Question: What is cryptomining and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is cryptomining and how does it work?

I did it for a while. There's a lot to it, but here's how I can simplify it easiest: There's a complicated math problem that a lot of people are trying to solve. You run a program called a miner on your computer that repeatedly tries to find the answer to that problem. When it does find the answer, it gets shared between all the other people who were also trying to answer it, and when they confirm that it's the right answer, you're rewarded with whichever type of cryptocurrency you were mining (e.g. bitcoin). The answer also includes the next math problem everyone has to solve, so all the miners start working on that. Rinse, repeat. It's actually very simple to start mining on any computer, but you'd end up spending more money on electricity than you'd ever earn, so don't bother. I can go into more depth if you have specific questions but the actual cryptography is over my head. I have done a lot of reading about the various hashing algorithms used and how they work but I couldn't explain it well enough. It's been over 2 years. There are also a lot of cryptocurrencies with different methods, so I understand some better than others. Edit: For everyone informing me of the existence of altcoins, yes, I know, I only ever mined those (until multipools got big and then I took my payouts in bitcoin and let them decide what was worth mining). I meant it wasn't worth it to CPU mine them.


Question: How do hackers hack a web cam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hackers hack a web cam?

> How do hackers hack a web cam? Bugs. A lot of software is insecure. Not all. A standalone webcamera is an "Internet of Things" device. Oh god, there are so many poorly secured IoT devices. > And is it possible for them to record without the indicator light turning on? Depends. If the light is hardwired to the power of the camera, no. But other devices, like [logitech cameras]( URL_0 ) or [macbooks]( URL_1 ) don't even need the firmware flashed. So, that's a solid yes. > specifically a laptop's built-in webcam - if that makes a difference... As a device that's part of a real laptop, with a real OS, then it's probably more secure. But on the flip side, OS's do a lot more stuff which are more vectors for an attack.


Question: Why do torn muscles continuously give problems after the initial injury?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do torn muscles continuously give problems after the initial injury?

Scar tissue is "stronger" than normal tissue, but not useful. This helps with bone, as it oly needs strength. The scar tissue builds in the torn mussle but dose not work like the mussle. So there are parts of the mussle that are not working, causing inconsistent pulling on joints. The build up of scar tissue could be pushing on nerves, causing discomfort durring hard use.


Question: People say that sharks don’t like the taste of humans, they attack humans because they are mistaken as a seal. If so, how do new generation of sharks have the concept of how humans taste and look?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People say that sharks don’t like the taste of humans, they attack humans because they are mistaken as a seal. If so, how do new generation of sharks have the concept of how humans taste and look?

Why would you think that a shark have a concept of a human in any way? They attack often because it look like a seal and release it when it do not taste like a seal. They do not need to know what a human is just what a seal look like and the taste no knowledge of humans is needed.


Question: How does a private equity company buy up struggling companies by saddling them with debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a private equity company buy up struggling companies by saddling them with debt?

Toys R Us. Profitable company. Sold to an equity clearinghouse. They invested nothing in the stores and took out loans (based on the stores' profitability) until the company was upside down and then they declared bankruptcy. There was nothing wrong with their stores or their markets. They just got raped for cash and left on the road. Its a crack addict's way of doing business and its completely legal and profitable. dystopian.


Question: How do mosquitos fly in the rain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mosquitos fly in the rain?

Mosquitos are so small and light that they get pushed out of the way by the air current raindrops produce while falling.


Question: what are birthmarks and why do they appear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are birthmarks and why do they appear?

A birthmark is a congenital, benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth, usually in the first month. They can occur anywhere on the skin. Birthmarks are caused by overgrowth of blood vessels, melanocytes, smooth muscle, fat, fibroblasts, or keratinocytes.


Question: How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

Having a lot of money doesn’t necessarily mean they have a large earned income for the year. I could own 100,000 shares of Tesla and if the stock rose $100 for the year, I made $10 million. My net worth would reflect that, but if I don’t sell any of those shares during the year, I don’t have to pay any taxes on them. Only when I sell do I pay taxes. The same could be said for real estate. I own 5 houses and their value doubles in a year. My net worth rises, but again, I don’t pay taxes unless I sell the houses. (I know property taxes are still a thing, but I’m strictly talking income tax). Another thing that can be done is to receive write offs for charitable donations. Donate $100,000 to a qualified charity and that is $100,000 less you have to pay taxes on. You can also carry forward losses if you lost money in the stock market in previous years. Those losses can be deducted from any gains you made and sold this year. So there are some CEOs who get a majority of their salary in the form of stock in the company and may only take home $100,000 in cash paychecks a year despite gaining $1,000,000 in shares of stock.


Question: Why would banks bother tying up capital lending mortgages at ~3% when that same Capital could earn > 7% in the market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would banks bother tying up capital lending mortgages at ~3% when that same Capital could earn > 7% in the market?

