Question: Why the common logarithm base is 10?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the common logarithm base is 10?

It comes from the days of slide rules. To see how a slide rule works, imagine trying to perform basic addition by using two normal rulers. To add 2 + 3 you could find 2 on the first ruler, then line the end of the second ruler up with it. You then find the 3 on the second ruler and see what number it lines up against on the first ruler: 5. Slide rules use the same concept, but instead of adding simple numbers it adds the log of numbers. This is useful because of the identity that Log(A) + Log(B) = Log(A\*B). That means that we can convert a multiplication problem into an addition problem, then solve that addition problem using the ticks on a scale. There's an issue with this, though: what happens if you try to add 13+13 using 12-inch rulers? You run out of space! To avoid that same problem from happening on a slide rule the operator is expected to keep track of the powers of 10 themselves. This is why scientific notation is used–it's the exact format that's conducive to using a slide rule! This means that instead of computing 127\*7,891 you would use the slide rule to compute 1.27\*7.891 and then manually compute 10^2 \* 10^(3) (which is just 10^(5)). You split the logarithm up into an easy-to-compute whole number and a difficult-to-compute but finitely sized decimal. That only works when it's really easy to compute the whole number. If we use base 10 for the logarithm then that's as simple as counting the digits (or, in scientific notation, it's just given to us). This makes the base-10 logarithm the obvious one to use. It's also worth noting that once you can compute one logarithm you can compute any logarithm. If you want the base 2 log just take log(n)/log(2). Since you only need one logarithmic scale on a slide rule it makes sense to use the one that helps other operations most directly.


Question: Why do kids need to avoid fluoride in their toothpaste but adults are told it's beneficial to have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do kids need to avoid fluoride in their toothpaste but adults are told it's beneficial to have?

Fluoride poisoning for an adult is harder to get. You’d have to eat enough toothpaste to make you sick. But for a kid, their body mass is lower and they have a tendency to eat anything that tastes sweet including their toothpaste. Fluoride is beneficial for for preventing tooth decay but excess of anything can be bad.


Question: How does a surface to air missile battery mistake a large airliner for a fighter jet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a surface to air missile battery mistake a large airliner for a fighter jet?

They don't. They mistake it for a big bomber and that's a bigger threat than a fighter jet.


Question: What is high and low fidelity in music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is high and low fidelity in music?

Fidelity is a measure of how closely a copy matches its source, regardless of the medium. Record albums, JPEGs, DNA -- anything that makes copies has a measure of fidelity, of how precisely it matches or doesn't match the original. The higher the fidelity of a recording, the more similar the sound from the recording medium is compared to the original sound. An example of a high fidelity copy would be a studio master. An example of a low fidelity copy would be an MP3, in which details have been "smeared" into groups of similar details, making a less detailed file that still contains the basic waveform shape changes that characterizes that particular noise. Information has been removed, but the overall gist remains the same. A zero fidelity copy would be a recording that sounds totally unlike the original. Like, you recorded a pop singer in the studio but your sound file is the noise of a garbage disposal. The correlation between source and copy is so low it is difficult or impossible to see the connection between them.


Question: Why does US restrain from shooting down N.Korean missiles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does US restrain from shooting down N.Korean missiles?

You can calculate the trajectory of a ballistic missile shortly after launch, and it's clear that the trajectories for these are not aimed at land. Launching a costly intercept system (and showing our exact intercept capabilities and locations) to pick off an annoying but harmless test launch isn't worth the trouble.


Question: Why is there big corn and tiny corn but no medium corn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there big corn and tiny corn but no medium corn?

"tiny corn" is just immature corn while it is soft enough to just eat outright, cob and all. Mature corn has the corn kernels ready to eat, and at that point, the cob is firm. Corn that's between the two has firm kernels that aren't ready to eat *and* a firm cob that can't just be eaten, either. So you might as well wait until the corn is ripe at that point.


Question: How does mixing pigments affect light absorption/reflection? How does the eye perceive light reflected off of pigment mixes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does mixing pigments affect light absorption/reflection? How does the eye perceive light reflected off of pigment mixes?

It's (1), for the same reason that your monitor can produce a wide range of colors with only red, green, and blue pixels. It can, for example, render yellow by lighting up the red and green parts of the pixel. (Your monitor's pixels are adding light while pigments are removing light, but it's the same idea.) The problem with your reasoning for (1) is that pigments only reduce, never increase, the brightness of any given frequency of light. Your blue pigment *absorbs* some green and all red, and your yellow pigment *absorbs* blue and a little red/green. You end up with a mild reduction in all three, but mostly in blue and red, which makes the color you see *both darker and* greener. Continuing to mix pigments in will result in a low-brightness brown or gray, not a white as compared to the original color of your canvas - but note that you distinguish white and gray **relative to the background**, not as absolute colors in their own right. The moon, for example, is the color of asphalt, but appears brilliant white in the sky because it's set against a dark backdrop and is brightly lit by the sun.


Question: Why is it bad to quickly restart an air conditioner compressor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it bad to quickly restart an air conditioner compressor?

