Question: why do unused batteries slowly die out over time without being consumed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do unused batteries slowly die out over time without being consumed?

batteries make electricity by a chemical reaction between two reagents in a closed container. over time those reagents and the container degrade and are not longer able to make the reaction happen.


Question: Why do they kill horses when they break their legs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do they kill horses when they break their legs?

Horses and other large four-legged animals have issues with laying down for long periods of time. Sure, you will see them laying down here and there, but they can't sustain it for long periods. They end up with blood flow issues to large parts of their bodies. It also puts pressure on their internal organs. A broken leg would require a horse to be laying down for weeks, or even months. The rest of the horse simply can't handle doing that.


Question: Why can’t a candidate be muted during a debate once it’s another candidate’s turn to speak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t a candidate be muted during a debate once it’s another candidate’s turn to speak?

Great question...I hope someone in the millions that watched America embarrass itself last night can answer.


Question: Why is it easier to darken white paint than it is to lighten dark paint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to darken white paint than it is to lighten dark paint?

Paint color works by removing light, adding just a small amount of black pigment can darken white pigment a lot because it goes from absorbing \~0 light to more . But to lighten dark pigment you can only dilute the pigment.


Question: If dust is up to 80% human dead skin, why is it that attics/basements and other isolated places seem to gather so much dust overtime?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If dust is up to 80% human dead skin, why is it that attics/basements and other isolated places seem to gather so much dust overtime?

Probably because dust in an attic isn't 80% human skin cells. It's most likely stuff like fibreglass and other house-particles, and there's more of it because it doesn't get cleaned for years.


Question: Where does the wax in candles go? I understand that it melts, but as a candle works down does the wax just turn into gas and evaporate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the wax in candles go? I understand that it melts, but as a candle works down does the wax just turn into gas and evaporate?

The wax is the fuel. The flame melts the top of the candle wax to liquid form, and the wick sucks it up into the flame, where it burns. Wax is an organic compound, formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. So when it burns, it reacts with oxygen from the air, and it forms CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water vapor).


Question: Why do republicans want to get rid of social security and medicaid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do republicans want to get rid of social security and medicaid?

So they can the privatize them The 1% would make ungodly sums of money and they've been chomping at the bit to get their greasy hands on the money since their inception S


Question: Magnets. How do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Magnets. How do they work?

There are these imaginary lines called magnetic field lines .... if an object emit these lines then it is called a north pole ....and if an object absorbs these lines then its called a south pole .... if 2 opposite poles are brought together ...the magnetic field lines align ...which causes attraction ....when 2 same poles are brought together ...the lines are in opposite directions ....so they repel. That is all I know.


Question: Can empirical rule be applied to discreet variables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can empirical rule be applied to discreet variables?

The empirical rule applies only to normally distributed values. The normal distribution does imply a continuous distribution, however the common binomial distribution for discrete trials approaches a normal distribution for large enough sampling. For the probability of a single day having rain based on previous samplings on that day and location, I would imagine you would use the mean and standard deviation from those trials, but I'm not sure if it would be normally distributed.


Question: What are those colorful dots you experience after putting pressure on your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are those colorful dots you experience after putting pressure on your eyes?

They are called "Phosphenes" URL_0 Basically, the cells in the back of your eye that respond to light, also respond to pressure. Your brain thinks there's light, because the light sensitive cells have been activated. What we see as light is just our brain's interpretation of the stimulus from our eyes. When we physically stimulate cells that are usually only stimulated when hit by light, our brain can't tell the difference.


Question: How do birds know which direction to fly when they head south for winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do birds know which direction to fly when they head south for winter?

Many birds have a sense of magnetic field that allows them to know direction and travel to the right place. Many sea turtles also have that sense. Many birds also have a sense of barometric pressure as well, which is why you can often birds leaving an area before a storm.


Question: How can someone trademark a common game, that they didn't create? (I am specifically thinking of Ken Ken

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can someone trademark a common game, that they didn't create? (I am specifically thinking of Ken Ken

They're not trademarking the game. Just the name. If you were to release a completely different game, you would not be able to call in Ken Ken. It's the same as not being able to call any technology company Apple. Apple didn't invent the computer, but they have a brand that they're going to protect aggressively.


Question: Why is harvard university so famous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is harvard university so famous?

It’s the first university in the US. It’s older than calculus. Plus, a lot of famous and successful people have gone there.


Question: How do Advil and Tylenol help with headaches and general pain relief, and does taking more make it work faster, last longer, or do nothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Advil and Tylenol help with headaches and general pain relief, and does taking more make it work faster, last longer, or do nothing?