Mortgages are much more secure and less risky than the market. If someone defaults the bank can repo assets to recover their losses. It’s also guaranteed interest revenue because if the homeowner doesn’t pay, they get foreclosed. Think of a mortgage as a bond. Sure, bonds have smaller growth than stocks but have little to no risk and almost always guarantee that you will receive most, if not all and more, money than you paid for the bond. The market (I’m assuming stock market?) has much higher risk, no possible way to recoup complete losses if the company fails (unless you’re a preferred stock holder and even then it’s only a maybe) and it’s also possible that you actually have no returns at all; they might simply lose their money.


Question: Why is, no matter the colour of the shampoo, the foam always white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is, no matter the colour of the shampoo, the foam always white?

Because the bubbles that make up the foam are so thin that the pigments that make up he color are too thinly spread to matter much. Instead the light is fractured everywhere by every bubble making it effectively reflecting white light.


Question: How do search engines work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do search engines work?

They keep a giant database of every webpage on the Internet, by using a program called a crawler that goes on every website and follows every link on that website, and eventually you have a pretty complete database. Then when you run a search for a key word, they search their database for websites that they have cached that contain your key word.


Question: how come if there are 23 at a party the chance of two people having the same birthday is 50%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come if there are 23 at a party the chance of two people having the same birthday is 50%?

We'll ignore leap years for the following: Person 1 has to have a birthday no one else has. They pick any day (365/365). Person 2 has to have a birthday no one else has. They pick any day save person one's birthday (364/365). Person 3 has to pick a different day as well (363/365). The chance of any two independent events (let's call them A and B) happening simultaneously is probability of A x probability of B. Thus, the chance of all three events occurring at the same time is 365/365 x 364/365 x 363/365. If you carry this out to 23 people, you'll actually find that the probability is less than 50%.


Question: Why do certain drugs (e.g. meth and heroin) make it seem like the user has aged decades in a short amount of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain drugs (e.g. meth and heroin) make it seem like the user has aged decades in a short amount of time?

I love this part: Unqualified claim to be a medical doctor here. Further unsubstantiated claim to treat these specific patients routinely. Yet more outrageous claim to have specialized knowledge in this particular aspect of the problem and thus I am the sole perfect person to answer your question. Like you're 5 years old, I don't know. Here is my $0.02... There are the direct effects and the indirect effects of the drugs. The direct effects are the ones that cause damage to systems, organs, tissues and cells. The indirect effects are those that affect the whole human due to the behavior people engage in when they are high or trying to get high. Direct effects of meth depend on how you use the drug. Snorting will lead to a bunch of problems with drying out your nose and throat, the muscles involved will get contracted and long term it causes erosion of the tissues. This leads to lesions of all sorts forming. Swallowing meth is probably the least damaging, but still over time will cause havoc in the mouth and throat. Smoking will cause lung damage and the traditional "meth mouth" by altering bacteria in the mouth and causing a drying effect which ruins enamel and causes teeth to decay faster. The worst is shooting it directly into the bloodstream with a needle in a vein. This allows bacteria and other infectious things into the blood directly and causes abscesses and infection. The infections can range from simple to complex and routinely kills patients. Kidneys and livers fail all the time due to dehydration, toxic levels of crap for the liver to filter out and hepatitis is rampant. Meth causes people to clench their muscles a lot and that causes little bits of muscle to die and the debris goes into the blood and can cause kidneys to fail trying to filter it out. Shooting is also the most potent way to get high and is a bad sign. Shooters have a hard time staying sober. The effect of the drug in your bloodstream is that it reaches a lot of the cells in your body to some degree and each type of cell has it own reaction depending on if it can make use of the meth molecule. There are between 10 and 17 known and theorized receptors for the meth molecule and the density of the receptors on different cell types is an ongoing investigation. For the 5 year old it will suffice to say it causes a lot of trouble that becomes damage in the way the cells function over time. The damage accumulates and expands. Blood vessels constrict, causing decreased flow to and from tissues. Brain cells obviously let meth in, and in different areas of the brain, and at different rates with different effects. A common phenomenon is called de-arborization where the little connections between neurons in key areas of the brain get clipped due to the toxic effects of meth. Sort of like trimming the branches of a tree. This leads to all sorts of damage but is mostly seen as early dementia. Also there is neuron death which affects the ability to regulate mood. Meth has a large effect on dopamine in the brain (and everywhere else too) which causes people to hear voices, feel pleasure, get paranoid, want more. Meth does affect connective tissue and causes fibroblasts (a cell that builds collagen and the matrix that it lives in in skin) to be more inefficient. Repair occurs slowly and healing takes longer. This will make it look like the patient is aging faster. The indirect effects are all the bad things people do to get high. The latest story I heard from a meth using patient was that he was in a month long detox program (his 14th program over 10 years) and he and 2 people he met in the program decided to leave the program early. The patient called a friend he knew in high school and convinced the naive guy that he had graduated from the program and needed a ride. The friend picks up the 3 addicts and they go to his house with him and steal his car, his portable electronics and drive to a casino in the desert to get meth after selling the stuff at pawn shop or on the street. They stripped the car of stereo and battery, took a shit in the backseat and broke the key off in the ignition. Meth is very cheap and you can get really high for about $10-30 a day, but over time people wind up selling their bodies to get money. They "hustle" and hustle means a lot of things and they are all bad. The effect of having sex with strangers for meth money is a lot of exposure to STDs and violence. The "holed up in a motel being raped for 3 days" stories I have heard are in the high 30s. Both men and women prostitute themselves to either gender for meth or money. They don't bathe, they stay high for months, they don't eat, they live in squalor or on the streets. It is a very rough living and it erodes their humanity. What they do eat is sporadic and usually just caffeine, fat and sugar. They don't drink enough water ever. All that hard living, bad diet, damage to body and soul shows up on their skin. They get skinny, their muscles waste away, they pick at their skin and get scabs, sometimes they get horrific acne. It all ages them rapidly. Opiates are another story, but kind of the same. I am feeling a little slimy talking about these things because there is a cost to hearing all these stories and it is that you carry the stories and horrors around in your head forever. Suffice it to say there are similar effects from using heroin. Just different specifics. If you really want to know just ask. I'm going to go shower now and go to bed.