The air conditioner has a motor which compresses the gas hence it is called the compressor. If you start the compressor after a period of being off then the electric motor, the compressor, starts against no load. It does not begin pumping against a compressed gas. It is easier for a motor to start against no load. If the air conditioner was running then there is likely to be compressed gas still in the system. That is why the compressor is there. The compressor starts from zero speed against a load just as you might begin pedaling up a hill on a bicycle. Electric motors draw a large current getting started. They will draw even more when starting under a load.


Question: how hard is it for companies to evade US and Chinese tariffs by selling to intermediaries in third countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how hard is it for companies to evade US and Chinese tariffs by selling to intermediaries in third countries?

Not that hard, but doing it on a large scale is difficult to conceal and runs the risk of pissing off regulators who have a big hammer and the incentive to bring it down and make an example.


Question: Why do some images in softwares such as Photoshop appear fine at 85% zoom, blurry at 100%, and then fine again at 125%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some images in softwares such as Photoshop appear fine at 85% zoom, blurry at 100%, and then fine again at 125%?

Imagine an image was to be displayed 50/50 red and blue. You start out viewing it at a size when it's 20 pixels wide, so 10 pixels red and ten blue. Bam, it is perfect. Now you zoom in by 25 percent, making it 25 percent larger. The red and blue should each be 12.5 pixels wide, for 25 total pixels Uh oh, a pixel is a smallest we go. A pixel has to be all one color, it can't be half one and half the other. So maybe out of our 25 pixel width, we either do 13 red and 12 blue, or vice versa. Or maybe 12 red 12 blue and a purple pixel in between. Either way, it doesn't look perfectly 50/50 red blue anymore, there's either a purple blurring of the line between the two, or it looks slightly off. Zoom in farther! 50%! Now that ten and ten becomes 15 and 15, for 30 total. The screen can totally do that, no problem, there's no half pixels there. So you had the weird half pixel problem at 25% maginification, but not 0 or 50. This is super simplistic, and the problem is drastically more complex over curves, but that's a basic. This is also just one element. There's also a case of extreme zooms where the 'pixel' elements Photoshop is representing get so big individually your brain stops seeing the pixels together as a picture, and start seeing the clear delineation of the pixels as separate elements.


Question: Why do phone boot logos always seem so choppy when phones are capable of 60fps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phone boot logos always seem so choppy when phones are capable of 60fps?

When a phone is just booting up, it is not able to access every part of the phone yet. Kind of like when you just wake up and can't solve a math problem. If it is "capable" of 60fps, that doesn't mean it will always operate that way.


Question: In the context of video games, what exactly are unused assets, and how are they discovered by gamers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the context of video games, what exactly are unused assets, and how are they discovered by gamers?

What are unused assets? images, sound files, algorithms, data (items, areas, characters, etc) and other stuff that isn't used and doesn't appear during normal gameplay. It may have been intended for inclusion in the game but removed at some point for any number of reasons. How are they discovered by gamers? By poking around in the actual files the game stores on your computer. These are often compressed with standard packaging tools so they can be uncompressed/unpackaged with free tools. A lot of games are built around universal engines (e.g. the Mass Effect series was built on Unreal Engine 3) which have freely available specifications, including ones for how files get processed by the engine.


Question: Why does the wind sound way louder going past your ears, than if it is going straight into your ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the wind sound way louder going past your ears, than if it is going straight into your ears?

Take a half empty water bottle with the cap off. If you blow straight into the mouth of the bottle it makes no noise. However, if you blow at just the right angle across the mouth the bottle, the bottle hums like a flute. The ear canal, like the water bottle, is a dead end. When air blows directly into it, it gets blocks at the end of the cul-de-sac and stops moving and makes no noise. The air just gets stuck and does nothing. When air blows across the opening of the ear or the bottle, it can flow continuously, and it creates eddies of swirling air around the opening that vibrate at a particular pitch that is quite a bit louder than the stream of air itself.


Question: Why do items of clothing that you wear expand/loosen then revert back to normal after washing & drying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do items of clothing that you wear expand/loosen then revert back to normal after washing & drying?

Depending in the temperature of water the coldness (or heat) of the water will make the fibers contract or expand. When your wearing clothes (unless your constantly in somewhere cold like living in a freezer or Antarctic your body temperature expells heat and thus warms your clothes and in turn expands the fibers


Question: Why is gold so soft, and why does it conduct electricity so well?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is gold so soft, and why does it conduct electricity so well?

