Question: How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can’t observe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can’t observe?

We can't observe it decay by half but we can observe it decay a little bit and with some math we can then figure out what the half life must have been to go from Quantity A to Quantity B over X days If you start with a hunk of a material and measure how many particles per second are coming off of it, then wait a week and measure it again. You can rearrange the standard half life equation (Amount at time t = Initial Amount * (1/2) ^( t/half life) ) to get HalfLife = 1 week * ln(2)/ln(First Amount/Amount at 1 week) For things with really longggg half lives you might need to measure over a couple months to get a big enough difference between the two amounts to get a reliable answer, but the point of modeling things with math in science is so you don't need to observe a complete event to know how it will turn out


Question: Light is the fastest thing in the universe but WHY does light travel/move at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Light is the fastest thing in the universe but WHY does light travel/move at all?

The exact answer to this question is actually pretty complicated, depending on how precise of an answer you want, and we have to have some understanding of field theories (either classical or quantum). Depending on which theory you are looking at, light travels through either an electromagnetic field or what's known as a massless gauge field. The names aren't important for being as broad as I'm going to be, so I'm just going to call it a field. So, imagine this field is a pond. If you poke the pond, it is going to send ripples out from where you poked it. These ripples do not immediately permeate the entire pond, but have to travel from point A to point B. However, they can only move so fast because of the properties of the water. Just the same way, when you excite the field (there are various ways of doing this) the ripples are now your light. Because of the properties of the field, the light can only travel so fast and so it takes a finite amount of time for the light to get from the excitation to another location.


Question: Sometimes lightning strikes, kind of pulses, and then seems to disappear, but then reappears a second later in the same exact squiggly shape- what's going on there? (Clarifying source video included in comments, if that's allowed)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Sometimes lightning strikes, kind of pulses, and then seems to disappear, but then reappears a second later in the same exact squiggly shape- what's going on there? (Clarifying source video included in comments, if that's allowed)

The initial pulse is a smaller amount of energy sort of 'feeling' it's way through the atmosphere, trying to find the lowest resistance path to ground (the Earth). Once part of it reaches ground, then the bulk of the current can immediately follow that path, and that's when you see the big flash as a ton of energy discharges.


Question: what happens when inflation gets so large that even for the strongest currency, a loaf of bread costs 100s of whatever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens when inflation gets so large that even for the strongest currency, a loaf of bread costs 100s of whatever?

People start burning the cash or finding other practical uses for it because the paper it is made of is worth more than its face value. Also the economy typically collapses and you see a lot of barter.


Question: Why does low voter turnout help Republicans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does low voter turnout help Republicans?

Traditional voting happens on a Tuesday, at a polling station that typically closes at 7pm local time. So, in order to vote, you must be able to get yourself to a polling station, and you must be able to do so on a weekday. If you're a white collar worker with your own car, it's probably not a big deal to duck out for a long lunch, or leave a little early on Election Day in order to vote. But if your job is to man the cash register at a fast food joint, and you're working two of those jobs just to get by, the boss may not let you take off, particularly if you rely on public transport and need to take a bus transfer or two to get to the polling station. So in this situation, the more affluent find it easy to vote, and the poor are less likely to be able to vote. And the more affluent are more likely to vote Republican, while the poor are more likely to vote Democrat. Thus "getting out the vote" often means getting those previously unable to vote to a point where they can vote, which tends to favor Democrats.


Question: If our body's natural reaction to fight an infection is to raise its temperature, why can't it do the same to prevent hypothermia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our body's natural reaction to fight an infection is to raise its temperature, why can't it do the same to prevent hypothermia?

Our body does use the same techniques to try to raise the body temperature in hypothermia as in fevers. The problem with hypothermia is not that your body will not raise its temperature but that it is physically unable to do so no matter how hard it tries.


Question: why are the dials of my watch brighter in the dark if I don't look at them directly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are the dials of my watch brighter in the dark if I don't look at them directly?

Answer: It is probably because of the way your retina works. In the center of your field of view, you mostly have cones which are sensible to colored light and see precisely but struggle to see in the dark. The further you go from that, the more rods you have. Tods see light in black and white, but are very sensitive to it’s intensity, they also give a more blurry picture. So it’s most likely linked to you rods seeing the contrast of the dials better, thus you seeing them more when you mostly use rods


Question: how do Android phones get slower over the years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Android phones get slower over the years?