Question: Why do clouds tend to clump together in the sky, rather than the water vapor just being spread out equally over the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do clouds tend to clump together in the sky, rather than the water vapor just being spread out equally over the air?

Clouds tend to form at the top of updrafts, as the upward-moving air expands and cools, prompting it to dump its water as a mist which forms the clouds. Obviously, the whole sky cannot be one big updraft, as air must also be moving downwards in order to take the place of the air moving upwards. This forms many different cloud shapes, including the traditional convection cell hex grid - if you look carefully you will sometimes be able to make out a hexagonal grid arrangement where clouds are at the center of each hexagon. This is because circular convection cells form and when they come together the circles form a hexagonal grid.


Question: Where does one keep $60 billion in cash? Comcast... I'm looking at you.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does one keep $60 billion in cash? Comcast... I'm looking at you.

its much more complicated than this. firstly theres no actual cash being stored anywhere, nor would any physical cash change hands in such a deal when they say "cash offer" they just mean regular money in an account, and not any asset trading. comcast isnt just keeping $60B in accounts sitting either. they likely have them invested in short term things or just stuff they can liquidate quickly. all companies keep a stash of fairly liquid investments incase they need it. comcast likely prepared and gatherered that amount of cash over time in preparation for their bid.


Question: What is the difference between tactics and strategy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between tactics and strategy?

"Tactical" is anything at the small unit level. Like taking a hill, or out-flanking a bunker. Think "battle" or a specific instance involving a small group, a platoon of vehicles or a small number of ships or aircraft. "Strategic" is longer term. Strategic thinking is planning for outcomes of multiple tactical outcomes, more units, many battles, much larger scale. _If we take this town, then my armor takes this valley, then my airborne lands here. Where do I get fuel from? Nearest deep water port is ...._ "Tactical air support" - getting supplies dropped to a unit in the field. An attack aircraft being called in to deliver bombs on a hill where a sniper has your unit pinned down from. "Strategic (air/sea) lift" - how can I get an entire armored brigade from Georgia, USA to Kuwait in under a week?


Question: How come the Fukushima plant’s leaking radiation hasn’t caused massive amounts of damage to the Oceans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the Fukushima plant’s leaking radiation hasn’t caused massive amounts of damage to the Oceans?

The Pacific Ocean is big... like mind numbingly super stupid big. It contains roughly 50% of the worlds salt water so that makes it roughly 714 milion cubic kilometers. The worst leak from Fukushima was roughly 300 metric tons (300 cubic meters or 300000 L) of contaminated water. The water had 230 million becquerels per liter of beta emitting radioactive isotopes. The maximum amount of becquerels per liter allowed in water discharged to the ocean is 30. To dillute the 230 million to 30 you would need 7.7 million times the original volume. So Fukaushimas 300 cubic meters becomes 2.3 billion cubic meters. That's 2.3 cubic Kilometers! But remember the Pacific ocean is 714 million cubic kilometers so the 2.3 of required dillution is pocket change in comparison to the Pacific's size. Where some of my numbers came from: URL_0


Question: How is oxygen created in the winter when most trees have lost their leaves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is oxygen created in the winter when most trees have lost their leaves?

Half of the planet doesn't really have a winter in the sense of snow, Sub-Zero temperatures and leaf-loss. Think about the regions around and parallel to the equator. Lots of rain forests and definitely lots and lots of trees. We also get nearly 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere from oceanic algae. So plants aren't alone in producing our esteemed oxygen.


Question: Why shouldn’t Li-Ion batteries be fully charged or drained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why shouldn’t Li-Ion batteries be fully charged or drained?

