Question: What chemical makes a leaf or a flower a certain colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What chemical makes a leaf or a flower a certain colour?

chemical(s) - there probably a few dozen to hundreds but I'll just list the main 3 classes. Chlorophyll is the main one everyone knows since it's green and involved with how plant get energy. There's actually chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B that are slightly different colors where B a bit more yellowish. For oranges/yellow - the main structures are carotenoids like beta carotene; same structure that makes carrots and oranges look orange. For Reds, purples, and a few oddball colors - anthocyanins; which are a class that you would notice pretty much any plant that isn't orange, yellow, green (lets just say a colored flower petal or a strawberry). Anthocyanins are pretty unique that their color is based on both structure AND pH so they tend to have a fairly wide range of colors. If you're looking for a relationship they all have something called "conjugated double bonds" in their structure; it's just two double bonds separated by a single bond in organic chemistry. Technically all compounds can absorb light but something about conjugated double bonds seems to absorb visible light most of the time.


Question: Would deep sea caves have normal air pressure so that humans could live in them or would they have the same pressure as the water at the depth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would deep sea caves have normal air pressure so that humans could live in them or would they have the same pressure as the water at the depth?

They have the same pressure as the water. If it were less, the water would flood in (squeezing the air) until it equalized. FYI, people can breathe pressurized air. But health problems can occur.


Question: why we sell gas by the volume but not mass, unlike in avionics and auto racing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why we sell gas by the volume but not mass, unlike in avionics and auto racing?

Planes and race cars care about how much weight they're moving around as it has a significant impact on performance. A plane needs more power to get more weight off the ground so extra mass is a problem for it if you happen to fuel it on a cold day Passenger cars don't care as much about added mass, and people know they have a 10 or 12 or 15 gallon fuel tank, not a 64, 96, or 128 pound fuel tank. We generally measure liquids by volume not mass, you can see this with baking instructions too We also don't meticulously temperature control gasoline. Put it in a big underground tank and it'll stay around the same temperature all year long. Even if it does go through temperature swings, it doesn't change in density that much. At 0C gasoline is 1.8% denser than at 15C, and at 30C it is 2% less dense than at 15C, that's not a huge swing


Question: Aside from being a precursor to a possible recession, what does it actually mean when they say the ten year yield is below the two year rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aside from being a precursor to a possible recession, what does it actually mean when they say the ten year yield is below the two year rate?

It means if you lock in your money for ten years, you will earn a lower interest rate than if you invest for two years.


Question: Why when I'm thinking of something sour, my saliva comes out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when I'm thinking of something sour, my saliva comes out?

It's an evolutionary adaptation to protect your teeth from acidic foods. The response is to increase the amount of saliva in your mouth to help mitigate the damage by diluting the acid that's about to enter your mouth. Your brain thinks you're about to eat something sour so it primes your mouth to protect your teeth.


Question: How did Isaac Newton just invent Calculus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Isaac Newton just invent Calculus?

Short answer... Pretty much on a dare. He wanted to explain why the moon orbits earth. (And other physical phenomena) There is some controversy about it since Leibniz claimed to have invented it first. I'm fact crude version of specific calculus applications were already in use. Newton applied calculus to generic physics problems, Leibniz to more abstract concepts. Calculus is the next logical step in mathematics once you understand algebra. It is a huge step nonetheless. If you study something simple such as a parabolic shot you can understand how to calculate the distance the projectile will land. but some calculations become a little difficult with simple algebra but trivial with calculus. For instance calculate the highest point the projectile will reach and the exact time when this will happen.


Question: Why does the shower curtain always suck in towards you when showering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the shower curtain always suck in towards you when showering?

Everyone in this thread is being sonewhat misleading. There are several competing theories but none is definitively the right one. URL_0


Question: How do gambling odds work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do gambling odds work?

Different types mean different things. You'll often see an American football game that has point spreads with both sides at -110. This means you have to bet 110 dollars to win 100. To win the bet you have to "cover the spread". If the Packers are favored by 4 over the Cowboys and you bet on the Packers, the Packers have to win by more than 4 for you to win that bet. If you bet on the Cowboys, they have to either win, or lose by less than 4 to win the bet. If the Packers win by exactly 4, the bet is off and you just get your money back. Then there is the moneyline. This is more common in baseball betting, but you can do it in basketball or football too if you want. With the moneyline there's no point spread, and you are just picking the winner. There will be a number listed that's the odds. If it is+200, you have to bet 100 to win 200, meaning if you bet 100 and you win, they'll give you your money back plus 200 bucks. A team with these odds would be an underdog. If it is -200, you have to bet 200 bucks to win 100. This team would be the favorite. In some contests where the two opponents are lopsided, and it's extremely likely one of them will win, you might see a line that's -1500 for the favorite, or +1500 for the underdog. Then you have regular odds bets. These are most common used for horse betting and futures bets. It might say 4/1, meaning you bet a dollar, and if you win you get your dollar back plus 4 bucks.