The phone do not get slower but is is the software that is updated and newer version in general have more feature and require higher performance/memory on the phone. New software and OS is designed to use You often add more and more software where som it it run in the background so the phone have more to do more. So use a some app to see what program is active in the background and uninstall them if you no longer use them or just disable them in the apps settings. This can have a hug effect as you free up both memory and cpu usage. Other reason is that your baseline of speed is different and you might compare to other faster phones. If the storage on the phone is full it might preformae slower so remove apps you do not use and put photos, videos etc on a computer and in the cloud. If you did a factory restore to the original software it would be as fast as when it was new but slow down when the software was updated. & #x200B; The thing that age in a phone is the battery and the capacity and max current drop over time. So it might be the case that the the phone cant run the CPU at as high frequency with a old battery especially if it is not fully charged. Apple have done it because som old phones they could shut down when the battery was at 40% but with the change the could use all power in the battery but at lower speed. It might be the case that some android phones does that do So old bad batteries might reduce the performance on a phone but I am not sure that any Android phone does that. It is the only change that would not fixed by a software.


Question: How do scientists work out how hot a sun is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists work out how hot a sun is?

Generally, we fit a function (called a black body function) to how bright it is in different kinds of light. The brighter it is at a wavelength, the closer it is to that average wavelength, and the average wavelength is directly controlled by the temperature


Question: Why are condoms only 98% effective with perfect use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are condoms only 98% effective with perfect use?

Just to add, percentages on birth control don't mean what you'd think they mean. 99% means out of 100 couples having sex all year, 1 of them will get pregnant using only that product, so it's going to be better than 99/100 times. Along with what you listed, they can also go bad due to age and where they are stored when not being used. If they dry out in the package, they'll tear.


Question: Why do some pimples seem to take weeks to fully develop and come to a head, while others appear within a matter of a couple hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some pimples seem to take weeks to fully develop and come to a head, while others appear within a matter of a couple hours?

It depends on the layer of skin that is affected. The deeper the pimple is, the longer it takes to reach the surface.


Question: Why is it such a difficult task to locate and rescue a malfunctioning submarine at sea and why can't all the sailors escape safely via the torpedo tubes in pressure suits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it such a difficult task to locate and rescue a malfunctioning submarine at sea and why can't all the sailors escape safely via the torpedo tubes in pressure suits?

The ocean is *big*. Incredibly big. And huge swaths of the sea floor haven't been mapped. You're talking thousands upon thousands of square miles to look through, except you can't just look. You have to use sonar instead. Is that roundish bump that showed up on the sonar the nose of a submarine? Or is it just a roundish rocky bump on the bottom of the sea floor? Is the sub not in this area, or was it just in the shadow of a rocky underwater ledge so your sonar couldn't hit it? Is the submarine even still in one piece, or is it in pieces? How many pieces? Did the pieces settle on the bottom together, or did an ocean current drag different sections miles apart before they hit the bottom? Did the submarine continue on a straight course, or did it get caught in a current? Did the engines or props or rudder malfunction, so that it veered off course? When? By how far? You're basically looking for a needle in a haystack after a storm blew your haystack all over the place and also you're not allowed to look for it, you just have to poke around with your finger until you find it, and also it could just as easily be in your neighbor's haystack. There aren't pressure suits on board. You can't carry enough for every sailor, and it would be impractical and expensive to carry the right kinds, especially since at some of the depths a sunken sub would end up in, a suit wouldn't help you. There are hatches and small oxygen tanks and flotation devices to get you out, but you have to get to those. There's no guarantee that the sub isn't already flooded in the corridors between you and any of those things. Sure, you could open up the torpedo tubes, *if* you are close enough to them, *if* that room isn't already flooded, *if* you can get the tubes open, *if* the sub hasn't already sunk too deep for you to escape without help...


Question: How do extremely high cost of living cities (San Fran, Sydney, LA, Tokyo, etc.) have people working in low paying sectors like fast food? How can anyone justify such low pay with such high cost of living? Why isn't there a breaking point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do extremely high cost of living cities (San Fran, Sydney, LA, Tokyo, etc.) have people working in low paying sectors like fast food? How can anyone justify such low pay with such high cost of living? Why isn't there a breaking point?

Those people don't live in the city they work in. I know people who commute 2-3 hrs to work at call centers and don't make much more than minimum wage


Question: - what is Revenue Recognition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - what is Revenue Recognition?