When a part of your body gets hurt, it tries to tell the closest police officer to use thier radio and tell the brain there is pain and make the roads a little bigger (called swelling) for the body's ambulances to come and heal you. Advil basically soaks up the noise from your body parts so the police officer can't hear them. Without police, the brain doesn't think there is pain and roads don't get as big. Once the Advil is full, it can't soak up any more noise. Taking a lot at once doesn't make it work faster because your tummy need time to send the Advil around your body. Taking more Advil, will soak up more noise, so it should last longer, but it isn't good for your body if you take too much. If your body is too quiet, and it starts to make a lot of mistakes. No one really knows how Tylenol works. some scientists think it soaks up noise like Advil. Some think it makes the police officer's radio go quiet. And some people think it yells at the brain so it can't hear the police officer... Edit: As imahawki pointed out, Advil is Ibuprofen, which operates in a similar way to Aspirin.


Question: Where does memory actually go when you forget?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does memory actually go when you forget?

The neurons that make up the memory become other memories. A memory can be thought of as a lego house where each block is a neuron. The house(memory) exists because the blocks are put together in a certain way. You "forget" when your brain decides the lego house isn't useful anymore and disassembles it to make other lego structures. Edit to respond to the repeated question: this analogy applies to things you actually and truly forget. In the case of things you haven't thought about and can't recall in the moment but remember later. In that case "forgetting" is more like storing the lego house in the back of you closet and being unable to get to it when you want to play with it, remembering after that is more like digging the house out of the closet than rebuilding the lego house. Is it a perfect analogy? Nah fam, but it explains a super complex and actually not fully understood process in a way that a 5yo could understand, ya know, like the sub title says.


Question: Why do most song lengths seem to fall between 2 and 4 minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most song lengths seem to fall between 2 and 4 minutes?

Much of the answer has to do with the length limitations of vinyl 7" 45 rpm singles, which for many years were the primary means of promoting a single song. You can only fit about 3 minutes of music onto a 45 rpm single. So historically, if you wanted to write a hit pop song, you had to keep it under that length. More here: [Why Are Songs On The Radio About The Same Length?]( URL_0 )


Question: Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

Cutting disks are made out of ceramic materials. Bricks are a type of ceramic material as well. Ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension. As an example, you could put a lot of weight on top of a brick, like other the other bricks above it in a brick building, and it won't crush. But you can tap a hammer on a brick pretty easily and crack it. The type and direction of force matters. When a cutting wheel is spinning and cutting, the force on the wheel is a compressive force, which is how it is strong. But if you bend a cutting wheel, it's in tension, where it is weak.


Question: - If some company were to start selling EpiPens at $100 instead of $600 would they not make tons of money from the millions of people wanting to only buy from them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - If some company were to start selling EpiPens at $100 instead of $600 would they not make tons of money from the millions of people wanting to only buy from them?

Theoretically, yes. The medication is not patented, but "EpiPens" are. Competitors have been unable to succeed with alternatives and Mylan (the company responsible) holds strict rights over EpiPen production. The monopoly is what allows Mylan to jack up the price. If someone developed a similar and effective injection method, it still might not succeed because Mylan has contracts with most schools


Question: If we have strong enough encryption algorithms that would take 100s of years to crack, why do major cyber attacks continue to happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we have strong enough encryption algorithms that would take 100s of years to crack, why do major cyber attacks continue to happen?

Your information security is only as strong as your weakest link, and in the case of these most recent attacks... That weak link is humans. People are idiots and don't take security measures seriously. They are too lazy to pick a strong password because they don't want to have to learn how to re-type their passwords.


Question: What's the difference between all the H_N_ diseases?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between all the H_N_ diseases?

Strains of influenza are characterized by two proteins that are on the outer surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) Hemagglutinin is how the virus attaches to and infects cells, sort of like a key opening a door. The neuraminidase is what allows newly synthesized viruses to escape the cell and spread to go infect other cells. There are several types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase that can create 144 subtypes of Influenza A (ignoring B and C), from H1N1 to H9N16 and the H and N numbers represent which ones the virus has (each virus has one type of H and one type of N). When a person becomes infected with the influenza virus, their body's immune system responds by making antibodies to the specific H and N proteins, which then bind to the proteins, and block them from doing their job, stopping the virus in its tracks. When giving a flu vaccine, it must match the expected type of flu that will be circulating, because a vaccine for Influenza H3N2 won't protect against Influenza H7N9 for example. Tl;dr - H and N are 2 proteins that the influenza virus uses to make you sick. The H and N numbers indicate which of specific proteins the virus has.


Question: Is there another type of wave besides the fluctuations in the electromagnetic field and the ones in the "physical one"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there another type of wave besides the fluctuations in the electromagnetic field and the ones in the "physical one"?

