Question: What does "the more things change the more they stay the same" mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does "the more things change the more they stay the same" mean?

Generally is used as a cynical confirmation of things never improving. One might say it when a new politicians who promised change turns out to be corrupt like the one before or when a new job is boring like the one you left.


Question: How do social networking sites earn money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do social networking sites earn money?

We’re the product, not the customer. Facebook is providing us to the companies that pay to advertise on it.


Question: Why do schools still insist on standardized tests even though all the teachers and students find them to be dumb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do schools still insist on standardized tests even though all the teachers and students find them to be dumb?

Pretty simple. Because they are easy to grade and organize students based on a score. There are much better ways to gauge learning, but they require a lot more time and effort than filling in bubbles and running them through a machine.


Question: What's the hold up with the ability for residents to text 911 for emergencies? Is it a technology-related problem? Jurisdictional?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the hold up with the ability for residents to text 911 for emergencies? Is it a technology-related problem? Jurisdictional?

There is a technological hurdle and then the organizations willingness to upgrade their systems. Legacy 911 call routing applications only handle voice as that was all that was required or envisioned at the time. Voice is a lot easier to hand off to PSAP (public safety access points) than text is. Most text based applications for 911 require persistent connections during a texting session because you wouldn't want the first text to go to operator 1 who responds, but the second text goes to operator 2 who has no awareness or has to read the original lines to get up to speed. This requires some modern network features, software applications, and upgraded hardware usually. Due to these reasons not only does the 911 carrier (Verizon, att, frontier, etc) have to upgrade their systems to support this, but the PSAP network has to be reconfigure and most likely new workstations deployed for the operators that support the text functions. All of this cost a lot of time and money. Source: created deployment plans for 911 provider to upgrade to text


Question: Why do people in the US refuse pay raises to not get into higher tax brackets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people in the US refuse pay raises to not get into higher tax brackets?

Its not just about tax brackets, which other replies in this thread seem to maybe not understand. Lets say I have a family of 3 with an income of $80800. With this, I see an estimate of [$8270 financial help]( URL_0 ) with insurance. If I get a $1 raise, putting me at $80801, [I lose all of that assistance]( URL_1 )


Question: Why does salt improve the flavor of food so much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does salt improve the flavor of food so much?

Sodium ions in salt block bitter taste from foods, making it more palatable. They also enhance sweetness, which I guess is why some people put it on watermelon.


Question: Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

It was originally though that yes the expansion would slow down and then reverse because of gravity. But it's not the case. When you look at far away star we see a redshift of the light, meaning that those star are going away from us. And even more importantly, the further a star is from us, the more redshift we see. Meaning that the further a star is the faster it's going away from us. So the expansion isn't slowing down, it's accelerating. This mean that there is a repulsive force (the inverse of gravity), accelerating the expansion of the universe. This force is called Dark Energy because we don't know much about it. But it basically expand the fabric of space, carrying stars and galaxy with it. This force is really small, but it's in every volume of space. So when stars and galaxies are close enough, gravity is stronger. But as distance increase between matter, gravity become weaker and weaker, while the Dark Energy become stronger (since there is more space that expand between these object). So galaxies close to each other merge over time, but those further expand further away from each other. So gravity won't create a big crunch like we used to think before.


Question: Why does freezing water in an ice tray only sometimes form ice cube ‘stalagmites’?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does freezing water in an ice tray only sometimes form ice cube ‘stalagmites’?

IT is pretty simple - ice expands as it freezes. Ice first forms around the outside of the ice cube, and over the top, locking the water inside. But as that water continues to freeze, it expands, creating a crack in the ice and forcing water through it. That ice freezes around the outside, and more water is pushed upwards through it, forming a tube. Water keeps being pushed out and freezing on the top - forming a spike. This can also happen on freezing puddles and small lakes, forming enormous spikes.


Question: How does rubbing the rim of a glass with your finger produce a sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does rubbing the rim of a glass with your finger produce a sound?

Friction. When you rub the rim of the glass with your finger, friction is generated, that friction generates small vibrations that are transmitted to the rest of the glass that creates resonance and with this, an audible sound. Water helps control the tone because the vibrations are transmitted to the water instead of the exposed glass.


Question: If the universe gravitates to a state that maximizes entropy (i.e.: disorder) according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, then how does life exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the universe gravitates to a state that maximizes entropy (i.e.: disorder) according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, then how does life exist?