It's a very good question and you will probably get a lot of different answers, which is why it's an issue. But at it's most basic level. In an accrual system when and how much of a sale happens (increase revenue) is not always clear. That matters because when you pull income statement for a period that revenue may or may not be in it. Which means the overall profit/loss of the report will be under/overstated. Lets say we make a deal. I'm going to sell you 100 Widgets @ $10 = $1000. When do I say that I made $1,000? When we make the deal? When you pay me? When I give you the widgets? What if I say "any of these you don't want you can send back to me", knowing full well that you don't have the capacity for 100 widgets. Is that a real sale since I know you are sending some back? If you are trying to make your company look good, you want to push revenue forward so that it looks better now. If you are trying to avoid taxes, you want to push revenue backwards so you made less money now. The rules around those questions, are revenue recognition.


Question: If a surface that reflects all wavelengths of incoming light appears white, then why does a mirror not simply look white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a surface that reflects all wavelengths of incoming light appears white, then why does a mirror not simply look white?

There are two types of reflection, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and this allows for the formation of images. Diffuse reflection is when light is reflected and undergoes scattering, so no image can be formed and the result is a white colour of the object in question.


Question: What's the difference between crimes where someone has to press charges and crimes where you're simply arrested no matter what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between crimes where someone has to press charges and crimes where you're simply arrested no matter what?

Criminal offenses (crimes) are prosecuted by the state, and do not require anybody to press charges. However, in certain cases, it is impossible to convict without the victim cooperating (testifying). In those cases, if they refuse to testify (aka do not want to press charges), the charges are generally dropped. On the other hand, there are also civil offenses. These can be brought by anybody. In many cases, both criminal and civil offenses occur. For example, if somebody breaks into your house and steals stuff, they committed criminal offenses of breaking and entering, as well as others, which the state should prosecute them for, but you can also sue them for damage to/loss of property.


Question: How does a company like Space X make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a company like Space X make money?

They offer launch services to the government and private companies and charge money for those services.


Question: How do we develop crushes on people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we develop crushes on people?

Lots of different reasons. Most influential factors include: - Proximity: You’re more likely to have a crush on someone who you have multiple classes with each day than you are to have a crush on someone who lives across the country. - Pheromones: Chemical signals, so to speak, that indicate a good genetic match or a person who is ovulating, to name a couple examples (there’s been a study where people use unscented soaps and deodorants and wear the same white t-shirt to bed every night for a week and then different people come to the lab and sniff the shirts to decide which person they find most attractive based on pheromones more or less. Heterosexual men prefer the shirts of women who are ovulating, and also like the smell of shirts worn by homosexual men the least) - Similar Levels of Attractiveness: This applies a bit more to the kind of person you actually end up in a relationship in as opposed to a crush. But a person tends to pursue people who are about the same level of attractiveness as they themselves are. This way, you protect your ego because you perceive the crush to be less likely to reject you. There are obviously exceptions to this (20 year old women dating wealthy 70 year old men, as an extreme example) - Admirable Qualities: That person has some sort of qualities that you would like to adopt in yourself or associate with your internal image of your ideal self. A person who is socially awkward and anxious and wishes they weren’t, for example, might have a secret crush on the outgoing, friendly person who strikes up conversations with the people who look like they could use a friend. This has a limitation: our egos come first - we don’t want people who we perceive as being so much better than ourselves that we feel inferior. - Time: The more time you spend with a person (similar to proximity), the more you start to really pay attention to a person. Think of the experiment where complete strangers stare into each other’s eyes for minutes at a time, and by the end of it, they feel a bit more comfortable with them even if they never exchange words. There are a looooot more but these are the most commonly observed in lab settings Source: Psychology of Relationships and Intimacy class in college; also have a degree in psychology. Edit: Pressed enter between each bullet for better readability


Question: how do ceiling fans collect dust while the fan is on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do ceiling fans collect dust while the fan is on?

The surface of the blades isn't entirely without friction, and dust comes in different sizes and forms. As the blades turn, dust small enough to fit gets trapped onto small cavities, ridges and hooks of this surface. The more dust that gets stuck this way the easier it becomes for other bits of dust to get stuck to the existing bits, creating layers. Everything that moves also build up a charge of static electricity, which makes matter such as dust cling to it easier. The compact layers of dust that forms on them is why it appears so dark when wiping fan-blades.


Question: How does the weighing scale measure body fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the weighing scale measure body fat?

By sending a small electric current trough your body. Manufacturer will pretend it will encounter a difference resistance whether it encounter fat, bones or muscles, which is true, but not accurate at all. Truth is, it simply doesn't work and is just marketing


Question: Why is it so difficult to accurately determine height in the unidentified deceased?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to accurately determine height in the unidentified deceased?

