Question: Why is it so hard to do anything when you’re depressed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to do anything when you’re depressed?

Think of motivation as a bone. When you're depressed, that bone is broken. It can heal but it needs to get treated properly, otherwise it will heal badly and you'll just learn to live with it, emotionally limping everywhere you go.


Question: How does a background investigation to get a job work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a background investigation to get a job work?

Oohh! I did this for a living! I did background checks on chemists, armored car drivers, etc. You fill out your application including work history or include your resume. Your prospective employer then sends it to me. They can get everything including credit check, criminal background, past employment history (most common), and education (also most common). I then call your previous employers and ask them about you. Some tell me you were great, some call you an asshole, some require your signature to speak about you (which you signed on your application), others transfer you to HR where they have 2-3 generic responses: terminated, not eligible/eligible for rehire, gave notice, etc. Typically not eligible/eligible for rehire is legal HR code for if you were a good employee. Sometimes I had to verify responsibilities, hours, and pay. If you're not confident that your boss was tell people you were an assistant manager, don't put it on your resume. It makes you look terrible when your previous boss says, "no. He was just a janitor." If the company closed you're still not safe. I'll call the business next door and ask if they remember you, know anyone who used to work next door, etc. the Chmaber of Commerce will remember all small business owners in a little town and give me their contact info. I will look up who owned the McDonalds franchise that closed, cross check the property address, use the white pages to find the previous owner, and call them at home and ask about you. I do the same for your education. I can call your HS or check a school's registrar database for your degree. If you put HS diploma and you got a GED I had to mark "No high school diploma." This one always killed me because one particular application just had a check box for "graduated from HS?" If it's a diploma mill or you never graduated I make a note of that. For scientists/chemists (pharma company) I would have to call references. I would speak to a grad student's professors. They were the meanest most brutal people. "Student doesn't really stand out. Average." "No personality, wouldn't let them work for me." Just brutal personal attacks. All other references were obviously the persons friends and they gave the answers you'd expect. Background checks are automatic along with credit history. If you turn out to be a child molester we research that to confirm it's you because the system is fairly flawed. Some companies/people would put through "rush" requests which was basically just a note to gather all the info you can and send it within 24 hours. Most times we would have 3-5 days. It was an interesting job and I have a compulsive need to pursue things to the very end so it was good for that. However I don't like "gotcha moments." They don't bring me the joy they bring others. Ironically the company realized I had IT experience so they switched me over to IT work but wouldn't promote me officially (read: pay me appropriately) because I didn't have a degree. Edit: This was years ago that I did this job. Social media was a thing but we didn't really check it and submit anything from it. I do know of several hospital systems that do and will check for anyone getting privileges. Keep your stuff private. It's just good common sense. Edit 2: I didn't hire anyone. I just collected the data. I don't know what the end user did with the data or what specific criteria they cared most about. Edit 3: I'm going to bed. I'm sorry if I didn't answer your question. I tried but my email doesn't show all reply's on mobile. I'm done.


Question: why do we feel heavy after getting out of the water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we feel heavy after getting out of the water?

Because you weigh less in the water, you get used to the feeling so its probably the switch back to normal. Also whatever you wear to swim gets soaked with water and is therefore heavier.


Question: How do countries simulate full-scale wars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do countries simulate full-scale wars?

This is a very vague question, but we'll try to take a crack at it. For large-scale, military-only exercises, the participating units are put on a war footing and made to perform tasks they normally would during a conflict against either imaginary/simulated enemy targets or friendly troops playing the role of enemy combatants. Indirect fire has real ammo, so they fire on imaginary targets, friendlies playing hostiles necessitate blank rounds to be used. The troops are positioned as they would during a conflict (forward camps, usually) and supplied similarly, with MREs and limited resources. For those exercises that want to also simulate civilian operators acting in concert with military forces, those civilian units or organizations (for example, fire crews, police forces and political chains of command) are also put on the same alert as they would under a full-scale conflict and perform simulated tasks and operations similar to those they would in wartime. For fire crews, this may include buildings set on fire in a manner to simulate bomb strikes, police may train to counter enemy special operations forces, and political command chains may face similar dilemmas as those in wartime. Medical organizations may be put on high alert and perform simulated complicated or mass casualty operations. Normally, all organizations in a country won't hold war exercises (or war games) at the same time, but the results of these can be combined and/or extrapolated to provide a relatively accurate overview of the capabilities against certain levels of enemy action both in the field and on the home front.


Question: What do hallucations really look like? Do the lights and shadows actually bounce over them? Or it's like someone in Blender program forgot to check a box?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do hallucations really look like? Do the lights and shadows actually bounce over them? Or it's like someone in Blender program forgot to check a box?

