid and complete in humans, with 99% of orally ingested caffeine absorbed from the digestive tract within 45 minutes.2 Absorption is not modified by gender, genetics, liver disease, or the ingestion of drugs or alcohol.3 Caffeine crosses all biological membranes and is distributed in all body fluids. And Alcohol: > Orally ingested alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the human bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine and distributes into total body water. On an empty stomach, peak blood alcohol levels occur about 30 minutes following the oral ingestion of alcohol.7 For ingested liquids, the principal determinant of the gastric emptying rate is volume; large volumes empty at an exponentially faster rate than small volumes.8 Because alcohol absorption occurs more rapidly in the small intestine, delays in gastric emptying decrease the rate of alcohol absorption. Food in the gastrointestinal tract slows alcohol absorption; the higher the dietary fat content of a meal, the longer the absorption process takes.7 A small amount of alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Compared with men, women have lower activity of ADH in their stomachs, causing a larger proportion of ingested alcohol to reach the bloodstream. Obviously that a little dense for ELIM but let me know if you have any questions.


Question: Why do things like fatigue, stress and eye strain cause dark circles and/or bags under the eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things like fatigue, stress and eye strain cause dark circles and/or bags under the eyes?

Lack of sleep causes your blood vessels to dilate, which becomes visible through the thin skin under your eyes.


Question: Is there really any benefit to "rinse and repeat" or is it just a way for BIG SHAMPOO so sell more product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there really any benefit to "rinse and repeat" or is it just a way for BIG SHAMPOO so sell more product?

It depends. If you don't shampoo often it can help eliminate the buildup of oils and dirt moreso than a single shampooing. It can also be necessary if you have a problem scalp and need to use multiple shampoos. If you shampoo often, however, it can actually be damaging to your hair. Shampoo removes the natural oils and acids that protect your hair and scalp, and doing it too much can actually make it more difficult to manage. If you shampoo daily then once is enough, followed by a conditioner to help mitigate any damage.


Question: What happens psychologically when groups of people who live and work in close proximity all experience the "today feels like it should be Friday but it is only Thursday" effect at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens psychologically when groups of people who live and work in close proximity all experience the "today feels like it should be Friday but it is only Thursday" effect at the same time?

It's probably related to how busy the week was. Busy = time flies. So as a group you typically would all be equally busy or not, but that can vary of course.


Question: How does shark fishing work? How are they able to sustain the force without going overboard, or is the fishing pole doing all the work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does shark fishing work? How are they able to sustain the force without going overboard, or is the fishing pole doing all the work?

Are you talking commercial shark fishing, or sport? For commercial, you don't use rod and reel, they catch them with nets. For sport, you use fishing line made out of steel. This makes it so the shark's teeth don't cut the line as easily, and makes it a lot stronger. You also need the proper hook, proper bait, etc. Once you have a shark on your line, then yes, fishing rods are designed to help with a lot of that force. They take the force by bending, which helps relieve some of the higher forces from going into the line and the fisherman's hands. You might also have the rod attached to your boat, or your chair, or the dock, or some other larger object, so that the shark doesn't pull the rod out of your hands. Then, as with any fish, it's a matter of tiring it out before you can reel it in. It might be able to pull harder than the strength of the fishing line. If that's the case, you need to be careful to let the line out as it pulls, then reel in when it rests. Eventually, the fish gets tired, and you can reel it in more and more until you can bring it on the boat.


Question: why does heat create bubbles in liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does heat create bubbles in liquid?

It is the result of the liquid being converted a gas by the heat. Because the gas is less dense than the liquid it rises to the top. The "bubble" is the result of the surface tension of the water holding together a bit as the gas rises up and out of, ultimately "popping" through that surface tension.


Question: If sound travels faster through solids than gasses, how come when there are solids in the way (i.e. walls), one can hear less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If sound travels faster through solids than gasses, how come when there are solids in the way (i.e. walls), one can hear less?