People slouch, and carry themselves differently. Someone can look (for identification purposes) a lot shorter then just their bones lined up. So 5 foot 6 would be great posture, 5 foot would be very poor posture.


Question: Is there an advantage of any particular blood group over the other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there an advantage of any particular blood group over the other?

O-type blood provides a bit of resistance to malaria. Also, some blood types are much more valuable for blood donation. O- blood can be donated to 100% of the U.S. population, and O+ blood can be donated to 84%, so people with those blood types are encouraged to donate blood as much as they can. On the other hand, people with AB- or AB+ blood are universal plasma donors, so they're encouraged to donate plasma instead of blood.


Question: - Why drive at right angles when encountering a tornado?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why drive at right angles when encountering a tornado?

If a tornado isn’t moving laterally relative to you, it’s either going towards or away. And you have no way of knowing; so driving at a right angle relative to the tornado will allow you to see which direction it’s moving.


Question: Why do the edges of flat panes of glass appear to be green and not transparent when viewed directly and not at an angle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the edges of flat panes of glass appear to be green and not transparent when viewed directly and not at an angle?

Because it's the actual color of the glass, it has more contrast because you are seeing the whole glass when you look at it at an angle


Question: If heat comes from the sun then why it is cold at the top of the mountains? Shouldn't it be hot because it is closer to the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If heat comes from the sun then why it is cold at the top of the mountains? Shouldn't it be hot because it is closer to the sun?

It’s a matter of scale, compared to other factors. So yes it is closer to the sun, maybe a few thousand metres closer, but the sun is 93 million miles away, so you would expect, without any other factors, for it to be maybe a tiny amount hotter. A much more influential factor is air pressure, if you pressurise any gas it gets hotter, and air pressure at the top of a mountain is much lower then at sea level, which means colder!


Question: Why is there such a prevalent belief that inflation will always trend upwards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a prevalent belief that inflation will always trend upwards?

It's because we expect economic growth, and mild inflation is healthy for economic growth. Deflation *can* occur, but it's never a good thing. Inflation is healthy because it encourages investment, which grows the economy. If you believe that the cash will be worth more in a year than it is now, you're not going to buy *anything* that you don't absolutely have to. You're going to hold on to all of your cash. If, on the other hand, you know that the money will be worth a little less next year, you're far more likely to invest it, with the hope and expectation that your investment growth outpaces inflation.


Question: Why would big CEOs funnel money into hiring new employees/investing in local infrastructure/supporting the economy for tax write offs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would big CEOs funnel money into hiring new employees/investing in local infrastructure/supporting the economy for tax write offs?

> If I know I'm going to be taxed, why go out and spend more money to be taxed less? Wouldn't it just be redundant? If you spend money, you get something for it. If you get taxed, the money is gone. If the government was gonna tax my $1 unless I spent it, I could spend it on a hot dog, and now I'm down one dollar but I have a hot dog. If they just taxed it, I'd be down one dollar and have *no* hot dog.


Question: How did Romans tell the difference between iron pyrite and real gold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Romans tell the difference between iron pyrite and real gold?

It's been known for thousands of years that gold is mostly inert. It's one of the reasons it was valuable, as gold now would still be gold in a thousand years, making it perfect for any application where you needed a material that lasts forever. Pyrite, on the other hand, doesn't have this property. Therefore, the test was to drip a bit of acid on the metal in question. If nothing happened, it was gold. If it began to bubble or change color, it wasn't.


Question: What is a magic eraser and why does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a magic eraser and why does it work?

It's melamine foam, which is a really hard material made into a sponge. It's basically really fine sandpaper, so be careful what you clean with it (shiny things like mirrors or chrome will dull after a few uses).


Question: Why are there an equal number of men and women in the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there an equal number of men and women in the world?

There aren't necessarily, it's just a statistical average. In fact, looks like "The Global sex ratio is 1.018. It means that we have slightly more men then women" according to [here]( URL_0 ).


Question: When you are very tired, you suddenly become not tired anymore and can't fall asleep even though you should. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you are very tired, you suddenly become not tired anymore and can't fall asleep even though you should. Why?

Hm. I know that babies and young children get overtired to the point of not being able to sleep because their fatigue becomes overpowering enough to activate a stress response, therefore making it harder to calm down and get to sleep. I would assume the relationship between physical/mental fatigue and stress response system works the same in adults.


Question: Why are most pills cylindrical: Aside from being easier to swallow, wouldn’t a powder form work best?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most pills cylindrical: Aside from being easier to swallow, wouldn’t a powder form work best?