You've probably seen something similar yourself if you've ever seen an object on the edge of your vision that you briefly thought was something it wasn't. Hallucinations don't appear fully formed and detailed like they often do in movies. Your condition is usually more like you just woke up from a night's drinking, bleary eyed. Many hallucinations are formed from the eye wavering slightly giving the impression something is moving when it isn't. The brain, while impaired by exotic chemicals, has trouble processing the eye movement and so your couch can look like it's shifting. Or one eye can focus incidentally on one object while the other focuses somewhere else closer or nearby and you get a mash of 2 objects that you interpret via pareidolia as a face, an animal or even a picture. A more interesting form of hallucination is seen when looking at a near-uniform surface like carpet, wall or blank, white monitor screen and you can start to see watermark-like scenes of a streetscape or people in a room playing out as if you're watching TV. Similar to what you see when dreaming. But hallucinations of Bob the Reptilian sitting in the armchair opposite talking to you are the stuff of fantasy. People often exaggerate what they saw to make an awesome story.


Question: how do we keep people alive during heart transplants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we keep people alive during heart transplants?

During an operation the circulatory system will be put onto a bypass machine which circulates and oxygenates the blood. Your heart has its own internal electrical conduction including little natural pacemakers called nodes. If you restart this current the heart and give oxygen to the cardiac tissue the heart will beat again at a constant beat.


Question: How does water vapor work? - as it relates to vaping

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water vapor work? - as it relates to vaping

Water vapor is a gas and is one of many gasses that are part of the normal air around you. That's what humidity is--a measure of how much water vapor is currently a part of the mix of air around you compaired to how much the air can currently hold. If the air is dry, your vapor cloud absorbs itself right into the air. If it's reached saturation, that is the air is full and can't hold any more water vapor, then you get a cloud if tiny water drops instead. A thin enough cloud will be hard to see in normal light, yes.


Question: When an electric motor is prevented from spinning while turned on it usually produces a buzzing noise. What exactly produces the noise if it isn’t moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When an electric motor is prevented from spinning while turned on it usually produces a buzzing noise. What exactly produces the noise if it isn’t moving?

It’s still producing torque through electromagnetism so that energy has go somewhere, and it does, in the form of heat and sound.


Question: why aren't there multiple versions of the Internet run by different tech companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why aren't there multiple versions of the Internet run by different tech companies?

The internet is just millions of computers connected to each other. It's not actually run by anyone, and too widely diffuse to be controlled by one company. Although Google's search function dominance comes closest.


Question: Why can't companies just buy enough land or real estate and make your their own state and provide themselves tax incentives (especially that Disney already made its own city)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't companies just buy enough land or real estate and make your their own state and provide themselves tax incentives (especially that Disney already made its own city)?

Well for one, it takes something like ¾ of the current states to approve the admission of another state into the U.S. Second, they couldn't secede because SCOTUS ruled that states never had the right to secede.


Question: What causes audio and video tracks to fall out of 'sync' with each other during recordings? Why can't computers/devices just play them back at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes audio and video tracks to fall out of 'sync' with each other during recordings? Why can't computers/devices just play them back at the same time?

The biggest cause would be using a different sample rate than standard. For example, standard frame rate for a video is 24 fps. Standard audio rate for a video is 48,000 samples per second (think of it as frame rate for audio). This way, you have exactly 2,000 samples per frame. If you use a different sample rate, like 44,100 samples per second (the standard for CD audio) you wind up with 1837.5 samples per frame. This is fine if you don't touch the video at all. If you do change the video quality while not touching the audio, or change the audio without the video, you can wind up with frames of audio not syncing to the video correctly. Things get messy when you use other frame rates, like 60fps, or 29.97 fps, etc.


Question: why is it that when you stub your toe against something, for a second it feels like the pain is going away before it actually sets in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that when you stub your toe against something, for a second it feels like the pain is going away before it actually sets in?

You have multiple types of sensory neurons that contribute to pain response, and they respond to different inputs and transmit at different rates. The initial impact triggers a rapid signal to your brain, which subsides as the other sensory neurons begin generating pain signals.


Question: Difference between Cat5 and Cat5e lan cables? How does this entire LAN tech work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Difference between Cat5 and Cat5e lan cables? How does this entire LAN tech work?

It’s just a huge, broad question. There are four year degree programs about this (Computer Network Engineering). As for the cables, simply put the difference between cat5 and cat5e is that e is faster. This is because of the way the cables are twisted, essentially. They’re made to more stringent specifications. More expensive. Faster.


Question: If the phases of the moon are due to the Earths shadow, why is the half moon a straight line/perfect semi circle, instead of a rounded shadow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the phases of the moon are due to the Earths shadow, why is the half moon a straight line/perfect semi circle, instead of a rounded shadow?