Question: How are aliens expected to decode the golden record on Voyager 1 and 2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are aliens expected to decode the golden record on Voyager 1 and 2?

The golden record tries to take that into account. It has a number of aspects of math that are assumed to be universal along side how we notate that in our language. It then tries to define our units of measure using things we assume to be constant across the universe - eg. the gram is defined based on the atomic weight of hydrogen. The hope is that an intelligent species would realize the record is from another intelligent species and would be able to decode it; it is accepted that this process will take some effort, but assuming that their laws of physics and chemistry are the same as ours, it would be possible.


Question: how do animals find water sources set by humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do animals find water sources set by humans?

They don’t. What they do know is that this is a New Thing. New Things are worth investigating, because they might be food (or, conversely, might be a threat that needs to be dealt with.) When investigating, they discover that this New Thing contains water. Lucky day! They find them in the first place because most animals keep territories they patrol (for, say, food, or rivals to chase away). They just happen across it when they’re patrolling.


Question: What makes certain images of faces or places look scary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes certain images of faces or places look scary?

Instinctive fear of dying. Or conditioned fear of dying. If a face looks odd enough, you become fearful, kicking in your flight or fight. The face could be of a person from an unknown, hostile tribe. If the face is grotesque enough, it may remind you of something decaying and your instincts tell you to avoid it as it might be infectious. You can also condition yourself to fear triggers. A scary looking house—a southern style mansion with overgrowth—probably would look amazing and inviting to a person living in the 17th century. It’s scary to you because you’ve seen movies where a house like that is full of ghosts and danger.


Question: Why does bread get tough when left outside a bag/box for some time, but crackers get soft in the same situation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bread get tough when left outside a bag/box for some time, but crackers get soft in the same situation?

Bread has a lot of moisture (google says 40%). So, leaving it out leads to the liquid evaporating out and drying out the bread. Crackers have very little moisture, that's why they can last much longer than bread. So, when you leave them out, they absorb the moisture from the surrounding environment.


Question: What is that sinking feeling you experience when you get terrible news?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is that sinking feeling you experience when you get terrible news?

It's your body's fight or flight response. You pump blood away from organs used for eating/digesting/other bodily processes, and towards muscles and extremities used to run or fight. This gives your stomach that classic sinking feeling.


Question: What is ACID compliance in the database?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is ACID compliance in the database?

ACID stands for: - Atomicity: it can manage a set of operations as a single "unit", so either everything succeeds or everything is aborted and comes back to the previous state - Consistency: basically, things are only saved if they respect all kinds of requirements defined by the database administrator - Isolation: you can have 10 people working on the same database simultaneously and the resulting state is exactly the one you expect if those 10 people worked on the database one by one - Durability.Things are actually saved in a non-volatile memory (so not just in RAM).


Question: why is music so powerfully linked to emotion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is music so powerfully linked to emotion?

My guess is when you previously listen to music thats labelled sad or happy, your brain usually recognizes the traits of said music and relate it with being sad or happy. Im not really that knowledgable but its my guess. It could be genetics too im not sure.


Question: With the amount of helium running out, why are we still selling canisters for balloons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the amount of helium running out, why are we still selling canisters for balloons?

I was at an aeronautics conference recently and there was a lot of talk about helium airships. The question of helium came up, and nobody seemed worried. Even if helium airships become the norm, we have enough helium in readily available states worldwide to last until at least 2100. Helium is a by product of mining natural gas, but because we have so much of it right now it's not worth storing. When we start running out (which, again, is a long time from now), we will begin mining it again. Yes, there's a limited supply on earth, but that limit is far far away. We'll be exploring space by the time we run out of helium, and there's plenty of helium in space. **Edit**: Just to be clear, the 2100 estimate is for our *current* supply. That is, assuming we cease all extraction efforts. There is still way more helium in the earth than we have ever touched in the history of mankind. There are also many more deposits. **We are not going to run out in 2100.** **Edit**^(2): Some articles. [Forbes, 2015]( URL_8 ) "We're as likely to run out of helium as we all are to starve to death because we've eaten the bacon in the refrigerator, meaning that we cannot ever have breakfast again." This article also debunks the claims that we'll run out in 25-30 years (which is what most articles pick up on). The current market prices will rise in 25-30 years; there's still a lot of helium. [ URL_2 , 2015]( URL_4 ) "So while it’s true that the U.S. supply of helium may be dwindling, that doesn’t mean we’re in any immediate danger of losing this precious element." [Penn State University, 2013]( URL_7 ), [Wired Magazine, 2016]( URL_3 ), [Forbes, 2016]( URL_5 ), [NewAtlas, 2015]( URL_0 ), [Forbes again, 2012]( URL_6 ), and [National Post, 2016]( URL_1 ).