Whether you can hear a sound or not has nothing to do with the speed of transmission at all. It has to do with how much of the sound energy gets through the material to your ears. Some materials absorb sound energy the way a pillow absorbs the kinetic energy of an object.


Question: Why do different items usually have the same shipping price even if they're completely different in size, weight, shape, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different items usually have the same shipping price even if they're completely different in size, weight, shape, etc?

One reason is that the shipping company has price ranges to simplify billing. A small box that weighs next to nothing costs the same to ship as a box sized exactly the same but containing four books. If you look at the price ranges of shipping companies it usually says something like this: Size 1: not larger than AxBxC inches & not heavier than D ounce. And then they define size ranges. Your package costs as the first category it fits. Then, to simplify things further Amazon (or any other large retailer) goes I the shipping company and says “hey, we want to offer you the possibility of having five million packages of ours shipped yearly. We want them flat rate. Here is our statistics on the size and weight of all packages sent the last five years. What’s your offer?”


Question: What's the golden ratio, where does it come from, and why is it so common?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the golden ratio, where does it come from, and why is it so common?

The 'golden' ratio comes from a very simple sequence of maths - take any two numbers, add them together to make a third. Then add the second and third, to make a fourth number. Keep on adding the last two numbers together to create the next. No matter what numbers you choose, the ratio between the last two numbers will tend toward the golden ratio, 1.618.... (If the first two numbers you choose are 0 and 1, you end up with the famous Fibonacci sequence.) It is so common because this maths, adding two values together to make the next, is done all the time by the way plants and animals grow.


Question: How does one work on a bee hive without the bees going like: "DONT TOUCH MY STUFF" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one work on a bee hive without the bees going like: "DONT TOUCH MY STUFF" ?

The common methods include things like blowing large amounts of smoke into the hive. The bees are like "OMG, our house is **wax**, everyone gather up and fan or everything will melt in the fire that surely is nearby!" During this fire drill they are less concerned with the beekeeper poking around. Another common method used in conjunction is a bee suit. The bees actually *are* like "Don't touch my stuff, have at you vile cretin!" But their rapier butts are really short and the suit keeps the wearer from being stabbed.


Question: Why do sharks not bite divers who are right next to them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do sharks not bite divers who are right next to them?

1. Not all sharks are super aggressive and people-eating like the movies say. They’re animals not hunters, they hunt for food, not for fun (usually) 2. Not hungry or you’re not appealing food 3. Already ate your dive partner and are no longer hungry 4. Some sharks only fully grow to a few inches or less though I assume you mean large sharks like great whites 5. They’re probably just checking you out to see if you’re a threat to them or not. If they don’t then they might just chill Think of it like “why do humans not bite cows that are right next to them” You COULD, and it would be food, but it wouldn’t be worth it effort wise, it might fight back, and there’s plenty of easier food around you could catch. I am by no means a shark expert and do not go hugging sharks because of this post


Question: How does Zero to the Power of Zero Equal One? 0^0 = 1

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Zero to the Power of Zero Equal One? 0^0 = 1

0^0 is not 1, it is undefined. You can construct limits that approach 0^0 that converge on 1 or 0.


Question: Why can't we use other countries' research when making conclusions whether a drug is safe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we use other countries' research when making conclusions whether a drug is safe?

We do and can. Multicentre trials test the drug at multiple centres around the planet, and this helps gather more patients so that the testing is more informative. It's ethical by ensuring that all patients have an equal chance of getting the drug, and 3rd world countries aren't being exploited as test subjects by requiring a centre to be in the country that the trial is initiated from. They're quite common in clinical medicine and testing before it hits the market.


Question: what do all the numbers on my wall outlet to usb-a/c mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what do all the numbers on my wall outlet to usb-a/c mean?

Read where is says the output amps (e.g 1A 2A 1.5A). The higher the ampage, the faster your device will charge.


Question: Countries and debts. Is this even real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Countries and debts. Is this even real?