Unless you're looking at a lunar eclipse, the part of the moon that's not lit up is not in the Earth's shadow, it's in the moon's shadow. The bright portion is facing the sun, and is therefore illuminated, and the dark portion is facing away from the sun, and therefore not illuminated.


Question: what are imaginary numbers and how do they help mathematicians?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are imaginary numbers and how do they help mathematicians?

Most people understand the concept of a square root. E.g., the square root of 4 can be either 2 or -2 because 2x2=4 and -2×-2=4. However what is the square root of -4? Not so simple. Well math likes symmetry and it seemed logical that it should exist. So imaginary numbers were born. The symbol i is used to represent the square root of -1. So the square root of -4 becomes 2i (and/or -2i). Complex numbers are numbers that have a "real" part AND an "imaginary" part. E.g., (2+2i) is a complex number. As to uses: engineering, especially electrical engineering and signal processing, can use complex numbers. In fact any engineering that uses something called differential equations, might use complex numbers. That help?


Question: Why is that when we are going to do something then we are told to do it, we lose motivation to do it and therefore will not do it at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that when we are going to do something then we are told to do it, we lose motivation to do it and therefore will not do it at all?

I think it's the same as being told not to do something, we don't like to be governed and like to be our own boss, make our own choices. FYI, you worded it as well as I could, if not better, and my first language is English


Question: Why do hotter peppers (Carolina Reaper, Ghost Peppers, Trinidad Scorpion Butch, etc.) tend to be more deformed/wrinkled than peppers with a lower Scoville Heat Unit (Jalapeno, Chipotle, Serrano) which tend to be smoother?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hotter peppers (Carolina Reaper, Ghost Peppers, Trinidad Scorpion Butch, etc.) tend to be more deformed/wrinkled than peppers with a lower Scoville Heat Unit (Jalapeno, Chipotle, Serrano) which tend to be smoother?

The capsaicin is all in the seeds and the veins surrounding the seeds. The flesh isn't really spicy. Peppers that are bred for spicyness will tend to have a lot of seeds and veins and little flesh, which contributes to the crinkled up shape because the flesh is what covers the outside to make it nice and smooth. If you look at a picture of a cut open reaper or scorpion it's like 95% white (the veins) with a thin veneer of flesh on top.


Question: Why is the water body surrounding the Bahamas a different shade of blue when compared to rest of the ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the water body surrounding the Bahamas a different shade of blue when compared to rest of the ocean?

It depend on the depth of the water and the material making the ocean floor. In the case of the Bahamas you have a big zone of the ocean around it that it less deep and the floor is made of white sand. The ocean floor surrounding the Bahamas also have a slow slope, while other coastal region could have a slow slope only for a small distance before the depth drop drastically. That's why the ocean around the Bahamas seem more Cyan, instead of a more deep blue.


Question: How are non-organ, donated body parts prepared to be transplanted such as skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are non-organ, donated body parts prepared to be transplanted such as skin?

Skin *is* an organ. Skin harvested from body donations is used for transplants, and in that case it is called a *cadaver skin transplant* or *allograft* to differentiate it from a transplant of one's own skin. A device known as a *dermatome* is used to skin skin from the donor, the common one is basically a fancy wood planer but they also have electric ones. Most skin grafts use thin layers of skin, with only a small amount of dermis, which leaves stuff liker fair follicles and sweat glands behind. Full-thickness skin grafts take the whole skin, especially useful for reconstructing a face, and the recipient will need antirejection drugs just like any internal organ transplant.


Question: Why do hunters wear camouflage if they’re also wearing fluorescent? Don’t animals spot them instantly with their hi-vis gear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hunters wear camouflage if they’re also wearing fluorescent? Don’t animals spot them instantly with their hi-vis gear?

Deer cannot see blaze orange the way that humans do. It just looks brown to them, outside their visible spectrum.


Question: Why aren’t hats allowed to be worn in public schools?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t hats allowed to be worn in public schools?

For the US, two reasons come to mind. It is/was considered rude to wear hats indoors in many parts of the US. Hats can, or are beloved to, be used to signify gang relations.


Question: why can’t aluminum foil burn under just an open flame?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t aluminum foil burn under just an open flame?

Aluminum is not flammable. When it reacts with oxygen (like a rusting or burning sort of thing), the aluminum oxide quickly forms a protective coating just a few molecules thick, protecting the rest of the aluminum.


Question: Why do we perceive infrared radiation as heat but not other wavelengths?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we perceive infrared radiation as heat but not other wavelengths?