The 2nd law only applies to *total* entropy of closed systems. There's no reason you can't have local concentrations of lower entropy, like life, as long as you have a net gain overall. There's also no reason you can't have an entropy drop of an open system, like earth, as long as you have an energy supply from outside the system (the sun). People like to poke at life because they're hoping it's a gotcha against evolution and an argument for intelligent design, but you might as well ask "How can my fridge work? It's getting colder, lower entropy!". Yes, entropy in the fridge is getting lower but the entropy outside the fridge is getting higher (and by more) so total entropy is still going up.


Question: Why can't the telescope act as a microscope and vise versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't the telescope act as a microscope and vise versa?

The lenses are not set up right. One has lenses to focus on something really close one very far away. The lens arrangement, size shape and position inside of an optic decides how it works.


Question: Why do flies seem to only want to fly near humans despite there being an entire world around them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flies seem to only want to fly near humans despite there being an entire world around them?

The scientific explanation is. Flies have found that humans produce food. And when flies have food they can lay eggs near said food so their offspring has a greater chance of living.


Question: What is happening when you hear or see something for the first time and suddenly hear or see it everywhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening when you hear or see something for the first time and suddenly hear or see it everywhere?

It's referred to as a frequency illusion out the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon. Often it's all around you but you never thought about it and suddenly it comes to your attention


Question: ; if the universe is constantly expanding, what is it expanding into?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; if the universe is constantly expanding, what is it expanding into?

It isn't expanding *into* anything. Imagine an infinitely large rubber sheet, with a grid drawn on it so that the lines are 1" apart. Now, *streeeetch* that rubber sheet so that every line on the grid is now 2" apart instead - that's the expansion of the universe. Notice how it didn't expand *into* anything? The sheet is still infinite in all directions, it's just that now the grid spaces are further apart.


Question: What does a SOC Analyst actually do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a SOC Analyst actually do?

Monitor and dig thru data from specialized tools to catch bad guys doing bad things in your network.


Question: When light is reflected, how doesn't its velocity ever 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When light is reflected, how doesn't its velocity ever 0?

What you perceive as reflection (macroscopically) is actually the absorption and immediate re-emission of light by the electrons that make up the molecules and atoms of a substance (microscopically). The original light ends on an electron, and new light is created by the electron. There is no deceleration or change in speed of the light. It (the photon) merely ceases to exist. All light begins and ends on a charged particle (typically electrons).


Question: Is there a difference between a high end CPU running at 5GHZ and a low end (overclocked) CPU running the same speed? Without counting the obvious CORE count

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a difference between a high end CPU running at 5GHZ and a low end (overclocked) CPU running the same speed? Without counting the obvious CORE count

Your CPU is not only the clock speed. There are other factors, like cache size, PCIe version, drivers, and so on. If your CPU runs at 5GHz standard it is probably much newer and has not only a better clock speed, but is better any metric that determines its abilities. So it is not a given, that the high end CPU is better, but very probable.


Question: Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

Most things get smaller when they get colder- it's a principle called "thermal contraction." Most things get bigger when they get hotter- "thermal expansion." Solids are denser than liquids. Water is weird in that it doesn't work this way. When water becomes ice, it actually because slightly larger because of its molecular structure. Ice forms in a "lattice" of water molecules. When you step on ice, it physically breaks some of this lattice, compressing it down into water. The water that you just made sort of lubricates the surface of the ice.


Question: How is putting files in the recycle bin any different from a regular folder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is putting files in the recycle bin any different from a regular folder?

It isn't. The recycle bin is just another folder. The operating system is going to associate meta data to that folder through some mechanic that when you "empty the trash", it implies this folder has its contents deleted. That's it. Nothing special. And your user interface has shortcuts, like if you hit Shift + Del, typically the file is deleted without going to the recycle bin. No computer is going to automagically delete the contents of the recycle bin unless you explicitly configure it to do so. This might be done by a network admin on a company or school computer, but this is not the behavior of a personal PC. If you're running out of disk space, the UI may suggest you empty it. On Unix type systems there is a /tmp directory that is temporary, and you can't be sure that anything you put there will stay there. Again, the filesystem doesn't give a shit, it's just another folder, there has to be some higher level program that looks to it specifically and a standard protocol that dictates convention. Typically on a Unix system, the tmp folder can be scheduled to be purged if the disk is running full, or the directory starts reaching a certain size, or it may get purged at shutdown or startup. The kind of data that goes here should typically be cached data where if it were gone, the data could be obtained another way, the /tmp data would just be an optimization. Other things that go in there are lock files, whose presence means some other file is in use, or some process is running. If the filesystem supports locking open files, then the program can open the file and forbid the drive from being unmounted or the file being read or written to by any other program. You can clear this folder and those open files would remain since they're still in use. Not all of this is a best practice anymore because some of what I mentioned has inherent flaws and new features of operating systems can make some of that old fashioned.