In quantum mechanics, all matter acts as a wave. There's a wave that describes the position and momentum of anything. You also have waves that describe groups of particles, including their interactions. For instance, a photon (a wave) can combine with the wiggling of the molecules in a piece of glass (the wiggling is characterized by waves) to create a new wave that's the combination of both. The combined wave is called a polariton, which is a particle that has mass, which is why light travels slower through glass than a vacuum.


Question: Could we theoretically create an infinite echo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could we theoretically create an infinite echo?

The perfect conditions would be a wall of atoms that will not move at all when bumped. Considering the fact that heat is defined by the movement of atoms, and we haven’t yet got to absolute zero which is 0 heat energy, this is impossible. Any air atom hitting a solid atom will push it a bit causing it to heat up and taking away sound energy.


Question: Why is Pi irrational? What is it about the properties of a circle that causes its circumference to never be a precise ratio of its diameter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Pi irrational? What is it about the properties of a circle that causes its circumference to never be a precise ratio of its diameter?

Here's another way to look at it. Rational numbers are ones that end with an infinite series of zeros (2.4000000...), or an infinite series of repetitions (0.1428571428571428571̅4̅2̅8̅5̅7̅.....). Now, what is the chance that any value, chosen at random, would end in an infinite pattern? Effectively zero. So you would expect that rational numbers would be the rare and unusual ones. And that is what we find. Pretty much any mathematical constant - like Pi, e, phi and the square roots of every single non-square whole number, are irrational. So Pi being irrational is nothing special. Indeed, it would be really, really strange if it wasn't.


Question: Ԝhеn yоu'rе аѕlеер, ԝhаt раrt оf thе brаіn fіltеrѕ thе nоіѕеѕ yоu hеаr, dеtеrmіnіng ԝhеthеr tо ԝаkе uр оr nоt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Ԝhеn yоu'rе аѕlеер, ԝhаt раrt оf thе brаіn fіltеrѕ thе nоіѕеѕ yоu hеаr, dеtеrmіnіng ԝhеthеr tо ԝаkе uр оr nоt?

So each sensory response in your brain is controlled by neurons, which create a electrical change that triggers a response. The central nervous system, which contains your spine and brain, controls the response to these signals. Of course, not all signals create a response. As expected, reactions to most stimuli are lowered in deeper stages of sleep. However, some stimuli will cause you to wake up, such as the sound of an alarm clock or your name. This is controlled by the thalamus, a blob that sits in the middle of your brain. Usually, when you're awake, the thalamus will take the input from your senses (except your sense of smell) and send them to the sensory cortex (the part of the brain that processes these signals). During deep sleep, the thalamus blocks most signals, except certain stimuli like your name, which you are expected to respond to, or the sound of an alarm. Let me know if any of this was confusing. sources: [here]( URL_0 ) and [here]( URL_1 )


Question: What would happen if we really "nuked" hurricanes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What would happen if we really "nuked" hurricanes?

We'd have a hurricane with a fair amount of radioactive fallout in it. Very little else would happen; hurricanes are very large, and already output the equivalent of megatons of energy each day *at the least*. You would do less harm and have as much of an effect by literally pissing at one.


Question: How do airport codes work when there are 17,678 commercial airports but only 17,576 possible combinations of letters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do airport codes work when there are 17,678 commercial airports but only 17,576 possible combinations of letters?

IATA codes are only used for airports that have scheduled passenger service. Pilots use ICAO codes for airports. Ticket booking and baggage systems use IATA codes and there are only about 3000 airports that need those.


Question: Why/how do we involuntarily scream when we're scared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why/how do we involuntarily scream when we're scared?

We talked about this in a Psychology class I took. Supposedly, it's an innate, near-primitive response to fear. It supposedly originated with recognizing a threat to wellbeing and needing to alert our caretakers (usually our parents). Babies do exhibit many characteristic responses that are theorized to have reasons passed down by evolution as well, so I don't doubt it.


Question: how do fireworks engineers predict what the explosions will look like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do fireworks engineers predict what the explosions will look like?

If you look at a firework charge cut in half for display purposes [like this one]( URL_0 ) each little shape of black powder there is placed in a certain location and isolated by little paper barriers to control the order and timing of explosion. So the big lump of powder at the bottom shoots it up into sky. The fuse that goes up the middle takes so long to burn, but we know how far it will go because of the mass of the firework and how much powder at the bottom blew it up there. So once the fuse up the middle has burned its way to the center, its a few seconds later and the powder in the middle goes kablooie which shoots the other layers outwards and each little pellet or block of powder will be a distinct little sparkle or flare or possibly a miniature explosion itself. So controlling the delay and trigger order and fusing and physical structure of the charge and how fast each pellet burns will give you various results. This all happens in a spherical shape for a bunch of reasons - spheres fly pretty well (in a straigh up direction) and you don't have to worry if it develops a spin. Like everything you could make a _directional_ firework, but that would bring in complications in getting it to keep its orientation as it flies upwards. You can make fireworks that explode into flat planes oriented in a particular direction, but what if a flat plane of fire would up being oriented edge-on to the majority of your audience? not very exciting. So the majority of fireworks will look good no matter how the charge faces once it reaches its fuse height.