The entire group (column) on the periodic table of copper, silver, and gold are all really good conductors. Being in the same group means the outermost electrons of the elements have a similar configurations, there's just more inner electrons as the elements get heavier. As you can imagine, the outermost electrons are quite crucial for conducting electricity. They are also all quite soft metals, again because of outermost electrons which essentially give all the chemical and material properties other than density. Gold is just a lot more dense because the atoms are heavier. And while not silver, you'll note copper and gold share in common being about the only metals that are reddish and not grey. Copper is the second best conductor and by far cheapest, silver is the best conductor, and gold is the most corrosion resistant (so is used for electrical contacts sometimes when surface corrosion has a large impact on the conduction). So what makes this group special? Well, the electrons around atoms fall into various different orbitals, though don't take that too literally, they aren't balls circling around like the moon orbiting. These are patterns the electrons take around the atom, they are sort of smeared out in a region of space. They aren't circles, and lot aren't the spherical you might imagine. Completing filling certain levels of orbitals tend to make atoms more stable. Incomplete orbitals tends to make atoms more likely to simply give up or try and steal electrons to fill orbitals or empty out an incomplete one. This is the premise of pretty much the entirety of chemistry and material science, and it's by no means simple and none of our models are good enough to outright predict all properties from scratch for an atom. For a simple example, starting with hydrogen as really simple is has a 1s orbital. It's a small sphere around the atom. But this isn't filled, 2 electrons can fit in it. So hydrogen tends to try and share a second electron with another atom to fill it, like in water, H2O. The two hydrogens share a second electron with oxyegn. Helium has two electrons that fill this 1s orbital, so is very stable. Helium participates in virtually no chemical reaction and is always a gas as it won't stick to anything else, including itself. Hydrogen for examples share with itself to make H2 gas molecules. Helium atoms are content all on their own with their filled orbital. So that 1s filled, and 's' is the only or orbital shape in level 1. And you'll note, hydrogen and helium are the only two elements in the first row of the periodic table. That's why. Table came first based on material properties, but we later figured out that's why. Well, what's next? Well, levels 2. And the s shape shows up again, but so do others. 2s is again another sphere, but a larger one. You keep getting larger version of the same orbitals that we stick number in front of. You also get different orbital shapes, that can hold even more electrons than just 2 and have new letters like d and f. You'll note the periodic table gets more columns as you go down the rows. Some of these orbitals can hold a lot of electrons without going to a significantly higher energy level, that is the numbers. Anyways, back to group 11. That is, copper, silver, gold. So, the d orbital that metals in rows just before this group had been trying to fill is now filled. These electrons are happy and stable. This means they don't help with bonding (at least within the elements in their pure form) or help with electrical conduction. This leaves just a lone electron in the #s orbital, no where near filling the orbital up but pretty easy to give away. Copper it is 4s. Silver 5s. Gold 6s. For all of them, this lone electron is very weakly attached. It forms very weak bonds the atoms and has little attachment to the atoms. Firstly, this gives these metals a sea of easy to move electrons floating around them, although a lot of metals have this to some degree. The sea also isn't too full, so lots of space for these electrons to move. Secondly, this means the bonds are really weak. There's where the softness and ductility comes from, weak bonds that are happy to break and reform to a new atom in a very fluid way. And as for conduction, two things matter. How many charge carriers, that is free electrons, you have. And how far they can move freely before they smash into something. What do electrons conducting electricity smack into? Well, firstly impurities. Impure gold and copper don't conduct as well. But those aside, the atoms themsleves, but only if they are vibrating. The electrons move easily around the stationary crystal, but when you add vibration, that is heat or temperature, the electrons will start to have collisions and hence have resistance. But gold, copper, and silver have weak bonds. Which means weak vibration, which means low impedance to the movement of electrons. You'll note aluminum, the other common conductor rivaling copper, is also soft. Though not for the same d-orbital just filled and lone electron in the s-orbital reason, but a different but similar setup. Aluminum isn't as good as conductor as copper, but it's cheaper and more importantly is really light, actually making it a better conductor by weight (but not by size).


Question: Why, on maps, does Greenland never have any data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, on maps, does Greenland never have any data?

Many of these statistics you see on these types of maps come from reports within the country. Greenland is a part of Denmark, so technically, they could fall under the statistics of Denmark. However, Denmark might not separate Greenland's results from the mainland's. This could create odd numbers. Denmark is in the 10 of the GDP per capita. However, Greenland is not a rich place. Denmark is rich, and Greenland is a part of Denmark, but it would misleading to say that there is richness in Greenland proper. Since these map makers don't really know how to extract Greenland's specific data from Denmark, they might say that they have no data.


Question: Why do humans get emotional (high-pitched ‘awws’, omg sad faces, pouty lips, etc.) over cute animals/fictional creatures/baby humans? Is this reaction instinctual? If so, what is this tapping into?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans get emotional (high-pitched ‘awws’, omg sad faces, pouty lips, etc.) over cute animals/fictional creatures/baby humans? Is this reaction instinctual? If so, what is this tapping into?

Humans think round things are cute... (babies, stitch from lilo and stitch, the dream works dragons, puppies and kittens...) due to wiring in our brains that make us love babies for their roundness. It’s a “parental” instinct. It’s also why chibi and fat stuffed animal versions of things considered to be so popular and cute.


Question: how scientists know what wavelengths are visible to different species?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how scientists know what wavelengths are visible to different species?

Two basic methods. 1. They can directly measure whether the retinal cells respond to different signals. 2. They can associate lights in different colors with the presence of food (the food is behind the door where the light is on), and see if the animal gets the signal or not.


Question: Why do most cooking oils have a caloric value (ex: olive oil 120 calories) but show 0 calories when put in a spray bottle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most cooking oils have a caloric value (ex: olive oil 120 calories) but show 0 calories when put in a spray bottle?