Question: If light is mass-less, what is keeping it from having an infinite velocity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If light is mass-less, what is keeping it from having an infinite velocity?

This is *exactly* the line of thinking which started Einstein on the path to relativity. His solution was to posit that the speed of light *is* infinite from the standpoint of the universe. This is why it is never possible to exceed, or even reach, the speed of light in a vacuum. So it’s less that the speed of light is a cosmic speed limit that nothing can ever surpass, and more that it’s a cosmic horizon that nothing can ever catch up to. The triumph of relativity is in explaining why it is that light doesn’t instantaneously propagate between two points in space. How it does this gets quite complicated, but one way to think about it is that the time it takes light to move from one point to another is actually the time it takes for space time itself to change to accommodate a changed state in some other location. The propagation of changes in space time itself is what gives light its perceived velocity.


Question: What exactly does Pty Ltd mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does Pty Ltd mean?

Pty = Proprietary = shares are privately held, not publicly traded. Ltd = Limited Liability = the shareholders are not personally liable for the company's finances. The general term for this is [private limited company] ( URL_0 ). In the USA the closest match would be a LLC.


Question: How does antiperspirant deodorant actually stop you sweating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does antiperspirant deodorant actually stop you sweating?

Antiperspirants contain aluminum salts that will block sweat. When they come into contact with sweat they form a gel that blocks your sweat glands.


Question: Why can't a browser just stop and resume downloads later, like a torrent can?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't a browser just stop and resume downloads later, like a torrent can?

Most websites send you files by pointing your internet browser to their warehouse address and say "Come pick up your package whenever you want it" but your computer still has to do the work and go "pick it up" itself. You can't compartmentalize it (generally, but this is ELI5). With torrents, instead of being told to come pick up your whole package they basically have a whole bunch of different warehouses all around the world (One for screws, one for the wood frame, one for the couch cushions etc). Instead of being told "Here's where your package is so come get it" a torrent will first send your computer a file that's basically "Here is an itemized list of every single box that you're going to need shipped to you one by one" and the file is also a "Here is how you let every single warehouse know whenever it's time for you to ask for their box/part." tl;dr Most websites just tell you to pick up the couch from their house but torrents will break it down and mail it to you one screw at a time Source: Am Network Engineer Edit: I know this is more like ELI12 but I don't think 5 year olds understand that we've taught rocks to do math. Also thank you for the award, anon.


Question: How does music copyrighting work? If an old song made a melody famous and a newer song used the exact same melody, is that considered taking someone's intellectual property?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does music copyrighting work? If an old song made a melody famous and a newer song used the exact same melody, is that considered taking someone's intellectual property?

They listed Rodgers and Hammerstein as songwriters. So, she had permission and Rodgers and Hammerstein get paid royalties. URL_0


Question: in tv shows how much of the next season they film while filming the previous one, for continuity reason and stuff, or how they make them transition seamlessly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in tv shows how much of the next season they film while filming the previous one, for continuity reason and stuff, or how they make them transition seamlessly?

Given the large break in between seasons, it is highly unlikely that any filming for a future season will be going while at the same time filming for a current season. For a TV Show, you're almost certainly only ever filming one episode at a time, as you have production schedules to meet and a single episode requires weeks of production around it. Continuity is maintained simply by paying attention to it and hiring staff to enforce it. The producers and writers will typically come up with what is known as a "show bible." It's like the written wiki for that show, updated and maintained as the show progresses. That covers continuity at a larger level. Episode-to-episode is usually because you have a somewhat static pool of writers. They develop a collective tone and continuity over the series, which is why many series can change drastically if they writers change. Lastly, in scene-to-scene you have specific staff members whose job it is to make sure things look the same from shot to shot (since not all shots are done in show order) so that continuity is maintained.


Question: What makes it impossible for us to reach the core of the Earth in any way and how are do we know whats underneath us, if were unable to get even remotly close to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes it impossible for us to reach the core of the Earth in any way and how are do we know whats underneath us, if were unable to get even remotly close to it?