The top and bottoms of the charge percentage are the most stressful for the chemicals in the battery. They charge slowly and are more prone to getting warm while charging. Heat is bad for batteries, always. Li-Ion batteries in particular have circuitry on the batteries to protect them from overcharging and stuff since they're especially prone to fires or explosions when mistreated. This does have the side-effect of causing them to drain a bit faster than normal when not in use. Also when drained too far (ie. drained, and not charged for a while) the battery will simply die permanently. This isn't really manufacturer rigging, it's just the nature of the chemical make-up. All types of batteries today are basically bags of chemicals, and should be treated as such. "Peak charge" is something that can be chemically defined, but we've learned that when total power out of the battery's lifetime is what really matters, keeping it away from the extremes really helps. Whether a manufacturer decides to go for maximum lifetime or maximum charge is up to them, and might even change with software updates and stuff.


Question: when someone is worth billions of dollars, where is that money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when someone is worth billions of dollars, where is that money?

A lot of it would be in investments. But also, a lot of the dollar value in net worth is tied up in the companies people own themselves (think amazon and Tesla). They don’t have billions in cash. It’s calculated in assets and many more things. They certainly have multiple accountants managing their money.


Question: What are the reasons people say communism/socialism does not work with larger populations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the reasons people say communism/socialism does not work with larger populations?

Sweden is not a socialist economy. It's a social market or social democracy. Socialism doesn't work in Sweden, since Sweden is not socialist. The underlying economy is a market. People have private property, businesses, and employment. Businesses have owners, shareholders, dividends, and profits. Transactions are for the most part undertaken privately and mostly at prices dictated by the market. Socialism or communism is when most economic decisions about the use and exchange of property are made either collectively or by the state. But Sweden, like the rest of Europe, lets most decisions be made by individuals acting in markets. On top of the market lies some socialist-like regulations (less than you'd think) and taxes (high, but comparable to Italy, France, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, etc.). In fact, for most of its history until the late 20th century, Sweden didn't even have a particularly noteworthy amount of taxes and regulations. Most of its wealth was built during a time when Sweden had slightly lower tax collections than the European average. Even today, though many on both the right and left believe to the contrary, Sweden has arguably fewer restrictions on market behavior than many places in the US. And if socialism is taken in the populist sense of "making sure the rich don't have more rights than the poor" Sweden is probably a worse model for socialism than the US. Their income tax rates are high, but close to being flat. The highest tax bracket in Sweden applies to people who make just one and half times the national average, while the US highest tax bracket applies to people making eight and a half times the national average. The Swedish VAT (similar to a sales tax) is much higher than US sales taxes, and VATs are regressive, meaning that they take proportionately more wealth from poorer people than richer people. Sweden collects 4.5 times more in VAT than the US collects in state sales taxes, and these taxes disadvantage the poor. Sweden has business taxes and capital gains taxes that are comparable to the US, sometimes higher, sometimes lower. Least socialist of all, Sweden has no inheritance tax or estate tax. There are rich families in Sweden that are able to pass on old family wealth without any tax, and since the business tax and capital gains tax are much lower than the income tax, the richest Swedes often pay a much smaller percentage of tax than the average working Swede. So Sweden has high taxes on everybody, not just the rich, while the US has one of the most progressive tax systems that mostly targets high-income rich people. What causes people to assume Sweden is socialist is that its tax burden is funneled to social welfare spending. But even this spending is less generous than it used to be and certainly doesn't amount to actual socialism. When you count both state and federal taxes and regulations, the US arguably has as socialist a country as Sweden, with the major exception being that Sweden has more generous welfare. The US spends most of its welfare on senior citizens, but otherwise a lot of the US budget goes to the military. Also, part of the issue is that the US enacts much of its social welfare policy through taxes. The third largest "welfare program" in the US is the Earned Income Tax Credit, which normally is not counted as welfare but sends tens of billions of dollars to low-income taxpayers every year. And hundreds of billions of dollars worth of tax exclusions, credits and deductions are used by taxpayers every year. If all of those taxes were collected and paid out by the US government, the US would have a far higher tax rate and far larger welfare state than Sweden. So I think the premise of your question is an issue. Sweden is not socialist. But if we're using a metric where it is, then arguably the US is even more socialist. I'll separately answer your question and ignore the premise that Sweden is socialist. I have a sense that you wanted more than just a long-winded rant on Swedish political economy.


Question: What's the absolute minimum speed a plane has to go for it to stay in the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the absolute minimum speed a plane has to go for it to stay in the air?

It's not really possible to give a simple answer to this - it depends on the plane, and on whether you mean air speed or ground speed. Against a strong enough wind, a light plane could fly while going backwards relative to the ground.


Question: What determines a person's sense of humor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines a person's sense of humor?