Governments create debt by selling "bonds." These can be bought by anybody, but it's usually businesses and banks and investment funds. There's usually no such thing as mutual debut. If I borrow a tenner from you, and you borrow a tenner from me, then effectively I have paid you back. In practical terms, this sort of thing can happen, because debt is often done on a fixed term basis, and aside from anything else, the paperwork would be more hassle than it's actually worth. edit: imagine, if you have a savings account and a credit card from the same bank..... why don't you just pay the credit card with the savings? I don't know about "tremendously" rich, but yes, lending money to governments or anyone else is profitable (as long as it is paid back). That's why people lend money. But, in simple terms, if you've got £10000 lying around doing nothing, you are better of investing it (i.e. lending it to someone) and getting back £11000 a year from now, because if you just stick it under your mattress instead, it will actually lose value.


Question: What is statistical process control?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is statistical process control?

Say you own a factory which cranks out 10,000 screwdrivers per day. Each of these 10,000 is manually checked for flaws, which costs $1 each. Now you notice one thing: It is rare that just a single screwdriver has a flaw. Instead, flaws are replicated in most, if not all screwdrivers from a batch. Therefore, you decide to change the procedure: Instead of checking all screwdrivers, the QC guys pick just a few of them at random. The idea is that if there are flawed screwdrivers in a batch, it is statistically very unlikely that none of them show up in the sample that they tested. If they do find a flaw, they can then do a more thorough testing for all screwdrivers that might be affected by the same flaw. This kind of testing is very commonly used for parts which are mass produced. It doesn't just save money, it also allows to make the testing procedure of the sample much more thorough, for example they can do destructive testing on metal parts or test for biological contamination in food products.


Question: What is the difference between cow milk and other animals' milk which makes us drink cow milk more, in other words, why do we mostly drink cow milk and not let's say pig milk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between cow milk and other animals' milk which makes us drink cow milk more, in other words, why do we mostly drink cow milk and not let's say pig milk?

Cows make a lot of milk, especially modern breeds. And they're fairly easy to milk, unlike, say, pigs. Sows get bitey when they're nursing. But it's not just cows. European cultures use sheep milk and goat milk, and, in some places, [water] buffalo milk. It mostly goes to cheese, but you can find whole milk if you look around. Other cultures milk horses and camels— and now we're about out of domestic animals that are big enough to be worth milking.


Question: How do WIFI waves travel through walls?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do WIFI waves travel through walls?

It's sort of the same as asking: how does visible light travel through windows? Every single material has certain wavelengths of light they are allowed to absorb. If this were not true then windows would be completely opaque! So in the same idea, certain materials are unable to absorb radio waves, so these waves can travel right through without much problem since the chemical bonds and atoms don't want to absorb it since they can only allow discrete (specific) values of energy to be absorbed.


Question: What makes certain soap better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes certain soap better?

Soaps and detergents work through basically two methods - they reduce the surface tension of water and they allow oil to be dissolved in water. If you've ever seen a bug walk across the top of water you know about surface tension. You can't wash the bug away, because it sits on top of the water. If you reduce the surface tension, the bug drops into the water, and gets washed away. The same thing applies to small dirt particles, getting between threads in fabric, etc. Soaps/detergents are *surfactants*, they reduce the surface tension and allow tiny particles to be carried away by the water. Oil doesn't normally dissolve in water, but soaps/detergent molecules basically have an "oily" end that doesn't like water and a "watery" end that sticks to water. When there is a bit of oil in water, the soap molecules surround the oil, making a little shell with all the "oily" ends in and all the "watery" ends out, allowing the oil to stay mixed in the water, instead of separating. There are lots of different molecules that can perform these functions. The reason some soaps/detergents work better than others is because they are tuned to work best in certain conditions and for certain purposes. Hand soap is made to not damage skin, for example, and often leaves a protective layer behind, but you wouldn't want that on your clothes or dishes. Laundry detergents are made to work in cold water to protect your garments and contain things like fabric softeners and whiteners that you don't need or want on your hands or dishes. Dish soap is made to work at high temps with more focus on degreasing and can be more harsh, since dishes are much harder to damage than skin or clothing. Cheap versions of any of these are going to use the bare minimum and not include the fancy additives to tailor themselves to a particular task. More expensive products will include more concentrated products, more specialized recipes, etc. For example, a cheap dishwasher tablet might just be a lump of detergent pressed into a cube, while a more expensive one might have one part of the tablet designed to dissolve later in the cycle to aid in rinsing. This additional step makes it more costly to produce, but also makes it work better. That's just one example.