Question: Why do showers/baths refresh and energize?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do showers/baths refresh and energize?

We are imprinted from birth (and from shared genetic behavior) that cleaning is caring. Mother or Father both increase levels of attention and care when cleaning their young. This reenforces the social connect and yields a positive interaction. That behavior is then carried forward to older independent self-care rituals like bath and shower. It's further reinforced by the isolating ones self from sources of stress and personal rituals marking that time as a moment of self-care.


Question: Why is it common for teachers and nurses to unionize, but not, e.g., architects or lawyers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it common for teachers and nurses to unionize, but not, e.g., architects or lawyers?

When you have a lot of people working for a single employer there arises the possibility where the employer could impose unfair wages or bad working conditions. So the workers collectively bargain with the employer to have better working conditions and pay - they form a union. Architects are mostly self-employed or work in small studios, so there isn't a critical mass of workers that need to be organized. The same applies for lawyers in smaller law firms. Engineers (IT mostly) and Lawyers in bigger law firms are highly sought after and work in a competitive field. They have the luxury of going away and working for someone else (in contrast to nurses and doctors - there are only so many hospitals). Companies compete in providing the best perks to employees just to lure more of them in. So there is no need to form unions. At least not right now :)


Question: What is a checksum and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a checksum and how does it work?

You can try checksums yourself with a credit card number: URL_0 Double every other number starting with the 2nd then add all of the resulting digits (so 12 would be 1+2). The result will be a multiple of 10. Always. If you miss or swap a digit, the checksum is off (not a multiple of 10). That allows web pages to detect typos immediately, rather than spend time (and money) looking it up in the credit card network.


Question: How is an American 18 year old student, fresh out of high school, even remotely allowed to start taking on $5,000+ in debt every year for the purpose of higher education?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is an American 18 year old student, fresh out of high school, even remotely allowed to start taking on $5,000+ in debt every year for the purpose of higher education?

Questions about the US are generally better in r/askanamerican.


Question: Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?

Singing in a language uses a different part of the brain than speaking it. You will find with Choirs that many people sing in foreign languages without being able to speak said languages at all. They are taught how to sing the specific words in a specific manner and no language processing is occurring for them, just music production.


Question: why do you feel more refreshed after cold showers compared to the hot ones ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do you feel more refreshed after cold showers compared to the hot ones ?

This is very subjective, for some people cold showers aren't refreshing and hot showers are. How good a shower feels is often situational, for me if I have been outside sweating and am uncomfortable warm then I like a cold shower. If I am covered in grease and grime then a hot shower is preferred. With that said lets talk about what happens when you take a cold shower versus a hot one. Regardless of temperature when you shower you are exfoliating your skin and cleaning away accumulated sweat and grime. What is different with a cold shower is that you are causing the pores in your skin to contract as opposed to open like they would with a hot shower. A cold shower also lowers your body temperature, both the surface temperature of your skin and your core body temp. If you are hot, sweaty and covered in dirt a cool shower would clean off the dirt, cool you down and lower your temp enough that you no longer are sweating. Sounds pretty refreshing to me!


Question: How are polls of around 1500 people regarding political opinions kept as accurate as possible? It seems that it isn't a high enough sample to get an accurate average.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are polls of around 1500 people regarding political opinions kept as accurate as possible? It seems that it isn't a high enough sample to get an accurate average.

If that sample of 1500 people is truly randomly picked out of the population, you can actually get extremely accurate estimates of the overall population's feelings. When you take a sample of random draws from a distribution (such as selecting random people's answer to a question like "who will you vote for"), the average of that sample will approach the average of the overall population and be approximately distributed according to the normal distribution with a mean equal to the true population mean and a variance equal to the true variance of the overall population and the square root of the sample size. The above may have sounded like a bunch of arcane statistics (it is), but here's the meat: When we look at a sample of people, assuming they're randomly drawn from the population, the average views of that population are strongly mathematically related to the average views of the sample. The chance that the sample mean is different from the true population mean can be estimated. That's what a confidence interval does. We are 95% sure that our population mean lies within a particular distance from our sample mean. That distance is determined by the sample size and our estimate of the population variance. Even with a sample of roughly 300 people you can get a very small margin of error. The above is just math and is provable (and has been proven). The caveats to political polls are as follows: * If the sample is not random, you will get a biased estimate * If the question you ask is not artfully worded, you may be getting the answer to something different from what you think you're getting the answer to. If I ask "Do you like dogs?" and "Would you like owning a dog?" you would likely get very different answers even though it would be fairly easy to pass the results off as measuring the same thing.