Question: How can a pill that weighs couple grams at most, cost $763 which makes the box of 21 over $16,000 dollars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a pill that weighs couple grams at most, cost $763 which makes the box of 21 over $16,000 dollars?

A regular person can’t. Drug companies inflate the price of their drugs because insurance will either “pay” a large majority of the price, or will negotiate a lower price for the drug. The reason that drug companies feel that they are able to justify the prices is due to their R & D work and testing on the product. If they spend years developing their drugs, they feel justified in charging large amounts of money to recover their expenses. The U.S insurance system makes it so that they can work together to inflate prices, and then negotiate lower prices for the consumer.


Question: How do websites generate so much revenue from ads when most of us hardly click them. Wouldn't that be a loss to the the original company investing in ads when most of them are left unclicked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do websites generate so much revenue from ads when most of us hardly click them. Wouldn't that be a loss to the the original company investing in ads when most of them are left unclicked?

So there are generally 2 types of advertisements on the internet. Pay-per-click (PPC), and Pay-per-impression (PPM), and they work on two different theories. PPC ads are just that. You might see that ad on a website, but the website owner doesn't make any money until somebody clicks the ad. Because of this, smart website owners who host PPC ads try to target which ads appear so that it's things that will work for their visitors. (example: a camera review site might have ads for cameras, and adobe ads for photoshop. Both things that are in the sphere of their target audience) PPM ads work on a different theory - that if you repeatedly are exposed to a brand/product, that you'll develop more interest over time. It can take several times before somebody really starts to gain interest in something, so PPM ads show up more to hit that "Oh yeah, I've seen this before" response in our brains. While the tangible click of a PPC ad is not there, it's a brand awareness type thing so is effective in less quantifiable ways. You tend to see PPM ads more on places like FB, some of the reddit ads, etc.


Question: What exactly is fog computing and how is it different from cloud computing? Any easy examples?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is fog computing and how is it different from cloud computing? Any easy examples?

A very rudimentary definition would be a network between devices and the cloud that helps do a lot of the computing to speed things up. For instance: The IoT (Internet of Things) is getting so dependent on other devices (think self driving cars talking to each other) that latency, speed of device and physical distance from the cloud can really throw a wrench into things. By inserting a layer of cloud just on the “edge” of the devices (read close), the information needed can be readily available. It’s kind of like buffering. This is the really rudimentary idea behind it and it’s full of holes, but it’s how it’s been explained to me for my business by people who want our business. So I’m really explaining like I’m 5, but I think you get the point. Now, let’s wait for the truly brilliant Redditors to beat up my description and explain it in a much better way! Think of this description as an hors d’oeuvre! TL:DR: A midway station that is physically closer than the cloud to help do the computing to speed up latency and account for distance.


Question: How are new digits of pi discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are new digits of pi discovered?

There are numerous mathematical algorithms that "converge" to the number pi. The more "iterations" (i.e. the more times you apply the algorithm to the last result) that you run, the closer it gets to pi, generating more "new digits". For instance, try this one: 4 divided by 1 minus 4 divided by 3 plus 4 divided by 5 minus 4 divided by 7 plus 4 divided by 9 ... and so on. It converges (extremely slowly) towards pi. (4/1 = 4. The next step subtracts 1 1/3rd giving you 2 2/3rds. The next step adds 4/5ths. And so on.) The ones used for bigger pi calculations get there a lot faster, and are a lot easier for a computer to do (but harder for a human), but you get the idea.


Question: Why do humans only eat food that has an organic origin? Are there any types of non organic food with high enthalpic energy that we can eat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans only eat food that has an organic origin? Are there any types of non organic food with high enthalpic energy that we can eat?