I work in pharmaceutical QC and have been involved in testing tablets. It's a easy shape to form in molds, when you're medium is a powder. You do get other shapes, but the further you move away from disks or cylinders, the more precise you have to be with temperatures and pressures used in the forming molds. Tablets have to pass a friability (breakability) test. The tablets are tumbled in a drum and you can only lose a certain amount of surface area before failing the test. Shapes with more hard edges tend to fracture and break at these hard edges, and are more prone to failing. So manufacturers tend to keep to round shapes. Sachets of powder have been used, but suffer from two main issues. They tend not to be as stable in terms of shelf life. The whole surface area of loose powder is exposed to factors that may degrade the product. They deliver a full dose fast, so are unsuitable for timed release medicine. Most tablet or capsule forms are carefully formulated to deliver the dose over a specific time frame. From minutes for some painkillers or angina meds, to 24 hours or more for meds used to manage chronic conditions.


Question: How do pirates crack game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do pirates crack game?

It depends on the game, or rather what type of DRM (anti-piracy software) the game is using. In the old days, all you had to do to crack a game was figure out how CD keys were created for it and then make you own the same way. Later on, companies started connecting their singleplayer offline games to online servers, so you had to figure out what the game and servers said to each other and copy it.


Question: Are there any animals that create music for pleasure and not mating purposes? if not, why do humans do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there any animals that create music for pleasure and not mating purposes? if not, why do humans do it?

I won't claim this is the original or only cause but I think the ability to synchronize work is a big part. We don't use it much today but it used to be that any time a big group got together to harvest a field, sail a ship, etc. we sang a lot to get everyone working together at the same rhythm. And our ability to work together is one of our fundamental strengths.


Question: Why is there such a sudden boom of ad marketing and why isn’t there more attention drawn to fighting against it? i.e. buying a thousand dollar Samsung TV and still seeing ads on the bottom, the doubling of YouTube and Spotify ads, social media censoring nsfw to appeal to advertisers

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a sudden boom of ad marketing and why isn’t there more attention drawn to fighting against it? i.e. buying a thousand dollar Samsung TV and still seeing ads on the bottom, the doubling of YouTube and Spotify ads, social media censoring nsfw to appeal to advertisers

There's always been a lot of ads. The thing is that until recently they were spread across many mediums: billboards, radio, newspapers/magazines, flyers, TV commercials, etc. But public attention has shifted, or rather pooled, to a single spot: the internet. The internet and its varying components (social media, video streaming) command the biggest audience around. And as technology continues to advance, and as the developing world continues to gain access, the internet will increasingly offer the best return on investment for advertisers. Why pay for an add in a newspaper that only has a 10,000 person subscription when you can pay the same or less for a YouTube add that reaches millions? Even with adblock being a thing these social media ads must get many times more views than any physical ad. As for these internet services themselves: ad revenue is lucrative. Its likely the main revenue source for many tech an internet companies. They're more than happy to accept as many ads as advertisers want to buy, will cram them anywhere they can, and will do whatever the advertisers ask it it means getting more. I'm sure too many ads would begin to drive users away, but that threshold is fairly high. And users will only leave if there is somewhere else comparable to go (IE: the YouTube situation).


Question: Why does wetting my fingers help me to separate plastic sheets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does wetting my fingers help me to separate plastic sheets?

Water is a very poor lubricant - on the molecular level it's quite sticky. It works on slip-n-slides only because the objects sliding around, people, are big enough to easily overcome the molecular adhesion (although grease would still make a much better slip-n-slide!). On smaller scales water is sticky: pardon the example, but most men know this from trying to use water as a lubricant to jack off. This is due to molecular adhesion between the water and the wetted surfaces - this adhesion is evident in the fact that non-porous surfaces get wet at all, rather than the water just rolling off.


Question: If centripetal force acts towards the center of rotation on a body rotating around another body, how come the faster something spins around an axis, the more it seems to be pushed up against the circumference of that circle? I.e. washing machine spin cycle, gravitron, etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If centripetal force acts towards the center of rotation on a body rotating around another body, how come the faster something spins around an axis, the more it seems to be pushed up against the circumference of that circle? I.e. washing machine spin cycle, gravitron, etc.