It depends on their respective serving size. Most of these sprays will claim that the serving size is something along the lines of 1/4 of a second (or 0.25 grams). One gram of fat is 9 calories, so one serving size is 2.25 calories. However, the FDA rules that if a serving size contains less than 5 calories, you can round down to 0 on a label. Thus, cooking sprays are not actually 0 calories. You're still eating fats (oils).


Question: Why do space rockets start with boosters from ground and do not fly up like planes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do space rockets start with boosters from ground and do not fly up like planes?

Rockets don't fly straight up. They turn to orient themselves horizontally rather quickly after launch. Getting into space really isn't about getting high up. It's about going super fast horizontally so you keep missing the ground as you fall. You want to do this high enough above the ground so atmospheric drag can't slow you down, hence why you need to go up too, but FAR more energy is needed to get the horizontal speeds required. All that means is that you don't really get that much efficiency gains by doing an air launch. Rockets are really heavy, and it's hard to lift to heavy things high up into the air and the lifting force from both balloons and airplanes drops off quickly as altitude increases. The potential efficiency gains are very small, and the added engineering complexity is huge, hence why its generally not done.


Question: Could my own created currency relplace the dollar if it gets accepted by the majority of the people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could my own created currency relplace the dollar if it gets accepted by the majority of the people?

Yup. That's how bitcoin started. People treated it like pop caps. You have whole bitcoins away as gag gifts. 10 years later a single Bitcoin is worth over $4000 us.


Question: What does the space between galaxies consist of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the space between galaxies consist of?

It's nothing really, but there are some "things" that could be there. There are lots of theorized things such as Dark Matter that may fill up the space. Some scientists think dark matter may compose a huge amount of the matter in the universe. We've never seen it and have none of it, but the science behind it is pretty solid.


Question: Do particles truly move randomly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do particles truly move randomly?

This is a weird one to answer because its not really a yes or no answer. From what I understand it has to do with whether or not we are looking at them. This is an old video that explains an experiment that threw the theories behind it on its [head]( URL_0 ). Forgive the crappy animation but the idea is the still cool.


Question: Why does water put out fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water put out fire?

To understand this, you need to have a basic understanding of how fire works. In order for fire to burn, it needs three components: heat, fuel, and and oxidizer. In a typical campfire, your heat comes from the match you lit and stuck into the fire at the beginning, then subsequently comes from the fire itself. The fuel is the logs and twigs on the fire. And the oxidizer is the open air in which the fire is burning. When you pour a bucket of water on the fire, the water sucks up the heat in the fire and removes one of the three sides of the triangle. Without heat, you've just got a couple logs and some air floating around, and thus no fire.


Question: when someone has a mental health issue like scizephrenia, why do the voices in their head always tell them to do messed up stuff? Why doesnt the voice sometimes just like remind them to floss and stuff.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when someone has a mental health issue like scizephrenia, why do the voices in their head always tell them to do messed up stuff? Why doesnt the voice sometimes just like remind them to floss and stuff.

They don't always tell them to do bad things. I had a friend who used to tune out mid conversation, lean out of our group, and start having a friendly conversation with "Medusa". He said she had power over him, but usually she just wanted to be a friend.


Question: How can the price of anything be negative? Would they technically have to pay you for buying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the price of anything be negative? Would they technically have to pay you for buying?

Yes, that is literally how it works. It's not about oil itself having a negative price. When you hear that, they're talking about oil *futures*, a contract to sell a certain amount of oil on a certain date. If the price of oil drops too low, the person holding that contract might actually lose money if they have to fulfill it, and so are willing to pay somebody else less money to take it off their hands.


Question: What exactly is the Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy in simpler terms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is the Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy in simpler terms?

This is perhaps easiest to understand in terms of the archetypes the words come from. Both Apollo and Dionysus were gods in the Greek pantheon. Apollo was the god of things like science, medicine, and (ironically given that quote) music. He's often portrayed as rationable and reliable, but also kind of boring and distant. Apollonian behavior emphasizes rational analysis and prudent action. Dionysus was the god of wine and revelry. He's often portrayed as the life of the party, but his parties can quickly get out of hand. Dionysian behavior emphasizes fun and creativity. People who create comedy have long known that it's funny to pair an Apollonian persona with a Dionysian persona. The Dionysian pushes the Apollonian into situations where he's not comfortable, and the Apollonian tries to reason with someone who cannot be reasoned with. Both make for great comedy. The classical example of this is The Odd Couple.


Question: How does Two Separate Switches control a single light bulb work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Two Separate Switches control a single light bulb work?

There are basically two wires between the switches. Lets call it a top wire and a bottom wire. The switches each connect the rest of the circuit either to the top or the bottom wire. When both switches connect to the top wire, the light is on. Both connect to the bottom wire, light is on. If they connect to different wires, light is out.


Question: Why are some gas cylinders filled with other materials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some gas cylinders filled with other materials?

That gas is explosive if above 15 psi. Obviously there's more than 15 psi in the tank so they dissolve the gas in acetone and use the pumice like stone to absorb the liquid to keep the tank from spontaneously turning itself into a bomb.