It’s impossible for us to reach the core of the Earth because we don’t have the engineering capability to tunnel into places at such high pressures and temperatures. The temperature will melt any equipment we use and the pressure will close any gap that we make. Mines in the crust require various methods of support and bracing to keep the cavity open and they are still dangerous places to due to mine collapses. To give you a sense of scale of the Earth, the apple analogy is a fairly good one. If the Earth was the size of an apple, the crust would be approximate to the skin of the apple in terms of its thickness. Now that you can picture this, know that we have never tunnelled beyond the crust. All of the coal and minerals and precious metals we have ever mined have been from the crust. The deepest hole we have ever drilled when the Russians were specifically trying to reach the mantle was a little over 12 km deep (the Kola-Superdeep borehole), and they had to give up due to temperatures overheating the drilling equipment. At this spot in the continental crust, it was about halfway to the mantle. Below the crust there is still **another 2850 km or so** of mantle before you reach the outer core. This is all solid rock, though the mantle behaves more like an extremely viscous plastic-y solid, so would likely be much more challenging to drill through even if we overcame the temperature issue. Even invisaging fantastical future technologies, it is *extremely* unlikely that we will ever drill anywhere near the Earth’s core.


Question: Everyone is mad about a football thing that just happened and I dont know what it is, can someone explain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Everyone is mad about a football thing that just happened and I dont know what it is, can someone explain?

12 of the richest football clubs in Europe (6 of them from England) want to set up an elite league which they control who else gets to join. The current midweek competition, the Champions League is in theory open to all as qualification is based on a team's league position. By having a closed European Super League, they don't have to worry about not qualifying for it each year and therefore missing out on millions. It's a classic case of the rich wanting to get richer and screw everyone else.


Question: The sun heats the earth, and it takes 8ish minutes for the sunlight to reach earth. Does any of the light from all the other stars we can see heat up the earth, even the tiniest bit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The sun heats the earth, and it takes 8ish minutes for the sunlight to reach earth. Does any of the light from all the other stars we can see heat up the earth, even the tiniest bit?

Yes, any wave from any part of the EMF spectrum will technically add energy to whatever it comes in contact with. Of course it's going to be extremely neglible since the energy transfer follows an inverse square law, the same as gravity.


Question: If rifle barrels are rifled, made to fit 1 type of bullet and last a long time, how come shotgun barrels arent destroyed after having a bunch of metal shot bouncing around in them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If rifle barrels are rifled, made to fit 1 type of bullet and last a long time, how come shotgun barrels arent destroyed after having a bunch of metal shot bouncing around in them?

Most shotgun barrels are smooth bore, meaning that they are a straight pipe with smooth sides. The shot is held together by a "wad" which is like a little cup that separates the shot from the powder. Rifled shotgun barrels are available for slugs, though.


Question: Where does the wax in a candle go when it is burned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the wax in a candle go when it is burned?

Up in smoke. But no really, the materials break down and get expelled into the air. It's fuel for the candle.


Question: How dose the house always win? Are they simply cheating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How dose the house always win? Are they simply cheating?

Every game is designed to give the house an edge. It’s not cheating it’s in the game rules. Gamblers are stupid enough to see that the house is making money off of you and yet they still try.


Question: Whats in between an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats in between an atom?

Nothing, just empty space. Also, to be more specific, it's not really a ring, more like a cloud (called the atomic orbital) that can have different forms. It describes the position of the electron (as a wave) or a chance of it being located at any specific point (as a particle), quantum mechanics are complicated.


Question: Why can animals drink from stagnant water, but when humans do it they get sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can animals drink from stagnant water, but when humans do it they get sick?

Animals don't drink from stagnant water Oh you mean like from a dirty River? We've become isolated from animals, we are far more susceptible to illness than our natural counterparts, basically we've lost our immunity to them and after the thousands of years we've been separated from nature the diseases have changed and made it harder for us to catch up


Question: why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

Wood pulp from trees is made up of two major substances: lignin and cellulose. To make paper, we want just the cellulose part. So ordinary papermaking uses a strong acid, sulfuric acid, to break down the lignin in a sort of "cooking" process. They mostly neutralize the mash before making paper out of the remaining cellulose, but not entirely. So over time, the leftover acidity in the paper gradually attacks it, breaking down the cellulose (which is much more resistant than lignin, but still, it's acid) and causing that sort of aging. For long-term survival, that's why people use "acid-free" paper. It costs more but the papermakers use extra care to fully neutralize it. Whereas something meant to be thrown away quickly, like newspaper, uses the cheaper and still very acidic paper. It can start yellowing a day after it's printed.