Question: Why does desktop Windows 10 not support dynamic backgrounds when they are such a common feature in mobile OS?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does desktop Windows 10 not support dynamic backgrounds when they are such a common feature in mobile OS?

it might have if it came out in the dark days of cursor packs and desktop buddies. fortunately the desktop world has matured a bit and doesnt regard such gimmicks as a priority anymore. hopefully the mobile world will catch up soon


Question: How do companies afford to give away their products for free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies afford to give away their products for free?

**True ELI5:** At the grocery store, they give away free samples. They open a box and give 40 people each a bite. Two of those people each buy a box. So, it cost them one box, but they sold two boxes. So, they made money even though they gave something away for free. **ELI slightly older than 5:** In marketing, you think of these promotions in terms of three variables: cost of promotion, revenue from sale, and odds of sale. I might not be using the common names for the variables there, but that's the idea. Multiply the odds of sale by the revenue from a sale to get the amount of money they expect to make from giving away one thing for free. That number has to exceed the price of giving one thing for free. For example: it costs a company $5 to send a free sample. They expect 5% of people to buy based on that sample, and from each person that buys, they expect to make $120 in revenue. If they send the $5 product to 20 people, it costs $100, and they expect one of those people to spend $120 -- so, they net $20. Multiply those numbers by 100,000 and while they might pay $500,000 to give stuff away for free, they make $600,000. The related question is why this seems more common nowadays than it used to be. The answer is that technological advances especially in supply chain engineering and in shipping have made it cheaper to give away stuff for free than it has been in the past. So, the cost of promotion has dropped, and they can expect to make more money when they do these promotions. That, in turn, raises customers' expectations, to the point where companies must give these samples to compete. And even when the company's predictions are wrong, they still get valuable information on which samples sell products. The simpler example above doesn't leave anything out: it's the exact same equation, it's just that it used to be far cheaper to hand free samples out in a store than to mail free samples to people's homes. That's not the case anymore. Now, it's really cheap to mail free samples, too.


Question: Can you actually train yourself to need less sleep, or are you just learning to be able to function with less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you actually train yourself to need less sleep, or are you just learning to be able to function with less?

People who are chronically sleep deprived have lower cognitive capability in scientific studies. After a long time of sleep deprivation, the body and brain will begin to "get used" to feeling tired, but the cognitive effects (and increased mortality) remain. In other words: it *feels* like you get used to it, but you never do


Question: Why is China so capitalist when the country is one of most well known communist states on Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is China so capitalist when the country is one of most well known communist states on Earth?

China hasn't been communist since the early 90's. it's more capitalistic than alot of western countries now. the ruling party is still named the Communist Party, but their doctrines are now mostly government oversighted capitalism.


Question: How does the Mafia make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Mafia make money?

Historically, the businesses that were the most stable and reliable for organized crime were prostitution and gambling, as well as liquor during Prohibition. This was because average people tolerated them and so cops and judges were willing to take bribes not to go after them. To some extent loan sharks were also tolerated, typically as a side business on top of gambling since the gamblers were often in need of money, but the violence of loan sharks made it shadier. But instead of directly running businesses like this, stronger gangsters would force weaker ones to pay them "protection" money. In theory, paying protection money meant that the gangster you paid would protect you from other gangsters, which might be necessary because you're a criminal and you can't go to the cops without incriminating yourself. In reality, you paid them or *they* would burn your business down, beat you or your employees up, and maybe kill you if you kept refusing. And if other gangsters did try to get money from you, they might not even protect you then: They might use it as an excuse to demand even more money, or to make you sell out to them completely. This is under the general heading of an "extortion racket." They would also steal cars; hijack cargo trucks and sell the goods on the street; conduct armed robberies of banks and other businesses; and also burglaries. But they would do it far enough away from the neighborhoods they controlled to avoid suspicion, to maintain relationships with the community, and because they sometimes would protect the people who paid them by driving out smaller-time crooks. The big ticket became drug trafficking in the mid-20th century, and a lot of sources credit this change with destabilizing organized crime, making it a lot more violent and chaotic. Because of all the violence and law enforcement attention, some avoided it, and some split the difference by just making drug dealers pay them protection. They would also take over legitimate businesses like night clubs to launder money from their criminal businesses, and sometimes made them profitable in their own right. Some of them became places to retire for old members who didn't want to take risks anymore. In modern times they've been involved in credit card fraud, phishing scams, stock fraud, and more complicated electronic things. Basically they just do anything illegal that makes money, plus anything legal that makes money as long as someone else does the work (because even smart criminals are incredibly lazy people).