Question: What happens and what do they do with products that are unsold and have passed their best before or expiration dates such as milk, frozen goods and other stuff in Supermarkets like Costco and Wal-Mart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens and what do they do with products that are unsold and have passed their best before or expiration dates such as milk, frozen goods and other stuff in Supermarkets like Costco and Wal-Mart?

Most supermarkets will destroy the product in the back of the house, and measure the amount of waste. This recorded amount is then considered a loss which the company can use as a tax write off. Another option for smaller retailers and distributors is to sell product that is 2 or 3 days from experation to businesses like dollar tree. Very rarely if ever are products near or past the date donated to charity, as it becomes much more of a financial loss to deal with the labor and distribution of the product to those locations, and it is much harder to keep track of the information for those donations.


Question: How do sexual fetishes arise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sexual fetishes arise?

Sexual feelings are incredibly complex and work across the brain, so there's a lot of "wires capable of being crossed" so to speak. Childhood experiences can be very powerful. Especially if something happens within a key time period of sexual awakening. Fetishes are (mostly) normal, and done consensually should be viewed as quite natural.


Question: How are restaurants that have buffets or "eat-all-you-can" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are restaurants that have buffets or "eat-all-you-can" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even?

The food you are eating costs much less than you are being charged for it. If I went to a pizza buffet and paid 8 dollars for unlimited pizza, I'd think that was a great deal! I can eat, what, 8-10 slices of pizza? Well those 8-10 slices would probably end up costing the company maybe 2 dollars total. So, they are still making a profit on you. Maybe less of a profit on you in particular, but still a profit. And even if a few people are able to pack away enough to outpace the profit margin, the vast majority of people will not, and that more than makes up for the outliers.


Question: Why does melting ice caps increase water levels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does melting ice caps increase water levels?

Because the Southern ice cap is *sitting up on land.* If it melts, the water runs into the ocean. Greenland too.


Question: Why is counting cards considered shady? Isn't it just simple math and probability?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is counting cards considered shady? Isn't it just simple math and probability?

It's not "shady"; it's perfectly viable. The problem is that it works well enough that casinos don't like people who do it. They end up losing money and reserve the right to kick out people who are winning too much.


Question: In the world of trading stocks, what is margin buying power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the world of trading stocks, what is margin buying power?

Buying on margin is essentially taking out a loan to buy securities, using your already owned securities as collateral. Say you own a bunch of stocks worth $100,000. Your broker might lend you up to $70,000 to buy other stocks using your $100K as collateral. If the stock values drop to a certain level though you risk having a margin call in which case they'll take and sell some or all of your $100K to pay back the loan.


Question: How is it safe/ sanitary not to wash black cast iron cookwear between uses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it safe/ sanitary not to wash black cast iron cookwear between uses?

Omg the misinformation.... URL_3 URL_0 URL_2 URL_1 ....stop the madness


Question: How did people living before the modern ages survive and get different sources of food which grew far outside their nation if global shipping came very later on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people living before the modern ages survive and get different sources of food which grew far outside their nation if global shipping came very later on?

What makes you think that the essential vitamins weren't available locally? Vitamins are basic chemicals needed for life. Any stable ecosystem will have sources of them.


Question: People who have injured their knees can tell when the weather is changing because it makes their knee hurt alot how does that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People who have injured their knees can tell when the weather is changing because it makes their knee hurt alot how does that work?