We don't. We experience all wavelengths as heat. IR just happens to be the range that most of the heat is in, at the temperature range humans are exposed to. This is in part because IR is a huge range of frequencies, spanning all the way from radio-like far-IR to visible-like near-IR.


Question: How do beach stores make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do beach stores make money?

To make money, all you have to do is bring in more revenue than your expenses. There is nothing that says that you can't sell the exact same things at the same price as the store next to you. If there are enough customers to buy enough things, then you're set.


Question: if CV19 shows up within 14 days and people are contagious for a week or so (roughly 21 days), and we have been at home for six weeks (42 days) now, how come we aren't near no new cases? I understand that some are not obeying and out, but still, that's the minority isn't it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if CV19 shows up within 14 days and people are contagious for a week or so (roughly 21 days), and we have been at home for six weeks (42 days) now, how come we aren't near no new cases? I understand that some are not obeying and out, but still, that's the minority isn't it?

Because we’re not all home all day. People need to go grocery shopping. People need to work at groceries so others can go grocery shopping. These people need to get gasoline for their commute, which means people need to work at gas stations. Cars break down (source: needed a windshield replaced last week), so people need to work at auto shops. Other people in essential businesses also need to work. And people in businesses that are not essential but have been declared such for political reasons (see: Florida and professional wrestlers) need to work because otherwise they can’t afford to live. All of these jobs involve interacting with people. All of these involve a risk of infection, or of infecting others. One person can pick up COVID from a contaminated doorknob and infect everyone in their residence, who will spread it before symptoms become noticeable.


Question: why is it easier to create heat than to create cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it easier to create heat than to create cold?

Because "cold" isn't really a thing, or a property. It's just having relatively less heat. Hard to make something that doesn't exist.


Question: How does two or three feet of rainfall result in flooding so severe people are stranded on their roofs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does two or three feet of rainfall result in flooding so severe people are stranded on their roofs?

3 feet of rainfall 'over hundreds of square miles and varying terrain' All the water will collect in low areas making giant puddles basically. The same way you get puddles in the road. There might have only been 2 inches of rain, bjt you can step in a puddle 5 inches deep.


Question: What the difference between solving stego images in the wild and stego ctf images?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What the difference between solving stego images in the wild and stego ctf images?

CTF stuff is designed to be solvable in a moderate amount of time. In the wild is designed to not be solvable, and in fact is the opposite. For example, all you would need to do to prevent someone from recovering some hidden data is encrypt it with a secure password and encryption algorithm. Instant literally unsolvable problem. At least without a rubber hose. Also wondering how you "know" you have some hidden data. Steganography detection stuff is always going to have some false positive rate. The only way you know is if you actually find hidden data. Or someone tells you.


Question: How are mobile devices powerful enough to send data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are mobile devices powerful enough to send data?

First, the cell towers have a pretty big receiving antenna themselves. Even if your cell phone sends out a relatively weak signal, the cell tower can collect a lot of that signal. Second, your cell phone sends that information on a very narrow frequency band. Cell towers have electronic devices called filters that take all of the incoming electromagnetic noise, and only looks at a particular frequency. Your cell phone might not use a lot of power, but that power is very concentrated in that particular frequency


Question: Why can't food be refrozen once it has been unfrozen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't food be refrozen once it has been unfrozen?

It can, but there are two reasons not to. First is contamination. Freezing slows the growth of bacteria and mold. When you unfreeze, that growth starts again. When you then freeze it again, all that contamination is still there. Second is by freezing and unfreezing and freezing again, you are destroying the cells of the food, and dehydrating it, so it will taste worse and worse the more times you do it.


Question: Why do countries want to avoid having a weak currency? How do they work on getting a stronger currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do countries want to avoid having a weak currency? How do they work on getting a stronger currency?

They don’t, and shouldn’t worry about the relative values of currency. It doesn’t matter if my 100 blink-credits is worth 1USD or 1000USD, since I can split/unsplit it to any amount I wish (eg 1 blinko is now 20 blinka). The only thing that matters is the direction where currencies move. If my currency is getting weaker, it might be good if I export stuff (eg china). If I import a lot of stuff, the currency getting stronger might be better (eg Singapore). Governments can choose 2 out of these 3: control interest rates, control currency exchange rates, and control capital flows. Generally a large domestic economy will want to control interest rates more (the USA), a country with small domestic economy and large export/imports sector will want to control exchange rates, and very few countries choose to restrict capital flows (eg china). A country that wants to have a higher valued currency can purchase its currency on the open market with foreign reserves. For example, if I bought lots of Japanese Yen with USD, the supply of Yen would decrease, and the demand for it increases. Market forces will push the value of Yen upwards. The exact opposite for wanting a lower currency, start buying up foreign currency with your currency.