Sugar substitutes like Aspartame are synthetic, and can be metabolized to derive energy. They are typically designed to be sweeter than sugar and less energy rich then glucose. However, there is no reason why something more energetic than sugar cannot be designed. However, it is undoubtedly far more cheaper to use glucose from organic sources (because of its abundance) than to synthesize an energy rich molecule in large quantities. Basically, unless we discover a process of creating energy rich molecules that is more efficient and more scalable than photosynthesis, organic sources will remain cheaper. One candidate is [polyphosphate]( URL_0 ). This molecule is inorganic and can be used by cells to obtain energy.


Question: Why does ice stick to your tongue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ice stick to your tongue?

Your cells have water in them, your tongue has saliva coating it. When the cold ice touches the saliva it causes it to freeze to the ice (which is a crystal structure) and the saliva then freezes the water in the cells. Because of the crystalline structure the ice “bonds” with your tongue and gets stuck.


Question: why do we forget what we need when we enter/leave a room?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we forget what we need when we enter/leave a room?

Basically each room is like a new environment so like emerging from a wooded area into a grassland and with the change of environment your brain activity increases as it thinks about all that happens in the new environment and any threats and opportunities, this squeezes out the brain activity for why you went in the room in the first place.


Question: How does water vaporize in the environment if it doesn't reach 100°C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water vaporize in the environment if it doesn't reach 100°C?

100°C is the boiling point of water, but boiling and vaporization mean different things. Vaporization is any time a particle escapes from a substance to become a gas. Since temperature is the average of particle speed, some particles will have enough velocity to escape from the surface even though the main body of liquid is below boiling temperature. Boiling, on the other hand, is when a liquid’s temp is high enough that vapor pressure is higher than the liquid’s internal pressure, leading to bubbles of vapor inside the liquid.


Question: If scientists could invent i as the square root of -1, then why can't we do that to other unknown stuff such as dividing by 0 or log 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If scientists could invent i as the square root of -1, then why can't we do that to other unknown stuff such as dividing by 0 or log 0?

Mathematics isn't science. Mathematics doesn't have to justify itself with experimental evidence. It does, however, operate within a scheme of logic and proof. Mathematicians invent many things and define lots of new stuff all the time. Whether or not these become more widely used and accepted is how useful these mathematical objects are. If these creations make existing mathematics inconsistent and give contradictory results and don't help with progress on their particular areas of research, then they'll typically be relegated to "interesting, but no one cares" and never be widely adopted. In a sense, "anyone" can define the division by 0 to mean something (or log 0). The challenge is to show why that definition is useful and to align it to existing mathematical structures.


Question: When people colorize black and white photographs how do they know which colors people’s clothes were or car colors or flowers etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people colorize black and white photographs how do they know which colors people’s clothes were or car colors or flowers etc?

Some colours can be checked through research, like military uniforms etc. Others you make reasonable guesses. The method usually turns out pretty realistic results, even if the colours you choose aren't 100% correct. As long as you don't make obviously ridiculous choices, nobody will notice or question what they're seeing.


Question: How does a digital timetable display know how far away a train is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a digital timetable display know how far away a train is?

This might depend on the city/country, but in Germany works like this: There is a antenna in the front of the tram or bus (which you might be able to see) which sends a signal on a specific wavelength which includes the tram/bus number (the number of the vehicle, not the line) and the current time as information. All over the city there are antennas catching signals of that specific wavelength. It reads which line the signal came from and also looks at the time the signal was sent and it's own current time. From that difference it calculates how much time passed since the signal was sent and since the speed of the signal is constant, it can calculate the distance the vehicle is away from that station. Now the station can't know where the train is tho, as there are many points that are that certain distance away from the antenna. To be exact, it can only say that the vehicle is on a cirle with the calculated distance as radius away from the antenna itself. So what it does is, it sends the distance it calculated and line it received to some kind of traffic center (idk how exactly you call that in English, hope you know what I mean). The center collects data from different antennas. With two antennas it can already reduce the number of possible positions to 2 (the intersections of both circles around the antenna). A third antenna is usually enough to find the exact location (just make sure the antennas don't lie on one line). I'd expect them to use more signals tho, to make sure there are no errors etc. Now that the position of the vehicle is known, the rest just works like a navigation system. The center then sends the info to the stations and trams/busses which approach that station. So now for why it changes, I must admit, I can't answer with certainty. I could imagine two possibilities: * The signals are a bit unprecise (the time calculation and therefore the distance calculation), so even if the vehicle is standing still, the center might recieve the info it's moving a bit. If it is standing at a red light and right at the "border" for needing 8 and 9 minutes to the destination, that might cause that change. * The navigation part is calculated dynamically, meaning the calculated time needed from one point to another varies, depnding on how much fast the vehicle is moving in general. When it recognizes the vehicle is moving normally it might display 8 minutes needed to your station, but if it suddenly becomes very slow, the center might recognize that and expect the vehicle to continue to drive slower, therefore needing a bit more time to your station. Btw in the second case an advanced algorithm should be able to recognize whether the vehicle just had one station where it lost a lot of time (= no negative impact on the time from point A to B) or whether it's constantly moving slower than expected (= more time needed from point A to B) .