Question: How isn’t there any lightning in a snowstorm in winter but tons of it during a storm in the summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How isn’t there any lightning in a snowstorm in winter but tons of it during a storm in the summer?

In general, lightning is caused by a build up of electricity in the air. This build up is caused by warm air rising and quickly forming cumulonimbus clouds. As cloud particles condense they acquire an electrical charge which builds up and eventually discharges to a place where the charge is less - usually the ground (fork lightning) or lower less highly charged clouds (sheet lightning). In the winter you rarely get warm air rising at the same rate and so the electrical build up is less and lightning happens less often.


Question: During the late 80s to mid 90s, every home computer came with their own operating system. Now almost all home computers comes with just Windows, why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 During the late 80s to mid 90s, every home computer came with their own operating system. Now almost all home computers comes with just Windows, why?

The short answer: because Microsoft, lead by Bill Gates, engaged in illegal anti-competitive actions to drive competitors out of business and establish a near-monopoly. They engaged in [wide-spread predatory business practices]( URL_4 ) designed to drive out direct and indirect competitors in the OS market. To give just a few examples: - Microsoft used their domination of the office suite market (Word and Excel) to sabotage their competitor DR DOS, by having their software detect when it was running under DR DOS and [falsely report that it wasn't compatible]( URL_0 ). - Microsoft used their growing monopoly power in the PC market to "negotiate" deals with PC manufacturers ("agree to our terms, or we'll stop supporting your PC") for what became effectively compulsory royalties. Royalties were tied to the number of PCs sold, not the number of Windows OS supplied. Consequently, if you bought a PC from a major brand they paid for Windows regardless of whether or not they actually supplied Windows. Of course they passed that cost on to you, the consumer, and **you still paid for Windows** even if it wasn't supplied. This ["Microsoft tax"]( URL_1 ) made it impossible for alternative OSes such as BeOS to compete even though they were much better and faster. - Microsoft partnered with IBM to develop OS/2 for servers, while secretly using the knowledge they gained to develop Windows NT as a direct competitor. Then, before OS/2 could be established in the server market, they dropped out of the partnership released NT, and used their domination of the PC market to likewise dominate the server market.^1 (Funnily enough, the early versions of OS/2 written by Microsoft were full of technical flaws which similar early versions of NT did not suffer from. It was only when IBM more or less re-wrote OS/2 themselves was it a decent server-class OS, but of course it was too late by then.) In the 1990s, the US Department of Justice [took action against Microsoft]( URL_3 ) and found that they had [acted illegally]( URL_2 ), but by the time Microsoft was found guilty, the US government under President Bush Jr lost its stomach for doing anything about it and merely gave them a slap on the wrist and made them promise to not do it again. But for a time, there was real talk about splitting Microsoft into two separate companies to break the monopoly. The longer answer would have to acknowledge the effect of non-predatory economic factors such as network effects (if all your friends used Windows, there are advantages for you to use Windows as well), piracy (software piracy helped MS DOS spread in the first place, and especially helped Excel and Word succeed against more established incumbents such as Lotus and WordPerfect), high costs of entry etc. The Dept of Justice findings of facts does a good job at explaining those as well. Nevertheless, the major reason that Microsoft dominates the OS market is that they illegally lied, cheated, sabotaged competitors and stifled innovation. We're still paying the price for that now, even though Microsoft appears to (mostly) no longer be acting in such ways, thanks to legal actions by both the US and EU threatening to break the company apart, plus the disruptive effects of the Internet. ^1 Microsoft never dominated the server market to the same degree they did the desktop. Unix and Unix-based OSes, especially Linux, continue to hold a large share of the market. But among the *DOS compatible* server market, Windows dominated.


Question: How much is my internet history worth and why does it matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much is my internet history worth and why does it matter?

In the aggregate, as in mashed up with everybody else's data, it's just demographics and it doesn't matter much. But in the specific it could be worth your life. So let's say I'm your stalker, if I can prise your specific data out of the aggregate then I can shadow your life. Let's say I'm the malicious ex of your current S.O. and I have even the slightest law enforcement powers, or a friend that works at your cable company; I can come through and get your entire history and fish through it for things I can use against you. See when that data had no value, the ISPs had no reason to collect and keep it, outside of a specific warrant issued by law enforcement. So with no motive to keep that data they've actively fought the various interests pushing to collect the data at all. But now, to quell that corporate interest in being _actively_ _disinterested_ in your data, the Senate and Law Enforcement have decided to declare your internet history a salable commodity. Now the ISP has an financial interest in wanting to collect that data. So when a any person with the money (or law enforcement with a white letter) comes by, the data will have already been collected and a simple database search gets not just future information but your past. So basically the right to sell that data creates retroactive wiretap and snooping. But here's the thing. Making your data a commodity makes it about as safe as a sack of flour. So next time you call Comcast, be sure not to get pissy with the customer service rep, they might "accidentally" email the web history attached to your account to someone like, say, every person in your email history. And of course part of your background check for your next job might be buying a "good parts version" of your web history. I mean right now it's just a dive into your social media pages, but when they see that link to donkey porn that your friend tricked you into clicking, or that "how to rip off your employer" article you looked up for your last job because you thought someone was stealing from the register, well the context of how you ended up there at that "incriminating" site will be _gone_. So imagine looking for a job after falling into a pornado or after your "what the fuck" scamper through some white supremacist bullshit that you followed from some article. You were all "do people really believe this crap?" but the history just says you spent three hours browsing "stabani%% URL_0 ". So you'll see a bunch of "nobody cares about your data, don't worry" crap. But history has shown that there is cause to worry because every previous "hey, nobody cares" event has turned into a shit-storm for someone. So it's sort of like the traffic laws in Tijuana. If you hear a horn honk, the car now has the right of way, so when a horn honks _everyone_ in the street dives for the sidewalks. The chances that any one person will have their life destroyed by this is very low. But it's _certain_ that some people will get royally screwed over. And most people who are boned by having a "background check" include this information will never know that this data was what did the job. So even as it does its dirty work, people will still think it was harmless because they cannot _see_ its influence. So if your neighbor is searching child porn, or even barely legal man-on-horse action, via your unlocked WiFi then your life may be over before you know it...