Question: Bananas are naturally radioactive, is there anything about eating a banana everyday that could be bad in the long run regarding radiation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Bananas are naturally radioactive, is there anything about eating a banana everyday that could be bad in the long run regarding radiation?

So there's a joke about radioactivity called the 'Banana Equivalent Dose' A lethal dose is like 25-50 Million Bananas. But it's actually more, because if you just ate a ton of bananas, the human body is really good at not holding on to excess potassium, so eating one of eating 10 is essentially the same, your body just tosses out the excess. It's only radioactive because potassium decays, so all potassium sources are radioactive, and you need potassium to live basically...so, you're stuck


Question: why can we visibly see steam, but can’t see air normally outside? And why is it sometimes we can see the shadow of exhaust (like from a bus) but not exhaust itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can we visibly see steam, but can’t see air normally outside? And why is it sometimes we can see the shadow of exhaust (like from a bus) but not exhaust itself?

When you can see steam, what you’re seeing is tiny drops of water being carried upward by the invisible water vapor. Since the air around steam is usually cooler than the steam, as soon as it evaporates tiny drops of water will condense out of the steam. It’s basically a cloud being carried up by hot air. The air outside usually has much less water vapor in it relative to its temperature. However, if there is a lot of water vapor in the air and it is a cold day, you will see the water vapor condense into fog. That’s also tiny droplets of water. As to the shadows, those happen because exhaust is much hotter than the surrounding air. This heat means that light travels at a different speed through the exhaust, and when light moves from a medium where it travels at one speed to a medium where it travels at a different speed, it bends, or refracts. You see the effect of that refraction as a shadow on the ground. For a similar effect, try holding a pair of glasses a short distance above the ground on a sunny day. They bend the light, creating a shadow.


Question: What is the difference between bodywash for men and bodywash for women or, shampoo for men and shampoo for women?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between bodywash for men and bodywash for women or, shampoo for men and shampoo for women?

Scents and price points. Marketing, essentially. Once you get to the salon quality hair products, it's all unisex because men's hair isn't structurally different from women's hair. & & Pretty much every soap ever is the same idea with maybe a scent or salicylic acid thrown in for pizzazz. It just all comes down to packaging and so forth.


Question: Why is there only red paprika?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there only red paprika?

Because ripe peppers you make paprika from are red. You can eat them green or yellow, but they are only fully ripe when red. So you pick the ripest, most flavorful ones to dry (because some of that flavor will be lost in drying)


Question: - Why do soap operas look different on TV compared to all other shows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do soap operas look different on TV compared to all other shows?

they are shot in higher frames, so it looks more fluid, and that makes it look like you are there watching them shoot a scene instead of watching a scene in a movie/tv show


Question: Why does a harmonic series diverge while the sequence converges?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a harmonic series diverge while the sequence converges?

The clearest way to see this is with a comparison test. The harmonic series is 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/5 + ... Now consider the sum: 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ... + 1/32 + ... + 1/64 + ... This sum is clearly smaller than the harmonic series. But you can group the terms of this sum as 1 + (1/2) + (1/4 + 1/4) + (1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8) + (1/16 + ... + 1/16) + (1/32 + ... + 1/32) + ... which equals to 1 + (1/2) + (1/2) + (1/2) + ... This is an arithmetic series which always diverges, but is less than the harmonic series at the same time, so the harmonic series must also be divergent.


Question: How can we tell how many light years away something is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we tell how many light years away something is?

They use parallax measurements. As the Earth moves around the Sun, it causes our angle to distant objects to change. My tracking that change in angle, we can use trigonometry to figure out how far away the thing that we're looking at is. Try it yourself, look at a nearby object and walk around the room a bit while keeping your eyes on it. You see how you have to move your head to keep track of it. Now go outside, and look at a distant object. Walk around a little bit, and you'll see that you have to change the way your looking a lot less to keep it in sight. If you know exactly how the angle changed, and exactly how you moved, you could calculate exactly how far away the object is.


Question: Why do things in orbit tend to align in a ring shape? eg. Galaxies, Jupiter's ring

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things in orbit tend to align in a ring shape? eg. Galaxies, Jupiter's ring

If you take a big cloud of stuff out in space gravity will tend to pull all of it towards the gravitational center of the mass, which will become spherical as everything pulls on everything. All this stuff tends to be moving in different directions, but as gravity pulls everything together these movements in different directions are cancelled out by each other. Now this cancelling out won't be perfect, because the initial movements won't be perfectly equal in all directions, so what's left over is some level of residual spin to the sphere. The spin causes a bulge to appear along the "equator" of the spinning sphere, creating a general plane with a bunch of stuff in it, and it will start the process over on a smaller scale. So a galaxy tends to have a spherical bulge at the galactic core, followed by a galactic plane full of stars. Stars tend to be a sphere with a bulge along a solar plane which are full of planets or asteroids. Planets tend to be a sphere with a bulge along it's planetary plane that tends to create moons or rings.