Question: What causes paralyzing procrastination on important tasks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes paralyzing procrastination on important tasks?

Your brain is made to protect your from pain. Events in the past that caused stress, fear, other negative emotions are more likely to be events you’ll procrastinate on in the future. Thus avoiding potential pain. URL_0


Question: How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

You can pack more active chemicals in the battery, if you use more expensive, thinner films, more expensive pastes that contain more active ingredients, and wind it all much tighter to pack more in. Some really cheap cells contain only a little bit of stuff wound rather loosely, or even packed out with sand.


Question: how does the gyroscope in mobile phones work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the gyroscope in mobile phones work?

It's often called a gyroscope but phones actually don't have gyroscopes they use very tiny accelerometers to measure how the phone is orientated and being rotated


Question: What is Overclocking and how/why is it used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Overclocking and how/why is it used?

Running PC hardware at higher speed than it was rated for. Used to get more performance out of your hardware and also just for epeen/bragging rights. It's possible because you can't make exact copies of hardware and so sometimes they will be able to run at higher speeds etc. Think of it as a car engine, when you buy the car it has a certain horsepower/MPG etc, but if you change parts and mess with settings you can get more power. The manufacturers only guarrenties it will run reliable at the stock specs though.


Question: Why do cold drinks feel like they quench thirst more effectively than hot/lukewarm drinks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cold drinks feel like they quench thirst more effectively than hot/lukewarm drinks?

So there's a couple of different reasons why we perceive cold water quenches our thirst more, but the honest answer is it's a trick and it doesn't. To start the cold temperature softens sharp flavors because it dulls our taste buds a little bit. Sweets become a little less sweet when cold, and tart flavors do the same. Because of this the flavor isn't as overpowering (compare room temp soda to soda on ice) and it seems more refreshing. Next the act of drinking is actually a pretty big part of the reason too. If you had IV fluid, and I drank the same amount of water, I would feel more refreshed because I actually drank the water. My tongue, mouth, and throat all sent a message to my brain saying "oh snap that was nice". Combine this with the fact that cold fluids are more palatable like I mentioned above, and your brain will get more of those signals. The last part is also the reason why room temperature liquid is the way to go though. When you drink cold liquid, especially that's been chilled with ice, your body really notices the drastic temperature change, and sends the full/refreshed signal faster. The thing is though, your body has to warm that liquid to help it digest and break down and that takes calories or energy. This is why room temperature water will actually allow you to drink more, and require less work to digest. Tl:dr- Your body tricks you into thinking it is, but it's really all in your head... Edit:. Everyone is focusing in on the fact I said cold water is heated in the body. But you're focusing on the wrong paragraph. Cold water fills you faster because your body reacts to the temperature difference. The heating is unimportant except for the fact that room temp water is more efficient to drink as you can drink more. Look at it this way- If you were dehydrated with the flu and the doctor tells you to drink a lot of water, you are better off drinking room temp water over cold water. The reason is simply because you can drink more of the room temperature water before your body says "ok that's enough". It has nothing to do with the 8 calories needed to bring the water upto body temp.


Question: When people eat whole honeycomb, are they eating bee larvae also?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people eat whole honeycomb, are they eating bee larvae also?

Generally, hives separate comb by use: some is for storing pollen, some is for storing nectar, some is for storing honey, and some are for laying eggs and raising brood. It's not 100%, and stuff does get mixed up a bit. It's very possible that you could bite into a larva, but if you know what you're doing, you know what you're looking for and are going to know when there is brood rather than honey.


Question: How does the insurance company determine the value of my car in a settlement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the insurance company determine the value of my car in a settlement?

Kia made a lot of Spectras in 2009. The insurance company will look at data on cars that are available on the used car market, mostly tradeins and from places like CarMax. They will try to find 2-3 cars that are about the same miles as yours, and then adjust for differences. It's pretty accurate, as used car prices are pretty stable. What they don't factor in is that you knew how well your car was taken care of. Some other Kia might have been in all sorts of horrible conditions, and if you went over to test-drive it you'd likely say "this car is junk in comparison to my car". Alas, your car isn't worth that much to anybody else, who doesn't know how you've cared for it, and it's unlikely you'd get more money from your car had you tried to sell it. Private party value is usually higher, factoring in that you wouldn't sell a bad car to somebody at work, so you're not going to get that much.