Question: Why do we get into routines of shitting at the same every day? What throws these routines out of whack?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get into routines of shitting at the same every day? What throws these routines out of whack?

Circadian clocks are responsible for daily rhythms in a wide array of processes, including gastrointestinal (GI) function. These are vital for normal digestive rhythms and overall health.


Question: What causes the sensation of feeling your “stomach drop”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the sensation of feeling your “stomach drop”?

Basically, a “stomach drop” is actually caused by your stomach dropping. Most notably, it happens on roller coasters. On a roller coaster, after you go over the hill, you feel less weight because you are no longer being held up by the floor, so you are technically in a free fall, albeit one controlled by the roller coaster. Once the hill is over, you are no longer free falling and your stomach drops back down. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: A seed planted in a small basket can grow into a big flowing plant. Where does all the material come from to make the plant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A seed planted in a small basket can grow into a big flowing plant. Where does all the material come from to make the plant?

Out of the air, water, and soil, yes. It takes these things in and reorganizes the molecules to take their shape. Remember that inside most cells is just water, and most of the the hard material is just in the cell walls


Question: Why WI-FI can penetrate walls but light cannot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why WI-FI can penetrate walls but light cannot?

Visible light happens to be of a frequency range that interacts with a lot of solid stuff such as walls. Basically the frequency of the photons has to be in a fairly narrow range to interact with materials - anything higher or lower largely just goes through. The stuff it mostly *doesn't* interact with is called "transparent". Those things include for example air (and lots of other gases), glass, water (and a load of other liquids), several plastics, etc. Low frequency radio waves such as AM/FM radio are pretty good at getting through walls. Microwaves like 2.4GHz wi-fi and 5-60GHz 5G are increasingly *bad* at getting through walls, actually. This is why your router has better range in your house in 2.4GHz mode than in 5GHz mode. The higher frequencies of 5G networks are even worse at getting through brick/concrete. After visible light and ultraviolet, the ability of photons to go through walls starts getting better again, topping out with gamma rays which go through concrete walls like they were made of somewhat murky glass.


Question: What exactly does fiber internet have/provide that make it better than other types of internet (cable/DSL/satellite)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does fiber internet have/provide that make it better than other types of internet (cable/DSL/satellite)?

Well first fiber wouldn't stop at 300mbps. You could get up to 10gbps (if you have the money). So it is always faster in and of itself. However let's say you artificially throttle the fiberoptic speed so it's only transmitting at the same speed as cable. Even then it has benefits over traditional cable. In that case it has a larger bandwidth than cable. Meaning it can handle more simultaneous information without slowing down, making it great for businesses with multiple internet connected devices. Look at it like this. Traditional cable is a garden hose connected to a fire hydrant. Sure there's a lot of pressure in that tank but that hose can only let out so much water at once at max capacity. Now fiber optics is like connecting a genuine fire hose to the hydrant. So much more water is able to flow out at max speed, and even when the pressure is regulated more water will exit the end of the fire hose at once than the garden hose.


Question: What does the "Don't tread on me" snake flag mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the "Don't tread on me" snake flag mean?

Side note, I saw a version of that flag that said "Tread on me daddy" that I thought was pretty funny.


Question: Why aren’t commercial airplanes faster? Why don’t we use supersonic passenger planes like the Concorde?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t commercial airplanes faster? Why don’t we use supersonic passenger planes like the Concorde?

Poor fuel efficiency. Drag increases dramatically when you cross the sound barrier and that means a ton more fuel. That in turn means much more expensive airline seats. If you could save 1 hour on a 3 hour flight at the cost of $400 bucks would you?


Question: How can the price of a commodity be negative?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the price of a commodity be negative?

Excess supply and it’s cheaper to pay to get rid of it than store it. Negative commodity price.


Question: Aren't men breaking the law by sending unsolicited dick pics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aren't men breaking the law by sending unsolicited dick pics?

There is no law against sending an unsolicited picture of your greasy dick, unless the recipient is a minor or you are a minor. That being said, don't. 99% of the time your wrinkled chode is a turn off, and sending pictures of it to the person you're trying to chat up is the fastest way to get blocked.