Imagine you are swinging a ball around your head on a string. If you were to let go of the string, the ball would continue on in an initially, straight line, at the same velocity as it was swingin around your head. On the left side in [this animation]( URL_0 ) it shows the situation from the perspective of someone standing still on the ground - the ball (green circle) is being swung around your head, and a centripetal force exerted on it by the rope (red arrow) bends the straight line it would "want" to follow due to its inertia into a circle. When it is released, that force no longer acts, and so it is free to continue on its straight-line path. One the right side, you instead see things from the perspective that rotates with the ball. Again, there is the centripetal force, because that is actually a real force, but because in this reference frame, the ball is initially stationary, a second, fictitious (called so because it only arises due to the choice of reference frame) force arises, the centrifugal force, which cancels out the centripetal force. Once the ball is released, that centrifugal force is no longer opposed, and it accelerates the ball outwards. One thing to note is that, despite the centrifugal force being called fictitious, both ways of viewing things are equally valid, and they will make equal predictions about the relative motion of different objects. It is just that usually, doing the math in a nonrotating reference frame is a lot easier. TL;DR: In the nonrotating view, something spinning "wants" to continue moving in a straight line (and thus out from the circle it is spinning in) due to its momentum (which gets bigger the faster it is spinning), and is prevented from doing so by the centripetal force. In the rotating view, something spinning is held in place by a balance of the real centripetal force and a fictitious centrifugal force.


Question: How does CGI work? Do you have to draw whatever it is frame by frame?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does CGI work? Do you have to draw whatever it is frame by frame?

"CGI" is an incredibly broad term. It is imagery produced by computers, which can be anything from cartoon animation, 3D stills and animations, digital effects in conventional movies, and a bunch of stuff I can't think of right now. All that said typically a major benefit of using computers is that you don't have to manually draw every frame. A cartoon animation for example might be able to take a line an animator placed in two different locations and extrapolate where it should be in intervening frames. Or a 3D animation uses the models/textures/paths produced by the animation team and the computer renders how it actually looks. "CGI" certainly isn't just a bunch of guys painstakingly painting every pixel on their own.


Question: Why is California considered dry when it is right next to the ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is California considered dry when it is right next to the ocean?

Weather patterns mean that the majority of rain and storms that come from the ocean don't hit California, but instead go north to Oregon and Washington state. As such, California gets very little rain, despite being near the ocean. Which makes the state really dry.


Question: What is the difference between the phoneme /th/ (as in ‘think’) and /th/ (as in 'leather')?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between the phoneme /th/ (as in ‘think’) and /th/ (as in 'leather')?

The first is an unvoiced fricative, as in the sound can be sustained and the vocal folds don’t vibrate. Air just passed through your mouth to make the sound. The second is a voiced fricative. Your vocal folds vibrate and you can sustain the sound on a specific pitch. The position of your tongue and teeth is the same for both sounds, but it’s the unvoiced/voiced aspects that make them different phonemes.


Question: When construction makes it physically impossible to access a business, what happens to the business and employees? What about when it happens for over a year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When construction makes it physically impossible to access a business, what happens to the business and employees? What about when it happens for over a year?

I have been watching the slow expansion work on the highway by my house. There was a gas station that you could only access from the high way and that access has been cut off for a year now. What happened to the owner and employees? I’m thinking it will reopen eventually but does insurance cover something like that?


Question: how counting cards in poker works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how counting cards in poker works?

As a general rule, you don't count cards in Poker - you count cards in BlackJack. This is because, unlike most card games, BlackJack does not shuffle the deck between hands. This means that knowledge of historic cards can give you important information about what cards remain in the deck for future hands. There are multiple ways to count cards, but they all boil down to remembering what cards you have seen in previous hands so you can extrapolate what cards are left in the deck. If you have seen are large number of low cards (2-6) then that tells you the remaining cards in the shoe (card holder the dealer uses) are weighted to higher cards (7-10s). This can influence how you choose to play your hand - if you are sitting on a 15, you may not want to hit if the shoe is heavy with high cards as you are likely to bust. Opposite logic would be true if the deck is heavy in low cards. Now, all that said, counting cards is very much against the rules of any casino and you _will_ be banned from the property if you are caught. Casinos also do things that reduce the impact of counting cards (playing with multiple decks and shuffling more often).


Question: Why is it that we can’t superduper charge our batteries with a super «shock» like one of those heart rescue thingies and it’ll be full?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we can’t superduper charge our batteries with a super «shock» like one of those heart rescue thingies and it’ll be full?

Because you charge a battery by triggering a chemical reaction with an electrical current as the energy source. High voltage or amperage will just cause it to heat up too quickly and explode/catch fire. Kind of like if you fill up a container with water through a sieve from a tap, the container will slowly fill up. If you instead try to use a fire hose, the water will most likely bounce right off the sieve, possibly destroying it and the container in the process.