Question: . Can someone please explain the ramifications of today's peace signing with isreal and uae and bahrain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Can someone please explain the ramifications of today's peace signing with isreal and uae and bahrain?

Israel agreed a peace deal with two countries a thousand+ miles away that is has no land or sea borders with and has never had direct conflict with. In exchange for agreeing to a continued state of not being at war, and some normalization of relations, some of which are already informally in place, the US is agreeing to let Bahrain and the UAE buy weapons from the US, possibly with the intent of arming surrounding countries for a future war with Iran.


Question: Why are radians the unit of choice for angles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are radians the unit of choice for angles?

Radians are the most natural unit when you're doing calculus. Certain operations in calculus end up creating a relationship between an angle and a length. These relationships need some sort of constant of conversion between angle and distance in order to work out correctly. But if you can make your unit of conversion the unitless number 1, then it disappears from all the equations and your life is much more simple. If you choose that value for your constant, then your measure of angles is radians. As an example, you can use a Taylor Series to approximate the sine function. This is important, because this is how computers actually calculate sine. If your angle is radians, then you end up with: sin(x) = x - x^(3)/3! + x^(5)/5! - x^(7)/7! + ... Look how neat and symmetric that is! If x is some unit other than radians, you end up with a godawful spaghetti mess of constants.


Question: what is Benford’s Law or Benford’s Analysis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is Benford’s Law or Benford’s Analysis?

In real world data like (from the wiki) electricity bills, street addresses, stock prices, house prices, population numbers, death rates, lengths of rivers, physical and mathematical constants... The numbers seen aren't uniformly distributed. That is, you're NOT just as likely to see a 1 in the first significant digit (not counting leading zeroes basically), as you are to see a 9. 1 occurs much more commonly. So if there's a huge mass of accounting data that you suspect might be faked in a fraud case, you can, as a smoke test, check the frequency of occurence of the leading digits and see whether they follow Benford's Law. If they differ significantly, then it might be fake data.


Question: Do scientists really know what the core of planets and stars are made of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do scientists really know what the core of planets and stars are made of?

We have a pretty good idea. Our knowledge of the Earth's core is based on a few pieces of information: - It must have a certain density, because Earth's mass and volume are known. - It must be made of relatively common elements, or there wouldn't be enough to form such a large object (the core is approximately as heavy as the Moon) - It must be highly electrically conductive, because Earth has a magnetic field. - It must be a pretty exact amount of "springy" because we can observe earthquake waves bouncing off of it. - It must be made of heavier stuff than the other components of Earth (in particular, the silicates that make up Earth's surface), because it sank to the bottom of the once-molten planet. The combination of these constraints makes us pretty confident that the Earth's core is mostly iron, with some nickel. Iron is common, heavy, conductive, and rigid enough to produce the properties we observe. ----- Stars, on the other hand, are constrained by our understanding of particle physics and the observed frequencies of the elements they produce in the cosmos. We know that stars are made almost entirely of hydrogen early in their lives, and produce other elements through fusion. This means that only elements producible through fusion should be common in stars, with heavier and hotter stars producing heavier elements (because it takes progressively more energy to cause fusion the higher up you go). This means that light and young stars, like our Sun, must have cores primarily of hydrogen with some helium produced by fusion. Heavier stars fuse heavier elements, up to carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon, sulfur, and ultimately iron (all of which are common elements in the Universe). And because heavier elements exist, we know that some process must produce them, and stars are the only plausible mechanism based on our current understanding of the universe. In fact, there are *two* processes: the s-process in the core of very large stars and the r-process that occurs during supernovas. Knowing how much of these elements are produced tells us a lot about the inner conditions inside stars, because we know how long they live and how fast elements are produced at certain temperatures and pressures. Actually, in one case, we discovered a new particle physics phenomenon because we knew it *had* to exist for stars to work the way we know that they do (and it turned out that [it does indeed exist]( URL_0 )). More recently, we've been able to observe supernovas directly, which has given us more information about these rarer and less-well-understood processes.


Question: Why is it so hard to make a current-gen console emulator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to make a current-gen console emulator?

An emulator is a program which uses a computer to pretend to be a different computer or console. When you run programs natively on the console, you push a button and the console calculates a response. When you push a button in the emulator, it can't just calculate a response directly, because that response won't be in the same format the game expects - instead, the emulator has to do extra work to decide *how the console would perform that calculation*. If one of your friends asks you what your favorite candy is, you can answer immediately. But if they ask what your *brother's* favorite candy is, you have to think about it for a minute. Similarly, an emulator needs some extra time to do those extra calculations. But games need very rapid responses, so pushing a button has an immediate effect. That means the emulator needs to run on a computer which is a lot faster than the hardware it's emulating. Not a big deal when you're using a modern quad-core processor to emulate a Super Nintendo. But modern consoles use a lot of the same components as modern computers, and are roughly the same speed. That means there's not really any time to do those extra calculations.