Question: Why does a glass of milk go so well with sugary foods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a glass of milk go so well with sugary foods?

The fat both coats your taste buds to prevent some of the sweetness from being overpowering, while also being rich tasting on its own to enhance the flavor.


Question: Is the heart is a muscle why doesn’t it get tired like all my other muscles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the heart is a muscle why doesn’t it get tired like all my other muscles?

The type of muscle the heart is made of is different. It effectively never gets tired A common question is “why isn’t all muscle made like that” - the simple answer is that the energy usage would be through the roof if it were


Question: how the gaming console fan(s) collect dust while their are spinning rapidly all the time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how the gaming console fan(s) collect dust while their are spinning rapidly all the time?

well static electricity what causes shocks when we touch someone or a door handle is present when two rough objects touch and it increases potency the faster the friction is. well the fans spins at high speeds the air friction and friction at contacts generate a electrical charge. Basically static electricity on the fans will attract dust and as time goes that dust start to stick more and more and depending on how moist the air is (humidity) it can even clump together into a solid mass.


Question: Why do we need to free up some space for software updates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need to free up some space for software updates?

You need space in the kitchen to bring all the groceries in, before you're able to unpack them and put them away. You need space on your device to get the updates, before it's able to unpack them and install them.


Question: What is non-Euclidean geometry, and what would it look like in the real world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is non-Euclidean geometry, and what would it look like in the real world?

Euclidean geometry is based on a set of assumptions. Non-euclidean geometry is anything that doesn't use those assumptions. Most of the assumptions are about triangles. So think about drawing triangles on a paper. There are certain things that are true like the sum of angles and intersections and so forth. Most people take a whole semister in high school about triangles on paper. This is within Euclidean geometry. Now imagine drawing triangles on an orange. You could have a normal triangle with three 90 degree corners so some of the rules change. There would be another set of rules for this space. Now imagine drawing triangles on a toilet paper roll. There would be yet another set of rules different than the first two cases here. None of the three are wrong or incorrect, just different rules based on different initial assumptions. And you don't have to use "curved space", but curving space is an easy way to break the Euclidean assumptions. Scifi usually points to non-Euclidean geometry as a way to work outside of normal logic. Similar to multiverse or some quantum phenomena. And by saying 'non-euclidean' they don't ever have to actually specify. It's a nice way out of the many paradoxes that scifi gets itself into.


Question: Why do our human noses decide to randomly close up or congest for weeks/months even when the person isn’t sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our human noses decide to randomly close up or congest for weeks/months even when the person isn’t sick?

It's not random. Your nasal passages are swollen, either from allergens or infection. If it lasts more than a few days, it's an infection, go see a doctor.


Question: Why does the human body's own immune response make your own body swollen and painful??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the human body's own immune response make your own body swollen and painful??

Pain is mostly a protective thing: if a body part hurts you, you tend to use it less thus reducing mechanical stress and strein for faster healing. The swelling is due to the increased flux of fluids carrying what you need to heal: immune cells, chemicals, water, blood.


Question: Why are the shifts between phases of matter so sudden? Why aren’t there transitional phases?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the shifts between phases of matter so sudden? Why aren’t there transitional phases?

Well for the familiar three phases, you can think about how matter in general should behave Matter when it sticks together Matter when it does not stick together and Matter in an inbetween phase The first describes solids The second describes gases The third describes liquids It's sort of hard to imagine any other traditional phase existing. As far as the shifts, they aren't particularly sudden Temperature changes until the phase change temperature is reached Then temperature stops changing. Any additional energy transfer goes into actually causing the phase change. Once all of the matter has changed phase, then the temperature can begin changing again.


Question: What are the reasons that make a flame go blue or yellow? What happens to it's light exactly to shift perceptible colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the reasons that make a flame go blue or yellow? What happens to it's light exactly to shift perceptible colour?

It depends on the degree of chemical combustion. Complete combustion (lots of oxygen) makes a near transparent/blue flame from production of nearly exclusively CO2. Incomplete combustion (not enough oxygen) makes carbon, CO and some CO2. The imperfections cause the flame to be yellow and give off smoke


Question: Why does multiplying two negative numbers equal a positive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does multiplying two negative numbers equal a positive?