Mostly psychological. When a person has good sense of humor, it generally means they are happy, socially confident and likely to have a healthy perspective on life. But this has exceptions because humor has a dark side. There are people who use self-defeating humor; also humor is used to criticize and manipulate others through teasing, sarcasm and ridicule. So being funny isn't necessarily an indicator of good social skills and well-being. It all depends on the kind of humor the person uses.


Question: How do Adaptive Optics know how to correct for atmospheric distortion and give us Hubble-quality images from a telescope on the ground?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Adaptive Optics know how to correct for atmospheric distortion and give us Hubble-quality images from a telescope on the ground?

the simple version is that they shine a laser UP, and watch for it's reflection/refraction in the air. then, they apply the opposite of that reflection to the image they record, and end up with a pretty clear image. someone will likely give a more detailed answer, but that's the simple version.


Question: What makes the view from a high place enjoyable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the view from a high place enjoyable?

I kind of wonder if it's not something more primal. High ground is safer because it's easier to defend. I wonder if it's not a subconscious throw back to primitive survival. Given that's it's not too often most people are at the top of a mountain, building, tree, or whatever, it could create a surge of feeling because you've gotten to the best spot for safety and your subconscious can relax in a way it can't at a lower elevation. Neat to think about.


Question: What's the difference between rechargable and non rechargable batteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between rechargable and non rechargable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries use materials that can move the electrons backwards when powered the other way. Non rechargeable batteries absorb the electrons in a way that is very difficult to reverse. They are still popular because of lower cost and higher energy density.


Question: How do human bodies keep from losing air and crumbling on an airplane unlike a half empty water bottle on an airplane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do human bodies keep from losing air and crumbling on an airplane unlike a half empty water bottle on an airplane?

Human bodies aren't balloons. We're mostly liquid on the inside, with some solid. The areas that are gas-filled have systems to equalize pressure with our surroundings. Our lungs should be obvious, but then those little tubes in our ears (the name escapes me) require movement in order to maintain pressure. This is why your ears can hurt when swimming deep underwater or flying in a plane. The normal solution to this is chewing on gum, as the movement of the jaw helps speed up the pressure equalizing process.


Question: why do ants falling from large heights (like even up to 5m) not die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do ants falling from large heights (like even up to 5m) not die?

Terminal velocity is the speed at which gravity and air resistance cancel out, it depends on your mass and your size. Big things have faster terminal velocities, elephants for example will break their legs if you drop them from 1 meter up. Small things have lower terminal velocities, you can throw a mouse (or an ant) out of a plane and it will land fine. So thats why, they just simply cant naturally fall fast enough to get hurt


Question: How come drinks in glass containers taste different then drinks in aluminum or other metal containers? I don’t just mean the obvious reason of them being in different materials.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come drinks in glass containers taste different then drinks in aluminum or other metal containers? I don’t just mean the obvious reason of them being in different materials.

That's actually a large part of it. Aluminum cans are sealed with plastic on the inside to keep the soda from dissolving the metal, but glass doesn't need to be sealed. The sealant in aluminum cans leaches a tiny bit into the soda (because the carbon dioxide and other compounds in the soda just work that way), but glass has a different structure so it doesn't dissolve from that. Besides all that, soda in cans is mixed a little differently from soda you'd get from a fountain, and that affects the taste too. Soda from a fountain is pretty much the freshest possible mix you can get.


Question: Why can you get addicted to 1st hand smoke but not 2nd hand smoke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you get addicted to 1st hand smoke but not 2nd hand smoke?

Addiction to cigarettes comes in two main ways. The first is the physical habit. Cigarette smoking is a repetitive, comforting practice - a less athletic version of Tai Chi. So merely smoking the cigarette is enjoyable even if you exclude the pharmacological effects. It should be obvious that this provides no benefit except to the person who is actually smoking the cigarette. The second is the nicotine in the cigarette. However, the nicotine is almost entirely absorbed by the body. You can't realistically get 'high' off of second-hand smoke - the smoke you see exhaled is particulates and other largely inert chemicals. So there's no chemical rush from secondhand smoke to get addicted to.


Question: How do some stereo sounds sound like they are coming from both sides rather than the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some stereo sounds sound like they are coming from both sides rather than the middle?

So the way our brains interpret the direction a sound is coming from is to listen for differences in the sounds reaching each ear. So when stereo speakers (placed at an equal distance) are playing the EXACT same sound, our brain interprets that as coming from directly in front of us. When an audio engineer is mixing music, it is sometime desirable to have some instruments sound like they are coming from the sides, but not necessarily one side or the other. To accomplish this, they have to make one side (either the left or the right channel) SLIGHTLY different from the other. One way this is accomplished is by a “Stereo Spread” which will take a stereo audio file and spread certain sections of the frequency band to either the left or right. That way the left speaker will be playing some of the frequency bands, and the right speaker will be playing the other frequency bands of the same sound. The other way this can be accomplished is by using the Haas effect. This is done by simply “delaying” one of the sides (either the left or right channel) by up to about 30 milliseconds; so one side is playing the exact same sound as the other side, but just slightly later than the other. By only delaying it as much as 30ms, our brain doesn’t detect it as being “out of time” and can barely tell the difference. However our brain DOES definitely hear two separate and distinct sounds in each ear making it interpret the sounds as coming from each side instead of directly in front of us.