Question: Why do water bottles have expiration dates on them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do water bottles have expiration dates on them?

It's the expiration date, generally, for the container the water's in, not the water itself. Leaching and whatnot.


Question: What is the purpose of a place like the Wall-Street? Why is it needed that much and what do people there do and can make so much money out of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of a place like the Wall-Street? Why is it needed that much and what do people there do and can make so much money out of it?

The purpose of wall street is a capital allocation market. It allows people to put capital into different ventures that could generate additional wealth. It is needed because you may have more money than you are using in any given moment, instead of letting that money sit idle under your mattress where it slowly loses value to inflation you can give it to someone who needs money to do something. They take that money and generate products and services with it that they then sell for a profit and then give you a portion of the profits for giving them the capital they needed. There are a couple ways to make money: First is investment. You buy into a company/bond/mutual fund, and they pay you a cash flow for using your money. Dividends, coupons, etc. The second is speculation, you think that a series of cash flows (investment) is under priced so you buy it and hold it until someone offers you more money for it. You sell it to them and take the difference home as profit. (capital gains) The third is transaction costs. If there is limited access to the capital market and someone who does not have access wants access they can buy that access from a company that does have it. These are commissions, transaction fees, management fees, etc. If you take fractions of a penny off of every transaction and then process trillions of transactions you can make a whole boat load of money.


Question: How come you can lock your car from further distances when you place your key fob against your head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come you can lock your car from further distances when you place your key fob against your head?

When you raise your fob you're getting better line of site. The waves don't have to bounce around as much to get to its destination. It doesn't need to be against your head.


Question: Are the McDonalds in all countries around the world connected to one main 'headquarter' ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are the McDonalds in all countries around the world connected to one main 'headquarter' ?

Most McDonald's restaurants are not owned by the McDonald's corporation. They're franchises. That means that some businessman wants to open a restaurant - he pays a franchise fee to McDonald's that gives him the right to open X number of restaurants in a certain physical region. He agrees to buy all of his supplies from McDonald's corp, build his building to their specifications, follow their guidelines for running the business, use their marketing materials, etc. He pays them a yearly fee on top of everything else. They may also help him get a loan to purchase the property and build the building. But day to day operation is up to him.


Question: how do we reliably know how much co2 we put globally into the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we reliably know how much co2 we put globally into the air?

Satellite imagery can show up the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere URL_0


Question: what was with the weird static noise speakers made when someone called on an old phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what was with the weird static noise speakers made when someone called on an old phone?

That's a side effect of some of the older cellular technologies; the towers communicated with the phones (for some protocols) on a frequency and modulation that was really good at coupling with the amplifier circuits in headphones and speakers. Basically, the speaker/headphone was becoming an unintentional antenna and "hearing" the signal from the cell tower. In the days of yore, cell phones weren't constantly talking to the cell towers beyond a simple "here I am". Modern phones are constantly exchanging data with the tower to run all your apps and data feeds in the background, but the old voice/text only phones wouldn't broadcast much until they were actually asked to do something. The interference you hear is the cell tower "yelling" at the phone to say "Hey, wake up, you have an incoming call."


Question: What is the mathematical constant, "i?" And, what is the importance of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the mathematical constant, "i?" And, what is the importance of it?

Complex numbers can be written using two notations. Polar which is a magnitude and an angle, and rectangular. Rectangular gives the magnitude along the real axis and separately the magnitude along the imaginary (i) axis. If you took both notations together, you'd see that the magnitude and angle in polar form exactly matches the hypotenuse formed by the magnitudes from the real and imaginary axes in rectangular form. If you are still confused, I'd suggest researching more on complex numbers. They are a very useful mathematical construct especially if you plan on studying any form of engineering.


Question: Why are the savings account interest rates so abysmally low in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the savings account interest rates so abysmally low in the US?

Because the Federal Reserve has set the government's rate for lending money to banks very low. That means that banks can't afford to pay you more than they pay the government, or they would lose money, because your terms are not as generous as the governments (like you want to be able to withdraw the money).


Question: What causes yoghurt to thicken around the rim of a sealed pot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes yoghurt to thicken around the rim of a sealed pot?

The top of the yoghurt is touching the little bit of air in the cup, so it dries out a little bit. There's only a little air in there, so it's only enough to partially dry out the very top of the yoghurt.


Question: What's the instinctual purpose for people to find things irritating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the instinctual purpose for people to find things irritating?