Question: When driving in rain, is it better to stay in a lane behind someone and follow the path of their tires, or be in a lane by yourself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When driving in rain, is it better to stay in a lane behind someone and follow the path of their tires, or be in a lane by yourself?

Better how? As far as grip in the wet it doesn't really matter. The important things are to maintain a safe speed and following distance. Realize that it's going to take you longer to stop, and that hard braking is going to be harder to control, so you need to give the car in front plenty of room. Also tires. They are the most important safety feature on your car. They should have good tread and be properly inflated.


Question: What happens when photons are absorbed or emitted from atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when photons are absorbed or emitted from atoms?

The photon is not really a carrier of energy. It is the energy itself. A photon has no mass, there is nothing that could disappear to begin with.


Question: Are spiders webs and the cobwebs you'd see in old abandoned places different things? How are cobwebs formed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are spiders webs and the cobwebs you'd see in old abandoned places different things? How are cobwebs formed?

"Spider web" is typically used to refer to a web that is apparently still in use (i.e. clean), whereas "cobweb" refers to abandoned (i.e. dusty) webs.


Question: How come when you do nothing all day you're more tired than when you're productive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you do nothing all day you're more tired than when you're productive?

Hormones, or signals for your body, require a stimulus to be activated. The stimulus could be stress, fear, arousal, pain, motion, etc. When you sit around and do nothing, your body senses that it does not need to be alert, so nothing is stimulated and you stay tired. When you are actively engaged in doing something, your body becomes aware that you may need to be alert or ready for action, and it prompts you accordingly.


Question: Why is it okay to take an iron supplement, but shaving bits of iron off of a bar and eating them is bad for you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it okay to take an iron supplement, but shaving bits of iron off of a bar and eating them is bad for you?

Iron supplements are in powder form, made for digestion purposes. Iron shavings will rip your stomach and intestines before they'll dissolve.


Question: What exactly are the crystals in an LCD an what happens to them when the screen is turned off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly are the crystals in an LCD an what happens to them when the screen is turned off?

Hey, i'm gonna try to explain this :) To understand how it works, you need to know light is like a wave, which vibrates in a fixed direction in space, it's called polarization. So when lights travel in a said direction, it can be polarized in any direction through the 360° around it's line of propagation. Crystals in LCD screens are in a phase between solid and liquid matter. It's like a liquid matter, but that keeps the organization of its molecules in a very specific order. Imagine all the molecules are facing the same direction. That gives them the property to change (or not) the polarization of the light passing through it, depending of their excitation. So there is green, red and blue crystals in your screen, and the combination of the three make one pixel. The system of light emission emits light when your screen is ON, and it goes through 3 steps before exiting the screen and going to your eyes: 1. A horizontal polarizer, which force the incoming light to be horizontaly polarized 2. The colored crystal 3. A vertical polarizer, which only let through the light if its polarized verticaly. If the crystal is switched ON : the property of the specific liquid crystal changes the polarization of light to be vertical, so the light going through the crystal can exit the screen. It also has changed the color of the light depending of which crystal (blue, red or green) it was. If the crystal is switched OFF : there is an electricity current flow through the crystal and its property to change polarization is disabled. Therefore, the light passing through the crystal is still horizontaly polarized, and doesnt go through the vertical polarizer. When your screen is switched OFF, there is no electric current going through the crystals, so you can say they are all switched ON. But as there is no light emitted from the back of your screen, no light is exiting. If you want to know more : [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) EDIT : forgot the mention what happened when you shut down your screen.


Question: What is the difference between soap and detergent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between soap and detergent?

The amount of surfactants are higher in laundry detergents. Surfactants are the molecules that bind with oil on one side and oil on the other. Dirt bonds with oil, oil bonds to the surfactant and water and since we remove the water the dirt and oil go with it. No matter which you use the important thing is always to rinse well.


Question: - Why does the European Union flag 🇪🇺 only has 12 stars instead of 28 (the number of states in the eu)? what do the stars in the flag even mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does the European Union flag 🇪🇺 only has 12 stars instead of 28 (the number of states in the eu)? what do the stars in the flag even mean?

12 is the symbol of completeness and unity and has nothing to do with the countries in the EU


Question: Why do we make the "ahhhh" sound after drinking something refreshing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we make the "ahhhh" sound after drinking something refreshing?

When you're drinking, you're not breathing. You're trying to taste more of that refreshing drink while at the same time slowly building up CO2. When you stop drinking, you gentle exhale (possibly in the form of an audible "ahh") to get rid of the CO2.