Question: What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

Here is a page describing some of the difference between male and female brains, specifically an very interesting brain structure call the anterior hypothalamus. URL_0 I think the differences are pretty well established,.. I recall this being discussed during my undergrad back in the 90's. The article explains pretty well the 'severity' of the differences, how it related to hormonal development, sexual orientation. etc.


Question: What causes "target fixation" when riding a motorcycle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes "target fixation" when riding a motorcycle?

Sport bike racer here,.. it's a survival instinct from your lizard brain. It is deadly on a motorcycle, and you need to train your brain to stay sixty feet ahead of the front tire. Look right through the distractions.


Question: Why are lights sometimes seen in sky before an earthquake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are lights sometimes seen in sky before an earthquake?

From the same article: "Research into earthquake lights is ongoing; as such, several mechanisms have been proposed." So there is no explanation for it yet.


Question: Why are the craters on the moon flat on the bottom? If an asteroid were to hit the moon, material would be blown out and the crater would be more rounded on the bottom, right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the craters on the moon flat on the bottom? If an asteroid were to hit the moon, material would be blown out and the crater would be more rounded on the bottom, right?

Initially, yes. But those craters are very very old and have had time for the material to settle somewhat. The deepest ones also punched deep enough to expose magma, as in the maria. As a liquid or near-liquid, the magma flowed smoothly to form a flat plain before cooling.


Question: If more demand makes prices go up, how are businesses putting absurd discounts in products every year during Black Fridays and still profiting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If more demand makes prices go up, how are businesses putting absurd discounts in products every year during Black Fridays and still profiting?

1: Most things that are on sale are businesses trying to unload before year end to make room for the new hotness. What black friday is really about is clearing inventory which costs money to keep stock on hand. 2: Businesses often count on people buying other things while they are shopping. What discounts they do offer are only on a small percentage of their total inventory anyway. 3: Even with the discount, most markups are in the 50% area, they still aren't losing money.


Question: - Why is space black? If their is so much light every where?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is space black? If their is so much light every where?

Much of the light we are "supposed to see" is coming from the early days of the Universe, when it became transparent to photons. Because of the expansion of space, the energy of these photons has been redshifted to microwave wavelengths. This is what we call the cosmic microwave background radiation and we simply can't see it with our naked eyes. If you look at the sky with a camera sensible to this radiation, the sky is definitely not as dark!


Question: If our body produces enzymes to break down and absorb all the major constituents of our food, what is it exactly that makes up our faeces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our body produces enzymes to break down and absorb all the major constituents of our food, what is it exactly that makes up our faeces?

There's the stuff that we don't have enzymes to break down. Most notably, cellulose which is what we may call fibre.


Question: If cables transfer data in "1/0" by being "on/off" with electricity, what's the difference between cables? Like what happens in an HDMI that doesn't happen in an aux cord?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If cables transfer data in "1/0" by being "on/off" with electricity, what's the difference between cables? Like what happens in an HDMI that doesn't happen in an aux cord?

That's how digital cables work. By chance you've actually picked a digital (HDMI) and an analogue (AUX) cable in your question. An analogue cable transmits data in a continuous flow where it changes the voltage over time. A digital cable, like you described, sends pulses of electricity to represent distinct ons and offs. But I assume your question is asking how do different types of digital cable differ to each other? And the answer is mostly in how they format the data in order to represent it in ons and offs - different methods are referred to as protocols. A standard HDMI cable for example has 19 pins. Each one is used to send different information through the wire so that on the other end they can collectively be understood.


Question: Why do plants die if you give them too much water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do plants die if you give them too much water?

Roots need air to breath and create nutrients for the plant. There are air pockets in the soil for the roots to reach. When watering, the roots are covered in water and absorb it. If the water is not absorbed or drained enough, after a while, the plant will start to "drown" for the roots cannot access air pockets. There are more infos there if I'm allowed to link it; URL_0


Question: Do things which are 'mentally exhausting' actually make you require more sleep? Do I need the same amount of sleep between laying in bed all day vs going to work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do things which are 'mentally exhausting' actually make you require more sleep? Do I need the same amount of sleep between laying in bed all day vs going to work?

You won’t require significantly more sleep, but you will require more food. The brain is a huge energy consumer so if you are using your mental capacities a lot you will need to make sure it has enough glucose. I believe a more common reason to sleep for a long time is if you’re making up for bad or little sleep the night before. Edit: ketones are important as an energy source as well as glucose.


Question: Why are my muscles sore after jumping in cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are my muscles sore after jumping in cold water?