I’m interested to see smart people answer this. My guess would be that irritations can tax your resources. Disrupting you from being able to pay attention to what’s important. That you only have so much bandwidth and it’s sucking away what you need to focus, kind of like how you feel like you need to turn the radio down to find a parking spot.


Question: Why wasn't there any reported epidemics / pandemics in scale as that of the European Bubonic Plague in the Americas and the New World prior to discovery and colonization?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why wasn't there any reported epidemics / pandemics in scale as that of the European Bubonic Plague in the Americas and the New World prior to discovery and colonization?

1) Population densities in the Americas were lower at the time in most places. 2) There was less trade between populations in the Americas (though more than most people think). 3) There was were fewer species of domesticated animals in the Americas and in general those that were domesticated did not cohabitate with humans as much or as closely as they did in Europe and Asia.


Question: Why do you cry when you're sad/extremely happy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you cry when you're sad/extremely happy?

There's a couple of different reasons but I'll try to separate them. Chemically, there's 3 different 'types' of tears; Basal, Reflex, and Emotional. The other two tears are a result of irritants or just general lubricant for the eye in the form of mucus, but emotional tears are made up of stress hormones such as cortisol (which will relieve tension in your body which is argued for why you feel better after crying) and leucine enkephalin, a natural painkiller and endorphin (stuff you get while doing exercise) which also uses up cortisol in the body and makes you feel better. Psychologically, everyone cries because it's a form of non-verbal communication that you are feeling sad or might be injured, or anything that means you might need help, despite you not being consciously aware of it. You can't make yourself cry unless you think of something emotional. You cry when you're emotional because your body treats an emotional stressor as if you have been physically injured. You might be in relatively low physical danger when told that a family member has passed away, but the overwhelming stress and emotion causes such a build up of stress hormones from the sympathetic nervous system (increases heart rate, respiration, supresses digestion, etc) that you will most likely cry or feel overwhelmed. When something makes you extremely happy, you remove a lot of distress from your life (if not momentarily). Looking at the GAS (Hans Selye's General Adaption Syndrome) model for stress, most people are subconsciously in the 'resistance' stage; meaning they have increased their resistance to stressors to get through their lives. When something extremely great happens to you, say a partner proposes or you win the lottery, that stress resistance level is no longer needed, so excess stress hormones that were activated to keep you resistant are released in Emotional tears. Source: A lot of shit I learned doing Psychology and Biology research in Australia.


Question: Why do people who live near airports or loud mining operations find it harder to sleep when it's quiet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people who live near airports or loud mining operations find it harder to sleep when it's quiet?

You adapt to what is your own normal. If you are accustomed to incredibly loud noises, then you are NOT accustomed to all of the small noises. Refrigerator hum, pipes settling, neighbors opening and closing doors, animals walking on the roof, the crinkling of your mattress protector when you roll over.... all of those would be suddenly brand new noises to someone who normally sleeps in a few decibels of constant background.


Question: how does concrete get stronger over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does concrete get stronger over time?

I think they're talking about days and weeks when they say "over time". Concrete takes time to set or cure; after only a day or two its lost its plasticity, and a few days to a week it has acheived a good portion of its compressive strength. But as it continues to cure, it gains closer to 100% of its compressive strength. The time periods you're talking about w.r.t. erosion is an entirely different time scale; at that time scale the concrete could be considered at peak strength after the first two or three months. There's a lot of factors in how long it takes concrete to do its initial setting: moisture content, environmental conditions, temperature... sometimes concrete is kept underwater until its set.


Question: Why do updates go from something like 9.04.32 to 10.58.7?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do updates go from something like 9.04.32 to 10.58.7?

Software versioning follows a fairly uniform scheme that tracks revisions based on their significance to the program. The gap in the revision numbers you're seeing is the internal revisions and changes that software went through before it was released to you.


Question: Why do rainbows always appear in the same spot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do rainbows always appear in the same spot?

Rainbows aren’t physical objects with a real location in space. They’re optical phenomena that appear at specific angles relative to the Sun and your eye, as long as there are airborne water droplets somewhere along that line of sight.


Question: why is urine yellow when our body is dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is urine yellow when our body is dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

The amount of material flushed from the body is relatively constant. In aggregate the "color" is yellowish. When there is ample water flowing within the body to flush, there is a higher water-to-waste ratio, the waste is more diluted, thus the color is lighter.


Question: How does capitalization of spending particularly R & D spending work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does capitalization of spending particularly R & D spending work?