Multiplication is just adding something many times. 6 * X just means 6+6+...+6 with X 6s. So 6 * 3 is 6+6+6 or 18. It's the same for negative numbers. -6 * X just means (-6)+(-6)+...+(-6) with X 6s. So (-6) x 3 is (-6)+(-6)+(-6) or 18. Now let's lower the multiplication factor 1 by 1... With + 6 we get: 6 * 3 = 18 6*2 = 12 6*1 = 6 It LOWERS by 6 every time because we have one less 6 so logically 6*0 becomes 6, 6*(-1) becomes -6, 6*(-2) becomes -12 etc. So in the same way with negative numbers it goes: -6 * 3 = -18 -6 * 2 = -12 -6 * 1 = -6 It keeps going up and continues! -6 * 0 = 0 -6 * -1 = 6 -6 * -2 = 12 And voila.


Question: Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

A shockwave changes the density of the air, basically turning it into a sort of lens. Light changes direction whenever it passes through a different medium, which is why looking through a glass of water makes things behind it look weird. By compressing and then decompressing the air, the shockwave can bend the light passing through it, making it visible to us.


Question: Are objects in free fall weightless? Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are objects in free fall weightless? Why?

While the objects are "weightless" in the sense that if you had an object on a scale in an elevator and the elevator went into free fall the scale would read 0. However, the objects in free fall continue to have mass and are affected by gravity (they are being accelerated by it).


Question: How many degrees does the sun move over the horizon every hour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How many degrees does the sun move over the horizon every hour?

15 degrees. There's 24 hours for 360 degrees of horizon (assuming one day = one sidereal day). 360/24 = 15 degrees per hour. This is assuming our observer is on the Equator and Earth has no tilting.


Question: Why does multiplying an even amount of negative numbers make a positive result?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does multiplying an even amount of negative numbers make a positive result?

Multiplying by a negative acts as a toggle switch. On-off-on-off. Every 2 switches you are back to the original side.


Question: What does it mean to build equity? Not just in businesses but also with homes and other assets.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to build equity? Not just in businesses but also with homes and other assets.

Accounting uses a key equation when talking about items you own: Assets - Liabilities = Equity Assets: Items of value. It can be a house, a car, money you are owed, branding, etc. Anything that you possess - real or intangible - that has monetary value. Liabilities: Debt. Credit cards, bank loans, accounts payable, etc. Any money you owe to others Equity: How much value belongs to you. When you look at the value of all of your assets, minus the debts that you owe to others, you end up with how much of the value of that 'stuff' is yours. So, when you 'build equity' you are simply increasing the solution to the above equation - making the equity number bigger. You can do that by either increasing the value of the asset (say, home improvements) or by decreasing the value of the liability (by paying off your mortgage).


Question: Why hasn't the voice quality of phone calls improved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't the voice quality of phone calls improved?

It's a legacy thing. IIRC, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) have 3 KHertz of bandwidth allocated. That's because back in the day, Bell Labs determined that was enough to provide an adequate voice telephone call. According to Wikipedia, POTS is "restricted to a narrow frequency range of 300–3,300 Hz, called the voiceband, which is much less than the human hearing range of 20–20,000 Hz". So still, a voice call being routed through the system gets that much bandwidth. It really wouldn't help if one provider increased it, since it would get cut down at any place in the system that still used the old 3 KHz (including in the phone's firmware itself). If everyone agreed to increase POTS bandwith to something like 8KHz or 10KHz, voice calls would have significantly better audio quality. But good luck getting that to happen.


Question: Why is access to clean drinking water considered a human right but not access to quality food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is access to clean drinking water considered a human right but not access to quality food?

Dirty water can kill you in a few days. Low quality food will do it too but takes way longer and it is easier to handle.


Question: Why is there such a fuss going on right now with 5g cell service? How does 5g work and what are it's benefits/drawbacks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a fuss going on right now with 5g cell service? How does 5g work and what are it's benefits/drawbacks?

5G is the newest "update" to the service we currently get on our cell phones. It's faster (almost 10x as fast in some places) and covers a wider area. That being said, it has not yet been perfected and dropped signals are common. Also, there is a conspiracy theory that 5G created COVID-19 which is wrong.


Question: Why do pillows and mattresses turn yellow over the years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do pillows and mattresses turn yellow over the years?

It is your sweat and drool. The discoloring is from many many nights of you seeping bodily fluids on to your mattress. The minerals and salts you sweat out cause it. Like layers and layers of dust on floors which are never cleaned.


Question: There are colors beyond our comprehension?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 There are colors beyond our comprehension?

We have little sensors in our eyeballs that respond to different wavelengths of light. Our brain interprets different mixes of these little sensors firing off as the 'colour'. Colour is our subjective interpretation of this sensor data. Animals that can see different wavelengths of light have different sensors. The colour of infrared or ultra-violet to them would be their brain's subjective interpretation of this sensor data. We can't see these colours because evolution has not deemed it necessary for our survival, ergo we never developed the sensors to do it.