Question: Why are Submarines affected by the intense pressure on them, but spaceships are not affected by the lack there of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Submarines affected by the intense pressure on them, but spaceships are not affected by the lack there of?

Inside a spaceship is 1 atm, outside is 0. Inside a submarine 1000 feet down is 1 atm, outside is *30* atm. Water pressure is far stronger than the relatively small pressure differential in space.


Question: What's the practical use of supply and demand curves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the practical use of supply and demand curves?

An acquaintance of mine works for Coca Cola as an economist, and her job basically consists on estimating its demand curve. At least where I live, most of the tasks an economist has when working at a company are estimating demands. Now, what's the point of having these demand curves? First, it allows you to plan production and avoid over and under supply. For example, Coca Cola considered in their demand equation a month dummy, the average temperature of the past 30 days, the growth in income, the inflation rate, the price of their main local competitors, and many more that I have forgotten. Based on this information, they can project how many units they'll need to produce in a given month, and purchasing their inputs accordingly. In addition, demands are useful for determining your pricing policy. Firms tend to work as monopolists for their product, and as you probably saw in basic Micro, the demand curve is what determines the behavior of a monopolists. Taking into consideration all the variables mentioned above, they can pick the optimal price. Supply curves are also used, for example when the government regulates public services. Knowing how producers react to different policies is important in making policy decisions.


Question: If a bullet were to travel at supersonic speed when firing, would it mean that you would get hit before receiving any audio cues?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a bullet were to travel at supersonic speed when firing, would it mean that you would get hit before receiving any audio cues?

Yes, although the bullet causes a continuous sonic boom due to its speed so the delay from the sound of the bullet flying is minimal. The bang of the gun firing itself however will be delayed a few seconds if the distance is great enough.


Question: Why are fencing masks covered in a net instead of a transparent plastic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are fencing masks covered in a net instead of a transparent plastic?

Fencing started out as a sport long before modern materials. Mesh was available at the time, and provides ventilation. A clear visor would fog up very quickly during the heavy physical demands of fencing.


Question: Is math invented or discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is math invented or discovered?

Discovered, numbers and algebra and the logic behind it was all already here before humans could write it down. For example, speed, acceleration, gravity and orbits were all things before humans existed, let alone gave equations for them.


Question: Why do unopened water bottles never grow mold in them even at room temp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do unopened water bottles never grow mold in them even at room temp?

Mold, or spores must exist in the bottle in the first place for mold to grow. Bottled water is packaged in sterile bottles, with sterilized water so there are no mold/bacteria living to reproduce. Your refillable bottle likely isn't re-sterilized between uses and is probably filled with municipal water that isn't 100% sterilized.


Question: Is wikipedia going to shut down if we don't give them enough money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Is wikipedia going to shut down if we don't give them enough money?

They're not running out of money right at this moment, but since they actually have staff and significant web hosting infrastructure needs, you can't run an organization like that on fundraising to fundraising ad-hoc basis. You need to be able to rely on a somewhat steady revenue stream. So they have their fundraising drive at the same time every year. If they have a bumper year it just goes into the bank account for next year when perhaps they don't fundraise as much. And as you see your costs go up, you set your fundraising target a little higher or tweak the donation amounts or run the fundraising banner for a bit longer. The short of it is - do you get value from any of the Wikimedia websites? If so, consider donating. They're one of the true real honest non-profits out there and for all of its flaws, Wikipedia is a great starting point to any research project (and a great timewaster for us casuals). And while the platform can be gamed by a concerted malicious effort, in general, the information there is mostly truthful and the majority of editors and moderators strive to maintain factual, sourced, neutral unbiased information... which is rare these days.


Question: why do things that move quickly see everything else moving slowly?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 why do things that move quickly see everything else moving slowly?