From what I understand, our bodies defenses against hypothermia is to shiver. This involves involuntary muscle contractions to generate heat. These muscles contractions still can cause muscle soreness just like working out.


Question: How do house numbers work (in the US)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do house numbers work (in the US)?

I know that when I worked for telco, we relied on the electric company. It seemed like once they got their own power meter, it was official. Probably other steps before that though. But worst case scenario, someone at your power company may be able to give you further guidance. Hopefully it is a start!


Question: why is cybercrime so hard to stop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is cybercrime so hard to stop?

Because nobody really cares about cybersecurity except for nerds like me who see the face of normal people glaze over whenever we start evangelizing. Because we're all pretty much using a bunch of technology in ways nobody ever intended, for a bunch of *ridiculously* sensitive information. Because banks and other financial institutions don't care about really verifying the identity of account holders, and so approve accounts so long as a name and SSN and a few other factors match, and don't bother with some more secure means of proving that you are who you say you are. Because it's a global problem and we don't have a world-police. Because people are the weak link in security now, and despite a ton of really good security options, they value the convenience of free wi-fi over making sure their bank account info is secure. Seriously, there are several conventions each year where infosec pros get together and bitch about how nobody else bothers to secure their shit, and talk about new ways people have found out how to exploit some bad piece of code But really it doesn't matter because people are dumb trusting monkeys by nature and if I really want someone's identity, all I have to do is ask them the right questions the right way and they'll give it to me without a second thought until it's too late (important note: I don't *do* things like identity theft, but I work IT and I have had to stop people in the middle of giving me their social security number, credit card number, online banking password, and a bunch of other sensitive information, when all I'm trying to do is fix their youtubes.)


Question: What is projective geometry and why do parallel lines intersect in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is projective geometry and why do parallel lines intersect in it?

It's geometry accounting for perspective projection. Imagine standing on railroad tracks that vanish in the distance. The tracks are parallel but appear to converge/intersect on the horizon.


Question: Why does it feel like time goes by faster while one is having fun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel like time goes by faster while one is having fun?

Unfortunately, we don't really know. This is just one of the many great mysteries of the brain. The best theory we seem to have so far is simply that your perception of time is... your perception of time: The more you pay attention to the passage of time, the slower it seems to go. You can test this right now: Watch your clock and wait for 1 minute to pass. Do it without a second hand (on a digital clock or something). Note that it feels like it takes way longer for that minute to pass than you expected it to. When you're bored, you notice time passing because you keep checking the time to see whether it's time for you to not be bored anymore. When you're having fun, you're not checking the time.


Question: how does a country like the USA produce exactly as much electricity as needed at all times. Where does excess power go when not needed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a country like the USA produce exactly as much electricity as needed at all times. Where does excess power go when not needed?

One one side, you regulate the output of your powerplants to meet demand. That can be complicated with some plants, so the system is set up that you have base load plants, that will essentially run at constant production, mostly nuclear and coal, and peak load plants, which can react quickly to changing demand, that is mostly gas. On another side, you can store excess production. That's done with pumped storage plants. Excess energy is used to pump water into an uphill reservoir, from which it can be quickly released downhill through a water turbine to produce electricity again when the need is there. Overall, it's a fine balancing game between all the different sources and the changing demand. But the folks running that game have lots of statistical data on how demand changes over time and can predict what they have to do based on that.


Question: How do we actually know what colours other animals can or can't see?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we actually know what colours other animals can or can't see?

The rods and cones in your eyes contain dyes, which are the chemicals that do the light sensing. A dye is just a molecule that absorbs a very specific frequency of light. This makes them a particular color, and you can literally just measure the light reflected by these dyes to see what color they absorb. These molecules also bleach as they absorb light (which is how they adapt to brighter light), so you can also see what color light you have to shine on them to make them change color.


Question: How does sleep deprivation cause brain damage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sleep deprivation cause brain damage?

Sleep actually lets your brain flush out a bunch of toxic stuff that builds up over the course of a day. If you go too long without sleeping, you get too much of those toxins and they start hurting the parts of your brain that they're stuck inside.


Question: How do scientist have records of temperature from 1,000 of years ago when there wasn't technology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientist have records of temperature from 1,000 of years ago when there wasn't technology?

One of the ways they do this is by looking at layers of ice in the arctic, different CO2 and temperatures can be seen in how the ice was melted and refroze


Question: Why do we find certain songs "catchy" over others? What causes these songs to get stuck in our head all day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we find certain songs "catchy" over others? What causes these songs to get stuck in our head all day?