The air around us behaves a lot like an ocean of water. At the bottom of the sea, there's a whole lot of pressure caused by all the water that's sitting on top. So if you take a fish that lives at the bottom of the ocean and bring it up to the top, it's not used to the lack of pressure and dies because its body expands. Take one that's used to the top and release it at the bottom of the ocean, and its tissues are crushed because they weren't formed - the fish wasn't hatched - where there was that much pressure. Air is a lot like that. We have all this air sitting on top of us that causes a pressure of fourteen pounds per square inch on every part of our bodies. But we don't feel that pressure because we're used to it - we were born with it and it's been fairly stable every day, although it can be affected a fair bit by temperature changes. Now a storm comes along. Because it moves big masses of different-temperature air with it, that pressure of fourteen pounds goes up a little when it approaches. You often see areas of such higher pressure labeled as "H" (representing high pressure zones) on weather maps. As that storm comes in, it presses more on everything under it, including us humans in the area. And if we have joints that have been injured and were used to a slightly lower air pressure, well that extra pressure can cause an ache in that very sensitive joint, kind of like if someone wraps it with a towel and gently squeezes it all the way around.


Question: Why is the VASIMR engine not producing way more thrust than a typical ion engine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the VASIMR engine not producing way more thrust than a typical ion engine?

> If the reaction mass has more heat than even a chemical rocket, why is its thrust so shitty? Imagine I throw an object of the same mass at you a few times. When you catch it there is a push imparted to you from its impact. What affects how much of that push you feel the most: How hot the object is or at what speed it is thrown? Obviously the biggest factor is how fast it was thrown. This is the same principle at work with the thruster, the heat of the reaction mass isn't nearly as important as how quickly it is propelled.


Question: What exactly is a Boltzmann brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a Boltzmann brain?

It's an indication that something is wrong with your theory of physics. There are several different boltzmann brains, but probably the easiest to explain is the original. The other versions are broadly similar, but pop up in relation to different theories of physics. So, anyway: the original Boltzmann brain starts with a pretty basic and important question, namely "why is the universe as we know it here?" At the time, nobody knew about the Big Bang or the expansion of the universe, and the going scientific theory was that the universe was eternal and unchanging. But if that was the case, it should have long since reached as state of maximum entropy...a "heat death" where everything was just a haze of evenly distributed atoms with no stars or planets or anything. That's kind of a problem since there are stars and planets and everything. However, it's also known that entropy is _probabilistic_. If you take puzzle pieces and shake them in a box, they are going to just get more and more jumbled...get closer and closer to that "heat death" of perfect randomness. But if you shake long enough hypothetically all the pieces _could_ bounce back just right to form the puzzle again. So the original idea for how we could have the universe is that, over long enough time, the universe just sort of happens to bounce its way out of heat death and back to a low entropy state, and that's the universe that we see. It's _staggeringly_ unlikely, but if you have an infinite universe and infinite time, why not? This is the "Boltzmann universe". ...But..then someone pointed out that, while still staggeringly unlikely, it's much easier to just spontaneously generate a brain that thinks a momentary thought than an entire visible universe, in the same way that if you are bouncing around a puzzle box it's much easier to bounce together a couple pieces to make a guy's head than it is to bounce together the whole puzzle... and in fact you should bounce together random heads a huge number of times compared to bouncing together entire puzzles. So any theory which relies on random entropy reduction to generate an entire universe has the problem that anyone in the universe is far more likely to be one of those two puzzle-piece heads than a part of a fully built puzzle. This is contradictory and absurd and rather implies that there's something fundamentally wrong with the theory. ....and indeed, later observations showed there _was_ something fundamentally wrong with the theory, namely that the universe is not eternal and unchanging but instead is expanding and only a few billion years old. As a result, no highly unlikely entropy fluctuations are needed and thus there's no implication of zillions of boltzmann brains for every actual universe. Now, even current theories sometimes spit out boltzmann brains under different situations but if you ask me, that just means we don't know all there is to know about the universe yet.