Question: Why were old photographs recorded in black and white? Why was color more difficult?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were old photographs recorded in black and white? Why was color more difficult?

Black and white film uses light sensitive silver, color film uses multiple different types of chemicals that were not discovered until much later.


Question: How do GPS satellites work and how does relativity effect them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do GPS satellites work and how does relativity effect them?

Each GPS satellite transmits a signal that includes pseudorandom code and the state vector of the satellite. The same signal is generated by the GPS receiver. When the two signals are compared, the one from the satellite will be found to lag behind the one of the receiver because of the time it took for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. This will indicate that the receiver is somewhere on the sphere that surrounds the satellite and is of a radius equal to the travel distance of the signal. Repeat this process with another satellite and we will have narrowed down the location to the doughnut formed by the intersection of the two spheres. Repeat with a third satellite and we will have narrowed the location of the receiver to two possible points. Often one of these points will be illogical so the solution can be defined. Sometimes a fourth satellite is needed. As for relativity it's pretty boring: the satellites are built to run at 10.22999999543 MHz on the ground so that when they're in orbit under the influence of velocity time dilation (special relativity) and a slightly larger amount of negative gravitational time dilation (general relativity), they will run at 10.23 MHz.


Question: Why are headlights on automobiles pointing more upwards and towards other drivers than towards the road?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are headlights on automobiles pointing more upwards and towards other drivers than towards the road?

You need them pointed high enough to illuminate road signs at night. All those road sign paints are "retroreflective", they send light back the same direction it came in from, but you need some illumination on them to see them. A properly aimed headlight should be aimed slightly down to illuminate the road for several hundred feet in front of the vehicle, but you need side and up lobes bright enough to illuminate parked cars, other cars, signs, etc. The brightest part shouldn't be aimed at other drivers...that's why high beams look so much brighter, they \*are\* aimed way closer to other drivers.


Question: What is important, practically, about the speed of an electron?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is important, practically, about the speed of an electron?

One huge application that I could think of is for particle accelerators, both for using electrons as the colliding particles as well as measuring the fragments that come off after the collision. For these accelerators, you need to know the speed of the electron to know what energies your beamline is at. That way, when you measure the particles that come off, you can reconstruct everything using conservation of energy and momentum. If you're trying to discover a new particle, you absolutely have to know the initial and final energies (and thus the velocities of all of the particles involved) to be able to determine the mass of that particle. Two examples of very famous accelerators that mainly use/used electrons (and positrons) are the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) and the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP). These two experiments made very important discoveries regarding new particles that would have been impossible if they didn't know how fast their electrons were going.


Question: does 100% of the water you drink turns into sweat and bodily fluids or is there a % that will never be liquid water again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 does 100% of the water you drink turns into sweat and bodily fluids or is there a % that will never be liquid water again?

Is there a percent that will *never ever* be water again? No. There are very few absolute rules about what will never ever happen. But to answer your question from a somewhat less absolute point of view, yes some water is not excreted but is incorporated into various biological molecules. When you break down protein, for example, you break it down into smaller molecules called amino acids. In the protein the amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds, where the last atom of one amino acid (C) is bonded to the first atom of the next (N). So it goes aminoacid-C-N-aminoacid. To break down the protein, water is used to split that C-N bond, and it becomes aminoacid-C-OH + H-N-aminoacid. So you can see that the water molecule (H2O or H-O-H) was split into an -OH and an H-, so basically that water molecule has been incorporated into two now separate amino acids. In this way, water is not excreted but is rather incorporated into other molecules.


Question: What is and how does the md5 checksum of a file work? What makes a checksum so feliable to know if your file is the good one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is and how does the md5 checksum of a file work? What makes a checksum so feliable to know if your file is the good one?

The MD5 algorithm is a member of a special class of function called a "cryptographic hash function." What this means is that, for any data of any length, you can use the hash function to convert it into a piece of data of fixed size, that is (*very generally speaking, see below*) unique to the file that created it. You also cannot tell, by looking at the hash, what file was used to create it. This checksum lets you do something very important: verify (mostly, see below) that a file has not been changed. The reason this works is because even a small change to the input drastically changes the output of the function, so if someone says "I'm sending you a file; its checksum is such and such," and you download the file and its checksum is *different,* that means it suffered corruption in transit, whether malicious or not. IMPORTANT: MD5 should not be used anymore, because its cryptography has been broken. It's weak to a couple of different attacks, which render it unable to do what it's supposed to do.