There are several reasons to why we like a song and most of them are cultural and have to do with our experience. I'll start with an example: a person from India who has mostly listened to ragas will find Beethovens 9th symphony very boring and flat and find all symphonies very simialar while a westerner will find ragas are a complicated series of rithms (bars can have a time signature of 17/8 and stuff like that) and eventually also find them all very alike. That's because the complexity of each kind of music es based in different parameters and all the dynamics of a certain music are only perceptible by a trained listener. Also, the fact that you can associate certain sounds with emotions like happiness or melancholy or suspense, has to do just with what you have taught yourself by listening and associating sounds with images/situations/emotions all your life, but you are not born with this associations. Also, a song as we know it was developed no more that 300 yeas ago. Medieval music was just one melody but the concept of armony, the understanding of the relations between music notes sounding at the same time was not part of western culture. Then the renascence brought polyphony, but as a series of melodies (contrapunctus) that don't produce "chords", they produced a complex net of sound that to us sounds kind of flat because it has no harmonic direction, it goes nowhere cuz there is no one melody more important than the other. With the arrival of the reform of the church and the baroque there was also a big aesthetic change, there was an intention to make music less complicated and get the message home (religious). So just then the concept of harmony/melody was created. This concept is what we call the tonal system. It was brought to perfection by the musicians of the classic period, exceptionally good example is Mozart, he just knew the system up and down. Then later the romantics and expressionists created music that would go further than just sound good or happy or sad, they wanted to create music that would express complex emotions like anxiety or terror so they created a database of relationships between music and complex things that now is the basics for all the music you hear in movies, parts of star wars sound track is a rip off of Stravinsky's rite of spring. So that said, nothing can be true about our preferences, but given that we like "melodies" over "chords" that create a "harmony" because of all our cultural background, I would suggest with not much certainty that the art of creating a good melody is in the ability of the composer to do good musical phrasing. For example, if i writhe only short sentences you will find what I wrote rather boring and annoying. If I write big complex sentences you will also find it annoying. A good writing mixes short and long sentences. In music, phrasing is the ability to understand the timing for starting an idea or a melody and finishing it. On the other hand, we have the tonal system deeeply learned in our heads, so we expect things to follow this aesthetic rules. Then again, if you only follow the rules and you just make music that doesn't challenge the listener then you get bored, but if you are all the time making a fool of the listener and never do what he expects then you will annoy everyone. tl;dr: It is a cultural learning we are not born with the understanding of what is a song. In the end, a good melody has to do with good timing and the right playing with the listener expectations (in my opinion).


Question: How are unions bad for Stocks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are unions bad for Stocks?

The amount of money coming into a company is fixed by whatever products they make and what they can sell those products for. A bunch of that goes to pay for the raw materials and equipment and company expenses like insurance, utilities, etc. A bunch goes to paying employees (both direct pay and benefits). What's left can be invested in new stuff, go to shareholders, or some other more esoteric options. A union allows the employees to "collectively bargain" (bargain together) to get better benefits (pay, insurance, pension, etc.) than they otherwise would have had. That increases the money going to employees so less is left to go to shareholders, because math. This annoys shareholders, which can make the stock go down. Done correctly, a union can actually \*increase\* employee productivity and satisfaction enough to offset the cost increase and the company can do great (see: Southwest Airlines), in which case the shareholders also do great. Done incorrectly, it can suck so much money out of the company that nothing is left to invest or go to shareholders and you end up bankrupt (see: General Motors, United Airlines). Note: unions were NOT the sole factor in any of these cases, just one of many. I'm just pointing out that success/failure can happen with or without a union.


Question: Why does playing music in the background of a social gathering put people at ease, allowing them to talk more comfortably whilst removing that awkward feeling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does playing music in the background of a social gathering put people at ease, allowing them to talk more comfortably whilst removing that awkward feeling?

Maybe simple because when there's only silence, whenever you start talking, you feel like everyone is listening to what you're saying and so you feel some pressure. When there's music, you feel like what you're about to say isn't going to be the instant focus of everybody in the room.


Question: How do movies go from the raw footage (film or digital) to 4K?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do movies go from the raw footage (film or digital) to 4K?

With digital recordings, the raw footage is usually higher quality than 4K (IIRC, 8K is fairly common). For final release, you just render the video in the release quality and write it to the DVD or blu-ray (or digital download/streaming service). With film, we're lucky because film is actually very high quality. People tend to think film has low quality because back in film days, the film *duplication and distribution* technologies were not-so-great, making the version in theaters of lower quality. To go from a film recording to a 4K digital video, you essentially put each frame of the film into a digital scanner (like the one in a multifunction printer) and make sure they line up with software. You can optionally use software to remove defects in the film from the digital file. You then send the scanned images off to be written to the DVD, bluray, etc.


Question: . Why are you told to “put your arms up” when you’re choking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why are you told to “put your arms up” when you’re choking?

Some people think raising your arms raises your diaphragm and helps you breath when your coughing. If you're actually choking and can't breath at all, you're better off making the sign for choking: putting your hands around your neck.


Question: How can the chance of rain be 10% when it’s pouring outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the chance of rain be 10% when it’s pouring outside?

Forecasts are done over an area, not a point location. It might be raining at your location but not 2 blocks from you. The percentage is the chance of some place in the area of the city or whatever defined region getting rained on.