We only know that these animals can see changes in the world faster than humans. For example, most LED lights are flickering at 60 times per second but to us, it looks like a constant brightness. To an animal with faster sense of sight, they may see the actual flicker. Another way to describe it is to look at flip books. Lets say you have a flip book of an athlete running across the page. There are 10 pages and you flip them at 10 pages per second. The athlete runs across the page in 1 second. Now, an animal with a better ability to see changes would represent say 1000 pages of an athlete running across the page. Flipping the book at the same 10 pages per second takes 100 seconds for the athlete to run across. The athlete seems to be running in slow motion IF we assume we're still flipping at 10 pages per second (human perception). Therefore we think these animals see the world slower but its not like we can ask them directly. This is also how slow motion videos are generated by cameras capturing at very high speeds. Now how were these results measured? One way is to stick an electric probe into the visual nerves of the animal and flicker lights at different speeds. The electric signal should be distinct peaks at each flicker but the faster you go, the peaks will eventually blend. Animals with faster sight would see faster flicker than humans.


Question: If one destroy enough money, can one theoretically inflate the worth of each dollar bill?

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 If one destroy enough money, can one theoretically inflate the worth of each dollar bill?

Not materially, no. The actual % of the total 'money' that exists and notes and coins is quite small. At a guess, 5-6%. So even destroying it all, there is still 95% of the value of 'money' that hasn't been removed from the market. I guess if you destroyed enough of them, and the central bank didn't print any more - they'd be collectors items and have more value.


Question: How did we first find out about the difference in gravity in space?

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 How did we first find out about the difference in gravity in space?

Take my answer with a grain of salt. I'm not a scientist. EDIT: There is a difference in gravity depending on how far away from the body (earth) you are. A person on a mountain will feel less gravity than a person at sea level. But it's such small amounts until you get far away from the planet. **First of all, gravity is not different in space.** What you're talking about is weightlessness. Which means we feel like there are no outer forces acting on our body. Let's take the ISS as an example. The ISS is constantly affected by gravity. HOWEVER, it is traveling super fast across the earth. So it's constantly "falling". I wish I could draw on my phone/reddit, then I could visualize the forces. There is one force dragging the ISS down towards earth. And there is another force ("centripetal force") F=m*v^2*r These create the orbit. [Here]( URL_0 ) is a good link to read on orbits. > > How Do Objects Stay in Orbit? An object in motion will stay in motion unless something pushes or pulls on it. This statement is called Newton's first law of motion. Without gravity, an Earth-orbiting satellite would go off into space along a straight line. With gravity, it is pulled back toward Earth. A constant tug-of-war takes place between the satellite's tendency to move in a straight line, or momentum, and the tug of gravity pulling the satellite back. An object's momentum and the force of gravity have to be balanced for an orbit to happen. If the forward momentum of one object is too great, it will speed past and not enter into orbit. If momentum is too small, the object will be pulled down and crash. When these forces are balanced, the object is always falling toward the planet, but because it's moving sideways fast enough, it never hits the planet. Orbital velocity is the speed needed to stay in orbit. At an altitude of 150 miles (242 kilometers) above Earth, orbital velocity is about 17,000 miles per hour. Satellites that have higher orbits have slower orbital velocities. Orbiting is basically infinite freefall. There is still gravity in space (if close to a dense body). I've tried to explain it, but I don't have the tools to make it easy.


Question: What exactly is the financial repo market?

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 What exactly is the financial repo market?

Simply put, time is money - having cash sitting in your bank account, even for one night, is a lost opportunity. So when the bank accounts of commercial banks exceed or are under their legally mandated reserves, they loan/borrow it out with a repurchase agreement - this is where the term repo comes from. Basically, Bank A has $50m extra at the end of Thursday, Bank B has a need to get $50m on its books to comply with regulations - Bank A will loan out their extra $50m for an agreed interest rate, and will repurchase the loan on Friday morning. The agreed interest rate that banks charge each other for 1 day loans is just about the most fundamental metric in the entire financial system. Everything from government bonds, to commercial loans, to your mortgage is influenced by how much banks have to pay to square their books at the end of the day.


Question: Why does the selfie cam flip the picture? Cant it just take a normal picture like the front camera?

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 Why does the selfie cam flip the picture? Cant it just take a normal picture like the front camera?

It's for usability. When the camera is facing you, a lot of people find it more intuitive if it behaves like a mirror instead of a camera. People are used to handling mirrors, so it just winds up being more comfortable for the majority of users. A lot of phones will also let you set whether the image is flipped or not.


Question: What is a tesseract, how do we know what they look like, and what exactly do they look like?

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 What is a tesseract, how do we know what they look like, and what exactly do they look like?

[Here's]( URL_2 ) Carl Sagan explaining it very well. I remember watching this as a kid and having an extra dimension finally make some kind of sense. I particularly like his use of the word "shadows." We can [draw a cube]( URL_0 ) on a flat (two-dimensional) piece of paper, but what we're really looking at is a *shadow* of a three-dimensional cube. A real cube has 90-degree angles at every corner, a two-dimensional representation of a cube doesn't, we have to modify the angles so it fits on the paper--so it fits in two dimensions. We can build a [three-dimensional model]( URL_1 ) of a tesseract, but you notice that not all the angles are 90 degrees. This three-dimensional model is a *shadow* of a four-dimensional object that has all 90-degree angles. It's a bit of a brain-twister to imagine it, but that's good exercise for your brain. Watch the video. Carl explains it far better than I can.