Question: How is it that even babies know if there is a wrong note in a song? How do we ALL intuitively know good pitch and bad pitch when we hear it, even if you are not musical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that even babies know if there is a wrong note in a song? How do we ALL intuitively know good pitch and bad pitch when we hear it, even if you are not musical?

Humans are really good at recognizing patterns in things. So in a song you have harmony and a general flow of things going on. A sour note breaks the pattern, breaks the harmony, and it stands out. From an evolutionary perspective most animals have some sort of warning cry that something is wrong, or there is danger. It breaks the norm. So the break in harmony may trigger a repressed instinct or response.


Question: How does the process for animated movies even start and how do they make everything run perfectly together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the process for animated movies even start and how do they make everything run perfectly together?

Movies started out as individual film photographs. Movie cameras captured live action, but once you had that long strip of film you could do stuff. Some early "special effects" involved inking black-and-white film prints to turn one object a color. From that experiments were done with in-camera double exposure to add sparkles to a scene. When cinematographers got tired of the limits of in-camera work, they said "Hey, cameras can take pictures of drawings." and started taking pictures of drawings to add special effects. Then cartoons just gave up the live footage and did it all with drawings. Walt Disney got an academy award for his development of a multi-plane camera to better photograph cartoon drawings in 1937, and that became the standard approach.


Question: Why do the web addresses for subreddits need an /r/ before them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the web addresses for subreddits need an /r/ before them?

They don't "need to" necessarily, but that's just how Reddit has their site mapping set up


Question: How is it possible to have unknown elements on the periodic table where the atomic number is known but not the actual element?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 How is it possible to have unknown elements on the periodic table where the atomic number is known but not the actual element?

That's the entire point of the **periodic** table. It was developed because we recognized that the elements have these recurring properties that fit predictable patterns. This allowed us to put them in a table based on those patterns and sort them. When we did, we noticed gaps where other elements should be. Over time we filled those gaps by discovering those elements. Theoretically, the periodic table could extend to infinity, but we usually don't list any elements that haven't yet been detected. Also, *unnamed* elements shouldn't be confused for *undetected* elements.


Question: What is the science behind a “second wind” at night?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is the science behind a “second wind” at night?

From an evolutionary perspective, your second wind was useful because if something was keeping you up for that long after your normal bedtime it must have been life-threatening and you need that second wind to keep from being eaten by the thing keeping you up.


Question: Would you get more or less wet if running from A to B in heavy rain rather than walking?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Would you get more or less wet if running from A to B in heavy rain rather than walking?

This is the second time in five minutes I've found a question that minutephysics' YT channel has a good answer to. It is better to run. They prove it visually, but I'll try my best to describe it: Rain hits you from two directions: the front and the top. The amount of rain that hits you from the top is controlled by how long you stand in the rain, which is probably obvious. Now, the amount of rain that hits you from the front is determined by how far you're moving. This means that, the longer you spend in the rain, the wetter you get, assuming you're traveling the same distance. If you were spending a fixed amount of time in the rain instead of a fixed distance, then it would be better to stand still, as then no rain will hit you from the front.


Question: What happens to your muscle and fat when sitting in a hot tub for a extended period of time? What keeps your body from cooking Sous vide style?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to your muscle and fat when sitting in a hot tub for a extended period of time? What keeps your body from cooking Sous vide style?

A hot tub is around 100F. A steak cooked sous vide to medium needs about 140F-ish water. You are WAY thicker than a steak, and you'll get out of the water way before it's uncomfortable, and it'll be uncomfortable way before you start to literally cook. And even if you left a human-sized steak in your hot tub, it'd never cook. 100F is a mild fever, your body can reach that temperature and survive.


Question: How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The static generated by rubbing a balloon only occurs because the balloon is an insulator, otherwise the charges would be able to flow freely around the balloon and the local concentration of electrons would dissipate. The balloon is able to collect electrons because the molecules have a high electron affinity, meaning they accept additional electrons and bind them into the molecular structure (so they aren't free to move).