Question: . Why is Fahrenheit such a weird unit? 32 and 212?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why is Fahrenheit such a weird unit? 32 and 212?

0 was used as an approximation of the temperature of a mixture of water, ice, and ammonium chloride salt with 100 being approximately human body temperature.


Question: Why are patients given general anesthesia directed to count backwards by 7s? Why not just talk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are patients given general anesthesia directed to count backwards by 7s? Why not just talk?

They make you do sevens? Last time they made me just count backward from 100. I think the counting is a marker, last time I got to a certain number and they said I needed more.


Question: How old is mankind? And how do we know this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How old is mankind? And how do we know this?

The oldest *homo sapiens* we've found are about 200,000 years old. The oldest fossils we've found of any species in the genus *Homo* are about 2 million years old. However, anthropologists and archaeologists make a distinction between *anatomically modern* humans and *behaviorally modern* humans. The former refers to human fossils we've found that are basically indistinguishable from humans who live today, and clearly not a different species. These are the 200,000 year-old ones. *Behavioral* modernity is believed to have started roughly (*very roughly*) 40-50,000 years ago, because that's the earliest evidence we've found of human "culture" in the form of intentional burial, specialized fireplaces, and arts and crafts (such as painting and jewelry). We know all of this from geologic dating: the older layers of rock and sediment are deeper in the Earth than the younger layers, so when we dig up fossils, we can tell how old they are by how deep down they were found. The oldest stuff will be very deep, the youngest stuff will be relatively close to the surface. Also radiocarbon dating, where scientists do some complex chemistry stuff to test a substance and see how much its carbon atoms have decayed. Since carbon decays at a regular rate, you can tell how old the stuff is by how much has decayed. When you start getting to more recent history, anthropologists use more complex methods of dating, by comparing artifacts based on the ages of previously-known artifacts. For example, the oldest crafted stone tools ever found are about 3.3 million years old, so whenever you find a stone tool, you can safely assume it is at least younger than that.


Question: Since pi is infinite, is there any reason why it isn’t possible for there to be a sequence of 1’s and 0’s that recount your whole life in text?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since pi is infinite, is there any reason why it isn’t possible for there to be a sequence of 1’s and 0’s that recount your whole life in text?

Only if pi is also normal( URL_0 ), which we don't know for sure. Many people speculate pi is a normal number. There is no known way to test is a given number is normal.


Question: Why is Venus so bright and persistent in the night sky at the moment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Venus so bright and persistent in the night sky at the moment?

Stars emit their own light but (aside from the Sun) they're all so far away that they're still pretty dim. Everything else only reflects light. How bright those objects seem is a combination of 3 things: 1) How far that object is from the sun (the closer the brighter). 2) How far that object is from us (the closer the brighter). 3) How reflective that object is. When you factor all that stuff together Venus is the brightest (after the Sun and the Moon, of course).


Question: How do games display a millisecond counter if the max frame rate of a normal display is 60?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do games display a millisecond counter if the max frame rate of a normal display is 60?

The clocks can count in milliseconds, the screen can't show it. So what you see is typically the time the frame started to draw.


Question: how do open air markets keep fish fresh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do open air markets keep fish fresh?

They have it on loads of ice in a special open topped unit that i think helps to keep it cool. Then they just try to shift all their stock on the same day


Question: What exactly is a mushroom? How do they differ from plants or animals? And what makes some safe for human consumption?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a mushroom? How do they differ from plants or animals? And what makes some safe for human consumption?

A mushroom is the fruiting body of some types of fungus. The reason the fungus living in the soil underground or in a rotting log grows them is to distribute spores which are like mushroom versions of seeds. Fungus are an entirely separate branch of life from plants and animals. Some of them develop a poison which can kill people who eat them. Some don't. Producing a poison takes extra energy, so ones that don't probably developed in areas where there were less animals likely to eat them.


Question: why do lithium ion batteries degrade over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do lithium ion batteries degrade over time?

I am a battery test engineer. There are many ways lithium batteries can degrade, but since this is ELI5, I'll stick to one main method. Batteries have a few main parts: the anode (negative), the cathode (positive), a separator between them, and some stuff in between (usually a liquid) that conducts ions. When you charge a battery, you are cramming a whole bunch of lithium ions into the anode, kind of like absorbing water into a sponge. When you use the battery, these ions flow to the cathode, generating electric current. Over time, by cramming the ions in and out of the anode and cathode, you begin to damage the 'sponge', so it can't hold as many ions any more. So your efficiency goes down.