Question: On a technical level, why is charcoal (from wood) a better fuel than the very dry raw wood it comes from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a technical level, why is charcoal (from wood) a better fuel than the very dry raw wood it comes from?

Wood has a lot of random shit in it. Water, volatile chemicals, plant garbage. When it burns, this stuff doesn’t burn well and you get a lot of smoke and ash in the flame. If you’re just interested in the heat of the fire to stay warm or cook something, then this is fine and the wood is cheaper and more readily available. Sometimes you don’t want a dumb smokey fire though. Maybe you’re a medieval blacksmith who needs to temper steel with a hot, clean flame. Maybe you’re grilling meat and don’t want it to taste like wood ash when you’re done. Whatever the reason, if you need a clear, hot flame you’ll need to drive all the water and volatiles out of the wood *before* you burn it. That process creates charcoal, a carbon-rich fuel that burns hot and clean.


Question: If antibacterial soaps are banned, what is ‘hand soap’ actually doing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If antibacterial soaps are banned, what is ‘hand soap’ actually doing?

You've got a field filled with rabbits, and they're eating your crops. Antibacterial agents and hand sanitizers are like poisoning the rabbits. The problem is that dead rabbit bodies are still strewn about, and some of the rabbits survive the poisoning, and their kids will also be good at surviving poisoning. And rabbits hold a grudge. Scrubbing your hands with soap is like flooding the rabbit holes, and physically washing them off of your field. The advantage is that rabbits don't blame you for floods, and their kids don't grow up flood-resistant. That is the strangest analogy I've ever thought of.


Question: Why do apps like Venmo charge a fee for instant transfers versus an slower transfer that could happen in any range of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do apps like Venmo charge a fee for instant transfers versus an slower transfer that could happen in any range of time?

TL;DR: there are several funds transfer mechanisms ("payment rails") in the US. Instant transfers use the credit card networks to send money -- which does cost more to use. In the US, the most common payment rail is called "ACH" (Automated Clearing House). ACH uses a "batch process" -- meaning many payment transactions (both debits and credits) can be processed together in batches. While efficient, ACH payments are not instant. The average ACH transfer takes 1-2 days to complete (and can take up to 5 days). More recently, ACH supported "same day" transfers at an increased cost, but it's still not "instant". Another common way to send payments is via the credit card networks, e.g., the Visa and Mastercard networks. Since they are designed to handle credit card transactions, these networks are designed to operate "instantly" (in real time). When companies like Venmo sends payments to your bank, they will typically use ACH because of the lower cost. But if you want "instant" transfers, then Venmo sends the money using one of the credit card payment rails (Visa or Mastercard). However, Visa & Mastercard charge a per transaction fee (%) to Venmo for using their networks, so Venmo must in turn "pass on" the cost to you the consumer. Note: there's a relatively new payment rail in the US called "Real-Time Payments" (RTP) that promises to deliver "instant payments" at a lower cost. However, RTP isn't yet available to every bank. As of today about 60% of US checking/savings accounts can receive RTP.


Question: How is it not dangerous to breathe in the CO2 that we breathe out into our masks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it not dangerous to breathe in the CO2 that we breathe out into our masks?

Think about the fact that when we perform CPR we are literally exhaling directly into their lungs. If there was enough CO2 in a human exhale to harm someone why would we perform life saving CPR with that exhale? Our exhale does have some CO2 in it but our exhale is also still full of O2, we don't use all of the O2 we inhale and whatever isn't used comes back out in our exhale. The average human exhale is entirely safe to breathe in, it just is, which is why we're able to use it to save people's lives with CPR.


Question: How do mathematicians and physicists come up with page long equations such as the "Standard Model Equation"? Where do they start and how do they test these equations for accuracy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mathematicians and physicists come up with page long equations such as the "Standard Model Equation"? Where do they start and how do they test these equations for accuracy?

They start out by taking smaller mathematical equations that explain some specific phenomenon accurately. Then they grab multiple of these and attempt to combine them using overlapping variables and as they do this more and more you can get longer and longer equations. You then test each part for accuracy and each combination, if each initial equation is accurate, and check each combination to see if it creates any errors for the calculations of known test cases and if it doesn't then you continue on with more combinations and checking. This added with many people coming and scrutinizing these equations to make sure they are accurate you get very long equations that can either explain a variety of things, or you can have a very long equation that explains one very specific thing very well. Specifically how Lagrangian form of the standard model is written is a composite of 5 parts that explain the interactions of things like gluons, Bosons in order to explain the weak and strong nuclear force, along with parts of it explaining how particles interact with virtual particles and artifacts and such. Specifically, I don't know much about it, nor am I qualified to explain how that equation is written as that I simply don't know/understand.