Question: Why are some smells stronger than others? E.g. With the same ammount of rotten egg and lavender the rotten egg would be alot more pungent

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are some smells stronger than others? E.g. With the same ammount of rotten egg and lavender the rotten egg would be alot more pungent

In regards to the potency of a smell, as noted, the amount of gaseous molecules that it has produces or the volatility of the substance is a major reason why some smells are more pungent. In regards to your specific example, a rotten egg is undergoing decay and has many chemical reactions going on at that moment so there may simply be more odorous chemicals being produced than the flower. On top of that, the chemistry is something massively different from clear air, aka our reference point for odors. There is also an evolutionary advantage to having a negative reaction to the smell of something that is likely harmful, such as rotten food and so forth.


Question: Why are the colours blue and purple relatively rare in nature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the colours blue and purple relatively rare in nature?

When you look at things, their coloration comes from the light they reflect while absorbing the rest. A blue object absorbs all colors while reflecting only blue light. Blue light is the part of the visible spectrum with the most energy. Since plants want to absorb as much energy as possible, they didn't evolve to reflect blue light. Pretty much the only time plants use blue pigments is when they want to attract attention. Blue flowers, blue fruits etc. Many animals get their pigments from the food they eat. Herbivores eat the plants, predators eat the herbivores. Flamingos are pink due to the red shrimp they eat. The shrimp are red due to the plants they eat. So on the one hand, blue doesn't make for good camouflage because plants don't want to be blue. And on the other hand, animals can't consume plants for their blue pigments either. Most animals that do appear blue aren't blue because of pigments (which the usual way organisms display color). Instead, they evolve textured surfaces that bend light and reflect it in a different wavelength to appear blue. As you can imagine, that's a really unusual adaptation so there's not that many animals that have it.


Question: Why are hybrid animals like ligers sterile?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are hybrid animals like ligers sterile?

The generation of gamete cells (spem and eggs) is messed up by the odd distribution of chromosomes. These gamete cells therefore end up with the wrong mix of genes to create an embry that will survive the mother's biological error-checking.


Question: How are nutrition contents in food calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are nutrition contents in food calculated?

You can calculate the calories of food by burning it in a [calorimeter]( URL_0 ) .


Question: Why do terrorists attack civilian targets? What do they hope to gain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do terrorists attack civilian targets? What do they hope to gain?

Terrorism is the pursuit of political aims by way of violence. Typically, terrorist groups aren't large enough, or trained well enough, or armed well enough (or any combination of all three) to take on domestic armies, meaning that a military coup or invasion is impossible. Terrorist groups try to spread their ideas through violence against the easiest potential targets, which has two factors working for it. Firstly, the chance to succeed is much higher - if you want to drive an HGV through a military base, you're likely to be stopped fairly quickly. If you drive the same HGV through a civilian crowd, you can do significantly more damage before being stopped. Secondly, the military expect to be targets. Civilians do not. When civilians are subject to attacks, the population (in theory) becomes afraid. Imagine if a country was subject to one terrorist attack per week, which killed ten people. The entire population would learn to be afraid of the next attack, because who knows who's going to die next. This leads to cries for politicians to take action to help. By attacking "soft" targets (targets which are relatively unprotected, like public transport/spaces), the terrorists are ensuring that there's as little chance of stopping them as possible. It becomes difficult, therefore, for the politicians to change *domestic* policy in a way that prevents further attacks. In the eyes of the terrorists, the rational response here would be for the government to change their *foreign* policy to make the attacks stop. The easiest way to do that? Stop doing whatever you're doing that's upsetting the terrorist groups. That's effectively what the aim is. It becomes more problematic when you're looking at things like IS, whose goals are more nebulous. Edit: Formatting


Question: What is "the left" and "the right" and all that politics stuff?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "the left" and "the right" and all that politics stuff?

Left and Right aren't American terms. They originated in France centuries ago, during the French revolution, as the people who supported the monarchy sat on the Right in the National Assembly, and those who supported revolution sat on the Left in the National Assembly. You may not have them come up in your country, but they are used in many national politics. As for American politics... In the United States, there are two major political parties that mostly align with those stances. Democrats are the more liberal left-wing party. They support higher taxes, as they feel that money can be used to run government services like health care to help everyone. They support regulations on large corporations, saying that it will protect the environment and individual workers. They generally wish to increase our business and relations with foreign countries. They tend to support feminism, minorities, and gay rights. They want to decrease our military spending, saying that the money could be better spent elsewhere. They want to make immigration into the country easier. They want more laws regulating and controlling the sale of guns. Republicans are the more conservative right-wing party. They support lower taxes, as they feel that individuals would then be able to save their money to help themselves as they see fit. They oppose regulations on large corporations, saying that regulations hurt the economy and make people's lives worse as a result. They generally wish to have the USA focus just on internal matters and deal as little as possible with foreign countries. They tend to support traditional Christian values. They want to increase our military spending, saying that the money is best used for national defense. They want to make immigration into the country harder. They want fewer laws regulating and controlling the sale of guns. This is an over simplification, but that's the basic idea.