This isn't really an ELI5 theme, but I'll try. First, what are assets and what are expenses? An ASSET is something that lasts a long time. It's semi-permanent, like a dump truck or a building. An EXPENSE is something that is instant, like a business lunch with clients, the cost of hiring a consultant, or the mileage you incur on your own vehicle when doing company business. These show up in different ways when the company does its financial paperwork, and here's the key difference: An asset can have financial sheet implications **over many years**, but an expense has financial sheet effects **in the current year only.** (There's tons of gray here, this is the simplest case and I'm going to touch accruals.) To apply them, you pick which you want to use by putting the financial numbers for costs incurred against different accounts, where some are asset accounts, others are expense accounts. You're "capitalizing" (creating capital) when you assign those values against asset accounts, including R & D ones. And then auditors are usually legally required to look at your company to make sure you're assigning them properly so you can't just make up rules on how you want to move that money around. Why even do it? This changes things like how healthy the company looks to the people that want to buy its stocks on the stock market, or how much tax it pays at what point in an asset's lifetime. A good investor looks at capital versus expenses and makes decisions based on how much is in each. & #x200B;


Question: Even though 72 is room temperature year round, why does it feel colder in the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Even though 72 is room temperature year round, why does it feel colder in the winter?

First thing is 72 deg. F is the temperature at the thermostat which is usually at an interior hallway - so bedrooms may be more chilly especially with large windows. Secondly it may have to do with your body type. If you are very thin it is much easier to cool your self so the summer doesn't affect you as much - as the winter where it is harder to warm yourself if you are thing vs having more "insulation" aka fat or even muscle mass.


Question: Why does the weather change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the weather change?

Just as a correction to your question, our distance from the sun doesn't cause our seasons, the axial tilt does. But anyway, there are hundreds of factors that don't repeat regularly. Our orbit changes ever so slightly, the moon is receding slowly, our axial tilt precesses, our magnetic field is moving around relatively quickly compared to other factors, solar activity changes on 11 year cycles, with even longer changes beyond that, and much more. Perhaps one of the biggest influences is life. The composition of our atmosphere has been primarily controlled by life for billions of years. Also, our atmosphere is a fluid, and fluids are governed by extremely complex systems of equations that we haven't yet been able to solve. In fact I believe it may not be possible to derive exact solutions to said equations. It's chaos theory and all that.


Question: Why do high frequency sound waves, and low frequency EM waves travel further than their counterparts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do high frequency sound waves, and low frequency EM waves travel further than their counterparts?

Not quite accurate. Low-frequency sound waves can travel over *huge* distances (thousands of km) and this is how whales communicate.


Question: Could someone explain privately owned toll roads and the reason toll costs are so high?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could someone explain privately owned toll roads and the reason toll costs are so high?

Civil Engineer, so I have a bit of knowledge on this. Where I am from, these type of toll roads are generally built on a DBFO contract from the government (Design, Build, Finance and Operate). Basically, the government issues an open tender for the scheme with a rough outline of what they want, companies will gather as 'Joint Ventures' or 'Consortium' and apply to build the road. The winner of the tender process will be chosen based on both the quality of their proposal and the price of the toll that they propose to charge. The group of companies who win the work initially have to finance the building of the road and the interest on a 40 year, 500 million pound loan is really expensive. Then they must design the road, which is expensive as hell and may take years. Then they have to build the damn thing, which again may take years. Once it is constructed and the road is operational the group can start to recoup come of their investment through the tolls ...... but the group of companies must also Operate the road for the contracted time period (could be 40 years). Operating a road is expensive; maintenance of the running surface, verge cutting, litter picking, maintaining the bridges, salting in winter, brushing leaves in Autumn .... it is expensive for a government to do works like this and they have plenty of tax dollars to help them but the consortium has to build all this maintenance cost into the Toll that you pay at the booth. So in short (as this has gone well beyond the comprehension of a 5-year-old): The toll you pay at the booth covers the financing, design, construction, operation and profit for numerous companies for a long period of time. The consortium that will have won the contract, will probably have done so because the toll that they promised to charge 1penny or cent less than their next nearest competitor for the duration of the contract.


Question: Why do most hotels have carpet floors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most hotels have carpet floors?

* Cheaper to replace carpet than other options in most cases. * Sound dampening. Carpet absorbs much more sound that hard flooring, and silence is a good thing in hotels. * In my opinion the right carpeting can make a room/building feel more “homey” than hard flooring.


Question: How do hockey face-offs work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hockey face-offs work?

There’s something called the “5 second rule,” which forces the player in the face off to be in the right position at the end of that time. This includes skates in a specific position, with stick on the ice. Many players attempt to lift their stick in the air prior to the drop to get a reactionary edge on their opponent. In addition, no part of you can be touching your opponent before the puck drops; this includes initiating stick-on-stick contact. All these are reasons for refs tossing a player out of a face-off.