Question: How does a evaporative cooler work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a evaporative cooler work?

When you leave the shower and enter a cool room, you feel way colder when your skin is still wet, than later when it dries a little. That's because evaporation is endothermic, which is to say that for a droplet to evaporate, it "sponges" heat away from its environment. In this case, it's on your skin, so you're the environment it steals heat from. That's the basic idea - create a film of liquid and as it evaporates, it'll cool the surface it was on. [EDIT] I suck at Latin.


Question: How do abortion pills work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do abortion pills work?

There's three pregnancy related pills that people talk about, only one of which is an abortion pill. **Oral contraception:** Contains estrogen and progesterone and prevents ovulation, which is the the release of an egg. If there is no egg, sperm has nothing to combine with so there is no fertilization. This is not an abortion pill. It doesn't end pregnancy, just prevents it from happening. **Morning-after pill:** Contains levonorgestrel, which is a progesterone only pill. It works by preventing the release of an egg and making it harder for the sperm to get inside the egg. It might also make the mucus lining of the uterus thicker so it's harder for the egg to implant on the wall, but no one knows for sure if it actually does this. It can prevent pregnancy, but it can't stop a pregnancy in progress. **Abortion pill:** Combination of mifepristone and misoprostol. It attaches to the same receptors as progesterone. Progesterone is a hormone that tells the uterus to maintain a uterine lining that supports the growth of an implanted fertilized egg. If mifepristone attaches instead, it stops the progesterone from attaching, thus blocking the uterine lining. To put it another way, the uterus builds a log cabin for the baby to grow in. It keeps getting a signal not to destroy the log cabin. But mifepristone blocks that signal, the uterus decides it would rather tear down the cabin, which means the growing embryo has no place to live anymore. This pill actually stops the pregnancy.


Question: What actually IS plasma? And how can it be in the sun but also be in TV's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually IS plasma? And how can it be in the sun but also be in TV's?

Plasma is a mixture of ionized (positively charged) gas and electrons (negatively charged). In plasma TVs the gas is neon and xenon. In the sun, the gas is hydrogen. In a plasma TV, the plasma is stored in tiny chambers. A plasma TV produces visible color by forcing all of the gas ions to one side of a tiny chamber using an electric field (similar to a magnet). When gas ions are forced together, they release energy in the form of ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is converted into a color dot (pixel) of visible light by chemicals that coats each plasma chamber called phosphors.


Question: How does water evaporate from puddles if it boils at 100 degrees? Are individual molecules being heated to that by the sun's rays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water evaporate from puddles if it boils at 100 degrees? Are individual molecules being heated to that by the sun's rays?

You are quite close. Individual molecules can be heated by the suns rays. But evaporation happens even without sunlight. Whenever molecules bump into each other they transfer thermal energy between themselves. But these transfers can be quite chaotic and it is not unusual for one molecule to get a lot of thermal energy in the collision. Most of the time this would equalize again in the next round of collisions as the molecule would give away its thermal energy to another molecule. However sometimes the molecule that ends up with lots of energy is close to the surface and may end up getting away from the surface before it hits another molecule. That is mainly how things evaporate.


Question: What is a ground in terms of electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a ground in terms of electricity?

Everything in nature, including electricity takes the easiest path to get from point A to point B. Normally electricity is contained within hot and neutral wires. However when something goes wrong, the electricity can escape this natural path, and has to go somewhere. The ground wire makes it more likely that the electricity goes safely away from you and into the ground, rather than into your body. This is how lightning rods work, they provide a quicker path for lightning to get where or wants to go, rather than hitting randomly and causing problems.


Question: Why does the end of the financial year not coincide with the end of the calendar year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the end of the financial year not coincide with the end of the calendar year?

A business can choose when it starts it's fiscal year. It doesn't have to follow the calendar year. Ending a fiscal year in Feb or March allows you to not have to cram alot of year end work into the holiday season when alot of employees are on vacation.


Question: How do they form the giant snow ramps at the Winter Olympics? And how do they prevent it from wearing down from use while still allowing it to be soft enough to land/crash on without breaking every bone in your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they form the giant snow ramps at the Winter Olympics? And how do they prevent it from wearing down from use while still allowing it to be soft enough to land/crash on without breaking every bone in your body?

For starters, they typically have solid molds that are covered in a lot of snow in order to keep the jumps from changing. The angles of the jumps and landing ramps are calculated, but the landing part is still the responsibility of the rider.