Question: What is the runaway greenhouse effect? It this for sure the thing that can end all life on Earth?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the runaway greenhouse effect? It this for sure the thing that can end all life on Earth?

As the planet heats up with CO2, the regular greenhouse effect, more potent gases get released such as water vapor which contribute to the greenhouse effect, speeding it up. More heating - > more gases - > more heating. It could end all life, more likely in the short term is it causes the largest holocaust ever until equilibrium is restored.


Question: When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

Since there's a direct relationship between the two, they basically mean the same thing, they're measures of how far the samples are from the mean, they measure the "spread" of the data. Higher variance or higher standard deviation mean the samples are more spread out around their mean. Variance is usually mathematically more convenient; a lot of math functions don't behave well around square roots because, from a math standpoint, there's two answers to a square root (negative and positive) and this can screw up other formulas. "Negative standard deviation" doesn't have any meaning but the square root doesn't know that. In addition, when adding random variables, the variances just add too, which is convenient. That is \*not\* generally true for standard deviation. Standard deviation, as /u/znn94x notes, is in the same units as the data so is more intuitive. In general...use variance for all your calculations, drop it down to standard deviation when you actually want to talk about the spread of the data or need to work with distributions that take the SD as an input (very common for Excel distribution formulas, for example).


Question: What are the differences between the different "caines," co, pro, benzo, xylo, lido, etc. and why might one be better in a certain situation than another?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the differences between the different "caines," co, pro, benzo, xylo, lido, etc. and why might one be better in a certain situation than another?

Cocaine is still used in some Dentistry. “Caine’s” are generally used to dull pain but Lidocaine can also be used in the bloodstream to calm down a irritable heart. Some are milder than others and some last longer. Benzocaine is very mild. Procaine can be combined with Penicillin when giving medicine for Gonorrhea. It’s very thick so the procaine helps with pain.


Question: How do credit card issuing banks, (Chase/Wells Fargo), processors (Visa/MC), and merchants make money and still afford to give consumer rewards?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do credit card issuing banks, (Chase/Wells Fargo), processors (Visa/MC), and merchants make money and still afford to give consumer rewards?

They make a huge amount of money on consumers maintaining a balance and collecting interest. You can easily owe them hundreds of dollars per month since you have to pay them every month. They also charge businesses transaction fees.


Question: How can some employers fire/lay off workers for seemingly no reason but others have to document things like "write ups" to have grounds for termination?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can some employers fire/lay off workers for seemingly no reason but others have to document things like "write ups" to have grounds for termination?

Depends on if the company wants to deal with an unemployment claim. Laid off: You're eligible. Let go because you just didn't have the skills or just weren't a good fit: Eligible. Fired because you sent the secretary dick pics: Not eligible.


Question: How do big corporations (Nike, Amazon, etc) avoid paying federal taxes after reporting billions in profits?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do big corporations (Nike, Amazon, etc) avoid paying federal taxes after reporting billions in profits?

Okay you are JHC03 and you design, make and sell shoes. You have a design office in europe, a factory in china and a chain of stores in america. The first thing you do is make these all seperate companies. Your factories buys design's from your design office and your stores from your factory. Because you control the price of the design and the shoes you make because you both sell and buy them from your own companies, those prices can be whatever you want. If america has the lowest tax rate then you only pay your factory in china and your design office in europe just enough to break even so you don't have to pay taxes because you didn't make profit there. This means you get away with the lowest tax rate of the countries you operate in. Now you can register a company in the bahamas and register your brand there. In the bahamas you don't have to pay tax. Now you sell the right to design shoes with your logo to your europeans design office, the right to manufacture shoes with your logo to your chinese factory and the right to sell your shoes to your american stores for the next year. You can do that on every year on december 31st for exactly how much profit you made that year. Now you have no profit in countries where you have to pay tax and all your money free of tax in the bahamas. Its slightly more complicated in reality but with some accounting magic it comes down to this.