Question: In school we learnt that honey doesn't spoil. So how is it that packaged honey, even those that claim to be "pure", have an expiration date?

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 In school we learnt that honey doesn't spoil. So how is it that packaged honey, even those that claim to be "pure", have an expiration date?

They don’t spoil but they do lose flavour, smell and water. If you store honey in fridge, some times you might notice it crystallises. This will happen in room temperature after a couple of years. So the expiration date is really a best by date.


Question: How is Uber losing money?

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 How is Uber losing money?

For every $10 you pay the app, Uber takes about $6. It spends $4 on insurance and cost of running the app. It also spends about $1 on marketing, $1 on research and development, $1 on other administrative stuffs. That net -$1. * *Numbers aren’t actual. Edit: 2018 actual numbers: $6 revenue - $3 cost of revenue (insurance, processing fees, incentives) - $1 operations and support - $2 marketing - $1 research and development - $1 general administrative So that’s -$2 before interests and tax


Question: Why is the sky pink in the east during sunset occasionally?

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 Why is the sky pink in the east during sunset occasionally?

That's called [the "venus belt"]( URL_0 ) and what you're seeing is the redder light from the sunset lighting up the atmosphere.


Question: why are viruses not considered living organisms?

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 why are viruses not considered living organisms?

They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. They also don't reproduce independently but must replicate by invading living cells.


Question: why the earth's magnetic fields reverses?

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 why the earth's magnetic fields reverses?

URL_0 They're not sure yet. But models of the movement of Earth's liquid iron core have also resulted in seemingly random reverses, so it's something inherent to how the liquid iron is behaving.


Question: why does chewing gum disintegrate into mush after chewing too long? Why does it happen suddenly instead of gradually?

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 why does chewing gum disintegrate into mush after chewing too long? Why does it happen suddenly instead of gradually?

What kind do you chew? How long are we talking about? I've never experienced this.


Question: How are diamonds formed in a lab(I am having trouble understanding the diamond seed)?

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 How are diamonds formed in a lab(I am having trouble understanding the diamond seed)?

As best I understand it, they take a tiny bit of a natural diamond (the "seed") and then use chemical processes to slowly drop a stream of individual carbon atoms onto that "seed," like someone drizzling syrup over pancakes. Since the diamond is just made of carbon itself the atoms being drizzled over it bond to it, causing it to grow by latching onto its chemical structure. So they can use this to shape the diamond to whatever shape and size they want while it stays a pure diamond in terms of actual chemical structure.


Question: Why are electromagnetic waves always portrayed as Sine waves?

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 Why are electromagnetic waves always portrayed as Sine waves?

While an electromagnetic wave can have any(\*) shape, there are two reasons we portray them as sine waves. 1. Sine waves have some very nice mathematical properties. While [the equations that describe light ]( URL_1 )can be solved for any(\*) wave shape, solving is [particularly easy ]( URL_3 )for sine waves. Also, you can represent any(\*) wave shape, no matter how complicated, as [the sum of many sine waves ]( URL_2 )of different wavelengths. So sine waves are clearly a mathematically good choice. 2. Many of the behaviors of light suggest that sinusoidal light waves are a fundamental property of the universe, not just a human convenience. If you send a light wave of any shape into a prism, the prism will split it up into different sine waves, with the different wavelengths (colors) going off in different directions. Light also has this dual particle/wave nature, and the particles (photons) correspond to sine waves of a particular wavelength. (\*) There are some boring mathematical restrictions, but they're the same for all three asterisks so let's not get into that. One last note: light is sometimes represented as a complex exponential function rather than sine waves: there's a [close correspondence ]( URL_0 )between complex exponentials and sine waves, and both 1) and 2) above are true for them too. But see [today's xkcd.]( URL_4 )


Question: Why do the seasons line up with Earth's position relative the to the Sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Why do the seasons line up with Earth's position relative the to the Sun?

The tilt of the Earth does not change. What changes is the Earths position around the Sun and therefore the Sun is shining in different direcitons.


Question: Why does ice shrink in the freezer, and what determines the rate of shrinkage?

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 Why does ice shrink in the freezer, and what determines the rate of shrinkage?

Water is an insteresting chemical substance; it not only evaporates (water to gas) but also sublimates (solid to gas or gas to solid). Part of the reason for this is that when water solidifies, it also changes form; solid water is a crystal lattice, and so takes up more space than it would otherwise take up, and has a more rigid structure. This means that as the structure melts/breaks down, it is easy for individual H2O molecules to break away from a still-solid structure, resulting in solid and gas at the same time. This can happen at any temperature, as the process of changing state is governed not only by temperature (motion of the molecules) but also by ambient temperature (how much outside pressure is holding the substance in place). As the ambient pressure drops, more ice will sublimate. Once the crystalline structure in general collapses, the ice will begin to melt.


Question: How alcohol companies ship huge amounts of their product internationally while keeping costs down?

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<answer>
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 How alcohol companies ship huge amounts of their product internationally while keeping costs down?

They get bottled at the plant and shipped in boxes. Usually 6-8 bottles in each box. Source: I work at a warehouse that distribute food and beverages to restaurants and grocery stores.